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 I! 
 
 
 A hi^fft fc- 
 
ILLUS' 
 R 
 
 WITH 
 
THE 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 \n t 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WAR OF 1812 
 
 OR, 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS, BY PEN AND PExNCIL, OF THE HISTORY, BlOli 
 
 RAPHY, SCENERY, RELICS, AND TRADITIONS OF THE 
 
 LAST WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 BY BE.NSON J. LOSSING. 
 
 WITH SEVKBAL HUWDRED ENGRAVIXGS ON WOOD, KY LOSSING AND BAUIUTT, 
 * CHIEFLY FROM ORIGINAL SKETCH KS BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 FRANKLIN SQUARE. 
 186 0. 
 
 $A:\ 
 
 nr^ 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by 
 
 Hakper & BnOTHERS, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 
 District of New York. 
 
 li! 
 
 The Close of the Ri 
 the Public Debt, 
 -3; Dissolution 
 venfion to reorgi 
 to form a Niition 
 lishment of a Na 
 
 Foundations of Gov 
 the Indians and i 
 Hostilities, 40 ; I- 
 Visit to the Place 
 demess, 4(J; St.C 
 coived the News t 
 ference of British 
 down the Maumcc 
 
 The national Policy 
 Movements in Frai 
 the British Governi 
 the Public Debt, <i^ 
 picions, (iC ; Progn 
 Adams, (i8; Demo 
 generous Suspicion 
 Parties formed, 72 
 overthrown, 7r, ; th 
 pubUc, 77 ; Washin 
 
 " Citizen Genet" and 
 Enthusiasm of the li 
 fies the American G 
 Council;" Aimed > 
 Great Britain, S(> ; ( 
 Difficulties with Algi 
 liness of the French 
 Adams elected I'resii 
 ness of Partisans, !)4 
 
 Action in New York 
 
 Washington appointed ( 
 traordinary sent to p 
 rages; Obsequiougnej 
 in the West Indies, K 
 era! Party, 106 ; Intri 
 I f? ; State Suprema< 
 r I th of Washington, 
 
It 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EARLT DAYS OF THE RErUBLIC. 
 
 The Close of the 'Revolution ; the States free, but not iiule|iunclent, 18 ; Wliy? Articles of Confederation, 19 ; 
 the Public Debt, 20 ; Attitiule of the States, 21 ; British Oidnion concerning them, 22 ; Public Dangers 
 23 ; DisKoliition of the Hepublic threiitened, 24 ; Washington's Forebodings ; his Proposition for a Con- 
 vention to reorganize (io\eniment, 2't ; Meeting of the Convention, 20 ; Proceedings of the Convention 
 to form a National Constitution, 27-82 ; Katilication of the Constitution ; its Opponents, !)3 ; the Estab- 
 lishment of a Nation, 34. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EVENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. 
 
 Foundations of Government in the Wilderness, 35 ; the Northwestern Territory ; Settlements there, 36-87 ; 
 the Indians and tlieir British Allies, 38; Councils with the Indians, 39 ; British Intrigues and Indian 
 Hostilities, 40; Expedition against the Indians in the Ohio Coiuitry, 41 ; Battle on the Maumee, 42; 
 Visit to the Place of C'onflict, 43-44 ; Expeditions of Scott and Wilkinson, 45 ; Forts built in the Wil- 
 derness, 4(i ; St. Clair's Expedition, 47 ; bis Battle with the Indians and Defeat, 48 ; how Washington re- 
 ceived the News of St. Clair's Defeat, 49 ; his Justice and Generosity ; Wayne's Expedition, 50 ; Inter- 
 ference of British Officials, 51 ; the British and Indians in armed Alliance, 52; Wayne's Expedition 
 down the Maumee, 53, 54 ; Defeat of the Indians and treaty of Greenville, 55, 56. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OP THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The national Policy and Power indicated, 58 ; Relations with France and England, 59 ; revolntionarj- 
 Movements in France, 60, 61 ; diplomatic Intercoiu'se with (Jreat Britain and Spain, 62 ; Discourtesy of 
 the British Government ; mistaken Views (•onceriniig the American Government, 63 ; Acts in relation to 
 the Public Debt, 64 ; Hamilton's financial Scheme ; Currency, 65 ; Jeft'erson's Disappointment and Sus- 
 picions, ()6 ; Progress of the French Revolution, 67 ; the r>oli;ical and religious Views of Jefferson and 
 Adams, 68 ; Democracy in England, 69 ; Adams's Scheme of Government ; Jefferson's Disgust and un- 
 generous Suspicions, 70; Paine's Riijhts of Man ; a Newspaper War, 71 ; the Federal and Republican 
 Parties formed, 72 ; Sympathy with the French Revolutionists, 73 ; Lafayette, 74 ; Monarchy in France 
 overthrown, 75 ; the National Convention ; Execution of the King, 76 ; Minister from the French Re- 
 public, 77 ; Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 78. 
 
 CIIAJ'TER IV. 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIONS ANO DOMESTIC POLITICS. 
 
 " Citizen Genet" and his Reception by his political Admirers, 79 ; his first Interview with Washingtou ; 
 Enthusiasm of the Reiniblicans, 80; the American and the French Revolution compared, 81 ; Genet de- 
 fies the American (Jovernment, 82 ; he is recalled ; his Successor, 88 ; Briti-sh " Rules" and "Orders in 
 Council;" Anned Neutrality, 84; British Impre.ssmeut of American Seamen, 85; Jay's Treaty with 
 Great Britain, 8(i ; Opposition to the Treaty, 87 ; the Whisky Insurrection ; Democratic Societies, 88 ; 
 Difficulties with Algiers, 89 ; an American Novy recommended, 90; Constructiori of a Navy ; Unfriend- 
 liness of the ^'rench Directory, 91 ; Struggle between the Republicans and Federalists for political Power; 
 Adams elected President, 92 ; open Rupture between F'rarice and the United States threatened, 93 , Mad- 
 ness of Partisans, 94 ; Aggressions of the French Directory, 95 ; Preparations for War with France ; 
 Action in New York, 96 ; History of the ^ngs " Hail, Columbia !" and " Adams and Liberty," 97. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 WAR ON THE OCEAN. — POLITVCAL BTRITGGLES. 
 
 Washington appointed to the Command of the Army; Hamilton acting Gcneral-in-chief, 98; Envoys ex- 
 traordinary sent to France, 99 ; Bonoparte in Power ; American War vessels afloat, 1 00 ; British Out- 
 rages ; Obsequiousness of the Americaii Government, 102 ; naval Engagements, 103 ; American (:nii8ers 
 in the West Indies, 104 ; Truxtun's Victory ; Honors to the Victor, 105 ; Peace; Divisions in the Fed- 
 eral Party, 106 ; Intrigues against Adams ; Alien and Sedition Laws ; Nullification Doctrines put forth, 
 107; State Supremacy asserted; Jefferson elected President. 1 08 ; Mortific^ition of the Federalists; 
 1> 'Ath of Washington, 109 ; a public Funeral, 110 ; Washington's Person and Character, 111. 
 
Iv 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 M 
 
 DIFFICUITIES WITH THE lURBARY POWKH8. — ENQLAND AI»r> FRANCE AT WAH. 
 
 nonnparte's Career uiid Infliioiu'e, \\'2 • (JbseqiiiousneHS of Eiiglinhmcn, II 15; noginniiig of Juff'erRon'H Ad- 
 iiiiiiiHtnitiun ; the Nutioniil Ciipital, lU; ScH'erson's Tolicy; puliticul Proscription, 115; the Niivy re- 
 Uuced, I Hi ; ('Hj)taiu Kaiiibridgu, the l)cy of Algiern, and the Sultan, 117 ; Insolence and Exactions of 
 the Barlmry Hulnrs, IIH; American Navy in the Mediterranean Sea and its OperationH, I I'J-lliO; Uoin- 
 hardment of Tripoli, 121 ; DeHtruction of the P/ii/iiiU//i/iiu, '22 ; Destrnction of the Iittrepid ; Honors to 
 ( 'oinmodo'-e Preble, 123; ronimodore Ilarron's S(iuaaron in the Mediterranean, 124 ; Eaton's Flxpedi- 
 tion in Northern Africa ; Respect of the Uarhary Powers for the American Flag, l2r> ; Honaparte and his 
 Kelations with England, 12(!; a French Invasion of England threatened, 127; a Struggle for political 
 Supremacy; Bonaparte proclaimed EmjHiror, 128; Napoleon's Berlin Decree, 121). 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 EVENTS WEST OP THE ALLKOHANIKS. — SEARCH AND IMPRESSMENT. 
 
 Orginizntion of new States, liU); Americans disturbed by the Retrocession of Louisiana to France, 131 ; 
 the secret Designs of the latter, Iii2 ; Jetlerson's Letter and Bonai)arte's Necessity; Purchase of Louisi- 
 ana, l.'tH; Eveiiis connected with the Purchase of Louisiana, IJi4 ; the Duel of Hamilton and Burr; the 
 Acts of Burr's political Associates, l;tr>; his ambitious'. Schemes: Blennerfinsseti and Wilkinson, 130; 
 Burr's Operations, Trial for Treason, and Exile, 1 37 ; American commercial Thrift and British Jealousy, 
 138; British Perlidy defended by British Writers, 13!) ; Unpleasant foreign Relations, 140; Memorial 
 of Mcrchnnts concerning British Depreciations, 141 ; Im|iressment of American Seamen and Right of 
 Search, 142; diplomatic Correspondence on the Subject, 143; cruel Treatment of American Seamen, 
 144 ; farther diplomatic Action, 145, 14G ; nationi;' Independence and Honor in Peril, 147 ; Minister ex- 
 traordinary sent to England, 148. 
 
 CHAPTER Vin. 
 
 SEARCH AND IStPRKSSMKNT. — liMHAROO. — PARTY SPIRIT. 
 
 Negotiations concerning the Imjjressment of jVnierican Seamen, 14!); a Treaty agreed to, but not ratified ; 
 War on tlie Administration, 1 50, 151 ; The t^ontinental System of Napoleon, 1 52 ; Aggressions on Amer- 
 ican Conuncrce and Neutrality by F'rance and England, 153; Napoleon's Milan Decree and its Ett'ects, 
 154 ; the Navy and the (iun-boat Policy, 155 ; British Cruisers in American Waters, 15(i ; the Afl'air of 
 the Chesapmk-e, 157; the Outrage resented, 158; Action of the American Government, 159; Action of 
 the British (iovernment, 1(10; fruitless Mission of a British Envoy, 101; political Complexion of the 
 Tenth Congress; an Embargo established, 102; its Effects; Party Spirit violently aroused, 103; the 
 Embargo vehemently denounced, 104 ; the British exact Tribute from neutral Nations, 105 ; Dangers of 
 national Vanity, 166. 
 
 CHAFrER IX. 
 
 WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN THREATErED. 
 
 Provisions for strengthening the American Navy, 107 ; Gun-boats ; Opposition to a Navy, 108 ; British op- 
 position to the Orders in Council, 100; Napoleon's Blow at American Commerce; Modification of the 
 Orders in Council, 1 70 ; Actions concerning the Embargo, 171; Disunionists in New England, 1 72, 1 73 ; 
 Embargo or War the proclaimed Alternative, 174; (^otton supposed to be the King of Commerce, 175; 
 Just Arrangements for settling the Difficulties with Great Britain, 170; the British Government repudi- 
 ates the Acts of its Agent, 177; an offensive British Jiinister sent to America, 278 ; the French Decrees 
 and British Orders in Council, 17!); England and Franco refuse to be just, 180; Outrage by a British 
 Cruiser, 181 ; Method of signaling, 182, 183; Action between tha President and Little JJelt, 184; Tes- 
 timony concerning the Attuir, 185 ; Commodore Rodgers assailed and vindicated, 186. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 HOSTILITIES OF THE INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 The Indianji Territory and Governor Harrison, 187; British Emissaries among the Indians, 188; Tecum- 
 tha and his Brother the Prophet, 18!) ; Indian Confederation proposed ; Harrison denounces the Projihet, 
 1!)0; the Mission of Josei)h Barron, l!)l ; Tecumtha before Harrison at Vincennes, 1!)2; roving Plun- 
 derers; Tecumtha alarmed, 1!)3; Preparations for fighting the Indians, li)4; Jlariison marches up the 
 Wabash with Troops ; Deputation of friendly Indians, 1 95 ; Visit of the Author to the Region of threat- 
 ened Hostilities, 19(5-200; Harrison approaches the Projihet's Town; the Indians alarmed, 201 ; Har- 
 rison's Encampment near the Tippecanoe, 202 ; the Prophet's Teaching, 203 ; Battle of Tiiipecanoe, 204, 
 205 ; The Prophet disgraced, 200 ; Actors in the Battle of Tippecanoe, 207 ; Author's Visit to the Bat- 
 tle-ground, 208, 209. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 A WAR SPIRIT AROrSED. — DECLARATION OP WAR AOAIN8T GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The Twelfth Congress and its Composition, 210 ; the President's feeble War-trumpet, 21 1 ; Charges against 
 Great Britain, 212; Action of the ("ommittee on Foreign Relations, 213; Alarm on Acc(anit of the 
 Slaves, 214; Randolph and Calhoun in Congress, 215; Policy of the Federalists, 210; Patriotism of 
 some of their Lejiders, 21 7 ; Debate concerning the Navy, 218 ; the President compelled to adopt War 
 Measures, 21!) ; a British Emissaiy in New England, 220 ; his Revelations and Rewards, 221 ; Action of 
 the British Ministry on the Subject, 222 ; a new Embargo Act, 223 ; delusive Hopes of Justice, 224 ; a 
 preliminary War Measure, 225 ; Reptjrt on the Causes of and Reasons for War, 220 ; Action of Congress 
 on the Subject, 227 ; Declaration of War, 228 ; Protest of the Minority in Congress against the Meas- 
 ure, 229 ; Organization of a Peace Party, 230 ; Measures for carrying on the War, 231 ; public Acts in 
 opposition to the War, 232. 
 
 'Die British Rege 
 Frontier, 234 • ; 
 238-240; Fultoi 
 oniments concer 
 tiotnd Re\ocatioi 
 file Subject of S, 
 Leaders, 24!), 25( 
 
 Canada to ba invade 
 man, 253 ; A.itho 
 regular and voluii 
 i apers captured, '2 
 in 1812, 200; Il„| 
 y> nr, 204, L'05 ; D 
 'naw, 208, 209 ; E 
 
 Alarmmg Facts and F 
 
 invasion, 274 ; Syn: 
 
 Hoine at Brownstoi 
 
 tmin, 278 ; the Mar 
 
 J>isaft'ection of the i 
 
 tacking Detroit, 28^1 
 
 render, and refuses, 
 
 surrenders the Fort 
 
 Incidents of the Sun 
 
 render, and public It 
 
 Character, 295 ; the 
 
 The Author's Jonmey f 
 
 chI Localitiei at Ami 
 
 of Detroit,. 101; Chic 
 
 3<).'! ; an Indian Raid 
 
 nitions of War and Li 
 
 Savages— Bravery of \ 
 
 Massacre, 311 ; Mrs I 
 
 on Fort Wayne, 314; 
 
 816 ; Fort Harrison 'b« 
 
 WA 
 
 The Nation aroused— En( 
 Head of Kentucky Vol 
 Standard, 324 ; Fort M 
 commands the Northwei 
 Re-enforcements gathei 
 through the Wilderness, 
 thors Visit to the Theal 
 Indians m the IlUuois Cc 
 Soldiers, 337. 
 
 Ilamson cheerfully meets 
 
 ,f™y-t"- Western Res. 
 
 of Colonel VVad.,worth, 34 
 
 8*4 ; Services of friendly 
 
 near the Mississiniwa, 34' 
 
 the Mnumee Rapids, .S50 • 
 
 Winchester arrives with 'i 
 
 Frenchtown,355; Winch, 
 
 manity of the British Con 
 
 Massacre, S^,9, Author's 1 
 
 <K.1,3C2; Han., m unjust! 
 
 ^«»»»» «» IB » i(i>i Bayi ii ii i iri I ' i iiMi i i Brii i ir i i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CIIArTEU XII. 
 
 BROIlUflNO OK THK WAU OF I SI 2. 
 
 The British Kcgoncy — Politiral Aftnirs in Kiiropc, 'J.'i.'l ; tiie TiiKipu and Fortiflcationn on the Northern 
 Frfmtier, 2M ; Sea-cotiHt DefenHeH of the United StiiteH, 230- '.MH; Fulton's Torj>cdoes imd their lines, 
 238-240; Fulton's Antifipu'ions, '241 ; Kttects of h Fear of TorjJcdoeH, 242; the Action of State Gov- 
 eniments concerning the War, 243 ; i)iil)lic Feeling in Caimda, 244 ; Signs of Pacification, 24.1; condi- 
 tional Revocation of the Orders in (Joiuicil, 24(i ; hauKhty AKstimptions of the Uriti'.h tiovenimont on 
 the Subject of Search and Imprisoiiraent, 247 ; War inevitable and justifiable, 24H ; Choice of military 
 Leaders, 241), 250. 
 
 CHAPTER Xlir. 
 
 IltTLl's CAMl'AION AOAINRT CAVAPA. 
 
 Canada to he invaded — Object of the Invasion, 2.')1 ; Organization of an Army in Ohio — an .ictivc Frontiers- 
 man, 2ri3 ; Aurhor's Journey through Ohio. 2.14 ; General Hull takes Ounnumd of Ohio Volunteers, 2rir> ; 
 regular and volunteer Triwps in the Wilderness, 2iH]; Hull's March to Detroit, 2.'>7; his liaggage and 
 Papers ca|)tured, 2.18 ; how the ilritish in Canada were informed of the I )eclaration of War, 2.1".( ; Detroit 
 in 1812, 2(iO; Hull invades ('anada, 2G1, 2(i2 ; Reconnoissance toward Maiden, 203; first Battle of the 
 War, 2(!4, "Ct'i ; Distrust of General Hull, 2(!(i ; first Blood shed in the War, 2(i7 ; curly Scenes at Mack- 
 inaw, 2G8, 2tii)i Events at Mackinaw in 1812, 270; Kmploynient of the Indians by the British, 271. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CAMPAIGN ON THK DKTROIT FRONTIEK. 
 
 Alarming Facts and Rumors, 272 ; Preparations in Canada for resisting Invasion, 273 ; Alarm caused by the 
 Invasion, 274 ; Symptoms of Disloyalty — General Brock's Intiuencc, 27.1; Defeat of Americans under Van 
 Hurne at Brfiwnstown, 27(i ; mutinous Spirit evinced in Hull's Army, 277; Expedition to succor a Supply- 
 train, 278 ; the March toward the Kiver Raisin, 27!t ; Battle of Magiiaga, 280, 281 ; Disappointment and 
 Disaffection of the American Troops, 282 ; Brock goes to Maiden with Troops, 283 ; Preparations for at- 
 tacking Detroit, 284; Hull deceived — an Ellort to reach a Sn;)ply-train, 28.1; Hull sumnuuied to sur- 
 render, and refuses, 28(; ; the British proceed to attaik Detroit, 287; Scenes within the Fort, 288 ; Hull 
 surrenders the Fort, (Jarrison, and Territory, 28!t ; Feeling of tlie Tnuips— Result of the Surrender, 2!K) ; 
 IiU'idents of the Surrender, 2'.ll ; British Occupation of Detroit and Michigan, 21)2 ; Account of the Sur- 
 render, and public Indignation, 2i)3 • Hull tried by a Court-martial, 294 ; a Consideration of Hull's public 
 Character, 2'Ju ; the Government more to blame than Hull, 2!)ti. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 MILITARY EVENTS IN THE THEN FAR NORTHWEST. 
 
 The Anther's Jonrney from Chicago to Detroit, 297; a Ride from Windsor to Amherstburg, 298 ; Histori- 
 cal Localities- at Amherstburg or Maiden, 299, Windsor and "Windsor Castle," 300; Pontiac's Siege 
 of Detroit, 301 ; (Chicago, its Name, Settlement, and I'osition, 302 ; Trading-house aiul Fort at Chicago, 
 303 ; an Indian Raid, 304 ; Troubles at Chicago, 30.1 ; Treacher- of the Indians — a Warning, 306 ; Mu- 
 nitions of War and l-iquor destroyed, 307 ; Ma-ssacro at ("hicago, 308 ; Incident of the Confiict with the 
 Savages — Bravery of VVomen, 309 ; Cruelties of the Indians — their British Allies, 310 ; Survivors of the 
 Massacre, 311; Mrs. Kenzie and the Growth of Chicago, 312; Designs agaii<st Fort Wayne, 313 ; Attack 
 on Fort Wayne, 314; Rjivages of the Indians — Little Turtle, 31.1; Treachery of Indians nt Fort Wayne, 
 316 ; Fort Harrison besieged, 317 ; brave Deeds at Fort Harrison, 318 ; Attack on Fort Madison, 819. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 WAR WITH THE IlRITtSH AND INOIANH IN THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 The Nation aroused — Enthusiasm of the People, 820 ; Harrison and the Kentuckians, 321 ; Harrison at the 
 Head of Kentucky Volunteers, 322 ; Departure for the Wilderness, 323 ; Volunteers flock to Harrison's 
 Standard, 324 ; Fort Wayne relieved — Dettruction of Indian Villages, 325 ; Harrison's Popularity — he 
 commaiuls the Northwestern Army, 32(5 ; Winchester met by British and Indians in the Wilderness, 327 ; 
 Re-enforcements gathering, 328 ; Harrisoii's proposed autumn Cami)aign, 329 ; reported Movement 
 through the Wilderness, 330 ; Erection of Forts, 331 ; the Indians alarmed and humbled, 332 ; the Au- 
 thor's Visit to the Theatre of War, 3.H3 ; Preparations for further Warfare, 334 ; Exjiedition against the 
 Iiulians in the Illinois Country, 335 ; Expedition to the Wabash Region, 830 ; Sufterings of the Kentucky 
 Soldiers, 337. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 WAR WITH THE BRITISH AND INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Harrison cheerfidly meets Difficulties, 338 ; Difficulties of a winter Campaign, 839 ; Organization of the 
 Army — the Western Reser^-e, 340 ; Preparations in Ohio against Invasion, 841 ; Energy and Patriotism 
 of Colonel VVadsworth, 342 ; an Expedition to the Maumee, 343 ; stirring Events at the Maumee Rapids, 
 344 ; Services of friendly Indians, 345 ; Campbell's Exjiedition into the Wabash Region, 346 ; a Battle 
 near the Mississiniwa, 847 ; Suflerings and I)ifflculties of Harrison's Army, 348, 349 ; Advance toward 
 the Maumee Rapids, 310 ; Frenchtown on the Raisin River threatened, SlT; Battle at Frenchtown, 352 ; 
 Winchester arri"e8 with Re-enforccments, 853 ; he disregards Warnings of Danger, 814 ; Massacre at 
 Frenchtown, 355 ; Winchester compelled to surrender his Army, 85C ; Perfidy, Cowardice, and Inhu- 
 manity of the British Commander, 857 ; Massacre and Scalping' allowed by him, 358 ; Incidents of the 
 Massacre, 359 ; Author's Visit to Frenchtown, 360 ; historical I^)calities and Survivors of the War there, 
 361, 362 ; Hani 'n unjustly censured, 363; his Army at the Maumee Rapids, 364. 
 
 $ 
 
 I. 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ^1 
 
 CIIArTKU XVIII. 
 
 EVBKTS OH Tire NOHTIIKIIN ANIt NIAOAItA mONTIERR IN 1812. 
 
 First warlike Measures on tlio Nurtlicrii Frontier, ilii.'! ; the Mililin of the Stiiii' of .New York, 'Mid ; KvenM 
 on Lake Oiiinrio iiiiil at iSackett'H IliirlHjr, !lli7 ; ii liiiHtile Hritiuli .S<|iia(lroii iitt' SackottV Harbor, 'Mix ; a 
 Skirniinii iiixl a Ufpiilso of the Hritixh — VoMHels of War on Lake Ontario, !t(l!) ; ()|H(rulioii» on the St. 
 LHwrciioe Frontier, il70; liostiie Si|iiiulruns on Luke Ontario, ;i7<»; Opcrntion.'* neur Kint(Nton — Cuinino- 
 dore ("haiinccy, 'M'2 ; (ieneriil Urown itent to Ogilenxhurg, .'I7:i ; tlie Itritish attack OKdenxhrrK, .'174 ; St. 
 Kegis, its captnro by the Ameriiunn, :t7."> ; llonorn to tlie Victors at Albany, !l7ti ; I'.iear.cM' Williams, or 
 "The I,ost l'rinco,'';t77: the Author's Visit to St. KeK's, !I7H ; HuU'iilo in 1812, !17!»; the Niiigara Fron- 
 tier, ;tHO; American Troops on the NiaRiira F'ronlier, ItHI ; an Armistice ami its Kil'ects, U8;t j Prepara- 
 tions for an Invasion of ( 'anaila, .'tH4 ; |",x|HHlitions for captiirin({ Urilish Vessels, JtHo ; iptnre of the 
 Atlarin and L'a'.edonia near Fort I'^rie, 38(i ; InciduntM uf tlie Exploit, 3M7 ; Feelings nf the Americans and 
 BritUh, BHH. 
 
 f'HAl'TFU XIX. 
 
 EVKNTIl ON TIIK. NtAtUIIA FKONTIKR IN 1812. 
 
 Conduct of Cicneral Smyth, 3W>; Van Itensselaor prepares to attack (jiieenston, .'190; nritish Fim'e on the 
 Niagara Frontier, M!»l ; F^xpcdition against (iiieenston delayed, ;t!)2 ; military Ktiipiette — Colonel Scott, 
 .liW ; Passage of the Niagara Hivcr in the Dark, ili>4 ; Skirmish at Queenston Village, iW.'i ; ( 'olonel Von 
 Ilensseluer wounded and Captain Wool in command, ;)!>(') ; the Americans scale Qiieenston Heights. 3!(7; 
 Kr.ttle on Qucenstcm Heights and Death of (ieneral Brock, !J!t8 ; Passage of the Uiver by Ue-enforce- 
 ments, ;i!t!> ; FXents on Qiieenston Heights, 400 ; another Uattle — W(H)1 wounded, 401 ; bad Conduct of 
 the New York Militia, Coloiu-I Scott in Command, 40i!; Heroes and Cowards made Prisoners of War, 40.1; 
 Surrender of the American Army, 404; a triumphal anil funeral Procession, 40.'); Honors to (ieneral 
 Brock, 400 ; Colonel StJomoii Van Rensselaer, 407 ; Kvents at the Mouth of the Niagara Kiver, 408 ; 
 Protection for American Prisoners of Wor, 40'J j (ieneral Smyth '» injurious I'ride and Folly, 410 j hiit 
 silly Proclamations ridiculed, 411. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 KVBNT8 ON TUB NIAOAKA tRONTIEH AND VICiyiTT IN 1812. 
 
 The Autho/s Visit to the Niagara Frontier, 412; Lewiston, (Jucenston, and (jueenston Heights, 4I,T; Brock's 
 Monununt, 414 ; an F^vening on Qiieenston Heights, 41."); Interview with the Cl.ief of the Six Nations, 
 410; Journey from Qiieenston to Niagara, 417; Fort (ieorge and its Appurtenances, 418; Fort Missis- 
 saga — Ueturu to Niagani. F'alis, 41il; .Journey from Niagara F'lills to the Settlement of the Six Nations on 
 the Grand Kiver, 420; a Morning with the Chief of tlie Six Nations, 421 ; Indian Kelics and CustiHns, 
 422; the Mohawk Church and Uiant's Tomb, 42.H, 424 ; the Mohawk Institute — (yommnnion-phite from 
 Queen Anne, 42.') ; British attack Black Rock, 420 ; Preparations for anollicr Invasion of Canada, 427 ; 
 1*16 Hritish forewanuid — Passage of the Niagara River, 428 ; Incidents of the attempted Invasion, 42il ; 
 Smyth's Incompetence and Folly, 430 ; the Invnsiuu of Canada abandoned, 431 ; a Duel, and what come 
 of it — exit Smyth, 432. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 NAVAL OPERATIONS IN 1812. 
 
 Acknowledged naval Suj)eriority of Great Britain, 433 ; ( 'haracter, Distribution, and Condition of the Amer- 
 ican War .Marine, 434 ; (junniodore Rodgcrs's Soiuidron — first Shot in the War, 435 ; Rodgers in Euro- 
 pean waters — British Squadron nt Halifax, 43t) ; (^^riiise of the Constitution, 437 ; how she eluded her 
 Pursuers, 438 ; the tUsex goes on aOuise, 43!) ; Cruise of the Essex, 440; how a Challenge was accepted 
 by Commodore Porter, 441 ; the Coiistitiilioii off the Eastern Coast, 442 ; Battle between the Cvnstitutioti 
 and (riierriere, 443, 444 ; Destruction of the (lucrriere — F2ffect8 of the Victory, 44.') ; Honors to Commo- 
 dore Hull, 440 ; F^ft'ect of the Victory on the British Mind, 447 ; Hull's Generosity, 448 ; (>ui.«e of the 
 Wasp, 44i> ; Fight l)etween the Wnsji and the Fro/ir, 4.")0 ; lioth Vessels ca|)tured by tho Poictiers, 451 ; 
 Honors to Captain Jones, 452 ; Lieutenant Biddle honored and rewarded, 453. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 NAVAL OPERATIONS AND CIVIL AFFAIRS IN 1812, 
 
 Commodore Rodgers's second Cruise, 454 ; Battl;; between the United State's and Macedonian, 455 ; Cap- 
 ture of the Macedonian — Decatur takes her to New York, 450; Honors to Decatur, 457; Bainb)-idge in 
 Command of a Sipiadron, 458 ; his (^ruise on the Coast of Brazil. 459 ; Battle between the Constitution and 
 Java, 40(); Loss of the Java — Incidents of the Battle, 401 ; Honors to Buinbridge, 402 ; Ettects of the 
 naval Battles in Great Britain, 403 ; meeting of the Twelfth Congress, 404 ; Madison re-elected — his Ad- 
 ministration sustained, 405 ; Quince's Denunciations and Clay's Res[)onse, 400 ; Mejisiires for strengthen- 
 ing the Army and Navy, 407 ; Retaliation — Report of the Committee on l''oreign Relations, 408 ; Mani- 
 festo of the Prince Regent and its Charges, 409 ; Mediation of the Empei' r of Russia proposed, 470; Re- 
 joicings over Napoleon's Misfortunes — Peace Commissioners, 471 ; CabiiKt Changes, 472. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 EVENTS ON THE MAUMEE RIVER. 
 
 Contemplated Expedition against Maiden, 473 ; American (7amp at the Maiimee Rapids, 474 ; Interference 
 of the Secretary of War with General Harrison, 47.S ; General Clay's march to the Maumi.e, 470 ; Ilarri- 
 .son assumes grave Responsibilities, 477; British and Indian F^xpedition against Fort Meigs, 478; the 
 Mission of Captain Oliver, 479; Leslie Combs volunteers for perilous Duty, 480; Incidents of his Voyage 
 down the Maumee, 481 ; Preparations for an Assault on Fort Meigs, 482 ; Attack on Fort Meigs, 483 ; 
 
 critical Rituati 
 Defeat and hw 
 Fort Meigs, 48 
 
 Harrison's Provi: 
 ciiniiha anxiou) 
 to ca|)tiire Fort 
 sumpioncd to m 
 Incidents of tlui 
 '■•<>•■■'. 500 J „I„o 
 ■ssailed and virj 
 Constriictioii oC 
 Vewels, 512; p 
 n. rrison viuits I 
 
 1 trry prepares for 
 
 acter of the oj)), 
 
 Srpiadroiis— Ope, 
 
 Si'eries on Iniard i 
 
 rence to tho Ni,i, 
 
 tempt to Flscape; 
 
 Dead, .Vtl ; sad 1 
 
 ''•e exultant Amc 
 
 Alliaiue— Predict 
 
 tions for unveilii: 
 
 Statue iinveiled- 
 
 Cll ; Poiry and 
 
 :ilH 
 
 h 
 
 in 
 
 Arrangements for .., 
 540 ; Proctor, frig; 
 British, 548 ; the . 
 dians make a Stain 
 British defeated— I 
 son and Proctor prr 
 thor's Visit to the T 
 leaves the Armv- ^^ 
 ^<ci')to Valley, hoc ; 
 Visit to Hati'ivia and 
 riage of Captain llui 
 
 EV 
 
 Tlie Energies of Great 
 
 F-zluubothtown— Beta 
 
 captured, 580 ; the V 
 
 Prescott, 582 ; the C 
 
 tions for it, 585 ; Exi 
 
 tie York, 588 ; Explo 
 
 Escape of tho British, 
 
 ronto, formerly Little 
 
 at Toronto, 594 ; Pa.s( 
 
 (Jeorge— tho respectiv 
 
 Squadron and the Ian 
 
 retreat to the Beaver ] 
 
 stroyed by themselves- 
 
 Battle at Stony Creek 
 
 are pursued, 605 ; De- 
 
 EVENTS A 
 
 Bntish Designs on Sacke 
 608; Assembling of the 
 «10; a Conflict-Dest) 
 Defenses, 014; the Au 
 toncol Localities aromi 
 Whittlesey and his Wifi 
 at the Beaver Dams. Oi 
 —Fort George invested 
 
CONTKNTS. 
 
 Vil 
 
 rriticttl Situation nrtho Fort And Onrriunn, 4KI ; HnrriHon'it riniiH iiK<>>n*t the Deiiiegeni, 48,*> ; Dudley '» 
 Defout ami mul Ku.tnltH, 4Htl ; Arrivitl of Ko-enl'iirtTiiiuiitii for I'ort Muig», 487; Kfl'ect of a ^iortiu from 
 Fort MeigH, 480; thu Autliur's Visit tu the Miiiinioo Valley, 4iM)-4*J;i. 
 
 CIIAITKH XXIV. 
 
 TlIK ■>VAU IM NORTHKIl.H OHIO- <'(»NHTRL'CTIO!f Of rFHRT'ft FI.EBT. 
 
 lIivrrinoii'M I'rovisioii for tho Frontier lleft'imes, 4'.t4 ; Kciitiickiiins iiniler Colonel K. M. JohnBon, 4J)r>; Te- 
 c'linithii anxious for hoi'tilo Action, 4!)(i; ,Iohnnon'H Ti-oops iit Fort .Siephonsoii, I;i7 ; uiiHuiTesHfiil Attempt 
 to viipture Fort Moi)(ii, 4!(H ; Foit Ste|ihen!iiin mciiiicetl, 4!l!t ; ('roi;lmn duterniiiu's to h(.ld it, rM); it id 
 RuniiMoned to Hiirrenilor, M\ ; a Siege, MtJ ; Fort StephenHon utornied, and the Asituilaiits repuUed, WKl ; 
 Incident)! of tho Night succec " / the .Strnggle — Honors to Croglian, 'i<14 ; the AiithorV Visit to Sandnsky, 
 fiO'i, fiOtl; also to FriMnont and Site of Fort .Stephenson, M)T ; .Jonrney to Toledo— Harrison's Churaclor 
 assailed and vindicated, M)K ; Captain I'erry sent to Lake Krie, "i(l!l; llaihor of Krie or I'resq' Isle, ">!(); 
 Constrnction of a Lake Fleet bcKiin there, ol I ; Ferry's Services with Chaiincey and in secnring American 
 Vessels, 512 ; Ferry's earnest Call for Men, olJI ; Krie menaced, 61 1 ; first Ci'uiM of I'erry'* Fleet, 615 ; 
 Il'rrison viiiit* i'erry, 61(i ; I'erry '» second Cruise, 517. 
 
 CIIAl'TKK XXV. 
 
 THH BATTI.C OF LAKE ERIE. 
 
 I'trry prepares for Battle, ."IS ; his final Instructions — Hritish Scpindron in sight, 519 ; Names and Chnr- 
 Hcter of tho opposing S(|nndrnns, ^>'2(); CIningo in the Order of Hattle, 521 ; relative Position of the 
 Squadrons— Opening of the Hattle, 522 ; first Position of tho Vessels in the Fight, 52!); the Hattle — 
 S<'ones on board tho Lawrcnve, 524, 525 ; sad ( "ondition of the htwreiire, 52(! ; I'erry goes from the /^tip- 
 rence to the Niaf/nra, 527; I'erry breaks tho Hritish Line, 52H ; his Victory — Hritish ,Ships vainly at- 
 tempt to Kscape, 52'.); Ferry's fauKuii' Dispatch, 5,')(); Surrender of the Hritish (MHcers — Hnrial of the 
 Dead, 531 ; sad KlVects of the Hattle, 5!t2 ; Importance of l'err'"s Victory, 5,'t;t ; public Celebrations by 
 the exultant Americans, 5;t4 ; Honors to Elliott and his Subordinates, 5i(5 ; a I'lei; for a Hritish-Indiaii 
 Alliaufo — Prediction by Washington Irving, 5;t(i ; Author's Visit to Krie ond Cleveland, 537 ; Prepara- 
 tions for unveiling a Statue of Perry at ('leveland, 538 ; surviving Soldiers of tho War of 1812, 53!) ; the 
 Statue unveiled— a rcmarkiiblo Dinner-party, 540; a sham naval Hattle — early Uesidents of Cleveland, 
 541 ; Perry and his Captives, 542 ; Kecoiitiou of Perry and Harrison at Krie, 543. 
 
 CIIAPTKU XXVI. 
 
 ItARRIflON'f) INVASION OK CANAIJA — HI« IIOMK. 
 
 Arrangements for invading Canada, 544 ; Army of tho Northwest in Motion, 545 ; it crosses Lake Erie. 
 54(J ; Ptoctor, frightened, flees frimi Maiden — Tecunitha's scornful Itebnke, 547; vigorous Pursuit of the 
 British, 548 ; the Armies in the Hiver 'I'liames, 54'.t ; Destruction of Property, UMi ; the Hritish and In- 
 dians make a Stand for Hattle, 551 ; the Annies in battle Array, 552 ; Battle of the Thames, 553, 554; 
 British defeated — Death of Tecumtha — who killed him, 555 ; Gallnntry of Cohmel Johnson, 55(> ; Harri- 
 son and Proctor i)roperly rewarded, 557, 558 ; Keturns to Detroit — Ktfect of the Victory, 55!) ; the Au- 
 thor's Visit to the Thames Battle-ground, 5(i(), 5tJl ; Harrison on tlic Noithem Frontier, 5(i2 ; Harris;m 
 leaves the Army — Author's .loumey in t)hio, 5()3 ; Anti(niities at Newark, 5(i4, 505 ; Columbus and the 
 Scioto Valley, fidO ; Chiliicutho and its N'icinity, 5(i7, 5(58 ; (iovernor Worthington's Fesidence, 5(!U ; 
 Visit to Hatavin and North Bend, 570 ; North Bond and iti' early Associations, 571 ; Conrtsliip and Mar- 
 riage of Captain Harrison and Anna Symmes, 572 ; Harri.ion'8 Tomb and Dwelling, 673 
 
 CHAPTEU XNVII. 
 
 EVENTS ON THE ST. LAWUKNCK FRONTIEK AND UPPF.M CANADA. 
 
 The Energies of (jreat Britain displayed, 575 ; Operations in the St. Lawrence Kegion, 576 ; Attack on 
 Elizabfthtown — Retaliation, 577 ; Attack on Ogdonsburg, 578 ; Defense of the Town, 57!) ; Ogdonsburg 
 captured, 58(i ; tho Village phmdered and Citizens carried off, 581 ; Author's Visit to Ogdensburg and 
 Prescott, 582 ; the Canadian Kebellion, 583 ; another Invasion of Canada contemplated, 584 ; Prepara- 
 tions for it, 585 ; Expedition against Little York, 580, 587 ; Americans land and drive the British to Lit- 
 tle York, 588 ; Explosion of a Powder-magazine and Death of General Pike, 58!) ; Capture of York and 
 Escape of tho British, 5!)0; York abundonou Scalp as an 0;nament, 51)1 ; the Author's Visit to To- 
 ronto, formerly I^ittlo York, 5!)2 ; an Adventu. among the Tortifications, 593 ; notable Men and Places 
 nt Toronto, 5!)4 ; Passage across Lake Ontario- Jouniey lO Niagara Falls, 505 ; Expedition against Fort 
 George — the respective Forces, 5!)() ; ('annonaue between Forts (Jeorge and Niagara, 597 ; the American 
 S(iundron and the landing of Troops, 5!)8 ; a severe Hattle — Capture of Fort George, 599 ■ tho Hritish 
 retreat to the Beaver Dams and Burlington Heights, 000; British Property on«the Niagara Frontier de- 
 stroyed by themselves — Expedition toward Burlington Heights, (iOl ; the Americans at Stony Creek, 002; 
 Battle at Stony Creek, (i03 ; Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder, 004 ; the Americans flee and 
 are pursued, 605 ; Destruction of Property at Sodus — British Fleet off Oswego, 000. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIIl. 
 
 EVENTS AT SACKETT'S HARBOR AND ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1813. 
 
 British Designs on Snckett's Harbor — its Defenses, 007; General Brown in ('ommnnd at Sackett's Harbor, 
 608 ; Assembling of the Militia — Approach of the British, 609 ; Position of the Militio — a Panic and Flight, 
 610; a Conflict — Destructicn of Public Stores, Oil ; the British retreat, 612; Sackett's Harbor and its 
 Defenses, 1 4 ; the Author's Visit there — the Frigate Neit> Orleans — a neglected Monument, 010; his- 
 torical Ivoealities around Sackett's Harbor — a Visit to Watertown and Brownsville, (fl 7 ; the Story of 
 Whittlesey and his Wife, 018 ; Movements on the Niagara Frontier, 619 ; Exi)edition against the British 
 at the Beaver Dams. 620 ; Services of a patriotic Woman. 021 ; Defeat and Surrender of the Americans 
 — Fort George invested, (522 ; the Author's Visit to the Beaver Dams Region, 623 ; a veteran Canadian 
 
 WM- 
 
: - -^JX-^^^U .tiHiltiniM 
 
 viU 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 If 
 
 iHi 
 
 I i I 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Soldier, G24 ; Vfcit to Sfonv Creek nnd Ilnmilton, (>2.") ; British and Indian Raidit on the Niagara Fron- 
 tier, <)2(! ; Bnttle at Ulnck IJock, (!'J7 ; Kxpcdition to Rurliiigton lleiglits and York, 028 ; Oenrborn suc- 
 ceeded by Wilkinson, (i2!> ; Helations between Wilkinson, A.-iiiatrong, and Hampton, (iUO ; AlFairs on the 
 Niagara Frontier, V>',i\ ; Fort George menaced and Newark lairnt, (i;W : just lndigiiati(m of the Hritish — 
 Retaliation proposed, ()!!.'{ ; Fort Niagara captured — Desolation of tliat Frontier, <!84 ; N.Y. ulilitia at Uuf- 
 fl'-li.', C35 ; liattlii near Black Kock and Destruction of Buft'alo, G36 ; Horrors of retaliatory Warfare, 637. 
 
 CHAl'TKU XXiX. 
 
 EVENT8 ON THE NORTHKRN FItONTlER IS 1813. 
 
 Wilkinson concentrates his Forces, C38 ; General Dearborn moves into Canada, 6.39 ; Repulse of the British 
 at La Collt — Colonel Carr, 640 ; Preparaticns for War on J^ake Champlain, 04 1 ; Movements of Hamp- 
 ton in Northern New York, 642 ; Cliauncey tries to engage Sir James Yeo on Lake Ontario, 643 ; a Rat- 
 tle at last, 644 ; Chauncey again searchitig for his Foe, 645 ; an Expedition for the 8t. Lawrence against 
 Montreal — Disasters, (i4(l ; Hampton's (Operations in the Chateaugay Region, 647; Wilkinson's Expedi- 
 tion on the St. Lawrenre, 648 ; Battle ofl' French Creek — the Expedition mover down the .St. Lawrence, 
 64!) ; the Flotilla passes Frescott, (i,")0; (ieneral Brown invades Canada — ■Wilkinsci in Peril, 6;")! ; I'rep- 
 arr.tions for a Battle, 6.")2 ; Battle of (Jhryslur's Field, (!.")3 ; the Americans go down the .St. Lawrence, 
 6.")4 ; t'haracter of some of the chief Leaders, ISH!) ■ the Army in winter Qnartet.- at French Mills, 6.')6 ; 
 its Sntferings there and Relenso, (!.">7 ; Attempt to seduce American Soldiers from their Allegiance, 658 ; 
 the Author's Visit to the St. Lawrence Region — Carleton Island, 65'.), 000 ; William Johnson of the Thon- ' 
 sand Islands, 661 ; his Exploits, Arrest, and Imprisonment, 662 ; his Services in the War of 1 81 2, 063 ; 
 a Visit to French MilU and Vicinity, 664; Rouse's Point— La CoUe, 665; a Visit to Cliryulor's Farm, 
 Prescott, and Ogdeusbarg, 666. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 PREDATOnY WARFARE OF THE HtlTISH ON THE COAST. 
 
 Blockade of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays declared, 667 ; Operations of Blockaders in Chesapeake Bay, ' 
 668; Attack on Lewiston — Cockiiini, the Marauder, G'j'J ; Capture of Fronchtown, 670; Attack on 
 Havre de (irace, 671 ; the Town plundered and fired, 672 ; the Author's Visit to Havre de Grace — John 
 O'Neill, (!73; Cockhurn plunders and destroys other Villages, (!74 ; stirring Scenes in Hampton Roads, 
 675 ; a Britich Fl^et enters the Roads, (!76 ; Craiiey Island nnd its Deienders, 677 ; Prejjarations for 
 Buttle, 078; the .iritish attack, aie repulsed, and withdraw, 6"it ; they turn upon Hampton, 680; they 
 land and mena"-, it, (>81 ; a Struggle for the Possession of Hampton, 68'i ; Americans driven out, and the 
 Village given up to Rapine and Plunder, 683 ; the Author visits Croney Island an*". Norfolk. 684, C35; 
 the F'ortifications on Craney Island, 68(> ; a Visit to Hamjito'i, 687 ; a Daughter of Coinmcxlore Barron 
 — a Veteran of 1812 — Hampton destroyed by Virginia Rebels, (i88 ; CocUburn in the Potomac and on the 
 Coasts of the C'arolinas and (ieorgia, 68i>; Secret Organizations among the Slaves, 6iM); Decatur nins 
 the Blockade at New York, 6;il ; blockading Scpiadi-on off New London, <)'.)2; Alarm produced by Tor- 
 pedo Vessels, 693 ; the Coast of (Connecticut bliM'kaded — the local Militia, 691 ; Decutur i;i the Thames, 
 695 ; the Author's Visit to New London and its Vicinity, 696, 697. 
 
 CHAlTKli XXXI. 
 
 WAR ON THE OCEAN IN 1813. 
 
 Bnttio between the ITornel and Peacock, 698 ; Victory of the //erne.'— Prowess of the Americans respected, 
 699; Honors to (^aptain Lawrence and his Men, 700; (Yuise of the i'hempeake — her Character. 701 ; 
 Lawrence's last official Letter, 7^)2 ; Brokc's Challenge, 703 ; the (.%sni>euk€ and lier Oew, 794 ; the 
 Chem/ieakr. goes out to fight, 70."; ; Battle between the Chesniipuk-c and Shannon — Death of I^awrence, 
 706 ; Treachery — Capture of the Clicm/ieake — she is taken to Halifax, 70.'S ; Exultation of the British, 
 709 ; Honors to Captain Broke, 710 ; Respect paid to the Remains of Lawrence and liia Lieutenant, Lud- 
 low, 711 ; funeral Cerenamies ai Salem, 712 ; funeral Ceremonies at New York — Monuments, 713; stir- 
 ring Scenes in Chesapeake Bay, 714 ; Cruise of the Argiix in British Waters, 715 ; Battle between the 
 Art/us :i!id Pelican, 716; Battle between the Kitterprise. and liorer, 717 ; Funeral of the Commander of 
 each at P^irtland, 718 ; Honors to Burrows and M 'Call, 719 ; last Cruise v>f the l^nterpnse, 720. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIL 
 
 CRUISE OF THE ESSEX. 
 
 Weakness of the American Na^y, 721 ; the Essex starts on a long Cniise~a .Search for Bainhridgc, 722 : 
 she .sails for the Pacific Ocean", 723 ; her Search for British whaling Vessels, 724 ; by ca; tnriiig and ann- 
 ing British whaling Vc!ssels, Po"*er rreafes a Squadron, 725 ; successful Ouise among the Oallapagos Isl- 
 ands, 72(i ; Porter sails for th:: *':'i n^us.'s Islf.nds, 727 ; civil War in Nooaheevah, 728 ; Porter engages 
 in theWor, 729; the Women of Nooaheevah, 730; Incidents in the Harbor of Valparaiso, 731 ; Battle 
 between the Ksspt and two British Ships, 732 ; the Essex captured — Porter returns Home, 733 ; Honors 
 to ( .'omm.xlore Porter — his subsequent Career, 734 ; Rodgers's long Cruiae in I8i3 — his Services to his 
 C-^untry, 735, 736 ; he makes another Cruise in the President — Honors to Rodgers, 737. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIIL 
 
 WAR AGAINST THK f'UEKK INDIANS. 
 
 Insurrectionary Mo^enlent8 in Ix)ui<iana, V38 ; military Movements in West Florick, 739 ; Louisianr. made 
 a State— Insurrection in East Florida, 740; Acti(m of Cniteci States Officials there — Expedition, 741 ; 
 Surrender of Mobile to the Americans, 742 ; Tennessee Volunteers on the Mississippi, 743 ; they return 
 to Nashville, 7*4 ; Tecunitha in the Creek Country — he exh(>rtM the (^reeks to make War on the White 
 People, 710 ; the Creek Nation and their Position, 74V ; Civil War among '.he Creeks — White People in 
 Peril, 748 , the .Militia in the Field — Battle of Burnt Com Creek, 749 ; Pre|mrali(ins for Defense in Lower 
 Alabama, 750 ; Fort Mima and its Uccupauts, 75! ; Rumors of im])ending Hostilitieii, 752 ; Fort Mims 
 
 crowded wi 
 Massacre a 
 Help, 758 ; 
 
 Jackson heeds 
 
 lower (.'reek 
 
 sehatche, 76; 
 
 I'iiited Itulin 
 
 from (ieorg. 
 
 ■'•''ght, 770; 
 
 Armies iu th 
 
 ('reek, 775; 
 
 Creek Counti 
 
 the subdued i 
 
 c 
 
 Political Compos 
 
 — Pcice I'artv 
 
 ■Act repealed,' 
 
 tires jiroposcd, 
 
 on La Collo Mi 
 
 Brown, moving 
 
 Forces oi, Uki 
 
 the War in (Jsv 
 
 fvir Sackett's H, 
 
 Author's Visit t( 
 
 and the Invasioi 
 
 «<«; .S.-ott prei 
 
 British Force, 8( 
 
 heartened, 811; 
 
 813; the British 
 
 The British, re-enfi 
 
 the British attacl 
 
 Battery, «:>(, ; ^^ 
 
 Americans, 822 • 
 
 ^<'<>tt, woundod.'r 
 
 Battle-grounds o 
 
 l;^ne, 829; the Br 
 
 ^••.">J>83I; the; 
 
 Ene, 834, 835 ; B: 
 
 Triumph of Miller 
 
 Brown, 841; Hone 
 
 Erie, 843; (ienera 
 
 American Troops , 
 
 Holmes's Expeditit 
 
 Operations in that i 
 
 llie Downfall of Nap 
 
 Control of Lake Ch, 
 
 J'eiminnent, 858 ; c 
 
 the British advanco 
 
 86.^ ; the British ch( 
 
 ."Pening of naval Bni 
 
 icuns complete, 871- 
 
 "i-itisli alarmed, 874 
 
 t«) General Macomb, i 
 
 «'•'; the Autiior's Vi< 
 
 Ontario, 885; a heavj 
 
 The Blockade of Ne*] 
 sea-port Towns block;., 
 Boston, 892; theBriti 
 ctation sent to the Bi 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 rrowded with Refugees, 7."^ ; gathering of hostile Savages near, 7">4 ; furious Assault on Fort Mims, T'lri ; 
 MasKiicre at Kort Mims, 7.")(i ; Horrors of the Massacre, 7ri7; J{espoiise < '"the Tcnncssceaua to a Cry for 
 Help, 758 ; General Andrew Jackson in the Field — Mobile threatened, but savtjd, 759, 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 WAR AGAINST TUB CRE<5K INDIANA. 
 
 Jackson heeds a Cry for Help from the Coosa, 7(iO; the Army threatened with P'amine — AiTaiis in the 
 lower Creek Coimtrj-, 7(il ; Choctaw Allies — Exjieditioii against Tailasehatche, 7(i2 ; Hattle of Talla- 
 sehatche, "tJiJ ; Ji^cksoii hasten.? to the Kelief of tiireatetied I'osts, 7(i4 ; Battle at Talhulepx, 7(>") ; the dia- 
 jilrited Iiidiaiis sue for I'eace, 7(>G ; Destruction of the HiUabee Towns, 7(>7 ; the Creek Country invaded 
 from Georg.a — Battle of Auttose, 7G8 ; Kxpoditicn under Captain Dale, 70!) ; Dale's terrible Canoe 
 Kight, 770; Fort Claiborne at Kandon's Landing, 771; Battla of Kconochaco, 772; Dissolution of the 
 Armies in the Creek Country — new Voluntsers, 773 ; I?attle of Emucfau, 774 ; JJattle on Enotochopco 
 Oeek. 77.">; Hattle on the Calebee River, 77(i; East Tonnesseeans and Choctaw Allies on the Way to the 
 Crock Country. 777; Battle of the Horseshoe, 77'.); the Power of the Creek Nation broken there, 780; 
 the subdui^d liidians sue for Peace — 'iVeathersford in Jackson's Tent, 781 : the Creek Nation ruined, 782, 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 CIVIL AFFAinS IN 1813 — EVENTS ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER IN 1814. 
 
 Political Composition of Congress — Peace Commissioners, 783 ; illicit Traffic — Change in public Sentiment 
 — I'cace Party, 784 ; revolutionary Proposition — new Embargo Act, 78,1 ; Rumors of Peace — Embargo 
 Act repealed, 7 8(! ; Provisions for the increa.se of the Army, 787; Prisoner.-i of War — retaliator}- Meas- 
 nrcs )>roposed, 788 ; Campaign on the Northern Frontier and Lake Cnami)lain, 789; Wilkinson marches 
 on I>a CoUo Mill, in Canada, 790 ; Battle of La Colle Mill, 7i)1 ; end of Vvilkinson's military Career, 7i>2 ; 
 Brown, moving toward the Niagara Frontier, perjjlexed by Orders fr )m the War Department, 7i)3; Naval 
 Forces on Lake Ontario, 794 ; the British attack Oswego, 795 ; they cajiiure Oswego, 79(i ; Survivors of 
 the War in Oswego, 797 ; Sackett's Harbor blockaded, 793 ; Woolsey at Big Sandy Creek with Stores 
 for Sackett's Haibor, 799 ; Battle at Big Sandy Creek, 8(X) ; agreat Cab'e carriijd to Sackett's Harbor — 
 Author's Visit to Big Sanely Creek, 801 ; the Anny on the Niagara Fnmtier — Red .Jacket, 802 ; Fort Erie 
 and the Invasion of '^ana(.a, 803 ; an Invasion of (Canada from Black Uock, 804 ; Caj)ture of Kort Erie, 
 805; Scott prepruej for battle at Street's tireek, 80G; preliminary Fighting, 807; Scott advances — the 
 British Force, 808 ; the Battle of Chippewa, 809, 810; the British driven from Chip])ewa — Indians dis- 
 heartened, 811; the Armies inspirited by the Victory, 812 ; Preparations to cross the Chippewa Creek, 
 813 ; the British retreat — Brown marches for Fort Georgo, 814— he falls back to Chippewa, 81.J. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVL 
 
 WAR ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1314. 
 
 The British, re-enforced, advance toward Chippewa, 816; vScott discovers them near Niagara Falls, 817; 
 the British attack Scott, 818; Bro\vii advantes from Chippewa, 819; C\ilonel Miller captures a British 
 Battery, 820; A])preciation of his Exploit, 821 ; desperate Struggle in the di>rkness — Victory for the 
 Americans, 822 ; close of the Battle of Niagara Falls, 823 ; the Battie and the Victory considered, 824 ; 
 Scott, wounded, proceeds to Washington, 825 ; Honors awarded him, 82(1 ; the Author's Visit to the 
 Battle-grounds of Chipj)ewa and Niagara Falls, 827,828; the Army falls back and is ordered to Fort 
 Erie, 829; the British again attack Black Rock, 830; Brown wounded — Gaines takes Command of the 
 Army, 831 ; the American Trooiis at Fort Erie, 8;'2 ; tiie I'ritish assail the Fort, 833 ; Battle of Fort 
 Erie, 834, 835 : Brown resumes Command. 830 ; a Sortie, 837 ; brilliant Success of General Porter, 838 ; 
 Triumph of Mdler anil llpham, 839 ; the British abandon the Siege, 840 ; Honors awarded to General 
 Brown, 841 ; Honors to Generals Porter and Ripley, 842 ; two remarkable Survivors of the Battle of Fort 
 Erie, 84.3 ; General l,;ard sends Troops to the Niagara F"roiitier, 844 ; he takes Command there, 815 ; the 
 American Troojjs withdraw from Canada, 84(! ; the Author visits Fort Erie and its Vicinity, 847, 848 ; 
 Holmes's Expedition into Canadu — Battle of the I^ng Woods, 849 ; Expedition to the upper Lakes, 850; 
 Operations in tliat Region, 851 ; M'Arthur's Raid in Canada, 852 — his Bravery and Generosity, 853. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVn. 
 
 KVKNlfl ON LAKE CHAMrLAIN IN 1814. 
 
 The Downfall of Napoleon, 854 ; English Troops released for Sen'ice in America, 85.5 ; Struggle for the 
 Omtrol of Lake Cham])lain, 856 ; Operations (m the Canada Border, 857; alarming Order from the War 
 Department, 858 ; Concentration of Troops at Plattstiurg, 859 ; Position of American Works there, 8()0; 
 the British advanco on Plattsburg, 8(il ; a Skirmish at Beekmantown, 8(12 ; another near I'lattsburg, 
 863; the British checked at the Saranac Bridge, 864 ; British land — our naviU Forces in motion, 865; 
 Opening of naval Hattle ott" I'lattsburg, 8(16 ; Battle of Lake Champlain. 867-870 ; Vi<'tory for the Amer- 
 icans complete, 871 ; Casualties, 872 ; Movements of the land Troops — Battle of Plattsburg, 873 ; the 
 British alarmed, 874 ; their hasty Flight into Canada, 875 ; Rejjicings because of Victory, 87(i ; Honors 
 to (Jeneral Macomb, 877 ; Honors to Commodore Macdonough, 878 ; Effect of the Victory at Plattsburg, 
 879 ; the Autiior's Visit to the Scene of War on and near Lake Champlain, 880-884 ; Operations on Lake 
 Ontario, 885 j a hea\7 British Ship on the Lake, 886; (dose of Hostilitien on the Northern Frontier, 887. 
 
 CKAl'TER XXXVIIL 
 
 THE WAR ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST I 1814. 
 
 The Blockade of Ne* London, 888 ; amphibious Warfare on tht New England Coast, 889 ; New England 
 sea-port Towns blockaded, 890; Portsmouth and Boston menaced, 891 ; Preparatioiis for the Defense of 
 Boston, 892; the British Squadron attacks Stonington, 893; Captain Holmes and his Ciun, 894; a Dep- 
 utation sent to the British Commander, 895 ; the British repulsed — impoteucy of the Attack, 896 ; a 
 
^ .,w«jir**d;'**ww 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 British Force on the Coast of Maine, 8!>7 ; Operations in Penobscot Hay and River, 898 ; Preparations 
 nt llHmi)den to oppose tlie British Invasion, 8'J!t ; Panic and Flight of the Militia, 1)00 ; the British at 
 Bangor, i)(ll ; Treatment of General Blake, UO'J ; the British at Custine, 903 ; the Author's Visit to Places 
 on the Ne« Knglund Coast — Observations at Boston, i'04 ; at Salem and Marblehead, 90;)-9()7 ; Journey 
 to the J'enohscot, 908 ; Observations at Castine, 909 ; Voyage up the Penobscot, 910; Hampden, 91 1 ; 
 Obserx-ations at Bangor, 912; Visit to New Bedford and Providence, 913 ; Stoniugton and Mystic, 914 ; 
 Story of a faithful Daughter, 915. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE CAPTURK OF WASHINGTON CITT. 
 
 Apathy of the Government while the Capital was ;.. peril, 91G; feeble Preparations for its Defense, 917; 
 (jeneral Winder in t:ommand— a Cull for Troops, 918; Tardiness of tlie Secretary of War — Apathy of 
 the Peoi)le, 1(19; Appeiirance of the British in Ciiesapeake Bay, 920; gathering of Troops — Destruction 
 of Barncj's Flotilla, 921 ; the Forces gathered for the Defense of Washington and Baltimore, 922; the 
 British move on Washington from the Putuxent, 923 ; Battle Lines formed mar Bhidunsburg, 024 ; Ex- 
 citement in the national C/'apital, 925 ; the British advance on Bladensburg, 92G ; Arrangements to receive 
 them, 92G, 927 ; Dueling-ground near Bladensburg, 928 ; Battle of Bladensburg, 929, 930 ; Barney 
 wounded and made Prisoner, 931 ; the victorio-js British march on Washington City, 932; Destruction 
 of the public Buildings, 933 ; Destruction of the Navy Yard, 934 ; Flight of the President and his Cabinet 
 — Patriotism of Mrs. Madison, 935 ; Object of the Invasion, 930 ; the British retreat from Washington, 
 937; Slavery the cause of the Disaster at Bladensburg, 938 ; a British Fleet passes up the Potomac, 939 ; 
 Alexandria plundered — Torpedoes, 940 ; the British Squadron returns to Chesapenko Bay — Visit to the 
 Battle-ground a'. Bladensburg, 941 j Kaloramu and Oak Ilill Cemetery, 942; Congressional Burial- 
 ground — Fort Washington, 943. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 EVENTS AT BALTIMOKK, PHII-AnELfHIA, AND NEW YORK IN 1814. 
 
 Tlie British in Cnesapeake Bay, 944 ; Exploits of Parker and Cockbum, 945 ; Operations of the British 
 Fleet in Chesapeake Bay, 94(5; Baltimore threatened, 947 ; I'reparations for the Defense of Baltimore, 
 948; Fortifications and Troops for its Defense, 949 ; the Britisn land and advance on Baltimore, 950 ; 
 Position of tlie contending Armies, 951 ; Battle of North Point — Death of the British Commander, 952, 
 953; the British Fleet moves up to attack Fort M'Henry, 954; Bombardment of the Fort, 955; the 
 British Invaders driven otf, 95(>; "The Star-spangled Banner," 957; the British land Troops march on 
 Baltimore, 958 ; they retire to their Ship:; — the "Iritish Programme, 959 ; Honors to Colonel Armistead, 
 960 ; the ,\uthor's Visit to Baltimore and the hi .orical Localities around it, 9fil-905 ; New York and 
 Pliilndel|)hia relieved, 9(;5 ; the Volunteer Comjianies of Philadelphia, 96G ; Orgenizatiou of Troops and 
 
 ■ EstiiDiislimeiit of (,'amps, 967 ; Patriotism of the Citizens of Philadelphia, 968; New York aroused — Com- 
 mittee of Defense, 9()9 ; the Citizens assist in casting up Fortifications — " The Patriotic Diggers," 970 ; 
 the Fortifications around New York, 971-975 ; a tloating Battery authorized by Congress, 976; the Steam- 
 ship Fulton the First, 977. 
 
 CHAPTER XLL 
 
 NAVAL WARFARE ON THE OCEAN IN 1814 — AMERIUAN PRIVATEERS. 
 
 New Vessels for the Navy — the Jo/m Adams, 978 ; Cruise of the Wasp — Capture of the Reindeer, 979 , the 
 Was/i and Afnn — Loss of the iVas/i, 980 ; Fight between the Peacock and Fpervier, 981 ; Barney's Flo- 
 tilla in Chesapeake Bay, 982 ; the Constitution, 983 ; Battle between the Constitution, Cyane, and levant, 
 984; the ConsHlntionand her Prizes — Honors to Commodore Stewart, 985 ; Stewart's Home in New 
 Jersey. 986 ; Decatur's Squadron — he puts to Sea in the President, 987 ; Battla between the President 
 and kndijmion, 9H8 ; the rest of Decatur's Squadron puts to Sea, 989 ; Battle between the Hornet and 
 Penyuin, 990; Honors to Captain Biddle, 991 ; Cruise of the Hornet and Peacock — the Navy at the end 
 of the War, 91,'2 ; the first Privateers, 993 ; Cruise of the Rossie,WA; first Prize taken to Baltimore — 
 thr lltobe, 995 ; Cruise of the Hiyhflyer, Yankee, and Shadow, 99(5 ; Salem and Baltimore Privateers, 997 ; 
 Privateering at the close of 1812, 998; remarkable Cruise of theCome/,999; Cruise of the Chasseur, Sar- 
 atoga, Dol/thin, Lottery, and Yai.kee, 1000 ; Cruisu of the General Armstromj, Ned, and Scomye, 1001 ; 
 the Teasel — Capture of the Fa;//e — Cruise of the Decatur, 1002; Cruise cf the David Porter, (lUilie, and 
 Harpy, 1003; the Career of the General Armstrony, 1004; Honors toCaptain Keid — Cnuse of thePrince 
 de Neti/chatel, llM)5 ; Cruise of the Saucy Jack and Kent]), 1006 ; Cruise of the Macdonovgh and Amelia 
 — the American Privateers and their Doings, 1007. 
 
 CHAPTER XLII 
 
 CIVIL AFFAIRS IN 1814 — OPEKATIONS IN THE OHLF REGION. 
 
 Boston the Centre o. illicit Trade, 1008; the Peace Faction assails the Government and tlie Public Credit, 
 1009; Ett'ects of the C^on:ipiracy against the Public Cradit, 1010; new financial Measures — Revival of the 
 Public Credit, 101 1 ; Measures for increasing the Army — Discontents in New England, 1012 ; the Hart- 
 ford (Convention, 1013-1015; the Memlxjrs o>' the Hartford Convention, 1016; Jackson recalled to active 
 Service in the Gulf Region, 1017 ; the Baratarians and their Leader, 1018 ; Jackson perceives Miscicief 
 at Pensacola, 1019; Fort llowyer threat^'ued by a British Squadron, 1020; the Fort attacked and the 
 Assailants repidsed, 1021 ; the British at Pensacola — .lackson marches on that Post, 10?2 ; Flight of the 
 British and Indians, 1023; Jnckson in New Orleans — Appearance of the British, 1024 ; Preparations to 
 receive the Invaders, 1025 ; Capture of the American Flotilla or. Lake Borgno, 102(i ; Jackson's Review 
 of 'lYoops in New Orleans and their Disposition, 1027; the British approach the Mississippi, 1028; they 
 march on New Orleans — Kes)H)nse to Jackson's Call for Troops, 1029 ; Events below New Orleans, 1080 ; 
 a night Battle, 1031 ; the British fall back, 1032 ; the Americans withdraw, 1034. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XI 
 
 till 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 DEFENSE OP NEW OHI.EA.N8 PEACE. 
 
 Jackson's Line of Defense, 1034; a gloomy Day for the Invadei-s — Arrival of General Pakenham, lO.'lfi; 
 Seat of War in Louisiana and Florida, lO.'U! ; severe Battle on the 28th of Decemlier, 1037 ; the British 
 van((uislied — the American Lines of Defense, 1038 ; the British cast up Ledoubts near the American Line, 
 103i); a heavy Battle, li4i»; the British repulsed and then re-enforcid, 1041 ; Jackson prepares to receive 
 the increased British F> ices, 1042; Character and Disposition of hs own Forces — Position of his Army 
 on the 7th of Jannaiy, 1043; a British Detachment crosses the Misi-issippi, 1044; Battle of New Orleans, 
 1046-1040; Disposal of the Dead, lO.TO; Attack on Forts St. I'hilip and Bowyer — Jackson's Army in 
 New Orleans, lO'il; Honors acc'orded to Jackson and his Troops, 1052; Humors of Peace and continu- 
 ance of Martial Law, 10;>3 ; Incidents of Jackson's Trial for Contempt of Court, 1054; the Author's Jour- 
 ney to New Orleans — Lexington and "Ashland," 1055 ; Frankfort and its Cemetery, 105(!; a Visit to 
 Nashville and the " i i mitage," 1 *")7 ; New Orleans and its historic Men and Places, 1058 ; Attack on 
 Fort Sumter — Uprising of the Peopie, 105!); Negotiations for Peace and the Commissioners, 10(!0; (Jhent 
 and the Sympathy of its Inhebitivits with the Americans, lOCl; the Treaty of Peace, 1002, lOfiS; Kcjoic- 
 ings of the American People, 1064; Commemorative Medals — its Ratification, 1065; Position of the He- 
 public at the ch)se of the War, 1067; HeiKljustment of National Afl'airs — Dartmoor Prisoners, 1068; 
 Prosperity of the Republic and its liclaticnb to other Nations, 106'J ; Text of tlie Treaty of Peace, 1071. 
 
 
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 »• Illustrations . 
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 9. Britannia aroi; 
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 »»• Portrait and Si 
 
 13. Sianatures of ( 
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 "• Tnii-piece.. .: 
 16- Initial Letter. . 
 W- Campus Martfii 
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 18- Portrait and Pj;, 
 19 o,*""''!''^'-Clair^ 
 
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 a«. Initial Letter . . . 
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 I ''"'•jiit «nd Signati 
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 *i- Portrait and Hij,, 
 
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 44. An AHsiBtwit. . 
 
 «. Portialt of LoniHXv 
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 «. Initiall^tter.. ••■ 
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 52. Portrait 'and 8ignat„r, 
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 IHumluntort Prontlsploco. 
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 Couteiits V 
 
 IIlUHtratlunB ziii 
 
 Initial Letter 17 
 
 First Great Seal of the United 
 
 atfttCB 20 
 
 War 22 
 
 nrltaiiula aroiiaed 22 
 
 Portrait of William Jackson.. 20 
 
 Jackson's Mimumcnt 27 
 
 Portrait and Sleuuturo of Gou- 
 
 verneur Morris 28 
 
 Signatures of the Members of 
 
 the Cou'ttitutioual Conven- 
 tion 30,81,.32 
 
 Tall-piece 84 
 
 Initial Letter 36 
 
 Campus Martlus 37 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Miss 
 
 Ileckewelder 87 
 
 Portrait and f'ignaturo of Ocn- 
 
 eralSt.Clair .IS 
 
 Signature of WInthropSargen* 38 
 
 SignatiTo of Lord Dorchester. 38 
 
 Fort riarmar 39 
 
 Fort Washington, on the Site 
 
 of Cincinnati 41 
 
 Signature of Joseph Harmir. . 41 
 The Mauniee Ford— Place of 
 
 Ilarniar's Defeat 42 
 
 Mip— Ilarmar's Defeat 43 
 
 Hall's Crossing-place 4!) 
 
 Apple-tree ucarllarraar's Ford 44 
 Map— Plan of St. Clair's Camp 
 
 and Hattle 47 
 
 Signature of Tobi^is Lear 49 
 
 Lowry's >'i)i\ument 62 
 
 Map-Pla.. of Line of Wayne's 
 
 Slarch 64 
 
 Signature of >. M'Kce 64 
 
 Map— Hattle of the Fallen Tim- 
 bers 66 
 
 Turkey-foot llock 66 
 
 Signature of Colonel Ham- 
 
 Iramck 60 
 
 Coloiiel Ilamtramck's Tomb. . 60 
 
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 Initial Letter 68 
 
 Portrait and Signature of T. 
 
 PincKuey 64 
 
 Liberty Cent 06 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Gen- 
 eral Hamilton 00 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
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 A Bad Measure 09 
 
 An Asslgnat 74 
 
 Portrait of Louis XVI 70 
 
 Paine fitting Stays 70 
 
 Memorial Medal 70 
 
 Initial Utter 79 
 
 TheContrast 81 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Thomas Mifflin 82 
 
 Port"-alt and Signature of B. C. 
 
 Genut 88 
 
 Portrait and Signature of John 
 
 Jay 88 
 
 SIgnalnrc of Alexander M'KIm 89 
 Seal of the Republican Society 
 
 of Baltimore 88 
 
 Porirait and Signature of C. 0. 
 
 Plnckney 92 
 
 Portrait and Signature of John 
 
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 Signature of Slei-hcn Decatur 101 
 Portrait and Signature of John . 
 
 Barry 101 
 
 Commodore Barry's Monu- 
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 Naval Pitcher 104 
 
 Modal presented to Commo- 
 dore Truxtun 108 
 
 Signature of Tlionias Truxtun 108 
 
 Truxtun's Grave 106 
 
 The Lutheran Church in Phil- 
 adelphia Ill 
 
 Washington Medal Ill 
 
 Tail-piece— M'Pherson Blue.. Ill 
 
 Initial Letter 112 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 114 
 
 Algiers In 1800 117 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Richard Dale 118 
 
 Dale's Mimunient 119 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Kd- 
 
 ward Preble 120 
 
 Tripolitan Weapon 121 
 
 Trlpjlitan Poniard 122 
 
 Medal given to Commodore 
 
 Preblo 123 
 
 NavalMonument 124 
 
 SIgnatirre of William Eaton. . 126 
 
 Initial Letter 130 
 
 Portrait and Signature of A. 
 
 Burr 135 
 
 Signature of John Adair 130 
 
 Blenuerhassett's Residence. . 130 
 Sigjature of Blennerba8i<ett. . 130 
 Portrait and Signature of Hu- 
 
 fUsKIng 143 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Wil- 
 liam Plnkney 148 
 
 Initial Letter 149 
 
 I.ynnhaveu Bay 150 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Commodore Barron 159 
 
 Portrait and 3ignature of 
 
 James Monroe 101 
 
 Initial Letter 107 
 
 Gun-boata 108 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Jo- 
 slab Quincy 174 
 
 Portrait and Sl^jnaturo of 
 
 James Modison 17C 
 
 Fort or Battery Severn, at An- 
 napolis 181 
 
 Commodore Eodgers's Resi- 
 dence 182 
 
 8ig:?al», No. 1 182 
 
 Signal Book 182 
 
 Signals, No. 2 183 
 
 Signals, No. 3 183 
 
 Signals, No. 4 1S3 
 
 Signal Alphabet 183 
 
 Signal No. 6 184 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Commodore Rodgers 188 
 
 Tail-piece— Gauntlet ISO 
 
 Initial Letter 187 
 
 Birth-place of Tecnmtha and 
 
 his Brother 188 
 
 The Prophet 189 
 
 Joieph Barron 191 
 
 Indian Detector 191 
 
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 eral Boyd 194 
 
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 Fort UarrUou 197 
 
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 View at Tippecanoe Battle- 
 ground 203 
 
 Signature of J. Snellliig 203 
 
 Map— Battle of Tippecanoe. . 206 
 Vignette to a Mournful Ballad '204 
 Tippecanoe Battle-ground... 209 
 
 Tail-piece— Wigwam iW 
 
 Initial Letter 210 
 
 Portrait and Signature of II. 
 
 Clav 211 
 
 The Gmymander 211 
 
 Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Randolph 215 
 
 Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 C. Calhoun 215 
 
 Signature of Josiah Q'.iincy. . 217 
 Signature of James Eiuott... '217 
 
 Signature of J. II. Craig '220 
 
 Kac-eimile of a Newspaper Cut '224 
 Portrait and Signature of Gov- 
 ernor Clinton '225 
 
 Governor I'linton's Tomb 226 
 
 Caricature- Josiah "■'■ First. '228 
 
 initial Letter '238 
 
 Portrait of George . Fourth 238 
 Signature of Jonathan Wil- 
 liams 236 
 
 Fort Independence 236 
 
 Castle Williams '287 
 
 Plan of Fort M'Henry 23T 
 
 Torpedo, Piate 1 238 
 
 Torpedo, Plate 2 289 
 
 Torpedo, Plate 3 289 
 
 Torpedo, Plate 4 '240 
 
 Destruction of the Dorothea.. 240 
 Portrait and Signature of Rob- 
 ert Fulton 242 
 
 Fulton's Birth-place '243 
 
 .-Signature of Edward Bayncs. 247 
 I'ortrait of Henry Dearborn.. '249 
 General Dearborn's Residence 250 
 
 ■rhe Parting Stone 260 
 
 'nitial Letter 261 
 
 'ortrait and Signature ofWll- 
 
 lam Hull...; 262 
 
 j'c rtrait and Signature of John 
 
 Johnston 263 
 
 Pace of Hull's Rendezvous.. '254 
 S gnature of Governor Meige. 258 
 
 A few at Bloody Brldire 201 
 
 Colonel BableV Residence... 262 
 View at the Riviere aux Ca- 
 nards 264 
 
 Map— Detroit Frontier 206 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Dun- 
 can M 'Arthur 267 
 
 Mackiiiack,ft'om Round Island '207 
 
 Arch Ri.ok, Mackinack 268 
 
 FortMacklnack 209 
 
 Tail-piece— t.'anoe 271 
 
 Initial I.etter 272 
 
 Fort Niagara, from Fort 
 
 George 274 
 
 Portrait of Thomas B. Van 
 
 Home 275 
 
 Barracks at Sandwich 278 
 
 Maguaga Battle-ground 281 
 
 Tecnmtha '282 
 
 Signature of J. B. Olegg 288 
 
 Portrait and Signature of D. 
 
 Noun 292 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Lew- 
 
 IsCass 294 
 
 Tail-piece— Neglected Grave. 206 
 
XIV 
 
 ILLUSTKATIONS. 
 
 ITS. 
 
 no. 
 
 180. 
 
 181. 
 182. 
 183. 
 184. 
 
 185. 
 1811. 
 187. 
 188. 
 18!). 
 I DO. 
 
 101. 
 
 1!)2. 
 193. 
 
 • 1!I4. 
 lltB. 
 
 iim. 
 
 191. 
 
 1!)8. 
 lOtf. 
 
 200. 
 
 201. 
 
 202. 
 203. 
 204. 
 
 20,V 
 20«. 
 
 20T. 
 
 208. 
 
 209. 
 
 210. 
 211. 
 212. 
 213. 
 
 214. 
 
 215. 
 216. 
 217. 
 
 218. 
 219. 
 220. 
 
 221. 
 222. 
 223. 
 224. 
 22.^ 
 228. 
 227. 
 
 229. 
 
 230. 
 
 231. 
 232. 
 233. 
 234. 
 236. 
 
 230. 
 237. 
 
 238. 
 
 239. 
 240. 
 
 241. 
 242. 
 
 243. 
 244. 
 245. 
 240. 
 247. 
 248. 
 
 249. 
 
 Initial Letter Page 297 
 
 HlKimture of Jiio. H. I.nu;;ht(>n 298 
 View at MiihU'U, Upper Can- 
 ada 209 
 
 BrltlHh Cannon at Detroit :ilKi 
 
 Signature of Kobt. KpynoldH. . »(KI 
 
 Slsfunture of C. Moran 302 
 
 Kl^ixie Manflion and Fort 
 
 Dearborn 3(i3 
 
 The Black Partridge's Medal. 300 
 
 Map-Site of Chicago 308 
 
 Block-house at Chftago 312 
 
 Fort Wayne in 1h12 81ft 
 
 The Little Turtle's Grave 315 
 
 Bridiie at the Head of ihe Maii- 
 
 mee 310 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Z. 
 
 Taylor 318 
 
 General Taylor's Rceldence. . 319 
 
 Initial Letter 320 
 
 Port Detlancc 333 
 
 Site of Fort Defiance SXt 
 
 Apple-tree at Defiance 334 
 
 Tuil-piecc — Indians at Ruins 
 
 of a Village 337 
 
 Initial Letier 338 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Si- 
 mon Perkins 340 
 
 Signature of Elijah Wads- 
 worth 340 
 
 Portrait and Signature of E. 
 
 Whittlesey 341 
 
 Signature of" William Eustis, . 349 
 Winchester's llead-quiirtors. . 351 
 Map — Movements at French- 
 town .858 
 
 Ttesidence of La Salle 359 
 
 Monroe, from the Battle- 
 ground 301 
 
 Signature of Laurent Dnro- 
 
 cher 302 
 
 Portrait and Siguatnre of Jaa. 
 
 Knaggs 303 
 
 Tail-piece - Tomuhawk and 
 
 Hcalping-knife 304 
 
 Initial Letter 305 
 
 Arsenal Building, Watertown 300 
 Signature of Colonel Benedict 307 
 Portrait of Captain William 
 
 Vaughan 308 
 
 Cipher Alphabet and Numer- 
 als .870 
 
 Signature of Paul Hamilton. . 370 
 Signature of Richard Dodge. . 373 
 Appearance of Fort, Presenta- 
 tion in 1812 373 
 
 Design on Indian Pass 374 
 
 Signature of (•. D. Yonng 370 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Ele- 
 
 azer Williams .877 
 
 Old Church in St. Regis 378 
 
 Boundary Monument 379 
 
 The Port of Ilufl"alo in 1S13. . . 380 
 Remains at Fort Schlosser, .. 380 
 
 Signature of II. Dearborn 3S1 
 
 Map of the Niagara Frontier. 382 
 Portrait and Signature of Ste- 
 phen Van Rensselaer 384 
 
 Signature of William Howe 
 
 Cuyler 387 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Jes- 
 se D.Elliott 3SS 
 
 Tail - piece — Oar, Boarding- 
 
 i)ike, and Rope 388 
 
 Inllia! Letter 389 
 
 Signature of Alexander Smyth 389 
 
 Queenston in 1812 390 
 
 Signature of .Tohn K. Fenwick 391 
 View from the Site of Vroo- 
 
 maii's Battcrv 391 
 
 Signature of John Ohrystie.. . .892 
 Signature of James Collier. . . 393 
 Landing-place of Ihe Ameri- 
 cans at Queenston 395 
 
 Russell's Law Ufllce 390 
 
 Portrait and Signature of John 
 
 E.Wool 397 
 
 Signature of J. ^. Mullanv. ... 399 
 Portrait and Signature of John 
 
 Brant 401 
 
 Brant's Mcmnment 401 
 
 Signature of Joseph (1. Totten 403 
 
 Signature of J. Gibson 403 
 
 New Magazine at Fort George 405 
 Signature of R. H. She;ifl'e. ... 406 
 MiMlal In Memory of General 
 
 Brock 400 
 
 Brock's Monument 400 
 
 260. Portrait and Signature of Sol- I 318. 
 
 innoii Van Rensselaer.. Page 407 .'119. 
 
 261. Signature of John Lovctt 401 320. 
 
 252. Tail-piece— Proclumatlon and 321. 
 
 Sword 411 322. 
 
 253. Initial Letter 412 
 
 264. Brock's MonumentonQucens- 323. 
 
 t(m Ilelglits 414 
 
 255. Monument where Brock fell.. 410 .324. 
 
 260. Signature of Solomon Vron- 326. 
 
 man 417 
 
 'i57. rrcsentOntllneofFortGeorge 418 .320. 
 
 268. French Magazine at Fort 327. 
 
 George 418 328. 
 
 2.59. Distant View of Fort Missis- 
 saga 419 329. 
 
 200. Interior View— Fort Mlssissa- 330. 
 
 pa in 1800 419 
 
 201. Mission house on the Qrand 331. 
 
 River 421 332. 
 
 202. Portrait and Signature of O. 
 
 H. M. Johnson 41.>1 8.33. 
 
 203. Ornamental Tomahawk 421 3:14. 
 
 204. Deer-shnnk \Veap(m 422 3,'I5. 
 
 2«i. Silver Calumet 422 330. 
 
 20(1. Ancient Scalping-knife 422 
 
 207. Mohawk IJhurcli, Grand Rlv- 337. 
 
 e-, C.W 423 338. 
 
 208. Interior of Mohawk Chnrch . 423 339. 
 
 209. ronimunion Plate 426 
 
 270. General Porter's Residence, .340. 
 
 Black Rock 420 341. 
 
 271. Signature of George M'Feely. 420 342. 
 
 272. Signature of Cecil IMsshopp. . 428 343. 
 
 273. Signature of Samuel Angus... ^28 ;144. 
 374. Tall-piece — Snail on Maple- 346. 
 
 leaf 432 
 
 27.1. Initial Letter 483 848. 
 
 270. Signature of R. Bvron 430 
 
 277. Tlie Cnmtihitmn fn l^illO 430 347. 
 
 278. Fac-simile of Commodore Por- H48. 
 
 ter'8 Writing 441 349. 
 
 279. Portrait and' Signature of 350. 
 
 Cvimmodore Hull 442 
 
 280. Hull's Monument 442 351. 
 
 281. Portrait of James Richard Da- 352. 
 
 282. Hnll's Mcdni '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 440 363. 
 
 283. Portrait and Signature of Cap- 3.'*4. 
 
 tain Jones. . 449 355. 
 
 284. Signature of Thos.Whinyates 449 360. 
 
 285. Signatureof J. P. Beresford.. 451 
 
 280. A Wasp on a Frolic 452 357. 
 
 287. Medal awarded to Captain 358. 
 
 Jones 462 3,59. 
 
 288. The Biddle Urn 463 300. 
 
 2S9. Tail-piece-EagIc bearing oflf 301. 
 
 the Trident of Neptune. ... 453 302. 
 
 290. Initial Letter 454 303. 
 
 291. Signature of John S. Carden. 450 
 
 292. Medal awarded to Decatur. . . 468 .304. 
 
 293. Portrait and Signature of 305. 
 
 Commodore Bainbiidge 459 300. 
 
 294. Bainbridge's Monument 469 f 57. 
 
 295. Bainbridge's New York Gold 308. 
 
 Box 402 
 
 290. Bainbridge's Albany Gold Box 402 .309. 
 
 297. Bainbridge's Medal 403 370. 
 
 298. Bainbridge's Urn 403 
 
 299. Tail-picco — Napoleon's Flag ,371. 
 
 and Star descending 472 372. 
 
 .300. Initial Letter 473 373. 
 
 301. Signature of C. Gratiot 474 374. 
 
 302. Portrait and Signature of 376. 
 
 Green Clay 470 
 
 303. View of Cincinnati from New- 370. 
 
 port In 1812 470 877. 
 
 304. Map— Fort Meigs and its VI- .378. 
 
 clnttv 477 379. 
 
 .305. Fac-simile of Harrison's Let- 3so. 
 
 tcr 479 381. 
 
 300. Portrait and Signature of 
 
 Leslie Combs 4,80 382. 
 
 307. Up tlie Mauinec Vallev 481 383. 
 
 308. Site of the British Batteries 3S4. 
 
 from Fort Meigs 482 
 
 ,309. Portrait and Signatare of Wm. 386. 
 
 Christv 483 .180. 
 
 310. Plan of fort Meigs 484 387. 
 
 311. Signature of W. E. Boswell... ''87 
 
 312. Map— Siege of Fort Meigs 488 383. 
 
 313. Remains of Walker's Monu- 
 
 ment 4S9 389. 
 
 314. Portrait of Peter Navarre 490 
 
 316. Ruins of Fort Miami 491 390. 
 
 310. Up the Maumce f^'om Maumee 391. 
 
 City 492 392. 
 
 317. Well at Fort Meigs 492 393. 
 
 Tail-piece— A Scalp Pago 498 
 
 Initial Letter 494 
 
 Signature of R. M. Johnson . . 496 
 
 Johnson's Monument 490 
 
 Portrait and Signature of O. 
 
 Croghan 490 
 
 View at Fremont, or Lower 
 
 Sandusky 500 
 
 Plan of Fort Stephenson 603 
 
 Gold Medal awarded to Gen- 
 eral Croghan 60B 
 
 Lower Castalian Spring BOO 
 
 Site of Fort Stephenson 607 
 
 Part of Short's Sword-scab- 
 bard 607 
 
 Perry's Residence 609 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Dan- 
 iel Dobbins 509 
 
 Wayne's Block-house at Erie 610 
 Site of French Fort and En- 
 trance to Erie Harbor 611 
 
 Month of Cascade Creek 611 
 
 Block-house 611 
 
 Map— Eric and Presq' Isle fiay 614 
 Portrait and Signature of Ush- 
 er Parsons 610 
 
 Put-in Bay 517 
 
 Initial Letter 518 
 
 Perry's I,ook-out, Gibraltar 
 
 Island 618 
 
 Perry's Battle-fiag 619 
 
 Portrait of O. H. Perry 621 
 
 View of Perry's Birth-place.. . 621 
 
 Calafalco 621 
 
 Perry's Monument 621 
 
 The two Snuadrons Just before 
 
 the Battle 522 
 
 Portrait and Signature of 8. 
 
 Chainplln 523 
 
 First Position in Ihe Action. . 623 
 
 Signature of J. J. Varnall .524 
 
 Second Position in file Battli 520 
 Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 ChRpman 627 
 
 Signature of Thomas Holdup 628 
 Position of the Souadions at 
 
 the close of the Battle 529 
 
 Almy's Sword 529 
 
 Fac-simile of Perrv's Dispatch ^30 
 The Burial-place, Put-in Bay. 532 
 Queen Charlotte and Johnny 
 
 Bnll 6.34 
 
 The Perry Medal 5;;3 
 
 The Elliott Medal 636 
 
 Signature of Ascl Wilkinson. 538 
 Portrait of Benjamin Fleming 638 
 
 Perry's Lantern 5.39 
 
 Perry's Statue 640 
 
 Portrait and bignatiire of S. 
 
 Sholes 541 
 
 Cbanii)lin'« Chair 642 
 
 Perry's Quarters at Erie 643 
 
 Portrait of T. II. Stevens 643 
 
 Initial Letter 644 
 
 Portrait and Signature of C. 
 
 S.Todd 648 
 
 Dolsen's 649 
 
 View at the Mouth of M'Greg- 
 
 or's Creek 660 
 
 M'Grcgor's Mill 660 
 
 Portrait of 0«hawahnah 562 
 
 View cm the 'I'linines 553 
 
 Map- Battle of the Thames. . 564 
 Portrait and Signature of S. 
 
 Theobald 660 
 
 The Harrison Medal.. 668 
 
 The Shelby Medal 658 
 
 Tecumtha's Pistol 600 
 
 Thames Battle-ground 501 
 
 Remains of an ancient Cofflu 604 
 The four Sides of the Holy 
 
 Stone 504 
 
 Stone Axes 504 
 
 Sectional View ot a Pyramid. 604 
 Great Earth-work near New- 
 ark 805 
 
 The old State-honse 607 
 
 General M 'Arthur's Residence 808 
 F.rtralt and Signature of T. 
 
 Worthlngton 868 
 
 Adcna, Governor Worthlng- 
 
 ton's Residence 669 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Mrs. 
 
 Harrison 671 
 
 Pl.nieer Honse, North Bend.. 87t 
 Block-honse at North Bend.. 871 
 
 Harrison's Grave 678 
 
 Sy mmcL's Monument \ . . 678 
 
 894. HarrLior 
 Bend.. 
 
 396. Initial Li 
 390. Block-ho 
 
 397. Parish's 
 898. Portrait 
 
 W. t'hi 
 
 399. Silo „f \,\ 
 
 400. Map-Op 
 
 burg. . 
 ■101. Portridt 
 York . . 
 
 402. Court-hon 
 
 403. The battel 
 ■ 404. Wind -mil 
 
 Prescott 
 40.5. Fort Weill 
 400. Portrait ai 
 
 Pike... 
 
 407. LHlle York 
 
 408. Remains o 
 
 tery. . . 
 
 409. Pow(ler-n 
 
 410. Map— Ali:i 
 
 411. Signatinv 
 
 412. Renniln- of 
 
 413. Old Kort ,u ■ 
 
 414. View on tl 
 
 Lewislori 
 416. Entrance I, 
 410. Plan of o, 
 ,,, ^ Mouth of 
 4 T. A North Uiv 
 413. Portrait and 
 II. Merrltt 
 
 419. Bnttle-grounc 
 
 420. Tail -pice,. 
 .„, , Store-hous( 
 
 421. Initial Letter 
 
 422. Portrifit and 
 
 Ann .< '^'''' "'■'"vn. 
 
 423. General Brow 
 
 424. Light-house a 
 «6. Signature of ( 
 420. Map— Oporatii 
 
 Harbor... 
 427. Sackett'a llar'b 
 '8. Mao— Sackoti'i 
 ,_, Defenses. 
 429. Signature of \\ 
 4.10. The S'm Orient 
 431 Pike's Monumt 
 4.32. Remains of Vm 
 
 433. Block-house, Sa 
 
 434. Mansion of Gen 
 4.35. Whittlesey Rod 
 4.30. Signature of c.( 
 43T. German Church 
 
 438. Portrait and Sig 
 .„„ „ra,Secord... 
 
 439. Beaver Dams 1 
 ...n „,""'' Surround: 
 
 440. Si^'iiature of .Ian 
 44 . BLsshopp's Mom 
 442. Interior of Port] 
 44.1. SlirnatureofOer 
 444. T,ni-piece-Pnr) 
 
 fire 
 
 446. Initial Letter 
 440. Portrait and s'io 
 ^ , G.Swift 
 
 447. Signature of ■Tof 
 
 field 
 
 44''. Signatureof A. D 
 449. Portrait and Sign, 
 „„ crtCarr...... 
 
 4O0. Portrait and Sign 
 
 Wilkinson...^. 
 
 451. Signature of W I] 
 
 452. M.i.ith of French 
 
 463. Bald Island and 
 
 Flotilla . . . 
 
 464. Chrysler's In 18,5(s' 
 
 466. Signature of Rob't 
 460. signature of .1. A 
 
 467. Signature of ,r w'n 
 
 468. Map-Cliiysler's P 
 
 469. Signature of M.Mj 
 400. Place of Deharkat 
 jft- T 'Salmon River. . . 
 40i. Lewis and Boyd's 
 
 ters 
 
 462. Brown's Head-qua, 
 
 403. Fac-simile of writt 
 
 404. Remains of Fort Ci 
 iw- J'""'"" Armlet.... 
 400. Light-hou..ekeptb' 
 407. Peel Island....: 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XV 
 
 394. Ilnrrisnn'H Residence at North 
 
 Bend Puge 574 
 
 396. Initial Letter M6 
 
 JHI«. HliKk-liDiise lit Brockvllle 5TT 
 
 .197. I'lirlsh'H Htore-hoime B7S 
 
 il98. Portrait niid flignnture of D. 
 
 W.riiiirch B7S 
 
 .199. Site of Fort PresenlatloD B79 
 
 400. Map— Operfttli" " at Ogdcna- 
 
 Imrg 5S0 
 
 401. Portndt and Sii;natnre of J. 
 
 York 5W 
 
 402. CIdiirt-honsc, OifdenBbnrg B80 
 
 4(til. The battered Wind-mill NO 
 
 404. Wlnil-mll) and RiihiH near 
 
 Prescott &S4 
 
 40.'5. Fort Wellington In IHiiO 884 
 
 400. Portrait and Slgiinture of Z. 
 
 Pike WB 
 
 407. Utile York In l.s'.it B87 
 
 408. Remains of the Western Bat- 
 
 tery BSS 
 
 409. Pow(ler-nia«a/.tne at Toronto ft'*'.! 
 
 410. Map— Attack <ni Little York.. BOO 
 
 411. Siijimture of John Rons B02 
 
 412. Remains of old Fort Toronto. B!'.") 
 
 413. Old Fort at Toronto In ls«0. . . BOi; 
 
 414. View on the Niagara near 
 
 Lewlston B9B 
 
 415. Entrance to the Niagara River B97 
 41(1. Plan of Operations at the 
 
 Mouth of the Niagara BOO 
 
 417. A North River Steamboat. . 001 
 
 418. Portrait and Signature of W. 
 
 H.Merritt 002 
 
 419. Battle-ground of Stony Creek 003 
 
 420. Tall - piece — Destruction of 
 
 Store-houses COCi 
 
 421. Initial Letter 007 
 
 422. Portrait and Signature of Ja- 
 
 cob Brown 508 
 
 423. General Brown's Monument. . COS 
 
 424. Light-house at Horse Island.. 009 
 
 426. Siy;nature of C'apt..\Iulcaster. 010 
 420. Map— 0|)eration9 at Sackett's 
 
 Harbor 012 
 
 427. Sackett's IIarl)or in 1814 013 
 
 "^S. Map— Sackett's Harbor and its 
 
 Defenses 014 
 
 429. Signature of Henry Eckford.. Ol."; 
 
 430. Tlie A>w Orleatm t) I •• 
 
 481. Pike's Monument OHl 
 
 432. Remains of Fort Pike , 017 
 
 4;t3. Block-house, Sackett's Harbor 017 
 434. Mansion of General Brown... OIH 
 4.3,\ Wblttlesiey Rock, Watertowu. 018 
 
 436. Signature of C. «. BiErjtlcr... 020 
 
 437. German Church (120 
 
 438. Pin-trfllt and Signature of Lau- 
 
 ra Sccord 021 
 
 4.39. Beaver Dams Battle-ground 
 
 and Surroundings 624 
 
 440. Sl<,'nature of James Ulttrlck.. 024 
 
 441. Bissiiojjp's Monument Il2« 
 
 442. Interior of Fort Niagara 0,34 
 
 443. Signature of General A. Hall. 0,36 
 
 444. Tall-piece — Farm* house on 
 
 Are 037 
 
 446. Initial Letter 087 
 
 440. Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 O. Swift ■338 
 
 447. Signature of .Toseph Bloom- 
 
 Held 6.39 
 
 448. Slgnatnreof A. De Salaberry. 039 
 
 449. Portrait and. Signature ofRoD- 
 
 ertCarr 640 
 
 460. Portrait and Signature of Jas. 
 
 Wilkinson 640 
 
 4,11. Signature of W. Hampton. . . . WS 
 4B2. Mo.itb of French Creek 049 
 
 463. Bald I.-land and Wilkinson's 
 
 Flotilla 060 
 
 464. Chrysler's in 18.%B fi,V2 
 
 466. Signature of Rob't Swartwont 0,N2 
 
 460. Signature of J. A. (Joles 053 
 
 4.'>7. Signature of.'. Walbach 06;t 
 
 468. Map— Chrysler's Fie'.d 064 
 
 469. Signature of M. Myers 664 
 
 400. Place of Debarkation on the 
 
 Salmon River 066 
 
 40i. Lewis and Boyd's Head-quar- 
 ters 660 
 
 462. Brown's Hend-qiinrtcrs 660 
 
 463. Fac-slmile of written Placard 068 
 
 464. Remains of Fort Carleton. ... 659 
 
 406. Indian Armlet 660 
 
 46<5. Light-house kept by Johnston 661 
 4<J7. Peellsland 661 
 
 408. 
 
 469. 
 470. 
 471. 
 472. 
 473. 
 474. 
 476. 
 476. 
 477. 
 478. 
 
 479. 
 
 480. 
 4S1. 
 482. 
 4S3. 
 484. 
 486. 
 4S6. 
 
 4.87. 
 
 1S8. 
 489. 
 
 490. 
 
 491. 
 492. 
 493. 
 
 494. 
 I 
 
 496. 
 
 496. 
 497. 
 498. 
 
 499. 
 600. 
 BOl. 
 
 B02. 
 603. 
 
 604. 
 606. 
 .'.00. 
 .M)7. 
 
 .ws. 
 .wo. 
 
 810. 
 BU. 
 
 812. 
 
 513. 
 
 614. 
 f,\!>. 
 ft 16. 
 ."17. 
 
 ftl8. 
 . 1 9. 
 
 820. 
 
 621. 
 822. 
 62:!. 
 
 824. 
 
 628. 
 823. 
 527. 
 
 828. 
 B29. 
 ,%30. 
 Wl. 
 
 8,32. 
 
 .wa. 
 
 634. 
 6i)6. 
 
 .\30. 
 637. 
 .ftiW. 
 839. 
 
 540. 
 541. 
 
 Portrait and Signature of W. 
 
 
 S42. 
 
 Johnston Page 
 
 662 
 
 MJ. 
 
 .lohiiHtini'.s Comhilssion 
 
 603 
 
 
 French Mills in IsiKi 
 
 664 
 
 644. 
 
 Signature of James Campbell 
 
 lUiB 
 
 646. 
 
 The Block-house Well 
 
 (UIB 
 
 640. 
 
 Signature of Peter Brousc. . . . 
 
 606 
 
 r'7. 
 
 Victoria Medal 
 
 mill 
 
 o4S. 
 
 luillal Letter 
 
 607 
 
 
 Interior of <ild Fort Norfolk. . 
 
 608 
 
 649. 
 
 Signature of A. M'Lnne 
 
 608 
 
 B50. 
 
 Signature of Admiral Cock- 
 
 
 
 660 
 
 661 
 
 Landing-place of the British at 
 
 6B2. 
 
 Havre de Grace 
 
 671 
 
 nftit. 
 
 The Prln.'le House 
 
 672 
 
 864. 
 
 Kpl-'copaf t'hurch 
 
 072 
 
 668. 
 
 ,Iohn O'Nell's Sword 
 
 073 
 
 866. 
 
 General Vltiv of Craney Island 67ft 
 
 
 Signature of .los, Tarliell 
 
 Ii75 
 
 667. 
 
 Signature of J. Sunders 
 
 076 
 
 .•MW. 
 
 Portrait and Signature of W. 
 
 
 5,89. 
 
 B.Shnl)rick 
 
 676 
 
 660. 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Rob- 
 
 
 801. 
 
 ert Taylor 
 
 677 
 
 862. 
 
 Signature of B. J. Neale 
 
 678 
 
 608. 
 
 Portrait and Signature f Jas. 
 
 
 604. 
 
 F'tn'kner 
 
 678 
 
 608. 
 
 Plan of Operations at Craney 
 
 
 606. 
 
 Island.. 
 
 679 
 
 680 
 
 .Vi7 
 
 Signature of Josiah Tattnall. . 
 
 608. 
 
 The Ceutipfile 
 
 View at Hampton Creek In 
 
 080 
 
 .V(9. 
 
 
 670. 
 
 lSfc3. 
 
 681 
 
 571 
 
 Plan of Operations at Hamp- 
 
 572. 
 
 
 68!! 
 
 573 
 
 Head- quarters of Beckwith 
 
 574. 
 
 and Cockb.irn 
 
 083 
 
 578. 
 
 British Consiii's House 
 
 086 
 
 576. 
 
 Oyster Fishing 
 
 086 
 
 877. 
 
 Remains of Fortifications on 
 
 
 578. 
 
 Craney I-land 
 
 0,86 
 
 579. 
 
 Block-house on Crancv Island 086 
 
 ft8n. 
 
 Magazine on Craney Island. . 
 
 080 
 
 5,81. 
 
 Laiidlug-plnce of the Britisl- 
 
 
 
 at Murphy's 
 
 ^ T 
 
 882. 
 
 Kirby House 
 
 oas 
 
 
 Soldiers' Monument at Polnl 
 
 
 SSJt. 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 689 
 
 684. 
 
 Osceola's Grave 
 
 690 
 
 688. 
 
 Entrance to Bcmnventure 
 
 091 
 
 
 Signature of T. M. Hardy 
 
 691 
 
 886. 
 
 New London in 1813 
 
 692 
 
 587. 
 
 Light-house at New Lon.ion.. 
 
 C 
 
 
 Signature of 11. Burbecl; 
 
 604 
 
 .W8. 
 
 Burbeck's Monument 
 
 094 
 
 B89. 
 
 Commodore Rodgerr's Jlonu- 
 
 
 5110. 
 
 
 690 
 
 591 
 
 Ancleut Block-house at Fort 
 
 692. 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 697 
 
 693. 
 
 New London Harbor from 
 
 
 694. 
 
 Fort Trumbull 
 
 697 
 
 698. 
 
 The old (.'o'lrt-honse 
 
 697 
 
 690. 
 
 Initial Li.'U-! 
 
 098 
 
 
 The Law-eii ^ ■ Medal 
 
 TOO 
 
 597. 
 
 Hornet aii'l j eacook 
 
 700 
 
 5(18. 
 
 Signature of Sam. Evans 
 
 701 
 
 ft99. 
 
 Fac-slmile of Lawrence's Let- 
 
 
 (HHI. 
 
 ter 
 
 702 
 
 001 
 
 Fac-slmtle of Broke's Chal- 
 
 002. 
 
 
 703 
 700 
 
 003. 
 
 The Chemvfokf disabled 
 
 Portrait of Captain Broke 
 
 004. 
 
 707 
 
 005. 
 
 Hhannon and Chcmpmke al 
 
 
 006. 
 
 Halifax 
 
 708 
 
 
 Portrait and Signature cf Jas. 
 
 607. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 709 
 
 
 Signature of Admiral Warren 709 
 
 008. 
 
 Admiral Warren's Seal 
 
 709 
 
 609. 
 
 Sliver Plate presented to Cap- 
 
 
 610. 
 
 tain Broke 
 
 710 
 
 
 SIgiuilurc of George Budd 
 
 711 
 
 611. 
 
 Collins 
 
 712 
 712 
 
 61'' 
 
 Lawrence Memorial 
 
 613. 
 
 Monument of Lawrence and 
 
 
 614. 
 
 Ludlow 
 
 713 
 
 615. 
 
 Lawrence's early Monument. 
 Portrait of W. 11. Allen 
 
 713 
 
 010. 
 
 716 
 
 617. 
 
 Lieutenant Allen's Monument 710 
 
 618. 
 
 Graves of Burrows, Blyth, and 
 
 
 6'9. 
 
 Watf rs 
 
 718 
 719 
 
 6"0 
 
 The Burrows Medal 
 
 621. 
 
 The M'Call Medal 
 
 720 
 721 
 
 6'W 
 
 Initial Letter 
 
 023. 
 
 Portrait and Signature of D. 
 
 
 
 Porter 
 
 721 
 
 728 
 
 624 
 
 The mighty Gattanewa 
 
 025. 
 
 The Baiiex and her Prizes 
 
 729 
 
 026, 
 
 Marquesas Drum Page 780 
 
 Buttle of the Kauex, I'lurbf, aitd 
 
 Cherub 738 
 
 David Porter's Monument 734 
 
 Initial Letter 738 
 
 Sign \ture of FuiwnrSkipwItb 740 
 Signature of Hugh Com|ibell. 740 
 Portrait and Signature ofGeu- 
 
 eral Riibertson 747 
 
 Signature of Sum Dale 749 
 
 Map— Scat of War in Southern 
 
 A labama 761 
 
 Fort Mims 7B8 
 
 Portrait o^John Cofl'ee 7ft9 
 
 Initial Letter 700 
 
 Map— Battle of Talladega. ... 708 
 
 Claiborne Landing 770 
 
 Map- Seat of the Creek War 
 
 In I'pper Alabama 778 
 
 Mal^^ Bailie of the Horseshoe 780 
 
 Initial Letter 788 
 
 Signature of N.Macon 784 
 
 Embargo— a Caricat lire 780 
 
 Deat'.i ol the Terrapin 787 
 
 Signature of J. Mason 788 
 
 Signature of C. Van De Venter 788 
 Signature of George Glosgow 788 
 Map-Affair at La Colic Mill. 790 
 LaColleMill and Block-houi-c 791 
 
 The dismantled .Si/j» rmr 794 
 
 Sir J.L.Yeo 796 
 
 Attack on Oswego 790 
 
 Slgnatnri! of A. Bronson 790 
 
 SlgiMitnre of H. Eugle 797 
 
 Signature of M. M'Nh';- 7<i7 
 
 Fort at Oswego In 1K.55 798 
 
 Place ofBattle at Sandy Creek 799 
 Otis's Hoiife, Saiidv Creek. . . 800 
 
 Signature of Alfred Ely 800 
 
 , Signature of Harmon Ehle. . . ,801 
 Portrait of .Tehaziel Howard. . 801 
 
 Red Jacket's .Medal 802 
 
 Portrait of Reo .Jacket 808 
 
 Profile and Signature of Wil- 
 liam .M'Hee 603 
 
 Portrait and Signature of C. 
 
 K. Gardner 606 
 
 Signature jf General Hiall. .. 806 
 
 Street's Ci,ek Bridge 800 
 
 Remains of Tele-de-pont Bat- 
 tery 807 
 
 Signature ,)f, Toseph Treat 807 
 
 Street's (.'reek Bridge, looking 
 
 North 808 
 
 General Towson's (irave 809 
 
 , Map -Battle of Chippewa 810 
 
 SlLMiature of Worth 812 
 
 WVrth's Monument 812 
 
 , Jones's Mimumeut 81'.J 
 
 Minilh of Lyon's Creek 813 
 
 Initial Letter 810 
 
 View at Lundy's Lane 818 
 
 , Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Miller 820 
 
 . Miller's Medal 821 
 
 , Portrait of J(din M'Neil 821 
 
 . Klagof IheTwenty-flflh 8'22 
 
 . Map— Battle of Niagara Falls ,S'23 
 
 . Scott's Medal 620 
 
 . Signature of Winfleld Scott. . . 820 
 . Signature of Jas. Cummlngs.. 8'.'7 
 , Hospital near Lundy's Lane.. S'28 
 
 . Wooden Slab 828 
 
 . Remains of Douglass's Bat- 
 tery and Fort Erie 830 
 
 , Portrait and Signature of E. 
 
 P. Gaines 831 
 
 Drunimond's P',!cret Order 832 
 
 Gaines's Medal 830 
 
 PiMlrail and Slgnatnri of P. 
 
 B. Porter 888 
 
 Porter's Tomb 8.38 
 
 Map— Sle"e of Fort Erie 839 
 
 Wood's Monument 840 
 
 Brown's Medal 841 
 
 Brown's Gold Box 841 
 
 Signature o ' E. W. Ripley ,842 
 
 Porter's Medal 842 
 
 Seal of the City of New York. 842 
 Signature of De Witt Clinton 842 
 
 Ripley's Medal 843 
 
 Portrait of Robert White 844 
 
 Fac-slmile of White's Writliig 844 
 Portrait and Signature of O. 
 
 I7.ard 846 
 
 Ruins of Fort Erie 846 
 
 Fort Erie Mills 84T 
 
 Signature of James Sloan 84T 
 
 1*: 
 
 T: 
 
XVI 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 «2T. 
 
 6'iH. 
 
 am. 
 
 630. 
 031. 
 682. 
 ,683. 
 
 034. 
 C39. 
 «3(l. 
 AST. 
 
 jm. 
 
 089. 
 040. 
 
 041. 
 
 0-ta. 
 04:1. 
 
 044. 
 045. 
 04*!. 
 04T. 
 648. 
 
 04(1. 
 6IMI. 
 061. 
 flfi'.'. 
 "OKI. 
 664. 
 
 066. 
 060. 
 061. 
 05.S. 
 06!). 
 000. 
 
 oni. 
 
 002. 
 
 o«:i. 
 
 004. 
 OfiS. 
 flOfl. 
 fl«7. 
 fl«9. 
 OG!l. 
 070. 
 071. 
 
 072. 
 
 073. 
 074. 
 
 076. 
 070. 
 077. 
 
 679. 
 67i). 
 flSO. 
 081. 
 082. 
 083. 
 
 OSW. 
 086. 
 
 6sn. 
 
 687. 
 688. 
 
 680. 
 000. 
 091. 
 692. 
 093. 
 
 694. 
 698. 
 600. 
 697. 
 698. 
 699. 
 TOO. 
 
 701. 
 TO-i. 
 703. 
 704. 
 708. 
 700. 
 707. 
 708. 
 709. 
 710. 
 711. 
 
 8(>lcllcr«' Mi>numeut Page 848 
 
 Kiley'K Mimunieiit 849 
 
 Hi);iiaturu of U. M'Uoiiall 860 
 
 Miip— M'Artbiir'a Kaid 862 
 
 Portrait of (leucral Bcott 863 
 
 Initial Letter 884 
 
 Portrait and Signature of T. 
 
 Macdiiuoii^'li 866 
 
 .IiulKe .Moore's IIoubo 867 
 
 Signature of D. BInboII 867 
 
 Signature of (1. Prevost 868 
 
 Portrait and Sig. of B. M(iocr« 868 
 Portrait and Stguatiire uf A. 
 
 Maoomb 869 
 
 SanipHon'H 869 
 
 Sla|i~FortiflcatlouB at Platts- 
 
 biirg 800 
 
 M. Smltli'H Monument 801 
 
 lIowe'K IloiiHC 802 
 
 Pliitt'8 Hiwidpnce 803 
 
 Old Stone Mill 804 
 
 The 8ara".ic 808 
 
 Ilenley'H Medal 808 
 
 CuKsin's Medal 808 
 
 Portrait and Signature uf U. 
 
 Paulding 869 
 
 View from Cumberland Uead 870 
 
 Mii|) — Naval Action 871 
 
 Macdonough'rt Dispntcb 872 
 
 Portrait and SIg. of ,1. Smith . S72 
 
 Itattle of PlattBburg 873 
 
 Tlie Saranac at Pike's Canton- 
 ment 874 
 
 Huiiis '-f Fort Brown 878 
 
 Arliilcry Quadriiut 878 
 
 Oeneraf Moocrw'^ Grave 870 
 
 I'nited States Hotel 870 
 
 Macornl)'« .Monumcut 877 
 
 Macomb's Mediii 878 
 
 Macdonougli'8 Medal 878 
 
 Macdouougli'B Farm-house... 879 
 
 Downlc's Orave 879 
 
 View iu Beekmautowu 880 
 
 Soldiers' Graves aso 
 
 Ma])— Sent of War 881 
 
 Siiire-houhes 882 
 
 .Mooers's House 8S2 
 
 Woolsey's Hou'<c 8S3 
 
 Ball In Mooers's House 884 
 
 Portrait and Signature of P. 
 
 Gregory 888 
 
 Portrait and Signature of M. 
 
 Crane 888 
 
 Crane's Monument 880 
 
 Portrait and Signature of I. 
 
 CImuncey 887 
 
 Cbauncey's Monument 887 
 
 Initial Letter 888 
 
 Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 M<mts;iimery 891 
 
 Port Pickering 891 
 
 Carcass 894 
 
 Ington F 
 C()l)b Ho 
 
 The Cobb House 890 
 
 Denlson'i) Monument 890 
 
 Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Sherbrooke 897 
 
 Port Porter, Castine 897 
 
 Signature of U. Barrle 898 
 
 General Blake's Uotise 898 
 
 Crosby's Wharf 899 
 
 Portrait and Signature of C. 
 
 Morris 900 
 
 Morris's Monument 901 
 
 Town-house, Hampden 902 
 
 Reed's Shop 902 
 
 Remains of Fort Georsie 90S 
 
 Signature and Seal of G. Qos- 
 
 selin 908 
 
 Yan kee Doodle Upset 904 
 
 Biliel-head of CoHxIitution 906 
 
 Port Pickering, Salem 900 
 
 Reiaalua of Fort Lee 900 
 
 Marblchead Harbor iH)7 
 
 Port Sewall 907 
 
 Portrait and Signature of Dr. 
 
 Browne 908 
 
 Small Cannon 909 
 
 View ft-om Fort George 9(Kt 
 
 Remains of Port CafltTnc 909 
 
 Remains at Fort GrifBth 910 
 
 Fort Point 910 
 
 The Bacon Tree 911 
 
 Mouth of the Kendnskeag 911 
 
 Portrait and Sig. of Van Meter 912 
 
 Hemains of Port Phojuix 013 
 
 Arsenal at Stnnington 914 
 
 Portrait aud Sig. of J. Uolmes 914 
 
 712. Porfalt and Signature of A. 
 
 I'. Holmes Page 914 
 
 718. Dcnlson's Grave 914 
 
 714. Tail-piece— Bomb-Bhell 916 
 
 716. Initial Letter 910 
 
 710. Signature of 1'. Stuart 910 
 
 717. Portrait and Signature of D. 
 
 L. Clinch 917 
 
 718. Portr.iit and Signature of W. 
 
 H. Winder 018 
 
 719. Signature of H. Carbery OiJO 
 
 720. Signature of J. P. Van NesB. . 920 
 
 721. Signature of T.K. Stansbury.. 921 
 
 722. Signature of J. Hterett 921 
 
 723. Signature of W. Smith 922 
 
 724. Signature of S. West 922 
 
 7'26. SignaturoofW. 1). Boall 922 
 
 720. Signature of VV. Scott 922 
 
 727. Signature of . I. Tilghmau 922 
 
 728. Old Mill, Bhidensburg 924 
 
 729. Bridge at Bladensburg 927 
 
 730. Residence of J. C. Rivee 927 
 
 731. Dueling-ground, Bladensburg 928 
 
 732. Signature of J. Davidson 928 
 
 738. Map— Battle of Bladensburg.. 9'i9 
 734. Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Barney 930 
 
 738. Barney's Spring 931 
 
 730. Bullet 931 
 
 737. The t^apltol iu 1814. 932 
 
 7!I8. Remains oftbe Capitol 988 
 
 739. RemaiuB of the President's 
 
 House 9it4 
 
 740. Signature of T. Tlugey 934 
 
 741. Portrait and Signature of D. 
 
 Madison 936 
 
 742. Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Barker 930 
 
 743. Portrait and Signature of O. 
 
 R.GIeig 937 
 
 744. Signature of D.Wadsworth... 938 
 
 746. Fort Washington 939 
 
 740. Skatch of Torpedo 940 
 
 747, '".'he Unknown 942 
 
 745. Barlow's Vault 942 
 
 749. Kaloruina 942 
 
 780. Cenotaph 943 
 
 751. (Jerry's Mimument.. ., 943 
 
 762. Initial Letter 944 
 
 75.3. Portrait and Sig. of P. Parker. 940 
 784. Portrait aud Sig. of 8. Smith . 947 
 768. Montebello M7 
 
 750. Rodgers's Bastion 949 
 
 767. Methodist Meeting-house 960 
 
 768. Portrait and Sigimture of J. 
 
 Strieker 980 
 
 769. Portrait and Signature of D. 
 
 M'Dougall...'. 962 
 
 700. Battle of North Point 983 
 
 701. Battle-flag 964 
 
 702. Signature of M. Bird 964 
 
 70i). Fort M'llenry in 1801 964 
 
 704. Signature of. I. H. Nicholson.. 068 
 
 706. Signature of S. Lane 988 
 
 700. Portrait and Signa* .re of O. 
 
 Armistead 068 
 
 707. Signature of P. S. Key 960 
 
 708. Star-spangled Banner 967 
 
 709. The .■Vrmlslead Vase 900 
 
 770. Armistead's Mcmument 960 
 
 771. Signature of W. K. Armistead 900 
 
 772. Battle Monument 901 
 
 773. TheCity Spring, Baltimore... 962 
 
 774. Portrait and Sig. of J.Lester. 903 
 
 776. North Point Battle-ground. . . 903 
 770. Monument where Ross fell.. . 964 
 
 777. Remains of Circular Battery.. 900 
 
 778. State Penciblc 900 
 
 779. Signature of D.D. Tompkins. 970 
 790. Signature of Morgan Lewis... 970 
 7St. Fort Stevens and Mill Rock. . 971 
 
 752. Tower at Hailett's Point 971 
 
 783. FortiflcatlouB around New 
 
 York 972 
 
 784. Mill Rock PortincatiouB 973 
 
 786. Fort Clinton 973 
 
 790. PortClintonandHarleinRlver 973 
 
 757. M 'Oowan's Pass 974 
 
 758. North Battery 974 
 
 799. View from Fort Pish 974 
 
 790. Courtenay's, and Tower 978 
 
 791. Remains of Block-house 976 
 
 792. M'Oowan's Pass In 1800 976 
 
 793. Signature ofA. and N.Brown. 970 
 
 794. Iron-dad Vossei 970 
 
 798. Section of Floating Battery. . . 977 
 
 790. Fiiltnn the Fir»t. 977 
 
 797. Initial Letter 978 
 
 798. Portrait and Signature of J. 
 
 Blukeley Page 9T( 
 
 799. Blakeley'n Medal 980 
 
 800. Portrait aud Signature of L. 
 
 Warrington 981 
 
 801. Warrington's Medal 982 
 
 902. Blilet-heud of Cuaius 988 
 
 WW. Stewart's Medal. 986 
 
 MH. Stewart's Resideuce 980 
 
 806. Stewart's Sworil 986 
 
 800. Portrait aud Signature of C. 
 
 Stewart 98T 
 
 807. Portrait aud Signature of 8. 
 
 Decatur 988 
 
 809. Decatur's Monument 989 
 
 909. Portrait and Sig. of J. BIddle 990 
 
 910. Riddle's Medal. 991 
 
 si I. Privateer Sclooncr 998 
 
 912. Signature of Admiral Sawyer 994 
 
 813. Portrait and Signature of S. 
 
 C.Reld 1004 
 
 814. Initial Letter 1008 
 
 816. Signature of A. J. Armstrong 1011 
 
 816. Portrait and Signature uf A. 
 
 J.Dailas 1011 
 
 817. Signature of T..Iesup 1018 
 
 819. Signatures of the Members of 
 
 the Hartford Convention. . 1014 
 
 919. Caricature 1018 
 
 820. The Hermitage 1017 
 
 921. Portrait of W. C. C. Claiborne 1019 
 
 92'2. Portrait of A. Jackson 1020 
 
 S23. Map— Attack on Fort Bowyer 1021 
 924. Jackson's City Head-quarters 1024 
 926. Portraitof Major Plauclii5... 10'24 
 
 920. Pattcrscm's Monument 1026 
 
 827. Mai>— FIglit of Ouu-boatH and 
 
 Barges 1026 
 
 828. Cathedral in New Orleans... 102T 
 
 929. Fort .St. John 10'28 
 
 830. Villcri-'s .Mansion 1029 
 
 .831. Portrait <if De la Honde 1030 
 
 832. Lacoste's Mansion 1031 
 
 8,33. Map -Affiiir below N.Orleans 1038 
 834. Portrait of De Lacy Evans... 1032 
 
 838w A Tennessee Flag 10.H3 
 
 830. Initial Letter 1034 
 
 837. I)e la Ronde's Mansion 1034 
 
 838. Map— Seat of War in Louisi- 
 
 ana 1030 
 
 9,39. Jackson's Ilead-quarterg 1031 
 
 ,940. Chalmette's Plantation 1039 
 
 841. Map— Battle of New Orleans 1040 
 
 812. Remains of a Canal 1042 
 
 84.3. Piauchu's Tomb 1043 
 
 844. You'sTomb 1048 
 
 848. Map— Po.iliou of Troops 1044 
 
 ,840. Battle ofNcw Orleans 104T 
 
 847. Monument 1048 
 
 848. Pecan-trees 1080 
 
 S49. Map— Port St. Philip 1061 
 
 560. Jackson's Medal 1062 
 
 561. Jackson's Draft 1063 
 
 882. Signature of D. A. Ilaii 1064 
 
 883. The Old Court-house 1064 
 
 864. Ashland 1086 
 
 968. Bod ley's Grave 1086 
 
 S80. Jackson's Tomb 106P 
 
 867. Clay's Monument 1060 
 
 868. Grave of Daniel Boone 1060 
 
 869. Kentucky Soldiers' Monu- 
 
 ment 106T 
 
 300. Portrait and Signature of P. 
 
 Robert8(m 1068 
 
 801. Portrait of A. Henncr 1068 
 
 802. .Japan Plum 1089 
 
 S«3. Portrait of J. Q. Adams 1059 
 
 804. Portraitof J. A Bayard HWO 
 
 806. Adams's Homes lOCO 
 
 SOO. View of Ghent 1001 
 
 807. Cipher Writing 1061 
 
 808. Fac-Blmlle of MS. of Treaty 
 
 ofGhent 1002 
 
 809. Seal and Sig. of Gambler. . . . 1002 
 
 870. Seal and SIg. of Ooulburn... 1002 
 971. Seal and Sig. of W. Adams . . 1002 
 S72. Seal and Sig. of J. Q. Adams. 1002 
 
 873. Seal and Sig. of J. A. Bayard 1002 
 
 874. Seal and Sig. of U. Clay 1063 
 
 876. Seal and Sig. of J. Russell . . . 1063 
 870. Seal and Sig. of A. Gallatin.. 1068 
 8T7. Por't and SIg. of C. Hughes. 1068 
 
 878. Medal of Gratitude 1065 
 
 879. Treaty of Peace Medal 1066 
 
 880. Allegorical Picture— Peace.. 1000 
 
 881. Dartmoor Prison 1068 
 
 882. Tali-piece — Civil and Mili- 
 
 tary Power 10T8 
 
 more tliui 
 
 and ])oiici 
 
 1812, fro,, 
 
 deliiieatiiij 
 
 ject, and n 
 
 iields of tJi 
 
 to private 
 
 events of (1 
 
 wliicli nugj 
 
 The resii 
 
 The narrat 
 
 left it. An 
 
 the Revohit 
 
 and Indians 
 
 United Stat( 
 
 Revohitlon i 
 
 the fii-st war 
 
 public policy 
 
 dliug of the 
 
 The eventi 
 
 published, ain 
 
 been overlool 
 
 our country f 
 
 War with Gr( 
 

 JIE author of this vohime saiil to the readcra of his Pictorial 
 Field-book of tuk RicvoLunoN, at tho (doso of that work, 
 " Should time deal .SJjcutly with us, we may ai^aiii go out with 
 ,-taff aad scrip together upon the great higiiway of our coun- 
 try's progress, to note the march of events there." Tho im- 
 plied promise has heon fultilled. Tho author has traveled 
 more than ten thousand miles in this country and in the Canadas, with note-book 
 and pencil in hand, visiting places of historic, interest connected with the War of 
 1812, from the (Ireat Lakes to the Gvdf of Mexicio, gathering up, recording, and 
 delineating every thing of sjiccial value, not found in books, illustrative of the sub- 
 ject, and making himself familiar with the topograj)hy and incidents of the battle- 
 fields of that war. Access to the archives of govermnents, state and national, and 
 to private collections, was freely given him ; and from the lips of actors in the 
 events ot" that struggle he received the most interesting information concerning it, 
 which might have perished with them. 
 
 The results of the author's researelies and labors are given in this volume. 
 The narrative of historic events is resumed, where his work on the Rexolution 
 left it. An account is given of the perils of the country- immediately succeeding 
 the Revolution ; the struggles of the new nation with the allied jjowera of British 
 and Indians in the Nortliwest ; the origin and gro\vi:h of political parties in the 
 United States, and their relations to the War of 1812 ; the influence of the French 
 Revolution and French politics in giving complexion to parties in tliis country; 
 the firet war with the Barbary Rowers ; the effe(!ts of the wars of Napoleon on tlie 
 public pohcy of the United States ; the Embargo and kindred acts, and tho kin- 
 dling of the war in 1812. 
 
 The events of the war are given in greater detail than in any work hitherto 
 published, and the narrative brings to \dew actors in tho scenes whose deedr- have 
 been overlooked by the historian. Tlie work is a continuation of the history of 
 our country from the close of the Revolution in 1783 to the end of the Second 
 War with Great Britain in 1815. 
 
 I. 
 
 ; l:r t 
 
 PouGHKJiErsiE, New York, Jult, 1868. 
 
fli 
 
 w 
 
 ' Before the British lel 
 and "slushed" the pole fl 
 nailing on cbets, and apj 
 flag, aud placed that of th 
 British had a higher sign! 
 rial government not to si 
 Britain to the absolnte pr 
 thority in the United Stati 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 09 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 " I Fpp, I nee, 
 Frecrtom'F establiehrd rnlRii ; clHos, and men, 
 NumiTous HH i<un(l« upon the orcim Blioro, 
 And (Mn|)lrc8 risin); where llic nun doncenrts ! 
 Tlie Ohio soon bIiuII ({lldc by mniiy n towu 
 Of nolo ; iind where the Mimriniiippi stream, 
 By forcstB Hhnded, now rinifi nweepliiR on, 
 NatUniH Hhnll grow, and stntei* not Icsti in famo 
 Than Greece and Home of ohl. We, too, shall boast 
 Our SolploH, Soloni, CatoK, saKcs, chlefB, 
 That In the lap of Time yet dormant lie, 
 Waiting the joyoui* hour of life and light." 
 
 Prniip Feeneao, 1775. 
 
 LJ5-3' 
 
 UCII was the prophecy of an Amer- 
 ican poet wlion the war for his 
 country's independence had just been kindled ; and 
 similar were the prescient visions )f the statesmen 
 sages of that hoiu', who, in i,l.c majesty of con- 
 scious rectitude, decreed the dismemberment of a mighty 
 empire and the establishment of a nation of freemen in 
 the New World. Their rebellion instantly assumed the 
 dignity of a revolution, and commanded the respect and 
 sympathy of the civilized nations. Their faith was per- 
 and under its inspiration they contended gallantly 
 
 ^ freedom, and won. We, their children, have seen the 
 
 '■0fy^^^^^^^'^^\^^ minstrel's prophecy fulfilled, and all the bright visions 
 i''l.ii^:6^^3^^'^ ^^ g^ory that gave gladness to our fathers paled by a splen- 
 
 '!Si^t>ij!ii^&'*^'^'' ^^^^ °f reality that makes us proud of the title — Amkeican 
 l/f Citizen. 
 
 When, on the 25th of November, 1783, John Van Arsdale, a 
 '■' sprightly sailor-boy of sixteen years, climbed the slushed flag- staff 
 in Fort George, at the foot of Broadway, New York, pulled down the 
 British ensign that for more than seven years had floated there, and un- 
 furled in its place the banner of the United States,' the work of the Rev- 
 olution was finished. As the white sails of the British squadron that 
 bore away from our shores the last armed enemy to freedom in Amer- 
 
 ' Before the Britleh left Fort George they nailed their colors to the summit of the flag-staff, knocked oflT the cleets, 
 and "slushed" the pole fi'om top to bottom, to prevent its being climbed. Van Arsdale (who died in 1830) ascended by 
 nailing on cbets, and applying sand to the greased flag-staff. In this way he reached the top, hauled down the British 
 flag, and placed that of the United States in its position. It is believed by some that the nailing of the flag there by the 
 British bad a higher gigsiflcanco than was visible in the outward act, namely, a compliance with orders fi-om the impe- 
 rial government not to strike the flag, as in a formal surrender, but to leave it flying, in token of the claim of Great 
 Britain to the absolute proprietorship of the country then abandoned. It was believed that the absence of British aa- 
 thority in the United States would be only temporary. 
 
 B 
 
« 
 
 18 
 
 I'lCTOUIAL JblKLU-BOOK 
 
 Th« bopM of the Amariwiii not rMltMd. 
 
 Thajr ware f m, bat not iDitopMidnt. 
 
 i ! 
 
 W'f i 
 
 ica bocninu inero Hpocks upon tho Iiorizoii in tlio owning nun to tho ^training eyes of 
 cuger tliousandH gazing Heawunl beyond tlio Narrows,' tho idea of absolute iiidepend- 
 cnco tool* posHosNioii of llio mind and lioart of ovcry tiiio iVnioiica;!. Ilo saw tiic vitii- 
 blo boiidti of liritiHli tlinildoni fall at his feet, and IiIh pulse beat high with the inspira- 
 tion of uotisciouH freedom, and the full assm'ance that the power and intluence of jirit- 
 ish sovereignty had departed from his country forever. 
 
 Alas ! those natural, and generous, and patriotic, and hopeful emotions were falla- 
 cious. They were born of a beautiful theory, but derived no real sustenance from so- 
 ber facts. They were the poetry of that hour of triumph, entrancing the sjtirit and 
 kindling tho imagination. They gave unbounded pleasure to a disenthralled people. 
 But there were wise and thoughtful men among them who liad communed with tho 
 teachers of the I'ast, and sought knowledge in the vigorous school of tho I'resent. 
 They diligently studied the prose chapters of the great volimie of current history spread 
 out before them, and were not so jubilant. They reverently thanked God for what 
 had been .'iccomplishcd, adored him for the many interpositions of his providence in 
 their beliall", and rejoiced because of tho glorious results of the struggle thus far. I5ut 
 they clearly perceived iliat the pe.ico established by tho decrees of high contract- 
 ing parties would prove to bo only a lull in tho great contest — a truce soon to be 
 broken, not, perhaps, by tho trumpet calling armed men to the field, but by the stern 
 behests of tho inexorable necessities of tho new-born republic. Tho revolution was 
 accomplished, and the political separation from Great Britain was complete, but abso- 
 lute independence was not achieved. 
 
 Tho experience of two years wrought a wonderful change in the public mind. Tho 
 wisdom of the few prophetic sages who warned tho people of dangers became painful- 
 ly apparent. Tho Americans were no longer the legal sidyects of a monarch beyond 
 tho seas, yet tho power and influence of Great Britain were felt like a chilling, over- 
 shadowing cloud. In tho presence of her puissance in all that constitutes tho material 
 strength and vigor of a nation, they felt their weakness ; and from many a patriot heart 
 came a sigh to tho lips, and foimd exi)rossiou there in the bitter words of deep humili- 
 ation — We arc free, but not iitdepcndoit. 
 
 Why not ? Had not a solenm treaty and the word of an lionest king acknowledged 
 the states to bo free and independent ? 
 
 Yes. The Treaty of '^eace had declared tlic confederated colonies " to be free, sov- 
 ereign, and independent states ;" and that the King of Great Britain would treat them 
 as such, and relinquish "all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights 
 of the same."- The king, in his speech from the throne," had said, "I . December n, 
 have sacrificed &vcYy consideration of my own to the wishes and opinion "'^''• 
 
 of my people. I make it my hmnble and earnest prayer to Almighty God tliat Great 
 Britain may not feel tho evils which might result from so great a dismemberment of 
 the empire, and that America may bo free from those calamities which liave formerly 
 proved, in the mother country, how essential monarchy is to the enjoyment of consti- 
 tutional liberty. Religion, language, interest, affections may, and I hope will, yet prove 
 a bond of permanent union between the two countries : to this end neither attention 
 nor disposition shall bo wanting on my part."' 
 
 ' The paosnge from New fork Harbor to the pea, between Long Island and Statcn Idland. 
 
 ' See Article I. of the Treaty of Peace between the T'nited States niu! (Ireat Britain, Kigncd at Paris on the 8d of 
 September, 1T><3, by David Hartley in behalf of Orcat Britain, and Benjamin Franklin, John AdamH, and John Jay for 
 the United Statef). 
 
 ' This acknowledgment was wrung from the king He had long detested the very name of every thing American ; 
 and this feeling was strengthened by his inteui<c personal hatred of l)r. Franklin, whose coolness and adroitness hod 
 given him the distinction of Arch-rebel. The king carried his prejudices so far that Sir John Pringle was driven to 
 resign his place as President of the Royal Society In this wise : The king urgently requested the society to publish, with 
 the authority of its name, a controdictton of a scientific opinion of the rebellious Franklin. Pringic replied that it was 
 not In his power to reverse the order of nature, and resigned. The pliant Sir .Toseph Banks, with the practice of a true 
 courtier, advocated the opinion which was patronized by his majesty, and was appointed President of the Royal Soci- 
 ety. Sec Wright's Engtatid under the Ilotme nf Hanover, 11., 03. 
 
 Ruceptloa or J 
 
 This wa.s 
 
 ^V'liy rioi 
 
 /'oiiited by 
 
 and been re 
 
 Ves. Joi 
 
 fourtofCJn 
 
 wy Kngland. 
 
 ■"OHtkimlIyi 
 
 t-'nibas.iador i 
 "potentiary h 
 to tears by tl 
 the kiiigdot,,, 
 ^''all be the I; 
 This recopt 
 sincere. Vet 
 ^V'/iy not ? 
 f>e resjyected; 
 nnd sagacious 
 '•-'il by the fjita 
 'is, and goveri 
 t-'nibarrassment 
 "lost important 
 waited with coi 
 ynited States, ( 
 in a state of wa 
 colonists of Grc 
 their literature, 
 country, withoii 
 was added a tra 
 "iferior people,' 
 ^'y tho conscious 
 c'fiiJ to com man 
 sufficiently impoi 
 tions. 
 
 Such is a gei 
 
 pendent of Gi-eat 
 
 t" i^i-. Franklin -. 
 
 commenced in 177 
 
 siiccessfully close 
 
 J ho war for ?W^ 
 
 I nave remarket 
 
 and in tliat fact w 
 
 tne hopes of the v, 
 
 .t'"s, let us take a 
 
 '" tho autumn of 
 
 of 1787. 
 
 TJie Articles of 
 adopted by the Co 
 '•atification of all tli 
 American League f 
 t-onstitution, was st 
 
 '"Even the chlmnev-swp 
 InglyofthcirsubjecuiuAu 
 
 'o 
 
OF TlIK WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 10 
 
 Roceptlon of John Adami In BnK)*nd. Why the American! were not Independent Article* of Conhderktloa. 
 
 Tills was nil very kind, nnd yot tlio Americans were not Independent. 
 
 Why not? Iliul not the roprescntiilivo of their indepeiulcnt sovcreiirnty been up- 
 pointed by the Congress to reNido as tho agent of the lepublio in the IbiliHh capital, 
 and been received with cordiality? 
 
 VoH. John Adams had been appointed* minister plenipotentiary to tho •FcbniHryS4, 
 Court oflireat Ibilain, and had been ordered to leave sunny France for log- "'^ 
 
 gy England. Tho Duke of Dorset, tho Hrilish embassailor at Paris, had treated liim 
 most kindly at Auteuil, and had as kindly jirescribed a gay court-dress to bo worn by the 
 embassador at his fust presentation to the king on his majesty's birth-day. That plen- 
 ipotentiary had been presented,'' most graciously received, and afiected almost t.j,ine4, 
 to tears by these honest words of good King George: "I was the last man in "*• 
 the kingdom, sir, to consent to the independenco of America; but, now it is granted, 1 
 shall be the last man in tho world to sanction a violation of it." 
 
 This reception was significant, and this declaration of his majesty was explicit and 
 sincere. Yet tho Americans were not independent. 
 
 Why not? IJccausc tlwif luul not formvd a nation, and therehj created a power to 
 be respected ; because British statesmen were wise enough to perceive this weakness, 
 nnd sagacious enough to take advantage of it. Without tho honesty of the king, mis- 
 led by the fatal counsels of tho refugee loyalists who swarmed in tho IJritish metropo- 
 lis, and governed wholly by the maxims nnd ethics of diplomacy, tho ministry cast 
 embarrassments in the way ofthe Confederation, neglected to comply with some of the 
 most important stipulations ofthe Treaty of Peace, maintained a haughty reserve, and 
 waited witli complacency and perfect faith to see tho whole fabric of government in tho 
 United States, cemented by the bonds of common interest and common danger while 
 in a state of war, crumble into fragments, and tho people return to their allegiance as 
 colonists of Great Britain. Their trade and commerce, their manufactures and arts, 
 their literatiu-e, science, religion, and laws were yet largely tributary to the parent 
 country, without a well-grounded liope for a speedy deliverance. To this domination 
 was added a traditional contempt ofthe English for their transatlantic brethren as an 
 inferior people,' and the manifestation of an illiberal and mifriendly spirit, heightened 
 by the consciousness that the Americans were without a government sufliciently pow- 
 erful to command the fulfillment of treaty stipulations, or an untrammeled commerce 
 sufficiently important to attract the cupidity and interested sympathies of other na- 
 tions. 
 
 Such is a general statement of "easons why the United States were not inde- 
 pendent of Great Britain after their total political separation from her. These gave 
 to Dr. Franklin and others tho consciousness of the incompleteness of the struggle 
 commenced in 1775. When a compatriot remarked that the war for independence was 
 successfully closed, Franklin wisely replied, " Say, rather, the var ofthe Revolution. 
 The war for indipendence is yet to be fought." 
 
 I have remarked that our fathers had not formed a nation on the return of peace, 
 and in that fact was the inherent weakness of their government, and the spring of all 
 the hopes ofthe royalists for their speedy return to colonial dependency. To illustrate 
 this, let us take a v.ipid survey of events from the ratification of the Treaty Oi Peace 
 in tho autumn of 1784, to the formation ofthe National Constitution in the autumn 
 of 1787, 
 
 The Articles of Confederation, suggested by Dr. Franklin in the summer of 1775, 
 ado|)ted by the Continental Congress in November, 1777, and finally settled by the 
 ratification of all the states in the spring of 1781, became tho organic law ofthe great 
 American League of independent commonwealths, which, by the first article of that 
 Constitution, was styled " The United States of America." In behalf of this Confeder- 
 
 ' "Even the chimney-sweepers on the streets," said Pitt, In a speech in the House orCommuus In 1703, " talk boast- 
 ingly of their subjucts in America." 
 
 11 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
20 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The League of States. 
 
 The States not sovereign. 
 
 The Public Debt. 
 
 ;j 
 
 i» i| 
 
 acy, commissioners were appointed by the Continental Congress to negotiate for peace 
 with Great Britain. That negotiation was successful, and, in September, 1783, a defin- 
 • September 3, ii^v<i treaty was signed at Paris" by the respective commissioners' of the 
 1W3. lyfQ governments. It was subsequently ratified by the Co, gress and the 
 
 • Crown. In the first article of the treaty all the states of the League were named, for 
 the simple purpose of definitely declaring wlut provinces in the New World formed 
 "The United States of America," as there were British, French, and Sp-^nish provinces 
 there not members of the League ; and also bt cause they were held to be, on the part 
 of the English, independent repiblics, as they had been colonies independent of each 
 othcr.- 
 
 The League now assumed a national attitude, and the powers of the Confederacy wore 
 speedily tested. The bright visions of material prosperity that gladdened the hearts 
 of the Americans at the close of the war soon faded, and others more sombre appeared 
 when the financial and commercial condition of the forming republic was contemplated 
 with candor. A debt of seventy millions of dollars lay upon the shoulders of a wasted 
 people. About forty-four millions of that amount was owing by the Federal govern- 
 ment (almost ten millions of it in Europe), and the remainder by the individual stater. 
 These debts had been incurred in carrying on the war. Even while issuing their paper 
 money in abundance, the Congress had commeiiced borrowing; and when, in 1780, 
 their bills of credit became worthless, borrowing was the chief monetary resource of 
 the government. This, of course, could not go on long without involving the republic 
 in embarrassments and accomplishing its final ruin. The restoration of the public credit 
 or the downfall of the infant republic was the alternative presented to the American 
 people. 
 
 • See note 2, page 18. 
 
 * The ndvoi'ntes of the mischievous political docttlne known ns supreme state sovereijnty, whose ftindamental dogma 
 is that the states then forming the Inchoate republic 'vere absolutely iiule, ^denl mvfrrigntien, have cited this nam'ng of 
 the several st: tcs In that treaty in support of their vie vs. The states were Independent commonwealths, bnt not sover- 
 eiimt'es. That teim im;ilies no superior. The colonies and states had never been in that exalted position. They were 
 dependencies of Great Britain until the Declaration of Independence was i)romulgatod, when they immediately assumed 
 the position of equals in a National Leacne, acknowledging the general governmert which they thus established as the 
 supreme controlling power, having a broad signet for the common use, bearing the words, "Seal of the United States," 
 
 FinST OBKAT SEAL OP TIIB tTNITEn BT.ITEB.* 
 
 ns Its insignia of authority. Wuen a treaty of p;'^cc was to be negotiated, the states did not each choose a commis- 
 sioner for the purpc «e, but these agcuts were appointed by the General Congress, as representatives of the nationality 
 of the Confederation, without reference to any particular states. And when, a few years later, the people (" We the 
 rEoiM-p." is the phrase) formed and ratified a yational Coiistitntum, they disowned all Independent state sovereiitntii, and 
 reserved to the states only muuiclpii rights, the exercise of which should net be in contravention of the organic law of 
 the land. 
 
 • For a history (with Illustrations) of this first Qreot Seal of the United States, see a paper In Harptr's Magazine, vol. 
 xiU., p. ns, written by the author of this work. 
 
 Attempts to : 
 
 With a 
 
 put forth 
 
 preliminai 
 
 of perm an 
 
 and, on th 
 
 necessary 
 
 lie credit, 
 
 Jater" the ( 
 
 essary to t 
 
 the public 
 
 years, spec 
 
 others, tlie 
 
 principal oi 
 
 to establish 
 
 j'lg each its 
 
 of duties or 
 
 article of th 
 
 lintil Accede 
 
 Tiiis prop 
 
 adopted by t 
 
 ing three yc 
 
 what each s 
 
 were willing 
 
 Congress wil 
 
 ject," they s 
 
 This first i 
 
 was a signal ; 
 
 twoen the sta 
 
 ter, whose vii 
 
 tenacious of it 
 
 It was speed! 
 
 inevitable rep 
 
 The League 
 
 tions with ot! 
 
 ministry, unde 
 
 devised genan 
 
 I'y engenderec 
 
 nent Earl of C 
 
 Exchequer. T 
 
 between that [ 
 
 for the regiilal 
 
 British West ] 
 
 open to the en( 
 
 In this prop, 
 
 'nony between 
 
 among the stai 
 
 ' Journal of Co^ 
 had been signed, and 
 
 "'^''« following wj 
 *3Z,3H ; Connecticut 
 Maryland, $141,517; 
 
 ' The resolutions oi 
 publican," were publl 
 * Pattermn, 32 MalUe 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 V . 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 21 
 
 Attempts to restore the Public Credit and establish Commercial Relations. 
 
 Attitude of tbe States. 
 
 With a determination to restore that publii credit, the General Congress immediately 
 put forth all its strength in efforts to produce such a result. A few weeks after the 
 preliminary Treaty of Peace was signed, the Congress declared that " the establishment 
 of permanent and adequate funds on taxes or duties, which shall operate generally, 
 and, on the whole, in just proportion, throughout the United States, is indispensably 
 necessary toward doing complete justice to the public creditoi's, for restoring pub- 
 lic credit, and for providing for the future exigencies of the war."' Two montlis 
 later" the Congress recommended to the several states, as " '.udispensably nee- • April is, 
 essary to the restoration of public credit, and to the pu ictual discharge of ^^^• 
 the public debts," to vest the Congress with power to Itvy, for a period of twenty-five 
 years, specified duties on certain imported articles, and an ad valorem dr. y on all 
 others, the revenue therefrom to be applied solely to the payment of the interest and 
 principal of the public debt. It was also proposed that the slates should be required 
 to establish for tho same time, and for the same object, substantial revenues for supply- 
 ing each its proportion of one million five hundred thousand dollars annually, exclusive 
 of duties on imports, the proportion of each state to bo fixed according to the eighth 
 article of the organic law of the League.^ This financial system Avas not to take effect 
 until Jtcceded to by every state. 
 
 This proposition was approved by the loading men of the country, but it was not 
 adopted by the several states. They all took action upon it in the course of the succeed- 
 ing three years, but that action was rather in the form of overtures — indications of 
 what each state was Avilling to do — not of positive law. All the states except two 
 were willing to grant the required amount, but they were not disposed to vest the 
 Congress with the required power. " It is iiioney, not 2wwc)', that ought to be the ob- 
 ject," they said. "The former will pay our debts, the latter may destroy our liber- 
 ties:'^ 
 
 Tins first important effort of the Congress lO assume the functions of sovereignty 
 was a signal failure, and the begirning of a series of failures. It excited a jealousy be- 
 tween the state and general governments, and exposed the utter impotency of the lat- 
 ter, whose vitality depended upon the will of thirteen distinct legislative bodies, each 
 tenacious of its own peculiar rights and interests, and miserly in its delegation of power. 
 It was speedily i.iade manifest that the public credit must be utterly destroyed by the 
 inevitable repudiation of the public debt. 
 
 The League were equally unfortunate in their attempts to establish commercial rela- 
 tions with other governments, and especially with that of Great Britain. The Liberal 
 ministry, under the Earl of Shelburne whan the preliminary Ti-eaty of Peace was signed, 
 devised genarous measures toward the Americans. Encouraged by a lively hope tlicre- 
 by engendered, American commerce began to revive. William Pitt, son of the emi- 
 nent Earl of Chatham, then at the age of only twenty-four years, was Cliancollor of the 
 E.vchequer. With a clear perception of the value to Great Britain of friendly relations 
 between that government and the new republic, he introduced a bill into Parliament 
 for the regulation of commerce between the two countries, by which trade with the 
 British West India Islands and other colonial possessions of the crown was thrown 
 open to the enterprise of the merchants of the United States. 
 
 In this proposed measure was involved a powerful element of solid peace and hnr- 
 raony between the two governments; but there seemed not to be wisdom enough 
 among the statesmen of Great Britain for a practical perception of it. The shipping 
 
 ' Jonmal of Conjrress, February 12, 1TS3. The last clause was necessary, because only preliminary articles of pence 
 had been signec!, and the war might continue. 
 
 " The following was the proposed aijportlonment : New Hampehire, i|(^2,7flS ; MnssachnseU?, $224,427 ; Khodc Island, 
 $32,31S; Connecticut, $192,091 J New York, $128,243 ; New Jtrrev, $83,358 ; Pennsylvania, $205, 1S9; Delaware, $22,443 ; 
 Maryland, $141,MT: VIrpinia, $280,487 j North Carolina, $109,00(1 ; South Carolina, $90,183; Georgia, $10,030. 
 
 ' The resolutions of Congress, and the proceedings of the several State Legislatures, with remarks thereon by "A Re- 
 publican," were published In the Xev) York Gazetteer, and afterward in pamphlet form, in the autumn of 1780, by Carroll 
 Jk PcUtcnon, 32 Maldeu Lane, New York. 
 
22 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 SiMoluiion of the Liberal Briti»h Ministry. 
 
 The new Cabinet. 
 
 Its discordant UlementD. 
 
 interest, then potential in Parliament, Avitb strange blindness to its own welfare and that 
 of the state, successfully opposed it ; and tiie Liberal Shelburne ministry did not survive 
 the propositii)ii a month. It was dissolved, and, after a ministerial hiatus of several 
 weeks, during which time faction threatened the peace if not the stability of the throne, 
 a Cabinet was formed of materials the most discordant hitherto. North and Fox, Burke 
 and Cavendisli, Portland and Stormout, who had diftered widely and debated bitterly 
 on American affairs, coalesced, much to the astonishment of the simple, the scandal of 
 political consistency, and the delight of satirists with pen and pencil.^ 
 
 The new Cabinet listened to other counsels than those of the sagacious Pitt, and, in- 
 stead of acting liberally towaid the United States, as friends and political equals, they 
 inaugurated a restrictive commercial policy, and assumed the offensive hauteur of lord 
 and master in the presence of vassals or slaves. Echoing the opinions of the acrimoni- 
 ous Silas Deanc, the specious Tory, Joseph Galloway, and Peter Oliver, the refugee 
 Chief Justice of Massachusetts,- English writers and English statesmen made public 
 observations which indicated that they regarded the American League as only alien- 
 ated members of the British realm. Lord Sheffield, in a formidable pamphlet, gave 
 expression to the views of the Loyalists and leading British statesmen, and dcclaied 
 his belief that ruin must soon overtake the League, because of the anarchy andtionfu- 
 
 I 
 
 i I 
 
 
 i 
 { 
 
 i 
 
 '•1 
 
 ' The political satires and caricrtnrcs of the day Indicate the temper of the pr ople. Of these the war in America formed 
 the staple subject at the time in question. The conduct of that war, its cassation or continuance, formed tlio topic 
 
 of violont "debates in Parliament, caused rancor 
 among politicians, was the basis of new party or- 
 ganizations, and a source of great anxiety among 
 the i)eopIc. Among those who employed carica- 
 tures in the controversies Sayer and Gillray were 
 the chief. The latter soon outstripped all com- 
 petitors, and gave to the world more thnu twelve 
 luuidred caricatures, chiefly political. One of his 
 earliest productions was issued at the period in 
 question, in which the original positions of the 
 diflerent leaders of the coalition were exhibit- 
 ed in compartnients. In one, entitled "War," 
 Fox and Burlic, In characteristic attitudes, are 
 seen tliundering against the massive Lord North. 
 In mother com- 
 partment, called ^"^^ 
 "Neither Pea 
 nor War," the three orators are, in the 
 same attitudes, attaciving the prelimina- 
 ry Treaty of Peace with the United States. 
 Under them are the words "The Astonishing Coa- 
 lition." Another caricature was called "The Loves 
 of the Fox and the Badger ; or, The Coalition Wed- 
 ding." Tliib popular c.ivicature was a burlesque 
 pictorial history of the sudden friendship between 
 The latter was commonly known in political circles as " the 
 badger." In another print Fox and North were rci)resented under one coat, 
 standing on a i edestal, and called "The State Idol." This the king (who de- 
 tested the whole affair) was expected to worship. In another, the two are seen 
 approaching Brit-inia (or the people) to claim her sanction. She rejects them, 
 and their attention is directed to a gallows and block in the distance as their 
 proper destination. 
 
 The coalition Anally became unpopular, and Gillray, in a caricature entitled 
 " Britannia Aroused ; or. The Coalition Monsters Destroyed," represents her in 
 a fury, grasping one of the leaders by the neck and the other by the leg, and 
 hurling them from her as enemies to liberty. I have coplnd from Wright's En- 
 nland under the House of Hanover the most forcible portions of the two carica- 
 tures named. 
 
 a Silas Ttonw had been an active supporter of the American cause, and was sent to France, as an agent of tlic Conti- 
 nental Congrc.-s, early in 1770. In the autumn of that year he was associated with Dr. Franklin and Artliiir Lee as com- 
 missioners to the French Court. Deane's unfitness for his station was soon made apparent, and lie was recalled oi 
 the close of 1777. lie went to England at the close of the war, and there vented his spleen against his countrymen. 
 
 Joseph Oalloway was a P( nnsylvanlan, who espoused the republican cause, and was a member of the P"-st Congress 
 in 1774, but soon afterward abandoned his countrymen and went to England. He llrst joined the royal army in New 
 York, and did not leave the country until 1778. He was a ready writer, and wrote much against the American couee in 
 England, where he died in isni). 
 
 Peter Oliver was past middle life when the Revolution broke out. He was appninlcd Chief .Tustice of Massachusetts 
 in n(Ki, when his brother-in-law, Hutchinson, became governor of that province. He was impeached by the Massachu- 
 setts Assembly in 1774, and soou afterward went to England, where he died iu 17»1, aged 79 years. 
 
 Fox and North. 
 
 llBiTANMIA ABOC8F.I>. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 23 
 
 Expectations of British Statesmen. 
 
 Lord SlicSSeld'B Pamplilct. 
 
 British Legislntiun. 
 
 Public DangofB. 
 
 sion in whicli they were involved in consequence of their independence. He assumed 
 that tlie New England States in particular would speedily become penitent suppliants 
 at the foot of the king for pardon and restoration as colonies. lie saw the utter weak- 
 ness and consequent inefficiency of the League as a form of government, and advised 
 his countrymen to consider them of little account as a nation.^ " If the American 
 states choose to send consuls, receive them, and send a consul to each state. Each 
 slate will soon enter into all necessary regulations with the consul, and this is the 
 whole that is necessary." In other words, the League has no dignity above th.at of a 
 fifth-rate power, and the states arc still, in fact, only dislocated members cf the British 
 Empire.^ 
 
 In considering the more remote causes of the War of 1812, and the final independ- 
 ence of the United States achieved by that war, that pamphlet of Lord Sheffield, which 
 gave direction to British legislation and bias to the English mind in reference to the 
 American League, may be regarded as a most important one. It was followed by 
 Orders in CounciP by which American vessels were entirely excluded from the British 
 West Indies; and some of the stapli ^ reductions of the United States, such as fish, 
 beef, pork, butter, lard, et cetera^ Avere not permitted to be carried there except in Brit- 
 ish bottoms. These orders were continued by temporary acts until 1788, when the 
 policy was permanently established as a commercial regulation by act of Fariiament. 
 
 In view of this unfriendly conduct of Great Britain, the General Congress, in the 
 spring of 1784, asked the sever.al states to delegate powers to them for fifteen years, by 
 which they might compel England to be more liberal by countervailing measures of 
 prohibition.* Well would it have been for the people of the young republic had some 
 restrictive measures been adopted, whereby British goods could have been kept from 
 their ports, for in a very short time after the jjeace a most extravagant and ruinous 
 trade with Great Britain was opened. Immense importations were made, and private 
 indebtedness speedily added immensely to the evils wiiich the war and an inadequate 
 government had brought upon the people. But tiie appe.il of the Congress was in vain. 
 The states, growing more and more jealous of their individual dignity, would not invest 
 the Congress with any such power ; nor would they, evQii in the fiice of the danger of 
 having their trade go into the hands of foreigners, make any permanent and uniform 
 arrangements among themselves. Without public credit, with their commerce at the 
 mercy of every adventurer, without respect at home or abroad, the League of Siates, 
 free wilhoiit independence, presented the sad spectacle of the elements of a great nation 
 l)aralyzed in the formative process, and the coldness of political death chilling every 
 developing function of its being. 
 
 Difficulties soon arose between the United States and Great Britain concerning the 
 
 ' " It will not be ni. easy matter," he said (and he no donht spoke the lan<;iiace of the Enelish people In general), "to 
 bring the American states to net as a nation ; they are not to beft'ared as mrh by im. It wl.; be a long time before they 
 can engage or will concur in any material expenses. A stamp act, a tea act, or such net that can never again occur, 
 would alone unite them. Their climate, their staples, their manners arc different ; tlieir Interests opposite ; and 
 that which is beneliclal to one la destructive to the other. We niiglit as reasonably dread tlie effects of combinations 
 nmong the Oermau as among the American states, and deprecate tlie resolves of the Diet ns those of the Congress. In 
 short, every circumstance proves that It will be extreme folly to enter into any engagements ft// xi<hieh xi'c may not i»i«/i 
 t« he bound hereafter. It is Impossible to name any material advantage the American states will or cnn give us in return 
 more than what we of course shall have. No treaty can be made with the American states that can be l)inding on the 
 whole of tliem. The Act of Confederntion does not cnnble Congress to form more than general treaties."— SiiKrKirj.n'B 
 ObKfTvations on the Cnmvuree of the Ameriean StateK, London, 17S3. 
 
 ' The estimation in which the League was held by the British government may be inferred by nn Inquiry of the Duke 
 of Dorset, In reply to n letter f^om Messrs. Adnms, Franklin, and Jefferson, on the subject of a commercial treaty. In 
 March, USS. llis grace inquired "whether they were commissioned by Congress or their respective states, for it ap- 
 peared to him that eaeh utate wao determined to vianaije it» oien mattern in its otrn tray." It could not be expected that 
 England would be in haste to form any important commcrclnl relations with n government so uncertain in its charac- 
 ter, for a league of independent governments was liable to dissolution at any moment. 
 
 ' July, l"S!t. The British Privy Council consists of an indetlnite number of gentlemen, chosen by the sovereign, and 
 having no direct connection with the Cabinet ministers. The sovereign may, inider the advice of this council. Issue 
 orders or proclamations, which, if not contrary to existing laws, are binding upon the subjects. These are for tempo- 
 rary purposes, .'ind nrf r;illed Orders in Council. 
 
 * See Joumnl of Concress, April 30, 17S4. 
 

 
 '■!^ 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 fp 
 
 
 !■! 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 'J 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 i|: ; : 
 
 I i 
 
 24 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Weaknesg of the new Governmciit made manifest. 
 
 Its DiSBoliitioii threatened. 
 
 Excaso for DIsBatUfactlon. 
 
 iuexecutiou of tho Treaty of Peace, each charging the other with infractions of that 
 treaty, or neglect to comply with its requirements.^ An open rupture was threatened, 
 • February 24, ^^"^ Jolm Atlams was scnt to England,* clothed with the full powers of a 
 1780. plenipotentiary, to arrange all matters in dispute. 
 
 But Mr. Adams could accomplish little. Indeed his mission was almost fruitless. He 
 found tho temper of tho British people, from the peasant up to the monarch, cold, if not 
 positively hostile, toward the United States. He was never insulted, yet the chilliness 
 of tho social atmosphere, and the studied neglect of his oflicial representations, often 
 excited hot indignation in his bosom. But his government was so weak and powerless 
 that he was compelled to bite his lips in silence. When he proposed to have the naviga- 
 tion and trade between all tho dominions of the British crown and all the territories 
 of the United States placed upon a basis of perfect and liberal reciprocity, the offer was 
 not only rejected with scorn, but the minister was given to understand that no other 
 would bo entertained by the British government. When ho recommended his own 
 government to pass countervailing navigation laws for the benefit of American com- 
 merce, he was met with the fact that it possessed no power to do so. At length, be- 
 lieving his mission to be useless, and the British government steadily refusing to send 
 a minister to the United States, he asked and received permission to return home. 
 
 Meanwhile matters were growing infinitely worse in the United States. The Con- 
 gress had become absolutely powerless, and almost a by-word among the people. The 
 states had assumed tho attitude of sovereign, each for itself; and their interests were 
 too diversified, and in some instances too antagonistic, to allow them to work in har- 
 mony for the general good. The League was on the point of dissolution, and the fair 
 fabric for the dwelling of liberty, reared by Washington and his compatriots, was tot- 
 tering to its fall. The idea of forming two or three distinct confederacies took posses- 
 sion of the public mind. Western North Carolina revolted, and the new State of 
 Franklin,^ formed by the insurgents, endured several months. A portion of South- 
 western Virginia sympathized in the movement. Insurrection against the authorities 
 of Pennsylvania appeareu in tho Wyoming Valley.' A Convention deliberated at Port- 
 land on the expediency of erecting the Territory of Muine into an independent state.* 
 An armed mob surrounded the New Hampshire Legislature, demanding a remission of 
 taxes ;* and in Massachusetts, Daniel Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental 
 army, placed himself at the head of a large body of armed insurgents, and defied the 
 government of that state.'' There was resistance to taxation every where, and disre- 
 spect for law became the rule and not the exception. 
 
 There was reason for this state of things. The exhaustion of tho people was great 
 on account of the war, and poverty was wide-spread. Tho farmer found no lemimera- 
 tive market for iiis produce, and domestic manufactures Avere depressed by foreign 
 competition.' Debt weighed down all classes, and made them feel that the burden 
 
 • Against Great Britain It was cliargcd tliat elaves liad been carried away by lier military and navai commanders pnb- 
 pequeut to the Bignlng of the treaty, and on their dc])arturo from the country." It was aiso compiained that the Western 
 military posts had not been Burrcudercd to the United States according to Article VII. of tho treaty. Against the United 
 Htates it was charged that legal impediments had been interposed to prevent the collection of debts duo British mer- 
 chants by Americans, and th.';t ihe stipuiatitms conceniing the property of Loyalists, found in Articles V. and VI. of th<^ 
 treaty, had not been complied with. These criminations and recriminiitions were fair, for it has been justly rcmarlviMl, 
 "America could not, and Great Britain would not, because Amarica did not, execute tho treaty."— ii/c and Works ofjuhn 
 Adam», i., 424. 
 
 " See Ramsey's IliMnnj ofTennemee; Harper's Magazine for March, 1882. 
 
 ' See Lossing's firlii-Bnok nf the. Hevolution. ♦ Sec WIliiamson'B History (^ Maine. 
 
 ' See C'oolidge and Mansfield's mstnnj of Xew Hampshire. 
 
 ^ Sec Bradford's History (\f Massachusetts ; Harjier's Magazine for April, 18(!2. 
 
 ' The idea was prevalent, at tho close of the war, that the United States ought to be an exclusively agricultural nation, 
 and that the old policy of purchasing all fabrics in Europe, to be paid for by the productions of the soil, would be the 
 wiser one. Acting upon the belief that this would be the policy of tho new government, the merchants imported largely, 
 and, there being very little duty to bo paid, domestic manufactures could not compete with those of Great Britain. The 
 fallacy of the idea that exports would pay for the imports was Boon made manifeBt, and almost universal bankruptcy 
 
 Washington's V 
 
 * See Article Vn. of the treaty. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 25 
 
 WaBhliigton's Views of Piiblu- Affairs. His SugsestlonB, and those of Alexander HamlUon. Propositions of the latter. 
 
 which the tax-gatherer would lay upon them would be the " feather" that would " break 
 the camel's back," There was doubt, and confusion, and perple.vity on every side ; 
 and the very air seemed thick with forebodings of evil. Society appeared to be about 
 to dissolve into its original elements. 
 
 Patriots — men who had labored for the establishment of a wise government for a 
 free people — were heart-sick. " liliberality, jealousy, and local policy mix too much in all 
 our public councils for the good government of the Union," wrote Washington. "The 
 Confederation appears to me to be little better than a shadow witliout the substance, 
 ■lud Congress a nugatory body, their ordinances being little attended to. To me it is 
 a solecism in politics; indeed, it is one of the most extraordinary things in nature, that 
 we should confederate as a nation, and yet be afraid to give the rulers of that nation 
 (who are the creatures of our own making, appointed for a limited and short duration, 
 and who are amenable for every action, and may be recalled at any moment, and are 
 Subject to all the evils they may bo instrumental in producing) sufficient powers to 
 order and direct the affiiirs of the same. By such policy as this the wheels of govern- 
 ment are clogged, and our brightest prospects, and that high expectation which was 
 entertained of us by the wondering world, are turned into astonishment ; and from the 
 high ground on which we stood we are descending into the vale of confusion and dark- 
 ness. 
 
 " That we have it in our power to become one of the most respectable nations upon 
 earth, admits, in my humble opinion, of no doubt, if wo would but pursue a wise, just, 
 and liberal policy toward one another, and keep good faith with the rest of the world. 
 That our resources are ample and increasing, none can deny; but while they are grudg- 
 ingly applied, or not applied at all, wo give a vital stab to public faith, and shall sink, 
 i'l the eyes of Europe, into contempt."* 
 
 Other patriots uttered similar sentiments ; and there was a feverish anxiety in the 
 public mind concerning the future, destructive of all confidence, and ruinous to enter- 
 prises of every kind. Already grave discussions on the subject had occurred in the 
 library at Mount Vernon, during which Washington had suggested the idea of a con- 
 junction of the sever.al states in arrangements of a commercial nature, over which the 
 Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, had no control. The suggestion was 
 luminous. It beamed out upon the surrounding darkness like a ray of morning light. 
 It was the herald and harbinger of future important action — the key-note to a loud 
 trumpet-call for the wise men of the nation to save the tottering republic. It was the 
 electric fire that ran along the paralyzed nerves of the nation, and quickened into action 
 a broader stntesmanship, like that displayed by the youthful Hamilton, who, three or 
 four ye.irs before, had induced the Legislature of New York to recommend tlie " assem- 
 blhig of a general Convention of the United States, specially authorized to revise and 
 amend the Confederation, reserving the right to the respective Legislatures to ratify 
 their determination."^ 
 
 Dccurrcd among the Importing merchants. The imports from Great Britain during the years 17S4 and 1785 amonnted 
 iu value to $30,nO(),ono, while the exports thither did not exceed $9,000,000. 
 
 ' Letter to James Warren, October T, 1786. 
 
 ' So early as 1780, Alexander Hamilton, then only twenty-three years of age, thoroughly analyzed the defects of the 
 Articles of Confederation, in a long letter to James Duane, member of Congress from New York. It was dated, " Lib- 
 erty Pole, September 3, 1780." lie discussed the subject at great length, gave an outline sketch of n Federal Constltn- 
 tion, and suggested the calling of a Convention to firame sncli a system of government.* During the following year he 
 published In the Neiv York Packet^ printed at Flshklll, Duchess County, a series of papers under the title of The Connti- 
 liitionalUt, which were devoted chiefly to the discussion of the defects in the Articles of Confederation. They excited 
 ureat local interest ; and Hamilton succeeded, In the summer of 17S2, In having the suUiect brought before the Legisla- 
 ture of the State of New York while in sci'sion at Poughkcepsie. It was favorably received, and on Sunday, the 2lHt of 
 July, that body nassed a series of resolntions, in the last of which occurred the sentence above quoted. 
 
 On the 1st • ipril, 17S3, Hamilton, in a debate in Congress, expressed an earnest desire for a general Convention, 
 and the subject was much talked of among the members of Congress in 1784. In the same year Thomas Paine and 
 Pclatiah Webster wrote on that subject. In the spring of 1784, Noah Webster, the lexicographer, in a pamphlet which 
 lie says he " took the pains to carry In person to General Washington," suggested a "new system of government, which 
 
 • See The Works c/ Alexander Bavnlton, 1., 160. 
 
 i ; 
 
 \,'i 
 
26 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 HI 
 \l 
 
 ¥ ii 
 
 Convontiun uf Uopresentntivcs of the StnteH at Auiinpoliii nud Phlladclphlu. 
 
 Tliis recoinmcnclation liad been seriously pondered by thoughtful men throughout 
 the League, but the public nuthorities were not then ready to adoj)! it. Washington's 
 ])roposition for a connnercial Convention was favorably received, and in September, the 
 • September 11, following year," five states were represented by delegates in such Convon- 
 ^''^''- tion, held at Annapolis, in Maryland.' Already a desire had been ex- 
 
 pressed in many parts of the country for a Convention having a broader field of consid- 
 eration than commerce., only one of the elements of a nation's prosperity. So thought 
 and felt members of the Convention at Annapolis — a Convention that proved a failure 
 in a degree, inasmuch as only five of the thirteen states were represented. They ad- 
 journed after a brief session, first recommending the several states to call another Con- 
 vention in May following; and performing the momentous service of preparing a letter 
 to the General Congress, in which the defects of the Articles of Confederation were set 
 forth. 
 
 In Februarj following, the Congress took the proceedings of the Convention into^ 
 consideration, !ind recommended a meeting of delcg.-xtes from the several states, to be 
 held at Philadelphia on the second Monday in the ensuing May; not, however, for the 
 regulation of commerce, but really for the reconstruction of the national govern- 
 ment.^ 
 
 On the 4th of July, 177G, a Congress of 
 representatives of thirteen colonies met in 
 the great room of the State House in Phila- 
 delphia, since known as Independence Hall, 
 and declared, those colonies free and inde- 
 jiendent states. On Monday, the 14th of 
 ]May, 1787, a Congress of representatives 
 of the same colonies, then become free and 
 independent states, assembled in the same 
 hall for the purpose of establishing the va- 
 lidity and ])owcr of that declaration, by dis- 
 solving the ineflicient political League of 
 the states, and constituting the inhabitants 
 of all the states one great and indissoluble 
 nation. 
 
 There were few delegates present on the 
 appointed day of meeting; and it was not 
 until the 25th that rej)resentatives from 
 seven states (the prescribed quorum) ap- 
 peared. Then Washington, a deleg.ite from 
 Virginia, was chosen i)resident of the Convention, and William Jackson secretaiy.^ On 
 
 chouUI net, not on the Htates, hut ilirrrthi on iiuhmdunln, niirt vest in Congress flill power to earry its laws Into effect." 
 This pnnii>lilct ih entitled, "Sketelies of Anierlenn rolicy." TIiuh thinking men nil lamented tlic wcaknesH of the gen- 
 enil government, and foresaw tlie dangers of the doctrine of Bujjremc wtnte sovereignty, wliich has wroiiglit so mucli 
 inipchief in imr day. 
 
 ' Tlie following arc the names of tlic representatives : ^'eu> IVrfc— Alexander Hamilton, Kghert Benson ; !feiv JiTsni— 
 Abraham Clarke, William C. Houston ; /'.'»)ui;/(rnHii(— Tencho Coxc, James Schnreman ; IMaimre — George Read, John 
 Dickinson, Richard Bassett ; iVi-f/imo— Kdmund Randolph, James Madison, Jr., St. George Tucker. 
 
 ' This action of the Congress took jilace on the 2l8t of February, 1T8T. The resolution (which was submitted by the 
 delegates from MassachuscttP) was as follows: 
 
 " Itemhml, That in the opinion of Congress it is expedient that, on the second Monday in May next, a Convention of 
 Delegates, who shall have been ap|)ointed by the several states, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express pur- 
 pose of revising tlie Articles oft.'onfederatlon, and rei)orting to Congress and the Bevernl Legislatures such alterations 
 and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to In Congress and confirmed by the states, render the Federal Constitu- 
 tion adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." 
 
 ' William .lackson was an eminent patriot, and one of Washington's most intimate i)ersonal friends. He entered the 
 Continental army at the age of sixteen years, and served his country faithfully during tie whole war for independ- 
 ence. He became an aid to the comnnmder-in-clilef, with the rank of major. In 17S1 he accompanied his fl-lend, 
 Colonel ilohn Laurens, on a diplonnitic mission to France. At the close of the war he visited Kiirope, and on his re- 
 turn was appoiutcd, on the uomiuation uf Washington, secretary to the Convention that formed the National Coustt- 
 
 Wll ;.1AM .lAeKHON. 
 
 William Jacka 
 
 the 28tb, h 
 
 business of 
 
 the serious 
 
 to secure th 
 
 s'ty ofa inc 
 
 vention fift( 
 
 form a new 
 
 I do not f 
 
 '"gs of that! 
 
 merely direc 
 
 that were ad 
 
 "lation conce 
 
 men, whose c 
 
 The venerj 
 
 most conspici 
 
 before he had 
 
 "or the provi 
 
 success. Job 
 
 tiitlon. Hlsprivat. 
 of his family, jje 
 and nccom|,nniccl h 
 lie held the offlce i 
 eustoms there untf 
 tlicn started a daily 
 later." ' 
 
 Major Jackson liv, 
 I 1 Christ Cliurch ya 
 ll";eo f,et high mark 
 to the memory of Ma 
 ed this life Decemb. 
 born March the "Ttl, 
 Jackson was ninety v 
 I am indebted to \ 
 for the portrait given 
 111 her piLssession, pi, 
 '" her failier, cut by 
 l:il^ Mrs. General Win 
 The signature ofs,. 
 "'el;'onstitutlon,onp 
 Ediniiml Kandohll 
 
 yer,andawarmpatrlo 
 'Wmui,,.,., ,j^^^. 
 
 » lih>, and Washinjit. 
 •-' "H but, In eonsp*'^, 
 .lied 1,1 December, isis 
 " Khodc Island was 
 Assembly of the state i 
 "lost intluential men in 
 "ympatliy with the obj 
 might adopt. The foil, 
 
 ««««rt<-/(»M,.w«.-_Franc 
 f!"""*«"''"'.-Wil|iam 
 Aew 1 or*._R„,,e,t Y« 
 
 l"'m Clark, and Jo„„t,,a 
 
 ./'■"''^'/'''«"'V».-Thoma 
 <">iivcrneur Morris, „,„! 
 
 (f '«"•«'•'■— Oeorge Rea 
 v.."-"''""'— JainesM'Il 
 '""."'■«'«— George Was 
 «..d George Wythe. P„tri 
 fxyth Carolina.~nkbn 
 •f»MM. Richard Caswell 
 a'«o declined his appoin, 
 ^WA Caro?,>,„.ifr„h„ 
 ffr/^7"-^^""'"nPew, 
 V,u , ^'J« Assemblies did i 
 Englandltwasjudgedtol 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 21 
 
 WUliam Jackson and Edmund Randolph. 
 
 HemberR of the Convention. 
 
 Attltnde of Kbodo Inland. 
 
 tlie 28th, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia,* at the request of his colleftgues, opened the 
 business of the Convention in a carefuiiy considered speech, in which he pointed out 
 tlie serious defects in the Articles of Co/ifcikration, iWu^tvatcd their utter inadequacy 
 to secure the dignity, peace, and safety of tlie republic, and asserted the absolute neces- 
 sity of a more energetic government. At the close of his s])ecch he offered to the Con- 
 vention fifteen resolutions, in which were embodied the leading principles whereon to 
 form a new government according to his views. 
 
 I do not propose to consider in detail, nor even in a synoptical manner, the proceed- 
 ings of that Convention, which occupied several hours each day for four months. I will 
 merely direct attention to the really great men who composed it, and the measures 
 that were adopted, and leave the reader to seek in other sources the interesting infor- 
 mation concerning the events in the daily session" of that remarkable congress of wise 
 men, whose efforts bore noble fruit for the political sustenance of mankind.^ 
 
 The venerable Dr. Franklin, then near the close of a long and useful life, was the 
 most conspicuous member of that Convention next to Washington. Thirty-three years 
 before he had elaborated a plan of union for the colonies, to which neither the crown 
 nor the provinces would listen ;3 now ho came to revive that plan, with full hope of 
 success. Johnson, Rutledgo, and Dickinson had been members of the Stamp-act Con- 
 
 tntion. His private record of the proceedings and dcbntca Is In the hands 
 of hiB family. He became the private secretary of President Washington, 
 and accompanied hhn on his tour through the Southern States lu 17111. 
 He held the olflce of surveyor of the port of Philndi'lphln and Inspector of 
 customs there until removed, for ])olltlcal causes, by Mr. Jefferson. He 
 then started a dally newspaper, called "The Political and Commercial Keg- 
 Isler." 
 
 Major Jackson lived n life of nnsullled honor, and at his death was bnrled 
 lb Christ Church yard, on Fifth Street, Philadelphia. A i)laln slab about 
 three feet high marks the si)()t, and bears the following inscription: "Sacred 
 to the memory of Major William Jackson : born March the fith, 175il ; depart- 
 ed this life December the 17th, 18i!S. Also to Elizabeth Willing, his relict: 
 born March the 'J7th, 17(iS; departed this life August the 6tb, 1S68." Mrs. 
 Jackscm was ninety years of age at the time of her death. 
 
 I am Indebted to Miss Ann Willing Jackson, daughter of Major Jackson, 
 for the portrait given on the preceding ])age. It Is copied from a mlniaturo 
 in her possession, painted by Trumbull. She also has a silhouette profile 
 of her father, cut by Mrs. Mayo, of Ulchmond, Virginia, the mother of the 
 late Mrs. General Wlulield Scott. 
 
 The signature of Secretary Jackson Is with those of the other signers of 
 the Constitution, on page S'i. 
 
 ' Edmund Randolph was a son of an attorney general of Virginia before the Revolution. He was an eminent law- 
 yer, and a warm j)atrlot throughout the old war for independence. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 
 1779 until 17S'J. He was active lu the Convention that formed the Constitution. He was elected Governor of Virginia 
 lu 17SS, and Washington chose bim for his first attorney general of the United States In 1781). He was secretary of state 
 lu 171t4, but, in con.sequence of being engaged In an Intrigue with the French minister, he retired from public life. He 
 (lied In December, 1S13. 
 
 ' Rhode Island was not represented In the Convention. Ignorant and unprincipled men happened to control the 
 Assembly of the state at that time, and they refused to elect delegates to the C(mventlon. Bnt some of the best and 
 most influential men in Rhode Island jolued In sending a letter to the Convent'on, In which they expressed their cordial 
 sympathy with the objects of the movement, and promised their accpiiescence In whatsoever measures the majority 
 might adopt. The following were the names of the delegates from the several states: 
 
 Xew Jtmvpaltire,— John Langdon, John Pickering, Nicholas Oilman, and Benjamin West. 
 
 Afa«»nr/i»M('f/»._Francls Dana, Elbrldge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorhani, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong. 
 
 Coniuvtieiit — William Samuel Jobnsou, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth. 
 
 A'cio I'ori.— Robert Yates, John Lansing, Jr., and Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 ..Vcic./<'r»7/.— David Brcarley, William Churchill Houston, William Paterson, John Nellson, William Livingston, Abra- 
 ham Clark, and Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 /Vii)wn/?rn»iM.— Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Jarcd Ingersoll, Thomas Fitzslramons, James WUeon, 
 (iouverneur Morris, and Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 /Jcfnicnrc— George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson. Richard Bassett, and Jacob Brown. 
 
 3/ii);//rt»(/.— James M'Henry, Daniel of Ht. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, .John Francis Mercer, and Lnther Martin. 
 
 rir.(;ini«.— George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, Jr., George Masrtn, 
 and George Wythe. Patrick Henry having declined bis aiipointment, James M'Clurc was nominated to snpi)iy his place. 
 
 North Carodna.— Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Willie 
 Jones. Richard Caswell having resigned, William Blount was appointed as deputy in his place. W'illie Jones having 
 also declined his appointment, his jdace was supplied by Hugh Williamson. 
 
 South Carolina — John Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles C. PInckney, and Pierce Butler. 
 
 Ofor.Tia.— William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, GeorgeWalton, William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton. 
 
 » " The Assemblies did not adopt It," said Franklin, "as they all thought there was too much iirfTojatit'c In It; and lu 
 England It was judged to have too much of the demoeratic." 
 
 JAOKSOM'S UO.Nl'JII'.NT. 
 
 f ( 
 
28 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Leading Members of the Convention. 
 
 lU Objecta. 
 
 Its Proceedinge. 
 
 Oonveruenr Morris. 
 
 Signing the Co 
 
 >■„ 
 
 gress in 1705, and tho last two had been compatriots of Washington in the Congress 
 of 1774, Livingston, Siierman, Read, and Wythe had siiared the same honors. The 
 last two, with Franklin, Sherman, Gerry, Clymer, Morris, and Wilson, had signed the 
 Declaration of Independence. Tiio Continental army was represented by Washington, 
 Mifflin, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Hamilton. Tho yonnger members, who had 
 become conspicuous in public life after tho Declaration of Independence, were Hamilton, 
 Madison, and Edmund Randolph. Tho latter was then Governor of Virginia, having suc- 
 ceeded Patrick Henry, the "trumpet of sedition" when the states were British provinces. 
 The Convention was marked by long and warm debates, and with dignity suited to 
 tho cccasion. Tiio most prominent speakers were King, Gnrry, and Gorham, of Massa- 
 chusetts; Hamilton and Lansing, of New York ; Ellsworth, Johnson, and Sherman, of 
 Connecticut; Paterson, of New Jersey ; Franklin, Wilson, and Morris, of Pennsylvania; 
 Dickinson, of Delaware ; Martin, of Maryland ; Randolph, Mason, and Madison, of Vir- 
 ginia ; Williamson, of North Carolina, and the Pinckneys, of South Carolina. 
 
 Such wore the men, all conspicuous in tho history of tho republic, who assembled for 
 tho purpose of laying the broad foundations of a nation. They had scarcely a prece- 
 dent in history for their guide. The great political maxim established by the Revolu- 
 tion was, that the original residence of all human sovereignty is in the people: it "was 
 for these founders of a great state to parcel out from the several commonwealths of 
 which the new nation was composed, so much of their restricted power as tho peo- 
 ple of the several states should be willing to dismiss from their local political insti- 
 tutions, in making a strong and harmonious republic that should be at tho same time 
 harmless toward reserved state rights. This was the great problem to be solved. "At 
 that time," says a recent writer, " the world had witnessed no such spectacle as that of 
 the deputies of a nation, chosen by the free action of great communities, and assembled 
 for the purpose of thoroughly reforming its Constitution, by the exercise and with the 
 authority of the national will. All that had been done, both in ancient and in modern 
 times, in forming, mouldhig, or modifying constitutions of government, bore little re- 
 semblance to the present undertaking of tho states of America. Neither among the 
 Greeks nor the Romans was there a precedent, and scarcely an analogy."' 
 
 Randolph suggested the chief business of the Convention in his proposition "that a 
 NATIONAL government ought to be established, consisting of a supi-eme legislative, ex- 
 ecutive, and judiciary." L^pon this broad proposition all future action was based ; and 
 they had not proceeded far before it was clearly perceived that the Articles of Confed- 
 eration were too radically defective to be the basis of a stable government. Therefore, 
 instead of trying to amend them, the Convention went diligently at work to form an 
 
 entirely new Constitution. In this they made slow 
 progress, opinions were so conflicting. Plans and 
 amendments were oflfered, and freely discussed. Day 
 after day, and week after week, the debates contin- 
 ued, sometimes with great courtesy, and sometimes 
 with great acrimony, until the 10th of September, 
 when all plans and amendments which had been 
 adopted by the Convention were placed in the hands 
 of a committee for revision and arrangement .^ By 
 
 ' Curtls's Uialory of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption n* the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. 
 
 ' This committee, appointed on the 8th, consisted of Messrs. Madison, 
 Hamilton, King, Johnson, and Gonvemeur Morris. They were directed 
 to " revise the style of, and arrange, the articles agreed to by the House." 
 They placed the matter In the hands of Qouvemcur Morris for the pur- 
 pose. In language and general arrangement, the National Constitution 
 was the work of that eminent man.* 
 
 • Qouvemeur Morris was bom near the Westchester shore of the Harlem River, New York, at the close of January, 
 176!!. He was educated at King's (now Columbia) College, in the city of New York, studied law under the eminent 
 
 this commii 
 considered 
 the 15th it 
 copy on pai 
 far more im 
 ence, eleven 
 In tho pe 
 part of a few 
 — so seiioiis 
 utter failure, 
 adopted, and 
 bers wished 
 ively, but wit 
 desire of Dr 
 and biing ab( 
 Morris, that 
 words : " Don 
 sci-ibed," etc. 
 Hamilton p 
 ment did not 
 government, 
 own ; but is it 
 the chance of | 
 The appeals 
 secured the si 
 Mason and Ra 
 tion.* While 
 occupied by W 
 have often and 
 fears as to its i 
 whether it was 
 rising sun." 
 
 The Conventi 
 the new Constil 
 
 William Smith, of tha 
 
 the Continental Cong 
 
 on a diplomatic missi 
 
 flunlly appointed min 
 
 Senate of the United S 
 
 ' For a full account 1 
 
 lion, and Adoption oft) 
 
 ia two volumes : New 
 
 » George Mason was 
 
 those of his associates 
 
 was octive in the Conv 
 
 Virginians have nlwayi 
 
 state sovereignty— the 
 
 Patrick Henry, he oppc 
 
 ment for converting tl 
 
 autHmnofl792, atthea 
 
 ' We shall have occi 
 
 United States in 1812. 
 
 ♦The names of the d 
 are given \n om fac-sin 
 parlmcnt at Washingfo 
 York (Yates and Lansi 
 offlclally represented. 
 j)ortant, and In the place 
 llton, of New York." i 
 This is owing to the pa 
 would have done. Thes( 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 29 
 
 Signing the Constitution. Hesitation on the part of aome. Patriotic Course of Franklin, Hamilton, and otherR. 
 
 this committee a Constitution was reported to the Convention. It was taken up and 
 considered clause by clause, discussed, slightly amended, and then engrossed. On 
 the loth it was agreed to by the delegates of all the states present. On the 17th a fair 
 copy on parchment was brought in to receive the signatures of the members — an act 
 far more important in all its bearings than the signing of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, eleven years before.' 
 
 In the performance of that act, as in the former, there was some hesitation on the 
 part of a few. There had been serious differences of opinion during the whole session 
 — so serious that at times there seemed a probability that the Convention would be an 
 utter failure. There were still serious differences of opinion when the instrument was 
 adopted, and delicate questions arose about signing it. A large majority of the mem- 
 bers wished it to go forth to the people, not only as the act of the Convention collect- 
 ively, but with the individual sanction and signature of each delegate. This was the 
 desire of Dr. Franklin, and, with pleasant words, ho endeavored to allay all irritation 
 and bring about such a result. It was finally agreed, on the suggestion of Gonverneiir 
 Morris, that it might be signed, without implying personal sanction, in these closing 
 words : " Done by consent of the states present. In testimony whereof, we have sub- 
 scribed," etc. 
 
 Hamilton patriotically seconded the efforts of Franklin, notwithstanding the instru- 
 ment did not have his approval, because it did not give power enough to the national 
 government. " No man's ideas," he said, " are more remote from the plan than my 
 own ; but is it possible to deliberate between anarchy and confusion on one side, and 
 the chance of good on the other?" 
 
 The appeals of Franklin and Hamilton, and the example of Madison and Pinckney, 
 secured the signatures of several dissatisfied members ; and all present, excepting 
 Mason and Randolph, of Virginia,^ and Gerry, of ^Massachusetts,^ signed the Constitu- 
 tion.* While this important work was in progress, Franklin looked toward the chair 
 occupied by Washington, at the back of which a sun was painted, and observed, " I 
 have often and often, in the course of the session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and 
 fears as to its issue, looked at that sun behind the President without being able to tell 
 whether it was rising or setting : at length I have the happiness to know that it is a 
 rising sun." 
 
 The Convention, by a carefully worded resolution, recommended the Congress to lay 
 the new Constitution before the 2)eople (not the states), and ask them, the source of all 
 
 William Smith, of that city, and was licensed to practice in 1771. He was an active patriot durin;; the war, serving in 
 the Continental Congress, on committees of safety, etc. He resided some time in Philadclpliia. He was scut abroad 
 on a diplomatic mission, and resided for a while in Paris. He afterward went to London on public business, and was 
 flually appointed minister plenipotentiary at the French Court. He returned to America in 17118, was elected to the 
 Senate of the United States, and was active In public and i)rivate life until his deatli in ISlfl. 
 
 1 For a full account In detail of all the proceedings in relation to the Constitution, see the Uixtor;/ of the Origin, Forma- 
 tion, and Adoption of the Cotutitution of the United States, with Notices of its I^rincipal FramerSfhy GeoTgo TIcknor Curtis, 
 la two volumes : New York, Harper & Brothers. 
 
 ' George Mason was Washington's neighbor and early personal friend. He was a statcsffinn of the first order among 
 those of his associates In Virginia, and a thorough republican. He was the fi-amer of the Constitution of Virginia, and 
 was active in the Convention that formed the National Constitution. He was so Imbued with the state pride for which 
 Virginians have always been noted, that he would not agree to that Constitution because It did not recognize individual 
 state sovereignty— the very rock on which the new republic was then in danger of being wrecked. In conjunction with 
 Patrick Henry, he opposed its adoption In the Virginia Convention, professing to believe that it would be the instru- 
 ment for converting the government into a monarchy. He died at his seat on the Potomac (Gunston Hall) in the 
 autumn of 1702, at the age of sixty-seven years. 
 
 ' We shall have occasion to consider the public character of Mr. Gerry hereafter. He was Vice-President of the 
 United States in 1812. 
 
 * The names of the delegates have been given in note 2, page 27. The names of those who signed the Constitution 
 are given in our facsimiles of their signatures, which have been engraved from the original parchment in the State De- 
 partment at Washington. It will be seen that Alexander Hamilton's name stands alone. His colleagues from New 
 York (Yates and Lansing) had left the Convention in disgust on the 1st of July, and New York was considered not 
 officially represented. Bnt Hamilton, who had not swerved from duty, was there. The weight of his name was im- 
 portant, and In the place that should have been filled with the names of delegates from his state was recited, " Mr. Ham- 
 ilton, of New York." It will be observed that the hand-writing of all seems defective, the lines appearing irregular. 
 This is owing to the parchment on which their names are written, which did not receive the Ink as freely as paper 
 would have done. These irregularities have all been carefully copied, so as to give a perfect /ac-simifc of the originals. 
 
 »i I 
 
 i|ifi!lf 
 
 ,l,n 
 
 
 #f-^ I 
 
 . V' 
 
30 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 If 
 
 ii 
 I 
 
 j i; 
 
 « 1 
 
 
 Ji'' 
 
 * ? ' N 
 
 Signntttreg to tho Nntiuiml Constitution. 
 
 ^ 
 
 sA^-ey^^ 
 
 (>^.^Cy^ 
 
 ^,X (y'i^ •'< ^ I 
 
 {/^cA^c^ f^l^.^^^ \ 
 
 
 -^fc 
 
 RetolatJoiK Mm 
 
 '■'■Itesolvm 
 witli tho res 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1819. 
 
 31 
 
 RMolatloiii nent to the State LeKl*l*t>>rei. 
 
 BlKnntnrea to the NRttonoI Conilltntlon. 
 
 sovereignty, to tfttify or reject it. Tho viows of thu great majority of tlio luumbers of 
 Congress wore coiiuurrciit, ami on tiie 28lli of September that body 
 
 ^^Jiesolvcd ununimousli/fThiit tlic said report [of the Convention to the Congress], 
 witli tho rcsolutics and letters accompanying thu same, bo transmitted to tho several 
 
 
 
 J-^i^rrL^ ^/'ffi^^^\ 
 
 /c<n 
 
 
 ^t^T^t^ ,/fi.a.^O^ 9*^ 
 
 t!7 
 
 di 
 
 I 
 
89 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ConvoDtloiu of tho Ponpl*. 
 
 Tb« Fcdenllft. 
 
 fliirniitnroi to th« National OonatUatloo. 
 
 LegiHiaturi's, in ordei* to be niihmittrd to n Cotivention of JMvfjntfs chnnen in enrh state 
 iiY TiiK i>Kori.K TiiKKKUF, iu coulbrtuity to tlio resolves ot'tbo Convoutioa made ami 
 provided in tliat case." 
 
 Conventions of tliopw;)/^ were accordingly licld'in tlio several states to confiider tlie 
 Constitution. Lonj? ami stirring debates occurred in these Conventions, and at every 
 piihllo gathering and private lioartli-stono in the land. Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and 
 others fed ihe public understanding witli able essays on government and in favor of 
 the now Constitution.' That instrument was rood and discussed every whore. IJut it 
 
 
 
 e^Aj 
 
 c^^/^ 
 
 BIQNATtlRES TO TIIE OONBTITCTIOS. 
 
 ' The essays of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were published mid'T the pcncral title of The FederalM. It was origin- 
 ally designed to comprise the eerles within twenty, or, at moBt, twenty-five numhcrs, but they extended to elghty-flve. 
 Of these llamilton wrote sixty-live. The first nnmber, written by Hamilton in the cabin of a Hudson Elver sloop, was 
 
 Ratlflrntlon of tli 
 
 was nine mo 
 ratified it — t 
 ninth state w 
 i-'lst of J line, 
 adopted nieas 
 tho first Wet 
 Uovernment s 
 tho Constituti 
 Theso met on 
 chief ni.igistr; 
 was inaiigurat( 
 of all the state) 
 After oarno! 
 ment involvini 
 I advantages an 
 fairly tried, it \ 
 order to form 
 provide for the 
 of Liberty to oi 
 lor the United S 
 
 pnbllshed on tho 27th 
 
 They were publlHh(Ml i 
 
 III AngiiBt, I (MS: "vvIk 
 
 appeared, that work I J 
 
 lirluclples of freedom o 
 
 lift connected In civil so 
 
 ' That state was Rhn 
 
 Constitution in tlie fol 
 
 cumber 18, UST; (Jeorgi 
 
 April 28, UHS; South Ci 
 
 •-'11, 17S8; North Caroiln 
 
 tumn of 1781), President 
 
 Ktate, he avoided It. 
 
 ■^ The Constitution wo 
 pr ance to a state as para 
 ll wa» Intended to d. th 
 os|)ecialiy, such a result 
 state in the League, and 
 to the breaking out of th 
 feeling was somewhat nn 
 Yet much of the old pri(i 
 thought of hnvln^i the " 
 sovereignty. The new Ic 
 Henry violently denonnci 
 stood its character when, 
 to speak the language '»' 
 valor, I would have a reaf 
 cause, as he asserted, it " 
 eruments." 
 
 Tlie opposition In sever 
 
 tlie Constitution were assi 
 
 wrote: "Their strength, a 
 
 to inflame the passions ar 
 
 lu-guments, or fair and imp 
 
 ify and debase tlic characi 
 
 The papers, tiy Colonel 
 
 sense of superiority to all 
 
 Imne of progress and natlo 
 
 (,'iiiiiing. In the:<e papers 
 
 their worship and behavlo: 
 
 rcijarded as demoralizing. 
 
 York had not more favor. 
 
 reformers. New Jersey, ii 
 
 were not tolerated to exerc 
 
 The merlM of Penn were i 
 
 nhoais," they had the virtut 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 33 
 
 Katifl 
 
 Oppoiltlon to It. 
 
 TbaanUlyrad 
 
 oftha VirgtnlMM. 
 
 was nino moiitlis nftcr its adoption by the Convention, before the people of nine states 
 latiHc'd it — tlwit ntinibor hcini; necessary to make it the organic law of the iaixl. That 
 ninth state was New IlainpHliire, ami the nioinentona act of the people occurred on I'lo 
 2l8t of June, 1788. The (General Congress was then in session, and, on the 2d of July, 
 adopted measures "for putting the said Constitution into operation." They appointed 
 the first Wednesday of the ensuing March as the day when the fimctions of the new 
 tjovcrnnient should commence their action. The people in the states that had ratified 
 the Constitution chose tl'eir presidential electors in cimiplianco with its provisions. 
 These met on the first Wednesday in February, 17H0, and elected George Washiugtoft 
 chief m.ngistrate of the new republic, and John Adams Vicc-IVesident. Washington 
 was inaugurated on the 30th of April, and before the close of the year the inhabitants 
 of all the states but one had mtified the National Constitution.* 
 
 After earnest delibevaMon — after the free discussion of every principle of govorn- 
 inont involving state rights and state sovereignty — after a careful comparison of the 
 advantages and disadvantages of a consolidated nation and the confederacy they had 
 fairly tried, it was solemnly declared that "We, tfie Pkople of the United States, in 
 order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, 
 provide for the conunon defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the blessings 
 of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
 for the United States of America."^ 
 
 published on tho 2Tth of October, IT'^T, a little moro thun a month nftcr the ndjonrnmcnt of the Nntlonal Convention 
 Thoy were published fonr tlmc8 n week In n New York daily paper. Of these cpfays Wn»hln(;ton wrote to Ilamlltou 
 ill Angimt, liHH: "When tho tnuifilont clrcnmstnncen and fiijjitlvc performnnce.i ^hlch nltend this crisis shall have dl»- 
 nppcared, that work IThe FeiieralM] will merit the notice of posterity, becanso In It are candidly and nhly discussed the 
 principles of ft-cedom and tho topics of government, which will bo always Interesting to mankind, so hniff as they shall 
 be connected In civil society." 
 
 1 That state was ]{hode Island, which held out nntll the spring of 1790. Tho people In the several states ratlflcil the 
 Constitution In tho following order: /Mnirarc, December 7, ITST ; Pennsylvania, December 12,17X7; New .Jersey, Do- 
 f ember 18, 1787 ; Ocorffln, January 2, 1788 ; Connecticut, January ft, 1788 ; Massachusetts, February ti, 1788 ; Maryland, 
 April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 2a, 1788; New Hampshire, .Tunc 21, 1788; Virginia, June 2C, 1788; Now York, July 
 •Jtl, 1788 ; North Carolina, November 21, 1788 ■ Rhode Island, May 2t>, 17ftO. During tho recess of Congress, in the au- 
 tumn of 178!), President Washington visited the New England States. As Rhode Island yet remained a kind of foreign 
 state, he avoided It. 
 
 1 The Constltutl(m was violently assailed by tho " State Rights" or state sovereignty men— men who regarde-^ allc- 
 i; ance to a state as paramount to that dno to the national government. Their chief objection was that It destroyed (as 
 II was intended to dv Ihc alleged sovereignty of the several states, and constituted a consolidated nation. In Virginia, 
 csi)eclally, such a result was looked upon by the proud aristocracy with great disfavor. Virginia was then the niling 
 state in the League, and her political power wan swayed by a few flimlllea. These were exceedingly proud, and, down 
 to the breaking out of tho war for Independence, they looked with disdain upon the people of tho other colonieu." This 
 feeling was somewhat modlfleu by the operatiims of the war, and new men were found at the helm of the vessel of state. 
 Yet much of the old pride remained, and the leading Virginians, with n few honorable exceptions, could not bear tho 
 thought of having the "Old Dominion," as they were proud to call the coinmonweailh, stripped of her independent 
 sovereignty. The new lenders sei/.cd ujion this dominant state pride and made It subservient to their wishes. Patrick 
 Henry violently denounced the Constitution because of Its destructive effects upon state sovereignty. Ho clearly under- 
 stood its character when, with n loud voice, in the Virginia Convention, he demanded, " Who anthorlxed the Conventlcm 
 to speak the language 'We, the people,' instead ot'We, the atatesl' Even from that illnstrions man who saved us by his 
 valor, I would have a reason for his conduct." George Mason, In the same Convention, denounced the Constitution be- 
 cause, ns he asserted, it "changed tho confederation of states into a consolidation, and would annihilate the state gov- 
 ernments." 
 
 The opposition in several other states was very powerful, for various reasons, and the Constitution and the friends of 
 the Constitution were assailed with the most outrageous misrepresentations. Of the opponents In Virginia Washington 
 wrote : "Their strength, as well as those of the same class in other states, seems to lie in misrepresentation, and a desire 
 to inflame the passions and alarm the fears by noisy declamation, rather than to convince the understanding by sound 
 lu-guments, or fair and impartial statements. BafBed in their attacks upon the Constitution, they liave attempted to vil- 
 ify and debase the characters who formed it, but I trust they will not succeed." 
 
 The papers, by Colonel Byrd (who was a member of the Colonial Council), above referred to, afford a glimpse of the 
 nense of superiority to all the other colonists entertained by the leading families In Virginia, which was always the 
 Ijnne of progress and national feeling, and made large numbers of tho politicinns of that state dlsnnlonists from the be- 
 giiuiing. In the;<o papers the New Englnnders were spoken of as "a puritanical sect, with Pharisaical peculiarities In 
 their worship and behavior." Trade was an unfit calling, and a trade eluding laws, though pnmounced void, was Justly 
 regarded as demoralizing. Such, thoy charged, was much of the trade of the Eastern provinces. Tho dwellers ot New 
 York had not more favor. The Dutch were also traders— a " slippery people"— intrndcrs on Virginia— encroachors and 
 reformers. New Jersey, In a religious aspect, was not less obnoxious, peopled by "a swarm of Scots Quakers, who 
 were not tolerated to exercise the gifts of the spirit In their own country ;" by " Anabaptists," too, and some " Swedes." 
 The merits of Penn were equivocal- he was not immaculate ; but, though "Quakers had flocked to Pennsylvania In 
 shoals," they had the virtues of " diUlgence nnd frugality," and the " prudence" which became non-combatants. Mary- 
 
 l! 
 
 . * See Byrd'B We»towr Paptrt. 
 C 
 
34 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Diasolntion of the Continental CongreBB. 
 
 Its Character, and that of the new Oovemment. 
 
 I :i:|i' 
 
 i ip 
 
 I M 
 
 ■iii 'r' 
 
 '.% 
 
 I 
 
 With the birth of the nation on the 4tli of March, 1789, the Continental Congress, 
 the representative of the League, expired. Its liistory is one of tlio most remarkable 
 on record. It was first an almost spontaneous gathering of patriotic men, chosen by 
 their fellow-citizend in a time of great perplexity, to consult upon the public good. 
 They represented different provinces extending a thousand miles along the Atlantic 
 coast, v.'ith interests as diversified as the climate and geography. With boldness un- 
 equaled and faith unexampled, they snatched the sceptre of rule over a vast dominion 
 from imperial England, of whose monarch they were subjects, and assumed the func- 
 tions of sovereignty by creating armies, issuing bills of credit, declaring the provinces 
 free and independent states, negotiating treaties with foreign governments, and, finally, 
 after eight long years of struggle, wringing from their former sovereign his acknowl- 
 edgment of the independence of the states which they represented. The career of the 
 Congress was meteor-like, and astonished the world with its brilliancy. It was also 
 short. Like a half-developed giant exhausted by mighty efforts, it first exhibited lassi- 
 tude, then decrepitude, and at last hopeless decay. Poor and weak, its services forgot- 
 ten by those who should have been grateful for tliera, it lost the respect of all mankind, 
 and died of politica' marasmus. 
 
 Out of its remains, phocnix-like, and in full vigor and grand proportions, arose a 
 nation whose existence had been decreed by the will of true sovereignty — the people 
 — and whose perpetuity depends upon that will. It immediately arrested the profound 
 attention of the civilized woj-ld. It was seen that its commerce, diplomacy, and dignity 
 were no longer exposed to neglect by thirteen distinct and clashing legislative bodies, 
 but were guarded by a central power of wonderful energy. The prophecy of Bishop 
 JJcrkeley was on the eve of fulfillment.^ England, France, Spain, and Holland placed 
 their representatives at the seat of the new government, and the world acknowledged 
 that the new-born nation was a power — positive, tangible, indubitable. 
 
 land was a commodious retreat for Papists, for whom "England was too hot," and to whom, as a neighbor, Virginia 
 was a little cold. The Carol!~ia8, left "derelict by the French and Sapaniards," were the regions of pines and serpents 
 —dismal in their swamps, and deadly in their malaria. "Thus, in the eyes of her favored few," says a late writer, 
 " Virginia was the paradise of the New World." For a farther illustrntiou of this subject, see Ilintnry of the Itrpublic a/ 
 the United States o/Amerira, astraeal in the WritinriK of Alexander Hamilton and Ar» Contemporarien, by John C. Hamilton. 
 • When inspired with his transatlantic mission, Bishop Berkeley wrote his six "Verses on the Prospect of Plantintr 
 Arts and Learning in America," in which he predicted the rising greatness of the New World, and employed the oft- 
 quoted line, 
 
 " Westward the course of empire takes its way." 
 
 Fonndations of 
 
 dents ap])ear ujx 
 tjie preceding cl 
 tri-eat Britain w.i 
 "ear. TJie war 
 arms. 
 
 While statcsnK 
 people wei-e layin 
 
 fishinent of mater 
 wdcr of tilings, a, 
 
 gun to comijrehen 
 I lie treaty limits ( 
 'lad already obtaii 
 tlie fertile regions 
 ■''tretch, pai-allcl wi 
 
 (legi-ees oflatitude 
 'I'eir cabin fires fro 
 Mississippi. Alreai 
 ous highway for ai 
 ^^^'go the supremo 
 Ah ady peace and 
 "zalion had been pre 
 l^ytlie ethics of the 
 
 reduced to less than seven 1 
 
 rtin farther reduced '.twet 
 
 «t West Point and ..h,,r,^" 
 
 i c«ce wag negotiated wli 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 35 
 
 Fonodations of Ooverament laid by the People. 
 
 Tbey compreheod the Value of the Oreat Wilderness. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 ' Old burial-places, once sacred, are plnndered, 
 
 Aud thickly with bones is the fallow field strown i 
 The bond of coutderate tribes has been sundered— 
 
 The long council hall of the brave overthrown. 
 The Sac and Miami bowmen no longer 
 
 Preserve at the door-posts unslumbcring guard ; 
 We fought, but the pale-browed invaders were stronger; 
 
 Our knife-bludes too blaut, and theii bosoms too hard." 
 
 W. H. C. HOSMEB. 
 
 ga^ 
 
 S have seen thr. development of weak, isolated commonwealths 
 into a powerful, consolidated nation, and are now to observe 
 the growth of that nation in resources and strength until, by 
 an exhibition of its powers in vindication of its rights before 
 the world, it became absolutely independent, and was re- 
 spected accordingly. 
 
 That assertion and vindication Avere made by the moral 
 forces of legislation and the patriotism of the people, co- 
 working with the material forces of army and navy. In 
 this view is involved the whole drama of the contest known 
 in history as the War of 1812, or the Second Straggle for 
 Independence — a drama, many of whose characters and inci- 
 
 dents appear upon the stage simultaneously Avith the persons and events exhibited in 
 the preceding chapter. Looking back from the summer of 1812, when war against 
 Great Britain was formally declared, the causes of the conflict appear both remote and 
 near. The war actually began years before the Pi-esident proclaimed the appeal to 
 arms. 
 
 While statesmen and politicians were arranging the machinery of government, the 
 people were laying bi'oad and deep the visible foundations of the state, in the estab- 
 lishment of material interests and the shaping of institutions consonant with the new 
 order of things, and essential to social and political prosperity. They had already be- 
 gun to comprehend the hidden resources and immense value of the vast counti-y within 
 the treaty limits of the United States westward of the Alleghany Mountains. They 
 liad already obtained i)rophetic glimpses of a future civilization that should flourish in 
 the fertile regions watered by the streams whose springs are in those lofty hills that 
 stretch, parallel with the Atlantic, from the Lakes almost to the Gulf, across fourteen 
 degrees of latitude. Pioneers had gone over the grand hills and sent rp the smoke of 
 their cabin fires from many a fertile valley iri'igated by the tributaries of ♦.he Ohio and 
 ]\Iississippi. Already they had learned to regard the Father of Waters as a great aque- 
 ous highway for an immense inland commerce soon to be created, and had begun to 
 urge the supreme authority of the land to tre.it with Spain for its free navigation. 
 All ady ])e,ice and friendship with the savage tribes on the remote frontiers of civil- 
 ization had been promised by treaties made upon principles of justice and not fashioned 
 l)y the ethics of the sword.' 
 
 • Necessity, if not conscience, recommended this policy, for at the close of the Revolution the " regnlar army" had been 
 reduced to less than seven hundred men, and no officer was retained above the rank of captain. This force was soon 
 ftHl farther reduced • > twenty-flvc mcu to guard tiie military stores at Pittsburg, and flfty-flve to perform military duty 
 !it West Point and nhyr magazines. 
 
 Peace was negotiated with most of the tribes which had taken part against the United States in the late war. A 
 
36 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Indian Treaties. 
 
 Anti-slavery Hovements. 
 
 Tlie Ordinance of 1T8T. 
 
 First Settlements in Ohio. 
 
 I 
 
 iii:, ii 
 
 By treaty with the chief tribes between the Ohio River and the Gi'eat J.itkes, and 
 the cession by Virginia' to the United States of all claims to lands in that region, the 
 general government became absolute possessor of a vast counti-y, out of which several 
 flourishing states have since been foi-med.^ 
 
 While the National Convention was in session at Philadelphia in the summer of 
 1787, the Continental Congress, sitting at New York, feeble and dying, with only eight 
 states represented, took up and disposed of in a satisfactory manner a subject second 
 ooly in importance to that under discussion in the capital of Pennsylvania. They 
 • jniyis, adopted,* by unanimous vote, "An Ordinance for the government of the Tei- 
 
 ™''- ritory of the United States northwest of the Ohio."^ In anticipation of this 
 action, extensive surveys had been made in the new territory. Soon after the passiige 
 of the ordinance above mentioned, a sale of five millions of aci'cs, extending along the 
 Ohio from the Muskingum to the Sciota, were sold to the " Ohio Company," which 
 was composed of citizens of New England, many of whom had been officers of the Con- 
 tinental army.* A similar sale was made to John Cleve Symmes, of New Jersey, for 
 two millions of acres, in the rich and beautiful region between the Great and Little 
 Miami Rivers, including the site of Cincinnati. 
 
 These were the fii-st steps taken toward the settlement of the Northwestern Terri- 
 toi-y, in which occurred so many of the important events of the War of 1812. Hitherto 
 New England emigration had been chiefly toVermoui Noi- ■ -n New Hampshire, and 
 the Territory of Maine. Now it poured, in a vast and i , * stream, into the Ohio 
 
 countiy. Genei'al Rufus Putnam, at the head of a colony fi oin Massachusetts, founded 
 a settlement* (the first, of Europeans, in all Ohio, if we except the Moravian missionary 
 stations^) at the mouth of the Muskingum River, and named it Marietta, in honor of 
 
 Campus Martiua 
 
 Maria Antoi 
 Campus Mai 
 Jy comnienc 
 against the 
 the autumn 
 party of se 
 selves upon 
 and founded 
 mouth of the 
 Washington 
 Ijuilt a short 
 the site of Cii 
 It has been 
 in the yeai-s ] 
 twenty thous 
 and children w 
 in boats, to be 
 growth of emp 
 
 Soon after 
 St. Clair,2an ^ 
 Revolution, wa 
 president. He 
 •i great measui-. 
 where duty to i 
 
 treaty was conclnded at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, New Yorlc) in October, 1TS4, with the Six Nations. Another was con- 
 cluded at Port M'lutosh in January, 1786, with the Wynndots, Bclawnres, Clilppewas, and Ottawas; and another with 
 the Cherokees, at Hopewell, in November the same year. Dissatisfaction having arlcen concerning remuneration for 
 lands, two new treaties were made at Fort Ilannar, on the Musltingum, Ohio, at the beginning of 1789, by which allow- 
 ances were made for ceded lands. By treaty, the Indian titles to lands extending along the northern bank of the Ohio 
 and a considerable distance inland, as far west as the Wabash Hivcr, were extinguished. This tract comprised about 
 9eve"teen millions of acres. 
 
 ' The deed of cession, signed by Virginia commissioners, wit.i Thomas Jefferson at their head, was executed on the 
 first day of March, 1784. It stipulated that the territory ceded should be laid out and formed into states, not less than 
 one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square ; that the states so formed should be "distinct repub- 
 lican states," and admitted as members of the National Union, having the same rights of sovereignty, etc., as the 
 older states. 
 
 After the cession was executed the Congress referred the matter to a committee, of which Mr. Jeffer«i» was chairman. 
 That committee reported an ordinance containing a plan for the government of the whole West' '■ ory north and 
 
 south of the Ohio, from the thirty-flrst degree of north latitude to the northern boundary of th ; .. .. : tales, it being 
 supposed that other states owning territory south of the Ohio would follow the example of Vir,; ' - ■ Ian proposed 
 
 to divide the great Territory into seventeen states, and among the conditions was the remarkable u, ofiertheycnr 
 
 1800, there shall be neither slavery nor Involuntary servitude In any of the said states, other i.i • ^|r 'shment of 
 
 crimes whereof the parly shall have been duly convicted." This provision did not get the voti' oi '.' ,, the num- 
 
 ber necessary to adopt it. New York, New jersey, and Pennsylvania, with the four New England S' . .oted for It ; 
 North Carolina was divided; Delaware and Georgia were unrepresented; aIb'tI." 'id, Virginia, and South <.'c il.na voted 
 against it. (See Journal of Congress, April 19, 1784.) After expunging this proviso the report was adopted, but the 
 subject was not deflnltoly acted upon. 
 
 » Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. 
 
 ' This ordinance was reported by a committee, of which Mr. Dane, of Massachusetts, was chairman. It contained Mr. 
 JclTerfon's anti-slavery proviso, with a clause relative to the renditiou of fugitive slaves, similar in form to the one incor- 
 porated In the National Constitution a few weeks later. 
 
 « This company was formed In Boston, and Rev. Manasseh Cutler, and Winthrop Sargent wore the authorized agents 
 of the association to make the contract with the United States Treasury Board. Among the associates were Oeiiornls 
 Parsons and Rufus Putnam, of Connecticut ; General Varnum and Commodore Whipple, of Rhode Island ; General Tup- 
 per, of Massachusetts, and men of lesser note in public life. 
 
 » Putnam and his party landed on the site of Marietta on the 7th of April, 1788. Tlie (.•■ 
 not yet arrived, so they established temporary laws for their own government. These wer<. 
 and nailed to a tree. Return J. Meigs, afterward governor of the state, was appointed to 
 was the beginning of government in the State of Ohio. 
 
 6 These devoted missionaries were the first white inhabitants who took up their abode w. 
 State of Ohio. The Rev.John Frederick Post and Rev. John Ileckcwoldcr bad penetrated the Vv llderncss In this direction 
 before the commencement of the Revolution. Their first visit was as early as 1701. Others followed, and they estab- 
 lished three stallons, or villages of Indian converts, on the Tuscarawas River, within the limits of the present county of 
 that name. These were named Schocnbnin, Onadenhutten, and Salem. The latter was near the present village of Port 
 
 emor of the territory hurt 
 
 'dished by being written 
 
 I .ainiater the laws. Such 
 
 [.e pr jsent limits of the 
 
 Washington. There ] 
 
 welder resided for somj 
 
 and there his daught. 
 
 nanna Maria was born ( 
 
 «thofApril,nsi. Shew 
 
 first white child born in 
 
 nndlsyet living tlSrt?] at 
 
 'ehcm. Pennsylvania, ii 
 
 posse.jsionofherment« 
 
 "Itlcs. She has been de 
 
 a number of years, aud 
 
 ;" alate in conversation. 
 
 hand is firm, and she w 
 
 with vigor, as her signal 
 
 '■irefullycopiedintheen 
 
 >"ig, made at the close of] 
 
 "■'<••«(«. Itwasappende 
 
 an autograph note to 
 
 '"ler. The portrait was 1 
 
 en by the Daguerrelan , 
 
 ''■S8 at that time. In a dl 
 
 kept by (he younger pu: 
 
 -;f the Bethlehem Load 
 
 Hhool, where Miss H,.,. 
 
 welder was educated, u„, 
 
 date of December zV "' 
 
 a- 
 
 "ith gateways through thr 
 Ar,.hur8t.01alrw'„s„ 
 
 Port rT"'?" '" """• "nd ^ 
 fortLigonler.inPcnnsvIvi 
 ^■.Woneli„,hecontiuent«r 
 settled in Pennsylvania. I 
 governor of the newly-oJf 
 ^'vived his mlsforln'nes^ 
 'rw"!},;"'"-'" August. Ifi 
 Wim8mB.Qiie8,nmem 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 37 
 
 Campus Martius aod Fort Waahlngton. 
 
 Hiss Heckewelder. 
 
 General St. Clair. 
 
 Maria Antoinette, the queen of Louis the Sixteenth, of France. A stockade fort, called 
 Campus Martius, was immediate- -,i^^_. - t; 
 
 ly commenced, as a protection - -~ 
 
 against the hostile Indians.' In 
 the autumn of the same year a 
 l)arty of settlers seated them- 
 selves upon Symmes's purchase, 
 and founded Columbia, near the 
 mouth of the Little Miami. Fort 
 Washington was soon afterward 
 built a short distance below, on 
 the site of Cincinnati. 
 
 It has been estimated that with- 
 in the years 1788 and 1789, full 
 twenty thousand men, women, ^ 
 
 and children went down the Ohio 
 in boats, to become settlers on its banks, 
 growth of empire beyond the Alieghanies! 
 
 Soon after the organization of the Northwestern Territory, Major General Arthur 
 St. Ciair,2 an officer in the old French War, and in the Continental army during the 
 Revolution, was appointed its governor by the Congress, of which body he was then 
 president. He accepted the position with reluctance. "The office of governor was in 
 a great measure forced on rae," he said, in a letter to a friend.' Yet, ever ready to go 
 where duty to his country called him, he proceeded to the Territory in the summer of 
 
 OAUPUg HABTICB. 
 
 Since then, how wonderful has been the 
 
 y ! 
 
 Wn8hlnp;ton. There Ilecke- 
 wclder resided for some time, 
 nm\ there hia daughter Jo- 
 hanna Maria was born, on the 
 0th of April, 17S1. She was the 
 first white child born inOhIo, 
 iind isyel living tlStiT] ntBeth- 
 lehem. Pennsylvania, In full 
 l>»s8P:Sslon of her mental fac- 
 ulties. She has been deaf for 
 a number of years, and uses 
 ii slate in conversation. Ilcr 
 hand is tlrm, and she writes 
 with vigor, as her signature, 
 carefully copied In the engra- 
 ving, madeatthcclosc of 1869, 
 attests. It was appended to 
 an autograph note to the 
 writer. The portrait was tak- 
 en by the Daguerrelan pro- 
 cess at that time. In a diary 
 kept by the younger pupils 
 of the Bethlehem boarding- 
 school, where Miss Ilecke- 
 wcldcr was educated, under 
 date of December 23, 1788 
 
 (the year when Marietta was 
 founded), occurs the follow- 
 ing sentence : " Little Miss 
 Tolly Ilcckewelder's papa re- 
 tumc'' from Fort Pitt, which 
 occasioned her and us great 
 joy." See Bethlehem Souve- 
 nir, 1858, p. 67. 
 
 ' This fort was a regular 
 parallelogram, with an exte- 
 rior Hue of seven hundred 
 and twenty feet. There was a 
 strong block-house at each 
 corner, surraonntcd by a tow- 
 er and sentry-box. Uetwcen 
 them were dwe'.llng-honses. 
 At the outer corner of each 
 block - house was a bastion, 
 standing on four stout tim- 
 bers. There were port-holes 
 for musketry and artillery. 
 These buildings were, all 
 made ot gwkvcd timbers. 
 Twenty feet in aihance of 
 these was a row of very 
 strong and large pickets. 
 
 -<2-5>-^-?-t A> 
 
 oc^z^ e^^^c 
 
 ^.(y^ec>> d'M^, 
 
 with gateways through them, and a few feet outside of these was placed a row of abati*. 
 
 ' Arthur St. Clair was a native of Edinbnrp, in Scotland, where lie was born in 1734. lie came to America with Admi- 
 ral BoBcawen In 17,TO, and served imder Wolfe as a lieutenant. After the peace In 1763 he was placed in command of 
 Fort Ligonier, In Pennsylvania. When the Revolution broke out he esponecd the patriot cause, and was appointed a 
 (olonel In the Continental army In .Tannary, 1776. He was active most of the time during that war, and after its close 
 fettled in Pennsylvania. He was President of the Continental Congress in 1787, and the following year was appointed 
 governor of the newly-organlaed Northwestern Territory. Ills services in that region arc recorded in the text. He 
 survived his mlsforlnnes there almost a quarter of a century, and then died, In poverty, at Laurel Hill, lu Western 
 Pennsylvania, In August, 1818, at the age of eighty-four years. 
 
 ' William B. Giles, a member of Cougresa from Virginia. 
 
38 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Temper of the WeBtera Indians. The Brltieh tampering with them. Lord Dorchester. Frontier Troops and Posts. 
 
 Council at Fort IJ 
 
 i 
 
 rss. 
 
 1788, and t'^ok up his abode in Campus 
 Mai'tius," with Winthrop Sargent as 
 
 8I0NATCBK OF WINTHROP BAKGENT. 
 
 secretary or deputy, who acted as chief mag- 
 istrate during the absence of the governoi*. 
 
 St. Clair at once instituted inquiries, in ac- 
 coi'dance with his instructions, concerning the 
 temper of the Indians in the Territory. They 
 were known to be exceedingly uneasy, and 
 sometimes in frowning moods ; and the tribes 
 on the Wabash, riumbering almost two thou- 
 sand warriors, who had not been parties to 
 any of the treaties, were decidedly hostile. 
 They continued to make predatory incursions 
 into the Kentucky settlements, notwithstand- 
 ing chastisements received at the liands of 
 General George Rogers Clarke, the " father 
 of the Northwest," as he has been called ; and they were in turn invaded and scourged 
 by bands of retaliating Kentuckians. These expeditions deepened the hostile feeling, 
 and gave strength and fierceness to botli parties when, in after years, they met in 
 battle. 
 
 It soon became evident that all the tribes in the Territory, numbering full twenty 
 thousand souls, were tampered with by British emissaries, sent out from the frontier 
 forts, which had not been given up to the United States in compliance with treaty stip- 
 ulations. Sir John Johnson (son of Sir William, of the Moliawk Valley, and tlie im- 
 placable enemy of the United States') was the Inspector General of Indian Affairs in 
 America, and had great influence over the savages; and Lord Dorchester (formerly 
 
 e<i^u^ 
 
 to wai". These cii-cumstan- 
 ces gave rise to the opinion 
 that the British govern- 
 ment, which yet refused to 
 send a representative to 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton) was again 
 governor general of those 
 provinces,^ and, by speeches 
 at Quebec and Montreal, di- 
 rectly instigated the savages 
 the United States, and treated the new republic with ill-concealed contempt, was pi'e- 
 paring the way for an effort to reduce the members of the League to colonial vas- 
 salage. 
 
 The Confederacy was but feebly pi'epai'cd to meet hostilities on their northwestern 
 frontier. The military force at the time the Territory was formed consisted of only 
 about six hundred men, commanded by Brigadier General Ilarmar.^ Of these there 
 were two companies of artillery, formed of volunteers wlio enlisted to put down Shays's 
 Rebellion in Massachusetts. The fi-ontier military stations Avere Pittsburg, at the forks 
 of the Ohio, Fort M'Intosh, on Beaver Creek, and Fort Franklin, on French Creek, 
 near old Fort Venango, in Pennsylvania; Fort Ilarmai-, at the mouth of the Mu> 
 
 > Sir John was the heir to the title and fortune of Sir William, and was at the head of the Loyalists in the Mohawk 
 Valley at the boginninR of the Revolution. He had lived some time in England, and returned to settle in Canada in 
 1786. lie had suflcred in person and estate at the hands of the republicans, havltiK been expelled from his home, his 
 property confiscated, and his family exiled. These circumstances made him a bitter and relentless foe, and ready tn 
 strik a blow of retaliation. Ilia losses were made up by the British povernment by grants of land. He died at Mont- 
 real ■ 11 issn, at the age of eighty-eight years. For a detailed account of his career during the old war for independence, 
 see Lr/»sing's Field-liook of the Revobttlm, vol. i. 
 
 ' Sir Guy Carleton was Governor of Canada when the old war for independence broke out, and contluaed there until 
 its close. lie was acquainted with all the affairs of the Indians, and had great influence over them. 
 
 ' Appointed brigadier generil on the 81st of July, 1787. 
 
 l^inguni River; 
 
 ville; and Fort ' 
 
 Early in 1^8 
 
 chiefs and sachei 
 
 leading men of t 
 
 Sacs. With all t 
 
 t'7 from the Mol. 
 
 inents were confi 
 
 Nations (or, rathe 
 
 not rcpi-osented) 
 
 eiicefl by BritisJi e 
 
 ity of the treaty i 
 
 council at Fort IL- 
 
 of Virginia and K( 
 
 Nearer the Gull 
 
 the wily Spaniards 
 
 'ive temptations tc 
 
 '^eague and join fc 
 
 the time in questioi 
 
 M'Gillivr.ay, a lialf- 
 
 with the Spaniards, 
 
 In view of all these 
 
 war was gatherino- 
 
 .,',''''''" .'■"rt was commcnc 
 Major John Doughty. It „ 
 ''onorofCoIoneLToslahlla; 
 "fthe kind erected within tl 
 ofan acre IJ„i,e,, states f 
 'he site of Cincinnati. Dui 
 *;"«! after the treaty of o" 
 f,,,, '",'"« 8""«t council at F 
 following reason for their r, 
 
 le Six Nations, who seduce 
 olaw„res,Otta,vas,andPot 
 
I t I 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 39 
 
 Conncll at Fort Hikrmar. 
 
 Little Turtle's Opposition. 
 
 Uneasiness of the Indians of the Gulf Region. 
 
 rOKT nAllMAR. 
 
 » January 9. 
 
 kingum River ; Fort Stcnben, on the Ohio Rivei', now Jeffcrsonville, opposite Louis- 
 ville ; and Fort Vincennes, on the Wabash River. 
 
 Early in 1789* Governor St. Clair held a council at Fort Ilarmar" with 
 chiefs and sacher,:? of tlie Six Nations. He also held a council with the 
 leading men of the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, and 
 Sacs. With all these representatives of thousands of Indians, scattered over the coun- 
 try from the Mohawk Valley to that of the Wabash, he made treaties, when old agi'ee- 
 ments were confirmed, and remunerations and boundaries were specified. The Six 
 Nations (or, rather, five of the six nations, for the Mohawks, who were in Canada, were 
 not represented) were faithful to the treaty ; but the gi'eat body of the others, influ- 
 enced by British emissaries and unscrupulous traders, refused to acknowledge the valid- 
 ity of the treaty made by their warriors and rulers.^ Within a few weeks after the 
 council at Fort Harniar, parties of them were out upon the war-path on the frontiers 
 of Virginia and Kentucky. 
 
 Nearer the Gulf, the Creeks and Cherokees, brought into immediate contact with 
 the wily Spaniards in Florida and at New Orleans, who were already preparing seduc- 
 tive temptations to the settlei's in the trans-Alleghany valleys to leave the American 
 League and join fortunes with tho children of Old Spain, became first uneasy, and at 
 the time in question were assuming a hostile attitude. The Creeks, led by the talented 
 M'Gillivr.ay, a lialf-breed, whose father was a Scotcliman, had formed a close alliance 
 with the Spaniards, and through them miglit receive arms and other military supplies. 
 In view of all these circumstances, tlie portentous cloud of a threatened general Indian 
 war was gathering in the western horizon at the close of 17 ' 
 
 ' This fort was commenced In the autumn of 1T85, by a detachment of United States troops under the command of 
 Major John DouRhty. It was on the right baiilt of the Muskinijum, at Its Junction with the Olilo, and was named in 
 lionor of Colonel Joslah Hamiar, to whose regiment Major Doughty's corps was attached. It was the first military post 
 of the kind erected within the limits of Ohio. Tho outlines formed a regular pentagon, embracing about three fourths 
 iif an acre. United States troops occupied it mitil 17!)0, when they left It to construct and occupy Fort Washington, on 
 the site of Cincinnati. During the Indian wars that succeeded it was occupied by a few troops, and was Anally aban- 
 doned after the treaty of Greenville In 1795. 
 
 ' In the great council at Fort Greenville in ITflB, Little Turtle, the most active of the chiefs In the Northwest, gave the 
 following reason for their refusal to comply with the treaties : " You have told me," he said, " that the present treaty 
 "hould be founded upon that of Muskingum. I beg leave to observe to you that Ihat treaty was effected altnu'cther by 
 the Six Nations, who seduced some of our young men to attend It, together with a few of the Chipi)ewas, Wyandots, 
 Delawares, Ottawas, and Pottawatomies. I beg leave to tell you that I am entirely Ignorant of what was done at that 
 treaty." 
 
 i; s • ! 
 
 f I 
 

 40 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Evidences of BritUb latrlgnes. Fropoeed Western Boundary of the United States. Indian Warriors on the Ohio. 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 y>i 
 
 Yet nioro threatening was tlie aspect of affairs on the Western frontier in the spring 
 of 1790, Serious trouble was evidently brewing. Major Hamtranick, a small Cana- 
 dian Freuchiuan, and a spirited officer in the United States army, was in command of 
 the military post at Vincennes, an important point on the Wabash,* surrounded by 
 F"encli families, whose long residence made them influential among the .^.idians. Many 
 of the latter spoke their language, and some had embraced the Roman Catholic relig- 
 ion. Taking advantage of this intimate relationship, Hamtramck sent out Antoine 
 Gamelin, with speeches to the Wabash and Miami Indians from Governor St. Clair, of- 
 fering them peace and friendship. In the course of his tour Gamelin obtained positive 
 evidence of the influence of the British at Detroit over the savage mind in the West. 
 He traversed the country from Post Vincennes along the Wabash, and eastward to the 
 Miami village, where the conjunction of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's Rivers forms 
 the Maumee, or Miami of the Lakes, at the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. He 
 made speeches himself, and oft'ored them St. Clair's ; but he was every where met with 
 the reply that they could do nothing definitely until they could hear from Detroit. 
 " You invite us to stop our young men," said the Kickapoos. " It is impossible to do 
 it, being constantly encouraged by the British." " We are all sensible of your speech, 
 and pleased with it," said Blue Jacket, chief warrior of the Shawnoese; "but we can 
 not give you an answer without hearing from our father at Detroit." "We can not 
 give a definite answer without consulting the commandant at Detroit," said Le Gris, 
 the great chief of the Mianiis. " The English commandant at Detroit is our father 
 since he threw down our French father," said the Shawnoese.^ And so, on all occa- 
 sions, they were unwilling to accept proflers of peace with the United States without 
 first consulting the commandant at Detroit, with whom Johnson and Carleton were in 
 constant communication. Instigated by these men, these Western tribes insisted on 
 the establishment of the Ohio River as the boundary between the Indians and the 
 United States, and would listen to no other terms.^ 
 
 Hamtramck was so well satisfied of these machinations of the British that he assured 
 Governor St. Clair that a permanent peace with the savages was an impossibility. The 
 governor, meanwhile, had received accounts of the depredations of the Inditms along 
 the Ohio from the Falls (Louisville) to Pittsburg. They infested the banks in such 
 numbers, Avaylaying boats and plundering and wounding the voyaging emigrants, that 
 an utter cessation of the navigation of the river seemed inevitable. 
 
 The principal rendezvous of the marauders was near the mouth of the Scioto, on the 
 north bank of the Ohio, and to that point two hundred and thirty Kentucky volunteers 
 and one hundred regular troops were sent, under General Ilarmar. They assembled 
 at Fort Washington,* then not quite completed, and marched from thence to the Scioto. 
 
 > Vincennes was so nnmcd by the French traders, who cstahliphed a trnding-post there as early as 1730. The name is 
 in honor of the Sicur de Vincennes, an officer sent to the Miamis as early as 1705, and who commanded the post on the 
 Wabash, after^vard called by his nam". It was alternately in possession of the Americans and British during the Rcvd- 
 lutlon, while the hoad-qnarters of the latter were at Detroit. It is on the bank of the Wabash, one hundred miles from 
 Its mouth, and Is the capital of Knox County, Indiana. 
 
 « Gamclln's Journal, cited by Dillon, in his History of Indiana, p. 220. 
 
 ' This curtailment of the boundaries of the United States, so as to prevent their control of the upper lakes and the 
 valuable ftir trade of the country around them, was a favorite scheme of British statesmen. It was even proposed ns ii 
 rine qua noii, at one time, by the British commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Peace in 1814, that the Indians 
 inhabiting a portion of the United States within the limits establiehed by the Treaty i.. 1783 should be included as the 
 allies of Great Britain in the projected paciflcatiou ; and that definite boundaries should be settled for the Indian lorri- 
 tory. upon a basis which would have operated to surrender to a number of Indians, not probably exceeding a few tlioii- 
 sands, the rights of sovereignty as well as of soil, over nearly one third of the territorial dominions of the United Statcf, 
 inhabited by more than one hundred thousand of its citizens.* 
 
 « Fort Washington was built on the site of a block-house erected by Ensign Luce within the limits of the present oilv 
 of Cincinnati, which was first named Losantivllle by a pedantic settler, from the words If on anti viW; which he interpreted 
 as meaning "the village opposite the mouth"— mouth of Licking River. Luce was at North Bend with a detachment of 
 troops, charged with selecting a site for a block-house. Judge Symmes wished it to be built there, but Luce, accordiu); 
 to the judge, was led to Cincinnati, as Losantivllle was then called, on account of his love for the beantifnl wife of a set- 
 tler, who went there to reside because of the attentions to her of Ibe ensign at the Bend. Luce followed, and erected the 
 
 IJ 
 
 Fort Washlngtt 
 
 The Indian 
 approach, a 
 tio'i return 
 coriplishing 
 A more f 
 dition, to pe 
 ami country 
 ined upon, 
 
 • 1790. ^^ Se 
 eral 
 
 Washington 
 
 teen hiindre 
 
 moved towai 
 
 tlie hostile I 
 
 around the I) 
 
 the Maumee. 
 
 obedience tc 
 
 from Presiden 
 
 had proviousl 
 
 ter'' to the B 
 
 tliat the e.xpc. 
 
 He added that 
 
 • See American State Papert, Ix., 832 to 421, Inclusive. 
 
 realized. 
 
 Ilarmar reac 
 
 dian town the i 
 
 din, with some 
 
 into an arabusc 
 
 (an eminent Mi; 
 
 Goshen state ro 
 
 gun, while the r 
 
 tain Armstrong, 
 
 ages dance in fr£ 
 
 Harinar move 
 
 block-house there; am 
 stnicture, and stood npc 
 Streets, east of Eastern 
 traveler, Mrs. Trollope, 
 composed of a number 
 Some, better (Inishcd thi 
 ofgronnd,withastron(i 
 ground on which the foi 
 autumn of ITflO, Governc 
 
 little viUage of Cinclnna 
 
 the West, as It has been 
 
 ' These consisted of th 
 
 ed light troops, and two 
 
 ' This has been mistal, 
 
 tribes of the Shawnoese, 
 
 Shawnoese. There was 
 
 jIteofXonia. There w,i 
 
 fort, In Ross County. Tl 
 
 within the present limits 
 
1 ( 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 41 
 
 Furt Washington, on the Site of Clucinnatt. 
 
 Harmar'B Expedition againat the Indlani. 
 
 » ITOO. 
 
 rOBT WABUINOTON, ON TUF. BITE OV CINOINIiATI. 
 
 The Indians fled on their 
 approach, and the expeui- 
 tin returned without ac- 
 complishing any thing. 
 
 A more fonnidablo expe- 
 dition, to penetrate the Mi- 
 ami country, was determ- 
 ined upon, and, at the close 
 of September," Gen- 
 eral Ilarinar left Fort 
 Washington with over four- 
 teen hundred troops,' and 
 moved toward the heart of 
 tlie hostile Indian country 
 around the head waters of 
 the Maumee. St. Clair, in 
 obedience to instructions 
 from President Washington, 
 had previously sent a let- 
 
 ter"* to the British commandant at Detroit, courteously informing him 
 that the expedition had no designs upon any possessions of the crown. 
 He added that he had every reason to expect, after such a candid explanation, that the 
 
 commandant would 
 neither countenance 
 nor assist the tribes 
 in their hostilities. 
 Of course this ex- 
 pectation was net 
 realized. 
 
 Ilarmar reached the Maumee at the middle of October. As he approached an In- 
 dian town the inhabitants fled, leaving it to be burned by the invaders. Colonel Har- 
 din, with some Kentucky volunteers and thirty regulars, was sent in pursuit. He fell 
 into an ambuscade of one hundred Indians, under Mish-i-kin-a-kwa, or Little Turtle 
 (.an eminent Miami chief), about eleven miles from the site of Fort Wayne, where the 
 Goshen state road crosses the Eel River. The frightened militia fled without firing a 
 gun, while the regulars stood firm until twenty -two of their number were slain. Cap- 
 tain Armstrong, who escaped, stood in mud and water up to his chin, and saw the sav- 
 ages dance in fmntic joy because of their victory. 
 Harmar moved about two miles to Chillicothe'^ and destroyed it; then, after being 
 
 >> September 19. 
 
 i?:?'. 
 
 y^. 
 
 ^i^-^-^^^^^Po ^^^--9^^ 
 
 block-house there ; and In 1T90 Major Donghty built Fort Washington on the same spot. It was a nide but strong 
 Btnicturc, and stood upon the eastern boundary of the town as originally laid out, between the prci^ont Third and Fourth 
 streets, east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a "two-pole alley." The celebrated EnsiUsh writer and 
 traveler, Mrs. Troilope, resided in Clucinnatt for a while, and had a noted bazar on the site of the fort. That work wai 
 composed of a number of stronjily-built hcwn-log cabins, a story and a halM'' height, arranged for soldiers' barracks. 
 Some, better finished than the majority, were used by the officers. They formed a hollow square, inclosing about an acre 
 of ground, with a strong block-house at each angle. One of these was Lnre's. These were built of the timber from the 
 grouud ou which the fort stood. In 1792 Congress reserved fifteen acres around it for the use of the garrison. In the 
 autumn of 1790, Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington, organized the County of Hamilton, and decreed that the 
 little village of Cincinnati, commenced around the fort, should be the connty seat. Thus commenced the Queen City of 
 the West, as it has been called. 
 
 ' These consisted of three battalions of Virginia militia, one battalion of Pennsylvania militia, one battalion of monnt- 
 ed light troops, and two bcttalions of regulars— in all, 1463. Of these, !120 were regulars. 
 
 » This has been mistaken for the present Chillicothe on the Scioto. ChiiUcothe was the name of one of the principal 
 tribes of the Shawnoese, and was a favorite name for a village. There were several of that name in the country of the 
 Shawnoeso. There was Old Chillicothe, where Boone was a captive for some time. It was on the Little Miami, on the 
 site of Xenla. There was another on the site ofWestfnll, in Pickaway County ; and still another on the rite of Frank- 
 fort, In Ross Connty. There was an Indian town of that name on the site of the present Chllllcotbo, All these were 
 within the present limits of Ohio. It ejguifled " the town," or principal one. 
 
 ■ll 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 » 
 
43 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle near Fort Wayne, and Unrmar'H Defeat. 
 
 The Diaaster and Ita Coni)0(iuonre». 
 
 • October 21, 
 
 IT'.M). 
 
 menaced by the Indians, ho turned hia face toward Fort Washington,* 
 That night was a starry one, and Hardin, who was full of fight, proposed 
 to Ilarniar a surprise of tiie Indians at the head of the Mauniee, where they had a vil- 
 lage on one side of the river and an encampment of warriors on the other side. Har- 
 mar reluctantly complied, and four hundred men were detached for the purpose.' Six- 
 ty of them were regulars, under Major Wyllys. They marched in three columns (the 
 regi'.lars in the centre), and pushed forward as rapidly as possible, hoping to fall upon 
 the Indians before dawn. But it was after sunrise before they reached the bank of the 
 Maumee. A j)lan of attack was soon arranged. Major Hall, with a detachment of mi- 
 litia, was to pass around the village at the bend of the Maumee, cross the St. Mary's 
 and the St. Joseph's, gain the rear of the Indian encampment unobserved, and await 
 an attack by tiie main body of the troops in front. These, consisting of Major M'Mul- 
 lin's l)attalion. Major Fontaine's cavalry, and the regulars under Major Wyllys, were to 
 cross the Maumee !}', and near the usual ford, and tliua surround the savages. The game 
 was sj)oilcd by the imprudence of Major Hall, who fired prematurely xipon a solitary 
 Indian and alaniu .. the encannjment. The startled Miamis Avere instantly seen flying 
 
 in difterent directions. The 
 militia under M'Mullin and 
 the cavalry under Fontaine, 
 who had crossed the river, 
 started in pursuit, in disobe- 
 dience of orders, leaving the 
 regulars under Wyllys, who 
 had also crossed the Mau- 
 mee, unsupported. The lat- 
 ter were attacked by Little 
 Turtle and the main body 
 of the Indians, and driven 
 back with great slaughter, 
 llichardvillc, a half-blood 
 and successor to Little Tur- 
 tle, who was in the battle, 
 and Mho died at Fort Wayn(> 
 in ] 840, often asserted that 
 the bodies of the slain Were 
 BO numerous in the river at 
 the ford that he could have crossed over the stream upon them dryshod.* 
 
 While this conflict was going on at the ford, M'Mullin and Fontaine, in connection 
 with Hall, were skirmishing with parties of Indians a short distance up the St. Jo- 
 se})h's. P'ontaine, with a number of his followers, fell at the head of his mounted 
 militia, in making a charge. He was shot dead, and, fallhig from liis horse, was imn'.o- 
 diately scalj)ed. The remaindfr, with those under Hall and M'Mullin, fell back in 
 confusion toward the ford of the Maumee, and followed the remnant of the regulars 
 in their retreat. The Indians, having suffered severely, did not pursue. 
 
 General Ilarmar was informed of the disaster by a liorseman who had outstripped 
 the rest. A detachment of militia was immediately ordered to the assistance of the 
 retreating parties; but such mortal fear had taken possession of these raw recruits 
 that only thirty, willing to go, could be found among them. On his arrival at camp 
 Hardin urged Ilarmar to proceed with his whole force to the Maumee. The latter, 
 having lost all confidence in the militia, refused ; and, as soon as prepa- 
 rations could be made, tlie whole army took up its march*" for Fort Wash- 
 
 TUE MACMEE KORD — PLACE OF IIAHMAB'S DEFEAT. 
 
 ' October 28. 
 
 > Harmar'i! haltlnpt-plnco wnR on Nlne-mllo Creek, a tributary of the Maumee, nine miles eonth of Fort Wnyne. 
 ' Statement of ,Iohn P. Hedges, of Fort Wayne, to the author. 
 
 III! 
 
 Scene of Ilarnmi 
 
 ington, whi( 
 4th of Nove 
 
 I visited 
 
 ter at the 
 
 the close ot 
 
 came up th 
 
 Defiance on 
 
 and, aftcT vi^ 
 
 ic interest t 
 
 ing (of wh 
 
 write), I ro(l( 
 
 upon the Toll 
 
 way, a dist: 
 
 miles. It w! 
 
 but the jouri 
 
 onous, because 
 
 ble forests cov 
 
 over which w 
 
 at the flourish 
 
 the afternoon, 
 
 made fiunous I 
 
 Hon. F. P. Kiln 
 
 We crossed th 
 
 stream to the | 
 
 tlie confluence 
 
 then fordable t 
 
 water four feet 
 
 ford was alons i 
 
 > o 
 
 m whose pre.sen 
 .iiid were made 
 
 ' Harmar loBt, In thU i 
 The loss of the Indians V 
 crow out of this cxpcditi 
 resigned his commigslon 
 lution, and was a brave s 
 come Shawnoese while o 
 ty In each of the states of 
 
 mmlm 
 
 ■ na s wiiM. - 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 43 
 
 Scene of Harmar'e Defeat. 
 
 Visit of the Anthor to the Places of Conflict. 
 
 Bite of the Miami Village. 
 
 y\NaMAfi^ 
 
 ington, which they reached on the K' 
 4th of November.* 
 
 I visited the scene of the disas- 
 ter at tlie Miiuniee P^ord toward 
 the close of Sej)teniher, 1860. I 
 came np the Alanmee Valley to 
 Defiance on tlic night of the 24th, 
 and, after visiting places of histor- 
 ic interest tliere the next morn- 
 ing (of whicli I shall hereafter 
 write), I rode on to Fort Wayne 
 npon the Toledo and Wabash Hail- 
 way, a distance of forty - three 
 miles. It was a delightful day. 
 but the journey was very monot- 
 onous, because* alnuist iuteunina- 
 ble forests covered the flat country 
 over which we ])assed. I arrived 
 
 at the flourishing city of Fort Wayne, the shire town of Allen County, Indiana, late in 
 the afternoon, and by twilight had visited the fords of the Maumee and St. Joseph's, 
 made famous by the events of the 22d of October, 1700. I was accompanied by the 
 Hon. F. P, liandall, tiie mayor of the city, who kindly offered his services as guide. 
 We crossed the great bridge at the head of the MauTiiee, and rode first down that 
 stream to the place yet known as "ITarmar's Ford." li is about half a mile below 
 the confluence of the St. ]Mary's and St. Josepli's at I'ort Wayne. The river was not 
 then fordablo there, a dam having been built about half a jnile below, making the 
 water four feet deep at the old crossing-place. Tlie road that led to and crossed the 
 ford was along the margin of the Manniee, which was skirted by the same forest-trees 
 in whose presence the battle was fought. Tliey had grown to be grand and stately, 
 and were made exceedingly picturesque by the trailing grape-vines. 
 
 W^e returned to the bridge and rode up 
 the St. Joseph's to the place where Major 
 Hall and his detachment forded it. It is 
 abon. half a mile above the bridge. Tiiere 
 the St. Joseph's, with its banks fringed 
 with a variety of graceful trees, swept in 
 gentle curves, and presented to the eye 
 pictui'es of great beanty. Near the spot ' 
 here represented, on the cast bank of the 
 St. Jose])h's, was once a stocka<le, built 
 by the French, and occupied by the En- 
 glish in Pontiac's time. 
 
 Tlie land of the point between the St. 
 Joseph's and the Maumee, on which Little 
 Turtle was encamped and the ])rincipal 
 Miami village was situated, is a level bot- 
 tom, and known as the Cole Farm. Much 
 of it was covered with Indian corn of lux- 
 
 IIALL H 0K1>t«Hi>Q-l>I.A0I-;. 
 
 • Ilarmnr loBt, In this expedition, 18,1 killed and 31 wounded. Amonc the killed were Majors Wyllys and Fontaine. 
 The loss of the Indians was supposed to be about equn) to that of the white people, i^rimlnatlons and recriminations 
 crew out of this expedition. Harmar and Hardin were both tried by court-martial and both were acquitted. Harmor 
 resigned his commission on the 1st of .January, 1TO2. Hardin had been a lieutenant in Morgan's rifle corps lu the Revo- 
 lutiun, and was a brave soldier. He was a Virginian by birth, but settled In Kentncky after the war. He was killed by 
 some Shawnoepc while on a mission of jieace to tliom in 170)2, when be was in the thirty-ninth year of his age. A coun- 
 ty in each of the states of Ohio and Kentucky bears his name, in his honor. 
 
 1" 
 
 A 
 
 ill. I-1 
 
44 
 
 riCTOniAL IIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Tcnerable Iltttortcal Apple -tree. 
 
 Chief Richardvllle. 
 
 The TwlKhtweeit. 
 
 Their Ornelty to Prlioners. 
 
 ]• w,t 
 
 APri.E-TnEK NKAll lIAiaiAUS Koni). 
 
 uriant growtli; aiul T was told that there in evidence that a similar crop lias been 
 raised iVoni it year after year for ahnost a century, and yet tlie soil was l)hu'k, rich, 
 and apparently inexhaustible. Here, it is said, was the place where the Mianiis 
 were accustomed to bum their prisoners.' 
 
 ^ __. About three hundred yards westward 
 
 frtm Ilarmar's Ford, on the site of the In- 
 dian camp, was a venerable ai>ple-tree, full 
 of fruit, its trunk measuring fifteen feet 
 in circumference. Under this tree Chief 
 Riehardville, to whom allusion has been 
 made, was born a little more than a hund- 
 red years ago.^ It was a fiiiit- bearing 
 tree then, and is supposed to have grown 
 from a seed dropped by some French 
 trader among these Twightwees, as the 
 Miamis were called in early times.' In 
 the sketch of the ajiple-tree the city o f 
 Fort Wayne is seen in the distance. The 
 spires on the left are those of the Roman 
 Catholic Cathedral. 
 
 We returned to Fort Wayne at twi- 
 light, and I spent the evening profitably 
 with Mr. Hedges, one of the oldest and most intelligent of the inhabitants of that 
 town.* lie was there in the spring of 1812, while the old stockade was yet standing, 
 and before a garrison of United States troops from Harrison's army arrived. He has 
 seen the city bloom out into its present form and beauty from the folds of the dark 
 forest, and its history and traditions are as familiar to him as those of his own biog- 
 raphy. We chatted on the events of the past until a late hour, and parted with an 
 agreement to visit the historic scenes together in the morning. The air toward mid- 
 night was as mild as early June, but a dajipled sky prophesied a storm. At three 
 o'clock in the morning I was aroused by heavy thunder-peals, and the dawning of the 
 
 I We have mentioned Mr. Onmelln's pence mission, on page 40. lie was nt this place, and only three days after he 
 left (about the let of May, ITOO), the wavages, as if in derision of the United States anthority, brought an American prit- 
 iiner there and burned him.— See Dillon's UMimj of Indiana. 
 
 About seventy j-cars ago n white man was bound to the stake at this place. The mother of Chief Elchardvllle, men- 
 tioned in the next note, and a woman of great influence, had made fruitless attempts to save him. The torch was ap- 
 ))lled. Richardvllle, then quite young, had been designated as their future chief. She appealed to him, and, placing a 
 knife in his hand, bade him assert his chieftainship and cut the cords that bound the prisoner. He obeyed, and the pris- 
 <raer was relenyd. The kind-hearted Miami woman s('creted the prisoner and sent him down the Mauniec in a canoe, 
 covered with firs and peltries, iu charge of some friendly Indians. Many years afterward Richardvllle stopped at a 
 town In Ohio. \ man came to him and threw his arms affectionately around his neck. It was the rescued prisoner.— 
 Lecture, before, tl ■ Congregatum of the Firnt Prenbi/terian Church, Fnrt Waijrw. 
 
 ' PiH-he-iea (Wildcat), or .lean Bnptlste Richardvllle, was born In 1759. Ills father was Joseph Drouet de Richard- 
 vllle, a Frenchman, who traded at Ke-ki-on-ija* (Fort Wayne) from 1760 to 1770. He was elected chief of the Mlnmis, on 
 the death of Liitle Turtle, In 1811. He was a large, flnc-looking man, of quite light complexion, and spoke English well. 
 Richardvllle left a fortune at his death In 1840. I was told by an old resident of Fort Wayne, who knew him well, that 
 he had received large sums of money and immense tracts of land, from time to time. In consideration of his signing 
 treaties ; and that, at his death, he had $200,000 buried where no one but his daughter could find it. He was a temperate 
 man, with acquisitiveness largely developed. He was burled In Fort Wayne. 
 
 " The Twightwees once formed a powerful confederacy of tribes, and claimed to be the possessors of a vast territory. 
 At the treaty with Wayne at Greenville, which we shall notice presently. Little Turtle thus dcflncd the ancient bound- 
 ary of the Twightwees or Miamis : " It Is well known by all my brothers present that my forefather kindled the first fire 
 nt Detroit ; from thence he extended his lines to the head waters of the Scioto ; from thence to Its mouth ; from thence 
 down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash ; and from thence to Chicago, on Lake Michigan."— .4 TOcri'can State Papers, 
 i:, 570. This comprises about one half of Ohio, the whole of Indiana, and a part of Sonthem Michigan. 
 
 * .lohn P. Hedges was employed In the commissary's department, under John H. Piatt, of Ohio, the contractor for the 
 army of the Northwest, commanded by General Harrison. He was active In that department during the whole of the 
 war, and became familiar with all the territory. He was with General M'Arthur in his campaign In Western Canada, 
 and was with Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was at the treaty with the Indians at Greenville in 1814, and 
 distributed pruvieions to the savages on that occasion. 
 
 * Ke-ki-on-ga in the language of the Hiamis, and Kee-ki-ogue in that of the Pottawatomies. 
 
 II 
 
 laJlan IIoBtilltlcs ( 
 
 28th was made 
 alone, and nuulc 
 the grave of Li 
 Wayne in 1 H 1 2, 
 Although Ha 
 ' verely, and Han 
 Vermilion River 
 west were not ca 
 and sometimes a 
 of the British coi 
 ened, and life an 
 ginia Legislature 
 government, awa 
 for the same j)ii] 
 authorities beyo. 
 United States," s 
 quire."! Under t 
 mounted men, cro 
 large village ofO 
 lage of Lafayette, 
 amj)lc evidence oi 
 Detroit, Scott dt 
 desolated the coui 
 figure," and took fi 
 On the Ist of i 
 Washington) with 
 by a different rout( 
 the French called . 
 present Loganspon 
 around as far as 1 
 stretch aAvay towai 
 times plunged arm 
 Kickapoo vill.ige of 
 hundred and fifly i 
 August.* 
 
 The misfortune thi 
 quiet them. The Br 
 by assuring them th 
 tribes and take posst 
 
 ' Instructions of the Secret 
 
 ' Scott's ofBcial report to tl 
 
 ' Fort Ouiatenon, a stockai 
 
 * " I have destroyed," he s; 
 
 of the kini?. I have burned a 
 
 chiefly in the milk. The Oni 
 
 employ to subsist their eqnaw 
 
 CTn/r, .^UL'Ust 24, 1701. 
 
 » The most active of these B 
 Tories during the Revolution 
 charged to these men while tl 
 frontier >vith a high hand, ani 
 massacres, the British governr 
 oughly Identified with the savi 
 the British Indian Departmen 
 meet Elliott again. Qlrty wa. 
 redeeming quality. He was tl 
 was nurtured among the warli 
 who, with him, had been Impri 
 
OF THE -WAR OF 1812. 
 
 45 
 
 Indian HoBtllttlos conttnned. Expeditions of Oenerala Scott and Wiildnaon. Ueatructlon of VlllaK<» and Cropa. 
 
 2Rth wiiH inatlo dreary by a cold diuzzlc dinfliiig uj)on a iiortheaHt wind. I went out 
 alone, and made the sketches at the two fonls and other di-awings, and, after visiting 
 the grave of Little Turtle, depai'ted in tlie midday train for Indianapolis. Of Fort 
 Wayne in 1H12, and of Little Turtle and his grave, I shall hei-eafter write. 
 
 Although Ilarmar in his expedition had jjunishcd the Miamis and Shawnoese se- 
 'verely, and Ilamtramck meanwhile had been up the Wabash to the mouth of the 
 Vermilion liiver and destroyed some deserted villages, Indian hostilities in the North- 
 west were not even checked. The settlers along the Ohio were continually lonaced 
 and sometimes attacked by the savages, back of whom was distinctly heard the voice 
 of the British commandant at Detroit. Western Virginia and Kentucky were thi-eat- 
 ened, and life and property on the frontiers wore in jeopardy every hour. The Vir- 
 ginia Legislature adopted measures for the protection of the settlers, and the national 
 government, awake to the importance of the subject, put forth all its available strength 
 for the same pui-pose. General Knox, the Secretary of War, issued orders to proper 
 authorities beyond the mountains " to impress the Indians with the power of the 
 United States," and " to inflict that degree of punishment which justice may re- 
 quire."* Under these instructions. General Scott, of Kentucky, with eight hundred 
 mounted men, crossed the Ohio," and penetrated the WabaSh country to the . j(„y 43^ 
 large village of Ouiatenon, situated about eight miles below the present vil- ""*• 
 lage of Lafayette, Indiana, where several French families resided. There he found 
 ample evidence of the Indians' connection with and dependence on the British at 
 Detroit. Scott destroyed the town, and several villages in the neighborhood, and 
 desolated the country. He killed thirty-two Indians, "chiefly warriors of size and 
 figure," and took fifty-eight prisoners, without losing any of his own mcn.^ 
 
 On the 1st of August Brigadier Genei-al James Wilkinson left Cincinnati (Fort 
 Washington) with five hundred and twenty-five men, and penetrated the same region, 
 by a difterent ronte, to the important Ouiatenon village of lie-na-pa-coni-a-qua, which 
 the French called L'Anguille (The Eel), on the Eel Uiver, about six miles from the 
 present Logansport, Indiana.^ He destroyed that village, desolated the country 
 around as far as Tippecanoe, and then pushed forward to the great prairies that 
 stretch away toward Lake Michigan. But deep morasses, into which he was some- 
 times plunged armpit deep, compelled him to return. He then destroyed another 
 Kickapoo village of twenty houses, desolated all the crops, and, after a march of four 
 hundred and fifty miles, reached the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) on the 21st of 
 August.* 
 
 Tlie misfortune that befell the Indians under the lash of Scott and Wilkinson did not 
 quiet them. The British emissaries stimulated their courage to a point of desperation 
 by assuring them that the grand object of the United States was to exterminate the 
 tribes and take possession of their lands.* Thus two most powerful incentives to war 
 
 > luBtrnctions of the Secretary of War to Brigadier General Scott, of Kentucky, March 9, 1T91. 
 
 ' Scott'B ofBclal report to the Secretary of War, Jnne 28, 1791. 
 
 3 Fort Ouiatenon, a stockade built by the French, was near the present :ity of Lafayette, Indiana. 
 
 * "I have destroyed," he said, "the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, and made prisoners of the Bona and slatera 
 of the kin?. I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at least four hundred and thirty acres of corn, 
 chiefly in the milk. The Guiatenons, left without houses, home, or provislocs^ r.inst cease to war, and will find active 
 employ to subsist their squaws and children during the impending winter."— Wilkinson's Official Report to OovemorSt. 
 Clair, Aaewit 2i,mn. 
 
 5 The most active of these British emissaries were Simon Girty, Andrew M'Kee. and Mathew Elliott, three malignant 
 Tories during the Bevolntion. The two latter were natives of Path Valley, Pciin »ylvnnia. Many a murder was Justly 
 charged to these men while the old war for independence was in progress. They carried on their depredations on the 
 frontier with a high hand, and, for their faithfulness in inciting Indian hostilities during that war that led to frighttVl 
 massacres, the British government rewarded them with official station. They married Indian women, and became thor- 
 oughly identified with the savages. At the time we are now considering Elliott and M'Kee were subordinate agents in 
 the British Indian Dei)artmcnt, and, with Girty, had homes near Maiden, in Canada, on the Detroit Hiver. We shall 
 meet Elliott again. Qlrty was an unmitigated scoundrel. More brutal than the most savage Indian, he had not one 
 redeeming quality. He was the offspring of crime. Ills father, an Irishman, was a sot ; his mother was a bawd. He 
 was nurtured among the warlike Senecas, and his Innate crnclty had free scope for growth. With Elliott and M'Kee, 
 who, with him, had been imprisoned at Pittsburg in 1778, he aroused the Indians in the Northwest with the same cry 
 
 1:^^ 'I 
 
IP 
 
 w 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 |h 
 
 » I 
 
 3 
 
 Mfbrti to rorm an lodtan ConlMarscy. BulldInK of FurU to tha Indian Conntrjr. A Camp deep In the Wllderneia. 
 
 were jircHcnted — Hclf-prcHcrviitioji and jtiitrioliHin. In (IfffiiHC «if life and roiuitry they 
 iVHolvi'd to fight to the lawt. Litlk- Turtle, of tlio MiaiiiiH, IJlui' Jucki't, of the Sliaw- 
 nocH(>, and lJiick-ong-a-hi'lo», of the Dehiwarew, j)ut fortli all their eiierj^ieH in the Hum- 
 mer of 1701, as Pontiac had done thirty yearn before, to confederate all the Western 
 triheH in an effort to drive every European from the Hoil north of the Ohio. The 
 protestations of St. Clair that peace, friendship, and justice, not war, Hubjujjation, and 
 rohliery, were the desire (jf the ])eople and f^overnment of the United States, were of 
 no avail ; and he was compelled, for the sake of the national lil'e on the frontier, to 
 attempt to convince them, by the stern argument of arms, that they were governed 
 by bad counselors at Detroit. 
 
 It was determined to establisli a strong military post in the heart of the Miami 
 country, on the site of the present city of Fort Wayne, Congress authorized the 
 raising of sufficient troops for the purpose, and during tlio spring and summer of 
 1791, St. Clair was jmtting forth strong ertbrts in that direction, but with indittercnt 
 success. Enlistments were slow, and it was not until the beginning of September 
 that he had collected a sufiicient force to attempt the enterj)rise with an appearance 
 of safety. These had been collected in the vicinity of Cincimiati, and j)laccd under 
 the immediate command,' in camp, of Major Ilamtramck, who was remarkable as a 
 tactician and disciplinarian,' St. Clair took the field as commander-in-chief. Major 
 General Richard Butler, of Pennsylvania, Avas his second in command, and Winthrop 
 Sargent, Secretary of the Territory, was appointed adjutant general. 
 
 An army little more than two thousand strong, under the immediate command of 
 General liutler, and accomjjanied by General St, Clair, moved forward on the 5th and 
 6th of September," On the bank of the Great Miami, little more than twen- 
 ty miles from P'ort Washington, they halted and built Fort Hamilton, on the 
 site of the present village of Ilamiltor Forty-two miles farther on, at a point about 
 six miles south of Greenville, in the \t Darke County, Ohio, they built Fort Jef- 
 
 ferson. When they moved from the he 24th of October, they began to encoun- 
 
 ter the subtle foe in small parties. It was evident that dusky scouts were hanging 
 upon their flanks, and they became hourly more cautious and vigilant. The nights 
 were frosty, but serene. The days were genial and brilliant. The summer warmth 
 had been difTused over the whole of Sei)tember ; and now the forests Avere. arrayed in 
 all the gorgeous beauty of autumnal splendors peculiar to thein. 
 
 At length, when darl: clouds Averc overhead, and falling leaves were thick in their 
 path, the invading army halted and encamped upon the borders of an nnknoAvn 
 stream, which proved to be a chief tributaiy of the Upjicr Wabasli, They were 
 ninety-seven miles from Fort Washington, deep in the wilderness. A liglit fall of 
 snow lay upon the ground — so light that it appeared like hoar-frost. Over a piece 
 of rising ground, timbered with oak, ash, and hickory, the encampment was spread, 
 with a fordable stream, forty feet in width, in front. The army lay in two lines, sev- 
 enty yards apart, with four pieces of cannon in the centre of each. Across the stream, 
 and beyond a rich bottom land three hundred y.irds in width, was an elevated plain, 
 covered with an open forest of stately trees. There the militia — throe hundred and 
 fifty independent, half-insubordinate men, under Lieutenant Colonel Oldham, of Ken- 
 tucky — were encamped. 
 
 Eight weary miles through the Avoods the soldiers had marched that day, and when 
 the camp was arranged the sun Avas low in the cloudless sky of the west, Ttie tired 
 soldiers early sought repose, Avithout suspicion of danger near. All around them 
 
 St. Clalr-a Trooii, 
 
 ' im. 
 
 that now alarmed them : " The Americans want to take yonr lives and your lands." For more than twenty years the 
 women and children of the Ohio country turned pale when his name was mentioned. 
 
 ' Hamtramck was a poor rider. " He was crooked like a frog on horsehack," said the venerable Major AVhltlock, of 
 Crnwr.irdevlllc, to me, who knew him well, and had served under him. He had the faculty of Inspiring the men with 
 self-confidence, and, notwithstanding he was a most rigid disciplinarian, the troops all loved hira, for he was kind- 
 hearted, generoue, and brave. 
 
 y/' i 
 
 were evidences 
 seen by vigilant 
 witJi their follov 
 
 They Avere ne 
 the Shawnoese i 
 cruel Girty and c 
 thousand fierce \ 
 ments for several 
 a bolt from the c 
 
 The morning o; 
 mosphere, and ui 
 
 ' This sketch of St. CIi 
 by his grandson, Winthr 
 
 Explanation a, Butl 
 
 company J //.cavalry; ^ 
 flank guards; o2,plckett 
 Ing; the crooked stream, 
 ' The late Colonel Job 
 could obtain, the Indlant 
 others at three Uiousand 
 dots, Ottawas, and a few i 
 ' winthrop Sargent's 11 
 
OF TUE WAU OF 18 13. 
 
 47 
 
 8t. Clair*! Troopi and the IndUni. 
 
 BtClalt'iCamp. 
 
 The TribM nprMwntMl by the Warrlon. 
 
 PLAN or BT. CLAIB's OAMP AND nATTI.E.' 
 
 were evidences of old and recent Indian camps, and a few lurking savages had been 
 seen by vigilant eyes ; but no one knew whether Little Turtle and his confederates, 
 with their tbllowers, were near or far away. 
 
 They were near. Only a few miles distant the great Miami leader, Blue Jacket 
 the Shawnoese chief, and Buck-ong-a-hclos, the leader of the Delawares, with the 
 cruel Girty and other white men in the British interest, were lying in wait, with two 
 thousand fierce warriors at their beck.^ These had been watching St. Clair's move- 
 ments for several days, and were waiting for .the proper moment to fall upon him like 
 a bolt from the cloud. 
 
 The morning of the 4th dawned brilliantly. "Moderate northwest wind, serene at- 
 mosphere, and unclouded sky."^ All night long the sentinels had been firing upon 
 
 > This sketch of St. Clair's encampment Is from Wlnthrop Sargent's MS. Jonrnal of the Campaign, kindly lent to me 
 by his grandson, Wiuthrop Sargent, Esq., of Philadelphia. It Is a fac-mmile of Mr. Sargent's sketcli. 
 
 Explanation — a, Butler's battalion ; h h, artillery ; c, Clarke's battalion ; d, Patterson's battalion ; c, Faulkner's rifle 
 company ; //, cavalry ; g, detachment of U. 8. Second Begiment ; ft, Oalther's battalion ; j, Beddinger's battalion \bnp, 
 flank guards ; o 2, pickets ; s, swamp ; nt, camp guard. 'The numerous crosses represent the enemy ; z z, troops retreat- 
 ing; the crooked stream, a tributary of the Wabash. 
 
 » The late Colonel John Johnson, of Doyton, mentioned hereafter. Informed me that, tram the best information he 
 could obtain, the Indians numbered about two thousand. Some have estimated their number at one thousand, and 
 others at three Uiousand. The principal tribes engaged in the battle were the Miamis, Delawares, Shawnoese, Wyan- 
 dots, Ottawae, and a few Cbippewas and Fottawatomjes. 
 
 3 Wlnthrop Sargent's MS. Journal, November 4, 1791. 
 
48 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 St. Clnir'fl Battle with the Indians and hin Dcfoat. 
 
 Flight of the vanqnlahed Army. 
 
 A fleet-footed Woman. 
 
 ^^,^1! 
 
 Iii- 
 
 ^1 M 
 
 prowlini? Indians, and the men, by order of the commandhig general, had slept upon 
 their urins. 
 
 The troops had been early mustered and dismissed from pnrade. They were pre- 
 paring for breakfast, when, half an hour before sunrise, a body of Indians, witl\ yells 
 that wakened horrid echoes miles away through the forest, fell suddenly uptin the 
 militia. The assailed camp was immediately broken up, and the frightened soldiers, 
 most of whom had never been in battle, rushed wildly across the bottom and the 
 creek into the lines of the regulars, producing alarm and confusion there. The In- 
 dians closely follow :h1, and fell upou the regulars. The savages Avere several times 
 repulsed, but soon rallied, and directed their most effective shots upon the artillery in 
 tlic centre. Every officer there was prostrated, and the cannon were silenced. The 
 carnage among the Americans was terrible, yet they withstood the enemy with great 
 gallantry for ahnost three hour.s. Finally, when full one half of the army had fallen, 
 St. Clair ordered a retreat to an old Indian road or trail. Tliis was accomplished after 
 a furious charge as if to turn the enemy's flank.' The militia then led the van in the 
 precipitate retreat, which soon became a flight.^ The fugitive army was well covered 
 by Major Clarke and his battalicm; and the Indians, after following about four miles, 
 tunied back, wonderfully elated with their victory. Little Turtle was in chief com- 
 mand. 
 
 St. Clair behaved gallantly during the dreadful scene. lie was so tortured with 
 gout that he could not mount a horae without assistance. lie was not in uniform. 
 His chief covering was a coarse cappo coat, and a three-cocked hat from under which 
 his white hair was seen streaming as he and Butler rode up and down the lines during 
 the battle. He had throe horses killed under him. Eight balls passed through his 
 clothes. He finally mounted a pack-horse, and upon this animal, which could with 
 difficulty be si)urred into a trot, he followed in the retreat. 
 
 The fugitive army did not halt until safely within the palisades of Fort Jefferson. 
 The panic was terrible, and the conduct of the army after quitting the ground was 
 most disgraceful. Arms, ammunition, and accoutrements were almost all throwi. 
 away ; and even ofHeei*s, in some instances, threw away their arms, " thus setting an 
 example for the most precijiitate and ignominious flight."-' Tliiy left the damp at 
 nine o'clock in ;he morning, and at seven o'clock that evening they were in Fort Jef 
 ferson, twenty-nine miles distant. That evening Adjutant General Sargent wrote in 
 his diary, 'The troops have ail been defeated; and though it is impossible, at this 
 time, to ascertain our loss, yet there can be no manner of doubt that more than half 
 the army are cither killed or wounded."* 
 
 ' There T^ere qnltp a large number of the wonndcd bo maimed that they could not walk or sit npon a horse, and their 
 compnnfonH were CDmpelled to leave them upon the field. " When they knew they must be left," says Sargent, "tliey 
 ehnri;eil tlirl. i)ieoe» with i\ dollheratlon and courage which reflects the highest honor upon them ; and the firing of muc- 
 Uctry in the camp after we had qi-itted it leaves little doubt that their latest efforts were profcoslonally brave, and where 
 they conid pull a trigger they avenged themselves."— JfA'. Jimrnal. 
 
 During the e::;'agcment, tjie Indians, as opportunity offered, plundered and scalped their victims. They also disfig- 
 ured the bodies of tn^ .'lam. Having been taught by the British emissaries that the Americans made war upon them 
 for their lands, they crammed clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats oC the dying and dead.— Dillon's //ii- 
 tiirij of Imliaim, p. 'JJ*:). Among tlic slain was Major General Bntler ; and it has been authoritatively asserted that the 
 miscreant, Slnvm flirty, instigated a savage warrior, while the general was yet alive on the field, to scalp him, and take 
 out his heart for distribution among t'le tribes I 
 
 » The whole nninber of effective trooi)9 in the battle, according to Sargent's return, was 1748. 
 
 5 Sargent's MS. .Tonrnal. There were almost two hundred female camp-foliowers, chiefly wives ot'the soldiers. Of 
 these, fifty-six were k lied ; most of the remainder were In the flight. One of them, Mrs. Catharine Miller, who died in 
 Cincinnati about the year l^iW, w.is sc fleet afoot that she ran ahead of the army. She had a great quantity of l<nig red 
 hair, tliat strenmed lieliind her as ilio ran, and formed the oriflamme which the soldiers followed — Statement of Major 
 Whitlock, of Crawfordsviile, Indiana. 
 
 * MS..I()urnal, Friii ly, November 4, 1701. Mr. Sargent was slightly wonndcd. Ace, rdlng to his report, afterward miidc 
 out carefully, thirty •^i3c offices were killed and thirty 'Uuded; and BTO privates were killed and missing, and v'14 
 wounded. lie did not think many Indians were lost ~prL >ably not mure than one hundred and fifty killed and wound- 
 ed. Several pieces of cannon, and all the baggage, ammunition, and provisl( is were left o'l the field, and oecame spoil 
 for the saMige vict:)i> The value of public property .)st, according to the report of the Secretary of War toward the 
 dune of 1792, waB$il'i,SlU T5. The signature of the Adjutant Oeneral, of which a/ac-aiviiU is given on page 39, was cup- 
 
 Effect of St. Clalr'f 
 
 At P'ort Jc 
 
 army, about 
 
 remnant of S 
 
 they arrived ; 
 
 Intelligence 
 
 ill the West, e 
 
 parts of the V 
 
 tion of the Oh 
 
 St. Clair wa 
 
 and the indinfn 
 
 to Tobias Lear, 
 
 "yes, HERE, on 
 leave of him. 
 !iiid honor. Y( 
 tions, I said, fi( 
 War. I had a si 
 will add but oik 
 mrprisef I re] 
 U.S. He went o 
 .yet!! to suffer 
 surprise— the ve 
 ;i murderer ! II 
 liiin — tlu! curse < 
 The tone of W 
 liis lips. "ItAva 
 lie hurled iini)rc, 
 I'l't'iitliless silence 
 "The roused c 
 seemed conscious 
 gan to subside. 
 
 led from his report. Tn 1 
 Mstions campaign. 
 
 Ammig the slain, as w( 
 
 held the rank of colonel i 
 
 (luarter. Jle was \ nundf 
 
 the camp, ran uj) and torn 
 
 United States. Among tl 
 
 avenge the death of Itutl( 
 
 thwarted his bloody purjH 
 
 ' Th!s event was the the 
 
 on a broadside, and enibel 
 
 II Miami village, an Indian 
 
 dy,"and j)rofe«.>ies to give, 
 
 leriuestofthe friends ofti 
 
 count," the battle W.IS foug 
 
 at Miami Village, near Fo 
 
 writer may be Imagined af 
 
 There was a famou.s song 
 liiusiuformsue, byoueoft 
 
 This song may b; found ii 
 
 ' This Interview was cm II 
 
 liostofl'lttsbnrg. Thence h 
 
 'he sympathies and co-opera 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 40 
 
 Effect of St. Olalr'B Defeat on tho Public Mind. 
 
 Expression of President Washington's Indignation. 
 
 At Fort Jefferson tho flying troops found the First lleginient of the United States 
 iirniy, about thri'e hundred strong. Leaving a well-provisioned garrison there, the 
 i-eninant of St. Clair's force made their way to Fort Washington, where . November, 
 thoy arrived at noon on the Bth." ^^''*' 
 
 Intelligence of St. Clair's defeat produced the gieatest alarm among all tlie settlers 
 in the West, even as far eastward as Pitt^uurg. It cast a gloom over society in all 
 ])arts of the Union, and checked for a short time the tide of emigration hi the direc- 
 tion of tho Ohio.i 
 
 St. Clair was condemned in unmeasured tenns by men of all classes and ])arties, 
 and the indignation of President Washington was exceedingly hot. "Here," lie said 
 to Tobias Lear, his private secretary, 
 " yes, iiERK, on this very spot, I took 
 
 leave of him. I wished him success ^^Ol/^l 
 
 ;iiid honor. You have your instruc- 
 tions, I said, from the Secretary of 
 War. I had a strict eye to them, and 
 will a(hl but one word — beware of a 
 
 surjyrise! I repeat it — bkwakk of a surprise! Yon know how the Indians fight 
 us. lie went off with that, as my last solemn warning, thrown into his ears.^ And 
 j'et ! ! to suffer that army to he cut to pieces, hacked, butchered, tomahawked, by a 
 surprise — the very thing I guarded him against ! ! O God, O (lod, lie is worse than 
 a murderer! How can he answer it to his country? The blood of the slahi is upon 
 hiin — the curse of widows and orphans — the curse of Heaven !" 
 
 The tone of Washington's voice was a])paHing as these vehement sentences escaped 
 liis lips. "It was awful !" said Mr. Lear. "iMore than once he threw his hands uj) as 
 lie hurled imprecations upon St. Clair." Mr. Lear remauied speechless — awed into 
 breathless silence. 
 
 " The roused chief," says the chronicler, " sat down on the sofa once more. lie 
 seemed conscious of his passion, and uncomfortable. He was silent; his wrath be- 
 iian to subside. He at length said, in an altered voice, 'This must not go beyond 
 
 ied from hia report. In Howe's Ilialurieal CoUtvHona of Ohio may be found ninny particulars and anecdotes of this dig- 
 estions canipiiinn. 
 
 Anioiii; tlio slain, as we have obser\'cd, was Major Ocncnil Butler, a highly esteemed officer from Pennsylvania. lie 
 lidd the rank of cploiiol in the Continental army. In 17S7 ho was sent to the Ohio ns a^cnt for Indian ntTuirs in that 
 quiirtor. lie was \ imnded early in tlic iirtion, and before his wounds could be drop, .-d, an Indian, wlio had penetrated 
 llio camp, ran up and toninhnwl<ed and s-calped him. Butler was much beloved l)y tlie Indians who were friendly to tho 
 United States. Anion;; tliosc who loved him most was Big Tree, a Seneca chief In the Genesee Valley. He vowed to 
 avenge tho death of Butler by killing three of the hostile Indians. Because tho treaty of peace at Greenville in I'ilS 
 tliwnrted his bloody purpose, Big Tn i com nitted suicide. 
 
 ' This event was llie theme for oratory, the pulpit, poetry, art, ant". Bong. Ihave before me a dirge-like poem, printed 
 on a broadside, and embelllslied witli rude wood-cuts representing forty coffliis at the head, a iiortrait of General Butler, 
 II Miami village, an Indian with a l)i)w, and the hideous skull and cross-bones. It is entitled "The Columbian Trage- 
 tly,"aiid professes to give, iu verse, "a particular and official account" of tho affair. It was published " by the earnest 
 leqnesl of the friends of the deceased worthies who died in de'-'v.. of their country." According to this "official ac- 
 ( mill," the battle was fought bc^twccu two thousand United St,:tCB i lops " and near four thousand wild Indian savages, 
 :it Miami Village, near Fort WasWngtou !" . pious tone runs thrv-"~'.. tho mournful ballad, and the feelings of the 
 writer may be imagined aftei the perusal of thi;i single verse : 
 
 " My tremlillng hand can scarcely hold 
 My faint, devoted quill, 
 To Write the actions of the Bold, 
 Their Vuhr and their fikill." 
 There was a famons song 'hat was sung for many years afterward, entitled "Sinclair's Defeat," written, as the author 
 ; mis informs us, by one of the soldiers : 
 
 " To mention our brave officers Is what I write to do; 
 No sous of Mars e'er fought more brave, or with more courage true. 
 To Captai'i Bradford I belonged. In his Artillery ; 
 He fell that ("ay among the slain— a valiant man was he." 
 Tills song may b'> found in Howe's Ilistnrirnt CiillfctmiiD of Ohio. p. V.H. 
 
 a This interview was on the 2Sth of March, ITal, the day when St. <;lalr left Plilladelphla and proceeded to tho frontier 
 piis; of Pittsburg. Thence he wont to Kentucky, and afterwanl to Fort WashlDgton, every where eudeaToring to enlist 
 ilie sympathies and co-openitlon of the inhabitants for the campaign. 
 
 D 
 
50 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Washington's Kindness to St. Clair. Kesignation of the latter. His later Days. General Wayne and his Troops. 
 
 tliis room.' Another pause followed — a longer one — when he said, in a tone quite 
 low, ' General St. Clair shall have justice. I looked hastily through the dispatches — 
 saw the whole disaster, but not all the particulars. I will hear him without preju- 
 dice; he shall have full justice.' 
 
 " He was now," said Mr. Lear, " perfectly calm. Half an hour had gone hy ; the 
 storm was over, and no sign of it Avas afterward seen in his conduct or heard in his 
 conversatiori."' 
 
 Washington was both generous and just, and St. Clair found in him a most faithful 
 friend. " Tl\e first interview of the President with the unfortunate general after the 
 fatal 4th of November," says the late Mr. Custis, who was present, " was nobly im- 
 pressive. St, Clair, worn down by age, disease, and the hard8hij)s of a frontier cam- 
 paign, assailed by the press, and with the current of popular opinion setting liard 
 against him, repaired to his chief as to a shelter from the fury of so many elements. 
 AVashington extended his hand to one who appeared in no ncAV character, for, during 
 the whole of a long life, misfortune seemed 'to have marked him for her own.' Poor 
 old St. Clair hobbled up to his chief, seized the oflfered hand in both of his, and gave 
 vent to his feelings in an audible-manner."^ 
 
 St. Clair's case was investigated by a committee of the House of Representatives, 
 and he Avas honorably acquitted. But public sentiment had set against him in a cur- 
 rent too strong to be successfully resisted, and he resigned his commission.^ General 
 Anthony Wayne, whose impetuosity exhibited during the old war for independence 
 had gained him the title of "Mad Anthony," was appointed to fill his place. Wayne 
 was then in the prime of manhood, and Congress and the people had confidence in 
 his intelligence, courage, and energy. Congress authorized an increase of the regu- 
 lar army to a little over five thousand men, and a competent part of this force, to be 
 called the Legion of the United States, was to be assigned to Wayne for an expedi- 
 tion against the Indians in the Northwest. He took post at Pittsburg early in tlu> 
 following June," and appointed that place as the rendezvous of his invading 
 army. It was soon perceived that it was easier to vote troops in the halls of 
 Congress than to draw them out and muster them in the camp ; and it Avas not until 
 near the close of November that Wayne had collected a sufficient number to Avarrant 
 his moving forAvard. He then Avent doAvn the Ohio only about tAventy miles, and there 
 hutted his soldiers in a Avell-guarded camp, Avhich he called Legionville. There he 
 was joined by Lieutenant William Henry Harrison, afterward the distinguished gen- 
 eral in the armies of the United States, and the ninth President of the republic. The 
 
 • Washirtfiton in Doviestic Life, by Richard Rush, p. OT. 
 
 ' llrmllcctinns and Private iVWnoi'rs of Washinittoii . liy his 'idopted son, O. W. P. C'istis, p. 419. 
 
 ' The late Hon. Elishn WhitDescy, of Ohio, Firt', Auditor of the United States Treasury during a portion of the first 
 term of Mr. Lincoln's administration, and a veteran eoidier of ISlSi, furuished me with the following interesting account 
 of his interview with St. Clair three years hefore his death : 
 
 " In May, 1816, four of us called upon him, on the top of Chestnut Ridge, easlwardly eight or ten mile? from Orecii?- 
 bnrg, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. We were traveling on horpcback to Connecticut, and being Informed tlml 
 General St. Clair kept tavern, we decided to cal' for entertainment during the night. We alighted at his recidence late 
 in ihc afternoon, and, on entering his log house, we saw an elderly, neat gentleman, dressed in black broadclotli, silk 
 stockings, and small-clothes, shining shoes whi'se straps were secured by large silver buckles, his hair clubbed and pow- 
 dered. On closing his book he rose, received fs most kindly and gracefiilly, and pointing lis to chairs, he asked us to bo 
 seated. On being asked for entertainment, h'; said, ' Gentlemen, I perceive yon are traveling, and although I should be 
 gratified by your custom, it is my duty to inform you I have no hay nor grain. I have good pasture, but If hay and graiu 
 are essential, I can not furnish them.' 
 
 " There stood before us a major general of the Revolution— the friend and confidant of Washington— late governor of 
 the Territory northwest of the River Ohio— one of natnrc's noblemen, of high, dignified bearing, whom misfortune, nor 
 the ingratitude of his cotuitry, nor poverty could break down nor deprive of self-respect— keeping a tavern In a loi; 
 house, but could not ftirnish a bushel of oats nor a lock of hay. We were moved principally to call upon him to hear hirii 
 converse abont the men of the Revolution and of the Northwestern Territory, and our regret that he could not entertain 
 us was greatly Increased by bearing him converse abont an h(.ur. The large estate he sacrificed for the cause of the 
 Revolution was within a sliort distance of tlic top of Chestnut Ridge, if not in sight. After he was governor he jicti- 
 tioned Congress for relief, but died before It was granted."* 
 
 * During the last two years of his life General St. Clair received a pension of sixty dollars a month iVom his govcni- 
 ment, and his latter days were made comfortable thereby. About ISOO, Senator Orodhead, of Peuusylvanio, procured 
 from Congress an appropriation for the heirs of General St. Clair. 
 
 • 1T92. 
 
 AVayne in the Ind 
 
 young Virgil 
 
 her of Iiis mi: 
 
 Wayne ivi 
 
 Jiroeeeded to 
 
 remained all i 
 
 and encamped 
 
 vilJe. His ar 
 
 men, exclusive 
 
 under the emii 
 
 While the a 
 
 best endeavor 
 
 without more 
 
 tijp pious IleeJ 
 
 i'lieiulship with 
 
 ''i''-,n92. At 
 
 3Liiimee (or M 
 lJaj)ids to hold 
 Guasutha, and c 
 Seci'etary of W 
 eonsultation, del 
 edge any claim 
 In the spring 
 hostile tribes.2 
 
 and favorable to 
 >[iagara, a post i 
 pitalily entertain 
 grand council at 
 were informed bj 
 "atl vised the Ind 
 commissioners ca 
 i;eplied,"It i. oft 
 *oi- his advice on 
 sioners; and Jiis j 
 " the j)rinciple of 
 ousof ulterior de,' 
 At Niagara, aiu 
 .Ida, the commissit 
 ficcoinplished. IJi 
 eouncil j)lainly tol 
 Ilarniar, and claim 
 'lome, as they avoi 
 commissioners, aftc 
 .iT'ist. It was evid 
 "latter, and to arnin 
 We left Wayne a 
 Ion, on the- 23d of C 
 '""I" his stores. Aln 
 
 ' The sentiments of the Ii 
 
 ™«t given by Cornplnnter, 
 
 ,,"■■' "lo snlii. pointiiiu- to t 
 
 U'lween the Americans and 
 
 ^ The commission conslsi 
 
 '^"'c of commissioners t< 
 'Heply of Lieutenant Gov 
 
 tt 
 il 
 
 ite 
 tt 
 
u 
 
 OF I'lIE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 51 
 
 Wayne in the Indian Country. 
 
 A grand Council. 
 
 Interference of Britisli Officials. 
 
 young Virginian soon exhibited qualities which caused Wayne to make him a mem- 
 ber of his military family as his aid-de-camp. 
 
 Wayne remained at Legionville until the close of April, ] 793, when liis whole force 
 proceeded to Cincinnati in boats, and took post near Fort Washington. There they 
 remained all the summer and until the 7th of October, when Wayne moved forward 
 and encami)ed'' six miles in advance of Fort Jefferson, on the site of Gi'een- 
 
 . ■ October 23. 
 
 ville. His army tlien numbered three thousand six hundred and thirty 
 
 men, exclusive of a small body of friendly Indians from the South, chiefly Choctaws, 
 
 imder the eminent warrior. Humming-bird. 
 
 While the army was mnking these tardy movements, the government was using its 
 best endeavors to eiT'ect a pacification of the tribes, and to establish a solid jjcace 
 without more bloodshed. These eflTorts promised success at times. With the aid of 
 the pious Ileckewelder, the Moravian, General Putnam made a treaty of peace and 
 iViemlship with the Wabash and Illinois tribes, at Vincennes, on the 27th of Septem- 
 ber, 1792. At about the same time great numbers of the tribes on the Miami, the 
 ]\Iaumee (or Miami of the Lakes), and Sandusky Rivers, assembled at the j\Iaumec 
 Rapids to hold a grand council, at which Red Jacket, Cornplanter, Big Tree, the aged 
 Guasutha, and other representatives of the Six Nations appeared, at the request of the 
 Secretary of War. Simon Girty was the only Avhite man present. The savages, on 
 consultation, determined, in conformity with the advice of the British, not to acknowl- 
 edge any claim of the United States to lands northwest of the Ohio River.^ 
 
 In the spring of 1793 a commission was sent by the President to treat with the 
 hostile tribes.'* Lieutenant Governor Sinicoe, of Canada, professing to be friendly, 
 and favorable to a pacification of the tribes, the commissioners went by the way of 
 Niagara, a post yet held by the British. Simcoe received them courteously, and hos- 
 l)itably entertained them for five or six weeks, while the Indians were holding another 
 grand council at the Rapids of the Maumee. While tarrying there, the commissioners 
 were informed by a MohaAvk Indian from the Grand River that Governor Simcoe had 
 "advised the Indians to make peme, 6?<< not to give up any of their lands.^^'^ The 
 commissioners called Simcoe's att ution to this. He did not deny the allegation, but 
 replied, " It U of that nature that ii can not be i rue," as the Indians had not " applied 
 for his advice on the subje- "' Tliis subterfuge was Avell understood by the commis- 
 sioners; and his admissic ;it, "ever since the conquest ot ('; ida," it had been 
 "the principle of the British _ >verument to Wf/'fc the Americ li dians" was omin- 
 ous of ulterior designs. 
 
 At Niagara, and at Captain ElliottV, near the mouth f the Detroit River, in Can- 
 ada, the commissioners held councils with tae Iinlians, but nothing satisfactory was 
 accomplished. British influence was more powerful than ev •, and the savages in 
 council j)lainly told the commissioners that if they insisted upon ihe treaty at P^ort 
 IIarm;vr, and claimed lands on the nortliern side of i lo Ohio, they might as well go 
 home, as they would never agree to any other bo iidary than that river. So the 
 commissioners, after several months of fruitless labor, turned liomeward late in Au- 
 gust. It was evident that the might of arms must imki • final settlement of the 
 matter, and to arms the United States resorted. 
 
 We let\ Wayne and his army near Fort Jefferson, ( miles from Fort Washing- 
 
 ton, on the 23d of October. He was then einbaiTassed iiy a lack of suflicient convoys 
 for his stores. Already a party detailed for this purpose had been attacked and se- 
 
 ' The PcntlmentH of the Indians, even the friendly ones, concerning the bonndary, may be Inferred from the following 
 liinst Riven by Corniilantcr, at the tabic of General Wayuo, at I.eiilonvllie, in the spring of ITK! : "My mind is upon that 
 river," he sald.poiiuiiiL: to ttio Ohio. "May that water ever ccmtlnue to run, and remain the boundary of lasting peace 
 lotwecn the Americans and Indians on the opposite shore."— IIai.i.'h Mnnmr nf \¥. II. Ilnrrimn, p. 31. 
 
 = The commission consisted of l)cn.|amin Lincoln, Beverly Iiaiid(dph, and Timothy Pickering. 
 
 ' Note of commissioners to Lientenant Governor Simcoe, 7th .Innc, 17!«). 
 
 I Roi)ly of Lieutenant Governor SImcre to American commissioners, Tth June, ITSfl. 
 
52 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Hostile Intentions of the Britisli revealed. 
 
 Allied Indians and British in Arms, 
 
 Battle at Fort Recovery. 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 -!i 
 
 verely handled by a strong band of Indians under Little Turtle near Fort St. Clair. 
 Lieutenant Lowry and fourteen of his companions were killed,^ and all the horses at- 
 tached to the wagons wore carried off. 
 
 The season was now too far advanced to enter upon a campaign, so Wayne set his 
 army to building a very strong fort on the spot where he Avas encamped. It was 
 made impregnable against the Indians. There they went into winter-quarters.^ Sul- 
 ficient garrisons were placed in the forts at VincenUes, Cincinnati, and JMarietta; and 
 the return of spring was waited for with anxiety, for it was obvious that hostilities 
 with the savages could not be long delayed. 
 
 A European war, to which we shall soon have occasion again to refei', was now 
 having its eifect upon the L^nited States, complicating the difficulties which natu- 
 rally attend the arrangement of a ncAV system of government. Ill feeling between 
 the United States and Great Bi'itain was increasing, and evidences were not wanting 
 that the latter was anxious for a pretense to declare hostilities against the former. 
 Taking advantage of this state of things, Loi-d Dorchester ^formerly Sir Guy Carle- 
 ton), the Governor of Canada, onconraged the Indians in maintaining their hostile at- 
 ' February 10, titude. At a council of warriors f'"...i the West, held at Qnebec early in 
 1T04. 1794," Dorchester, in a speech, said, ^^ Children, since my return I find 
 
 no appearance of a line remains; and from the ni.Mmer in which the people of the 
 states push on, and act, and talk on this side, and from vhat I learn of their conduct 
 toward the sea, J shall not be surprised if ice are at war icith them in the course of the 
 present year ; and if so, a line must then be drawn by the warriors." 
 
 This was a suggestion for the savages to prepare for war. It was followed by an 
 order from Dorchester to Lieutenant Governor Simcoe to establish a British military 
 post at the rapids of the Maumee, fifty miles within the Indian country and the treaty 
 limits of the United States. At the very time when this menacing attitude was as- 
 sumed, the government of the new republic was exhibiting the most friendly feelings 
 toward that of Great Britain by a position of strict neutri;lit}^ 
 
 Wayne was compelled to wait until late in the summer ot'lTOi before he felt strong 
 enough to move forward. Meanwhile the Indians appeared in force. On the 30th ol' 
 June, about a thousand of them, accoiniianied by a number of British soldiers and 
 French Canadian voluntcrs,^ made ♦heir appearance before Fort Hecoveiy (mention- 
 ed in note 2 below), and during the <lay assailed the garrison several times. During 
 these assaidts the Americans lost fifty-seven men in killed, wounded, and missing, and 
 two hundivd and twenty-one horses The Indians lost more, they said, than in their 
 battle with St. Clair. 
 "July 20, Ijfii^s than a month aft>r this engagement, Wayne was johied'' by Major 
 
 1794. General Scott, with sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Kentucky ; 
 « July 28. and two days afterward" he moved forward with his whole force toward the 
 
 Wayne's Expcditic 
 
 • Fort St. Clair was it a point about a mile fVom the site of Enton, in Preble Comi- 
 ty, Ohio. Between it ai.-i Eaton is a email cemetery, and therein, uiion one of those 
 ancient artificial moumls onnimon in Ohio, a neat monument of Hutland niarhli . 
 twelve fc(^t in height, waa erc-'ted by the citizens in commemoration of the plain m 
 Fort Recovery. Lowry and his (,.;r.'.;;..iiionB were hurled In Fori St. Clair. His re- 
 mains were removed to the little cemetery on the 4th of July, 1S22, and there rclii- 
 torrcd with the honors of war. They were afterward hurled In the mouiul. 
 
 - This was called Fort Oreenvillc, and covered a large part r)f the site of the prcv 
 out village of Greenville. The foldlcrs hnllt pcveral hundred log huts, in which thcv 
 wintered comfortably. Each hut was occupied by six persons. 
 
 From Fort Orcenvflle Wayne sent out eight companies, and a detachment of artil- 
 lery to take |)ossosslon of and fortify the place where St. Clair was defeated. They 
 arrived o!i the ground on Chrlstnuis-day, and i)rocecded to build a strong Ktockndc 
 They named It Fort Ticcovery, In commemoration of the fact that they had recuv 
 cred the territory lost by St. Clair, a^ I'll as .ill but one of the cannon which he was compelled to leave behind. A com- 
 pany each of artillery and rifli'men m e left there as n garrison. 
 
 ' Burnet, In his notes, asserts upon .rood authority that there were "a considerable number of BritWh soldiers and Dc 
 trolt militia with the Indians." Fr* iidly Choctaws and Chickasaws with Wiiync, who had been sent on a scout a lev 
 days before, saw a largo body of luu.iue, among whom, they asserted, were many white men with their faces palnleil. 
 
 I.OWRV'S MONrMF.NT. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 53 
 
 Wa3me'g Expedition down tlic Maumec. 
 
 HiB Offers of Peace rejected. 
 
 Conduct of Little Turtle. 
 
 Maumec. Admonished by the fate of St. Clair, he marched cautiously and slowly 
 — so slowly and stcaltliily that the Indians called him The Ulacksnake. Little Turtle 
 was again upon the alert, with two thousand warriors of his own and neighboring 
 tribes within call. The vigilant Wayne well knew this. He had faithful and com])e- 
 teiit scouts and guides, and by unfrequented Avays and with perplexing feints, he 
 moved steadily onward, leaving strength and security in his rear. 
 
 Tweiity-tivc miles beyond Fort Recovery he built a stockade on the bank of the 
 St. Mary's, and called it Fort Adams. From this point he moved Ibrward on the 4th 
 of August, and at the end of four days encamped on a beautiful i)lain at the conflu- 
 ence of the An Glaize and Maumec Rivers, on the site of the present village of Defi- 
 ance. There he found a deserted Indian town, with at least a thousand acres of corn 
 growing around it.^ There, as elsewhere on liis march, the alarmed savages fled at 
 liis approach. He tarried there a week, and built a strong fortification, which he 
 culled Fort Defiance. Of this fort, and the appearance of its remains when I visited 
 it in the autumn of 1 800, 1 shall hereafter write. 
 
 Wayne was now at the nir . )ortant and commanding point in the Indian coun- 
 try. " We have gained the g md emporium of the hostile Indians of the West without 
 loss of blood," ho wrote to the Secretary of War.* And there he gained • August i4, 
 full and positive hiformation concerning the character, strength, and ])osi- ^""■*- 
 tion of the British military post at the foot of the Maumec Rapids already alluded to.^ 
 
 Once more peace and reconciliation were oflVred to the Indians. Notwithstanding 
 lie was in possession of full power to subjugate and destroy without fear of the Rrit- 
 ish intruders below, Wivyne,, unwilling to shed blood unnecessarily, sent a message to 
 the Indians down the Maumee Avith kind words. " Be no longer deceived or led 
 astray," he said, " by the false promises and language of bad white men at the foot of 
 the Rapids ; they have neither the power nor the inclination to i)rotect you." He of- 
 fered them peace and traiuiuillity for themselves and their families, and invited tliem 
 to send deputies to meet him in council without delay. His overtures were rejected, 
 mid by craftiness they endeavored to gain time. " Stay where you are," they said, 
 " for ten days, and we will treat with you ; but if you advance we will give you bat- 
 tle." 
 
 This defiance was contrary to the advice of the sagacious Little Turtle, who coun- 
 seled peace.^ For this he was taunted with accusations of cowardice. The false 
 charge enraged him, and he was foremost in the conflict that immediately ensued. 
 Tiiat conflict was unavoidable. The vigilant Wayne perceived that nothing but a 
 severe blow would break the spirit of the t vibes and end the war, and he resolved to in- 
 flict it mercilessly. For this ])urpose his L'gion moved forward on the 15th of August, 
 and on the 18th took post at Roche de Bout, at the liead of the Rapids, near the pres- 
 ent town of Waterville, and there established a magazine of supplies and baggage, 
 with protecting military works, which they called Fort Deposit. There, on the 19th, 
 Wayne called a council of war, and ado])ted a plan of march and of battle submitted 
 l)y his young aid-de-camp. Lieutenant Harrison, Avho, nineteen years afterward, as a 
 L,a'neral-in-cliief, performed gallant exploits in that portion of the Maumee Valley.* 
 
 1 "The very extensive and highly cultivated fields and gardens chow the work of many hands. The margin of those 
 lioiuitil'ul rivers, the Miami of tlie Lnlies (pronounced Maumee] and An Glaize, appear like one continued village for a 
 iiumher of miles hoth above and below this place; nor bave I ever before behold such immense fields of corn in any 
 piirt of America from Canada to Florida. —Wayne's Letkr to the Seerrtartj of Warfrmn Fort DfflanK, August 14, IJIM. 
 
 3 It was a strong work of earth and logs, mounting four tl-pnundors, two large howit/.ers, six O-poundcrs, and two 
 swivels. The garrison, under Major Campbell, a testy Scotchman, consisted of 280 British regulars and 200 militia. 
 
 ' " We have beaten the enemy twice, under separate commanders," said Little Turtle, in n speech. " Wc can not ex- 
 jicct the same good fortune always to attend us. The Americans arc now led by a chief who never Bleei)s. The night 
 1111(1 the d.iy arc alike to iiim ; and during all the time that he has been marching upon our villages, notwithstanding 
 ihe watchfulness of our young men, we have never been able to surprise him. Think well of It. There is something 
 whispers me it w<nild be ))rudent to listen to the offers of peace." 
 
 » 1 nm Ini'ebled to the Hon. John Francis Ilamtramck Claiborne, of Mississippi, for the plan of the line of march and 
 urilcr uf battle given in the text. lu a' letter to -^c, covering the drawings, dated " Bay St. Louis, MisslBsippl, August 
 
 i 1^ 
 
 ii-V 
 
ft4 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle of the Fallen TImhorR. 
 
 Dcvastntloiig around Fort Miami. 
 
 The Punishment ofM'Kce. 
 
 The British and Ii 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 On the moniing of the 20th, at eight o'clock, 
 Wayne advanced with his whole army accord- 
 ing to the adopted plan of march, having for 
 his subordinate general officers Major General 
 Scott, of the Kentucky volunteei's, and Brig- 
 adier Generals Wilkinson, Todd, and Barber. 
 Tiioy had pi'oceeded about five miles when 
 the advanced corps, under Major Price, were 
 terribly smitien by heavy volleys from the 
 concealed foe, and were compelled to fall back. 
 The legion was immediately formed in two 
 lines, i)rincipally in a dense wood on the bor- 
 ders of a wet prairie, where a tornado had 
 prostrated a large number of trees, making 
 the oper^jtions of cavalry very difficult. This 
 fallen timber^ afforded an admirable covert 
 for the enemy, who, full two thousand sti'ong, 
 and composed of Indians and Canadian volun- 
 teers,^ were posted in three lines, within sup- 
 porting distance of each other. Wayne's 
 troops fell upon the foe with fearful energy, 
 and made them flee toward Fort Miami like 
 a herd of frightened deer to a covert. In the 
 course of an hour the victory was complete. 
 Tiie mongrel horde were di-iven more than two miles through the thick woods, and left 
 forty of tiieir number dead in the i)athway of their flight. By the side of each body 
 lay a musket and b.'iyonet from British armories.* 
 
 Three days and three nights the victorious army remained below the Rapids, wield- 
 ing the besom of destruction in defiance of the threats of the commandant of Fort 
 Miami, within view of whose guns Wayne pitched his tents. On the site of the 
 present Maumee City, tioncd, and chief iiisti- 
 
 near Fort Miami, Colo- ^y y^C^Cc^ ,Jl^y^ ^^ gator of the w.'ir, had 
 
 nel M'Kee, the Brit- •^^...^■■■■'y^'/r^^' •y^t^'^^'-'^'''''^ extensive store -houses 
 ish agent already men- and dwellings, for ho 
 
 was carrying on a most lucrative ti-ade with the Indians. These, Avith their contents, 
 were committed to the flames, while every ])roduct of the field and garden above 
 and below the British fort was utterly destroyed.^ Wayne's men sometimes ap- 
 
 PLAN or TlIK LINE OP MARCH.' 
 
 I'l.AX OF TUB UAllI 
 
 
 !fi 
 
 20, ISCn," Mr. Claiborne remnrks: "This c'ny, sixty-six years ago, wna fought the cr<'nt Battle of the Rapids. I send you 
 the original ' Plan of the Line of March' and of the ' Order of liattlc.' I fonnd tho-sc diagrams among the papers of my 
 father, the late General C'aiborne, who was in the battle, a lieutfuant and acting adjutant in the First Regiment United 
 States Infantry, Colonel J. F. Humtramck. I found them in a package of letters from Harrison to my father, the 'Plan 
 of the Line of March' indorsed, In my father's hanawriting, 'Lieutenant Harrison's Plan, adopted in council, August 
 19, '04.' 
 
 "Wayne, It appears, called a council of war on the Iflth, and the plan, drawn up by Harrison, then a young man of 
 twenty-one years, was adopted by the veteran olTlcers the momeut it was submitted— an homage to skill and talent rarely 
 awarded to a subaltern." 
 
 ' ExiM.ANATioN OK THE Pi.AN. -A A, two squadrous of expert woodmen ; B B, two squadrons of light dragoons; K E. 
 two companies of infantry fr(mt and rear ; G G, one trooj) of light dragoons on enrh flank ; H H, one company of infan- 
 try on each flank ; 1 1, one squadron of dragoons on each tlank : J .1, two companies of riflemen on each flank ; K K, ex- 
 pert woodmen on the extreme of each flank. F F F P represent the main army in two columns, the legion of regular 
 troops on the right, commanded by General Wilkinson, and the Kentucky volunteers, under Scott, on the left. 
 
 » This conflict is often called in history .ind tradition the Battle of the Fallen Timbers. 
 
 ' There were about seventy white men, including a corps of volunteers (Vom Detroit under Captain Caldwell. 
 
 ♦ Among the ofllccrs mentioned by Wayne, In his dispatch to the Secretary of War, whose services demanded special 
 mention, were WilUinson and Hamtramck; his alds-de-camp De Butt, Lewis, and Harrison; Mills, Covington of the 
 cavalry, Webb, Slough, Prior, Smith, Van Rensselaer, Rawlins, M'Kenney, Brook, and Duncan. His loss in killed and 
 wounded was 1.1.1. Of these, 113 were regulars. The loss of the enemy was not ascertainfid. lu their flight they left 
 forty of their dead in the woods. 
 
 ' Wayne's dispatch lo the Secretary of War fj-om Fort Deflitnce, August 28, 1704. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 65 
 
 Tbo British aud Indians humbled. 
 
 Death of Turkey-foot. 
 
 Scenes at the Place of his Death. 
 
 l'I.\> Uf TIIK UA'llLK UF TUE FALLEN TIMUKUS. 
 
 proached within pistol-shot of Fort Miami, but its 
 guns prudently kept silence. Major Campbell, the 
 commandant, contented himself with scolding and 
 threatening, while Wayne coolly defied him and 
 retorted with vigor. Tlieir correspondence was 
 verj' spicy, but harmless in its effects. 
 
 Among the brave warinors in the battle who was 
 the last to flee before Wayne's legion, was Me-sa- 
 sa, or Turkey-foot, an Ottawa chief, who lived on 
 lilanchard's Fork of the Au Glaize River. He was 
 greatly beloved by his people. His courage was 
 conspicuous. When he found the line of the dusky 
 warriors giving way at the foot of Presque Isle 
 Hill, he leaped upon a small boulder, and by voice 
 and gesture endeavored to make them stand firm. 
 He almost immediately fell, pierced by a musket 
 ball, and expired by the side of the rock. Long 
 years afterward, Avhcn any of his tribe passed along 
 tlie Maumee trail, they would stop at that rock, and linger a long time with mani- 
 festations of sorrow. Peter Navarre, a native of that region, and one of General Har- 
 rison's most trusted scouts during the War of 1812, who accompanied me to the 
 spot in the autumn of 1800, told me that he had seen men, women, and children gather 
 around that rock, place bits 
 
 of dried beef^ parched peas ^^ i. ^^^c^ :~r::^ " = . -<,.--: 
 
 and corn, and sometimes _x:ab tf^ 3K;^":v^" y S^zJ---^-': - 
 
 some cheap trinket upon it, - ' 
 
 and, calling frequently u])on 
 the name of the beloved Ot- 
 tawa, weep piteously. They 
 carved many rude figures of 
 a turkey's foot on the stone, 
 as a memorial of the English 
 name of the lamented Me-sa- 
 sa. The stone is still there, 
 by the side of the highway 
 at the foot of Presque Isle 
 Hill, ^vithin a few rods of 
 the swift -flowing Maumee. 
 Many of the carvings are 
 still quite deep and distinct, 
 while others have been ob- 
 literated by the abrasion of 
 the elements.' Of this locality, so famous in the chronicles of the War of 1812,1 shall 
 have more to say hereafter. 
 
 TDBKBV-FOOT 8 EOC'K. 
 
 ' The above view of Tiirketi-fiwen lioch is nt the foot of the Maumee Rnplds, looking up the fifream. It is seen in the 
 foreground, on the rifht, and over it the road passing over Presque Isle Ilill. It was hero, and farther to the right, that 
 the Indians were )>osted among the fallen trees. On the left Is seen the Maumee, which here sweeps In a graceful cnr^•e. 
 Tlie point across the Maumee at the bend is the river termination of a plain, on which General Hull's army was encamp- 
 ed while on its march toward Detroit in the summer of 1S12. There the army crossed the Maumee. 
 
 Turkey-foot Rock is limestone, about five and a half feet in length and three feet in iieiu'ht. It is about three miles 
 above Maumee City. In allusion to the event whi.^h the rock commemorates, Andrew Oofflnberry, of Perrysburg, in a 
 poem entitled "The Forest Ranger, a Poetic Tale of the Westeia Wilderness of 1794," thus wrote, after giving an ac- 
 count of Wayne's progress up to this time : 
 
 . " Yet at the foot of rer. Presque Isie 
 Brave Me-sa-sa was warring (till : 
 
 tjf !' If 
 
f^ 
 
 ■■f 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ) 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 !?! 
 
 I 
 
 66 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Troops bnlld Port Wayne. 
 
 Colonel Uamtramck, 
 
 The hnmbled .udlans sne for Peace. 
 
 Having thoroughly accomplished his work, Wayne returned with his army to Fort 
 • Angust '2T, Defiance," while the Indians, utterly defeated and disheartened, retired *o 
 
 ^^^- the borv'jrs ofMaumec Bay, in the vicinity of Toledo, to brood over tlieir 
 misfortunes and ponder upon the future. At the middle of September the victors 
 moved from Defiance to the head of the Maumee, and at the bend of that river, just 
 below the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's, which form it, they built a 
 strong fortification, and named it Fort Wayne. It was completed on the 22d of Oc- 
 tober, and was immediate- 
 ly garrisoned with infan- 
 try and artillery, under 
 Colonelllamtramck.' This 
 accomplished, the remain- 
 der of the troops left, some 
 for Fort Washington, to be 
 discharged from the serv- 
 ice, and tlie others for Fort 
 Greenville, where AVayuc made his head-quarters for the winter. Thither deputa- 
 
 tions from the various tribes with whom he had been at war came to Wayne, and 
 agreed upon preliminary terms of peace. They well remembered his assurance that 
 the British had neither the power nor the inclination to help them — an assurance 
 verified by the silence of Fort Miami's guns. They promised to meet him in council 
 early in the ensuing summer, for the purpose of forming a definitive treaty of j)eace 
 between the United States and the Indian tribes of the Northwest. Faithful to their 
 promise, chiefs and sachems began to reach Fort Greenville early in June. A grand 
 council was opened there on the 16th of that mouth, and was continued until the 10th 
 
 He stood upon a lurge rongh stone, 
 Still denlint,' random blows alone ; 
 But bleeding fast— glazed were his eyes, 
 And feeble grew his battle-cries ; 
 Too frail his arm, too dim his sight, 
 To wield or aim his axe aright; 
 As still more frail and faint he grew, 
 UU body on the rock he threw. 
 As coursed his blood along the ground, 
 In feeble, iow, and hollow sound, 
 Mingled with frantic peals and strong. 
 The dying chief poured forth his song." 
 Here follows "The Death-song of the Sagamore." 
 
 > John Francis Hamtramck was a most faithful and nsefiil officer. He was a resident of Northern New York when the 
 Revolution broke out, and was a captain In the Continental army. He was appointed a major iu the regular army of the 
 United States In September, ITS!), and was promoted to be lieutenant colonel commandant of the first sub-legion in Feb- 
 ruary, 1793. He commanded the left wing under General Wayne In the battle of the Maumee, In August, 17»4, and held 
 the rank of lieutenant colonel in the First Infantry in 1790. He was retained as colonel on the reduction of the army in 
 April, 1802, and on the 11th of April the following year he died and was buried at Detroit. 
 
 While in Detroit, in the autumn of ISOO, I visited the grave of Colonel Ham- 
 tramck, and made the accompanying sketch. It is in the grounds attached to 
 St. Anne's Orphan Asylum, and between that Institution and St. Anne's Cliurch, 
 both belonging to the Roman Catholirs. The monument over his grave and 
 the grounds around it were much neglected. The former was dilapidated, the 
 latter covered with weeds and brambles. The monument Is composed of !i 
 light freestone slab, grown dingy from the effects of the elements, lying upon 
 a foundation of brick. It bears the following luscriptlon : 
 
 "Sacred to the memory of John Fkanois Hamtbamok, Ksq., Colonel of the 
 
 First United States Regiment of Infantry, apd Commandant of Detroit and iti^ 
 
 dependencies. He departed this life on the 11th of April, 1803, aged 46 years, 
 
 7 months, and 27 days. True patriotism, and zealous attachment to national 
 
 liberty, joined to a laudable ambition, led him Into military service at an early 
 
 period of his life. He was a soldier even before he was a man. He was an 
 
 active partlclpa - in all the daniii < ■<, difficulties, and honors of the Revoiu. 
 
 ttonary War; and his heroism and uniform good conduct procured him the 
 
 attention and personal thanks of the immortal Washington. The United 
 
 States, in him, have lost a valuable officer and good citizen, and society a 
 
 nseftil and pleasant member. To his family his loss is incalculable, niul his friends will never forget the memory of 
 
 Haratramck. This humble monument is placed over his remains by the officers who had the honor to serve under his 
 
 command: a small but grateful tribute to hU merit and bis worth." 
 
 HAMTRAMCK 8 TOMB. 
 
 Treaty with the In 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 67 
 
 Treaty with tbo Indians at UreecvUle. 
 
 Pooco secured. 
 
 of August. Almost eleven hundred Indians were present, rejjresenting twelve tribes.' 
 A definitive and sat! ■'factory treaty was signed by all parties on the 3d of August, 
 !ind the paeifieation of the Indians of the Northwest was thereby made comph'te.'- 
 Hy the operations of a 8j)eeiul treaty between the United States and Great liritain, 
 the Western military posts were speedily evacuated by the British, and for fifteen 
 years the most remote frontier settlements were safe from any annoyance by the In- 
 dians. This security gave an immense imi)etus to emigration to the Northwestern 
 Territory, and the country was raj)idly filled with a hardy population. 
 
 1 Wyandots, Dchnvares, Shawuocsc, Ottawoe, Chlppcwas, Pottawatomlos, Mlamis, Weas, K'ckapoos, Piaiikc8hawi<, 
 KaKkanklnx, and Kol River Indians. 
 
 2 After the treaty had been twice read to the Indhuip, and every eection explained by Ocneri,! V/aync, that nflloer 
 said: "HnitherH,— All you natlurs now present, listen! Yon now have had, a cecond time, the proposed articles of 
 treaty read and explained to you. It Is now time for the ne^jotlatlon to draw to a conclusion. I shall, therefore, ask 
 each nation Individually If they approve of and are i)repared to sign those articles In their i.icsent form, that they may 
 be Immediately enjj;rossed for that purpose. I shall begin with the Chlppcwas, who, with the others who approbate the 
 measure, will si)j;nify their assent. You, Chlppcwas, do you approve of these articles of treaty, and are you prepared to 
 sign themf [A nnanimons answer— yes.] You, Ottawas, do yon agree? [A unanimous aiiswer— yes.J You, Potta- 
 watomiesf [A unanimous answer— yes.] You, Wyandots, do yon agree? [A unanimous answer— yes.] Yon, Dcla- 
 warcs? [A unanimous answer— yes.] Yon, Shawnoese? fA unanimous answer -yes.] You, Miamis, do you agree? 
 [A unanimous answer— yes.) Y'on, Weas? I A unanimous answer— yes.] And you, Kickaiioos, do you agree? [A 
 unanimous answer— yes.] The treaty shall be enatrossed ; and, as it will require two or three days to do It properly on 
 l):irrhment, we will now part, to meet on the 2d of August. In the Interim, we will cat, drink, and rojolco, and thank 
 tlie Great Spirit for the happy stage this good work has arrived at." 
 
 After the treaty was signed, a co|)y of it on paper was given to the representative of each nation, and then a 1 rge 
 quantity of goods aiul many small ornaments were distributed among the Indians i)rcsent. On the Kith, at the close of 
 the council, General Wayne said to them : " Brothers, I now fervently pray to the Great Spirit that the jicacc now es- 
 tablished may be permanent, and that It may liold us together in the bonds of friendship until time shall be no more. 
 I also pray that the Great Spirit above may enlit'liten your minds, and open your eyes to your true happU.ess, that your 
 children may learn to cultivate the earth and enjoy the fruits of jjcace and Industry. As it is probable, my children, 
 tliut we shall not soon meet again in public council, I take this opportunity of bidding you all an afToctlonate farewell, 
 and of wishing yon a safe and happy return to your respective homes and families." 
 
 By this treaty the Indians ceded about twenty-tlve thousand square miles of territory to the United States, besides 
 sixteen se|)aratc tracts, including lands and forts. In consideration of those cessions, the Indians received goods from 
 tiie United States, of the value of 4f2i\UflO, as presents, and were promised an annual allowance, valued ut $i)500, to be 
 equitably distributed among all tlie tribes who were parties to the treaty. 
 
lii 
 
 58 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Orgnulzatlon of the uow aavernmont. 
 
 Iti Policy Indicated. 
 
 Its Power manlfKated. 
 
 1 = 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 "What coustltutcB n state f 
 
 Mfn, who their duties know, 
 But know their ri^'htH, and, knowing, dare maintain; 
 
 Prevent the loiiK-ahncd blow, 
 And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain— 
 
 These constitute a state," 
 
 Sm WlLLIAll J0ME8. 
 
 " There's a warfare where none hut the morally brave 
 
 Stand nobly and tirmly, their country to save. 
 , 'TIh the war o{ ojiininn, where few can be found. 
 
 On the mountain of principle, guarding the ground ; 
 
 With vlgilunt eyes ever watching the foes 
 
 Who are prowling around them, and aiming their blows." 
 
 Mas. Dana. 
 
 IITLE the arm of military power was removing the remains of a 
 lioary barbarism from the beautiful region west of the Allegha- 
 nies, preparatory to the fouiuling of great eommonwealths there, 
 the new national goviniment Avas summoning its functions into 
 energetic and beneficent action. Men were never called upon 
 to perform duties of greater importance and momentous conse- 
 quences. They were charged with the estalilishment of the for- 
 eign and domestic policy of a nation, "not for a day, but for all 
 time." The President and the Legislature felt the responsibility, and in solemn earn- 
 estness they elaborated schemes for the future prosperity of the republic. • 
 
 The earliest efforts of Congress, after its organization, Avere directed to the arrange- 
 ment of a system of revenue, in order to adjust the wretched financial affairs of the 
 country. Mr. JNIadison, the tacitly acknowledged leader in the House of Re])resenta- 
 tives, ])re8ented the plan of a temporary tariff upon foreign goods imported into the 
 United States, with provisions favorable to American shipping ; also a scheme of ton- 
 nage duties, in which great discriminations were made in favor of American vessels, 
 as well as those of France, Holland, Sweden, and Prussia, the only nations having 
 treaties of commerce Avith the United States. An efficient revemie system was speed- 
 ily adopted and put in motion, for the consolidated government possessed inherent 
 power to do so. 
 
 Tills first practical exhibition of sovereignty by the central government of the 
 United States opened the eyes of British merchants and statesmen to the fiict that 
 the Americans had suddenly made a stride toward absolute independence — that their 
 commerce was no longer subjected to the caprice of foreign powers, nor neglected 
 because of the disagreements and jealousies of thirteen distinct Legislatures. They 
 perceived that its interests were guarded and its strength nurtured by a central 
 poAver of Avonderful energy, and that the ncAV republic had taken its place among 
 the family of nations Avitli just claims to the highest respect and consideration. Other 
 nations yielded the same recognition, and its future career Avas contemplated Avith 
 peculiar interest throughout the civilized Avorld. 
 
 Wliile the House of Representatives Avas engaged on the subject of revenue, the 
 Senate was occupied in arranging a judiciary system. A bill for the purpose Avas 
 offered in that body by Oliver EllsAvorth, of Connecticut. Afler undergoing several 
 amendments, it was concurred in by both houses of Congress, and a national judiciary 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 59 
 
 Tbe Judiciary. AmeiidmciiU to tho Constltntlon. Cabinet MlulHteri. Relntloiis with Franco and England. 
 
 was established similar in all its essential features to that now in operation. It con- 
 sisted of one chief justice and five associate justices, who were directed to hold two 
 sessions annually at the seat of the national j^overnment. Circuit and district courts 
 were also established, which had jurisdic^tion over certain specified cases. Each state 
 was made a district, as were also the two Territories of Kentucky and Maine. The 
 districts, excepting the two Territories, were jir()>iped hi> as to form three circ\iits. A 
 nnirsiial and district attorney were appointed for each district by the President.' 
 
 Tiie subjects of revenue and judiciary being well disposed of, Congress next turn- 
 ed its attention to the organization of executive departments. Only three — Treas- 
 ury, War, and Foreign Relations — were established. The heads of these were styled 
 Secretaries instead of Ministers, as in Europe. The President of the United States 
 was clothed witli power to ai)|)oint or dismiss them at his pleasure, with the concur- 
 rence of the Senati'. Tliey were designed to constitute a cabinet council, ever sub- 
 ject to the call of the President for consultation on public affairs, and bound to give 
 him their opinions in writing ■when required. 
 
 The attention of Congress Avas next turned to the amendments of the Constitution 
 proposed by the peojde of the several states, which amounted, in the aggregate, to 
 one hundred and forty-seVv?n, besides separate Bills of Rights ])roposcd l)y Virginia 
 and New York, Sixteen of the amendments were agreed to, and twelve of them were 
 subsequently ratified by the people and became a part of tlie organic law of the na- 
 tion. The profound wisdom of the framers of the Constitution and its own perfection 
 are illustrated by the faet tliat, of tliese twelve amendmci is, not one of them, judged 
 by subsequent experience, was of a vital character. 
 
 Before the adjournment of Congress on the 20th of Sejitember," the Presi- 
 dent had appointed Ids Cabinet,^ and the new government was fairly set in 
 motion. Its foreign relations were, <m the whole, satisfactory, and only in England 
 were otlier than friendly feelings toward the Ignited States manifested. Tiiesc were 
 met b' corresponding ill feeling toward England on this side of tlie Atlantic. The 
 reser' ts caused by the late long Avar were blunted, but by no means deprived ot 
 
 the' iigth; and, finally, the fact that tlie British government still held possession 
 
 of ^\ estern military posts Avithin the boundary of the United States, and that from 
 these had gone out influences Avhich iiad involved their country in a bk)ody and ex- 
 ])L'nsive Avar Avith the Indians, ])roduce(l much irritation in the American mind. This 
 was intensified by the Avounds given to their national pride by the British govern- 
 menf, in so long refusing to negotiate a connnercial treaty Avith them, and declining 
 to reciprocate the friendly advances of the United States by sending a minister to re- 
 side at the national capital. 
 
 With their old ally, France, the most ])erfect friendship still existed, but it Avas 
 destined to a speedy interruption. Events in that country, and the position assumed 
 by the President of the United States in relation to them, caused violent animosity to 
 take the place of cordial good Avill, and Avere among the causes Avhich gave liirth to 
 j)arties in America Avhose collisions, for several years, shook the republic to its centre, 
 and at times threatened its existence. Tlie animosities of these parties, and the col- 
 lateral relations of national policy and events in France and England to them, Avill be 
 found, as Ave proceed in our narrative, to have played an important part in the great 
 drama Ave are considering, at the period immediately preceding and duruig the prog- 
 ress of the War of 1812. 
 
 ' 1T8». 
 
 1 John Jay, of New York, was appointed Chief Justice of the United States ; and John Rutledfre, of South Carolina, 
 Jamea AVllson, of Pennsylvania, AVIlllam Cashing, of Massachusetts, Robert H. Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, 
 of A'Irfrinia, were appointed associate judges. 
 
 ' Alexander namilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of AVar ; and Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, the duties of which were the same as now porforinod by the Secretary of State, or 
 prime minister. The Navy Department was not created until 17!>S. Naval affairs were under the control of the Secre- 
 tiiry of War. At that time the Attorney General and Postmaster General were heads of departments, but were not, as 
 now, Cabinet offlcers. Edmund Randolj)!! was appointed Attorney General, and Samuel Osjjood Postmaster General. 
 
60 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Revolutionary Movemeuta In France. 
 
 LoAiyette the Leader. 
 
 Kzcltement In Parla. 
 
 National Auembly. 
 
 Kxcltement In I 
 
 At tlii^ vt'iy time wlicn the fruits oftlie Aiiiericaii Uevoliition were exhiliitinj,' tlioir 
 ripeiu'SH iu tlie lorm of a free ami vigorous nation full of promise, tlie i^^mjiiie (_)f 
 France, made unsound to the core by social and political corruptions most foul, was 
 HJiakcn by a moral cartli(iuake — a revolution severe at tlie beginning, and terril)!e in 
 its subse(iuent ct)urse. The Fn iich monarch was weak, his advisers were wicked, 
 and the dominant classes, through lu.vury and concomitant vices, were exceedingly 
 corrupt. The good and the brave of the kingdom hail long jierceived the abyss of 
 woe ui»oii the brink of which tlu'ir country was j)oise<l, and with a heroism which in 
 the light of history appears almost divuie, they resolved to Hound the trumpet of po- 
 litical reform, and arouse king, nobles, and people to a sense of solemn duty as nu'ii 
 and |iatriots. 
 
 At the head of these brave men was Lafayette, seconded chiefly by the Duke de 
 Rochefoucauld and M. Condorcet. They wished to obtain for France a Constitution 
 similar to that of Fngland, which they regarded as the most jK-rfect model of human 
 government then known. They loved their king because of his many virtues, and 
 would have advised him wisely had their voices been permitte<l audience in the Tui- 
 leries; but they loved France more than their king, and desired to see her crowned 
 with true glory, basi'd upon the welfare and prosj)erity of her people. To accomplish 
 this, they ])laced their hopes on a virtuous constitutional monarchy. 
 
 For a long time Lafayette and his coadjutors had been elaborating their scheme. 
 At length, in the Assembly of Notables, in Ajiril, 1789, that champion of rational lib- 
 erty stood up in his place and boltlly demanded a series of reforms in the name of 
 the 2>coi)le, one of which Avas a representative National Assembly. "What!" ex- 
 claimed the Count D'Artois, one of the king's bad advisers, "do you make a motion 
 for the States General?" " Yes, and even nu)re than that," (piickly resj)onded Lafay- 
 ette. That more Avas a charter from the king, by Avhich the pul)lic and individual 
 liberty should be acknowledged and guaranteed by the future States General. The 
 proj)osition was received Avith unbounded enthusiasm. The measure Avas carried. 
 Early in May a session of the States General Avas opened at Versailles, and they con- 
 stituted themselves a National Assembly. 
 
 NoAV Avas the golden opportunity for King Louis. Slight concessions at that mo- 
 ment might have secured blessings for himself and his country, But he lieeded the 
 counsels of venal men more than the supjjlicatioiis of his real friends. lie opposed 
 the ])opular Avill, and took the road to ruin, lie ordered the liall of the National As- 
 sembly to be closed, and ])laced a cordon of mercenary German trooj)S around Paris 
 to overaAve the peo])le. From that time until early in July the French cajiital Avas 
 dreadfully agitated. Passion ruled the hour. The city Avas like a seething caldron. 
 Every one felt that a terrible storm Avas about to burst. 
 
 The National Assembly Avas iioav sitting in Paris, and thoroughly sustained by the 
 })cople. They called for the organization of forty-eight thousand armed militia. 
 Within tAVO days^tAVo hundred and seventy thousand citizens Avere enrolled. A state 
 mayor Avas a])i)ointed by the tOAvn assembly, and the Marquis La Salle Avas named 
 commander-in-chief. 
 
 Court dispatches Avere intercepted by the people by the arrest of royal couriers. 
 Then they demanded arms. An immense assemblage Avent to the Hos])ital of the 
 Invalids on the 10th of July, and demanded from the governor the instant delivery to 
 them of all Aveapons there. He refused, and they seized thirty thousand muskets and 
 tAventy pieces of cannon. Then they visited the shops of the armorers and the de- 
 pository oftlie Garde-meuble^awA. seized all the arms found there. 
 
 Higher and lijgher rose the tide of revolution. The girdle of soldiers around Paris 
 Avas the chief cause for present irritation. The National Assembly sent a deputation 
 to the king at Versailles to ask him to remove them. His good heart counseled com- 
 pliance, but his Aveak head boAved to the demands of bad advisers. " I alone have 
 
OK THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 n 
 
 Kxcltnninnt In I'arla. 
 
 Purmiitlon of u Natlunnl Utiunl. 
 
 Troachory at tbe BmUIo. 
 
 ThM Mwm dMinqrtd. 
 
 tilt! rii^lit to judpfo of tho necessity, and in that respect I can make no ctiiinj:;©," was 
 till' iiiuii^lity iUiHWor oftlio iiini^ liorrio l)iick to llic AsHonilily. Tiiis answer, and tho 
 ilixinissiil of ^l. Nofkcr, the eoiitrolh'r oftiie treasury, and utiier patriotic ministers 
 wlio llivorcd rt'f'onii, produced a crisis. 
 
 I'aris was eoniparaliveiy (luict on the nijj;ht of tl\e 13th of July. It was the omin- 
 ous hill before tin- burstini; of tlie tempest. The streets were barricaded. The ]ieople 
 formed themselves into a National (Juard, and chose Lafayette as their commaiidiT. 
 (iiui, sabre, scythe, ami whatever weapon fell in their way was seized. Multitudes 
 of nu'ii of tlu! same opinion embraced each other in the streets as brothers, and, in 
 an instant almost, a National (iuard of one hundred thousand determined men was 
 forn\ed. 
 
 The inr)rninLC of the 14th was serene. The sky was cloudless. Rut storms of |ias- 
 siou were swcpintj over Paris. The people were in motion at an early hour. Their 
 steps wert! toward the I5astile, a hoary state prison, which was rci^arded as the slroni^- 
 hold of despotism. They stood before it in imnu'use numbers. A ])arley ensued. 
 The {fates were opened, and ibrty leadincj ■■itizens, as representatives of the |)opn- 
 laee, were allowed to enter. The bridi^es were then suddeidy drawn, and volleys 
 of musketry soon tohl a tak of treachery most foul. They were all murdered! 
 That moment marks the openim; of the terrible scenes of the Freiu-h devolution. 
 With demoniac yells the exasperated ])o|)ulace draLjijed heavy cannon before the 
 tjates, and threatened the destruction of the Hastile. The terrified governor displayed 
 a white flai;, and invited a second deputation to enter the gates. These shared tho 
 fate of the former! The furious multitude would no loniijer listen to words of |)eace. 
 They were treacherous all. A breach was soon made in the walls. The !.^overiu)r 
 and other officers were draijijed to execution, and their heads were paraded upon 
 pikes through the streets. The great iron key of the Bnstile was sent to the City 
 Hall.' The National Assembly decreed the demolititm of the hated jirison, and very 
 soon it was leveled to the ground.'' Upon its site, now the I'ltice do Jiantile, stands 
 the Colnnin of Juhj^ erected by Louis l'hili|)pe to commemorate the devolution in 
 18;?0, which placed hini on the throne. Laliiyette sent the key of the JJastile to 
 Washington, who placed it in the broad passage at Mount Vernon, where it still 
 hangs. 
 
 The National Assembly elected Lafayette commander- in -chief of the National 
 (tuard of all France, a corps of more than four millions of armed citizens. They 
 voted him a salary of fifty thousand dollars a year, but, imitating Washington, he 
 refused to accept any remuneration for his services. The humbled king approved liis 
 appointment, and the monarch, deserted by his evil counselors, threw himself upon 
 the National Assembly. "lie has been deceived hitherto," Lafayette proclaimed to 
 the public, "but he now sees the merit and justice of the popular catise." The over- 
 joyed people shouted " Long live the king I" and for a moment the Kevolution seemed 
 to be at an end and its purposes accomplished. 
 
 But Lafayette, who comprehended the labors and the dangers yet to be encoun- 
 tered, was filled with ajiprehension. The wily Duke of Orleans, who desired the de- 
 struction of the king for the base purpose of his own exaltatitm to the thnme, was 
 ijusied in sowing the seeds of distrust am'oiig the people.^ The d\ike incited them to 
 demand the monarch's presence at the Tuileries. Louis went voluntarily from Ver- 
 saijles to Paris, followed by sixty thousand citizens and a hundred deputies of the 
 
 ' For a picture and description of this key, see LosslnR'a FirUI-liook of the Revnlution, !i., 2fli). 
 
 ' A picture of the Bastilo may he found In LoHsin^'s H'lvie of \Va«hiniiton ami ita AmoriatioiiH, p. 221. 
 
 ' " lie does not, Indeed, i)o»6cs8 talent to carry Into execution a trrcat project," said Lafayette to John Trumhull, who 
 •.vas ahout to leave Paris, "blit he i)opsesses Immeni'C wealth, and France ahoundf in marketable talents. Every city 
 and to^vn has young men eminent for abilities, particularly In the law— ardent in character, eloquent, amhiticms of dis- 
 tinction, but poor." Many of these were tho men who composed the leaders lu the Heign of Terror, and reddened the 
 streets of Paris with human blood. < 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 

 C2 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 i M 
 
 
 European Wur expected. Orent Britain and Spain in lll-hamor. 
 
 Attempt to extort Jnetice ftrom Oreat Britain. 
 
 Assembly, and there formally accepted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which 
 was presented to him. The people were satisiied, and the duke was disapj)ointed. 
 Order reigned in Paiis and throughout the kingdom. The brjaring of these events 
 upon our suhjeot will be obsei-ved i»resently. 
 
 At this timo a general Euro])ean war seemed inevitable. A long-pending contro- 
 versy between Great Hritain and Spain renuiineil unsettled. It was believed that 
 Fi-ance, with her traditional hatred of Great Britain, would side with Spain. This 
 alliance would menace England with mu.'h danger. At the same thne, Spain, a de- 
 clining power, would necessirily be much embarrassed by war. Viewing this situa- 
 tion of affairs in Western Europe with the eye of a statesman, Washington concluded 
 that it was a favorable time to urge npon Si)ain the claims of the United States to 
 the free navigation of the Mississippi, concerning which negotiations had been for 
 some time pending, and also to press upon Great liritain tiie necessity of complying 
 with the yet unfulfilled articles of the Treaty of 1783. Mr. Carmichael, the American 
 Charge des Affaires at the Court of Madrid,' Avas instructed not only to press the 
 point concerning the navigation of the Mississippi with earnestness, but to endeavor 
 to secure to the United States,' " cession, Jie island of New Orleans and the Floi-idas, 
 offering as an equivalent the abiding fri'indship of the new republic, by which the 
 territories of Sj/ain west of the Mississippi might be secured to that government. 
 At the same time, Gouverneur Morris, then in Paris, was directed by Washington to 
 repair to London, and, with sincere professions of a desire on the part of the United 
 States " to promote iiarmouy and mutual satisfaction between the two countries," 
 sound the British mhiistry on the subject of a full and immediate execution of the 
 Treaty ofl78.G.2 
 
 Morris had a formal interview with the Duke of Leeds, the Secretary of Foreign 
 Affairs, near the close of March, 1790. He was received with cordiality, and was 
 a.ssni'ed of the earnest desire of (4reat Britain to cultivate friendly i-elations with the 
 United States, and the determination of the king to send a minister to America. E it 
 when Morris attempted to hold explicit conversation on the subject of his semi-offi- 
 cial mission he was met with evi'.sion and reticence. It was immediately made evi- 
 dent to \\'. n that there was real rehictance on the part of Great Britain to fulfill the 
 stipulations of the Treaty of 1783, or to make a fair commercial arrangement, and that 
 there was a disposition to procrastinate while the difficulties between Gi-eat Britain 
 and Spain remained unadjusted. He found great misapjtrehensions existing in En- 
 gland concerning the real character of the Americans and their government, even 
 among the best informed. They overrated the importance to Americans of friendship 
 with them. They believed thnt trade with Great Britain was of vital consetpience 
 lO vhe Americans, and that the latter would make an international commercial treaty 
 u])Ou almost any terms to secure it. With this belief, a committee of Parliament, to 
 whom had been referred the revenue acts of the United States, acting under the ad- 
 vice of the merchants of leading maritime towns of Great Britain, reported early in 
 1 790, in favor of negotiating a commercial treaty with the Americans, but with the 
 explicit declaration that the commissioners shoul<l not " submit to treat" for the ad- 
 mission of American vessels into any of the British islands or colonial ports. They 
 actually believed that the necessities of the I'^nited States would make them acqui- 
 esce in an arrangement so ungenerous and partial. 
 
 While war with. Spain seemed .impending, the British ministers listened compla- 
 cently to what Moi-ris had to say about the frontier inilitaiy ))OSts, the inqji'cssment 
 of American seamen into tlu! British naval service under the [»lea that they Avere sub- 
 
 ' William Carmichael went to Spain with Minister John Jay, ns secretary of legation, In 1779, and when that ftinctioii- 
 ory left, Mr. Carmichael rcinaiued as Charge (ten Affaircn. After the Treaty of Peace was ulcncrl hi ns.1, the Spanish {tm- 
 ernment reuieed to acknowlciljje him e-i bucIi, bnt lliiiilly, tbroujjh the agency of Lafayette, they lelnctanlly cont-enled 
 to do BO. 
 
 » Washington's letter to Qouvcnieur Morris, October 1.1, 1789. 
 
 Dlsconrtesy of the 1 
 
MIMk- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 63 
 
 DlBConrtesy of tho Hrltieh Government. 
 
 The Americans supposed to be dependent. 
 
 A Change of Views. 
 
 jccts of Great Britain, and the proj)riety of Beiuling a full minister to the United 
 States.' It was evident that the British were willing to ruiow their relations Avith 
 tlie Americans to remain unchanged until they should have a definite perce{)tion of 
 the course European afi'airs were likely to take. This evidence became more and 
 more manifest in the a\itumn. T!ie French government, embarr." *sed by its own 
 troubled alfairs, was disinclined to take part with Spain in its quarrel, and the latter, 
 unable alone to cope with Great Britain, yielded every ])oint in the controversy, and 
 the dispute was settled. Relieved of this burden of perplexity, and regarding France 
 as hopelessly crippled by her internal difficulties. Great Britain showed marked indif- 
 I'orenee concerning her relations with the United States. Nothing more was said 
 about sending a minister to America, and Mr. Morris was treated with neglect, if not 
 with positive discourtesy. 
 
 At tho close of the year Mr. Morris left England. He had been there about nine 
 months, I'ndeavoring to obtain a positive answer to the simple questions, Will you 
 execute the Treaty ? will you make a treaty of commerce with the United States ? 
 At the end of that time the real views of the British government were as hidden as 
 at the beginning. Ungenerous dijdomacy had been employed all the time by the 
 Ihitish ministry, while the American government was anxious to establish ])eaceful 
 relations with Great Britain and all the world upon principles of exact justice. Its 
 agents w ere unskilled in the low cunning of diplomatic art which at that time dis- 
 tinguished every court in Europe, and they lost the game. Both the government and 
 people of the United States felt aggrieved and indignant at the course of Great Brit- 
 ain, and self-respect would not allow them to farther press the subject of diplomatic 
 intercourse or treaty relations. They therefore resolved to pause in action until the 
 republic should become strong enough to speak in decisive tones, and prepared to 
 maintain its declarations by corresponding vigor of action. 
 
 Great changes are wrought by time. The march of stirring events in Europe 
 now became majestic, for a new and important era was daAvning ; and the dignity 
 and importance of the republic beyond the sea was too ajiparent to the workl to 
 allow the British government to maintain its indifterence much longer without evil 
 consequences to itself Already France, Holland, and Spain, the real enemies of En- 
 gland, had placed '•cprcsentatives at the seat of our national government, and British 
 jiride was compelled to yield to expediency. In August, 1791, George Hammond ar- 
 rived in Philadelphia, clothed with fidl ministerial powers as the representative of 
 Great Britain, presented his credentials, and was formally received. In December 
 following, diplomatic relations between the two goveniments were established by the 
 
 1 Great Britain evidently apprehended an alliance of the United States with Spain, In the event of ii war between the 
 former and the latter power. Dorchester, the Governor of Canada, was employed to ascertain tho disposition of the 
 United States on that point. lie accordinply asked permission to pass through New York on liis way to Enjjland : and 
 when it was readily granted, as he expected, he sent his aid-de-camp, Major Feckwlih, to the seat of the United States 
 jrovcmment, under the pretext of makinR a formal acknowledgment, but really to seek information upon the subject In 
 (luestion. He flrst approached Mr. Ilnmilton, the .Secretary of the Treasury. Afler exprcssinj; the thanks of Lord Dor- 
 chester, he, with apparent unconcern, remarked that his lordship had reason to fear that the delays which Mr. Morris 
 experienced in England wonld be attributed to a lack of desire on the part of the British ministry to adjust every mat- 
 ter in dispute between the United States and Great Britain. In behalf of his lordship he was Instructed to say, that 
 there could be no doubt, not only of tho friendly feeling of Great Britain, but of a desire on her part for an alliance \vith 
 the United States. Major Beckwith then spoke of the rupture bet^veen Great Britain and Spain, and expressed his pre- 
 s'lmptlon that. In the event of war, the United States would And It to their interest to take part with Great Britain. He 
 then, in the name of Dorchester, disclaimed any inflnence, under British authorities, over the Indian tribes In the West. 
 The President laid the matter before his Cabinet, and it was agreed to draw (Uit from the ma|or as much Information 
 as possible by treating him and his communicaticm very civilly. But he obtained no Information of importance. The 
 matter was so transparent that no one was deceived. " What they [the ministers] are saying to you," .Teflersnn WTOte 
 to Morris In August, " they are saying to us through Quebec ; but so informally that they may disavow it when thev 
 please. . . . Through hini fMaJnr Beckwith] they talk of a minister, a tr'-aty of commerce, and alliaiw. If the object 
 of the latter be honorable. It is useless; If dishonornble, inadmissible. These tamperlngs prove that they view war 
 II" possible ; and some symptoms indicate designs against the Spanish possessions adjoining us. Tho consequences of 
 llu'ir ac(|Uiring all the country on our frontier from the St. Croix to the St. Mary's are too obvious to yon *-. need devel- 
 ispaient. You will readily sec the dangers which would then environ us. . , . Wo wish to be neutr".; „ud we will be so, 
 t/lhi'u wiU execute the Treaty fairl'j and altenijtt no conqtifals mljainuKi m." 
 
 J] 
 
 m 
 
 \ 
 

 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 64 
 
 PICTOlilAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Effort)! for the Establlnhinciit of the Public Credit. Ilnmitton's Protest against tuiiiperiiig witli tliu Natiouul Honor. 
 
 appointment ofTliom- 
 a.s Pinckney, of South 
 Carolina, as Aniorican 
 niinister to tlie Court 
 of St. James.' 
 
 At about this time 
 two violently antaj^- 
 onistic parties had as- 
 sumed definite sluipe 
 and forniidahle i)ro- 
 portions in the United 
 States, the aeknowl- 
 edged heads of which Aj 
 AV"ero Alexander I fam- 
 ilton and Thomas Jef- 
 ferson, members ' of 
 Washington's Cabi- 
 net. On the former, 
 !is Seer 
 Treasui 
 the ini})ortant duty 
 
 
 iT.^'devoivcui Oh4/yi^c^ ou^o^y^jz. 
 
 ^ 
 
 the establishment of 
 the public credit.'^ Ow- 
 ing to long delay, and 
 doubts and discour- 
 agements in the minds 
 of the original holdeis 
 of the eviilences of the 
 public debt, they had 
 fallen into the liand,s 
 of speculators at one 
 sixth of their nominal 
 value. It was there- 
 fore argued that, in 
 the licjuidation of these 
 claims, there should be 
 a scale of depreciation 
 adopted, thereby mak- 
 ing a saving to the 
 public treasury. 
 
 Hamilton wotdd 
 listen favorably to 
 no suggestions of 
 
 to arrange a plan for 
 
 tliat kind. With the sagacity of a statesm.an, the shicerity of an honest man, and the 
 ti-ue lieart of a patriot, he planted his foot firmly upon the ground of justice and 
 honor, and declared that public credit couhl only be established by the faithful dis- 
 charge of public obligations in strict conformity to the terms of the contract. These 
 debts were originally due to officers and soldiers, farmers, mechanics, and patriotic 
 caj)italists, and were sacred in the estimation of honest men; and it was no just ])lea 
 for their whole or j)artial repudiation that speculators would jirofit by the honesty of 
 tile government. It was not for the debtor to inquire into whose hands his written 
 promises to pay were lodged, nor Iioav they came there.^ Upon this lofby foundation 
 of principle Hamilton stood before hosts of his frowning countrymen, ct)nscious of the 
 importance of financial honor and integrity to the infant republic, and determined to 
 secure for it the dignity which justice confers, at whatever cost of personal popularity. 
 •Jnuuaryu, Hl' accordingly presented to Congress," in an able rei)ort, a scheme "for 
 ^''■"*' the support of the public credit," whose principal feature was the funding 
 
 of tlie public debt — a plan proposed by him to Kobert Morris as early as 1782. He 
 also proposed tlie assumj)tion by the general govermnent of the state debts incurred 
 during the war, amounting, in prhieipal and interest, to over twenty millions of dol- 
 
 ' Tluimnf" Pinclinpy wnf born in Chnrlpston, Sonth C'nrolina, 23<1 of October, 1750. He was edncnted in Enplnnd. 
 Wlien Itie Hcvulution brolie onl he entered the military kci vice, and was active until Oates's defeat near Cnmrten, in 
 AuirUKt. 17S(I, when he wax made a prisoner, lie was Gates's aid. He was chosen Governor of South Carolina In 17>T. 
 In 17!I2 he went as minisler to Enirland. In 17(14 lie was sent in the same cajiacity to Spain, to treat concerning the nav- 
 igation of the Mississippi. At the becinnincr of ispi the President appointed him to the command of the Southern divi- 
 sion of tlie army, .\fter the war General Pinckney retired to private life. He died on the iid of November, 1828, ajjied 
 seventy-eiu'lit years. 
 
 = The Impoverished condition of the country, and the wants of the public treasury at that time, may be compreheudcil 
 by the fact that, at the close ofl7Sil, the Attorney General and several members ^f Cimgccss were iiidi'lited to the pri- 
 vate credit of the Secretnry of the Treasury to dis eharfre their personal expenses. Even the President of the I'niteil 
 States was oblitred to pass his note to his jirivate secretary, Mr. I.ear. to meet his iKUisehold expi uses, which was dis- 
 counted at the rate of two per cent, a month. Members of Congress were paid by due-bills, which the collectors were 
 ordered to receive in payment of duties. —Hamilton's TJintnTii of tin' Hrjtvhh'r nf On: United SlaUK^ lv.,4S. 
 
 ■' Hamilton arjrued that, besides motives of political expediency, there were reasons In favor of his view "which reft 
 on the iminutable principles of moral obllfratlon ; and, in proportion .as the mind is disposed to eoiitem|)late, iu llic 
 order of Providence, an ultimate connection lietwcen puliiic virtue and pnldic linpiiiness, will be its repnimance to a vio- 
 lation of those jirlnciples. This relied ion derives additiimal strent'th from llie nature of the debt of the United State.". 
 Tt was thk iMuen ok i.iiiF.nTv. The faith of America has been repeatedly i)ledged for it, and with soionnitics that give 
 (leculior force to the obligation." 
 
 IIarallton'8 Finauci 
 
 lars. Ilis sclu 
 
 from taxation. 
 
 This scheme 
 
 est vehemence 
 
 assumption of 
 
 fearfully agita 
 
 to the prineipl 
 
 sitions, especii 
 
 with alarm by 
 
 because of the 
 
 to the general 
 
 and as being al; 
 
 scheme great 
 
 might lead to i 
 
 areliy. These 
 
 regarded the Bi 
 
 centralization o 
 
 shafts of person 
 
 and abused as a 
 
 of opinion was f 
 
 Wliile Washi 
 
 niaiided his liigl 
 
 for restoring tlie 
 
 dieted great ant 
 
 Confidenee was 
 
 ' At that time the wh| 
 
 I'ca, estahlLshed in Phila 
 
 York City ; and the Ha 
 
 term of twenty years, w 
 
 intrusted to twenty-live 
 
 Thesnliject ofcurrenc 
 
 fCDted an able report on 
 
 of all the states. Starti 
 
 money; Ten units to be 
 
 jiresent currency) ; and t 
 
 ported a table iu 17s(, in 
 
 etrike four coins, namely 
 
 a hundredth of a dollar i 
 
 our cfiit, (iitnf, dollar, an 
 
 the subject was taken in 
 
 afterward the operation) 
 
 Confrress long debates w 
 
 The Senate proposed thi 
 
 should occupy the chair 
 
 the head of Liberty was 
 
 llfry of the President— lei 
 
 tlnally adopted. Durluj; 
 
 called " specimens," now 
 
 connoisseurs, were struc 
 
 kuown as the " LIberty-c 
 
 session. The mint was fli 
 
 = " The public paper si 
 
 which Individuals acquire 
 
 • Robert Morris had coi 
 ley, of noston, an English 
 money. In November Mi 
 preparation of machinery 
 try blacksmith, named W 
 fiire any machinery was p 
 on the 2d of April, 178.% M 
 silver coin, being the first 
 mint, having charge, also, 
 Hail & Sellers, the printei 
 mint, and Mr. Dudley, ofte 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 65 
 
 nnrailton's FInauclal Scheme ansailed. 
 
 Bunking Capital In the United States. 
 
 A Decimal Currency adopted. 
 
 lars. His scheme ineludccl tlic establishment of a national bank,' a system of revenue 
 from taxation, internal and external, and a sinking fund. 
 
 This scheme — just, patriotic, necessary, and beneficial — was assailed with the great- 
 est vehemence, and the discussions which it elicited, especially ujjou the subject of the 
 assumption of the state debts, in Congress, in the public j)ress, and in private circles, 
 fearfully agitated the nation, and created tiie first regular and systematic opposition 
 to the principles on Avhich the affairs of the republic were administered. Its propo- 
 sitions, especially the one relating to the assumption of state debts, were regarded 
 with alarm by the late opponents of the Constitution and a consolidated govermnent, 
 because of their tendency to a centralization of power, as giving an undue influence 
 to the general government by placing the purse as well as the sword in its hands, 
 and as being also of doubtful constitutionality. Many believed that they saw in this 
 scheme great political evils, because it secured the financial union of the states, and 
 might lead to the establishment of a government as absolute as a constitutional mon- 
 archy. These suspicions Avere strengthened by the well-known fi^ct that Hamilton 
 legardcd the British government as a model of excellence, and had advocated greater 
 centralization of power, in the Convention of 1787. He Avas made the target for the 
 shafts of personal and political malice, and his financial system was misrepresented 
 and abused as a scheme for enriching a few at the expense of the many.'' The war 
 (if oi)inion Avas fierce and uncompromising. 
 
 While Washington took no part in the discussion of Hamilton's scheme, it com- 
 manded his highest admiration, as the most perfect that human wisdom could devise 
 for restoring the public credit and laying the foundation of national policy. He ])re- 
 (licted great and lasting good from its adoption, and his prophecies Avere fulfilled. 
 Confidence was revived, and that acted like magic upon industry ; and then com- 
 
 r 
 
 '■'l f. 
 
 m' 
 
 ' At that time the whole banking cnpitfil of the United States was" only $2,000,000, inveflted in the Bant o/.Aor^/lm^- 
 ii-o, established in Philadelphia by Robert Morris, chiefly as a government fiscal agent ; the Dank nf Sew Ytrrk, in New 
 York City; and the Hank o/ Ma>isaclmnrtt!i, in Boston. In January, ITOl, Congrcw chartered a national bank for the 
 term of twenty years, with a capital of $10,000,000, to be located In the city of Philadelphia, and its management to be 
 intrusted to twenty-five directors. It did not commence business operations in corporate form until In February. 1794. 
 
 The subject of currency bad occupied the attention of the old Congress as early asl7S2, when Gouvenieur Morris pre- 
 sented an able report on the subject, written at the request of Robert Morris.' lie proposed to harmonize the nuineys 
 of all the states. Starting with one ascertained fraction as a unit, for a divisor, he proposed the following table of 
 money : Ten units to be equal to one penny ; ten pence to one bill ; ton l)ills, one dollar (about seventy-five cents of our 
 present currency); and ten dollars, one crown. Mr. JefTerson, as chairman of a committee on the subject of coins, re- 
 jjorted a table in Usi, In which he adopted Morris's decimal system, but entirely changed its details, lie proposed to 
 i-trike four coins, namely, a golden piece of tiie value of ten dollars, a dollar in silver, a tenth of a dollar in silver, and 
 a hundredth of a dollar in copper. This report was adopted by Congress the following year, and this was the origin of 
 our cent, dime, dollar, and eaijle. The establishment of a mint for coinage was delayed, and no legislative action on 
 the subject was taken until early in April, 1702, when laws were enacted for the preparation of one. For three years 
 afterward the operations of the mint were chiefly experimental, while In 
 Congress long del)ates were had concerning the devices for the new coins. 
 The Senate proposed the head of the President of the United States who 
 "hould occupy the chair of state at the time of the coinage. In the House, 
 the head of Lil)erty was suggested, as being less aristocratic than the ef- 
 figy of the President— less the stamp of royalty. The head of Uiierly wifs 
 finally adopted. During that interval of three years, several of the coins 
 called " specimens," now so rare In cal)inet8, and so much sought afler by 
 ccmnoisseurs, were struck. Of these the rarest is a small cojjper coin, 
 known as the " Lilierty-cap cent." The engraving is from one In mv pos- 
 scf.sion. The mint was first put into full operation, in Phil.ulelphla, In 170,'i. 
 
 = "The public paper suddenly rose, and was for a short time above par," savs Marshall. "The immense wealth 
 which individuals acquired by this unexpected appreciation could not be viewed with indifference." 
 
 LInERTY CENT. 
 
 • Robert Morris had considered the subject for more than n year. As early as July, 17S1, he wrote to Benjamin Dud- 
 ley, of Boston, an Englishman, requesting him to come to Philadelphia, that he mlL'ht consult him about the colnace of 
 money. In November Mr. Dudley was employed iji assaying. Mr. Morris keiit him engaged in experiments, and in the 
 lireparatlon of machinery for a mint. In tliese Mr. Dudley C(msnlled Dr. Rittenhouse and Francis llopkinson. A conn- 
 try blacksmith, named Wheeler, was employed to make the rollers for the mint, and it was July the fcdlowlng year bc- 
 f ire any machinery was perfected. Mr. Morris labored hard to get the mint in operalbm, but without success. Finally, 
 iin the 2d of April, 1783, Morris was enabled to write in ills diary, " I sent for Af r. Dudlev, who delivered nie a piece of 
 tilver coin, being the first that has been atrnck as an American coin." Mr. Dudley was installed superintendent of the 
 mint, having charge, also, of the preparation of the paper moulds, etc., in the manufacture of the currency printed by 
 Hall & Sellers, the printers of the Continental mo.iey. Finallv, In .Tiilv, Mr. Morris gave - the idea of estubllghlng a 
 mint, and Mr. Dudley, after dcUvering up the dies to him, left his gervlce.-RonuBT MoBHis'sWurj/. 
 
 E 
 
 'n 
 
 5,-' 
 
 
 W' 
 
-I 
 
 III ^i 
 
 !| 
 
 iif 
 
 I 
 
 •tl 
 
 66 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Mr. Jeffersou In France. Uls Reception In Now York. His Suspiclona of former Colleagues and Compatriots. 
 
 monced that wonderful 
 development of material 
 wealth which has gone on 
 with few hitermissions 
 until the present time. 
 
 While these discus- 
 sions were at their height, 
 Jefterson arrived at the 
 seat of government, to as- 
 sume the duties of Secre- 
 tary of State. He had 
 but lately returned from 
 France, where he had la- 
 bored for several years 
 m the di[)lomatic service 
 of his country. lie had 
 
 witnessed the uprising of 
 the people there at the 
 bidding of Lafiiyctte and 
 others a few months be- 
 fore. The example of his 
 own country was the star 
 of hope to the French 
 revolutionists, and as the 
 author of the Declaration 
 of Independence^ he was 
 regarded as an oracle, and 
 courted by the-leaders of 
 the constitutional party 
 there. Fresh from the 
 fields of political excite- 
 ment in the French cajii- 
 
 tal, and his inherent democratic principles and ideas intensified and enlarged by these 
 experiences, he came home full of enthusiasm, expecting to find every body in his own 
 country ready to speak a sympathizing word for, and to extend a helping hand to the 
 people of France, the old ally of Americans in their efl:brts to establish for themselves 
 a constitutional government. 
 
 But Mr. Jeiferson was disappointed. When ne arrived in New York, after a tedi- 
 ous journey of a fortnight on horseback, he was warmly welcomed by the leading 
 families of the citj% and became the recipient of almost daily invitations to social and 
 dinner parties. The wealthier and more aristocratic classes in New York, Avho gave 
 dinner jiartics at that time, were mostly Loyalists' families, who remembered the 
 pleasant intercourse they had enjoyed with the British officers during the late Avar, 
 and had always regard"d the British form of government as the most perfect ever 
 devised. Free from political restraint, their conversation was open and frank, ami 
 their sentiments were expressed Avithout reserve. Mr. Jefferson was continually 
 shocked by the utterance of opinions repugnant to his faith, and in contrast Avith his 
 recent experience.^ 
 
 Mr. Jefterson, who was sensitively and even painfully alive to the evils of despotism 
 and the dangers of a goveniment stronger than the people, took the alarm, and lie 
 became morbidly suspicious of all around him. The conservatism of Washington and 
 his associates in the government, and their lack of enthusiasm on the subject of the 
 French Revolution, Avhich so filled his OAvn heart, Avere construed by him as indiftei- 
 ence to the diflfusion of democratic ideas and the triumph of republican principles, for 
 which the patriots in the Avar for independence had contended. He had scarcely 
 taken his seat in the Cabinet before he declared that some of his colleagues held de- 
 cidedly monarchical vieAvs, and it became a settled belief in his mind that there Avas a 
 party in the United States constantly at Avork, secretly and sometimes openly, for tlic 
 overthroAV of republicanism. This idea became a sort of monomania, and haunted 
 him until his death, more than thirty years afterward. 
 
 Events in France soon began to make vivid impressions upon the public mind in 
 America. The fears of Lafayette were realized. The lull that succeeded the tempest 
 of 1789, was only the precni-sor of a more terrible storm in 1791, that shook European 
 socirty to its deepest foundations, and, like the great earthquake of 1755, was felt in 
 alm< t «very part of the globe. 
 
 • "I can net describe the wonder and mortification with which the table conversation filled me," Mr. Jcflierson wrote. 
 "PoIfttB W8» the drief topic, and a prcfff-iice for a klnsjly over republican govornmont was evidently the favorite 
 ■enttmcA. An apraatate I could not be, nm yet a hypocrite : and I found mynelf, for the most part, the onl- advocate 
 on the nuBblican mde of the (i" ■'Hon, unless animii; the imettB there chanced to he some member of that party from 
 Uie leglMMtre housee." Thi!' i Uc first mention that we ui. y where find of a VciHiblicon Party In this couLiry, 
 
 Formation of the. 
 
 Long befor 
 Avliose ieelint 
 their attenda^ 
 as an imj)ost 
 circumstance 
 folloAved tlie 
 lliey noAv j)u 
 Avhose design 
 spirit of revolt 
 ^tate. Their 
 church Avas p( 
 National Guar 
 Disgusted AS- 
 of the National 
 exceedhigly po 
 abroad. The \ 
 classes. Tlie fli 
 Avas arrested aii 
 (tuards. He e: 
 insults in the 
 strife. 
 
 Tile populace 
 
 and member of 
 
 tioned for the <1 
 
 ui)on them, and i 
 
 yet the popularii 
 
 The Constitut 
 
 ami solemnly sw 
 
 the kingdom, and 
 
 the Carmagnole 
 
 dered along the 1 
 
 TJiere Avas Avi( 
 
 I'lovements in Fr 
 
 like patriotism. 
 
 tiile of social life 
 
 ant.igonistic part' 
 
 crystallizations, j. 
 
 rotary of State, :u 
 
 ance in their view 
 
 each other. Jofib 
 
 of political strife :i 
 
 giiarantees of lihc 
 
 and desired to ini] 
 
 tlie funding systeii 
 
 cise laAv — creation 
 
 ' "lam exposed to the 
 ever acts or means wrong 
 -nil parties against me, a 
 lip to all the madncBs ofli 
 the constitntionai channel. 
 
 ' Upon a tree planted on 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 67 
 
 Formation of the Jacobin Club In Paris. Demornliziition of the National Guard. A Constitution granted to the People. 
 
 Long before the meeting of the States-general at Versailles, forty intelligent men, 
 whose feelings were intensely democratic, Avho avowed their hatred of kuigs and 
 their attendant titles and privileges, and who ridiculed and contemned Christianity 
 as an imjiosture, liswl met in the hall of the Jacobin monks in Paris, and from that 
 circumstance were called the Jacobin Club. In the commotions that attended and 
 followed the destruction of the Bastile, this club had gained immense popularity, 
 llicy now published a ncwspa])er, whose motto was Liheuty and Equality, and 
 whose design Avas to disseminate ultra democratic doctrines, irreligious ideas, and a 
 spirit of revolt and disaffection to the king. They became potential — a power in the 
 state. Their influence was every where seen in the laxity of public morals. The 
 cliurch Avas polluted with the contagion. A refractory spirit a])peared among the 
 National Guards, and the king and his family were insulted in public. 
 
 Disgusted with these evidences of demoralization, Lafayette resigned his command 
 of the National Guard, but resumed it on the solicitation of sixty battalions. He Avas 
 exceedingly popular, yet he could not AvhoUy control the spirit of anarchy that Avas 
 abroad. The king, alarmed, fled in disguise from Paris. Terror prevailed among all 
 classes. The flight of the monarch Avas construed into a crime by his enemies, and he 
 Avas arrested and brought back to Paris imder an escort of thirty thousand National 
 Guards. He excused his moAcment Avith the plea that he Avas expo ed to too many 
 insults in the capital, and only wished to live quietly, aAvay from the scenes of 
 strife. 
 
 The populace were not satisfied. Led by Robespierre, a sanguinary demagogue, 
 and member of the Constituent Assembly, they met in the Elysian Fields, and peti- 
 tioned for the dethronement of Louis. Four thousand of the National Guard fired 
 upon them, and killed several hundred. The exasperation of the people Avas terrible, 
 yet the ])opularity of Lafayette held the factious in check.' 
 
 Tlie Constitution Avas completed in [September. The trembling king accepted it, 
 and solemnly SAVore to maintain it. Proclamation of the fact Avas made throughout 
 tlie kingdom, and a grand fete, whereat one hundred thousand people sang and danced 
 tiic Carmagnole in the Elysian Fields, Avas held at Paris, and salvos of cannon thiiii- 
 deied along the banks of the Seine.^ 
 
 There Avas Avide-spread sympathy in the United States with these revolutionary 
 movements in France. The spirit of faction, vicAved at that great distance, appeared 
 like patriotism. Half-formed and half-understood political maxims, floating upon the 
 tide of social life in the ncAV republic, began to crystallize into tenets, and assumed 
 antagonistic party positions. The galvanic forces, so to speak, Avhich produced these 
 crystallizations, proceeded from the President's Cabinet, Avhere Mr. Jefferson, the Sec- 
 retary of State, and Mr. Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, were at direct vari- 
 ance in their vicAVS of domestic public measures, and Avere making constant war upon 
 each other. Jefterson, beli jving, with Thomas Paine (AA-ho noAV appeared in the field 
 of political strife abroad), that a Aveak goA-ernment and a strong people were the best 
 jin.irantees of liberty to the citizen, contemj)lated all executive power Avith distrust, 
 and desired to impair its vitality and restrain its operations. He thought he saAV in 
 the funding system arranged by Hamilton, and in the LTnited States Bank and the ex- 
 lise hiAV — creations of that statesman's brain — instruments for enslaving the people ; 
 
 1 " I am exposed to the envy and attacks of nil parties," he wrote to Wsshinpton, " for this single reason, that who- 
 ever acts or means wrong finds mo an insuperable obstacle. And there appears a kind of phenomenon in my situation 
 -nil parties against me, and a national popularity, which, in spite of every effort, has remnined unchanfjed. . . . fliven 
 lip to nil the madness of license, faction, and popular rage, I stood alone in defense of the law, and turned the tide into 
 the constitutional channel." 
 s Upon a tree planted on the site of the Bastile a placard was placed, in these words: •- ■•; • 
 
 " Here Is the epoch of Liberty ; 
 ' •• 1. . .; Wo dance on the niins of despotism ! ' .'i 
 
 ■:>''■ The Constitution Is flnished— . i^ . - - 
 
 Long live patriotism I" .»■ , . . ■ 
 
 :''\ 
 ■i 
 
 ll 
 
^ihf 
 
 I? 
 
 !' i^ 
 
 
 68 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Jefferson makes War upon his Opponents. His religions Views. Jefferson and John Adams Antagonists in Opinion. 
 
 aiul lie affected to believe that the rights of the states and liberties of the citizens 
 wore in danger. 
 
 Hamilton, on tlie other hand, rega'-ded the National Constitution as inadequate in 
 strength to perform its required functions, and believed weakness to be its most rad- 
 ical defect; and it was his sincere desire and uniform practice so to construe its pro- 
 visions as to give strength and efficiency to the Executive in the administration of 
 public affiiirs. 
 
 Not content with an expression of his opinions, Jefferson charged his political op- 
 ponents, and especially Hamilton, with corrupt and anti-rep blican designs, selfish 
 motives, and treacherous intentions; and thus was inauguratrd that system of])er- 
 sonal abuse and vitu])eration which has ever been a disgrace to tlie press and political 
 leaders of this country. 
 
 An unfortunate blunder made by John Adams, the Vice-President, at about this 
 time, confirmed Jefferson in his opinions and fears. These men, compatriots in the 
 events out of which the nation had been evolved, cherished dissimilar political ideas, 
 and held widely differing religious sentiments. Mr. Jefi'erson was always a free- 
 thinker, and his latitudinarianism was greatly expanded by a long residence among 
 the contenmers of revealed religion in France. He admired Voltaire, Rousseau, and 
 D'Alembcrt, whose graves Avere then green ; and one of his most intimate compan- 
 ions was the Marquis of Condorcet, wlio " classed among fools those who had the 
 misfortune to believe in a revealed religion."' He sympathized with the ultra Ke- 
 publicans of France, was their counselor in the early and later stages of the revolu- 
 tionary movement of 1789, and opened iiis house to them for secret conclave. He 
 was an enthusiastic admirer of a nation of entlmsiasts. 
 
 Mr. Adams, on the contrary, was thoroughly imbued with the political and reli- 
 gious principles of New England Puritanism. He discovered spiritual life in every 
 page of the Bible, and accepted the doctrines of revealed religion as an emanation 
 from the fountain of Eternal Truth. His mind was cast in the mould of the Englisli 
 conservative writers, whom he admired. He detested the principles and practices of 
 tlie P"'rench pliilosophers, whom Jefferson revered ; and, from the outset, he detected in 
 the revolutionary movements in France the elements of destructiveness which Avere 
 so speedily developed. These views were indicated in a letter to the Ilcv. Dr. Price, 
 of England, acknowledging the receipt of a printed copy of his famous discourse on 
 tlie morning of the anniversary dinner of the English Revolution Society in 1789, in 
 which the preacher, acce])ting the French Revolution as a glorious event in the his- 
 tory of mankind, said, " What an eventful period is this ! I am thankful that I have 
 lived to see it ; and I could almost say, ' Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in 
 peace, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation.' ... I have lived to see thirty millions 
 of people indignantly and resolutely spurning at slavery, and demandhig liberty with 
 an irresistible voice." 
 
 To this Adams replied, " I know that encyclopedists and economists — Diderot and 
 D'jVlembert, Voltaire and Rousseau — have contributed to this great event even more 
 than Sidney, Locke, or Hoadley ; perhaps more than the American Revolution : and I 
 own to you I know not what to make of a republic of thirty millions of atheists. . . . 
 
 ' Cnpeflgnc, 11., R2. Mr. Jefferson's religions views, at that lime, may be Inferred from the contents of n letter written 
 at Purls on the Iflth of August, IT'S", to Peter Carr, a young relative of his In Virginia, wherein he lays down Home 
 maxiiuH for his future guidance. lie enjoins him to exalt reason above creeds. "Question with boldne^'S," he my, 
 "even the existence of a God; because, If there be one, he must more approve the homage of reason than of blindfold 
 fear." He then advises him to read the niblc as he would Livy or Tacitus. "The facts which are within the ordinary 
 course of nature you will believe on the authority of the writer, as you do those of the same kind in Llvy or Taclli.f." 
 lie then cautions him against a belief in statements in the Bible "which contradict the laws of nature." Conccmini,' 
 the New Testament, he said, " It Is the history of a personage calljd Jesus. Keep In yonr eye the opposite pretension?, 
 1, of those who say he was begotten of Ood, bom of a virgin, suspended and reversed the laws of nature at will, ami 
 ascended bodily into heaven ; and, 2, of those who say he was a man of Illegitimate birth, of a benevolent heart, enthuf^i- 
 astlc mind, who set out with pretensions to divinity, ended in believing them, and was punished capitally for sedltlou 
 by being gibbeted according to the Roman law." 
 
 An English Democ 
 
 Too many Fn 
 person and ju 
 the advocates 
 
 ' See Letter to Bl 
 
 nichard Price, V.. 
 
 lug-house in Old Je 
 
 he wrote his famon 
 
 with the French Rei 
 
 that so terrified Eur( 
 
 The discourse abc 
 
 hurled James the Sci 
 
 time, the Earl of Sta; 
 
 hers, an<l was subset] 
 
 changed for the doni 
 
 lie encouraged, all yi 
 
 been In vain. liehol 
 
 from their opjjressors 
 
 kindled Into a blaze t 
 
 Tlie Society, at that 
 
 "their congratulatior 
 
 and the discourse of 
 
 formed in various pai 
 
 mingham. Monarcliit 
 
 the Liberal party, inak 
 
 the hierarchy raised a 
 
 Dissenters. To the ai 
 
 never heard before fro 
 
 there was no such tlii 
 
 terms, as discontented 
 
 tluns rest there. lie p 
 
 tator, and he brought t 
 
 In Paris the whole ]>o\ 
 
 " Reflections on the Fn 
 
 Istry, and the Tory pari 
 
 fense of their policy, wl 
 
 ation. It called forth n 
 
 ley, the elegant Jlackii 
 
 words, and pen, and tyi 
 
 lads and clever carlcatu 
 
 Thomas Paliic, who h 
 
 the revolutionary seem 
 
 ai)pearcd, and he lost n 
 
 liights of Man." The t 
 
 liroduccd great disturbai 
 
 l>roportion to Us success 
 
 was ample food for the 
 
 Sheridan, who were tlic 
 
 among the leaders of the 
 
 ley and Paine. In May, 
 
 eutltled" The Rights of 
 
 A U.vn MKA 
 
 au exciseman as much lonj 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 09 
 
 An EngllHh Uemocrat'B Dlecourse. Burke's Kcllectlons on tho B'rcnch Rcvolutiun. Palue'g "liighU ufMan." 
 
 Too many Frenchmen, after the example of too many Americans, pant for equality of 
 person and property. The impracticability of this, God Almighty has decreed, and 
 the advocates for liberty who attempt it will surely suffer for it,"' 
 
 • Sec Letter to Richard Price, April 10, 1790, In the Life, and Worku of John Adamx, ix., 663. 
 
 Richard Price, D.D., LL.D., was au eminent English Dissenting minister, and at this time was preacher at the meet- 
 ing-house in Old Jewry, Loudon. He was then quite venerable In years, and with a mind as vigorous as when, In 17T(J, 
 he wrote his famous "Observations on the War in America." lie was an ultra democrat, and sympathized strongly 
 with the French Revolution. lie did not live to sec that Revolution assume its huge proportions and hideous Tisagc 
 that BO terrified Europe, for he died in the spring of ITitl. 
 
 The discourse above alluded to was preached on the anniversary of the Revolution in 1C88 (4th of November) which 
 hurled James the Second from the throne. Dr. Price was an active member of the "Revolution Club,"of which, at that 
 time, the Earl of Stanhope was president. The discourse " On the Lovi^ of our Country" was preached before the mem- 
 bers, and was subsequently printed. After alluding to the Revolution in France, he said, " I see the dominion of kings 
 changed for the dominion of laws, and the dominion of |)rle»ts giving way to the dominion of reason and conscience, 
 lie cucoiiragcd, all ye friends of freedom and writers in its defense ! The times are auspicious. Your labors have not 
 been In vain. Behold kingdoms, admonished by you, starting from sleep, breaking their fetters, and claiming justice 
 from their oppressors 1 Beliold the light you have struck out, after settiug America free, reflected to France, and there 
 kindled into a blaze that lays desjjotism iu ashes, and warms and illuminates Europe 1" 
 
 The Society, at that meeting, on motion of Dr. Price, agreed, by acclamation, to send, In the shape of a formal address, 
 " their congratulations to the National Assembly on the event of the late glorious Revolution In France." This action 
 and the discourse of Dr. Price produced the greatest agitation throughout England. Auxiliary clubs were speedily 
 formed in various parts of the kiiigdom, encouraged by men like Dr. Priestley, the eminent Unitarian minister at Bir- 
 niiugham. Monarchist and Cliurchman were greatly alarmed. The king was Inclined to deny any more concessions to 
 the Liberal party, making the Revolution iu France a suftlcient argument against reform in England, while the clergy of 
 the hierarchy raised a cry that the Church was in danger fr(mi the revolutionizing and destructive machinations of tho 
 Dissenters. To the astonishment of all men, Edmund Hurke raised his voice In the House of Commons in cadences 
 never heard before from his lips. lie had ever been the eloquent advocate of the rights of man. Now he declared that 
 there was no such thing as natural rights of men, and he condemned the whole body of Dissenters in the strongest 
 terms, as discontented people, whose principles tended to the subversion of good government. Nor did his demincia- 
 tions rest there. He professed to regard Dr. Price's sermon with holy horror, and its author as a most dangerous agi- 
 tator, and he brought to the task of disabusing the public mind of England concerning the real character of the revolt 
 in Paris the whole jiowers of his mighty intellect. In an almost incredible short space of time he wrote his famous 
 " Reflections on the French Revolution," the publication of which produced a most powerful cfl'ect. The king aud min- 
 istry, and tlie Tory party, expressed unbounded admiration of this splendid de- 
 fense of their policy, while all Just men agreed that It was a monstrous exagger- 
 ation. It called forth many opposing writers— among them the powerful Priest- 
 ley, the elegant Mackintosh, and the coarse but vigorous Paine. The war of 
 words, and pen, and type was waged furiously for a long time, and satirical bal- 
 lads and clever caricatures jilnyed a conspicuous part In the contest. 
 
 Thomas Paine, who had been in Paris some time, and participated in some of 
 the revolutionary scenes there, had lately returned when Burke's "Reflections" 
 appeared, and he lost no time in preparing an answer, which he entitled "The 
 Rights of Man." The first part was published on the Ist of February, 1791, and 
 ]}roduced great disturbance. It was sought after with the greatest avidity, and in 
 jiroportion to Its success was the alarm and indignation of the Tory party. There 
 was ample food for the caricaturists, and Oillray's pencil was active. Fox and 
 Sheridan, who were the leaders of the opposition Id Parliament, were classed 
 among the leaders of the Revolution Clubs, and appei'red in pictui-es with Priest- 
 ley and Paine. In May, 1791, Gillray bnrles(iued Paine Ir. n caricature which he 
 cutitled "The Rights of Man; or, Tmnmy Paine, the Amnti. an Tailor, taking the 
 
 Measure nf the Crown for a new 
 pair of Revolution Breeches." 
 Piilne is seen with the conven- 
 tional type of face given by tho 
 caricaturists to a French demo- 
 crat. His tri- colored cockade 
 bears tho inscription, "I'tt'e la 
 liberty.'" and from his mouth 
 
 proceeds an Incoherent soliloquy, as iffl-om a man half drunk.* This 
 was In allusion to his well-known Intemperance. Paine was Anally 
 l)rosecuted by the government for liV'l on account of some remarks in 
 his " Rights of Man," and was com\.elled to flee to France, where he was 
 ^'^^^)J iiS^P''''Vii ^^^~>x \\ "^\WN warmly received by the revolntlonists. A Tory mob destroyed Dr. 
 
 V»J V^ «!!lP^~-^}V ^^ •! n\ Wl Priestbi^ church in Birmingham, and his dwelling and flne library a 
 
 short distance in the country ; also ho aud his family barely escaped 
 with their lives. 
 
 • The following Is a copy of the soliloquy : "Fathom and a half! fath- 
 om and a half I Poor Tom ! ah ! mercy upon me ! that's more by half 
 than my poor measure will ever be able to reach ! Lord ! Lord I I wish 
 I had a bit of the stay-tape lallushm to Paine's former business of stay- 
 niakerl or buckram which 1 nsed to cabbage when I was a 'prentice, to 
 lengthen it out. Well, well, who would ever have thought it, that I, 
 A u.m MEASURE. who have served seven years as an apprentice, and afterward worked fonr 
 
 years as a journeyman to a master tailor, then followed the business of 
 nu Gxclsemnn as much longer, should not b«! able to take the dimension of this bawblc 1 f jr what Is a crown but a bawble, 
 
 vl I 
 
 
70 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Adanu'B "DUcuursea on Davila." 
 
 Ills Opinions ou OoverumeDt. 
 
 •Tefferson'B Disgait and Alarm. 
 
 Mr. Adams had discerned with alarm tlie contagion of revohition which went ont 
 from Paris in the autumn of 1780. lie saw it attecting Enghmd, and menacing the 
 existence of its govennnent; and lie ])erceived its rapid diffusion in his own country 
 with surprise and j)aiii. It was so different in form and substance from that which 
 had made his own people free, that he was deeply impressed with its dangers. With 
 a j)atriotic spirit he sought to arrest the calamities it might bring upon hisi country, 
 and with that view he wrote a series of articles for a newspaper, entitled "Discourses 
 on Davila." These (contained an analysis of Davila's History of the Civil War in 
 France^ in the sixteenth century. Tiie aim of Mr. Adams was to ])oint out to his 
 countrymen the danger to be apprehended from factions in ill-balanced forms of gov- 
 ernment. In these essays iie maintained that, as the great spring of human activity, 
 especially as related to public life, was self-esteem, manifested in the love of superior- 
 ity, and the desire of distinction, aj)plause, and admiration, it was important in a pop- 
 ular government to provide for the moderate gratification of all of them. lie there- 
 fore advocated a liberal use of titles and ceremonial honors for those in office, and an 
 aristocratic Senate. To counteract any undue influence on the part of the Senate, he 
 proposed a popular assembly on the broadest democratic basis ; and, to keap in check 
 encroachments of each upon the other, he recommended a j)owerful Executive. lie 
 thought liberty to all would thus be best secured.- From the premises which formed 
 the basis of his reasoning, he argued that the French Constitution, which disavowed 
 all distinctions of rank, which vested the legislative authority in a single Assembly, 
 and which, though retainhig the office of king, divested him of nearly all actual power, 
 must, in the nature of things, prove a failure. The wisdom of this assumption has 
 been vindicated by history. 
 
 The publication of these essays at that time was Mr. Adams's blunder.^ His ideas 
 were presented in a form so cloudy that his political system was misunderstood by 
 the many and misinterpreted by the few. lie was charged with advocating a mon- 
 archy and a hereditary Senate ; and it was artfully insinuated that he had been se- 
 duced by Hamilton (whose jealous opponents delighted in pointing to him as the 
 arch-enemy of republican gova^niment) from his loyalty to those noble principles 
 which he had exhibited before he wrote his " Defense of the American Constitu- 
 tions," published in London three years before. 
 
 Those essays filled Jefterson with disgust, and he cherished the idea that Hamilton, 
 Adams, Jay, and others were at the head of a party engaged in a conspiracy to over- 
 throw the republican institutions of the United States, and on their ruins to construct 
 a mixed government like that of England, composed of a monarchy and aristocracy.^ 
 
 ' DclV Istoria delle Ouerre Chili di Fram-ia, bj' Ilcnrlco Cnterino Davila. 
 
 « Tills was only an ampliflcation of tlie tliouglit thus expressed in his Defense of the American Constitutimis : "It is 
 denied that the people are the best keepers, or any Iseepers at all, of their own liberties, when they hold collectively, or 
 by representative, the executive and judicial power, or the whole uncontrolled legislntnre." lie did not believe in tlio 
 efficiency or safety of a government formed upon the simple plan of M. Thurgot and other clear-minded men of France, 
 in which all power was concentrated In one body directly representing the nation. That was the doctrine and the prac- 
 tice of the French revolutionists, enforced by the logic of Condorcet and the eloquence of Mirabeau. Mr. Adams wished 
 a system of chcclts and balances, which experience has proved to be the wisest. 
 
 ' They were published in the Gazette of the United Slaten, at Philadelphia, then the scat of the national government. 
 Their more imracaiatc object was a reply to Condorcet's pamphlet, entitled Quatre Mtre» d'u7i Bourgeois de XewJIai'eii, 
 sttr rUniti de la Legislation. Mr. Adams soon perceived that Ills essays were fiirnishing the partisans of the day with 
 too much capital for immediate use in the conflict of opinion then raging, and ceased writing before they were com- 
 pleted. Twcnly years later, when a new edition was published, Mr. Adams wrote, " This dull, heavy volume still excites 
 the wonder of Its author— first, that ho could find, amidst the constant scenes of business and dissipation in which ho 
 was enveloped, time to write It; secondly, that he bad the courage to oppose and publish his o^vn opinions to the uni- 
 versal opinion of America, and indeed of all mankind. Not one man in America then believed him. He knew not one, 
 and baa not he".rd of one since, who then believed him.— J. A., 1812." 
 
 ♦ " The Tory paper, Feuno's," he wrote to Mr. Short, In Paris, " rarely admits any thing which defends the present form 
 
 which we may see In the Tower for sixpence apiece f Well, althongh It may be too large for a tailor to take measnrc 
 of, there's one comfort— he may make mouths at it, and call it as many names as he pleases 1 And yet. Lord ! Lord ! I 
 should like to make it a Yankee-doodle night-cap and breeches, if it was not so d— d large, or I had stuff enough. Ah ! 
 if I could once do that, I would soon stitch up the mouth of that barnacled Edmund from making any more Reflections 
 upon the Flints. And so, Flints and Liberty forever, and d— n the Dungs ! Huzza I" 
 
 Effect of Palne'H " 
 
 To thwart tin 
 lution wliich J 
 government ii 
 Thomas Pain( 
 called "The 1 
 essay, original 
 Jefterson, and 
 from him. 
 
 This ajij)are 
 President and 
 a good deal of 
 Dorchester, air 
 suri)rise; but s 
 lion, and that I 
 Hoon sm( othed 
 cerned.' 
 
 The political 
 tense every hoi 
 of the former, w 
 ures of the adiii 
 ( rnment policy, 
 M-as greatly exc 
 with alarm and 
 ened to be destr 
 anxiously sough 
 
 of government in ojipo 
 
 high names here in fav 
 
 soys nothing; the thin 
 
 sui)port their projects, 
 
 the President's life ; l)u 
 
 ' " Vou will have hei 
 
 peril into which the Fr 
 
 crnmcnt which heaps ii 
 
 I still hope the French 
 
 that, and that a failure 
 
 = See note 1, i)nge 03. 
 
 ' The political scntim 
 
 body of the American r 
 
 His ofllclal position cau 
 
 ton gave a copy, said, i 
 
 and I most sincerely reg 
 
 nent citizen, a man so th 
 
 Umne of Washimjton, nr . 
 
 The note alluded to ii 
 
 owner ofPaine's pamph 
 
 dryness of the note,"M 
 
 his satisfaction that som 
 
 sprung up." To the ast 
 
 Mr. Jefl'crson acknowlod 
 
 produced a temporary cs 
 
 Warm discussions aro 
 
 series of articles in reply 
 
 were attributed to Johii 
 
 They were written by Ii 
 
 champions," Jefferson wi 
 
 ♦ Philip Freneau, a pi.,- 
 
 lork, where he was edit! 
 
 son. A new paper, called 
 
 ireneau was made its ed 
 
 unjust to believe that the 
 
 son ; yet, when the Secret 
 
 l>y them, it was, as Mr. Ir 
 
 the barking cur in his em 
 
 istrailon. 
 
K».i»«»«n»)8Kfc«,.. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 71 
 
 Eflect of Palue'n "KlghtgofMan.' 
 
 Feud between Jeb'eraon and llnmilton. 
 
 Newspaper War. 
 
 To tlnviirt tlioHo fiincied desigiis, and to inculcate tlio doctrines of the French Rcvo- 
 hition which lie ho much adniireil, and on which lie grounded liis hopes of a stable 
 ij;overnmeiit in his own country,' Jetl'erson hastened to have jirinted and circulated 
 Thomas Paine's famous reply to Burke's " Iteflections on the French Ke volution," 
 called "The Rights of Man," which had just been receive<l from England. That 
 essay, originally dedicated "To the President of the United States," was admired by 
 Jcflerson, and it was issued from the Philadeli)liia press, with a complimentary note 
 from him. 
 
 Tills apparent indorsement of the essay by the government, in the persons of the 
 Presiilent and Secretary of State, was very oftensive to (4reat JJritain, and i)roduced 
 a good deal (>f stir in the United States. Major Beckwith, the aid-de-camp of Lord 
 Dorchester, already mentioned,* was in Philadelphia at that time, and exi)ressed his 
 surjirise; but subsecpient assurances that the President knew nothing of the dedica- 
 tion, and that Mr. Jefferson "neither desired nor expected" to have the note printed, 
 soon smoothed the ripple of dissatisfaction so far as the British government was con- 
 cerned.' 
 
 The political and personal feud between Jefferson and Hamilton became more in- 
 tense every hour. Freneau's United States Gazette, believed to be under the control 
 of the former, was filled with bitter denunciations of Hamilton and the leading meas- 
 ures of the administration; and Fcnno's JVational Gazette, the supporter of the gov- 
 miment policy, Avas made sjticy by Hamilton's vigorous retorts.* The j)ublic mind 
 was greatly excited thereby, and Washington Avas comj)elled to perceive (as he did 
 with alarm and mortification) that there was a schism in his Cabinet, which threat- 
 ened to be destructive of all harmony of action, and jierilous to the public good. He 
 anxiously sought to end the strife by assuming the holy office of peace-maker, but ui 
 
 i 'I 
 
 of {government In opposition to his desire of subverting It, to mnke wny for n king, Lords, and Commons. There nre 
 high names here In favor of this doctrine . . . Adams, .Jay, Hi'milton, Knox, and many of the Cincinnati. The second 
 siiys nothing ; the third is open. Both arc dangerous. They pant after union with Kngland, as the power which Is to 
 pupport tlieir projects, and are most determined Anti-Gallicans. It is prognosticated thot onr republic iu to end with 
 the President's life : but I believe they will tlnd themselves all head and no body." 
 
 1 " Von will have heard," Mr. Jefferson wrote to Edward Rutledge in August, ITOl, " before this reaches yon, of the 
 peril into which the French Hevolution is brought by the flight of their king. Such arc the fruits of that form of gov- 
 ernment which heaps importance on Idiots, and which the Tories of the present day are trying to preach into oi.r favor. 
 I still hope the French Hevolution will Is.sue ha|)i)ily. I feci that the permanence of our own leans in some degree on 
 that, and that a failure tliere would be a powerful argument to prove that there must be a failure here." 
 
 2 See note 1, page 03. 
 
 ' The political sentiments ot Vainc'a liightu of Man were In accordance with the feelings and opinions of the great 
 body of the American pcoiile. The author sent tlfiy cojiies to Washington, who distributed them among his friends. 
 His offlclal position cautioned him to be prudently silent concerning the work. Richard Henry Lee, to whom Washing- 
 ton gave a copy, said, in his letter acknowledging the favor, " It is a performance of which aiiy man might be proud ; 
 and I most sincerely regret that our country could not have offered sufflcient Inducements to have retained, as a perma- 
 nent citizen, a man so thoroughly republican in sentiment and fearless in the expression of his opinions." See Lossing's 
 llmnf nf n'axliinijloii, or Mount Vernon and its Assnriafitmii, p. 202. 
 
 The note alluded to in the text was from Mr. .loffersou to a stranger to him (.Jonathan Bayard Smith), to whom the 
 owner of Paine's pamphlet, who lent It to the Secretary of .State, desired him to send It. "To take off a little of the 
 dryness of the note," Mr. Jefferson made some complimentary observations concerning the pamphlet, and expressed 
 his satisfaction that something public would be said, by its publication, " against the i)olitical heresies which had lately 
 sprung np." To the astonishment of Mr. .leffcrson, this private note was ])rinted with the pamphlet the next week. 
 Mr. Jefferson acknowledged that his remarks in it were aimed at the author of the DUcouraea on Davila, and the affiair 
 jirnduced a temporary estrangement between him and Mr. Adams. 
 
 Warm discussions arose, soon after the publication of Paine's pamphlet, on the doctrines which it promulgated. A 
 scries of articles iu reply to the "Rights of Man" appeared in the Boston Ccntind, over the signature oWubUmlu, which 
 were attributed to John Adams, and were reprinted in London, In pamphlet form, with his name on the title-page. 
 They were written by his son, the late John Quincy Adams. They were answered by several writers. "A host of 
 champions," Jefferson wrote to Paine, "entered the arena Immediately in your defense." 
 
 « Philip Freneau, a poet of some pretensions, and a warm Whig writer during the Revolution, was called from New 
 York, where he was editing a newspaper, to fill the post of translating clerk In the State Department under Mr. Jeffer- 
 son. A new paper, called The Xalional Oamtte, opposed to the leading measures of the administration, was started, and 
 Freneau was made its editor. It was understood to be Mr. .Jefferson's " organ," but it would be both ungenerous and 
 unjust to believe that the bitter attacks made upon all the measures of the administration were ai)provcd by Mr. Jeffer- 
 son ; yet, when the Secretary well knew' that the President, whom he professed to revere, was greatly hurt and annoyed 
 by them, it was, as Mr. Irving justly remarks (Li/e o/ Washiivjton, v., 104), " rather an ungracious determination to keep 
 the barking cur in his employ." Fcnno published the UniUd States Gazette, the supporter of the measures of the admin- 
 istration. 
 
 i : 
 
.1 
 
 72 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIP:LD.nOOK 
 
 .1 
 
 Wh 
 
 PederallBtg mid Kcpublicani. 
 
 Tholr Ulfferencu. 
 
 Popular Sentiment. 
 
 Europe aKaliiBt Frnnce. 
 
 vain.^ Tlio aiitagoninms of the S(>eretario8 liad become too violent 16 be easily recon- 
 ciled. Their jmrtiHans were nuiiierotiH and powerful, and had become arninRed in 
 tanfjible battle order, tjnder the resj)eetive nanus oi' l^edcra lists and Jiijiublirdus — 
 nan)eH whieh for many years were sifjnilieant of opposing opinions: tirwt, concerning 
 the administration of the national government; se( piidly, on the question of a neutral 
 policy toward the warrinjj; nations of Europe; and, thirdly, on the subject of the war 
 with Great Britain declared in 1H12. 
 
 i'he Federalists, called the " British party" by their opjjoncnts, were in favor of a 
 strong central government, and were very conservative. They were in favor of main- 
 tahiing a strict neutrality concerning the affairs of European nations during the ex- 
 citing period of Washington's administration, and were opposed to the War of 1H12. 
 The Kcpublicans, called the "French ))arty," were favorable to a strong people and a 
 weak government, symi>athized warmly with tire French revolutionists, and urged 
 the government to do the same by public expressions and belligerent acts if necessary, 
 and were favorable to the War of 1812 when it became an aj»ii;irent national neces- 
 sity. J'edernl mul Jivpubliccai were the distinctive names of the two great political 
 parties in the l^^nited States during the first (piarter of a century of the national ex- 
 istence, when they disa))peared from the j)oliiician's vocabulary. New issues, grow- 
 ing out of radical changes in the condition of the country, produced coalitions and 
 amalgamations by which the identity of the two old parties was s])eedily lost. 
 
 Tie ;il of the opposing parties was intensified by events in Europe duriiig the 
 sum. md autumn of 1V92 ; and at the opening of the last session of the second Con- 
 gress, 111 November, the party divisions Avere perfectly distinct in that body. 
 
 All Europe was now effervescing with antagonistic ideas. The best and wisest 
 men stood in wonder and awe in the midst of the upheaval of old social and i>()litical 
 systems. Popular sentiincDt in the United States Avas mixed in eliaracter, and yet 
 crude in form, and for a while it was difHcult to discern precisely in what relation it 
 stood to the disturbed nationalities of Europe. The blood of nearly all of them 
 coursed in the veins of the Americans; and notwithstanding a broad ocean, and ])er- 
 haps more than a generation of time, separated the most of them from the Old World, 
 they experienced lingering memories or pleasant dreams of Fatherland. 
 
 France, the old ally and friend of the United States, was the centre of the volcanic 
 force that was shakhig the nations. The potentates of Eurojie, trembling for the 
 stability of their thrones, instinctively arrayed themselves as the implacable enemies 
 of the new power that held the sceptre of France, and disturbed the jjolitical and 
 dynastic equilibrium. They called out their legions for self-defense and to utter a 
 solemn protest. T\\g people were overawed by demonstrations of power. The gleam 
 of bayonets and the roll of the drum met the eye and ear every where, and in the 
 autumn of 1792 nearly all Europe was rising in arms against France. 
 
 Revolution had done its work nobly, wisely, and successfully in the United States, 
 and the experiment of self-government was working well. The memory ofFrencli 
 anns, and men, and money that came to their aid in their struggle for liberty, filled 
 the hearts of the Americans with gratitude, for they were not, as a people, aware of 
 
 ' Aiimiet 23, 
 17»2. 
 
 1 Both mlnistcrB discharged their respective duties to the entire satisfaction of the President, and he 
 felt preatly disturbed by their nntagoDlsmp, now become public. To Jefferson he wrote,* after refcrrint,' 
 to the Indian hostilities, and the possible Intrigues of forelfjners to check the i)rosperlty of the rnilcd 
 States, " IIow unfortunate, and how much to he regretted is It, that while we arc encompassed on all sides by armed en- 
 emies and insidious friends, Internal dlsscnKlnns should be harrowing and toariiiB our \'itttls, . . . My eanicwt wish and 
 my fondest hope, therefore, is that. Instead of wounding suspicions and Irritating charges, there may be liberal allow- 
 ances, mutual fl)rbearances, and temporizing ylcldin'gs on all sides. Under the exercise of these, matters will go on 
 smoothly, and, If possible, more prosperously. Without them, every thing must rub ; the wheels of government will 
 clog, our enemies will triumph, and, by throwing their weight Into the disaffected scale, may accomplish the mln of the 
 goodly fabric we have been erecting." 
 
 Washington wrote to Hamilton In a similar strain, and from both he received patriotic replies. But the feud was too 
 deep-seated to be healed. Jefferson would yield nothing. lie harbored an Implacable hatred of Hamilton, whom he 
 had scourged into active retaliation, and whose lash be felt most Iceenly. 
 
 WaahlnKton'i Wisdom and 
 
 the Utterly selfish i 
 
 really contributed t 
 
 while enjoying the 
 
 those yet in tlie toil 
 
 P'nince, who were 1 
 
 testat ion, hcightenec 
 
 friendliness, they sav 
 
 people in tlieir ])r<>f 
 
 ment like that of En 
 
 But there were w 
 
 Grreat Biit.iin, who h 
 
 their daily reading, ^ 
 
 ill Aiiierica and Frai 
 
 benefit and ])rosperil 
 
 of the Federal or eoi 
 
 the dawning of whal 
 
 iiing, his own s.agacit 
 
 to time in his letters 
 
 expres.sed an eariies 
 
 never breathed a ho} 
 
 he perceived the bio 
 
 departure of its eour 
 
 ette and his compatr 
 
 reins of executive an 
 
 States should stand .i 
 
 Jefferson and his | 
 
 revolutionists, and bi 
 
 luunbers than the F 
 
 every man and meas 
 
 trenerosity that appei 
 
 that lawless violence 
 
 Even the dispatches 
 
 needless alarm, if not 
 
 But " the inexorab 
 
 States those terrible 
 
 incnt recoil with hori 
 
 obin Club reigned su 
 
 tution, and were det( 
 
 Paris, one hundred t 
 
 refused to sanction ii 
 
 iinother for the establ 
 
 to the Tuileries" witl 
 
 entrance. The gates 
 
 many of them the vil 
 
 and compelled the kii 
 
 cap of liberty, upon h 
 
 Lafayette Avas the 
 
 Department of the Ni 
 
 ii 
 
 ' Qouvemenr Morr' 
 informed of the scenes 
 "pecHng the future of ti. 
 Kevolntion, Mr. Jefferson, . . n 
 from him, spoke of Morris as ' 
 wishes, and believing evory th 
 
OP THE WAP; O F 18 12. 
 
 13 
 
 WMblnKton'i Wlisdom and Prudence. 
 
 Sympathy wltl i the Freuch Mcvolutlonlsti. 
 
 Annrchy lii Krancc. 
 
 the Utterly selfiHh motive of the Bourbon in p;iving that nid, and how little it had 
 really eontribiiti'd to tlicir suecess in that Htrujcgle; and tluir own zeal for frcvdoiii, 
 while eiijoyinu; the fruition of their effortn, awakened their warineHt Hyinjiathiis for 
 those yet in tlie toils of slavery. Without; iiu'iuiriii}^, they eheered on the jteoplu of 
 Franco, who were first led by the beloved Laliijette; and with eorresiiondinj^ de- 
 testation, heightened by the memory of ol d wv-onj;s and the irritations of present un- 
 friendlin(-!H, they saw Great Britain, so boa.stful of lilnrty, arrayed aj^ainst the French 
 people in tlieir j)rofessed struggle for thti establishment of a constitutional govern- 
 ment like that of England. 
 
 But there were wise, Jind thoughtful, a nd ])rudent men in the United States and in 
 Great Brit.iin, who had made the science < )f govermnent their study and human nat ure 
 their liiily rcatling, who clearly perceivc( I the vast difi'erence between the revolutions 
 in America and France, and tiiought the y oV)served in the latter no hope for the real 
 henetit and jn-osperity of the people. Ti lese, in the United States, formed the leaders 
 iif the Federal or c<mservative party. AVashington had liiiilcd with great satisfaction 
 tlie dawning of what he hojted to be the day of liberty in France, but, from tiie begin- 
 ning, his own sagacity, and the gloomy f( trebodings manifested by Lafayette from time 
 to time in his letters, made him doubtful of the success of the movement. lie often 
 expressed an earnest wish that republicanism might be established in France, but 
 never breathed a hope, because he neve r felt it. And when, in the summer of IVOl', 
 he perceived the bloody and ferocious character of the French Revolution, and the 
 departure of its course from the high ai id honorable path marked out lor it by Lafay- 
 ette and his compatriots, he and the coi iservative party, then fortunately holding the 
 reins of executive and legislative power, resolved that the government of the United 
 States should stand aloof from all entai iglements with European politics. 
 
 Jefferson and his party, on the other hand, deei)ly sj-mpathized with the French 
 revolutionists, and bore intense enmity toward Great Britain. They were greater in 
 numbers than the Federalists, and th'?ir warfare was relentless. They denounced 
 every man and measure opposed to their own views with a fierceness and lack of 
 tjenerosity that ap])ear8 almost incredi hie, and they shut their ears to the howling of 
 that lawless violence that had comm enced drenching the soil of France in blood. 
 Even the dispatches of government agents abroad were sneered at as instruments of 
 needless alarm, if not something worse-.^ 
 
 But " the inexorable logic of event;s" soon revealed to the people of the United 
 States those terrible aspects of the F reneh Revolution which made them for a mo- 
 ment recoil with horror. Anarchy had seized unhappy France, and the ferocious Jac- 
 obin Club reigned supreme in Paris. Tliey were the enemies of the king and Consti- 
 tution, and were determined to overthrow both. Incited by them, the populace of 
 Paris, one hundred thousand in number, professedly i"censed because the king had 
 refused to sanction a decree of the National Assembly against the priesthood, and 
 another for the establishment of a camp of twenty thousand men near Paris, marched 
 to the Tuileries* with pikes, swords, muskets, and artillery, and demanded .junc20 
 entrance. The gates were thrown open, and forty thousand armed men, i^"'-- 
 many of them the vilest sans-cidottes of the streets of Paris, went through the palace, 
 and compelled the king, in the presence of his family, to put the bo7inet roiige, or red 
 CAp of liberty, upon his head. 
 
 Lafayette was then at the head of his army at Maubcugc, a fortified town in the 
 Department of the North, He hastened to Paris, presented himself at the bar of the 
 
 ' Gouverncur Morr' Imd been appointed minister to Prance after .TcfTerBon left, kept Washington continuttlly 
 
 informed of the scenes --hy and licentiousness in the French capital, and presented gloomy prognostications re- 
 
 upccting the flitiiro of tu .ry. Becansc of this faithfulness, and his testimony against the tendency of the French 
 
 Revolntion, Mr. Jefferson, . . iiis blind devotion to that cause, and his nngenerons judgment concenilng all who dlfTcred 
 from him, spoke of Morris as "ns a high-flying monarchy-man, shuttlnc; his eyes and hi? faith to every fact against hlB 
 wishes, and believing evijry thing he desired to be true." 
 
 
 ! 31 
 
Ill 
 
 74 
 
 PICTORIAI.- FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Lafayottc ]yeU>n the Nntlonal AM«mbl7. 
 
 He t lem. indit the Punlnhmeiit orTrttltor*. 
 
 French PaptrHBOMy. 
 
 ILAKATION (IRCOMPEIfSE 
 I,H D] 1170 NCIATEPR . 
 
 d[HlSlSl51515ip 
 
 National Assembly, and in the name of the army demanded the punishment of those 
 who had insulted the king and his family in the palace and violated the Constitution. 
 But Lafayette was powerless. Paris was drunk Avith passion and uui'estramed liceucie. 
 
 Mon»rchjrinFr«nce ovi 
 
 Tlic doom of royi 
 
 mandi'd the depo 
 
 nent until order i 
 
 iilarm-licll, was si 
 
 tion, TJie Htrcots 
 
 "•ore attacked by 
 
 AsHembly for prot 
 
 areh CHcjiped unhi 
 
 aiithorily." J\[,)na 
 
 and the eonstituti 
 
 tJio arrest of th(i i 
 
 !is a temporary re 
 
 They were arrestc 
 
 Austrian diuigeon 
 
 lii)l(h'n<,' the uncert 
 
 Tlie Jacobins we 
 
 ft'lt unsafe Avhile h 
 
 mii,'Iit Hymj)athize 
 
 Kther Husj)ected jjci 
 
 ily. Their jjrisons 
 
 |»i»]iulac(( were seiil 
 
 'lawn, at k'ast eight 
 
 The consj)irators 
 
 l>ly, and constitutet 
 
 was their meeting-j: 
 
 I'outive powers of go 
 
 France a republic/ 
 
 motion scliemes of ( 
 
 tlie deliverers of tlu 
 
 aid of ])aper-money 
 
 ton and Jiis fellow-n 
 
 invaded Belgium ai 
 
 ofthe Marseilles Ily 
 
 tiocked to tlie stand; 
 
 ' The king wrote a touchiu 
 iug Is a copy : 
 
 "My brother, I nm no long 
 
 most unfortunate of husbandi 
 
 Irnhle mystery of Iniquity. T 
 
 been (i.coycd by gtratngem fa 
 
 tie queen, my children, and y 
 
 "lean no longer doubt the 
 
 "iroko which Is most insuppoi 
 
 my memory by publishing hoi 
 
 they have done me, and tell th 
 
 This letter was sent In a bl 
 
 Conenponrience o/Loum XVl., I 
 
 ' This papcr-moncy, a specli 
 
 Msis for ita credit was the pro 
 
 intended for sale. For t;iree y< 
 
 like our own Continental mon 
 
 nmnunt that was Anally put In 
 
 important a part in the history 
 
 found. The engraving repres'e 
 
 ' in the National Conventloi 
 
 tnat " the principle of leaving c 
 
 so far modifled that we should 
 
 Onf kinn would be nifflcient to ei 
 
 promoting o general imurreetio 
 
 wd the people, and professed t 
 
 111 sentiment, and Dr. Priestley 
 
II • 
 
 ■i? 
 
 nnss- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 m 
 
 Miinnn-hy In Kriinoe overthrown. 
 
 Lafkrette Imprlwraed. 
 
 The N»tluD«l Convention eitahllnhcd. 
 
 Till' (Idoiii of i-Dyulty \V!iH (locrci'd. The |i()j)uliU'o ami niciiibiTH of tlio AsKcinbly dc- 
 iiiiindi'd the doj)()Hitioii of Louis, The sittings of tlu^ AHMi'iiihly wero dcc^larcd inTiiia- 
 riciit until order nhould be restored. At inidiiij^Jit" tlit^ dreadful toesiii, or •Auciibio, 
 iiliirni-liell, was sounded, and the drums beat tJi..' yt.itcrak in every direo- '''^■ 
 
 tion. The streets wore filled with the mad jiojiulaee, and in the morniii}^ the TuilericH 
 ttere attacked by them. The kinj,^, attended by the Swiss (luard, fled to the National 
 Assemlily for j)roteetioii. Nearly every man of the i;uard was butchered. The mon- 
 areh escaped unhurt, but the overawecl Assembly decreed the Husjx'usion of the r<jyal 
 authority.' IMonarchy in Franco waH virtually overthrown, and with it fell Lafayt'tte 
 iind the constitutional party. The Jacobins of the Assend)ly prot ured a decree for 
 the arrest of the manpiis. He and a iiiw friends turned their faces toward Holland 
 as a temjiorary ref\if;e from the fitorm until they could escape to the United States, 
 They were arrested on the way, and for three years Lafayette was entombed in an 
 Austrian dungeon at Olniutz, while pretended rej)ublicans, with bloody hands, were 
 lioldini;^ the uncertain and slippery reins of anarchical ])ower in his beh)ved France. 
 
 The Jacobins were not satisfied with tin* susjienslon of the kinj^'s .".utbority. They 
 felt unsafe while he lived. They conspired ajjainst his life and the live^ of all who 
 might sympathize with him. They filled the prisons with priests and nobles, and 
 (rther susjiected persons. These men were dangerous while their pulses beat health- 
 ily. Their prisons became human slaughter-houses. Thither the demoniac. 
 
 " *• 1702 
 
 populace were sent on the evening of tho 2d of September,'* and before the 
 tlawn, at least eighteen hundred persons were slain ! 
 
 The conspirators now took bolder steps. They abolished the Constituent Assem- 
 bly, and constituted themselves a National Convention, Tlio Hall of iIjC Tui'ories 
 was their mecting-])lace, and there, in the ])alace of the kings, tliey assuTued the vx- 
 ccutive powers of goverimient. They decreed the abolition of royalty, and j)roclaimcd 
 France a republic," With wonderful energy they devised and put in » septemhcr 23, 
 motion schemes of conquest and propagandism, Tliey assumed to bo ^''^'^' 
 
 tlio deliverers of tho people of Eur();><> from kingly rule. Frontier armies, with the 
 aid of paper-money alone,^ were speedily put in motion to execute the decree of Dan- 
 ton and his fellow-regicides that " there nnist be no more kings in Europe," They 
 invaded Belgium and Savoy, and conquered Austrian Netherlands, At the sound 
 of the Marseilles Hymn, sung by these knights-errant of the new chivalry, the people 
 flocked to the standards of revolt.^ 
 
 ' The king wrote a touching letter to his brother, dated " August 12, 1TD2, ■<• p Vclock In the morning." The follow- 
 ing is a copy ; 
 
 "My brother, I am no longer king : the public voice will make known jisi tho most cruel catastrophe. I am the 
 most unfortunate of husbands and of fathers. I am the victim of n-.y o\>>. .soodncss, of fear, of hope. It is an impcne- 
 Irable mystery of iniquity. They have bereaved me of every tning. They have niHssacrcd my faithful subjects. 1 have 
 been d.ooyed by stratagem far fi-om my palace, and they now accuse me ! I am a cni)tlvc. They drag me to prison, and 
 the queen, my children, and Madame Elizabeth [his sister] share my fate. 
 
 "I can no longer doubt that I am an object odious In the eyes of the French, led astray by prejudice. This is tho 
 stroke which is most insupportable. My brother, but a little while, and I shall exist no longer. Itemember to avenge 
 my memory by publishing how much I loved this ungrateftil people. Kccall one day to their remembrance the wrongs 
 they have done me, and tell them I forgave. Adieu, my brother, for the last time." 
 
 This letter was sent In a bit of bread to a friend of the king. It was Intercepted, and never reached his brother. — 
 Conenpomlence 0/ Loidit XVI.JratuiUiti'd h;i IIflkn Maria Williams, 111., 45. 
 
 ' This paper-money, a specimen of which Is given on page 74, was called Assignnt. It was first Issued in ITS!), and the 
 basis for Its credit was the property of the clergy and the emigrants, which the government had seized, and which was 
 intended for sale. For t'.iree years it held n market value of over ninety per cent., but in U92 it began to depreciate, and, 
 lilic our own Continental money, soon became worthless. The first Issue was to the amount of about $200,000,(100. Tho 
 nmnunt that was finally put In circulation was about ,$1,760,000,000. This paper-money, which for a seaeon played so 
 important a part In the history of the world, was productive of the greatest evils. Specimens of it are now rarely to be 
 found. The engraving represents one In the author's possession. 
 
 ' In the National Convention, on the 28th of September, Danton declared, amid the loud applauses of the assembly, 
 that " the principle of leaving conquered peoples and countries the right of choosing their own constitutions ought to be 
 to far modified that we should expressly forbid them to give themselves kings. There muxt be no more kinjH in Europe. 
 One king would be mifflcienl to endanger general libertij; and I request that a committee be established for the purpose of 
 promoting a general iiuurrection among all people againitt kinge." They thus made a distinction between the monarchs 
 ami the people, and professed to be the deliverers of the latter. The Revolution Clubs of England affiliated with them 
 in sentiment, and Dr. Priestley and Thomas Puine were elected members of the National Convention. Priestley de- 
 
 n 
 
mm 
 
 IJMI 
 
 il' 
 
 !i| 
 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
 iff 
 
 5? i sl^' 
 
 p.. 
 
 >5i; 
 
 7d 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Egotism of the French lievolntionistB. 
 
 Paine In France, 
 
 Execution of Louis XVI. 
 
 Success gave the revolu- 
 tionists jj/estiffe, and, with 
 egotism luiparallcled, the 
 National Convention, by 
 acclamation, declai-ed that, 
 "in the name of tlie French 
 nation, they Avould grant 
 fraternity and assistance to 
 all those peoples who wish- 
 ed to procure liberty ;" and 
 they charged the executive 
 power " to send orders to the 
 generals to give assistance 
 to ouch people, and to de- 
 fend citizens who had suifer- 
 ed, and were then suft'ering 
 in the cause of liberty." 
 
 ■"^fCy 
 
 Tlic revolutionists, flush- 
 ed with victories, and em- 
 boldened by th'j obedi- 
 ence which their reign of 
 terror inspired, soon exe- 
 cuted a long - cherished 
 plan of the Jacobins, and 
 murdered their king in the 
 ])resence of his subjects.' 
 They declared war against 
 Enffliind and Hoi- .„ . , 
 
 , •Fen. 1, 
 
 land,'' and soon af- 17»3. 
 terward against >> u^ch 
 Spain,'' and with ^• 
 the battle-cry o^ '''■Liberty 
 and jtJqiiuUt!/" they de- 
 fied all Europe. For a 
 
 moment England a\ as alarmed, for she h.id numerous enemies in her own Jiousehold, 
 and the civilized world looked upon the sanguuuiry tragedy on the (Jallic stage with 
 dismay and horror. 
 
 The contagion of that bloody Eevolutiou had so poisoned the eirculatinn of tlif 
 social and j)olitical system of the United States, that, strange as it may appi'ar to us, 
 when the ])roclamation of the French Republic, .vith all its attendant horrors of 
 August and September, was made known here, followed speedily by intelligence of 
 
 cliued, but Pnine accepted, went over to Prance, and 
 
 tooli liis sent In tlint blood-tlilrsty n?si.'mbly. This eall- 
 
 od forth s(inihs and caricatures In abuudauci'. In one 
 
 of tlio liHtor, entitled "FaRhion for Eiifc; or, a Good 
 
 Constitution (-acriflced for a l-'antiistic Form," Paine is 
 
 rei)rcsented fitting Bri'>innia w iili a new pair of stays, in 
 
 allusion to the occu'-ation of hi» early life. Over a cottage 
 
 door on one side \v is a sign, "Thomas Paine, Stay-nnilier, 
 
 from Tlietford. Puris Modes liy i:xpress." Paine nevei- 
 
 ventareil to return to England. His popularity in France 
 
 was brief. In the National Conventimi he offended the 
 
 ferocious Jncol)ins by ndvornting lenicno; towaril the 
 
 king. He incurred their hi-.tred, niu\ Hobespierre and 
 
 his associates cast him into prison, where he composed 
 
 his "Age ofReason." He was saved from the m illotinc 
 
 by accident, escaped u, tlie United States, and spent 
 
 much of his time iiu ri', until his death, in coa se abuse 
 
 of men and measures in that country and England. 
 ' They wcnr through the fiipv of a trial. The liing 
 
 was acciiKci! of treason to the [' "i-lc and the C'oiistltu- 
 
 tion, and was found guilty, of course. Weak in intcUof't, 
 
 and dissipated in habits as he was, Louis v. >s innocent 
 
 of the crinu!8 alleL'ed ,\;,'ainBt him. He was Ijelicided by 
 
 the guillotine. When standing bef, re the iustruinent of death, and looking upon the people with Honignlty, lie said, 
 
 " I f.irglve my enemies ; may Goil forgive tliem, i:in' not lay my innocent blood to the charge of the m.lion ! Ood Mess 
 
 my neop;<' '" He was cut short by ai-. order to ,ieat the drums and sound the trumpets, when the brutal oflicer lo 
 
 charge called out to him, " -V» tpfeches ! cimw, n<> n/xmhen .'" 
 
 The deiitli of Louis was sincerfly mourned. He was weak, but not 
 vicked. He was ■\ii :!mlable iran, and loved his country. His fr'iid 
 dared rmt make any public de.ionstratious of g>-ief, or even of ntiarli- 
 menl. A small ct]niuieuioratl\e medal ofbrass was struck, and seir.ily 
 circulated. The.«e were cherished by tlie !,oyallsts for a generation wiib 
 threat alTectioil. Ou one side li< a head of Louis, with the usual insciiii- 
 tion— i.cp. -vi. stx oAi.i.. imi obatia. On the other 'ide is a mciiio- 
 rlal urn, with "uifis xvi." npoii It, and a fallen crown and sceptre a; 
 Its base. Beneath is the date of his death, and over i! the slgniUcnn' 
 words, SOI, Bi'.osi AiiiiT "The enn of the kingdom has departed." The 
 engraving is from a copy in the mithOi-'a possession.* 
 
 •AINE rmiSO 8TAV8. 
 
 MKMOIIHI. .MrOAI.. 
 
 Antoinette, of Austria. 
 
 • Louis was Dorn on the 28d of Mcrch, UN and In ITi'O married Kiiiii! 
 lie ascended the throne of France, en th'; death of his grandfather, in ITT-t. 
 
 Forge tfulness of Holla 
 
 the conquest of 
 
 popular feeling 
 
 They were bliiu 
 
 Franco. They \ 
 
 ^ friendship far iik 
 
 'true liberty whic 
 
 the persecuted fo 
 
 cities celebrated 
 
 spirit the death o 
 
 in the United St.- 
 
 France awfikened 
 
 icans, ai-oused old 
 
 letter and spirit o 
 
 These demonsti 
 
 was styled,-'' as mi 
 
 frigate, and landec 
 
 «as all tiiat his a 
 
 weeks by land froi 
 
 tion. He ^vas a i 
 
 «.'is frank, lively, 
 
 iiiiMsion. Ho mint 
 
 trhies, scorned ail < 
 
 States of the unboi 
 
 hcan leaders hailed 
 
 favorable to iinmec 
 
 its impending .struc 
 
 iiiomeiit, would not 
 
 Iliat might Jiave pr 
 
 It was fortunate 
 
 selors, M-ere at the 1 
 
 with courage stiffic 
 
 the declaration of v 
 
 was at Moiuif Vern( 
 
 or their system of <; 
 
 wrote to Governor 
 
 foes the country ha-. 
 
 Perceiving the pr 
 
 ,?reat anxiety, and 1 
 
 terrible evils which 
 
 ' There was n grand fete 1 
 
 nted with ribbons, and pl,i< 
 
 ill-playcd from the horns of 
 
 loaves of bread and two hog, 
 
 ofthree hunrlred, with Kaaiii 
 
 Ci^.iBul, jat down to a dinner 
 
 wore presented, stamped vit 
 
 Inthejaii for debt were paid 
 
 t!ie French .illlauce, mpntio.i 
 
 Mifliin presided. At the he,,. 
 
 Aniericau ttags lutoruvliied i 
 
 ".". treaty of alllan-e.nien 
 
 ruary, ITTS, by -.vhict, t[ie for 
 
 mcrce executed at i;,e same 
 
 tbn'se of the enemies of Friiiu 
 
 ' The French Jacobins aflV- 
 
 joe term r^then was nniversi 
 
 He was called "Citizen Capet 
 
 cwiveiitional coBtumo of that 
 
■"''*Wfi*«'?S'!?'^*&VsHi-»-.ww'i- 
 
 OF THE WAU «F 1812. 
 
 11 
 
 Forgetfiiluess of Ilulland's Friendship. 
 
 Arrival of - ' 'Itizen Genet" 
 
 Washington's Wisdom and Prudence. 
 
 the conquest of Austrian NetherkawiB by a French army, there was nn outburst of 
 popular feeling in favor of the fTalBe camm that swmetl to be almost universal. 
 They were blind to the total difference betwwen tWir own Revolution and that in 
 France. They were forgetfnl of the friendship of Holland during that struggle — a 
 friendship far more sincei' than thul of the Frt-nch ; forgetful also of the spirit of 
 true liberty which for ceiiiiries had prevailed m Holland, and made it an asylum for 
 the persecuted for conscient*' sake in all lands ; and the people in several towns and 
 cities celebrated these events with demonstrations of great joy.^ With a similai' 
 spirit the death of the Freuz-h king was hailed by the leaders of the Republican party 
 ill the United States ; and the declaration of war against England and Holland by 
 Fiance awakened a most rrmarkable entliusiasm in favor of the old ally of the Amer. 
 icans, aroused old liatreds toward England, and called loudly for compliance with the 
 letter and spirit of the treaty of 1778.^ 
 
 These dcnionsti ' ons were fwon followed by the arrival of" Citizen Genet," as lie 
 was styled,^ as minister of the French Republic to the United States. He came in a 
 frigate, and landed at Charleston, Soutli Carolina, early in April. His reception there 
 was all that his ambition could have demanded; and his journey of three or four 
 weeks by land IVom there to Philadelphia, the national cai>ital, was a continued ova- 
 tion, lie was a man of culture and tact, spoke the English language fluently, and 
 was frank, lively, and communicative. lie was precisely the man for Ids peculiar 
 iiiiMsion. He niingleil familiaily with the people, proclaimed wild and stirrhig doc- 
 trines, scorned all dijilomatic art and reserve, and assured tlie citizens of the United- 
 States of the unbounded affection of his countrymen for the Americans. The Repub- 
 lican leaders hailed his advent with delight ; and a large portion of the iieople were 
 favorable to immediate and active participation by their government with France in 
 its impending struggle against armed Europe. Many, in the Avild enthusiasm of the 
 luomeiit, would not have hesitated an instant hi precijiitating their country into a war 
 tliat might have proved its utter ruin. 
 
 It Avas fortunate for the country that a man like Washington, and his wise coun- 
 selors, Avere at the helm and iialliards of the vessel of state at that time, and endoAA-ed 
 with courage sufficient to meet the dangerous popular gale. W^heii intelligence of 
 the declaration of war between France and other nations reached him, the IVesident 
 was at Mounf Vernon. He had no confidence in the self-constitvld rulers of Frai.ce 
 or their system of government. "They are ready to «^ear each other in pieces," he 
 wrote to Governor Lee, of Virginia, "and Avill, more than probably, iirove the worst 
 foes the country has." 
 
 Perceiving the proclivity of the public mind in his vavii country, the President felt 
 great anxiety, and he made immediate preparations to arrest, as fnr as possible, the 
 terrible evils Avhich a free course of the popular sympathy for the French might have. 
 
 1 There wns n j;rnnrt fete held In Bopton on the 24th of .Jnnnary, ITDB. An ox was roasted whole. It was then dcco- 
 ntoil with ribhoiis, and (ilacnd upon a car drnwn by fixicfn horpoi*. ^'^e tings of the United States and I'nuice were 
 (llsiilnyod from the horns of the ox. Jt was i)ariidijd throu(,-h the streets, followed by >_ -Is bearing sUtctMi lunidred 
 loaves of bread and two liogshf-nds of p'lnch. These were di'-tribnttd among the people ; and at the same time a party 
 of thre'- hnndred, with Samuel .Vdams, then Lieutenant Governor of MasHaclii'setts, nt their head, .i"sistcU by tlie French 
 co.isul, jat down to a dinner U\ Faneuil Hall. To the children ol ull the schools, v\'ho were paraded in tlie streets, cukes 
 were presented, stampcil vith the words "lilHTti/ aud Kiiuiilitii." !))■ public eubscription, the sums owed liy prisoners 
 ill the jali for debt were paid, und the victims of that barbnr uis law were f et free. In Philadelphia the anniversary of 
 I'.ic Flench '1111111100, nient'.oiied in tlie . libjolned not',', wns comniemornted by a public dinner. Governor (Int.i General) 
 Mifllin presided. At the head of tlu^ table a pike was flxcd, bearing npoii Its eiUit the himitft roiif/c, with the French and 
 American fiags lutertwlucd in fesioons, and the whole .-nmionnted b; « dove M'ld olive branch. 
 
 - A treaty of alllan'e, fiiendfhlp, and commerce was enterc' into by the I'n'led States and France on the Cth of Feb- 
 mui> , 1T7S, by which the fornier was bound to guarantee the French iiossesslon.j In Amerh a ; and by a treaty of com- 
 nicrie executed at tl.e same time, French privateers and priaes -verr entitled to shelter In the American ports, while 
 Iho'ic of (he enemies of Frii nee ihouldhc dxclnded. -See Arliclfi XVII. of the Trenty. 
 
 ' The French Jacobins aflVcted the simplicity of (he republics of Greece and Rome. All titles were abolished, and 
 the term nfhfii was universally applied t;) men. AVneii 'l.e klni' was spoken of, his fr.mily name of Capiat was used, 
 lie was called " Citlr.cii Capet" or " Louis ( tipet," They naV'ctcd to rc.'aid liberty as a ■liviiilty, and a coiirtesan, ia the 
 ccuveiitionul coBtumc of ttiat dl\ Imty, w r>s fiaraded lu a ;ur th~ougb the streets ae the Goddess of Liberty. 
 
: 
 
 m 
 
 IB 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Waabington'8 Proclamation of Meutrnllty. 
 
 Aesaulta upon It and its Author. 
 
 ' April li2, 
 
 nu3. 
 
 He sent* a most unwelcome letter to the Secretary of State. "War," he 
 wrote, "liaving actually conmienced between France and Great Britain, it 
 behooves the govennnent of this country to use every means in its power to prevent 
 the citizens thereof from embroiling us with either of those powers, by endeavorini;: 
 to maintain a strict neutrality." He required Mr. Jefferson to give the subject his 
 careful thought, and lay his views before liim on his arrival in Philadelphia. A sim- 
 ilar letter was sent to the head of every oth.er department. 
 
 Washington reached Philadelphia on the I7th of April, and on the 19th held a 
 Cabinet council. It was agreed that the President sliould issue a proclamation of 
 neutrality, warning citizens of the United States not to take part in the kindliiig war. 
 At the same meeting it was agreed that the minister of the French Republic should 
 be received.' 
 
 The President's proclamation of neutrality Avas issued oii the 22d of April, and Avas 
 .■■^wled Avith the greatest vehemence by the "P'rench party," as the llepublicaii.s 
 H'« i"c called, lieverence for the President's character and p»\sition Avas forgotten in 
 the sto.'-m of passion that eiriued. The proclamation Avas styled a " roj'al edict," a 
 " daring and iniAvarrantable assumption of executive poAver," and was pointed at as 
 an open manifestation by the President and his political friends of partiality for En- 
 gland, a ')itter foe, and hostility to France, a Avarm friend and ancien* ally. It is fair 
 to infer, Irora the tone of his private letters at that time, that the Secretary of State 
 (Avho voted very reluctantly in the Cabinet for the proclamation), governed by his 
 ;u."'^st fanatical hatred of Hamilton, and his sympathies Avith the French regicides, 
 secretly promoted a public feeling hostile to the administration.^ 
 
 ' The followinR Is n copy of the President's proclamation : 
 
 " Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Nutli- 
 erlands on the one part, and France on the other, and the duty and interests of the United States require that llirv 
 should, with sincerity and good faith, adopt and inirsue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers : 
 
 "I have therefore thought fit, by these i)iesents, to declare the disposition -if the United States to observe the conduct 
 aforesaid toward those powers respectively, and to exhort and to warn the citizens of the United States carefully to 
 avoid all acts and proceedings wluitsoevcr which may in any manner tend to contravene snch disposition. 
 
 "And I do hereby make known, that whosoever of the citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to ])iiii- 
 ishmeut or forfeiture under the law of nations, by cimiinitting, aiding, or ubetting hostilities against any of the taiil 
 powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles which arc deemed contraband l)y the modern usage of nations, will 
 not receive the protection of the United States against such punishment or forfeiture ; and farther, that I have given 
 instruction.i to those officers to whom it belouga to cause i)rosecutions to be instituted against all persons who sliull. 
 within the cognizance of the courts of the United Sti 'es, violate the laws of nations with respect to the powers at war. 
 or any one of them. In testimony whereof, etc . etc. Signed, Oeokoe Washinuto.n-." 
 
 J It is an unpleasant dnty to arraign men whom the nation delights to honor as tried patriots, on a charge of com- 
 plicity with those who at one time would have wrecked the governinent upon the rocks of anarchy, not designedly, pcr- 
 liaps, bnt nevertheless efTcctually. llut historic truth sometimes demands it, as iu the case before us. Mr. .Tctlerson 
 was openly opposed to the policy of AVashington's administration. This was manly. But it was not manly lO be a 
 covert enemy, lie always denied any complicity witli Freueau, his translating clerk, in his coarse abuse of Washlngtoi] 
 and his politifal friends, while Jefferson was Secretary of State ; hut the very mlimtes niac'.e by Mr. .Jefferson hiuisolf. 
 and printed in his Anas, BufflcienHv indicate his relative positi<ni to Freueau at that time. He says that at a Ciihiiii't 
 council Wanhinglon spolte harshly of Frcneau, who impudeutly sent him three copies of his paper every day, tilled vvitli 
 abuse of the administration. "He c(.uld see nothing in it," .Icfl'erson recorded, "but an impudent design to insult him: 
 he ended in a hifh tone." Again Jefferson says. "lie [tlie Picsldeut] adverted to a piece in Freiiean's paper of yester- 
 day. He said he des))lsed all their attacks on hlin personally, but that there had never been an act of tlie government, 
 not meaning in tbr executive line only, bnt In any line, which that paper had not abnsed. ... lie was evidently sore 
 and warm, and I i. ik his Intention to be, that i should interjiose in some way with Freueau, perhaijs wlthdr"".' his ap- 
 polntmcnt of translating cle.k In my office. But I will not do it. His paper has saved our Constitution, whi h w as gal- 
 loping fast into monarchy, and has been checked by uo one means so powerfully as by that paper. It is well and iinl- 
 versaily known that it has been thai paper which has checked the career of ihc monocrats."— */cmoir and Corrmiuiutl- 
 ence nfjeffermn, Loudon edition, 'v., 4(17. But the evidence against Mr. Jefferson In this matter Is not entiicl.v clrciuii- 
 stantial. The late Dr. John W. Francis, of New York, who was Frenenn's physician in the latter j'cars of his life, 
 informed the author that It was one of the most polginint griefs of 'hat Journalist that he had seemed to be an cnciiu 
 of AA'ashiugtim. He assured Dr.Prancis that the Sarutnal (Inzfile was entirely under the control of Mr. .Jefferson, aii^l 
 that the Secretary iHrtatetl m ti^ole Ihr mttHt rioh'nt attarkn n» Washington and liw political fricnilii. The only e.'scUfc Hi 
 the conduct of Mr. JefiVrsou at that lime Is iHilillcal mouonianiu. 
 
 Genet's Hcceptlon in 8<mtl 
 
 1 
 
 of the proclamation, 
 from Charleston, wit 
 ilopredatc on British 
 One of these priva 
 sliores. She went pr 
 a fine British nierch; 
 Avhen she proceeded 
 •vas greeted by a i 
 "When the British t 
 F.eiich flying above 
 licr foremast, and hev 
 t'(\ white burgees, Avi 
 National Convention 
 L^ Embiiscade Avas 
 |ihia fourteen days 1 
 Mict him at the Schu 
 roar of cannon and tl 
 :iiid the citizens at iai 
 itlol, that he AA'as hivil 
 President of the Unit 
 At that presentatio 
 touched, and his hoj)i 
 
 ' General AVlIUan Moultrie, 
 Jay wrote : 
 
 ' From her foremast were ^ 
 " Prceraeu, wo nro your friends 
 inau." V EnybuiKxiik saluted Iht 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 79 
 
 Genet's Reception in South CnroUiin. Privateers commissioned, /irrlvnl and Reception of one of tliem at Pliiladclphla. 
 
 ciiAPTEti rv. 
 
 " While France her huge limbs bs the < recumbent in 1)10011, 
 And society's base throats with wide (IcHolation, 
 May Peace, lilic the dove who i eturned from the Hood, - , ■;, 
 
 I'iud an ark of aliode in our mild Constitution. . . 
 
 But though peace is I lur aim, <• 
 
 Yet the lioon we disc laim . - : 
 
 If bought by our Sovereignty, . Fuslicp, or Fame ; 
 For ne'er shall the sons of ( .'ohimbia be slaves 
 While the earth bears a plajit, or the sea rolls its waves." 
 
 RooEBT Tbe.it Paine. 
 
 HE Avisclom and timolLioss of "Waslihigton's proclamation of nen- 
 trality was soon made; manifest. Genet came Avitli blank com- 
 missions for naval und military service, and proceeded to lit out 
 two privateers at Cb arleston. He was also empowered to give 
 authority to every French consul in the United States to consti- 
 tute himself a court of admiralty, to dispose of prizes captured by 
 French cruisers and brought into American ports. In defiance' 
 lit' the proi'lamation, his privateers, manned principally by American citizens, sailed 
 from Charleston, with the consent and good wishes of the governor and citizens, to 
 ilepredale on British commerce.^ 
 
 One of these privateers m . ,s .V EmhuHcade, the frigate that brought Genet to our 
 shores. She went prowling up the coast, seizing several vessels, and at last captured 
 a fine British merchantman, named The Grange, within the Capes of the Delaware, 
 when she proceeded to Philadelphia in triumphant attitude." Her arrival . jtay 2, 
 vas greeted by a great assemblage of people on the brink of the river. *^"3- 
 •' AVhen the British colors were seen re versed," Jefferson wrote to Madison, " and the 
 FiOiK'h flying above them, the people liurst into peals of exultation." Upon her liead, 
 her foremast, and hev stern, liberty-caps were conspicuous; and from her masts float- 
 id white burgees, with words that ochoed the egotistic proclamation of the French 
 Xational Convention.^ 
 
 VEinbuscade was the precursor of the French minister, who arrived at Philadel- 
 )>hia fourteen days later. '^ Accordinti; to preconcert, a number of citizens 
 met him at the Schuylkill and escor ed him to the city, in the mirlst of the 
 roar of cannon and the rhigiug of bell':. There he rtceived addresses from societies 
 :uid the citizens at large; and so an-vious were his ailmirers to ])ay homage to their 
 idol, that he was invited to a p.iblic diimer before hf presented his credentials to the 
 President of the United States! 
 
 At that presentation, which occurred on the 10th,'^thc minister's pride was 
 touched, and his hopeful ardor was chilled. Ho found himself in an atmos- 
 
 "■ May 10. 
 
 May. 
 
 1 Geucral William Moultrie, the heroic patriot of the Kevolutlon, was then Oovemor of Sonth Carolina. A wit of the 
 J«y wrote : 
 
 " On that blest day whun first we came to land, 
 Oreat Mr. Moultrie look us by the hand; 
 Surveyed Iho ships, ndm'.tfd the motley crt-w, 
 Aud o'er the envoy ft-iendship's maiitle threw; 
 Rcceive.d the Bam-rMlotle with soft embrace, 
 And bade him welcome with the kindliest grace." 
 
 'From her forcniKst were displayed tho ivords, " Knemles of ei|nailty, reform or tremble;" from her mnlnmafti, 
 "Prceraeu, wo are y<iur friends and brethren ;" moim the mlzten-mast. "Wo arc armed for the defense of the righti of 
 raau." U Embimcckie saluted the V(i at crowd wUUtSAcoii '^ms, and was responded to on shore by cheers, and g<iu for gun. 
 
m rKi'tffUlAJ. -TEI..D.BOOK 
 
 Oeuot im tke Presence of WaibhigtolSl' TtStifffidfi—. jj -u^ PuUttcal Friends. 
 
 Democratic Societies 
 
 i 
 
 phorc of the most profound diarrrf^y in tl !<■ ^' trnce of ^\'a8hinc:ton ; and he was made 
 to realiw hi« own littleness while standi n^ bofvro thiit nohle i\ presentative of the best 
 m<'n and the soundest principles of tJie A) , rican ]<- )iiiMU\ lie withdrew from the 
 audience aba^tlved and subdued. He had heard seiitn.,* ris of sincere regard for the 
 F'renoii nation tl»at touched the sensil)ilities of his Jieart, and he liad fell, in the genu- 
 ine courtesy and severe simplicity and frankness of the President's manner, wholly 
 free from effervescent enthusiasm, a withering rebuke, not only of the adulatois in 
 puV)lic places, but also of his own pretenl ious aspirations and ungenerous duj)licity,' 
 
 Genet affected to !><• shocked by the evidences of monarchical sympathies in the 
 President's house.^ He was supremely happy when lie was j>ermitted to escape 
 from the frigidity of truth, virtue, and dignity into the fervid atmosphere of a ban- 
 ■Mi>y23, quet-hall filled with his "friends."* There his ears were greeted with the 
 
 iT!t3. stirring Marseilles Hymn, an '>de in French, composed for tlie occasion,^ and 
 toasts bfifflful of "Liberty and Equality." There his eyes were delighted with a 
 •'trfte of lifxk-rty" upon the table, and the fags of the two nations in fraternal enfold- 
 'm%*. There his iieart was mada glad by having the red cap of libeity placed ujion 
 Hfi* nrvm Jiead first, and then upon the head of each guest, while the wearer, under the 
 IfiKpiration of its i^ymbcJism — 
 
 " That siicrsd Cap, whlcti fools in order sped 
 In grand rotation, round from head to head"— 
 
 uttered some patriotic i^iwWwwwS, There hirt hopes of success were made to bud anew 
 ns ho saw the officers and sailo/w ///' \\\ii piiviiteer receive a "fraternal embrace" fn in 
 eiu li gin'sl, (i/id bear away to the robber the /(/igH o/'lhc ( ho )ii, lions amid the cheeiH 
 of the convivialists. 
 
 Genet's prescnco intensified (he party spirit of the Republicans. " llelilifiiriilii 
 Societies," in imitation of Ihe Jacobin Clubs of France, were formed, secret in their 
 proceeduigs, and disloyal in the extreme in their jjractice at that time. In servile 
 imitation of their jjrototypes, they adopted the peculiar phrases of the populace of 
 Paris;' and a powerful fiiction was soon visible, more Fi'euch than American in tluii 
 habits of thought and political principles. By some strange iiifjvt nation, sensible ami 
 patriotic men were drawn into the toils of the charmer, and they sanctioned and j)!ii- 
 ticipated in scenes which composed a most astounding and humiliating farce.'' 
 
 ' Genet's address to Wachlngton was full of friendly profesFlon?. "It wan impopsible," Jefferson wrote to Madison, 
 "for any thing to be more affectionate, more mngnanimons than the purport of Genets mission. ... He offers eviTv 
 thing, and asks nothing." And yet, while making thc.«e professions, he had secret instrnctions in his pocket to foment 
 discord helween the United States and Great Britain, and to set the American government at dcflunce, ii neo('s^Mv, in 
 the execution ;)f his designs. lie had already openly insulted that government by his acts nt C'harlcsfon— a city wl.iili. 
 on that occasion as on subsequent ones, earned the "bad crainencc" of standing alone in the attitude of disloyally \>' 
 the national government. 
 
 ' He was "astonished and indignant" at seeing a bust of Louis XVI. in the vcstllml", and romp'nined of It to hi? 
 "friends" as an " Insult to France. " lie was eiiually "astonished" by discovering in the President's parlor "ccrtniii 
 medallions of Capet and his family ;" r.nd lie was " shocked to le? rn" that the Marquis Dc NoaiUcs (n relative of Madnnn' 
 lafayeltc) and other emigrant Frenchmen had lately been admitted to Ihc presence of Washington. Indeed he found 
 most things disagreeable outside of the charmed circle of his " f'icnds." 
 
 ■' This was written by "Clll/en Duponceau,"of rhiladclphin, n worthy French gentleman, ,. ho came to America with 
 the Baron Oe Steuben, and w.is for many years n distinguished citizen of Pennsylvania. The ode was translated into 
 English at the table by Frcncau, Ihe translating clerk of the Sccreiary of State, and then sung again. 
 
 < "The title 6f c?Yi>™,"says Orlswold, "became as common In Phlladi'lphia as lnPari.», and in the newspapers it w;i« 
 the fashion to announce marriages as partnerships L.tHeen ('itizen Brow:i, Sniilh, or Jones and the cifowi who had hc?u 
 wooed to such an association."— /Jfjiiib/iVnii Cmiri, p. ilCiO. 
 
 ■■• " At a dinner at which Governor MIfllin was present, a roasted pig recel'or' the name of the mnrdered French kin:'. 
 and the head, severed fi-om the body, was carried lonnd to each of the guests, who, after placing the liberty-cap on lii^ 
 own bciid, ))ronouncea the word ' tyrant,' and proceeded to mangle with bis knife that of the luckless creature donnioil 
 to be served for so unworthy a company. One of Ihe IVmorratIc lavcnis dlsplaycfi as a sign a revolting picture oftlic 
 mutilated and bloody corpse of Marie Ant.iinetto."*— /(c;)ii6(ic(i» Pnurt, p. '(.Vl. Stninge as It may seem, .' 'fferson was jo 
 Influenced by his prejudices ..t that time that he shnt his cyos, apparently, to all passing events, and could write to Mad- 
 
 • Marie Antoinette, the nnhappy queen of Louis X^1., became the victim of Jacobin mnlignlty, and was t)e!ieaded on 
 the Irtlh (ifOctoljer, nwi. .She was n danghter of the Kmpetor of Austria, and Is represented as a beantihil and accom- 
 plished woman. Iler murdcers accused and convicted l,"r of crimes of wblch tbey knew she was Innocent. She wn? 
 taken to the scaffold on a cart. I|i t body was cast into the Magdalen churchyard, and luimedialely consumed nitli 
 qulck-hmc ! The fiends denied her a grave. 
 
 Enthusiasm for the F 
 
 But the ludic 
 
 dignified act. 
 
 liundred inerchs 
 
 the soundest loy 
 
 scnted to Presid 
 
 Similar enthu 
 
 other ])Iaces, but 
 
 to the governme 
 
 Democratic soci, 
 
 temperate heat, t 
 
 The governme 
 
 forward in the ] 
 
 owners, and tJie j 
 
 sent to the colleci 
 
 fitted out as priv 
 
 sols, Americans 
 
 and indicted for .1 
 
 of grand juries to 
 
 with respect to ar 
 
 These measures 
 
 He protested ; ami 
 
 reiterated the opji 
 
 priv/i/eecs, he had 
 
 I'ccied finil '/'//,, ii 
 
 would leave th<i 4 
 
 Isou, afltj ,.,|„,,„^|„^,,,i, 
 
 two of the Cabinet [Mean 
 1,'rcat antipathy to run fou 
 ' A dance, with singing, 
 " ''''"'>«= societies and th'( 
 "li'lioiilo their owh, as eq 
 belter counsels kept their 
 Hevolutlong. 
 
 The aspect of dignltv,(lr, 
 was wholl" wanting in Uiat i 
 'ipenly advanced In Ihv Con 
 cnrurcc a political creed up,,, 
 
 when Ibehold the hand of ra 
 tliusu citl/ens and Ibeir anci 
 and cool delibenitlon ought t 
 what was the cause of Amerli 
 ''*'■'•'." WI8 graphically ijhislr 
 
OP TllE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 81 
 
 Entbuoiaam for the French Cause. The Americaa and French Kevulutlonn contrasted, tienct rebuked by Jefferson. 
 
 But the ludicrous picture of Genet's reception in Philiulcl]iliia was relieved by a 
 dignified act. On the day of his arrival in that city, an address, signed by three 
 hinidred merchants and other substantial men of that city, in which was expressed 
 the soundest loyalty to the letter and spirit of his proclamation of neutrality, was pre- 
 sented to President Washington. 
 
 Similar enthusiasm for the French cause was manifested in New York and a few 
 other places, but the citizens were never obnoxious to the charge of overt disloyalty 
 to the government. Although the Carmagnole^ was sung hourly in the streets, and 
 Democratic societies fanned the zeal for the Jacobin system of government into in- 
 temperate heat, the citizens, as such, remained loyal to the Constitution and the laws.* 
 
 Tlie government, unawed by the storm of passion that beat upon it, went steadily 
 forward m the path of right and duty. 27ie Grange Avas restored to its British 
 owners, and the privateers were ordered to leave the American waters. Orders were 
 sent to the collectors of all the ports of the United States ibr the seizure of all vessels 
 iitted out as privateei-s, and to prevent the sale of any prizes captured by such ves- 
 sels. Americans from one of the privateers fitted out at Charleston were arrested 
 and indicted for a violation of law; and Cliief Justice .T.ay declared it to be the duty 
 of grand juries to jjresent all i>ersons guilty of such violation of the laws of nations 
 with respect to any of the belligerent powers. 
 
 Tiiese measures greatly irritated tlie French minister and his American partisans, 
 lie protested ; and tlie Secretary of State, soon finding him to be a troublesome friend, 
 reiterated the opinitms of the President, and plainly told him that, by commissioning 
 |trivii(('er«, he had violated the sovereignty of the United States, and that it Avas ex- 
 |ie('l('d Ihal '/'///' IJi nit and IJJi^nibvscade (the two privateers fitted out at Charleston) 
 would leave tho American wat' *'orthwith. 
 
 isiiii, iilliM i!»)((/i«i'lli(j hl« opinion thni Gcnei h inagnnnimous offers would not be received, "It Is evident thnt one or 
 two of the C!ablnei Hueiiniii); llnmiiton and Knoxi, at least, under pretcnRe of avoldiuj^ war ou the one side, have no 
 (jrciit antipathy to run foul of it on the otlur, and to make a jiart in the confederacy of princes against human liberty." 
 
 1 A dance, with slngiiifr, performed in the mi ts of I'aris during the French Revolution. See page GO. 
 
 ■ Those societies and the newspapers In theii iiterest attempted to deceive the people by comparing the Freuch Rev- 
 olution to their invli, us equallyju.xlitled and holy. Jlany, totally ignorant of the fai-ts, believed ; but enlightenment and 
 tictlcr counsels kept their passions in check. The informed and thoughtful saw no just comparison I'otweeu the two 
 licvolutlous. 
 
 TllF <^ONTRART. 
 
 The aspect of dignity, dccomm, gravity, order, and rcllglonn solemnity so conspicuous in 
 was wholl" wanting in that of the French. " When I llnd," IlnmlUon wrote to Washington, 
 ii|ipiil,v advanced in the Convention, and heard with loud applauses ; when I sec the sw. -d 
 ouforce a political creed upon citizens who were invited to submit to the arms of FraMs ii« 
 when I behold the hand of rapacity outslcetched to prostrate and ravish the monuments uf re 
 llwai'. cliliiens and their ancestors ; when T iicrceive passion, tumult, and vlolcn -e nsurpi..;: 
 ;niii cool deliberation ought to preside— I acknowledge that I am glad lo believe there Is r.o 
 what was the canse of America and what is the cause of France." The difference between .< 
 UkrVj was graphically illustrated by a print cnJled T)w CoMrmt, of which our engraving Is a 
 
 the American Revolntion 
 " (he doctrines i>f atheism 
 if fanaticism extended to 
 the barblnpera of liberty; 
 !1'-lo!!S worship erected by 
 liisse seatK where reiion 
 real resemblance between 
 tneriean liberty and Frtnth 
 reduced copy. 
 
82 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 i r 
 
 Persixteoce of the French Minister. 
 
 Ui8 "FlIibUBtorlDg" Schemes. 
 
 Dis Attempt to create a Rebellion. 
 
 A Reaction. 
 
 sf 'lil 
 
 
 .\ IW 
 
 il 
 
 ri' 
 
 
 
 Geiiot, with ofFensive pcrtin.ifity, de- 
 nounced this doctrine as contrary to 
 riglit, Justice, and tlie law of nations, 
 and threatened " to appeal from tlie 
 President to tlic jn'ople." Tiic Re- 
 publican papers sustaiiu'd hiiu in his 
 course. 1 The Democratic societies be- 
 came more bold and active ; and (ienet, 
 niistakinLT the |)opular clamor in his fa- 
 vor for the deliberate voice of the na- 
 tion, actually undertook to fit out as a 
 privateer at I'hiladelphia, during the 
 absence of the President at Mount Ver- 
 non, under the very eyes of the national 
 government, a British vessel that liad 
 been cajitured and brought in there by 
 VEnibuscade, and which he named in 
 French The Little iJernocrat. MilHin, 
 tlic Democratic Governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania, interfered, and threatened to 
 seize the vessel if Genet persisted in 
 his course. The minister refused to listen. Jefterson begged liiin to desist until the 
 return of the President. Genet spurned his kind > jrds, and raved like a uindmaii. 
 He declared his deterinination to send The Little Democrat to sea, complained that he 
 had been thwarted in all his undertakings by the government, denounced the Presi- 
 dent as unfaithful to the \i'ishes of the people, and resolved to press him to call the 
 Congress together to act upon the subjects in dispute.^ 
 
 Genet's othcial and private conduct became equally offensive ; and when, on Wash- 
 ington's return to the seat of government, it was recited to him, his indignation was 
 arous d. "Is the minister of the French Kepublic to set the acts of the government 
 at deliarice \i^ith impunity f^h^i asked. Ilis Gabinet answered No. Forbearance to- 
 ward ll'..! insolent minister was no longer retpiired by the most exacting courtesy, 
 and it \tas agreed in Cabinet council that the French government should be requested 
 to recall him because he Avas offensis e to that of the United States. Jefferson had 
 become disgusted with liim, and the tone of popular sentiment soon became more 
 sensible and patriotic. His reiterated threat of appealing from the President to the 
 people — in other words, to excite an insurrection for the j)urpose of overthrowing the 
 government — had shocked the national pride ; and many considerate Republicans, 
 
 ' A writer in Frenenu'8 Onzrttr paid, " I hope the niinisler of France will act with flrmnefs and c pirit. The ])en])le are 
 his frirnfls, or the friends of France, a:.(l lie will have nothinf; to apiirchcnd; for, nu yrt, the people are the fiovercifiiis 
 of the United States. Too much complacency is an injury done to his l■all^'l' ; for, as every advantage is already taken 
 of Franco (not by the ]>e(q>h), farther condescension may lead to farther abuse. If one of the leadinsj features of (air 
 government is pusH'.animity when tlie Dritish lion shows his teeth, let Franco and her minister act as becomes the dig- 
 nity of her cayse, a'j i the honor and faith of nations." 
 
 Fronean's paper, at that time, was assisted in its attacks npon the jjovernment by the Oeneral Advertiner (aftenvard 
 known as the A^irora), edited by B. F. Bache, a grandson of Dr. Franlilin, who had been educated in France. It was 
 even more violent and abusive than its colleague, and even charged Washington with an intention of joining in the 
 league of kings and priests against the French Republic I 
 
 ' (Jenel was intrusted by his government witli bolder schemes than the fitting out of privateers. lie was to organize 
 what are called in our day " filibustering cxpcdillcms," on an extensive scale, against the Spanish dominions, the objcrl 
 beinf; no less than the seizure of Florida and New Orleans. An expedition against the ""ormer was to he organL.i'd in 
 South Carolina, and against the latter in Kentucky. The one in the Mississippi Valley was to be led by General (icorp 
 Rdgern Clarke, the conqueror of tic Northwest, to whom was given the magniloquent title of " Major Oeneral In iho 
 Armlei- ^)f France, and Commander-in-chief of the French Revolutionary I.eiiions on the Mississippi." Funds for car- 
 (■jlng on Cicse expeditions were to be derived from the payment to the mli'ister, by the I'nited Slates, of a portion of the 
 iwitjonaj Jubt due to France. French emissaries were employed in South Carolina and Kentucky, and in the latter (lb- 
 Bict|the pnlillo mind, irritated by the Spanish obstructi(ms to the navigation of the Mi-ssissippl, was very favorable t" 
 l))e movement. The failure of Oenet's missicm put an end to these schemes of conquest, uot, however, until they haJ 
 jiroijllccd 'iinoylng effects npon the national government. 
 
 who had been 
 
 in the cause 
 
 lievolution in 
 
 |)aiised while li 
 
 to the audaciou 
 
 i>f a foreigner w 
 
 Slimed to dicti 
 
 course of contl 
 
 be pursued by 
 
 loved Wasliin 
 
 Tlie tide turned 
 
 soon there wen 
 
 onstrations th 
 
 out the LTiiion of 
 
 ment with the ] 
 
 niation of netit 
 
 wliich the partis; 
 
 Genet never drt 
 
 of, and a 8tron< 
 
 irresistible react 
 
 favor of the na 
 
 government sjx 
 
 manifested itsel 
 
 every hand. 
 
 Genet' was rcc; 
 and M. Fouchet, s 
 equally indiscreet 
 ment against Gre 
 two countries, to 
 and a»conciliatorj 
 was pursuing a st 
 gland dejjlored. 
 armed neutrality 
 
 ' Mr. CJenet never retu 
 
 conntry, and ho thought 1 
 
 Slate of New York, and b 
 
 of the I'rench Jacobin --o 
 
 ties. At the time of his 
 
 born In January, lT(i3. I 
 
 nttached to the emba.ssie. 
 
 t» the Emperor of Russi, 
 
 X'VI., he became a favorit 
 
 nilui.^tor to Holland, and , 
 
 America as minister and ( 
 
 first Postmaster General i 
 
 aloiied by bis attendance 
 
 I'lospect Hill, near Greciib 
 
 L'aniiian, and another wa« 
 
 the wisdom of Wasbingl. 
 
 in America, and reJoic<Ml i, 
 
 ' During the American I 
 
 ' Genet was burled iii i 
 
 pl,iced over his remains Is 
 
 Under this humble stoi 
 
 poientlary and Consul Gen 
 
 l""-i»hof.St.Lonls,InFran 
 
 "Driven by the storms c 
 wliere he cherished the lov 
 am he devoted Ids time to 
 and trne Christian phllosoi 
 V'lth radiant splendor bejo 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 83 
 
 A Reaction. 
 
 Oenct recnilcd. 
 
 Ilig Successor. 
 
 Biographical Sketcli of Genet. 
 
 wlio liiul been zoaloiiH 
 in the cause of the 
 Kevohition in France, 
 j)ausc(l whiles liMtenins^ 
 to tlic iiiidiicious v'ordh 
 of a foreigner who prc- 
 sniiieil to (lictatc the 
 course of conduct to 
 be i)urRued by the be- 
 loved Wa s lii n g t o n. 
 Tiie tide turned. Very 
 soon there were dcra- 
 onstnitions tlii'ough- 
 out tlie Union of agree- 
 ment with the procla- 
 mation of neutrality, 
 wliich the partisans of 
 Genet never dreamed 
 of, and a strong and 
 irresistible reaction in 
 favor of the national 
 govern inent speedily 
 manifested itself on 
 every hand. 
 
 Genet' was recalled, 
 and M. Fouchet, a man 
 equally indiscreet, was 
 
 appointed bis success- 
 or. At the close of 
 the year, Mr. Jetlcr- 
 son, whose views of 
 French aftliirs had be- 
 come much moditicd 
 by the course of events 
 at home and aliroad, 
 left the Cabinet and 
 retired to ])rivato life, 
 much to the regret 
 of Washington, who 
 found in him an able 
 minister of state. Jef- 
 ferson was a patriot, 
 but, for several years, 
 his jealousy and ha- 
 tred of Hamilton and 
 his friends maile him 
 a political monoma- 
 niac. 
 
 While the goveni- 
 ment of the United 
 States, unswayed by 
 the popular sentiment 
 in favor of Fi-ancc, 
 and national resent- 
 
 ment against Great Bi'itain, had hastened, on the breaking out of war between those 
 two countries, to adopt a strictly neutral policy, thereby showing great nmgnanimity 
 and atconeiliatory spirit toward the late enemy in the licld, that enemy, inimical still, 
 was ])ursuing a se'iish and ungenerous course, which the wisest and best men of En- 
 gland deplored. Keganlless of the opinions of Europe expressed in the treaty for an 
 armed neutrality in 1780,^ she revived the rule of war laid down by herself alone in 
 
 1 Mr. Genet never returned to Franc;. At about 'hu time of liia recall, a change of faction had taken place in his 
 country, and he thouglit it prudent not to return. Ho remained, married n dauj,'hter of (Jeorge Clinton, (Jovcrnor of the 
 Slate of New York, and became an ornament to American society. It is cmly of his official conduct, while the minister 
 of tl>e I'rcnch Jacobin government, that Americans have reason to romplain of him. He was a man of eminent abili- 
 ties. At the time of his arrival in the United States, he was a few months more than thirty years of age, having been 
 burn in January, 17(13. He was a precocious boy, and from childhood was engaged in public employments. He was 
 iit'iiclied to the emliassies at Berlin, Vienna, Loudon, and St. Petersburg. Because of a spirited letter which he wrote 
 lo the? Emperor of Hussia, ludignautly protesting against his expulsion from his dominions after the deatli of Louis 
 XVI., he became a favorite of the French revolntlonists. lie was made adjutant general of the armies of France and 
 iiilui-tcr to Holland, and was employed in revolutionizing (ienevn and annexing it to France. He was finally sent to 
 America as minister and consul general. He was twice married. His second wife was the daughter of Mr. Osgood, the 
 ilrst Postmaster General under the Constitution. He took great interest in agriculture, and his last lllneas was occa- 
 sioned by his attendance at the meeting of an agricultural society of which he was president. He died at his seat on 
 I'riispect Hill, near Oreenbnph, opposite Albany, on the 14th of .Inly, ISM.* One of his sisters was the celebrated Madame 
 Cainpan, and another was Madame Anguie, molher-in-Iaw of the distinguished Marshal Ney. Mr. Genet often spoke of 
 Ihc wisdom of Washington and his administration, the folly of his own countrymen at that time and of their admirers 
 in America, and rejoiced that the proclamation of neutrality defeated his wild schemes. 
 
 » During the American Kevoluti(ni the superior maritime power of Great Britain was able to damage the commerce 
 
 • Genet was burled lli the prave-ynrd of the Koformed Dutch Church at Greenbnsh. Upon a plain marble tablet 
 placed over his remains Is the following inscription : 
 
 "Under this humble stone are Interred the rennilns ofEnMiTKnCiiAni.KBOENKT, late Adjutant General, Minister Pleni- 
 Iinicntlary and Consul General from the French Hepubllc to the United States of America. He was born at Versailles, 
 liarlsh of St. Louis, in France, January S, 17CI!, and died at Prospect Hill, town of Oreenbusb, July 14, ISM. 
 
 " Driven liy the sfoi ms of the Uevolutton to the shades of retirement, he devoted his talents to his adopted country, 
 where he cherished the love of liberty and virtue. The pursuits of literature and science enlivened his peaceful solitude, 
 .ind he devoted his time to usefulness and benevolence. His last moments were like his life, an example of fortitude 
 and true Christian philosophy. His heart was love and fUcudshtp's sun, which has set on this transitory world, to rise 
 with radiant splendor bejond Ihc grave." 
 
 i) 
 
84 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 If 
 
 il 
 
 'i 
 
 Brlttah " Rules" and Orders la Council. Their Injustice. The Armed Neutrality. Feeling In the United Stutoo. 
 
 1766,' and first by a "proviHioiial order in conneil," as it was called, issued in June, 
 • November fl ^ 7!).'!,- and tlicn by another order in council, issued in November following,' 
 iTua. ;j,ni secretly pronndi^ated, she struck heavy blows at her antaj^onist, re- 
 
 gardless of the fact that they fell almost as heavily upon those who favored her by 
 neutrality. Citizens of the United States were then carrying on an extensive trade 
 with the French West India Islands, whose ports had been opened to neutrals for the 
 same reasons as in 1 7 "Xi, and felt no apprehension of interference from any source. 
 But (treat Britain had determined to again aj)ply her starvation nu!asures against her 
 old enemy, and a secret order in council was issued, and silently circulated among the 
 British cruisers, without the least notice or intimation to the American merchants, 
 directing all vessels engaged in trading with any colony of France to be taken into 
 British ports for adjudication in the courts of admiralty.^ 
 
 This lawless invasion of neutral rights, conducted secretly and treacherously, pros- 
 trated at one blow a great portion of American commerce. The property of Amer- 
 ican merchants to the amount of many millions of dollars was 8wei)t from the seas 
 into British ports and lost. This was regarded as little better than higliway robbery, 
 judged by the law of nations and common justice. 
 
 When intelligence of this high-handed measure reached the United States, it pro- 
 duced the hottest indignation throughout the land. Politicid strife instantly ceased, 
 and both parties Avere etiually zealous in denunciations- of the treachery and aggres- 
 sions of Great Britain, for which she offered no other excuse than expediency, grow- 
 ing out of her evident determination to mahitain her boasted position of" mistress of 
 the seas," regardless of the rights of all the rest of the world. Congress was then in 
 session, and measures were proposed for retaliation, such as reprisals, embargoes, sc- 
 
 of other Europenn nations immensely. Tlie British government revived the rule of nsfi, liclow mentioned, nnd infrinirod 
 largely upon neutral connncrce. To rc»iHt these encroachments, and to protect uciitrnl marllinie ri^lits, Kussia, Swe- 
 den, Ueninarli, and Holland formed a treaty of alliance, which they denominated The Armed Neutrality, l)y which tlicy 
 pledged themselves to support, at the hazard of war, if necessary, the following principluN: 1. That it shonld he lawful 
 for any ships to sail freely from one port to another, or along the coast of the powers at war. 2. That all merchanrtito 
 and effects belonging to the subjects of the belligerent powers, and shipped in neutral bottoms, should be entirely free ; 
 that is, free ships make free goods, ii. That no place should be considered blockaded e.\cept the assailing pAver had 
 taken a station so as to expose to imminent danger any ship attempting to sail iu or out of such ports. 4. That no neu- 
 tral ships should be stopped without material and well-grounded cause ; and, in such cases. Justice should lie done llicni 
 without delay." The British navy triumphed over all opposition, the designs of the armed neutrality were defealcil, 
 and Holland was made a party to the war with tlie Americans and France. A similar attempt to restrict the maritime 
 power of Great Britain was made in the yesr ISOO, which resulted iu the destruction of the Danish fleet before Copen- 
 hagen in April, ISOl. Soon after thij The Armed Neutrality was dissolved, and the dominion of the seas was accordcil 
 to England. 
 
 1 When the war between Great Britain nnd France was formally declared In 17S6, the former power announced, as n 
 principle of national law. "that no other trade should be allowed to neutrals with the colonies of a belligerent in tinio 
 of war than wuit is allowed by the parent state in time of peace." This was in direct opposition to the law of natioiiH 
 promulgateii l)y Frederick the Great, of Prussia, namely, " the goods of an enemy can not be taken from on board tlic 
 ships of a frieud ;" and also in direct violation of a treaty between England and Holland, in which it was stipulated ex- 
 pressly that "free ships make free (,ood8"— that the neutral should enter saf> ]., and unmolested all the harbors of tlio 
 belligerents, nnless they were blockaded or besieged. England not only violated the treaty, hut, having the might, ex- 
 ercised the right of invading the soveieignty of Holland, andcnpturinc its vessels whose cargoes might be useful forlicr 
 navy. This assumption— this dictation of law to the nations to suit her own self.sh purposes— turned against England 
 the denunciations of the civilized world, and which for more than a cont\n-y she has never ceased to receive. At that time 
 her "law" v.as aimed directly at France, then much the weaker nava! power. Unable to maintain her accustomed 
 trade with her West India Islands, she opened their ports to neutrals. It was to destroy the trade by neutrals, so lucra- 
 tive to them and so beneflcial to France, that Great Britain introduced that new principle of national law. 
 
 2 This order, intended as a starvation measure against France, declared th.it all vessels laden wholly or in part with 
 breadstuiTs, hound to any port of France, or places occni)ied by French armies, should be carried into England, ami 
 their cargoes either disposed of there, or security given that they should be sold only iu i)orts of a country in frlendshij) 
 with Great Britain. This order was Issued on the 8th of June, 1T93. 
 
 3 The following is n copy of the order: 
 
 " George R. : Additional Instructions to all ships of war, privateers, etc. : 
 
 "That they shall stop and detain all ships laden with goods the produce of any colony belonging to France, or con- 
 veying provisions or other supplies for the use of such colonies ; and shall bring the same, with their cargoes, to legal 
 acUudicatlon in our courts of admiralty. By his majesty's command. Signed, Dusuas. 
 
 "November 0,1733." 
 
 So secretly was this order issued that the first account of its existence reached the London Exchange with the detail- 
 of several captures which It authorized and occasioned. And Mr. Plnckney, the American minister, was unable to pro- 
 cure a copy of it until the 26th of Ueccmbcr, more than six weeks after it was Issued. —PiiKkiuy'a letter to hia governmetil, 
 Dtcember 28, 1798. 
 
 British Impressment 
 
 <]iiestrations, an 
 
 excitement was 
 
 iiig the Jiand of 
 
 Another and i 
 
 consideration, ar 
 
 tilitics between 
 
 into tJie Ikiti.sh i 
 
 (ii-cat Britain fo 
 
 fions" to suit liei 
 
 •langer, to be foi 
 
 British seamen tt 
 
 naval ])ower by t 
 
 jwtriate Jiimself- 
 
 triiie that in time 
 
 and that, at the ct 
 
 loturii and tight t 
 
 laniation was issi 
 
 ships of war to m 
 
 l>ntisJi-l)orn seam 
 
 foreign state. Un 
 
 while in niid-ocear 
 
 (treat Britain alon 
 
 Knglish and Anieri 
 
 their scrutiny, nati 
 
 vessels, and kej)t iu 
 
 tilting grievance. 
 
 J^A 
 
 Oy 
 
 '""<nvhig,j\ir.Jaysai 
 
 The French "Ii,.p„ 
 
 I'ecausc of tlie virtu- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 85 
 
 OrltiDh Iroprcssmont orAmcricun Seamen. 
 
 War threatened. 
 
 John Jay a ppccinl Minister to Engiand. 
 
 questrations, and even war. The whole country was violently agitated ; and the 
 cvcitenuMit was increased hy events on the Indian frontier, already mentioned, show- 
 ing the hand of British influence in the l)loody battles in the Northwest. 
 
 Another and more serious element of discord between the two nations came up for 
 consideration, and which, in after years, was one of the immediate causes ofopen hos- 
 tilities between the two countries. This was the impressment of American seamen 
 into the British service. In eftbrts to maintain her i)<)siti()n of" mistress of the seas," 
 (treat Britain found herself uiuler the necessity of announcing another " law of na- 
 tions" to suit her particular case. High wages, humane treatment, and security from 
 danger, to be found in the Aimrican merchant service, had attracted a great many 
 British seamen to it. Their govenunent, alarmed at the threatened weakening of its 
 naval j)Ower by this drain, planted itself upon the theory that a subject can not ex- 
 |)atriatc himself — once an Englishman, always an Englishman ; proclaimed the do^!- 
 trine that in time of war the govenunent had a right to the services of every subject ; 
 and that, at the command of their sovereiixn, every luitural-born sidyect was bound to 
 rt'turn and tight the battles of his counti , . In accordance witli this doctrine a proc- 
 lamation was issued, by which authority Avas given to the commanders of British 
 shijjs of war to make up any deficiency in their crews by ])ressing into their service 
 British-born seamen wherever found, not Avithin the immediate jurisdiction of any 
 tiu'oign state. Under this authority many American merchant vessels were crippled, 
 while in mid-ocean, by British seamen being taken from them. Nor were subjects of 
 (4rcat Britain alone taken. It was somefimes diflicult to discover the nationality of 
 English and American seamen; and as the British comm.anders were not very nice in 
 their scrutiny, native-born Americans were frc(piently dragged on board British war 
 vessels, and kept in servitude in the royal navy for years. This was a great and irri- 
 tating grievance. 
 
 War with Great Britain now seemed in- 
 evit.Tble. To avert it was Washington's 
 most anxious desire. To do so, and main- 
 tain strict neutrality, was a diflicvdt task. 
 He resolved to try negotiation. He well 
 knew that the temper of his countrymen 
 would oi»pose it. With a moral heroism 
 commensurate with tlie occasion, he nom- 
 inated John Jay, the Chief Justice of the 
 United States, as envoy extraordinary to 
 the Court of Great Britain, to negotiate 
 for a settlement of all matters in dis])Ute 
 between the two governments. The proj)- 
 osition Avas met Avith a storm of indigna- 
 tion. It Avas scouted as pusillanimous. 
 The Democratic societies and Democratic 
 newspapers Averc aroused into nnconmion 
 activity. The tri-colored cockade Avas 
 seen on every side, and the |)artisans of 
 the French regicides ruled the hour. 
 Better counsels jirevailed in the Senate, 
 and on the lOth of April-' that body 
 confirmed the nomination by a vote 
 of eighteen to eight. On the 12th of May 
 liillowuig, Mr. Jay sailed from Ncav York for London. 
 
 The French " liei)ublic," meanwhile, had become ofP.^nded with the United States 
 liecausc of the virtual dismissal of Genet, and demanded the recall of Mr. Morris. 
 
 i 
 
86 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 Tho Fall of the French Jacobtni. 
 
 Mlndter Monroe In Parlf. 
 
 Jay'i Treaty with Great lirltaln. 
 
 i: 
 
 :: U 
 
 Washingtoi) priKU-iifly cnnipliod, ami appoiiitod Juincs MoiinH' in liis jdaci'. I'lic 
 •AiiRiiHt, liittcr iinivt'd ill Fruiice at an auspicious moi'ieiit." lnU'llii;t'iice of tlu' 
 
 Uin j^.^y Amerifan misHion to Eiii^laiul iiad aroust-il the most bitter enmity to- 
 ward the United States aiiioiifj; (he violent leaders of the National Convention. I'mt 
 their bloody rule was at an end. J{obesi»ierre and his fiendish associjites had fallen. 
 For some time they had been hated in the Convention. At leiif^th Uillaud Varennes 
 mounted the trihune, and, in a speech full ot invective, (b-noiinced IJobespierre as a 
 'July 20, tyrant.'' The accused attempted to speak. "Down Avith the tyrant!" burst 
 
 nu4. from many a lip, and he and his guilty coUeagucH were dragged to execu- 
 tion amid the shouts t)f the poi)ulace, who had huz/aed as loudly when the king was 
 murdered. With their fall the dreadful Keign of Terror ended. The Jacobin society 
 was Buppressed. Reason and conscience were asserting their sway in tho Conven- 
 tion. The nation breathed freer, and the curtain fell on one of the bloodiest tragedies 
 in the history of the human race. 
 
 Monroe was received with great cordiality. lie sent a judicious letter to the Pres- 
 ident of the Convention. Its sentiments were consonant with the feelings of the 
 hour. When lie afterward entered the hall of the Convention the presiilent i iii- 
 braced him aftectionately. It was decreed that the flags of the two nations should 
 be entwined and hung up there, in token of international union aiul friendship; and 
 Monroe, with reciprocal courtesy, presented the banneuof his country to the ('onvin- 
 tion in the name of the American peoj)le. The Convention, in turn, resolved to pre- 
 sent their national flag to the President of flie United States. 
 
 Jay's mission to England was partially successful. He found many obstacles to 
 contend with. He entered upon the business in June, witli Lord Grenville, and on the 
 19th of November following, the contracting parties signed a treaty of amity, com- 
 merce, and navigation. Although Mr. Jay accomplished much less than his instruc- 
 tions directed him to ask for, the treaty Avas a long step in the direction of right, 
 justice, and national prosperity, and led to the execution, to a great extent, of the 
 Treaty of 1783. It also laid the solid foundation of the commercial policy of the 
 United States.' 
 
 Jay's treaty was doomed to a severe trial, and, with it, the administration, the 
 Constitution, and even the republic itself. The Democrats had resolved to oppose h, 
 whatever might be its provisions, especially if it should remove all pretexts for a war 
 
 ' The treaty provided for the estnbllshnient of commissions to determine the eastern boundary of tlie I'nlted Slates, 
 then in dispute ; the amount of losses incurred by British subjects by iniiiedlments beln;; thrown In the way of colleit- 
 inj; debts in the United States incurred before the Revolution ; and to ascertain and esthnate the losses of the Americuiis 
 by irrefjulnr and illegal captures by British cruisers, such losses to be paid by the Uritlsh Roveniment. It was i)rovideJ 
 that the Western military posts should be t;iven up on the 1st of .Tune, 1790, In consideration of the adjustment of 
 the ante-Kevolutlonary del)ls. The Indian trade was left open to both nations, the British being allowed to enter 
 nil American harbors, with the right to ascend all rivers to the highest ])ort of entry. This was not reciprocated in 
 full. Americans were not allowed free navigation of the rivers in the Hudson's Bay Company's possessions, nor thoee 
 of others of the British cohmial possessions in America, except afcot'c the highest ports of entry. Tlic citizens or subjecte 
 of each government holding lands in the dominions of the other government were to continue to hold them without 
 alienage, nor were conflscntions of the property of such persons to be allowed. In a word, the existing conditions of 
 property jhould not be disturbed. Such are the substantial provisions In the first ten articles of the treaty, which were 
 declared to be |)erpetual. The remaining eighteen, having special reference to commerce and navigation, were limited 
 in their operations to two years after the termination of the war in which Great Britain was then engaged. American 
 vessels were allowed to enter the British ports in Europe and the East Indies on equal terms with tho^e of British vce- 
 sels, while partlci|)atlon in the East India consting-trade, and trade between European and Kritish East Indian portp, 
 was left to the contingency of British permission. The British were permitted to meet the dl^f rimiiuitlon In the Amer- 
 ican tonnage and import duties by countervailing measures. American vessels not exceeding seventy tons were all"" pd 
 to trade to the British West Indies on condition that they should not, during the continuance >f the treaty, triiii- ri 
 from America to Europe any of the principal colonial products. British vessels were to be admitted into Auicnran 
 ports on terms equal to the most favored nations. There were provisions made favortihle to neutral i)ropertT mi tho 
 high seas, and that a vessel entering a blockaded port should not he liable to capture unless previously notified (f the 
 blockade. There were satisfactory arrangements made concerning enlistments ; of courti^sy between ships of war and 
 privateers of the two countries; to prevent the arming of privateers of any nation at war with the two ccmtracting par- 
 ties, and the capture of goods in the hays iiiid harbors of the parties. In the event of war between the two conntrie?, 
 the citizens or subjects of eitlier should not he molested, if peaceable ; and fugitives from justice, charged with hii-'li 
 crimes, to be mutually given ui).* 
 
 * The Treaty In full may be found In the Statesmun's Manual, Iv., 298. 
 
 Violent Oppodtioii ( 
 
 uith Great J5r 
 
 .■it(! were not c 
 
 Cahiiiet ininiHt 
 
 tcr to warrant 
 
 raised in the I) 
 
 The Senate 1 
 
 Then the oppof 
 
 gets for their si 
 
 (ore the Ifevolu 
 
 for their negnx 
 
 States, aixl the | 
 
 iiize man as pro 
 
 The author o) 
 
 dent personally, 
 
 natioMiil coward 
 
 "Id ally. Bold J 
 
 iiig if. Public 
 
 language and ,sei 
 
 paraded in the s 
 
 lioston denonnci 
 
 the Ignited State 
 
 at a public meet 
 
 South Ciirolinian 
 
 flag in (li(! (111. ( 
 
 ••onsiil; wIiilo\ii 
 
 evils, offered thei 
 
 ' The following is a sj 
 M'ven years' war with II 
 iillies, now contr'nding f 
 kimi 0/ 1 leatii with j, po; 
 republicanism. The Un 
 iirch? Treaties lend lo 1 
 ii government congenial 
 difference bordering on 
 ''taiid or fall together." 
 
 ' The Semite, on volin. 
 cntlonofthe treaty itself, 
 "f the order of the 8th of 
 the rules of the Senate, o 
 it to the Aurora newsp.q 
 the 2d of July. A poet ol 
 
 ' In 1(107 an English coi 
 TO'/ aim beinij iiiiiiteln, the, 
 lided that "so soon as n i 
 breathe in Englnml." n, 
 the kindling of the Revoi 
 ^'^rr *ef, a native of Afri 
 wht ,10 H-ns Induced to n 
 ' That of Jay boi-c n pnii 
 I'repondcrnted, "liritinh ,jo 
 !mi mil rnTinlri,'." 
 
 ' "These nrehnrdargui 
 "Edward Livingston," saj 
 t'ode), was, I nm inf.irmed, 
 « "Notice Is herebv give 
 nlarch-lr.iltor, John .lav, 
 •■Vssembly „f Virginia althi 
 emment o.'one hundred th 
 "1"S. A.sltlsthe wish i 
 
OF TIIK WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 87 
 
 vioioni oppuDitioiitafttvVlmMsh 
 
 ItM FrlciiilH nxKalled. 
 
 SeceMlon propnied by VlrglnUiw. 
 
 witli Grt'iit ISritiiin. It rcachod tlic Prt'Hidont early in March,* hut the Sen- . j,g„h ^ 
 iitc were not convened to eoiisider it until .Tune> Meanwliile an unfaithful """• 
 Cahiiiet minister (Mr. Handolph, of Virjfiiiia) revealed enouyh of its ciiaracv "•'"»<"*• 
 ter to warrant attaiks u])on it. The mad, si'ditioiis cry of faction was immediately 
 raised in the Democratic societies and Hj)rcad among the people.' 
 
 Tiie Senate finally voted to ratify the treaty, and it was jmhlished to the world." 
 Tlieii tlie opjiosition oj)ened upon it their heaviest liatt«'ries »)f ahuse. The chief tar- 
 gets for their shot were its provisions for the jjayment of honest dehts contracted he- 
 fore tlu! Hevolution, and the omission to ])rovide for the remmieration of sl.-iveholders 
 for tlieir nej^roes e!\rricd away dnrinij that war. As the Constitution of the I'liited 
 States, and the puhiic sentiment and judicial decisions of (ireat Hritaht di<l not recog- 
 nize man as jjroperty,'' the claim relating to slaves in tlie old treaty was i)assed over. 
 
 Tlic autiior of the treaty, the approving senators, the administration, and tlie Presi- 
 dent ])ersonally, were violently assailed. The treaty A\as declared to he a token of 
 nation.il cowardice; an insult to the American peojile; a covert hlow at France, their 
 old ally. Hold attempts were made to intimidate the President ami ])revent his sign- 
 ing it. Puhiic meetings were held all over the country, at which the most violent 
 language and seditious suggestions and menaces were made. A moh in Pliiladeli»hia 
 |)aradcd in the streets with effigies of Jay and the ratifying senators.* A meeting in 
 Koston denounced the treaty as containing not one article "honorahle or henetteial to 
 the Pnited States." Hamilton and other si)eakers in favor of the treaty were stoned 
 at a i)ulilic meeting in New York, not only l)y a low moh, hut hy decent people.' 
 South Carolinians called Jay a "traitor," longed for a guillotine, trailed the Hritish 
 flag in the (he of the streets of Charleston, and Imrned it at the door of the British 
 consul; while \ nginians, ever ready with the grand panacea of disimioti for political 
 evils, offereil their prescription in emphatic if not elegant language." 
 
 ' The fdUowliiK Is ft spocimcn of tlioKC fnctious cries; "AniprlcniiH, awako ! Kemcml)er wlint you suffered through a 
 fi'veii years' war witli llie satellites of George the Third (and I hope the last). Kecollect the services rendered l>y your 
 allies, now contending for liberty, niush to think that America should dcfjradc herself so much ns to enter Into any 
 kimi 0/ Ireatij with a iiowcr, now tottering on the brink of ruin, whose principles are directly contrary to the spirit of 
 republicanism. The United Slates are a republic. Is it advantageous to a republic to have a connection with u mon- 
 iirch? Treaties lead to war, and war Is the bane of n republican govenimont. . . . France is our natural ally : she has 
 a u'overument congenial with our own. . . . The nation on whom nur jmlitkal existetxee dcpcnih we have treated « ith lu- 
 (liirerence bordering on contempt . . . Citizens, your security depends ou France. . . . Let us uni'c with France, and 
 ctuud or fail together." 
 
 " The Senate, on voting to recommend the ratification of the treaty, removed the seal of secrecy, but forbade the pHl)li- 
 rition of the treaty Itself, for prudential reasons connected with measures for ascertaining the construction liy the Knglish 
 "f the order of the Sth of .Tunc, ITtl.T (see page S4), which, it was rnmorcd, had just been renewed. Regardles.'i alike of 
 the rules of the Senate, of offldul decorum, and of personal honor, Senator Thomson Mason, of Virginia, sent a copy of 
 it to the Aiimra newspaiier, the bitter enemy of the administration, aud a full abstract of it was published therein on 
 the !!d of July. A poet of the day thus Ironically addressed Mr. Mason : 
 
 " Ah, Thomson Slason ! long thy fame shall riee 
 With Democratic incense to the skies 1 * 
 
 Long shall the world admire thy manly sonl, 
 Which scorned the haughty Senate's base control J 
 Came boldly forward with thy weighty name, 
 Aiul gave the treaty up for public game'."— ^Ae Echo. 
 
 ' In 1(107 nn English court decided that " negroes being usunlly bought and sold among merchants an merchandise, 
 mill aim beimj ixutleh, there might be a property In them sufllclent to maintain trover." In 1i02 Chief Justice Holt de- 
 cided that "so socm as « negro lands in England he is free." T'l this Cowper alluded when he said, "Slaves can not 
 breathe In England." Holt also decided that "there Is no such thing as a slave by the law <if England." Jnst before 
 the kindling of the Revolution these decisions were renfflmied by «ilef Justice Lord Man-tleld in the case of .lames 
 Slim «et, a native of Africa, who had been carried to Vlr;,inin, sold as a slave, and taken to England by his master, 
 wlu lie was Induced to assert his freedom. 
 
 ' That of Jay bo''e a pair of scales: one was labeled "Amrriran liherlti aiul i nilfjrndrnce" and the other, which greatly 
 lireponderated, "British gold," From the month of the figure proceeded the words, " Cortu up to mp price, and 1 trill tell 
 roll my rovntri;." 
 
 ' " "These are hard nrgnments," said Hamilton, who was hit a glancing blow upon the forehead hy one of the stones. 
 "Edward Livingston," says the late Dr. Francis, in his 0/i( nml Xew Yark ("afterward so celebrated for his Louisiana 
 Cnde), was, I am informed, one of the violent young men by whom the st(Uies were thrown." 
 
 « " Notice Is hereby given," said a Richmond paper (July 31, 1705), " that in ease the treaty entered Into hy that dnmn- 
 c'.l arch-traitor, John .lay, with the British tyrant should be ratified, a petition will be presented to the next General 
 .\88embl\ of Virginia at the ne-^ct session, praying that thi' s:iid state may recede ttom the Uulon, and be under the gov- 
 ernment Oi'one hundred thousand free and Independent Virginians. 
 
 "I'.8. As It is the wish of the people of the said slate to enter into a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation with 
 
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 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 WasblBgton'g Calmness and Faith. 
 
 The "Whisky Insurrection" quelled. 
 
 The "Democratic Societies." 
 
 None of these things moved Wasliington. He signed the treaty, and awaited 
 calmly to see the storm pass by. It did so, and the foundations of the government 
 were found to be stronger than ever. It was, says Lyman, " the first act of the gov- 
 ernment that proved the stability of the Federal Constitution. It was a severe trial, 
 and the steadiness with which the shock was borne may be attributed, in some de- 
 gree, to the ])ersonal character of the President."' In after years, when the republic 
 was menaced by internal factions and external foes, the result of the conflict over 
 "Jay's Treaty" was pointed to as a warrant for faith and hope. 
 
 While these unpleasant relations with Great Britain and Franco were exciting the 
 people of the United States, the government was sorely perjilexed by other events at 
 home and abroad. At home there had been, for a long time, much discontent on ac- 
 count of excise laws which levied a duty on domestic distilled liquors. These discon- 
 tents were fanned into a flame by the Democratic societies, and, in the summer of 
 1794, the inhabitants of some of the western counties of Pennsylvania arrayed them- 
 selves in armed opposition to the authority of the national government. A formidable 
 insurrection prevailed. Buildings were burned, mails were robbed, and government 
 ofllicers were insulted and abused. At one time there were nearly seven thousand insur- 
 gents in arms, many of them being the militia of the country, wlio had assembled at the 
 call of rebel leaders. The insurgent spirit also infected the border counties of Virginia. 
 
 The President perceived with alarm this imitation ofthie lawlessness of French pol- 
 itics, then bO assiduously propagated, and took immediate steps to crush the growing 
 • Augtist 7 and luouster. He first issued two warning proclamations.* They were un- 
 September 25. heeded. After exhausting all peaceable means for the restoration of 
 order, he sent a large body of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland 
 troops, under General Henry Lee (then Governor of Virginia), into the disaffected dis- 
 trict. This argument was effectual ; and very soon the outbreak, known in history as 
 the " Whisky Insurrection," like that of Shays's in Massachusetts a few years earlier, 
 was subdued and thoroughly allayed. This alarming insurrection was ended without 
 the shedding of a drop of blood — a result chiefly due to the prompt energy and pru- 
 dence of Washington. The government wa amazingly strengthened by the event. 
 Every good citizen expressed his reprobation of violent resistance to law, and the 
 Democratic societies, the chief fomenters of the rebellion,'* after that showed symp- 
 toms of a desire to become less conspicuous.' 
 
 any other state or states of the present Union who are averse to returning npaln under the gallini^ yoke of Groat Britain, 
 the printers of the (at present) United States are requested to publish the above uotiflcntlnn." 
 
 I Lyman's Diplmnacy of the United States, I., 208. 
 
 » "Th.it the self-constituted societies," Washington wrote to John Jiiy, "which hn\e spread themselves over this 
 country, have been laboring Incessantly to sow the seeds of dietnist, jealousy, and of course discontent, thereby hoping 
 to effect some revolution In the government. Is not uniinown to you.* That they have been the fomenters of the West- 
 em disturbanc if, admits of no loubt in the mind of any one who will examine their conduct," 
 
 " I consider (his hisurrcction," he wrote to General Henry Lee on the 2(!th of August, " as the first formidable fruit of 
 the Democratic societies, brought forth, I believe, too prema'urcly for their own views, wliloh may contribute to the an- 
 nihilation nf them." 
 
 ' I have before me the certificate of membership granted to Captain (afterward Commodore, Josha". Barney by the 
 
 * At that time there ciisted In the city of New York a.i association called the Tammanji Soeiettj, or Columbian Order. 
 It was formed by William Mooney, an upholsterer, residing in New York ^luring the administration of Washington. Its 
 first meeting was on the lath of Miy, ITSn. It took its name from the Indian chief Tammany, of whom It was said "ho 
 loved liberty more than life." Its ofliccra were (omposed of a grand sachem and thirteen sachems, representing tlic 
 President and the governors of the thirteen states. Besides these there was a grand council, of which the sachems vere 
 members. It was a very i)opular society, and its nienil)crship Included most of the best men of New York. Its anni- 
 versary on the 12th of May came to be regarded as a holiday. No party politics were tolerated in its meetings. Hut 
 when Washington denounced " self-constituted societies" for reasons above named, nearly all of the members left It, ho- 
 lleving their society to be Included In the just reproof. Mooney and others adhered to the organization, and from that 
 time it became u iiolitical organization, and took part with ilelTerson and the Democratic party. It Is still in existence, 
 and Is known as a centre of Democratic organization, In the political sense of that name. Its head-quarters ire Tam- 
 many Hall, fronting on the eastern side of the City Hall Park, at the junction of Nassau Street and Park Row. They 
 met at first at Martling's Long Rooir-, on the southeast comer of Nassau and Sprace Streets. In the year 1800 they de- 
 termined to build a " wigwam." Tammany Hall was accordingly erected by them. The corner-stone was laid on the 
 twenty-second anniversary of the society, In May, ISll, and was finished the following year. Of the original comnilttoo 
 of thirteen appointed at the meeting In 1800 to carry out the design of erecting a building, only one uow (180T) survives : 
 that Is the venerable Jacob Barker, of Now Orleans. 
 
 Difficulty with Algie 
 
 The new dil 
 southern coast 
 of Algiers, had 
 by suffered imj 
 to find their w; 
 tliese sea-robbe 
 where they wei 
 of the national 
 Secretary Jeffei 
 American inter 
 Americans had 
 for a long time 
 
 Portugal was 
 fined t.",c cruise 
 1793, by British 
 France. Portuj 
 aid in procuring 
 was instructed t 
 act in its behalf^ 
 treaty was intro 
 should not affori 
 immediate in its 
 to other powers. 
 
 The effect oft 
 ing the British i 
 very evident tha 
 Americans, or at 
 And such was tli 
 European coasts, 
 to Portugal and 
 sairs of Tunis jo 
 formed.' 
 
 Democratic or Hepnbllc 
 
 written. The following 
 
 "To all other Soclct; 
 
 VRRANCE. 
 
 "We, thu Members ol 
 oties, and to all Republl 
 Society, and that, from ! 
 him this our certificate 
 
 This certificate is da( 
 Stalei and tlie establish 
 
 ' The maritime force 
 f iiir frigates, with an ai 
 trees to the upper yardi 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 89 
 
 Difficulty with Algiers. 
 
 British Interference. 
 
 Algerlne Corsairs let loose npon American Commerce. 
 
 The new difficulty abroad was with Algiers, one of the Barbary Powers, on the 
 southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The corsairs of those states, and especially 
 of Algiers, had long depredated upon commerce in that region, and had grown bold 
 by suffered impunity. When, at the close of the Revolution, American vessels began 
 to find their way within the Pillars of Hercules, they frequently became the prey of 
 ' these sea-robbers, who appropriated their cargoes and sold tlieir crews into slavery, 
 where they were held for ransom-money. President Washington called the attention 
 of the national government to these piracies as early as ITOO ; and, in an able report, 
 Secretary Jefferson laid before Congress important details touching the position of 
 American interests in that part of the globe. Little, however, could bo done, as the 
 Americans had no navy; and the commerce of the United States in that quarter was 
 for a long time dependent on tlie Portuguese fleet for protection. 
 
 Portugal was at war with Algiers for several years, and the fleet of the former con- 
 fined t.\e cruisers of the latter to the Mediterranean Sea. This barrier was broken in 
 1793, by British instrumentality acting secretly, for the avowed purpose of damaging 
 France. Portugal was then seriously dependent on Great Britain, and had asked its 
 aid in procuring a peace with Algiers. The British agent at the Court of the Dey 
 was instructed to do ao, and, without due authority being given him by Portugal to 
 act in its behalf, life concluded a truce between the belligerents for one year. In that 
 treaty was introduced the extraordinary stipulation that the Portuguese government 
 should not afford protection to any nation against Algerine cruisers! This truce was 
 immediate in its operations, and the robbers were released without notice being given 
 to other powers. 
 
 The effect of this measure was disastrous to American commerce. Notwithstand- 
 ing the British ministry disclaimed any intention to injure the United States, it was 
 very evident that it was a part of a scheme to cripple the growing commerce of the 
 Americans, or at least so to alarm it as to prevent its carrying supplies to France. 
 And such was the result. The corsairs spread themselves over the Atlantic near the 
 European coasts, and captured a large number of American vessels making their way 
 to Portugal and other parts of the Continent, unsuspicious of any danger. Tlie cor- 
 sairs of Tunis joined those of Algiers, and thus a powerful fleet of pirate ships was 
 formed.^ 
 
 Democratic or Bepnblican Society of Baltimore, with the snal of the society attached, by the side of which his name Is 
 ivritten. The following Is a co»-y of the certificate and seal : 
 "To all other Societies cstnblished on principles of Liheety and E(juai,i'»y, Union, Patkiotio ViKTtir;, and Pebse- 
 
 VEKANOE. 
 
 "Wc, thu Members of the Republican Society of Baltimore, certify and declare to all Republican or Democratic Soci- 
 eties, and to all Republicans individually, that C'.tizen Josuca Bahnky hath been admitted and now is a member of our 
 Society, and that, from his known zeal to promote Republican principles and the rightb of humanity, we have granted 
 him this our certificate (which he hath signed in the margin), and do recommend him to all Republicans, that they may 
 receive him with fraternity, which we offer to all those who may come to us with sim- 
 ilar credentlalu. 
 .■f^^'^^"^^*^^^^ " In testimony whereof, etc. Signed, Alexameeb M'Ei.m, /Vesufen^. 
 
 " Geoboe Sears, .^fcivtari/." 
 
 This certificate is dated the "twelfth day of August, and In the nineteenth year of the independence of the United 
 States and the establishment of the Amcrleaii Republic," or ITitR. 
 
 I The maritime force of Algiers at that time, according to O'Brien (see Am-rkan folate Papm, x., n2.3), consisted of 
 f iiir frigates, with nn aggregate of 124 guns ; one polacca (a vessel with three chort niasts, without tops, caps, or cross- 
 trees to the upper yards), with 18 guns; one brig of 20; four xebecs (a small thrce-masteo vessel used In the Mcditer- 
 
 
 1l 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 1 
 
 ■ ■ i ' 
 
 ! 
 
 5 
 
i I 
 
 I !1 
 
 00 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Pride and Avarice of the Dey of Algiers. An Americau Navy recommended. First Steps toward its Creation. 
 
 The Americans felt justly indignant toward Great Britain because of the important 
 part she liad played in letting those robbers out of the Mediterranean. But the gov- 
 ernment was powerless to act. David Humphreys, who had been appointed commis- 
 sioner for the United States to negotiate with the Dey of Algiers, had been treated 
 with contempt by the haughty semi-barbarian, who was as avaricious as he was 
 proud. " If I were to make peace with every body," he said, " what should I do 
 with my corsairs ? What should I do with my soldiers ? They would take off my 
 head for the want of other prizes, not being able to live on their miserable allow- 
 ance !" 
 
 Such logic was unanswerable by words, and Humphreys Vv-rotc to his government 
 at the close of 1793, at the suggestion of Captain Richard O'Brien,' "If we mean to 
 have a commerce, we must have a navy to defend it." With the same recognition 
 of the necessity for nautical power, Washington, in his message at the opening of Con- 
 gress early in December,* said, when alluding to the war in Europe, and the deli- 
 cate international questions arising out of the frontier relations of the republic, 
 " There is a rank due to the United States among nations, which will be withheld, if 
 not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we 
 must be able to repel it ; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful '^^ 
 strunients of our prosperity, it must be known that we arc at all times readj lo, 
 
 •1793. 
 
 war. 
 
 ■> Jannary 2. 
 
 ' March 20, 
 1T94. 
 
 The President's Avise counsels prevailed. In January,'' IT 94, a commit- 
 tee was appointed, with instructions to report the amount of force neces- 
 sary to protect American commerce against the Algcrine pirates, and the ways and 
 means for its support.- Tliis measure, and the general subject of British aggressions, 
 elicited, as we have seen, long and warm debates, and party lines were very distinctly 
 drawn. The feeling against Great Britain became intense, and in March' 
 an embargo for a limitf^d period Avas laid, chiefly for the purpose of ob- 
 structing the supply of provisions for the British ileet in the West Indies.^ Then 
 followed the appointment of Mr. Jay as minister extraordinary to Great Britain, al- 
 ready noticed. 
 
 There was a powerful and detennined opposition to the creation of a navy. Witli 
 strange ideas of national honor and national independence, some advocated the pur- 
 chase of a peace with the Dey of Algiers, and the future security of his forbearance, 
 by r.'^nsora and tribute money, rather than prepare for, and thus, as they believed, 
 provoke a war. And these cowardly counsels had great influence; for when, finally, 
 d March 11, * ^^^^ ^^'^8 passcd'' providing for the construction of six frigates, it was eii- 
 ^™'*- cumbered with a clause commanding a suspension of labor upon them in 
 the event of a peace with Algiers being secured. For the purchase of such peace a 
 million of dollars were appropriated. ^Vn act was also passed for the fortification of 
 the harbors of the republic* These were the first steps toward the creation of tlic 
 navy, army, and fortifications of the United States under the National Constitution. 
 
 ranenn), vnth an aggregate of 108 guns ; a brig on the etocks of 20 gnns ; three galliotns, with 4 guns each ; and sixty 
 gnii-boats. The vcspbIb were all ranr.ned at the rate of twelve men for each guu. TnuU had, at the same time, twenty- 
 three corsairB, mounting from 4 to 24 gnns each. 
 
 ' Letter of O'Brlep. to Humphreys, dated " Algiers, November 12, 1703."— See American State Papers, Boston edition, 
 1S17, x.,319. 
 
 a This was the first Committee of Ways and Means ever appointed by the Congress, questions of that sort havlnj; 
 been hitherto referred to the Secretary of the Treasury. It was an opposition measure. 
 
 ' First for thirty days, and afterward for sixty. At the end of that time the embargo expired by limitation, but a 
 temporary act authorized the President to renew it at any time before the next session of Congress. 
 
 * The naval bill provided that four of the six frigates should carry 44 guns each, and the other two 30 gnns each. 
 About $700,000 were appropriated for the purpose. In the matter of harbor defenses, the President was authorized to 
 commence fortiflcutions at Portland, Portsmouth, Gloucester, Salem, Boston, Newport, New London, New York, Philn- 
 delphltt, Baltimore, Annapolis, Alexandria, Norfolk, Ocracoke Inlet, Wilmington, Cope Fear River, Georgetown, 8. ('., 
 Charleston, Savannah, and St. Mary's. B'lt the whole amount of money appropriated for this purpose was the paltry 
 Bom of $136,000. Tnie, this was only for the eomni'mmntent of the fortifications. The President was anthorip.c-d to par- 
 ch;. «.o two hundred cannon, and artillery munitions for the forts, for which $flfl,000 wee appropriated. For the cstnh- 
 Itsbment of arsenals and armories $81,000 were appropriated, and $340,000 were provided for the purchase of arms and 
 
 Building of Frigate 
 
 Perceiving i 
 government, 
 their keels we 
 on briskly, wh 
 of peace" with 
 of dollars with 
 was suspende( 
 tection in the 
 
 At the begin 
 ful. The Indif 
 Britain prevai 
 French govern 
 .)f enmity towa 
 section of tlie p 
 the Directory 
 United States a 
 be recalled, to 
 gence was recei 
 for the due exc 
 Frencli ships of 
 themselves to b 
 lean ships were 
 
 military stores. The I 
 year. 
 
 ' These were Portsn 
 ceedcd to appoint the I 
 
 Captains and 
 
 John Ban 
 Samuel N 
 Silas Tall 
 Richard I 
 Thomas 1 
 James Se\ 
 
 'The relations of thoi 
 nations who suffered th 
 f rn shores of the Medlt( 
 
 The (list contact of th^ 
 llie United States, and c 
 the diplomatic agents ol 
 mine of wealth, and he i 
 llsh a precedent that wo 
 rins, established in ancli 
 solicitation ofMr. Jeffer 
 took to procure a releast 
 suits. The Dey refUse J 
 Americans to remain in 
 Jones, and then Mr. Ban 
 Algiers, and the busines 
 was at about the time wl 
 fleet was then upon the . 
 lured by them, and over ( 
 passport to Algiers. Th 
 any American embassiidi 
 ated about .•< million of il 
 Europe, v.'ith Mr. Donalc 
 that government, Donalc 
 sum of money, and an at. 
 amount to be paid dowi 
 worth one hundred thou 
 treaty was hnmlllating tt 
 not then be avoided. 
 
 ' The Directory was Ir 
 November, 1796, and wae 
 ruled In connection wlt^ 
 
 ii 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 91 
 
 Building of Frigates. Tribute to the Dey of Algiers. Release of Captives. The French Directory offended. 
 
 Perceiving an urgent necessity in the aspect of foreign affairs in relation to liis own 
 government, the President resolved to have the six frigates built iinmeaiately, and 
 their keels were soon I'cspcctively laid in six different ports.' The Avork was going 
 on briskly, when it was suspended, at the closo of 1795, by the conclusion of a treaty 
 of peace" with the African robber, which cost the government a million • Novcmi'er 28, 
 of dollars Avithout ultimate advantage.^ Tiie v/ork on the six frigates *™^- 
 
 was suspended, and the mercantile marine of the United States lost all hope of pro- 
 tection in the event of a war with any foreign government. 
 
 At the beginning of 1 790 tlic aspect of the foreign affairs of the republic was perice- 
 ful. The Indian war in the West had ceased ; a better understanding with Great 
 Britain prevailed than had been known since the close of the Revolution ; and the 
 French government, then in the hands of a Directory,^ showed no special symptoms 
 ,)f enmity toward that of the United States. But clouds soon began to ai^poar in that 
 section of the political horizon. The ratification of Jay's treaty gave such offense to 
 the Directory that they declared'' the alliance between France and the » February is, 
 United States at an end, and that Adet, the successor of Fouchet, should ^™"" 
 
 be recalled, to make room for a special minister. In July," when intelli- ' "^"'y *■ 
 gence was received that the Congress of the United States had made an appropriation 
 for the due execution of Jay's treaty, the Directory issued a secret order authorizing 
 French ships of war to treat neutral vessels in the same manner as they had suffered 
 themselves to be treated b;, the English. Under this authorization, numerous Amer- 
 ican ships were seized in the West Indies by French cruisers. This was followed in 
 
 military stores. The importation of arms for two years was to he free, and no arms were allowed to bo exported for a 
 year. 
 
 I These were Portsmouth, N. H., Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Norfolk. The President also pro- 
 ceeded to appoint the following officers, constructors, and navy agents: 
 
 CapUini and SuperintendeiiU. 
 
 Navnl Coaitructora. 
 
 Navy Agen fl. 
 
 For Shlpn lo be buill at 
 
 John Barry. 
 Samuel Nicholson. 
 Silas Talbot. 
 Richard Dale. 
 Thomas Tmxtun. 
 James Sever. 
 
 Joshua Hnmphreys. 
 George Cleghom. 
 Formau Cheesman. 
 John Morgan. 
 David Stodcrt. 
 James Uackett. 
 
 Isaac Coxc. 
 Henry Jackson. 
 John Blagge. 
 W. Pcnnock. 
 Jeremiah Ylllott. 
 Jacob Sheaffc. 
 
 Philadelpuia. 
 
 Boston. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 3 The relations of those African sea-robbers to the commerce of the world at that time was a disgrace to the civilized 
 nations who suffered themselves to be made tributary to the piratical rulers of the semi-barbarian states on the soutb- 
 f ra shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 The first contact of those i)owers with the Americans was in 17S5, when Algeriue corsairs captured two vessels trom 
 the United States, and consigned their crews, twenty-one In number, to slavery. Measures were immediately taken by 
 the diplomatic agents of the United States in Europe fur their release. The rapacious Dey believed he had found a new 
 mine of wealth, and he asked an enormous price for their ransom. The American government determined not to estab- 
 lish a precedent that would be followed by more exorbitant demands. In France was a religious order, called Mathu- 
 rins, established in ancient times for the pnrpose of redeeming Christian captives in the hands of the infidels. On the 
 solicitation of Mr. Jefferson, then minister of the United States at the French Court, the principal of this order under- 
 took to procure a release of the American captives. He was unsuccessful. Others made similar attempts, with like re- 
 sults. The Dey refVised to lower his demands, believing that the United States would pay any price rather than allow 
 Americans to remain in bondage. Finally our government appropriated $40,000 for their ransom, and first John Paul 
 Jones, and then Mr. Barclay, were appointed commissioners to negotiate for their release. Each died before he reached 
 Algiers, and the business was placed In the hands of Colonel David Humphreys, American minister at Lisbon. This 
 was at about the time when the truce between Portugal and Algiers, already mentioned, was concluded. The Algeriue 
 fleet was then npon the Atlantic, and, within a month after the truce was agreed upon, ten American vessels were cap- 
 tured by them, and over one hundred American seamen consigned to^lnvery. Colonel Humphreys asked the Dey for n 
 |)as8port to Algiers. The elated ruler said that he would not make peace with the Americans on any terms, nor allow 
 liny American embassador to come to his cepltal. Humphreys hastened to the United States, when Congress ai)propri- 
 ated about .'■ million of dollars to be applied to the release of the captives. In the spring of 17fl5 Humphreys sailed fbr 
 Europe, v.ith Mr. Donaldsjn, consul for Tunis and Tripoli. While the former remained in France to obtniii the aid of 
 that government, Donaldson mada a treaty with the Dey. Tne captives were finally released oa the payment of a largo 
 »nm of money, and an agreei lent on the part of the United States to pay to the Dey of Algiers an annual tribute. Ttn" 
 amount to be paid down .vi ? $800,000, and, in addition, the United States agreed to present the Dey with n frigate 
 worth one hundred thousand dollars. The amount of annual tfibute-money was twenty-five thousand dollars. This 
 treaty was humiliating to the UTilted States, but it wag In accordance with the usages of European nations, and could 
 not then be avoided. 
 
 ' The Directory woe install' d at the LuxemlSonrg at Paris, under a new constitution of government, on the 1st of 
 November, 1795, and was '•fpointed to hold executive power for f.)ur years. It was composed of five members, and 
 ruled in connection with the Chambers, namely, the Council of Ancients and\he Council of Five Hundred. 
 
'! 
 
 It I I 
 
 m 
 
 1] ■ 
 
 r 
 
 * - 
 
 92 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 American Servility. 
 
 Close ofWashlDgton's AdmloiBtratiun. 
 
 Attacks on his Ctiaractcr. 
 
 America by Minister ' iet's famous " cock- 
 ade proclamation," calling upon all French 
 residents in the United States, in the name 
 of the Directory, to mount on their hats a 
 tri-colorod cockade. The call was loyally 
 responded to, and many American Demo- 
 crats, also, were seen with this token of 
 their devotion to the French Republic. 
 
 Mr. Monroe, having failed to please either 
 the French Directory or his own govern- 
 ment, was superseded by Charles Cotes- 
 worth Pvnckney, of South Carolina. That 
 gentleman embarked as minister to France 
 in September, bearing with him Monroe's 
 letters of recall. 
 
 Washington's second administration was 
 now drawing to a close, and he resolved to 
 ^^ ^ retire to private life. In September he is- 
 
 Y "T^ ^^ _^ sued his admirable Farewell Address to his 
 
 ^JL© _^J^ ^^ ^'^t-'^^ C'^n^'i-^^ countrymen — a political legacy of inestima- 
 ble value. At the same time the first great 
 struggle of the Federal and Democratic parties for power was going on, in the can- 
 vass for Washington's successor. The candidates were Adams and Jeiferson ; and 
 every appeal -sthich party spirit or party rancor could invent was made to the people 
 all over the land. Adet, with unparalleled impudence, issued an inflammatory appeal 
 to the people, containing a summary of alleged violations of friendship to France on 
 the part of the United States government. It was chiefly intended to arouse the 
 feelings of the Americans against Great Britain. Other partisans of Jefferson, in their 
 zeal to injure the Federal party, made outrageous assaults upon Washington's char- 
 acter, charging him with using the public money for private use, and of being a trai- 
 tor to his counti-y.* The notorious Thomas Paine, lately released from a French 
 prison, with his moral sensibilities all blunted by habitual dissipation, wrote a scur- 
 rilous letter to Washington, from under the roof of Monroe in Paris, in the summ.er 
 of 1790. This was published in the United States for the »iurpose of promoting Jef- 
 ferson's election. But Adams was successful. The attack on Washington strength- 
 ened the Federal party, and the last growl of the opposition toward him personally 
 was given by a Avriter in the Atirora on the first President's retirement from oflicc 
 at the beginning of March, 1797, and on the eve of his departure for Mount Vernon.* 
 When Washington retired from public life the clouds of diflUculty between the 
 United States and France were thickening. French cruisers were inflicting great 
 • FebninrysT, wrongs ou American commerce, and near the close of the session of the 
 ""'f- ' Congress of 1 796, '97, the Secretary of State laid before tliat body* a full 
 
 ' "If ever a nation has Ijpon dehnhchecl by a man," said a writer in the Aurora, "tiic American nation has been de- 
 bauched by Washington. If ever a nation was deceived by a man, the American nation hat been deceived by Washinp- 
 tou. Let his conduct, then, be an example to future ages. Let it serve to he a warning that no man may be an Idol. 
 Let the history of the Federal government instruct mankind that the mask of patriotism may he '„ jm to conceal the 
 foulest designs against the liberties of the iieoplc." 
 
 -' " ' Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation,' " said this politici.nn. 
 "If ever there was a time that would license the reiteratioii of the exclamation of the pious Simeon," he said, "that 
 time is now arrived ; for the man who Is the source of a'.i the misfortunes '•f onr conntry is this day reduced to a level 
 Avith his fellow-citizens, and Is no longer possessed of power to multiply evils upon the United States. . . . When a ret- 
 rospect is taken of the Washingtonian administration "or eight years, it is a subject of the greatest astonishment that n 
 single individual should have cankered the principles of republicanism in an enlightened people just emerged from the 
 gulf of deBi)otism, md should have carried his designs against the public liberty so fur as to have put in jeoi)ardy itp 
 very existence. Such, however, are the facts, and, with them stariug us in the face, this doy ought lo be a jubii.ee lu the 
 I'uited States !" 
 
 President Adams. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 93 
 
 President Adams. 
 
 Aspoct of Public Affttl™. 
 
 Treatment of an American Minister. 
 
 The French Directory. 
 
 exhibit of them. From that communication it appeared that not only were American 
 vessels captured, but their crews were treated with great indignity, and even cruelty. 
 Many bitter complaints were made against Commodore Joshua liarney, then in the 
 French service, in command of two frigates in the West Indies, Avho was accused of 
 treating his own captive countrymen with indiftcrence and neglect. He was also 
 charged with having insulted the American flag by hoisting it union down. And yet, 
 when he arrived in Chesapeake Bay to learn and carry away to France the result of 
 the Presidential election, though he boasted of Laving in his pocket the orders of the 
 French Directory to capture American vessels, and declared that, if.Teflerson Avere 
 not elected, war would be proclaimed by France Avithin three months, he was not the 
 less on that account honored and feasted by infatuated politicians who read .the 
 Aurora and believed Washington to be a traitor I^ 
 
 Adams* came into oflice with a power- 
 ful party opposed to him — a party which 
 lacked only two votes of giving the elec- 
 tion to Mr. Jefferson, his rival, who be- 
 came Vice-President. An open rupture 
 with France was becoming more and 
 more imminent. The accession of Spain 
 to their alliance, and the victories of 
 young Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy, gave 
 the Directory strength, and their bearing 
 toward other governments became more 
 and more insolent. Their corsairs were 
 depredating upon American commerce, 
 and in their pride they declared that, un- 
 til the United States had redressed cer- 
 tain alleged grievances of which they 
 complained, no minister of the republic 
 would be received by them. Pinckney, 
 who had never been officially received as 
 minister, was ordered to leave France. 
 He retired to Holland, after sending a nar- 
 rative of his bad treatment to his govern- 
 ment, and there awaited farther orders. 
 
 The conduct of the French Directory soon wrought a great change in the public 
 mind in the United States. Disappointed by the failure of Jefferson to be elected 
 President, the Directory determined to punish the people who dared to thwart their 
 plans. They issued a decree* which was almost tantamount to a declaration . M„y in^ 
 of war. It not only authorized the capture of American vessels under cer- ^''■*'^- 
 tain conditions, but declared that any American found on board of a hostile ship, 
 though placed there without his consent by impressment, should be hanged as a 
 pirate. American seamen, continually liable to impressment by the British, were to 
 be subjected to a pirate's fate by the French ! Strange to say, the eminent American, 
 
 ' nildreth'B HUtonjCffthe United States, Second Series, 1., 703. 
 
 > John Adams was bom at Qulncy, Mossaohusette, October 13, 1735. He was educated at Harvard University, and at 
 the age of twenty-two years commenced the practice of the law. lie was brought prominently Into public life by his 
 defense of Captain Preston at Boston, who was engaged in the so-called "massacre," in the spring of 1770. lie became 
 a member of the Massachusetts Le-'ielature, and in 1774 was sleeted to the Continental Congress. He was one of the 
 most active men In that body until sent on diplomatic missions to Europe. He was the representative of the new re- 
 pabllc abroad for many years, and was one of the negotiators for peace In 1783. In 1789 he was chosen Vice-President 
 o'tho United States, and In 1797 was elevated to the seat of the President, as Washington's successor. He served one 
 term, and retired to Qulncy in ISOl. He engaged but little In public life afterward. He and Jefferson died on the same 
 day, July 4, 1828, Just fifty years after they voted for the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Adnms was then ninety-one 
 years of age. The abova portrait was painted by Stuart at about the time Adams was elected President. 
 
 'l 
 
 
 < ! , M? 
 
 j 
 
 
 t 'i 
 
 rv^ 
 
J -rh/ 
 
 \\ 
 
 11/'' 
 
 fl! 
 
 
 M 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-nOOK 
 
 Joel Barlow a French Democrat. 
 
 Hadneai of PartUana. 
 
 "God «ave the Uulllotlnc." 
 
 Joel Barlow, at that time 
 ii resident in Paris, coolly 
 wrote to a friend concern- 
 ing this barba 'ous decree, 
 " The government here is 
 deteniiined to fleece you 
 to a suflicient degree to 
 bring yon to your feel- 
 ing in the only nerve in 
 whicli your sensibility 
 lies, which is your pe- 
 cuniary interest."' 
 
 President Adams had 
 called an extraordinary 
 session of Congress at the 
 middle of May. The re- 
 action every where had 
 greatly strengthened the 
 dispute between the United States and France. 
 
 administration party, and 
 many Itepublicans talk- 
 ed with complacency of a 
 war with France. 15ut a 
 majority of tlie Cabinet 
 favored farther attempts 
 at negotiation. John Mar- 
 shall, a Federalist (after- 
 ward Chief Justice of the 
 United States), and El- 
 bridge Gerry, a Dem- 
 ocrat (afterward Vice- 
 President), were appoint- 
 ed envoys extraordinary 
 to proceed to Europe^ 
 join Mr. Pinckney, and 
 attempt to settle by di- 
 plomacy all matlcrs in 
 After a session of little more than 
 
 six weeks, during which time provision was made for a small loan for calling out 
 eighty thousand militia, and creating a small naval force, and acts against privatccr- 
 • July 10, ^"g y^'CYC passed. Congress adjoui-ned* in time to escape the yeliow fever that 
 ravaged Philadelphia that season.^ 
 
 1T9T. 
 
 1 Letter to his brotlier-in-lnw, Abrnhnm Bnltlwln, of Georgia. Bnrlow, who went to France with n communlcatl,... m 
 the National Convention from a Bympathiziug society In England, was made a French citizen. By some commercial 
 oj)crations he accnmulnted a large fortune, lived in sumptuous style in Paris, and, being a thorough French Democrat, 
 was the bitter enemy of the administrations of Washington and Adams. While at Hamburg, In 1793, he was invited to 
 11 Jacobin festival, and he furnished for the occasion a co])y of the following song, written by Thelwall, a celebrated En- 
 ijllsh Jacobin. It was sung on that occasion, and has been generally considered a composition by Mr. Barlow hlmsdt 
 It was entitled Qod save the Guilhtine, ana is a parody of the English national song* God save the King: 
 " God save the gnillottnc I Shall in the basket roll, 
 
 Till England's king and queen Let mercy then control 
 
 Her power shall prove ; The guillotine. 
 
 Till each anointed knob „ ^v^en all the sceptred crew 
 
 Affords a clipping job, y^^^ jj (,,^1, homage due 
 
 Let no rude halter rob ^he guillotine. 
 
 The guillotine. l^j Freedom's flag advance 
 
 " France, let thy trumpet sound— Till all the world, like France, 
 
 Tell all the world around O'er tyrants' graves shall dance, 
 
 How Capkt fell ; ' And peace begin." 
 
 And when great Georoe's poll 
 » At about this time a letter written by Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, an Itallat republican, who had lived near him In 
 Virginia for a while, was published In the Federal newspapers, and made a great stir. The letter was written a ycnr 
 before, and was translated and published by Mazzei in a Florentine journal. It contained a virtual Indorsement of nil 
 the charges made against Washington anr' ,'olitlcal friends. Its publication brought to an end the friendship be- 
 tween Jefferson and the late President, ^efferson was placed in such an unpleasant dilemma by it that he prudently 
 kept silence. It was used with great effect at the time, and was again brought up against hira at the Presidential cnn- 
 vass In the year ISOO. It was made tlio subject of a caricature called Tue Providential Detection. At a place for 
 
 • It may not be out of place here to remark that " God save the King," In words and air, did not originate with Ilau- 
 del In the time of George the First, as is generally supposed, but Is almost a literal translation of a cantiqw which was 
 always sung by the maidens of St. Cyr when Louis the Fourteenth entered the chapel of that establishment to hear the 
 morning prayer. M. De Brinon was the author of the words, i nd the music was by the eminent Lulli, founder of the 
 French opera. The following is a copy of the words : 
 
 " Grand Dicn gauve le Roi I 
 Grand DIeu venge le Rol ! 
 
 Vive le Roi ! 
 Que tonjours glorieux, 
 Louis vlctorieux! 
 Voye ses ennemi 
 
 Toujoura soumisi 
 Grand DIeu eauve le Roi ! 
 Grand Dien venge le Rol ! 
 Vive le Rol 1" 
 This air Ib etUl snng by ihe vlne-dreseers in the eonth of France.— See Memoirs ofWadame (?■ '^reqvp. 
 
 Pride of the Frcnc 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 98 
 
 Pride lit the French Directory. Attempt to extort Tribnte ftom the AmericMii. Plncknejr'i neply. A French Decree.' 
 
 Darker and durker aj>|)Oiiro<l tlic Htorin-cloiuls of Etiropoaii |)oliti('s, and llio imittiT- 
 lii<' of their tliiiiidcrs shook tho social fahric in Aiiu-rica with soiiu' ai;irm. Kiijihtiid, 
 for a nionieiit, soenu'd t Jttoriiis; to its fall. Its financial jiowcr was sorely smitten by 
 the suspension of spceie payments by the Hank of Knuland, and its naval strength 
 ;iiid supremacy seemed menaced by a great mutiny at tin* Nore. IJonajtart" was 
 inakin'( his splendid conquering Uiarches in the direction of the Danube, and tlie Car- 
 patliian Mountains beyond, and Austria Iiad already been compelled to make j)eace 
 with his government. Success waited on French arms iinil Freni h diplomacy every 
 where; and when the three American envoys reached I'aris in October," t October -i, 
 and asked for an audience with the Directory, thej- met with a haughty i'"^- 
 refusal, unless they should first pay into the deficient French treasury a large sum as 
 an equivalent for friendship. Overtures for this purpose were made by unofficial 
 agents, and the sum demanded was two hutidred iind forty thousand dollars, besides 
 an arrangement for purcluising from the French government a large amount of Dutch 
 securities, which had been wrung from the Hollanders as 'he price of peace. Threats 
 were made that, if these conditions Avere not complied with, the envoys might be or- 
 dered to leave France at any time with oidy twenty-fotir hours' notice, and that the 
 coasts of the United States would be ravaged by French vessels from St. Domingo. 
 
 Delay followed delay. The envoys Mere firm ; and the occasion was given for 
 Piiickney to utter the noble sentiment, " Millions for defense, but not one cent for 
 tribute !" At length the envoys, having presented a list of grievances of which their 
 government complained, asked for their passports if they could not be recognized as 
 ministers. These were finally granted'' to the federal envoys, but nnder cir- t March, 
 cumstances of insult and indignity which amounted to virtual expulsion from i'"**- 
 the country. Gerry, the Democrat, who had held interviews with Talleyrand, the 
 French premier, without the knowledge of his colleagues, and who doubtless encour- 
 aged him to believe that the " French party" in America were sufficiently numerous 
 to avert a war with France, and insure a partial if not full compliance with her de- 
 mands, was directed to remain in the character of an accepted minister.^ lie did so, 
 and received the severest censures from his indignant countrymen. After being 
 treated with mingled 'nsolence and contempt by Talleyrand and his asso- c j„iy,i7og. 
 ciates, Gerry also en'ibarked for the Fnited States." t jamnry is, 
 
 Mcanwhiie the French Directory had issued a decree* concerning neu- iws. 
 
 trals on the ocean, more outrageous than any yet put forth, and calculated to effect- 
 ually destroy American commerce in European waters.^ This action, the indecent 
 treatment of the envoys, and the continued depredations of the French cruisers, 
 aroused a violent war spirit in the United States. It had been manifested, in a de- 
 gree, at the opening of the Fifth Congress, and it increased with every fresh item of 
 intelligence from France. 
 
 The President, in his first annual message,'^ had recommended prepara- . November 23, 
 tions for war ; and in Congress the administration grew stronger every ^™^- 
 
 hour. At length, .at the middle of March, dispatches came from the envoys giving a 
 history of the uifamous jjroceedings of the French Directory.^ A general outburst 
 
 burnt sacrifice CBlled the "Altar of French Despotism," before which Jefferson Is kneeling, a flame Is seen, fed by pa- 
 pcru marked Age of Reason, Godtcin, Aurora, Chronicle, J. J. liotisHean, Voltaire, Kvine of Volneij, Ilclretim, etc. Around 
 tlip altar lie sacks for consumption, marked American Spolxatiorts, Dutch Restitution, Sardinia, Flanders, Venice, Spain, 
 Plunder, etc. 
 
 ' Gerry was much petted while In France, while his collenp;uca were neglected. At o ball given by Talleyrand as 
 early as .January, ITflS, at which General and Madame Bonaparte were present, Mr. Gerry appeared. His brother envoys 
 uot having been invited, he at first rcfnsed, but ilnally attended, he said, In compliance with the dictates of policy. 
 
 ' It proclaimed that all vessels having merchandise on board, the production of England or her colonics, whoever the 
 owTicr of the merchandise might be, were liable to seizure as good prizes ; and any vessel which at any previous part of her 
 Toynge had touched at any English port or possession was forbidden to enter any French port. Just before tlie issnlnf; 
 of this decree nn American at Nantes wrote to his friends at home that no less than sixty privateers were fitting out In 
 that port alone to prey upon American commerce. 
 
 ' The Directory at that time were Barras, Moulius, Sieyes, Gcbicr, and Roger Dncos. All but Barras were soon after- 
 
 
 iall 
 

 ' ■ 
 
 ,1 
 
 I 
 
 ''' i 
 
 II! 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 lD(lt){na(l»n of the Am«rlc«<M. 
 
 PrapiratloD* Ibr War with Franm. 
 
 Pniceedlnga In New York Cltjr. 
 
 of iiuli^nation followed. Tlic people of the United StatcH, as a nation, fi-lt deeply in- 
 fliilted, and I'inekiiey'H jiatriutio Heiitiinent was rt'in-ated in every part of the n'pnhlii-. 
 And yet there were those Hluvish enough to justify France and criminate their own 
 government. In thin cowardly course the Aurora took the lead. Uy some disloyal 
 hand it was placed in poKsession of Talleyrand's rejoinder to the complaints of the 
 envoys, and published it before it reached the j^overninent of the United States, for 
 whom alone it was intended. It was argued that it would be better to e<mi|>ly with 
 the demands of tho Directory for money than to incur the risk of a war — better to 
 ])urchase peace by humbly paying trbute, than to vindicate the claims of the nation 
 to independence by asserting and maintaining its rights at all ha/.ards ! 
 
 Such logic did not suit the character nor temper of the American people at t'nat 
 time. The rampant war spirit, fed on every hand by fresh aggressions and patriotic 
 • March 19, appeals, was not to be ai)peased. The President issued a Hi)ecial message,'' 
 1TK8. calling upon Congress to make provisions for hostilities. His appeal was 
 responded to with alacrity. Means for administering chastisements for injuries re- 
 ceived, and for repelling those which Averc threatened, were provided without hesita- 
 tion. Provision was made for tho organization of a regular provisional army, in mag- 
 nitude sufficient for the exigencies of the case, and the employment of a volunteer 
 force. Measures were also taken, on the recommendation of the Secretary of War. 
 for strengthening the navy, and making it a power to be respected on the high seas,' 
 
 To a great extent party spirit disappeared in the National Legislature. Their jiro- 
 ceedings were approved by the great majority of the people, and the President re- 
 ceived addresses from all parts of the Union, warmly commending his course, and 
 overflowing with the most fervid patriotism.'' The young Federalists, with a spirit 
 of defiant response to the Democrats, Avho still wore the badge of devotion to French 
 politics ordered by Adet, mounted a black cockade, such as was worn by oflicers in 
 the Revolution y' and between the wearers of these opposing decorations there was 
 
 wnrd driven from office ; and when, In the nutnmn of 1T99, Bonaparte usurped tho government, he expelled from France 
 the first two above named as utterly corrupt. 
 
 ' After much manasuvrlng on the part of the opposition to prevent ihe adoption of these measures to meet any hostilities 
 on the part of France, the men who tu 17!)4 — only four years befo.e— were eager for war with England, and voted for prep- 
 arations for It with alacrity, were now as vehement for peace— an Inconsistency which many of llielr partisans throughont 
 the country pointed at with scorn. Congress authorized a reg\>lar provisional army of about twenty thousand men, and 
 gave the Preshent authority to appoint officers for it ; also to receive and organize volunteer corps, who should be ex- 
 empted from ordinary militia duty. The sum of $800,000 was oppropriated for the purchase of cannon, arms, and military 
 stores. Provision was made for fortifying the harbors of the United States — a labor already commenced— and, for the 
 farther security of ports, the purchase and equipment often galleys. The President was also authorized to cause twelve 
 ships of not less than 82 guns each, Department, the duties of which the 
 
 twelve of not loss than 20 nor exceed- y^ ^ Secretary of War had hitherto pcr- 
 
 Ing 24 guns each, and six not exceed- /VTV y/rX^J^ n y f"'"™^''' """ created, and on the SOtli 
 
 ing 18 gnns each, besides galleys and l/t/CM. %yUr~-CC^ U'i/7 of ^pril, lTft8, Benjamin Stoddert, of 
 revenue cutters, to bo built. A Navy Georgetown, In tho District of Colum- 
 
 bia, was appointed the first Secretary of the Navy, and took his seat In the Cabinet. 
 
 » The city of New York %vas greatly excited by the prospect of a war with France. Its commerce had suffered mnch 
 by the depredatfons of French cruisers, and the mercantile classes were greatly exasperated. The Republicans or Dem- 
 ocrats had a debating association, whose meetings were i)ublic, called "The Society of Free Debate." A meeting wa? 
 called for the 27th of April, 1798, to discuss the question, "Would it he better policy, under existing circumstances, to 
 lay an embargo [a scheme proposed by some as a less dangerous measure], than to arm In defense of our carrying- 
 trade f" The Federalists went to the meeting in great numbers, and, by an ovenvhelming vote, elected Jacob Morton 
 chairman. By ten to one they voted for arming. They expressed by resolntlons full approbation of the conduct of the 
 government, and their determination to support it. They appointed a committee, consisting of Colonel Jacob Morton, 
 Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, Nicholas Evartson, John Cozlne, and Joslah Ogden Hoffman, to draft an address to the Pres- 
 ident and Congress, expressive of their satisfaction with tho course pursued toward France. After the adjournment a 
 Quaker addressed the multitude. 
 
 On the Bth of May a meeting was held, and addressed by the late Chief Justice Samuel Jones. Nino hundred youns! 
 men present pledged themselves to be In readiness, at a moment's warning, to offer their services to their coimtry 
 against the French. 
 
 On the Bth of June the New York Chamber of Commerce took action concerning the defenses ofNewYork, They 
 appointed a committee to confer with the military authorities and the Corporation. A conference was held the rext 
 day at the Tontine Coffee-house, and It was resolved to call a public meeting of citizens who might bo ready to defend 
 an "Insulted country" and the " defenseless port." The call was made, and an Invitation was given for such citizens to 
 enroll themselves as an artillery corps, It having been ascertained that Colonel Stevens, an experienced artillerist of 
 tho Revolution, was willing to take the direction of them and to give them Instructions. 
 
 » This gave them tho name of "Black-cockade Federalists," which was a term of repi-oach tintll ten years after the 
 Warofl812-'15. 
 
 I>ttriotic 8<ing*. 
 
 intense Iiatrei 
 
 ■ \\A\ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 181z. 
 
 Pitrlotlc H<in|irii. 
 
 Ulitorj of UaO, CohmMa I ud ititeiM and Ubirty. 
 
 intense hatrctl, which Nomctimt'H lod to porHonal collistoiiH. In the streets of cities 
 opitosiiig i)r()ct'H«ion« wtro seen; niul uU ovi-r the Iiiiul tlie new soiijjw otJlail, Colum- 
 bia! luiil .1(1(11118 and JJherty, were wung with unhoum'.ed ii|i|ihuiHe.' The exritenient 
 a"ains<t some of the opjiosition leaders in Congrews Hoon heciune intense, and the most 
 obno.\ion« of them, from Virginia, souglit pernonal safety in tliglit, nnder tlie pretense 
 of attention to tlieir private atfairs at liome. 
 
 1 Tho hUtory of the oriKin ami fate of thcuo two aonga Is cnrlniiH. The form .ilmont totally ilrstltuto of poeilc 
 merit, I" 'till HiiiiKi and In rogarded an a iialloiial aoii);; the liittvr, fill) of gpniilnc pootrr, hnit hern ri)r(;ottru. Hail, 
 lUumbia! was written In the wprlng of ITIW, when the war uplrit of the na'lou wan aroimcd hy the IrrilutluK news Oora 
 France. Mr. Fox, a yoani; Hinder and actor In the I'lilladclphia Theatre, wan to have a hcnctlt. There was to l.ttle 
 novelty at the play-houno that he anticipated a failure. ()|i the niornlnt! prevloux, he called upon JoKeph Hopklnnon, 
 and said, " Nvt a ulnijlc box huM been taken, and I fear there will he a thin houHe. If you will write nic some pali iotic 
 vcrnes to the tnne of the ' I'rcnldent'8 March,' I feel euro of a t\i\\ houxe. Hevcrul people about the theatre have attiinpt- 
 eil It, but they have come to the ronclunlou that It cat- not be dime. Yet I think you may succeed." nopkhiKon retired 
 to hl« study, wrote the first verso and chorus, and submitted them to Mrs. Ilopklnson, who sanjj them with a harps'chord 
 accompaniment. The time and words harmonized. The sont; was soon flnlshed, an<l the youn^; actor recclvci' It the 
 fame evening. The theatre placards the next morning announced that Mr. Fox would slntj a new patriotic son^'. The 
 house was crowded— the song was sung— the audience were wild wlih delight ; for It touched the public heart with elec- 
 trical effect at that moment, and eight times the singer was called out to repeat the song. When It was sung tte ninth 
 lime the whole audience arose and Joined In the chorus. On the following night (April nn, 17«f*) the President and his 
 wife and some of the headu of departments were present, and the singer was called out time after time. It waj re|>eat- 
 uJ ulgbt afier uight iu the tbeutros of Pblludelphlu uud other places, and it became the uulversal uuug of the biys lu the 
 dtrccts. On one occasion a crowd thronged the strnot In front of the anther's rosldeuce, nnd suddenly "Hall, Colum- 
 bia !" from tlvo hundred voices broke the stillness of the midnight air. 
 
 In June following Robert Treat Paine was rc(iuested to write a song, to be snng at the anniversary of tha "Massa- 
 chnsctts Charitable Fire Society." lie wrote a political song adapted to the temper of the times, and called It "Adams 
 nnd Liberty." At the house of Major Russell, editor of the Donlon Centinel, the author showed it to that gentleman. "It 
 Is lm|)erfc(t," said Russell, " without the name of Washington in It." Mr. Paine wos about to take some 'vine, when 
 Hn.'sell politely and good-natnrcdly interfered, saying, "You can have none of my wine. Mr. Paine, unt'l y<m have 
 written another stanza, with Washington's name iu It." Paine walked back and forth a few moments, calk d for a pen, 
 aud wrote the finest verse In the whole poem— a verso which forms the epigraph of the chapter on the next pat'e. This 
 rong, lu nine stanzas, became Immensely popular. It was sung nil over the country. In theatres and public places, in 
 workshops and drawing-rooms, aud by the boys In tho streets. The sale of It on "broadsides" yielded the author a 
 lirottt or$7S0. The temper of the large majority of the American people at that time is expressed In the following 
 verses of the ode : 
 
 " While France her huge limbs bathes rccnmhont In blooJ, 
 And Society's base threats with wide dissolution ; 
 May Peace, like the dove, who returned from the flood, 
 Find an ark of abode lu our mild Constitution. 
 But though Peace Is our aim. 
 Yet the boon we disclaim. 
 If oonght by our Sov'relgnty, Justice, or Fame. 
 
 " 'TIs the flro of the fliiit, each American warms; 
 Let Rome's haiis^hty victors beware of collision, 
 Let them bring nil the vassals of Europe In arms— 
 We're a world by ourselves, and disclaim a division. 
 While with patriot pride 
 To onr laws we're allied, 
 No foe can subdue us, no faction divide. 
 
 " Our mountains arc crowned with imperial oak, 
 
 Whose roots, like onr liberties, ages have nourished; 
 But long ere onr nation submits to the yoke, 
 Not a tree shall be left on the field where it floorlshed. 
 Should Invasion Impend, 
 Every grove would descend 
 From the hlU-tops they shaded, onr shores to defend. 
 
 " Let our patriots destroy Anarch's pestilent worm, 
 
 Lest our Liberty's growth should be checked by corrosion ; 
 Then let clouds thicken roand us, wo heed not the storm. 
 Our realm fears no shock but the earth's own explosion. 
 Foes assail ns in vain. 
 Though their fleets bridge the main, 
 For our altars and laws with our lives we'll maintain. 
 For ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves 
 While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves." 
 
 6 
 
 1 i 1: 
 
 1 ' 
 
 i i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 r' 
 
 ', 
 
 .. . -i- 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 :fi 
 
li 
 
 I 
 
 08 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 I'rapintlonk for War. WuhiDirton Invited tn commm t1 the Army. 
 
 He •ccxptn. 
 
 w- 
 
 Hamtlton acting 0«Derat-ln-ctileC 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 " Should the tempert of va overahadow onr land, 
 
 It« bulla could ne'er rend Frecdom'a temple aeundor ; 
 Fur, uninovod, at Itx portal, would Wnaliington atand, 
 Aud rcpuke wllli his breast tlio Oiiaaulti of the thunder t 
 IIlx nword froui the Bleep 
 or Us Bcabbard would leap. 
 And conduct with Ita |)o!nt ev'ry flaah ^o the deep I 
 For ne'er shall the aona of ColumWn i,. -vea 
 While the earth bears a plant, or the a'uu Iti waves." 
 
 RouEBT Tbeat Paini. 
 
 AVING resolved on war, if necessary, for the dignity of tlic 
 nution, tlio question arose spontaneously in the hearts of the 
 American people, Who shall command our armies at this hn- 
 portant crisis ? All minds instinctively turned toward Wash- 
 ington as the only man who could command the respect of the 
 whole nation and keep a dangerous faction in check.' "In 
 such a state of public affairs," Hamilton wrote, "it is impossi- 
 ble not to look up to you, ... In the event of an open rupture 
 witli France, the public voice Avill again call you to couimand 
 the armies of your country. . . . All your past labor may demand, to give it efficacy, 
 this farther, this great sacrifice."^ " We must have your name, if you will in any 
 case permit us to use it," President Adams wrote to him on the 22d of June. " There 
 will be more efficiency in it than in many an army." And four days later, James 
 M'Hcnry, the Secretary of War, wrote to him, " You see how the storm thicken.H, and 
 that our vessel may soon require its ancient pilot. Will you — may we flatter our- 
 selvefj that, in a crisis so awful and important, you will accept the command of all 
 our armies ? I hope you will, because you alone can unite all hearts and all hands, 
 if it is possible that they can be united." 
 
 These intimations were followed by corresponding action. On the 7th of July 
 President Adams, with the consent of the Senate, appointed Washington Lieutenant- 
 general and commander-in-chief of all the armies raised and to be raised for the 
 service of the United States. The venerated patriot, then sixty-five years of age, in- 
 stantly obeyed the call of his country. " You may command me without reserve," 
 he said to President Adams, qualifying the remark only by the expressed desire that 
 he should not be called into active servico until the public need should demand it. 
 His friend, Mr. Hamilton, then forty-one years of age, was appointed fi»st major gen- 
 eral, and placed in active supreme command ; and in November, Washington held a 
 conference at Philadelphia with all the general officers, when arrangements were 
 made for the complete < ganization of a provisional army on a war footing. 
 
 Washington all this .vhile had looked upon the gathering tempest with perfect 
 confidence that the clouls would pass by, and leave his country unscathed by thu 
 
 • It was the settled convlcMon of many of the wisest men of that day that the leaders of the opposition wished to 
 overthrow the Constitution. " It Is more and more evident," Hamilton wrote to Washington late In May, 1708, "Ihat 
 the poworfcl faction which has for years opposed the government Is determined to go all lengths with France. I am 
 sincere In declaring my ftill conviction, as tlie result of a long course of observation, that they are ready to new model onr 
 Constitution under the influence or coercion of France, to form with her a perpetual alliance, offenaive and defensive, and to 
 give her a monopoly over trade by pecttHor and exchiaite privileges. This would be In substance, whatever It might be 
 in name, to make this conntry s province of Prance. Neither do I doubt that her standard, displayed In this country, 
 would be, directly or Indirectly, jded by them, In pursuance of the projeci I have mentioned." 
 
 > Hamilton to Washington, M.^y 19, 1798. 
 
 The Pride of the Dl 
 
 liphtiiii'g and 
 
 Directory wai 
 
 thoughtful nu'i 
 
 war witJi Fran< 
 
 •Jritain with ii 
 
 ohject being to 
 
 pit', and restore 
 
 teniptod after t 
 
 qiiishcd by Nel 
 
 scattered a Frei 
 
 Hurgents there; 
 
 prowess. * 
 
 Those 8uccos8( 
 
 appointmint of 
 
 'States, made the 
 
 rami began to th 
 
 retaryofJt'gatior 
 
 gotiation that the 
 
 be received by tl 
 
 were communicai 
 
 Hague, who transj 
 
 Without consu] 
 
 Adams nominated 
 
 Mtounded. It car 
 
 nition. The Cabin, 
 
 overtiii-es Jiad been 
 
 friends, who regarc 
 
 to a half-relenting 
 
 they were estrangi 
 
 three envoys extra 
 
 matters in dispute J 
 
 the Senate at near t 
 
 a conviction that a i 
 
 CorMr.Adamshadi 
 
 the two envoys yet a 
 
 'OttS DtlLt TAKINO . 
 
 htore of "Bonaparte In Eg.p, 
 I ^Henry declined the non 
 I „"''''« portion ofthlsVotebr^e 
 
OP THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 00 
 
 The Pridt of the Directory bumbled. 
 
 A MInliter Plonlputentlar; to Frante appointed. 
 
 lightnirg and the Imil. Events soon justified his faith. The pride of the haughty 
 Diret!tory waH speedily humbled, and the fears of England, toward whom many 
 thoughtful men in America had looked ;ih a possible friend and aid in the event of a 
 war with France, were allayed. The victorious IJonaparte, who had threatened Great 
 Britain with hivasion, had gone off to Egypt on a romantic expedition, his avowed 
 object being to march in*o Palestine, take possession of Jerusalem, rebuild the Tem- 
 ple, and restore the Jews to their beloved city and land. This he unsuccessfully at- 
 tempted after the battle of the Nile, in which the proud Toulon fleet had been van- 
 quished by Nelson." A few weeks later Sir John Bor'.use Warren had •AuKimti, 
 scattered a French fleet** ihat hovered on iho coast of Ireland to aid in- """• 
 »urgents there; and many minor victories were accorded to English 'October 12. 
 prowess.' 
 
 These successes of the English, intelligence of the war feeling in Am.erici, and the 
 appointment of Washington as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United 
 States, made the hitoxicated Directory pause in their mad career. The wily Talley- 
 rand began to thuik of conciliation. In letters to Pinchon,' French sec- 
 
 /. 1 .• .1 TT 1 • .• . 1 ,1 -1 i. " AuBUiit 2S and 
 
 retary 01 legation at the Hague, he mtimated that any advances lor nc- September 28, 
 gotiation that the government of the United States might make would '^' 
 
 be received by tlio Directory in a friendly spirit. These intimations, as intended, 
 were communicated to William Vans Murray, the United States minister at the 
 Hague, who transmitted them to his government. 
 
 Without consulting his Cabinet, or taking counsel of national dignity, President 
 Adams nominated Mr, Murray minister plenipotentiary to France, The country was 
 astounded. It came upon the Cabinet, the Congress, and the people withoiu premo- 
 nition. The Cabinet opposed it, and the Senate resolved not to confirm it. No direct 
 overtures had been made by the French government ; and some of Mr. Adams's ])e8t 
 friends, who regarded war as preferable to dishonor, deprecated a cowardly cringing 
 to a halt-relenting tyrant, and warmly remonstrated with him, lie persisted, and 
 they were estranged. He finally so far yiolded to public opinion as to nominate 
 three envoys extraordinary, Mr. Murray being \e, to negotiate a settlement of all 
 matters in dispute between the United States and France, These were confirmed by 
 the Senate at near thi close of the session, in February, 1799, not willbigly, but from 
 a conviction that a refusal to do so might endanger the existence of the Federal party, 
 for Mr. Adams had many and powerful supporters. It "was stipulated, however, that 
 the two envoys yet at Lome (Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth and Patrick Henry^) should 
 
 > England had for eome time trembled violently before the won- 
 derful operations of Bonaparte on the Continent. For a while lu- 
 Tasion of the island seemed Imminent. But when the cloud disap- 
 peared in the autumn of 1T98, and scarcely a day passed without 
 bringing intelligenco of some new success of the British navy, the 
 feeling of exultation was intense. The pencil of Gillray, the great 
 caricaturist, was exceedingly active, and in quick succession he 
 brought out several prints illustrating John Bull as being surfeited 
 with his immense captures. In one of these, entitled "John Bull 
 taking a Luncheon ; or, British Cooks cramming Old Qrumble-glz- 
 zard with Bnyiiu CMre," the representative of English nationality, u 
 burly old fellow is seen sitting in a chair at a well-ftimlshed table, 
 while the naval cooks are zealous in their attentions. The hero of 
 the Nile offers him a " fricassee h la Nelson," consisting of a large 
 dish of battered French ships of the line. Another admiral offers 
 him a " fricando h la Howe," " dessert k la Warren," " Dutch cheese 
 u la Duncan," et cietera. John Bull is deliberately snapping up a 
 frigate at a mouthful, and Is evidently fattening on his diet. 
 "What!" he exclaims, "more fiicasseesf Where do you think I 
 shall And room to stow all you bring inf" By his side is an im- 
 mense jug of brown stout to wash them down. Behind him Is a 
 I flctnre of " Bonaparte in Egypt" suspended against the wall, nearly concealed by Nelson's hat, which Is huug over It.* 
 ' Mr. Henry declined the nomination because of bis advanced age and Increasing Infirmities. Oovemor WilUitm R. 
 
 ' The porUon of this celebrated carlcatore here given, with the description, la copied from Wright's England tmitr the 
 
 I Bbiim 0/ ffanorw, 11., 298. 
 
 JOHN OUI.L TAKINO A ll.UI)Oa. 
 
 Is 
 
in 
 
 i I 
 
 r 
 
 ii 
 
 100 
 
 riCTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Three KiivoyR lont to Franco. Bonnparto Fimt Conaul. Nnval Wnrfnro botwcoii the Americans and the Frciich. 
 
 not omlmrk for Eiirojic until autlientic and nutisfactory assunuicca should be nivcii us 
 to their ivirption. Such asgurauei h wore reeeived by tlie governuieiit in October Col- 
 lowinj;, and in November EUsworlli aiul W. U. IJavio (the latter having taken ]\Ir. 
 Henry's place) sailed for Kurope. Fortunately for all parties, when the envoys 
 reached Franco a ehango had taken place in the governnu'nt of that country. 'I'lic 
 Directory was no more. Honaj)arto iiad suddenly returned from the Eas*. after 
 grt^at and brilliant movements with various results, and was hailed as the good 
 genius of tli^ Uepublic. Tie found, as ho expected, his country rent by political dis- 
 sensions, and the Directory in disrepute among the most nowerful classes. With the 
 assistance of u strong party, supported by bayonets, ho dissolved tin Assembly of 
 •NovpmborS, Keproiieutativos and took the government into his own hands," with the 
 ^™'- title of First Consul, which was at first conferred upon him for ten years, 
 and afterward ftn* life. 
 
 The audacity and energy of Honaparto saved Franco from anarchy and ruin. To 
 please the })eople ho prodaimeil a pacific polii^y, and o|)C(iod correspondence with the 
 " March 2 pwwors tluMi at war with (ho Hepublic with professions of j)eacofnl desires, 
 
 isiw. it ^yjis jvt this auspieiotis moment that tho American envoys arrived'' at 
 Paris. 
 
 While these political niover.ients were in progress, and preparafions were iiiakiiif,' 
 in tho United States for a French invasion, war between the two nations actuiiily 
 conimenced on the ocean, although hostilities had not been proclaimed by either. On 
 tho /th of July, nos, Congres,4 declared tho old treaties with Franco at an end, and 
 two days at'terwanl passed a law autiiori/.ing American vessels of war to captun 
 French cruisers Avherever they might bo found. On tho 11th, a now marine ;'orps of 
 nearly nine hundred men, rank and file, commanded by a nnijor, was established by 
 law, and a total of thirty active criiisers Avas j)rovided for. 
 
 Wo have observed that some movements for strengthening the navy were begun 
 early m 1707. The frig.'Ues United States^ 44, C'cpstitKtioji, 44, and (kmstellatiou, H8,' 
 wore launched, and ordered to be ])ut in commission that year. Tho I/nited iStatis first 
 reached the water, and was the begimiing of the American navy created after the ado])- 
 tion of tho National Constitution. She was lauiudied at rhiladel])hia on tho ICth of 
 .Tuly,'= and was followed in September by tho Consti'l/afion and Constitution. 
 The former was sot afloat on the 7th of that month, at Baltimore, and the lat- 
 ter on tho 20th, at Boston ;* yet none of these Avere ready for sea when, in the spring 
 of 1708, war with Franco seemed inevitable. 
 
 An Indiainan, called tho Gatiifcs, was armed and cquipj)ed at Philadelphi.T. as a 
 24-poundcr, and pliued in the conmiand of Captain Richard Dale. She sailed on the 
 22d of May, to crui. along tho coast from tlu' east end of Long Island to the ( 'apes of 
 Virginia, to watch tlio approach of an enemy to the ports of New York, Philadeli>liia, 
 and Baltimore. On tho 12th of Juno Captain Dale received instructions off the CajHs 
 of Delaware to seize French cruisers and capture pny of their prizes that might fall 
 in his way. 
 
 The Co7istcllation, iiSyfirf^t Avent down the Patapsco on the morning of the 0th of 
 April,'' and early in June Avent to sea under the command of Captain Thomas 
 Tiuxtun, in company Avith the Ddatcare, 20, Captain Decatur,' each having 
 
 ' 1708. 
 
 Dnvio, of North Carolina, was appointed In Henry's pV^ce. Tho commission then stood: Murray, of Maryland : Ells- 
 worth, of Connectlcnt ; and Davie, of North Carolina. Mr. Murray, still ot the Hague, was Instructed ',o inform Talley- 
 rand of the appointment. 
 
 > These numbers, -44, 3S etc., refer to the number of guns en; rlcd by each vessel, or, rather, the number they were rated 
 at. TUe Rrmament of vessels sometimes varies fl-om th^ rate. 
 
 » The ConstiUalioti wap constrocted by Dnvid Stodcrt. 
 
 ' Stephen Decatur was born it Newport, Rhode Island, In ITBl. He commanded several privateers durlns tho Reviv 
 Intlon, and captured ceveral English ships. He received a commission as captain In the United States navy In 1"!>s, ami 
 served with distinction during the hostilities with the French cm ^rs. In 1800 he commanded a squadron of thirteen 
 sail on the Ouadaloupe station, his flag-ship being the I'hiiadditltta, 38. Ue left the eenlce in ISOl, wd engaged in 
 
 Cnpluro of i« Crojj 
 
 orders Himil.-i 
 
 Diile's. When 
 
 a few days ou 
 
 oatiir fell In y\ 
 
 Piiiladcljdiia ui 
 
 States n.'ivy wi 
 
 .wit William ]}.• 
 
 of'!)H,"su callc 
 
 States. 
 
 sy^'^i^^f'-i^ , 
 
 mmnicrcliW purs'ills In Pl, 
 llie memory of |,M,l|„t|„j, 
 capiniii nn,I his wife, who 
 ' ■'"!'" ^^•■^'"'y was born 1 
 i» I'W. lie came to Amo 
 In 1.T5 he entered the na 
 
 I'a iHnpnicd point whelh( 
 maaders who got to sen a 
 live service during the whi 
 "ftlic new navy In imbe 
 "iwhWi station, In c„„„„„ 
 
 '-nlhel-ithofScpiiMnber, :■ 
 H» died childless, at i|,„„,,, 
 Ominiodore Harry's cnnil 
 ■'melcryofst. Mary's lion,, 
 •'•^ffel, Philadelphia. The I 
 Kriptlon: 
 
 "Let the patriot, the soidh 
 itiwc mansions of the dead 
 Wt. Beneath are deposlte 
 If >rn» born in tho County 
 •tmerlca was me object of his 
 '■■wfulness and honor. In l 
 
 ;»WI«hed tho independence 
 > amission of a captain 
 mra, became commnn,ler-i, 
 « bled in the cause of free 
 J;^M lesson in time the pel 
 
 it n„,T■''''^'"■"''y"'''^fr^' 
 .yfened his soul Into ,1,0 nm, 
 
 fMln„atowldo<v hath cause 
 '•'•"eased to be the living re 
 
 'Her first lieutenant was D. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 101 
 
 Capture of he (Jrayable. 
 
 Tho UniM Statu and thi? Conttitntion. 
 
 Life mill Sorvl-es of < '• mimodure Burry, 
 
 (2>/^*«i^^^^ 
 
 ordcre similar to 
 Diilo's. When only 
 11 few (lays out, De- 
 catur fell in with the French corsuir Lc Ci'oyahl, 14, captured her, and went lier to 
 Piilliidel,)hiii fis a jjrize. Hho was condemned hy the prize court, added to th«> United 
 States navy with the name oi Retaliation, mmX jylaeed under the coninmiid ofLieuteji- 
 .uit William ]}ainl)ridge. Bhe was the first vessel captured during tlie " French War 
 of '98," HO called, and was tho first vessel taken by tho present navy of the United 
 
 Stiites. 
 
 Early in July the United States, 44, Cap- 
 tain John IJarry,' went to sea, and cnused 
 eastward. She (ii.-ried among her officers 
 several young men who afVerward hecame 
 distinguished in the annals of naval Avar- 
 fare.'* The goveniment socm afterward de- 
 termined to send a loice to the West Indies, 
 where American commerce Avas most ex- 
 j)osed,and Captain Hairy was ordered there 
 with a small squ.adron, consisting of the 
 United /States, 44, Delaware, 20, and Jler- 
 old, I H. 
 
 The Constitniion (yot in the service) wont 
 to sea in July, in command of Caj»taiii Sam- 
 uel Nicholson, and, in coiepany with four 
 revenue vessels, sailed in August to cruise 
 off tho coast southward of tliO Virginia 
 (.■apes. One of these vessels Avas in com- 
 mand of Lieutenant (afterward Commodore) 
 Prel)le. 
 
 In Augi'.at tho Constitution, Captain Trux- 
 
 k7c^A^3^ A/a^i^^ — 
 
 1 
 
 O'lmmordiil purs'.ilts In Phllni'clpliln, whom ho dlpd In ISfl"*. A plain 8lah, near thu nohlc granite monnmcnt ornctcd to 
 till' moniory of \\\* dlHtlnnulHlu '1 son In St. I'clcr'H (Episcopal) Church l)uryl;ig-(;rouud, markB the f,tK c of the gallant 
 laptain aiul his wife, who died In 1S12. 
 
 > .lolin Barry was horn in Ireland, ("onnty of Wexford, 
 ill li45. lie came to America In Ills yonth, as a seaman. 
 In Ul.'i he entered the nav;il service of Congress, and it 
 Isc difpated point whether he was the llrst of the com- 
 manders who got to sea at that i)erlod. Ho was In ac- 
 tive service during tho whole war. In tho estahllshment 
 iif tlic new navy In 171)4 he was named the senior ofHcer, 
 ill which station. In command of tho ITnitfd Slates, he died 
 iinMieHth of September, :so;i,ln the city of Philadelphia. 
 Ill' died childless, at the age of ftfly-elght years. 
 
 Commodore Harry's tomb Is near the entrance to the 
 icmctory of HI. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, on Fourth 
 STfct, riilladclphlo. Tho following la ii co]>y of tho In- 
 "Tiption : 
 
 " let the patriot, the soltMcr, and tho Christian who visit 
 ;hpic mansions of tho dead, view this monument with re- 
 'pct. Beneath are deposited the remains of.IonNlUiiiiv. 
 lie was born in the County of AVexford, In Ireland, ..ut 
 .\nierlca was i ne object of his patrUitism, and the thentre of 
 hi'usefulncss and honor. In the Revolutionary AVar, which 
 cstiblished tho Indepcndenco of the t'nited States, he bore 
 ibe commission of a captain In their infant navy, and aft- 
 rnnitfl bccamo commander-in-chief. II(! fonght often and 
 
 npc bicd In tho cause of freedom Rut his habits of war 
 iid not lessen In time the peaceful virt '^s which adorn private life. Ho was gentle, 'Kind, ,in«t. and charitable ; and not 
 '«'« beloved by family and friends than by his grateful country. In a full belief In the d.ictrines of the Oospel, he calmly 
 rtfijncd his sonl Into tho arms ..f his Redeemer on the lilth of September, isna, In tho flfly-nlnth year of hli- age. Ills 
 ifetimiate wldo-v hath caused this marble to bo erected, to perpelnato his name after the hearts of his fellow-cltlzens 
 iiwe ceased to be the living record of his pnbllc and private vlriios." 
 
 ' Her first lieutenant was David Ross, who was last seen on tbi 80th of November, ITOO ; John Mullowny, who died In 
 
 couumioBB iiauiiy's jioni;,ment. 
 
i.iyi.M'.'W'U 
 
 mmimammm 
 
 M., 
 
 if 
 
 102 
 
 PICTORIAI FIELD-BOOK 
 
 British Outrages. The Obsequiousness of the American Qovernment. lustmctlonR of the Secretory of the Nuvy. 
 
 tun, and the Baltimore, 20, Captain Phillips, performed signal service by safely con- 
 voying sixty American merchant vessels from Havana to the United States, in the 
 face of several French cruisers lying in that port. Both the British and French au- 
 thorities in the West Indies were surprised at the appearance of so many American 
 cruiserc in that region. At the close of the year 1798 the American navy consisted 
 of twenty-three vessels, with an aggregate armament of four hundred and forty-six 
 guns. 
 
 It was at this time that the first of the series of most flagrant outrages upon the 
 American flag, which finally aroused the people of the United States to vindicate 
 their honor and independence by an appeal to arms, was committed by a British 
 commander. The American ship Saltimore, Captain Phillips, sailed out of Havana 
 on the morning of the 16th of November, 1 798, in charge of a convoy bound to Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, and in sight of Moro Castle met a British squadron. At that time 
 the governments of the United States and Great Britain were on friendly terms, and 
 Phillips bore vq to the Camatick, the flag-ship of his majesty's squadron, to speak to 
 the commander. To his surprise, three or' the convoy were cut off" from the rest and 
 captured by the British vessels. By invitation Phillips went on board the Camatick, 
 when he was informed that every man on board the Baliimore who had not a regular 
 American protection should be transferred to the British flag-ship. Captain Phiilijis 
 protested agamst the outrage, and declared that he would formally surrender his 
 ship, and refer the matter to his government. His protest was of no avail. On re- 
 turning to the Baltimore, he found a British ofiicer mustering his men. lie immc- 
 tli''tely ordered that gentleman and those who accompanied him to walk to the lee- 
 ward, and then sent his men to their quarters. After consultation with a legal gen- 
 tleman on board his ship, he determined to formally surrender her if his men wore 
 taken from him. Fifty-five of them were transferred to the Camatick, and the colors 
 of the Baltimore were lowered. Only five of her crew were retained by the British 
 captain. These were pressed into the service of the king. Tlie remainder were sent 
 back, and the Baltimore was released. Tlie British squadron then sailed away with 
 the five captive seamen, and the three merchant vessels as prizes. 
 
 The Baltimore hastened to Philadelphia, and her case was laiJ before the govern- 
 ment. At that time the trade between the United States and Great Britain was ex- 
 tremely profitable to American merchants ; and the mer antile interest was such a 
 power in the state that almost any indignity from the " mistress of the seas" would 
 have been submitted to rather than provoke hostilities with that government.^ The 
 American Cabinci, in its obsequious deference to the British, had actually instnicted 
 the commanders of American cruisers on no account — not even to save a vessel of 
 their own nation — to molest those of other nations, France excepted.* The govern- 
 ment dismissed Captain Phillips from the navy without trial because ho surrendered 
 without a show of recistance ; but the outrage of the British commander was passed 
 by unnoticed! 
 
 At about the time of this occurrence near Havana, a small American squadron wa? 
 
 1801, was her second lieutenant ; her third was James Bairon, afterwt.-d commodore ; and her fourth was Charles Stew- 
 art, the venerable commodore, yet (1862) living. Among the midshipmen were Decatur, Somcrs, and Caldwell, who 
 distinguished themselves at Tripoli. Jacob Jones and William M. Crane Jolu-;d her soon afterward, both of whom \k- 
 came commodores. 
 
 ' The country had just entered upon a career of great commercial proaperlty, notwithstanding many perils and hta- 
 derances beset that branch of nat'onal Industry. American tunnage liad doubled in ten years. American agricultural 
 products found u ready marltet. The exports had increased from nineteen millions to plmost ninety millions, and .it 
 imports in about the same proportion ; and the amount of revenue fl-om Imports greatly exceeded tLo most san^ioc 
 anticipations. 
 
 » "The vessels of every other nation (Prance excepted"), ran the Instructions of the Secretary of the Navy, " are on tis 
 aeeovnt to be mnlesteu ; and I wish particularly to Impress on yonr mind that, should you ever see an American vcfsel 
 captured by the armed ship of any nation at war with whom we are at peace, you can not lawfully Interfere to prevent 
 the capture, for it is to be taken for granted that such nation will compensate for such capture if it shall prove to haro 
 been illegally made." 
 
 Naval Engagement 
 
 cruising ofl!" G 
 
 Retaliation, oi 
 
 cruisers, and n 
 
 and perceived 
 
 French frigate 
 
 The Insurgenti 
 
 on the ocean. 
 
 were pressing 
 
 with the officer 
 
 ca.sJe, The /;; 
 
 armaments ?" tl 
 
 twelves and twi 
 
 forces, and start 
 
 gente, and iinme 
 
 obeyed. The A 
 
 only a few curse 
 
 first cruiser take 
 
 The strength < 
 
 vessels were lau 
 
 tiimn. At the b 
 
 uted into four stj 
 
 in command of tt 
 
 whose general rt 
 
 sels, under Comi 
 
 and cruised to lee 
 
 cruised between ( 
 
 vessels, watched t 
 
 captured many Fj 
 
 At meridian oa 
 
 off Nevis, a large 
 
 chase, and brough 
 
 an hour and a qu 
 
 and surrendered. 
 
 just mentioned as 
 
 Frenchman did not 
 
 seventy men, killed 
 
 fd. Tlie prize wat 
 
 and at the end of tl 
 
 Kitt's' (St. Christop 
 
 This victory proc 
 
 elared to be equal 
 
 luen; the ConsteUai 
 
 great skill and brav 
 
 tun. He received c 
 
 Woyd's Coflfee-houso 
 
 ||ollars, on which a i 
 
 tives were loud in pi 
 
 ' Cooper's Ai,raJfffrt<^„^ 
 
 . I am sorry," Captain Bai 
 
 tacterlzeamanofhono,, 
 hWl make it. duty to pub; 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 108 
 
 Karal Engagements. 
 
 Increase of the Navy. 
 
 Victory of the ConsteUaHon ovei' the InturgenU. 
 
 cruising off Guadaloupe. One of the vessels was the captured Ze Croyable, now the 
 lietaliation, commanded by Lieutenant Bainhridge. They discovered some French 
 cruisers, and mistook them for English vessels. The Retaliation reconnoitered them, 
 and perceived her mistake too iate to avoid trouble. She was attacked by two 
 French frigates (the Volontaire and Insurgente), and was compelled to surrender. 
 The Insurgente, to whom the lietaliation was a prize, was one of the swiftest vessels 
 on the ocean. She immediately made chase after two of the American ships, who 
 were pressing all sail in flight, Bainbridge was a prisoner on the Volontaire, and, 
 with the officers of that vessel, witnessed the chase with great interest from the fore- 
 cab. le. The Insurgente continually gained upon the fiigitives. "What are their 
 armaments ?" the commander of the Volontaire asked Bainbridge. " Twenty-eight 
 twelves and twenty nines," he quickly responded. This false statement doubled their 
 forces, and startled the commander. He was the senior of the captain of the Insur- 
 gente, and immediat^^ly signaled him to give up the chase. The order was reluctantly 
 obeyed. The American vessels escaped, ar.d Bainbridge's deceptive reply cost him 
 only a few curses. In this aiFair the lietaliation gained the distinction of being the 
 first cruiser taken by both parties during the war. 
 
 The strength of the navy was considerably increased during the year 1799. Many 
 vessels were launched, and most of them were commissioned before the close of au- 
 tumn. At the beginning of the year the active force in the West Indies was distrib- 
 uted into four squadrons. Commodore Barry, the senior oflicer in the service, was 
 in command of ten vessels, with an aggregate of two hundred and thirty-two guns, 
 whose general rendezvous was St. Rupert's Bay. Another squadi'on of five ves- 
 sels, under Commodore Truxtrn, in the Constellation, rendezvoused at St. Kitt's, 
 and cruised to leeward as far as Porto Rico. Captain Tingey, with a sn.aller force, 
 cruised between Cuba and St. Domingo ; and Captain Decatur, with some revenue 
 vessels, watched the interests of American commerce off Havana. These squadrons 
 captured many French vessels during the year. 
 
 At meridian on the 9th of February," while the Constellation was cruising 
 off Nevis, a large vessel was discovered at the southward. Truxtun gave 
 chase, and brought on an engagement at little past three in the afternoon. It lasted 
 an hour and a quarter, when the antagonist of the Constellation struck her colors 
 and surrendered. She was the famous French frigate Insurgente, Captain Barreault, 
 just mentioned as the captor of the lietaliation a few weeks earliei. The gallant 
 Frenchman did not yield i ntil his fine ship was dreadfully shattered, and he had lost 
 seventy men, killed and wounded. The Constellation had lost only three men wound- 
 ed. Tlic prize was put in charge of Lieutenant (afterward Commodore) Rodgers, 
 and at the end of three days of tempest, danger, and suffering, she was taken into St. 
 Kitt's' (St. Christopher), and received a salute from the fort. 
 
 This victory produced great exultation in the United States, and the navy was de- 
 clared to bo equal to any in the world. The Insurgente carried 40 guns and 409 
 men; the Constellation only 32 guns and 309 men. The battle was fought with 
 great skill and bravery on both sides. The press was filled with eulogiums of Trux 
 tun. He received congratulatory addresses from all quarters, and the merchants of 
 Lloyd's Coffee-house, London, sent him a 8.;rvice of plate worth over three thousand 
 dollars, on which a representation of the action was elegantly engraved. '^ The cap- 
 tives were loud in praises of Truxtun'a courtesy and kindness ;^ and for a long time a 
 
 •1800. 
 
 1 Cooper's Natal Hittory of the Unitrd States, 1., 291 , Tmxtnn's dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy. 
 
 ' IrVyatl'p OmcraUi and Cammodorfii of the American Army andXamj, p. 197. 
 
 '" I am sorry," Captain Barreault wrote to Tnixtm, " that onr two nations arc at war ; bnt since I nnfortnnately have 
 t<en vanquished, I felicitate myself and crew upon b.^lng prisoners to yon. Yon have united all the qualities which 
 tharacterlze a man of honor, courage, and hnroaolty. Receive from mo the most sincere thanks, and be assured I 
 AM make It a duty to publish to all my feaow- countrymen the geuerocs conduct which yon have observed to- 
 ward UB." 
 
\ 
 
 it 
 
 h\ 
 
 104 
 
 PICTORIAL FTELD-BOOK 
 
 American Craiscrs iu the West Indies. 
 
 Contest between the Corutellatioti nnil La Vmgeance. 
 
 song, called " Truxtun's Victory," was sung every where, in private and at public 
 gatherings.' 
 
 During the remainder of the year nothing of importance was performed by or bc- 
 • November 8, ff'H our cruisers. In November Commodore Barry sailed from Newport^ 
 1701). fyp France in the United States, having Messrs, "VVolcott and Davie, the 
 
 two envoys, on board. He ' -et with no adventures, and performed his errand with 
 satisfaction. Meanwhile our cruisers were busy in the West Indies, watching the 
 interests of American commerce there, and making the French corsairs exceedingly 
 cautious and circumspect. At length another victory gave lustre to the American 
 navy, rendering it very popular, and causing many leading families of the country to 
 place their sons in the service.^ 
 
 The victory was again by Truxtun, in the Constellation. Early on the morning 
 of the 1st of February, 1800, Avhile off Guadaloupc seeking for the largo French frigate 
 Za Vengeance, said to be in those waters, he discovered a sail to the south which he 
 took to be an English merchantman. He ran up English colors, but receiving no re- 
 sponse, he gave chase. The stranger pressed sail, and it was almost fifteen hours 
 before the Constellation came within hailing distance of her. It was then dincovercd 
 that she was a large French frigate. Truxtun, unabashed, prepared for action. It 
 was opened by the Frenchman, at eight o'clock in the evening, by bl'ots from the 
 stem and ipiarter guns. A desperate engagement at pistol-shot distance ensued. It 
 lasted until one in the morning, the combatants all the while running free, ^.ide by 
 side, and pouring in broadsides. The French frigate suddenly ceased firing, and dis- 
 appeared so completely in the gloom that Truxtim believed slie had gone to the bot- 
 tom of the sea. At that moment it was discovered that the Constellation'' s shrouds 
 had been nearly all cut aAvay, and that the mainmast was ready to fall. A heavy 
 squall came on, and the mast went by the board, carrying with it a midshipman and 
 several topmen who were aloft. The stranger, dreadfully crippled, made her way to 
 b Febniary, Cura9ao, Avhcrc she arrived on the 6th.'' She was the sought-for frigate 
 
 1800. Xa Vengeance, carrying 54 guns and 400 men, including passengers. Cap- 
 tain Pitot, her commander, acknowledged that he had tAvice struck his lag during 
 the engagement. She would have been a rich prize for the Cotistellation, It was 
 lost only by the utterly helpless condition of that vessel's mainmast. Truxtun bore 
 away for Jamaica, and it was seme time before he knew the name and character of 
 his antagonist, and the prize he had lost.' 
 
 • The song wns not poetry, bnt tonched a chord of popular sentiment which responded with great animation. Tbe 
 following is a single verso of the song, which contains eight : 
 
 " On board the Ccmatellation from Baltimore we cnmc j 
 We had a bold commander, and Trnxtnn was his name : 
 Our ship she mounted forty guns, 
 And on the main so swiftly runs. 
 To prove to France Columbia's sons 
 Are brave Yankee boys." 
 
 » "The Navy" became a favorite t met at public meetiugp, nnd pictures of na- 
 val battles and doggerel verses called "naval songs" were .«old in the shops and 
 streets. An enterprising crockery merchant had some pitchers of different 
 sizes made in Liverpool, commemorative of the navy. One of them, before me, 
 that belougL-d to the late W. J. Davis, Esq., of New York, is a white pitcher, 
 about a foot in height. Under the spout, in a wreath, are the words, "Scooesb 
 TO THK Infant Navy," and below this the Americon eagle, iu form like that on 
 the great seal of the lluited States. On one side is a picture of a full-rigged vessel 
 of war, and some naval emblems in tbe foreground. On tbe other side is a map 
 of the United States, having on one side Washington and Liberty, in fpll-lengtli 
 tlgures. Fame, with trumpet and wreath, above it; and on the other side Frank- 
 lin sitting making a record, and a helmeted female, representing America, near 
 which stands Justice. This device was npon pitchers made at about the time of 
 Washington's iuaugnration as the first President of the United States. 
 
 ' La Venficanre. had on board the Governor of Ouadalonpc and his family, and 
 two general otBcers, returning to France. She had also a full cargo of sugar and 
 coffee, and a very largo amount of specie. She lost, in killed and wounded, one 
 hundred and sixty-two. The CottshlUUion lost fourteen men killed anu tweuty- 
 
 This secon 
 abroad, and t 
 3Lirch, 1800, { 
 the late actioi 
 
 KAVAI. PITOUEK. 
 
 Ave wounded. Eleven 
 commanded the men li 
 "Then we must go wit 
 jouiigJarvis, "whogI( 
 ' This medal is repre 
 in relief, with the Icgen 
 (the French a two-decl 
 
 FbiUATE Co.NSTKI.r.ATIOS 
 riFTV-FOTTB OTJ.NS, IsT OF 
 
 Thomas Truxtun was 
 
 Island, on the ITth of Fe 
 
 to sea at the age of twel 
 
 .ippreaticeshiphewaslii 
 
 l8h service, but was soo 
 
 manded a vessel In 1775 
 
 wable powder to the c 
 
 lie was engaged in prlv 
 
 iltlphla during the whole 
 
 Barclay, consul general 
 
 France, he had a succes 
 
 Brilish nan-of-war. Ii, ] 
 
 Washiuftou one of the sij 
 
 the CoiMdtation wns bull 
 
 I'Dce nt B.iltimore. nis e^ 
 
 in the text. The cruise m 
 
 feat of La Vengeance was i 
 
 ordered to the command 
 
 fir the Mediterranean. B( 
 
 fornmaud his (liig-shli), h 
 
 His letter to this effect was 
 
 ■WTerson .-.s a resignation 
 
 ■I'lil the Ameiican navy wa 
 
 Irighlest ornaments. H" r 
 
 from Philadelphia, where h< 
 
 "1 ISId, when the citizens 
 
 M him high sheriff, ne 
 
 .rears, and died on the 6th f 
 
 i);-seveuthyearofhlsnge. 
 
 Church-yard, Fifth Street, 1 
 
 plain tjpright slab of whiten 
 '"■which is Hte following" 
 'he memory of Commodore 
 ^•^"^"■e United States 
 
 he little sketch of Truxtun' 
 
 hisiipposed to be standing, 
 Street looking east. 
 
 1 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 106 
 
 Trnxlnn'8 Victory welcomed. 
 
 He is honored by Congreas. 
 
 Ilifi public Porvlcea. 
 
 This second victory over a superior foe gave Truxtun great renown at home and 
 abroad, and the Congress of the United States, hy action approved on the 29th of 
 March, 1800, authcrized the President to present him a gold medal " emblematical of 
 the late action," \/ith the thanks of the nation.' 
 
 MKPAL rilERENTEn TO OOMMOnOB". TRUXTUN. 
 
 live wounded. Eleven of the latter died of their wounds. Among the lost wns Midshipmau Jnrvts, of New York, who 
 commanded the men in the top. lie was warned by an old seaman that the mast wonld soon fall. lie gallantly sa'.d, 
 "Then we must go with it." They did so, and only one man was saved. Congress, by vote, recognized the bravery of 
 joung JarviB, " who gloriously preferred certain death to an abandonment of his post." 
 
 1 This medal is represented in the ingraving, the exact size of tb riglnal. On fine side is a protllo bust of Truxtnn 
 tn relief, with the lepend, "Patki.k patrf.b filio piono Thomas Ti ^ itn." On the reverse are teen two ships of war 
 (the French a two-decker), both bhattered, and the rigging of both much cut up. Legend: "The Umtkd Statk« 
 Fbioate Constki.i.atiox, ok thirtv-eioht 0US8, pcuscEB, attacks, and vanqcishkb the French Ship La Vknoeanoe, ok 
 
 rlFTV-rOI'B GTNS, IST OF FEimUARV, 1800." 
 
 Thomas Truxtnn was born at Jamaica, 1/ong 
 Island, on the 17th of February, 176B. He went 
 to sea at the age of twelve years. During his 
 apprenticeship he was impressed into the Brit- 
 ish service, but was soon released. He com- 
 rannded a vessel in 1775, and bronght consid- 
 criible powder to the colonies at that time, 
 lie was engaged in privateering froi.i Phila- 
 (klphla during the whole war. While carrylngMr. 
 Barclay, consul general of the United States, to 
 Frnnce, he had a succesaftii engagement with a 
 Dritish uan-of-war. Ii. 1794 he was appointed by 
 Wiishinflou one of the six naval commanders, and 
 ihe CoiMdtation was bnilt under his superiutend- 
 onco nt Baltimore. His exploits In her are related 
 in the text. The cruise which resulted in the de- 
 feat of i^n Vengeance was his last. In 1802 he was 
 ordered to the command of a sqnadrot destined 
 fur the Mediterranean. Being denied a captain to 
 commiuid his flag-ship, he declined the service. 
 His letter to this eflfcct was construed by President 
 Jefferson .-.s a resignation, which was acccpteo, 
 aud the Ameiican navy was deprived of one of its 
 hrjijhtest ornaments. He retiroti to a farm not far 
 from Philadelphia, where he remained in qn'et un- 
 til 181(1, when the citizens of Philadelphia elect- 
 ed him high sheriff. He held that ofBce three 
 years, and died on the Bth of Maj-, 1S22, in the six- 
 ty-seventh year of hia age. Ho was burled in Christ 
 Chnrch-yard, Fifth Street, Philadelphia, where a 
 plain upright slab of white marble marks his grave, 
 on which is the following inscript'on : "Sacred to 
 Ihe memory of Commodore Thomas Truxtun, for- 
 itiorly of the United States Navy, who died May 
 Wh, 1822, aged sixty-seven years." In considering 
 the little sketch ofTruxtnn's grave, the spectator 
 Is supposed to be standing nth his back to Fifth 
 Street looldng east. 
 
 TBUZTOK a ttltAVl. 
 
^IfPSBBSn 
 
 m 
 
 I' 
 
 ill 
 
 f I 
 
 t' ! 
 
 106 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Peace. Tronbles among the Federallste. Character of Preeident Adamg. Opposition to Adams in bis own Party. 
 
 Other victories of less magnitude were won by the American cruisers during the 
 earlier months of the j ear 1800, and contributed to make the little navy of the United 
 States a subject for praise and wonder in Europe. But its services were now less 
 needed, and efforts to Increase the navy were sensibly relaxed during the summer of 
 that year. Active negotiations for peace and amity were in progress between the 
 United States and the Fii-st Consul of France, which led to a settlement of difficulties. 
 The American envoys were cordially received, and three plenipotentiaries, with Joseph 
 Bonaparte at their head, were appointed to treat with them. Many difficulties arose, 
 and sometimes an utter failure of the effort seemed inevitable. Finally a convention 
 was concluded,' peace was established, the envoys returned home, and the provisional 
 army of the Unites! States was disbanded. 
 
 Allusion has beuu made to the divisions in the Federal party on account of Presi- 
 dent Adams's course in the appointment of diplomatic agents for negotiations with 
 the French government before that government had officially signified its willingness 
 to receive them. The instant dissatisfaction caused by that act only gave intensity 
 to feelings already existing. Mr. Adams was an honest patriot, of much ability, but 
 totally unfitted by temperament and disposition for the leadership of a great politi- 
 cal party. He was excessively vain, and correspondingly sensitive and jealous. His 
 vivid and feometimes eccentric imagination seldom yielded obedience to judgment. 
 His prejudices were violent and inexorable, ani his frankness made him indiscreet in 
 his expressions of opinion conceming men and measures. He held resentment 
 against Hamilton as relentless as did Jefferson, and he openly accused him of British 
 proclivities, and hostility to the National Constitution. Because Wolcott, and Pick- 
 ering, and Ames, and M'Henry, and other leading Federalists coul ^ not agree with 
 him concerning public policy, the President regarded them as personal enemies, actu- 
 ated by selfish objects, and desirous of defeating his most earnest wishes, namely, a 
 re-election to the seat he then occupied. Cunning Democrats fanned the flame of 
 discord ; and they strengthened Adams's political aspirations by assuring him that lie 
 might unite the moderate and virtaous men of both parties, and thus crush the oli- 
 garchy of radical Federalists, to whom all national troubles should be attributed. ^ 
 
 It was not long before confidence among the members of the Federal party was al- 
 most destroyed. Such were their divisions in the House of Representatives that, not- 
 withstanding they had a decided majority there, they were not able, as Jefferson ex- 
 ultingly wrote, to carry a single measure during the session of 1799-1800. The sim- 
 ple truth appears to be that Adams would not be controlled by the leaders who 
 claimed to have elevated him and his party to power. He exercised his own judg- 
 ment as President without regard to party. His most ardent political partisans, 
 now become his opponents, reciprocated his own suspicions, and believed that his 
 conduct was prompted by jealousy of Hamilton, and a disposition to secure his own re- 
 election at whatever sacrifice of principle, or at whatever risk to the Federal party.^ 
 
 These suspicions created zealous action. The most influential Federal leaders, two 
 of whom (Timothy Pickering and James M'Henry) were in Adams's Cabinet, adopted 
 a scheme for quietly preventing his re-election to the Presidency, which he ardently 
 desired. Tlie method of choosing the President and Vice-President, at that tune, was 
 
 1 This conrentlon was signed at I'nris on the 30th of September, 1800, by Oliver Ellsworth, William K. Davie, and Wil- 
 liam Vans Murray, oi .ne part of the United States, and Joseph Bonaparte, Charles P. E. Flenrieu, and Pierre L. Re- 
 derer, in behalf of Prance. It provided that the old treaties should remain inoperative nntil a new negotiation should 
 decide concerning them as well as indemnities mutually claimed. It provided for the mntnal restoration of captured 
 'public ships and property not already condemned ; for the mutual payment of all debts due by the reflpectlvc govern- 
 ments and individuals thereof; for reciprocal commercial relations to be equal to those of the most favored nations, and 
 for security of American commerce against the vexations pretensions of French cruisers. The convention also declared 
 thatAee aMps ,houU make fret ffooda, thus affirming the doctrine of Frederick the Great flfly years eariier, and denying 
 that of England In her famous rule of 1756, revived lnlT03.-8ee the convention In ftill in the Statomu.no «^»"««'J^- 
 ggg * a Oliver Wolcott to Fisher Ames, Dec. 20, 1799. 
 
 » Hlldretb's Uigtory of Ow. VnUed. Slalet, Second Series, li., 3B8. 
 
 I'lonaofFedoraiiste 
 
 for two person 
 
 were respectiv 
 
 decJai-ed Presi( 
 
 scheme of Mr. 
 
 resolved to plai 
 
 the same tickoi 
 
 of votes, and th 
 
 where Mr. Pine 
 
 for the foe was 
 
 sensions would ( 
 
 pei-sonal charac 
 
 niiE-bt have imp 
 
 aware of the inti 
 
 the scheme ; yet 
 
 dismiss them froi 
 
 ful Middle States 
 
 which brought st 
 
 ocratic caucus pi 
 
 Burr, but with tl 
 
 President. 
 
 The Alien and { 
 to excite the peop 
 use was made pov 
 the year 1800.3 
 
 ' ^"^ ""e young reader, 
 eiplanatlon here may be t 
 In eacli state, in number i 
 and delegated with full po 
 what Is termed the Klector 
 the people are always vot 
 President. In the event o 
 ried to the House ofRenrt 
 lion 1. '^ 
 
 » The action of Virginian 
 (lay, in their influeii-e npor 
 warrant the introdu.'M.^" Ii< 
 
 In the year 1798, vhr-wa 
 erament against iut", -J.,, fo 
 vras limited to two years, th 
 daageronstothepeaceaiid) 
 oran actual invasion, all res 
 kicnt issued according to hii 
 
 ne President never had occi 
 at them, speedily left the con 
 ^•"'oftheSoilandClimateq 
 upon h 8 character, with the 
 
 InJu'y,1798,an8ctwa8pa 
 not to exceed $6000, imprison 
 court for any persons unlaw 
 " !"«■"?''»& to prevent go, 
 rid d for the fining or impri, 
 ,7'''"f''«'"'«'tthegoveran 
 ThV?'"''^'"""'''g"'emi 
 The laws brought out the h 
 Federalists. The wise Hamil 
 
 .«ed,ate.ywroteaharriTd 
 I'lf^f'^'averydilTeren 
 
 PMh things to the extreme, • 
 iN^hngcontHbatedmorep;, 
 
 J^e Alien and Sedition Law 
 
 pe dent and supreme state so, 
 Uimed by Jefferson and othe 
 
 werelgn states aa mtes, each 
 Mon but Its own: that the 1 
 own powers, and that oil its i^ 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1813. 
 
 lor 
 
 IMaoB of Federalists for defeating Adams. 
 
 TnctlcB of the Democrats. 
 
 The Allen and Sedition Laws. 
 
 for two persons to bo voted for without distinction as to the office for which they 
 were respectively intended ; and liio one receiving the highest number of votes was 
 declared President, and the other Vice-President.' This plan gave facility to the 
 scheme of Mr. Adams's opponents. A caucus of the Federal members of Congress 
 resolved to place Mr. Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, on 
 the same ticket, with the understanding that both shou'd receive the same number 
 of votes, and thus cause the election to be carried to the House of Representatives, 
 where Mr. Pinckney would have a considerable majority. Caution was necessary, 
 for the foe was vigilant, and ever ready to take advantage of the weakness which dis- 
 sensions would create in the Federal camp. Open opposition to Adams, whose high 
 personal character was appreciated every where, and especially in New England, 
 rai^ht have imperiled the success of the party. Mr. Adams, on the other hand, was 
 aware of the intrigues ag inst him, and that members of his Cabinet were leaders in 
 the scheme ; yet for once he was discreet enough not to denounce them openly, nor 
 dismiss them from his council, for he was doubtful of his own strength in the power- 
 ful Middle States where they were popular, and where the Alien and Sedition LaAvs, 
 which brought such odium upon his administration, were lieartily detested. A Dem- 
 ocratic caucus pursued a similar course, and selected Thomas Jeffisrson and Aaron 
 Burr, but with the understanding that the former was the choice of the party for 
 President. 
 
 The Alien and Sedition Laws just alluded to were used adroitly by the Democrats 
 to excite the people against Adams's administration and the Federal party, and that 
 use was made powerful in se. "ring the election of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency in 
 the year 1800.2 
 
 For the yonng reader, or a foreigner to whom the workli g of onr political system in detail may not be familiar, an 
 explanation here may be useful. The President of the Unit id States is not iroted for directly by the people. Persons 
 In each state, in number equal to thp r?npective senators and representatives in Congress, are elected by the people, 
 and delegated with full powers to moose a President and Vice-President. These meet at a specified time, and form 
 what is termed the Electoral College. Although the electors may vote for whom they please, the candidates named by 
 the people are always voted for in the college, so that practically the people do vote directly for President and Vice- 
 President. In the event of an equal number of votes being cast ii the college for both candidates, the election is car- 
 ried to the House of Representatives, in accordance with the provisions of the National Constitution, Article ii., eec- 
 llon 1. 
 
 s The action of Virginia and Kentucky politicians In the matter were so powerful at the time, and remote, even to our 
 (lay, In their influeu.ie upon public opinion in a portion of the republic concerning the theory of our government, as to 
 warrant the introdu.'M j" here of the following brief history of the affair : 
 
 In the year 1798, vhe • war with France seemed to be unavoidable. Congress passed acts for the security of the gov- 
 ernment against iut". -im foes. By the first act alien enemies could not become citizens at all. Py the second, which 
 was limited to two years, the President was authorized to order out of the country all aliens whom he might Judge to be 
 dangerous to the peace and safety of the v nited States. By a third act. In case of war declared against the United States, 
 or an actual Invasion, all resident aliens, natives or citizens of the hostile nation, might, upon a proclamation of the Pres- 
 ident Issued according to his discretion, b) apprehended, and secured or removed. These were known as AUeii Latve. 
 The President never had occasion to emplc y them, but several prominent Frenchmen, who felt that the laws were aimed 
 at them, speedily left the country. Amon;- them was the celebrated French writer, M. Volney, who, in the preface to his 
 View 0/ the Soil and ClimaU qf the United Stxtes of America, comp^aitiei bitterly of the "violent and public attacks made 
 npon his character, with the connivance or instigation of a certain eminent iiersonoge," meaning President Adams. 
 
 In July, 1798, an act was passed for the punishment of sedition. It made it a high misdemeanor, puulshable by a fine 
 not to exceed $6000, imprisonment fhim six months to five years, jnd bIndlU;? to good behavior at the discretion of the 
 court, for any persons milawfally to combine in opposing measures of th>i government properly directed by authority, 
 or attempting t.i prevent government officers executing their trusts, or inciting to riot or insurrection. It also pro- 
 tided for the fining or imprisoning any person guilty of printing or publishing " any false, scandalous, and malicious 
 writings againrt the government of the United States, or either House of Congress, or the President, with intent to de- 
 fiime them, or to bring them into contempt or disrepute." This was called the Sedition Late. 
 
 The laws brought out the heaviest batteries of denunciation fi'om the opposition, and were deplored by many of the 
 Federalists. The wise Hamilton perceived the dangers that n;ight arise from the enactment of the Sedition Law, and 
 immediately wrote a hurried note of warning to Wokott on tha 29th of June, saying, " Let cs not ESTAiiusn a tvban- 
 »T. Energy is a very different thing fi-ora violence. If we take no false step, we shall be essentially united ; but if we 
 pnah things to the extreme, wo shall then gi\8 to faction bodu and solidity." The fnars of Hamilton were realized. 
 Xothing contributed more powerfully to the speedy downfall of the Federal party than these extreme measures. 
 
 The Allen and Sedition Laws aroused individual resentments, and led to the public avowal of the doctrine of inde- 
 pendent and supreme state sovereignty in its most dangerous form. The right of " nullification" was as distinctly pro- 
 tliimed by Jefferson and others as it ever was by Calhoun or Hayne. In a series of resolutions drawn up under the 
 seal of secrecy as to their authorship, Mr. Jefferson declared the National Ctmstitution to he a mere compact made by 
 sovereign states at *late», each having the sole right of interpreting for itself the "compact," and bound by no interpre- 
 I tttion but its own ; that the general government has no final right, in any of its branches, to interpret the extent of its 
 ovn powers, and that all its acts not considered constitutional by a state may be properly nullified by such state within 
 
 
 
 i 
 
•V 
 
 III 
 
 ! I 
 
 (08 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Uetbod of Chooilag Blectors. 
 
 Oetm uf a new Party. 
 
 Jefferson elected Prealdent of the United States. 
 
 Most of tlio Presidential electors at that time were chosen by the respective State 
 Legislatures, and not by the people, as now, and the contest was really commenced 
 in the election of members to those bodies. New York was regarded as the cuHto- 
 dian of the balance of political power, and the election of that state which occurred 
 at the close of April, 1800, was looked to with great anxiety by both parties. A rad- 
 ical change had taken place. Burr, the most unscrupulous intriguer of the day, 
 worked incessantly, and New York, which the year before gave the Federalists five 
 hundred majority, now gave almost as great a majority for the Democrats. The lat- 
 ter Avere jubilant — the former were alarmed. 
 
 At this time the germ of a new party was distinctly visible in Virginia and the 
 states south of it, which was born of slavery and the doctrine of independent state 
 sovereignty. Virginia Avas its sponsor and it allied itself to the Democratic party. 
 And yet, strange as it may seem, Mr. Adams at this time looked to ti.o Southern 
 States for his forlorn hope in the coming election contest. Believing Pickering and 
 M'llenry to be unpopular there, he abruptly called upon them to resign. M'llenry 
 instantly complied, but Pickering refused. Adams dismissed him with little cere- 
 mony.' The event caused much excitement, and had considerable influence in redu- 
 cing the Federal vote. Bitter animosities prevailed. Criminations and recrimina- 
 tions ensued. 
 
 The open war in the Federal party against Mr. Adams was A/aged by a few leaders, 
 several of Avhom resided in Essex County, Massachusetts, the early home of Picker- 
 ing, and on that account the irritated President called his assailants and opposers the 
 " Essex Junto." He denounced thera as slaves to British influence, some lured by 
 monarchical proclivities, and others by English gold. Severe retorts followed ; and a 
 pamphlet from the pen of Hamilton, whom Adams had frequen<^'y assailed in conver- 
 sation as a British sympathizer, and an enemy to the National Constitution, damaged 
 the President's political prospects materially. 
 
 The result of tiie canvass Avas the triumph of the Democratic party. Jefferson Avas 
 elected President of the United States, and Aaron Burr Vice-President,'^ to the great 
 joy of their partisans, who chanted, in effect, 
 
 " The Federalists are down ot last 1 
 The Monarchists completely cast I 
 The Aristocrats are stripped of power- 
 Storms o'er the British /action lower. 
 Soon we Hepublicans shall bcc 
 Columbia's sons fl-om bondage tree. 
 Lord 1 how the Federalifts will stare 
 At Jeffeeson in Auamb' chiiirl"— r/ie Echo, 
 
 its own boundaries. These resolutions were offered to the Kentucky Legislature ; but the one avowing the absolute 
 right of nullification was modified, or rather substituted by another, before the whole were put upon their passage. This 
 action was in November, 1798. Within a month afterward John Taylor, of Caroline, an avowed secessionist, introduced 
 into the Virginia Legislature a series of resolutions drawn by Mr. Madison, similar in spirit, but more cautious in ex- 
 pression. "They were adopted, and, with a plea in their favor, were sent to the various State Legislatures. In some of 
 them they were handled roughly, and all that responded condemned them as unwarrantable and mischievous, excepting 
 already-committed Kcntucliy. These were the famous " Resolutions of 'OS," on which nullification in 1S32 and secefsiou 
 in ISOl planted themselves and looked for justification. The whole movcc-ut was of a local and temporary nature. 
 Jefferson and Madison were wielding dangerous weapons in their sturdy warfare for political power (for that was He 
 animus of the whole matter) ; but they trusted the people, and believed, as Jefferson said lu his inaugural, that great 
 errors may be tolerated when reason is left free to combat them. That nulliflere and secessionists have no warrant for 
 their doctrines in the action of the Virginia Legislature at that time Mr. Madison distinctly declared more than thirty 
 years afterward. " The tenor of the debates," he said, " which were ably conducted, and are understood to have been 
 revised for the press by most, if not all of the speakers, discloses iu> reference whatever to a constitutional right in an indi- 
 vidual state to arrest by force the ojKratimi of a law of the United Slates."— See letter to Edward Everett, August, 1S30, in 
 fleleetions from the Private Correspondence qf James Madison, published by J. C. M'Qulre, of Washington City, for private 
 distribution. 
 
 I John Marshall, who was soon afterward appointed Chief Justice c^the United States, took Pickering's place as Sec- 
 retary of State, and Samuel Dexter was called to M'llenry's seat in the Cabinet as Secretary of AVar. 
 
 ' The Electoral College met, and their vote stood as follows: Jefferson, 73 ; Burr, 78 ; Adams, OBj Pinckney, (M: John 
 Jay, t. The votes for Jefferson and Burr being equal, the election, as provided by the Constitntion, was carried Into the 
 House of Representatives. The occasion presented exciting scenes. On the first ballot eight states voted for Jefferson, 
 six for Burr, aud two (Vermont and Maryland) were divided. Two or three members were so sick that they were brought 
 to the House on beds. For seven days the members were occnpied in balloting. The Federalista all voted for Bun, 
 as the least offensive of the two candidates, but the n-lends of Jefferson were stronger than they. 
 
 Horltflcatlon of the 
 
 The mortifl 
 
 soon mingled 
 
 John Quincy j 
 
 idcncy was, uj 
 
 slave represent 
 
 Democracy ov( 
 
 wan the Avhole 
 
 ated at the trii 
 
 After an exii 
 
 Federal party i 
 
 chinery of the ; 
 
 and Avhich still 
 
 —machinery w 
 
 -I'G in the mir 
 
 eaipe into powei 
 
 Vrhig out ofph 
 
 c.TCmplified.2 
 
 While the nal 
 
 tempests of Avar 
 
 the vessel of stat 
 
 faction and anan 
 
 — Avithout prem > 
 
 placed the finger 
 
 National Congres 
 
 18th of Decembe 
 
 steed dashed up t 
 
 private secretary: 
 
 Tlie President Avai 
 
 Mr. Adams, Avho r 
 
 the death of the ^ 
 
 twcen tdh and ele^ 
 
 There was grit 
 
 when John Mars 
 
 TJiere was grief in 
 
 ligence went from 
 
 courier. There w£ 
 
 in cities and villag( 
 
 "•as grief in Europe 
 Contment. Lord I 
 
 l^ We <if William n„ 
 
 'Tobias Lear. 
 
 •ThelateQ.w.P.Cnstls. 
 ke was at school, on the 12th 
 ^mericanarmy,8aid,"Leta 
 
 'Dated "Mount Vernon, D. 
 
 a 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 109 
 
 Mortification of the FuderalUta. 
 
 Idb and Out«. 
 
 Annonncvment of the Death of Wanhlngton. 
 
 It! Effect. 
 
 The mortification of the defeated party was intense, and now elements of strife 
 goon mingled with the old causes of contention between the two parties. At these 
 ,Iohn Quincy Adams hinted when he said, " The election of Mr. Jeft'erson to the Pres- 
 idency was, upon sectional feelings, the triumph of the South over the North, of the 
 slave representation over the free. On party grounds, it was the victory of professed 
 Democracy over Federalism, of French over British influence. The party overthrown 
 was the Avhole Federal party. The whole Federal party was mortified and humili- 
 ated at the triumph of Jeiferaon.* 
 
 After an existence of eight years as a distinct political organization, the original 
 Federal party fell, never to rise again into power. Its noble monument is the ma- 
 chinery of the national government, which its wise men devised and set in motion, 
 and which still performs its functions with admirable steadiness and increased power 
 —machinery which the opposition declared to be weak and dangerous when they 
 
 ji-o in the minority, but which they adopted as sound and secure as soon as they 
 caire into power. The saying of English politicians, tliat a Tory in place becomes a 
 Vt'hig out of place, and a Whig when provided with a place becomes a Tory, was 
 exemplified.'^ 
 
 While the nation was thus agitated by contending factions and menaced by the 
 tempests of war, the great light of the republic, by whose steady planetary gleams 
 the vessel of state had been long guided, and saved from the rocks and quicksands of 
 faction and anarchy, suddenly went out. In the darkness that fell without twilight 
 — without prem )nition — every discordant voice Avas for a moment hushed, for awe 
 placed the finger of silence upon the lips of political partisans of every kind. The 
 National Congress was then in session at Philadelphia. Early on the morning of the 
 18th of December* — a cold, crisp, winter morning — a courier with smoking 
 steed dashed up to the Presidential mansion, and delivered a letter from the 
 private secretary' of the great leader, who had already been called Pater Patih^.* 
 Tlie President was at breakfast. The seal was black wax. It was broken hastily by 
 Mr. Adams, who read, "It is with inexpressible grief that I have to announce to you 
 the death of the great and good General Wasiiingtox. He died last evening, be- 
 tween tdh and eleven o'clock, after a short illness of about twenty-four hours.''* 
 
 There was grief in the President's household. Tliere was grief in Congress 
 when John Marshall announced*" "Our Washington is no more." 
 Tliere was grief in the streets of the national capital when the sad intel- 
 ligence went from lip to ear all over the city within an hour after the arrival of the 
 courier. There was grief throughout the nation when the knell of the funeral bells 
 in cities and villages, with chilling monotone, fell upon the ears of the people. There 
 was grief in Europe when, forty days afterward, it was known in England and on the 
 Contment. Lord Bridport lowered to half mast the flags of his great English fleet 
 
 ' Sec Life of William Plummer, p. 810. 
 
 ' A London paper in 1813 contained the following poetic Tersion of the maxim, under the head of DtfinUion of 
 PtiTtlea; 
 
 "WHIQB NltVKB TO. 
 
 A Whig is never In t How strange the sto'^ ' 
 Turn in a Whig— be turns in a Tory I 
 
 TOBIES NKTEB OCT. 
 
 a Tory's never out I Strange whirligig ! 
 Torn ont a Tory— bo tnms oat a Whigl 
 
 INS AND OUTS. 
 
 Why then turn all onr brains with senseless rontf 
 Tory and Whig are merely In and Our." 
 ' Tobias Lear. 
 
 • The late G. W. P. Cnstis, the adopted son of Washington, in a letter to his foster-father written at Annapolis, where 
 
 he was at school, on the 12th of July, 1798, after congratulating his guardian on his appointment to the commond of the 
 
 American army, said, "Let an admiring world again behold a Cincinnatus springing up horn rural retirement to the 
 
 tonqnest of nations : and the future historian, in recording so great a name, insert that of the ' Father of hia Country.' " 
 
 ' Dated "Mount Vernon, December IB, 1799." 
 
PWWHBi 
 
 ]i 
 
 !' 
 
 ^Pl 
 
 '! 
 
 ih 
 
 no 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Action of CuogreaBun tbo Death of Wuhlngton. Marks of Keapect In Europe. Funeral Uunon. M'Phorson BIuki. 
 
 of sixty vessels then lying in Torbay ; and Bonaparte, just made First Consul of 
 Frant'c, paid a beautiful tribute to the virtues. of the beloved man in an order of the 
 day to the French army, and in directing a funeral oration to be pronounced before 
 him and the civil and military authorities.' The Congress of his own country, by 
 • December S8 joint resolutions, decreed" that a marble monument should bo erected to 
 17W. his memory at the new Capitol on the Potomac ; that there should be 
 
 a funeral procession from Congress Hall to the German Lutheran Church, where an 
 oration should bo pronounced by one of the members of Congress; that the citizens 
 of the United States should wear crape on their left arm as mourning for thirty days; 
 and that the President should send a letter of condolence to Mrs. Washington, and 
 request that her husband^s remains might be interred at the Capitol of the nation.^ 
 They also recommended the people of the Unite "1 States to assemble on the next an- 
 t February 22, nivcrsary of Washington's birthday,'' " to testify their grief by buitablc 
 eulogies, orations, and discourses, or by public prayers." 
 
 General Henry Lee, the per- 
 
 1800. 
 
 TUE LUTUBBAN OnVBOH IM PIULADELFniA. 
 
 Bonal friend of Washington, and 
 son of that "Lowland Beauty" 
 whom the great patriot loved in 
 his early youth, was the chosen 
 orator. With rare eloquence he 
 charmed the vast audience that 
 thronged the Lutheran Church, 
 the largest in Philadelphia.' The 
 M^Pherson Blues,* an elegant 
 military corps of three hundred 
 yonng men, were there as a guard 
 of honor, and fired the accustom- 
 ed military salute. On the ensu- 
 ing 22d of February fiineral ora- 
 tions were pronounced in many 
 places throughout the 'country; 
 and memorials of many kinds 
 were speedily prepared, to per- 
 petuate, by visible objects, the 
 recollection of Washington's vir- 
 
 ' This oration was delivered by Lonls Fontaine in the Temple of Mars, at Paris, on the 8th of February, 1800. In al- 
 lusion to the young general and chief ruler of France before him, the orator said, in his peroration, "Yes, thy counselj 
 shall be heard, O Washington ! O warrior 1 O legislator ! O citizen without reproach 1 He who, while yet young, rlvali 
 thee in battles, shall, lilce thee, with his triumphant hands, heal the wonnds of hie country. Even now we have his dii- 
 positton, his character for the pledge ; and his warlike genius, unfortunately necessary, shall soon lead sweet peace into 
 this temple of war. Then the sentiment of universal Joy shall obliterate the remembrance of oppression and injustice. 
 Already the oppressed forget their Ills in looking to the future. The acclamations of every age will be offered to the 
 hero who gives happiness to France, and seeks to restore it to a cmtending world." 
 
 » Mrs. Washington consented to the removal of her husband's remains to the National Capitol. But they have never 
 been taken from his beloved Mount Vernon. They never should be. That home of the illustrious patriot Is now the 
 property of the patriotic women of America, and shonld ever be consecrated by the presence of his tomb. The iioiu 
 and TOHD of our beloved friend should be inseparable, and these words of Lnnt shonld ezpreaa the sentiments of ever; 
 American : 
 
 " Ay, leave him alone to sleep forever, 
 
 Till the strong archangel calls for the dead, 
 By the verdant bank of that gushing river 
 Where first they pillowed his mighty head." 
 
 ' That German Lutheran Church is yet standing on Fourth Street, Philadelphia, above Arch Street. Lee's oration was 
 hastily prepared, but was an admirable production. In it he used those memorable words, "First in wab, first in 
 PBAOE, FiBST IN TUB iiKABTS OF iiiB ootTNTBTMBN." This orfttion may be found in Cnstis's Re/rolUetions of Washington. 
 
 * This corps was composed of the elite of Philadelphia society. TJie costume is represented in an engraving in Los- 
 sing's Home of Wiuhincilan, or Mmmt Vernon and it» A a$oeiationt. Six of those who were present on that occasion were 
 y*t living in January, 1862, and all were residents of Philadelphia, namely, Samuel Breck, aged ninety ; S. Palmer, aged 
 eighty-one ; 8. F. Smith, aged eighty-one ; Charles N. Bancker, aged eighty-five ; Qnintan Campbell, aged eighty-flve, 
 and Roljert Carr, aged eighty-four. John F. Watson, the annalist of Philadelphia and New York, and who died in De- 
 
 Medal in Honor of < 
 
 tucs and illus 
 logy." 
 
 cember, 1S60, was a m( 
 
 Kinad who flrcd the vi 
 
 I Among many othei 
 
 of respect published 
 
 time was a silver medi 
 
 tic larger and thicker t: 
 
 Spanish quarter of a 
 
 Ouo of these is in the 
 
 slon of the writer, and ii 
 
 seated In the engraviu 
 
 one side Is a profile of 
 
 Ington, inclosed in a wn 
 
 lanrel, and surrounded 
 
 words, "im ,h ,„ qlob 
 
 WOBLD IN THARB." Qu I 
 
 Terse Is a memorial uri 
 
 (trsvcd and publlnhed, Ir 
 
 chanlc and engraver. Ij 
 
 ' A contemporary wro 
 
 "GENERAL WA8HII 
 
 eyes were of a bluish ca 
 
 remarkably lively. H|g 
 
 nance grave, composed, « 
 
 nt once secured for him p 
 
 llclal capacity he recelvec 
 
 kindness, as that each ret 
 
 ^andlng; a correct, discc 
 
 ^rfect control; ajudgme 
 
 honorable In his dealings • 
 
 cerity, moderation, and si 
 
 ed, he was capable of diet 
 
 husband, a faithful fi-lcnd 
 
 temperance, ftnd Industry' 
 
 'OB- The intermediate ho 
 
 religion was not forgotten 
 
 «t stated seasons, retired ti 
 
 for bis strict observation o 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Medal In Uonor of WashinKton. 
 
 Skotch of Waibtngton'i 
 
 MHI ChanKtcr. 
 
 tucs and 
 
 logy.' 
 
 illustrious deeds.' Tlio faithful history of those deeds is his best eu- 
 
 ' nil glory fllla the land— the plain, 
 
 The moor, the mountain, and the mart I 
 More Arm than column, urn, or fane, 
 IIIb monument— the human heart. 
 The C'hrlntlau— patriot— hero— BBgo 1 
 
 The chief from heaven In mercy sent ; 
 Ills deeds are written on the age- 
 Ills country Is big monument." 
 
 OlOBOIt P, MOBRII. 
 
 cembcr, ISflO, wns a member. Colonel Carr, who was an ofBccr In the War of 1812, Inlbrmod me that he was one of the 
 tqaad who flred the volleys on that occasion. The costume of the H'Pherson Blues Is seen In the tiguro below. 
 
 > Among many other tokens 
 of respect published at that 
 lime was a silver medal, a lit- 
 tle larger and thicker than the 
 Spanish quarter of a dollar. 
 Ouo of these Is in the posses- 
 sion of the writer, and is repre- 
 sented In the engraving. On 
 one side is a profile of Waeb- 
 iugton. Inclosed lu a wreath of 
 Isnrel, and surrounded by the 
 words, " iiR IB IN OLonr, tur 
 
 WOBLD IN TKAHS." Ou thC rC- 
 
 Tcrse Is a memorial urn, and 
 
 WAHIIINOTON MEllAi. 
 
 around It, forming two circles, 
 are nhbrovlatioiis, seen In the 
 engraving, slgnifylug "Born 
 February 11, 1732; Ucncral of 
 the American Army, 1776; re- 
 signed 1783 ; President of the 
 I'nited States of America, 
 1789; retired inlTBO; Oener.il 
 of the Armies of the United 
 States, 171)8; died December 
 14, 1700." This medal was de- 
 signed by Dudley A. Tyng, the 
 collector of customs at New* 
 buryport at that time, and en- 
 
 jp'svcd and publinhed, immediately after the death of Washington, by Jacob Perkins, the well-known Ingenious me- 
 chanic and engraver, lie cut dies for this design of two sizes. 
 
 > A contemporary wrote as follows concerning Washington's person and character: 
 
 "GENERAL WASHINGTON lu bis person was tall, upright, and well-made ; In manner easy and unaffected. His 
 eyes were of a bluish cast, not prominent. Indicative of deep thoughtfliluess, and, when in action on great occasions, 
 remarkably lively. Ills features strong, manly, and commanding; his temper reserved and serious; his counte- 
 nance grave, composed, and sensible. There was In his whole appearance an nnneual dignity and graceftilness which 
 nt once secured for bim profound respect and cordial esteem. He seemed born to command his fellow-men. In his of- 
 Hcial capacity ho received applicants for favors, and answered their requests with so much ease, condescension, and 
 kindness, as that each retired believing himself a favorite of his chief. lie had an excellent and well-cultivated under- 
 standing ; a correct, discerning, and comprehensive mind ; a »"emory remarkably retentive ; energetic passions under 
 perfect control ; a Judgment sober, deliberate, and sound. He .ras a man of the strictest honor and honesty ; fair and 
 honorable in his dealings ; punctual to his engagements. I" - •Uspositlon was mild, kind, and generous. Candor, sin- 
 fcrlty, moderation, and simplicity were, in common, prominent f0tti.,re8 in his character ; but, when an occasion call- 
 ed, ho was capable of displaying the most determined bravery, firmness, and Independence. He was an affectionate 
 hosband, a faithfiil friend, u humane master, and a father to the poor. He lived in the unvarying habits of regularity, 
 temperance, hnd Industry. He steadily rose at the dawn of day, and retired to rest usually at nine o'clock In the even- 
 Idi;. The intermediate hours all had their proper business assigned them. In his allotments for the revolving hours 
 religion was not forgotten. Feeling, what be so often publicly acknowledged, bis entire dependence on God, he dally, 
 At stated seasons, retired to his closet to worship at His footstool, and to ask Ills divine blessing. He was remarkable 
 fur his strict observation of the Sabbath, and exemplary in bis attendance on public worship." 
 
 it 
 
 f 
 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
f 
 
 1 
 
 112 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-IJOOK. 
 
 I'eiicorul PromlNi. Th« AchlevtOMliU of BoMpuK. 
 
 Ill* Iiifluoiice In Kurnpa, 
 
 llntrod of Urett UriUln. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 "The Pejr of AlRlem, not afraid of bin enni, 
 
 Hi'iU lo Joiittthiin once for aoine tribnie : 
 ' Ho! lie) 1' Hiiyn Ihp Doy, • If tho rnHcul don't pay, 
 
 A cn|»r or two I'll exhibit. 
 I'm thi' Dcy of Alulcm, wlih a l)cnrd a yiird long ; 
 I'm a MiinHulninn, loo, and of coufko very utronij; 
 Kor tlilit Ih my mnxim, dlnpute It wlio can, 
 That u mail of etout niuiiclo'ij u vtout Musiiuluian.' " 
 
 EFFERSON'S adminiHtration commenced imdcr favorable aus- 
 piccH." Tliere wore omens of peace abroad, and these . jinrchi 
 jtromiscd calmness and prosperity at home. The ^'""■ 
 league of England and the Continental powers against IJona- 
 partc had failed to impede his progress in the path toward uni- 
 versal dominion ; on the contrary, he had brought nearly all 
 Europe trembling at his feet. Within the short space of two 
 years ho made himself master of all Italy, and humbled ]>roiul 
 Austria by a series of the most splendid victories on record. Within the oirdc of 
 another two years he had returned from his Oriental camjiaigns to receive the hom- 
 age of France, and accept its sceptre in republican form as First Consul. With the 
 absolute power of an emperor, which title he speedily assumed, he prepared to bring 
 to France still more wealth, territory, and glory, by extending her sway from Africa 
 to the North Cape — from tho Atlantic to the Ural Mountains. Old thrones shook; 
 and when Bonaparte Avhispered peace all Europe listened eagerly, for they were 
 words of hope for dynasties and nationalities. 
 
 Tho preliminary Treaty of Liineville,^ '' affirming that of Campo-For- 
 mio,2 made four years earlier," rendered a reconstruction of the map of 
 Europe necessary, for kings and princes had allowed the successful soldier 
 to change the geographical lines of their dominions. Great Britain was 
 left alone in armed opposition to tho conquering Corsican. Even her late allies 
 against him, always jealous of her maritime superiority, were now his foes. Tlie 
 league of Northern powers, known as the Armed Neutrality,^ was re-established by 
 " December 10, treaty*" at the instigation of the Emperor Paul, of Russia, and from their 
 1800. council went forth the spirit of Cato's words concerning the offending 
 
 African city : Delenda est Carthago — " Carthage must be destroyed." Tliey resolved 
 to contradict by force her doctrine concerning the freedom of neutrals,'' and naval 
 armaments were put afloat. At the same time Bonaparte was threatening Great Brit- 
 ain with invasion, and her rich East India possessions with the tread of the conqueror. 
 Although burdened with taxation to a degree before unknown, and wearied with 
 her long contest Avith France and the Irish rebellion under her own roof,^ Britain 
 
 ' The peace conclnded at LnnevlUe between the French Republic and the Emperor of Germany, after confirming the 
 Treaty of Cnmpo-Pormlo, etipnlated that the Rhine to the Dutch Territories phould form the boundaries of France, and 
 recoj)^lzinj; the Independence of the Bavarian, Helvetic, Llgnrian, and Cigalpine Republics, 
 
 « In the 'Treaty of Campo-Formlo, between France and Austria, the latter yielded the Low Countries and the lonlai 
 Islands to the former, and Milan, Mantua, and Moden:< to the Cisalpine Republic which Bonaparte bad estabilBtaed in 
 Italy. By a secret article, the Emperor of Austria took possession of the Veuitlan dominions, in compensation for tbe 
 Netherlands. ' See note 2, on pafe 88. « See note 1, page 84. 
 
 ' The Roman Catholics and the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland were snbjected to cmel and insulting disabilities b; j 
 tho English in regard to both civil and religious privileges. In 1701 a society was formed, chiefly under the direction of 
 Wolfe Tone, for the purpose of procuring Parliamentary reform In this matter. Tbey were called "United Irishmen." 
 They were also animated by republican sentiments, and a hatred of England as on oppressor. Inspired by evente in j 
 
 •> Febmary 9, 
 1801. 
 
 « October IT, 
 ITOT. 
 
 Great Britain Irlumpt 
 
 once more put 
 Danish fleet at 
 the other powei 
 withdrew from 
 lime, two hundn 
 
 or chanting, with 
 
 Knpland was w 
 
 A peace ministry, 
 
 in the spring of | 
 
 which had so long 
 
 Continental powei 
 
 in March, 1 802,'' b 
 
 technical friends, n 
 
 who would not trii 
 
 his object to be res 
 
 formidable blows f 
 
 to the greater faith 
 
 was sunlight abroi 
 
 j)cace was about to 
 
 tor. England blaz( 
 
 and sermons ; fe.ast* 
 
 her literature with j 
 
 lennium. Forgetfu: 
 
 (rimes, Englislimert i 
 
 ried back with ther 
 
 Tlie sly Corsican, ch 
 
 'lesigns, treated the 
 
 and received in turn 
 
 bhishcd with shame. 
 
 Tlie niaohinery of 
 
 France, these" United Irlshm 
 lablish a republican form of.. 
 Jcntlvc directory In ITOT. Th 
 covered and denounced by n n 
 Jonly developed all over the t 
 anticipation of an invasion by 
 ■ France concluded a treaty 
 'nvarln, August 24; with Por 
 December r. 
 
 'This was a treaty between 
 ihe 1st of October, 1801. The 
 
 t>«nce:Azara, for Spain, and 
 'Among those who went ov 
 l-rey, and other leading men 
 ratures from his brain were sp 
 
 I kine, are seen stooping low be 
 
 (en^appMrsasaflneladylnft 
 
 Noy at the meeting in wan^ 
 I f«Klag person, and to seal on 
 
 I aonelenr,yonareatmlywell 
 I »fKlng George and Bonaparte, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 113 
 
 OfMt Britain trtnmpbMt. 
 
 Frtradly RnUttoni with Bonapart*. 
 
 TIm loddan Ctauiiie rtdlcaled. 
 
 once more put forth hor Htrvngth on the ocean. I'lirkcr and NolHon dcHtroyod the 
 Danish tii'ct at ('ojicnhatjcn,* and brought that jjovcrnnu'tit to HiihnuHHion ; •Aprils, 
 tlu' otluT powiTM of the k'amu', ularniod, and di'siTtod by J'.iurH siicoi'Mnor, '^"• 
 witli<liH'W from the unequal contoHt, and h'ft England Htill bouHthig, u» in VVallfrV 
 tiiiu', two hundred years ago, that lier nliipH were 
 
 "Riding without » rival ou the iiea;" 
 
 or chanting, with the faitli of TlioniHon, a liundred ycarH later, 
 
 "When Britain flrnt, st Henvcn'H command, 
 , Arcwc from out thu azurn main, 
 
 Thin woa the charter of the land, 
 
 And K>i»rdlnn an);clii kuhk the etrain: 
 liulu Britannia ; Britannia rules the wave* I 
 BrltouH never shall bo alavca." 
 
 England was willing to have peace, but not with the loss of an iota of her power. 
 A jK'ace ministry, with Mr. Addington at its head, assumed the reins of govern. aent 
 ill the spring of 1801. It looked witli favor upon the dispersion of the war-clouds 
 which had so long brooded over Europe. During that year one after another of the 
 Continental powers wheeled into the line of amicable relations with Bonaparte,' and 
 in March, 1 802,'' by treaty at Amiens,^ he and (4eorgo the Third became 
 ii'clmical friends, much to the disgust of a powerful war party hi England, 
 w ho would not trust the word of the ambitious Corsican for an hour, 'f hey believed 
 his object to be rest and gaining of time, while he should make prejjaralions for mor*^ 
 t'orniidable blows for the subjugation of Europe. But they were comj)cilcd to yiel.. 
 to the greater faith, or the greater needs, of the government and the majority. There 
 was sunlight abroad, and a bow of promise in the sky. It seemed as if universal 
 peace was about to be established in Europe, and Bonaparte was hailed as a i)acifica- 
 tor. England blazed with bonfires and illuminations ; was resonant with speeches 
 and sermons ; feasted in public halls in testimony of her faith and joy, and enriched 
 iior literature with addresses and poems on the apparent dawning of a political mil- 
 leniiium. Forgetful of the past deeds of Bonaparte, which they had denounced as 
 i-rimes, Englishmert flocked to Paris to bow before the rising sun of power, and car- 
 ried back with them French fashions in abundance, as tokens of their satisfaction. 
 Tlie sly Corsican, chuckling over their obsequiousness, and their blindness to his real 
 designs, treated the most distinguished of his English admirers with marked respect, 
 ;ind received in turn such fulsome adulation that right-minded men m Great Britain 
 blushed with shame,^ 
 
 Tlie machinery of government was all adjusted for the easy management of the 
 
 Kraace, these "United Irishmen," whose society extended nil over the kingdom, resolved to strike for liberty and es- 
 labllsh a republican form of government for Ireland. In this they received the aid of France. They nominated an ex- 
 OTtive directory In 1T9T. Their plans, carried on with the utmost secrecy, were ripe for execution, when they were dls- 
 tiwered and denounced by a government spy. Many of the leaders were arrested, bnt an open, ai .jed rebellion was sud- 
 denly developed all over the kingdom In May, 1T98. Great Britain put forth Its military power, then strong at home. In 
 Mtlclpotion of an Invasion by the armies In France, and the Insurrection was crushed in the course of a few m-mths. 
 • France concluded a treaty of peace with Naples March 18, 1801 ; with Spain, March 21 ; with the Pope, July IB ; with 
 I'.ivarin, August 24 1 with Portugal, September 29 j with Russia, October 4 ; with Turkey, October 9; and with Algiers, 
 December 7. 
 
 > This was a treaty between Great Britain, Holland, France, and Spain. The preliminary treaty had been signed on 
 the Ist of October, 1801. The definitive treaty was signed by Lord Comwallis, for England; Joseph Bonaparte, for 
 France; Azara, fur Spain, and Srhimmelpennlnck, for Holland. 
 
 > Among those who went over at that time were Charles Jame^i Pox and his nephew, Lord Holland, Lords Erskine, 
 (irey, and other leading men. These visits excited the ridicule of satirists. Gillray's pencil was active. Several cari- 
 catures from his brain were speedily published. He ridiculed the visit of Fox and his fHcnds in a caricature entitled 
 'Introdttction qf Citizen Volprone aiui SuUt at Parit," In which Fox and his wife, I^rd and Lady Holland, and Grey and Er- 
 
 I !klne, are seen stooping low before the new ruler of Prance. One of the most popular of his caricatures was entitled " The 
 irtt Kim this ten yearn, or llie meeting of Britannia and Citizen Franfoia." Britannia, who has suddenly become corpu- 
 lent, appears as a flue lady In full dress, her shield and spear leaninf; neglected against the wall. The citizen expresses 
 his joy at the meeting in warm terms. " Madame," he says, " permltter me to pay my profound esteem to your en- 
 jiging person, and to seal on your divine lips my everlasting attachment ! ! I" The lady, blushing deeply, replies, 
 "Sonslenr, you are a tmly well-bred gentleman ; acd though you make me blush, yet you kiss so delicately I can not 
 reftue yon, though I wag sure yon would deceive me again 1" On the wall Just behind these two figures are portrait* 
 otKlng George and Bouaparte scowling at each other.— See Wright's England under the Houte of nanover, U., 891. 
 
 H 
 
 bm 
 
 >lii 
 
 H 
 
VIP 
 
 !| 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 'i ! J:F 
 
 114 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Beginning of Jeffei'itou's AdmlnistrattoB. Appearnnce and Condition of the National Capital. Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 new President of the United States. The treasury had never been so full, nor the 
 revenue so abundant as at that time, and he was enabled to signalize the conimencc- 
 raent of his administration and to strengthen it by the repeal of the excise and othor 
 obnoxious acts, which were necessary at the beginning. Commerce, and all the in- 
 dustrial interests of the country, were 
 flourishing, and the pathway of the now 
 chief magistrjite of the republic seemed 
 plain, flowery, and luminous. 
 
 The seat of government had just been 
 removed to the city of Washhigton, the 
 new capital of the nation, and then an in- 
 significant village on the bank of the Poto- 
 mac, on the verge of a Maryland forest,' in 
 the District of Columbia.^ There, in one 
 of the wings of the half-finished Capitol, 
 the last session of Congress had been 
 held; and there, on the 4th of March, 1801, 
 Chief Justice Marshall administered to 
 Mr. Jefferson the oath of office, and he 
 became the third President of the United 
 States. 3 
 
 Although Jefferson was a radical Re- 
 publican, he made no special changes in 
 the inaugural ceremonies used by his pre- 
 decessors. He abolished public levees at 
 the Presidential mansion, and sent mes- 
 sages in writing to Congress, instead of 
 
 ' " There is one good tavern about forty rods from the Capitol, and several other houses are bnllt or erecting," Oliver 
 Wolcott wrote to a friend !u the autumn of ISOO; "but 1 don't see how the members of Congress can possibly fociire 
 lodgings unless they will consent to live like scholars In a college or monks In a monastery, -crowded ten or twcp'y in 
 one house. The only resource for such as wish to live comfortably will be found In lieorgetown, three miles distant, 
 over as had n road in winter as the clay grounds jear Hartford. . . . There are, In fact, but few houses In nny one 
 place, and most pf them small, miserable huts which present an awful contrast to the public buildings. The people 
 are poor, and, as far as I can Judge, they live 1ik> fishes, by eating each other. . . . You may look in almost ony direc- 
 tion, over an extent <if ground nearly ns large as the city of New York, wlthou^eeclng a fence or any object cicept 
 brick-kilns and temporary huts for laborers. . . There Is no Industry, society, or business." 
 
 Mrs. Adams, wife of the President, wro'e in November, ISflO : " Woods are all you see from Baltimore until yo ■ rench 
 the citi/, which 's only so in name. Here nnd there Is a small cot, without a glass >vlndow, intsrspersed amou); the for- 
 ests, through which you tra-.el miles without seeing a human being." Concerning the President's hou;>e, which she 
 speaks of as " npou a grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to attend !\iid keep the apartments in 
 propel order, and perform the ordinary business of the house and stables," she said, " If they will put me up sonic bells 
 —there Is not one hung through the whole house, and promises are all you can obtain— ami let me have wood enough 
 to keep fires, I design to be pleased. I could content myself almost any where for three months ; but, surrounded with 
 forests, can you believe thot wood Is not to be had, because people can not be found to cut and cart it ! Brleslcr entered 
 into a contract with a man to supply him with wood : a small part^-n few cords only— has he been able to get. Most of 
 that was expended to dry the walls rf the house before we came in, and yesterday the man told him It was impo.sfiWc 
 to procure it to be cut and carted. lie has had recourse to cods, but we can not get grates made and set. We have, 
 Indeed, come Into a nne country" 
 
 ' The District of Columbia was a tract ten miles square, lying on each side of the Potomac, and ceded to the United 
 States by the States of Maryland and Virginia, for the residence of the national government. The portion lylug in^'ir 
 ginia v/as retroccded to ihat state a few years ago. The city of Wfishington was laid out there in 17511, and the crocliuii 
 of the Capitol was commenced In 170,% when, on the ISth of AprO President Washington laid the comer-stone, witli ma- 
 sonic ceremonies. The two wings were completed in 1808. " . government, which had resided ten years In Phlludil- 
 phia, moVed to Washington in the autumn of 18(10. 
 
 ' Thomas JefTcrsou was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia, on the 13th of April, 1743. He was educated 
 at William and Mary's College, studied law with the eminent George Wythe, and wab .Jmitted to the bar while yet n very 
 yuung man. lie was a member of the Virgiiiia Assembly before the RevolntloU; ond won fame as a vigorous thinlicr 
 and writer. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, and in 1770, at the request of a committee of which he 
 was a member, he drew up the neclarati<m of Independence. He wos offered an embassy to France, but declined it 
 on account of feeble health. In 1779 he was elected Governor of Virginia, and In 1780 retired from public life, nnd de- 
 voted his time chiefly to literary and scientific pursuits. He was sent to France In I'S,"), to join Adams and Fr,qnklin,a> 
 representative of his country, and in 1785 snceeded Franklin as minister at the French Court. He remained thereun- 
 til 1789, when he returned, and entered Washington's Cabinet as Secretary of State. He remained in that positiuu until 
 1793. He was elected Vlce-PrcBldent of the United States in 1700, and in ISOl was elected to the Presidency. He wn^ 
 
 Mr. JefTcrson foresbac 
 
 delivering speec 
 in form.' 
 
 A small militj 
 
 he read his inaii 
 
 looked for with s 
 
 It was patriotic, 
 
 his political oppo 
 
 principle. We )i 
 
 are all Federalist 
 
 In this s]nrit M 
 
 of public abuses, 
 
 of public offices u 
 
 (I'ss his forecast, i 
 
 would not disturb 
 
 most vehement de 
 
 Mr. Jefferson eo 
 
 been elevated to 
 
 lustful for office. 
 
 acquiescence in th 
 
 iially filled many c 
 
 for whose accomn 
 
 Washington and re 
 
 iiig proportions th: 
 
 which iias worked i 
 
 oraments from that 
 
 Wtter pr.rtisanship. 
 
 wg the advantage 
 istratioi) as sooii^as 
 mere game of politi( 
 
 rc-clected fn 180S, and In ISO!) 
 
 .Montlcelloonthe4th.>fJuIy 
 
 iti! Declaration oflndcpend. 
 
 vitcplatemadelnaiuatiuta 
 
 ncniber of Congress from 18( 
 
 I J„™'l7''""''"PP''nrance^ 
 
 Win«m Plumer, United .Stat^ 
 
 President, accompanied by s( 
 
 came Into the room. He wa 
 
 I ''"*"/ "'I'ch soiled, woolen 1 
 
 pnsed me by announcing that 
 
 1 'InalcttertoNatha-uelMs 
 
 I l-cvees arc done away wit 
 
 «>«|«KC, to which no answer 
 
 rtstcrs. 4. The compensa.l, 
 
 1 "haste reformation, fl The 
 
 » every department will be re 
 
 wndation has been given to t 
 
 I lis offices." fe'>tuioii 
 
 ;^ethe«„/<.^«,„.,^„„„„, 
 
 racy General. He retained^ 
 
 -bertGallatlnwasappolntecU 
 I M ivas now wholly so 
 
 IWnDicklnsoD, two days aft 
 
 I "ch, nothing ehall be want! 
 I * republican g„ve™^;„7 
 
 |fpeo|leofothcrcouufries.'' 
 
 Ill ■!' 7" K'^'" "">c for a 
 
 l^o'e who have desired the glv 
 
 "tr'""''''"«'-I>"bllcans, 
 
 I'lkepttbllc affaire of the State 
 
 !, patr: 
 lor 
 llrip 
 t ran 
 
 P 
 ■li 
 , iin 
 nnou 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 115 
 
 Mr. JefTersou furesbadowa hla Policy. His Popularity. > National Party desired. Political Proacriptiou begun. 
 
 delivering speeches in person, because he considered these customs too monarchical 
 in form.' 
 
 A small military and civic escort conducted Mr. Jefferson to the Capitol, and ♦here 
 he read his inaugural address to a large crowd of delighted H^steners. It had been 
 looked for with an.\iety, as it would foreshadow the policy of the new administration.^ 
 It was patriotic, conservative, and conciliatory, and allayed many apprehensions of 
 Ills political opponents. " Every d'.fference of opinion," he said, " is not a difference of 
 principle. We have called by r'lfferent names brethren of the same principle. We 
 lire all Federalists — we are all Republicans. "' 
 
 In this spirit 3Ir. Jefferson commenced his adr.iinisi-ration. He set about the reform 
 of public abuses, treated every body with kindness, and left most of the incumbents 
 of public offices untouched for a while.* His political enemies were compelled to con- 
 fess his forecast, Avisdom, and faithfulness ; and many Federalists, believing that he 
 would not disturb their friends in office, joined the Republican party, and became the 
 most vehement denunciators of their old partisans and their principles.' 
 
 Mr. Jefferson eoou discovered that he Avas not wholly his 6wn master. He had 
 been elevated to power by a party whose leaders, like those of all parties, were 
 lustful for office. He was compelled to listen to their clamors, and finally to yield 
 acquiescence in their doctrine that " to the victor belongs the spoils."^ He grad- 
 ually filled many of the most important offices in his gift with his political friends, 
 tiir whose accommodation faithful men, a Inrge proportion of them appointed by 
 Washington and retained by Adams, Avore removed. Tlius Avas developed in alarm- 
 ing proportions that system of proscription commenced by the second President, 
 which has Avorkcd mischicA^ously in the administration of our general and state gov- 
 ernments from that time u'ltil the present. It bore immediate fruit in the form of 
 bitter pr.rtisanship. liie Federalists, noAV become the opposition, and thereby hav- 
 ing the ad\ antage in controversy, began a relentless Avarfare upon the ncAv admin- 
 istration as soon as its proscriptive policy Avas manifested. With that Avarfare, as a 
 mere game of politics, Ave have nothing to do, except so fivr as it had a bearing upon 
 
 rwlccted in 1808, and in 1809 retired to private life, from which he was never again drawn. He died at his residence at 
 Monlicelio on the 4th of July, 1S20, in the 84th year of his age. Like Adams, he departed on the Hftieth anniversary of 
 ihc Declaration of Independence. The profile of Mr. JefTcrson, given on page 114, is from an impression from a pri- 
 vate plate made in ariiiatinta aboiit the year 1804, and presented by the President to the Hon. D. C.Vcrplanck, who was a 
 mtmber of Congress from 1803 until 1800. 
 
 1 The personal appearance of President Jefferson at this period may be imagined from the following description by 
 WiDism Plnmer, United States senator from New Hampshire In 1S02: "The next nay after my arrival I visited the 
 President, accompanied by some Democratic members. In a few moments after our arrival a tali, high-boned man 
 umc Into the room. He was dressed, or rather '.mdressed, in an old browii coat, red waistcoat, old coidnroy smali- 
 cloilica much soiled, woolen hose, and Rlii)pers without heels. I thonght him a servant, when General Varnnm sur- 
 prised me by announcing that it was the President."— Sec Life of it'illiam Plumer, p. 242. 
 
 ' In a letter to Natha'iiel Macon, of North Carolina, on the 14th of May, Mr. .Tcfferson indicated his policy as follows : 
 "1. Levees are done away with. 2. The first communication to the next Congress will be, like all snljsequent pncs, by 
 message, to which no answer will be expected. 3. The diplomatic establishment In Europe will be reduced to three 
 ministers. 4. The compensation of collectors depend., on you [Congress], and not on me. 5. The army Is uniiergoing 
 J 'haste reformation. 0. Tlie navy wiil be reduced to the legal establishment by the last of this month. T. Agencies 
 ill every department will be revised. 8. AVe shall iwsh yon to the uttermost In economizing, fl. A very early recom- 
 I niciuliitlnn has been given to the Postmaster General to employ no printer, foreigner, or Revolutionary Tory in any of 
 I M» offices." 
 
 'See the Slatfsman'n Manual, 1., 242, There the President's inaugnral measagn Is printed In full. 
 
 'Mr. Jefferson appointed James Madison Secret try of State, Henry Dearborn Secretary of War, and Levi Lincoln At- 
 I loracy General. He retained Mr. Adams's Secretaries of the Treasury and Navy until the following autumn, when 
 I .ilberl Gallatin was appointed to the first, and Robert Smith to the second. These were both Republiains, and his Cabi- 
 I ift W.1S now wholly so. 
 
 ' Mr. .lefferson dreamed, patriotically, of a consolidated national party and a brilliant administration. In a letter to 
 I John Dickinson, two days after his Inauguration, he wrote, "I hope to see shortly a perfect consolidation, to effect 
 »hlch, nothing shall he wanting on my part short of the abandonment of the principles of the Revolution. A just and 
 I Mlid republican government maintained here, will be a standing monnment and example for the aim and Imitation of 
 I lie people of other countries." Yet he early resolved on rewards to friends. To Colonel Mor,-oc he wrote on the 7th 
 '(March, "To give time for a perfect conaolldotlon seems i)rndent. I have firmly refuecd to follow tiie connsels of 
 Jibose who have desired the giving of offlces to some of the Federalist leaders In "rder to reconcile. I have given, on 
 I'illcivc, only to Republicans, under existing circumstances." 
 
 ' This doctrine was first announced In these words by the late William L. Marcy when he assumed the adraUilglratiou 
 I tlhe public affairs cf the State of New York as governor In ISS;' 
 
 i 
 
) 
 
 ■ : M 
 
 f 
 
 
 116 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ' March, 
 1801. 
 
 Reason for giving a Uiatory of Parties. The Mavy reduced. Unwise Economy. Tribute to the Barbary Powers. 
 
 public events during the few years immediately preceding the War of 1812, and held 
 relationship thereto. 
 
 It seems proper at this point in our narrative to say, that the sketch of the rise and 
 progress of the two great political parties which existed in the United States at the 
 beginning of the present century, and whose animosities and aspirations had much to 
 do in bringhig about a war in 1812, has been given for the purpose, first, to afford our 
 general subject that much-needed elucidation, and, secondly, to connect by depondoiit 
 links of historic outlines the events of the Fibst with those of the Second War foi; 
 Independence. 
 
 At the close of Mr. Adams's administration," Congress passed a law' au- 
 thorizing the President to place the navy on a rigid peace footing, by retain- 
 ing only thirteen frigates,'^ and only six of these to be kept in active service. The 
 act authorized him to dismantle and sell all others, and lay up seven of the thirteen 
 in a way in which they might be carefully preserved. It also authorized him to re- 
 duce the complement of officers and men, by retaining in the service, in time of peace, 
 only nine captains, thirty-six lieutenants, and one hundred and fifty midshipmen, in- 
 cluding those employed on the six frigates kept in active service, and to discharge the 
 remainder. Under this authority, and in accordiince with his own judgment concern- 
 ing rigid economy and the prospect of universal peace, Mr. Jeflferson sold all but the 
 thirteen frigates named, laid up seven of these, and discharged all the officers and 
 men in excess after placing the service on a peace footing. And yet, in the matter 
 offeree, nearly four fifths was retained, for the vessels sold were mostly inferior, and 
 only fourteen of them had been built expressly for the government service. The Pres- 
 ident also suspended work on six ships authorized by Congress in 1798. So little did 
 the American people then seem to apprehend the value of a competent navy fcr the 
 protection of their commerce every where, as avcU as the honor of the nation, that a 
 majority of them applauded these measures, while many Federalists assailed them 
 only for political eifcct. That strong arm of the government which had so protected 
 commerce as to enable the Americans to sell to foreign countries, during the difficul- 
 ties with I'rance, surplus products to the amount of $200,000,000, and to import suf- 
 ficient to yield the government a revenue exceeding $23,000,000, was thus paralyzed 
 by an unwise economy in public expenditure. 
 
 The conduct of the Barbary Powers soon made the want of an efficient navy pain- 
 fully apparent. The government of the United States had purchased, by the pay- 
 ment in full of a stipulated sum of money, the friendship, or rather the forbearance of 
 the Bey of Tripoli, while to the Dey of Algiers and the 13ey of Tunis tribute in money, 
 military and maritime stores, and other presents was annually paid.^ The su^'inis- 
 sion of all the Christian nations of Europe to these exactions made those pirate-kings 
 exceedingly insolent, and finally, in the spring of 1801, the President resolved to 
 humble the pride and the power of those commercial marauders, release Amerioaii 
 commerce from their thrall in the Mediterranean, and assert the dignity of his coun- 
 try by ceasing to pay tribute to another. This resolution was strengthened by tlio 
 
 1 Approved March S, 1801. 
 
 ' Theec were the United Statfs, ConsHtutinn, fhrenident, Chtsaprakf, Philadelphia, Conatellaliim, Congress, A'eic I'orit, fl»<-l 
 ton, Essex, Adams, John Adams, aud Qeneral Greene. These had an aggregate amiament of 884 guns. The vessels boUI 
 were the George Washington, Ganges, I'ortsmoxtth, Merrimack, Comtecticut, of li4 gunB eacli ; the Baltimore, Ddawan; aujf 
 Montezuma, of '20 guns each ; the Maryland, Patapseo, He^ild, TrumlmU, Warren, Norfolk, Richmond, and Pineknqi, of lj| 
 guns each ; the Eaule, Augusta, and Scamnel, 14 gnns each ; the Experiment, 9 guns, and nine galleys.— CoorKit, i., XH- 
 
 3 Colonel Ebenezer Steveiid, an active and eminent merchant of New Yorlc, and who had been a meritorious artlllcrj 
 officer during the Revolution, was employed by the government as its factor in forwarding the stores to Tunis. II 
 May, 1801, Secretary Madison wrote to Mr. Stevens on the subject, saying, " It Is desirable that the remalninc cnrgf 
 of maritime and military stores due to the Regency of Tunis should be provided and shipped without loss of time Tli 
 powder will be given to yon from the public magazines, and the Navy Department will give orders to its agent at Xel 
 Yorit or elsewhere, as may be most convenient, to supply the cannon and such other articles as yon may want and c«f 
 be spared."— W.S'. letter. How much cheaper and more dignified it would have been to have sent the materials In stiia 
 of war, ta]]y prepared, as they might have been, to Itnock the capitate of those semi-barbaric mlers aboat their canj 
 and alnlc their corsalt-' In the deep waters of the Mediterranean t 
 
 BalDbrldge at Algler 
 
 insolent trcatn 
 year. In May, 
 out with the us 
 tal in Septembe 
 about to leave 
 the Court of the 
 when the haugh 
 you become mv 
 The guns of the 
 without their pei 
 yield to the fore 
 circumstances, I 
 assured by Mr. 
 en, once a capf I , , 
 then American co 
 there, that if he 
 tempted to leave 
 harbor, the guns of 
 eastio, heavy and w 
 manned, would o 
 upon his vessel w 
 destructive effect 
 ship would be seis 
 and used for the p 
 pose, and war won 
 ensue. To avoid the 
 calamities Bainbrid 
 bowed submissive 
 to the humiliatioi 
 and he even complie 
 with the haughty m 
 the main, and that 
 Algiers an obedient 
 freeman, he bore the 
 to the Secretary of t 
 unless I am authorize 
 Under other circu 
 have been a desirabl, 
 stnpes for the first 
 and his great officers 
 States; but when, .;t 
 beyond the great sea, 
 romantic rumors, Bair 
 Turkish admiral becan 
 Algiers in January tl 
 Imce there. The Suit 
 t^om this visit of a ba 
 ttie two nations must ( 
 On his return to Al 
 other errand to Consta 
 
 % flew into a rage, t 
 ;■» ence. Bainbridge , 
 i«nb-like, and obsequio 
 
OF THE WAIi OF 1812. 
 
 117 
 
 Bainbridge at Algiers and Constantinople. His Treatment at each. Oood Effect of his Visit to Constantinople. 
 
 insolent treatment of Commodore Bainbridge by the Dey of Algiers the previous 
 year. In May, 1800, BainVjridge, in command of the George Washington, 24, went 
 out with the usual tribute to the Algerine ruler. He arrived in the port of his capi- 
 tal in September, performed with courtesy the duties enjoined upon him, and was 
 about to leave, when the Dey commanded him to carry an Algerine embassador to 
 the Court of the Sultan at Constantinople. Bauibridge politely refused compliance, 
 when the haughty and offended Dey said sternly, " You pay me tribute, by which 
 you become mv slaves, and therefore I have a right to order you as I think proper." 
 The guns of the castle were looking out vigilantly upon Bainbridge's frigate, and 
 without their permission he could not pass out of the harbor. He was compelled to 
 yield to the force of 
 circumstances, being 
 assured by Mr. O'Bri- 
 en, once a capt i and 
 then American consul 
 there, that if he at- 
 tempted to leave the 
 harbor, the guns of the 
 castle, heavy and well- 
 manned, would open 
 upon his vessel with 
 destructive effect, his 
 ship Avould be seized 
 and used for the pur- 
 pose, and war would 
 ensue. To avoid these 
 calamities Bainbridge 
 bowed submissively 
 to the humiliation ; 
 and he even complied 
 
 with the haughty ruler's farther requisition, that he should carry the Algerine flag at 
 the main, and that of the United States at the fore. He spiled out of the port of 
 Algiers an obedient slave, and then, placing his own flag in the position of honor as a 
 freeman, he bore the Algerine embassador to the Golden Horn. " I hope," he wrote 
 to the Secretary of the Navy, " I shall never again be sent to Algiers with tribute, 
 unless I am authorized to deliver it from the mouth of our cannon." 
 
 Under other circumstances this trip to the ancient city of Constantinople would 
 have been a desirable one, for Bainbridge had the honor of displaying the stars and 
 ?tripes for the first time before that famous seat of Ottoman empire. The Sultan 
 and his great ofiicers of state were astonished. They had never heard of the United 
 States ; but when, ;;t length, they were made to comprehend that it was a country 
 beyond the great sea, discovered by Columbus, of which they had heard vague and 
 romantic rumors, Bainbridge was received with the greatest courtesy. He and the 
 I Turkish admiral became warm friends ; and when Bainbridge was about to return to 
 Algiers in January, the latter gave hi.n a firman to protect him from farther inso- 
 I Icnce there. The Sultan, whose flag bore the crescent moon, drew a favorable omen 
 from this visit of a banner bearing its neighbors, the stars of heaven. He believed 
 I the two nations must ever be friends, and so they have been. 
 
 On his return to Algiers^ the Dey requested Bainbridge to go on an- . ja„nnry 21, 
 [other errand to Constantinople. Bainbridge peremptorily refused. The **"^- 
 
 I Dey flew into a rage, threatened war, and finally menaced the captain with personal 
 jviolence. Bainbridge quietly produced \\i^ firman, when the fierce governor became 
 llimb-like, and obsequiously offered to the man he had just looked upon as his slave, 
 
 ALOIEBS IN 1800. 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
! ; 
 
 ■y\ j 
 
 1 
 1 
 i 
 
 ^ if 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 118 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Dcy of Algiers humbled. 
 
 Insolence of the Bey of Tnnls. 
 
 Commodore Dale In the Hediterraneun. 
 
 friendship and service. Taking advantage of this change, Bainbridgo assumed the 
 air of a dictator, and demanded the instant release of the French consxil and fifty or 
 sixty of his countrymen, who had lately been imprisoned by the Dey. When Bain- 
 bridge left he carried away with him all the French in Algiers. His compulsory visit 
 to Constantinople resulted in great good to his fellow-men. 
 
 The IJey or Bashaw of Tripoli,' not content Avith the gross sum that had been paid 
 him by the United States, when he learned that liis neighbors had received larger 
 bribes than he, demanded tribute in the autumn of 1800, and threatened war if his 
 demand was not satisfied withhi six months. Accordingly, in May, 1801, he ordered 
 the flag-staff of the American consulate to be cut down, and proclaimed war. In an- 
 ticipation of these events, Commodore Dale had been sent with a small squadron, con- 
 sisting of the President, 44, Captain James Barron ; Philadelphia^ 38, Captain Samuel 
 Barron; Essex, 32, Captain Bainbridge, and Enterprise, 12, Lieutenant Commandant 
 Sterrett. The President was Dale's flag-ship. The squadron sailed fromHamptonlioads, 
 and reached Gibraltar on the 1st of July, Dale soon proceeded eastward in company 
 
 with the Enterprise, 
 and appeared off'Trip- 
 oli and Tunis, to the 
 great astonishment of 
 the rulers of those 
 states. On the way 
 the Enterprise fell in 
 with, attacked, and 
 captured a Tripoli- 
 tan corsair called the 
 Trijjoli, reducing he:* 
 in * ihe course of an 
 engagement of three 
 hours, almost to a 
 wreck, and killing and 
 wounding twenty of 
 her men, without the 
 loss of a single man on 
 her side.^ Meanwhile 
 the Philadelphia was 
 
 of Gibraltar, to pre- 
 vent two Tripolitaii 
 corsairs which were 
 found there going out 
 uwon the Atlantic ; 
 and the Essex sailed 
 aloniT the northern 
 shores of the Medi- 
 terranean, to convoy 
 American merchant 
 ships. Dale contin- 
 ued to cruise in the 
 Mediterranean until 
 autumn, and his pres- 
 ence exercised a most 
 wholesome restraint 
 over the corsairs.^ 
 Another expedition 
 was sent to the Medi- 
 terranean in 1 802, under 
 Commodore Richard Y. 
 
 cruising in the Straits 
 Morris, It was a relief squadron, and consisted of the Chesapeake, '<8, Lieutenant 
 Chauncey, acting captain ; Constellation, 38, Captain Murray ; iVew York, 30, Cap- 
 tain James Bairon; Jbhti Adams, 28, Captain Rodgers; Adams, 28, Captain Cani])- 
 bell, and Enterprise, 12, Lieutenant Commandant Sterrett, Morris hoisted his broad 
 pennant on board the Chesapeake. The squadron did not go in a body, but pro- 
 ceeded one after another from February until September. Meanwhile the Boston, 
 
 ' This was Jiissuf Carnmnlll. lie was a third son, and had obtained the seat of power by violence. He murderoJ 
 his father and elder brother, and deposed his next brother, Ilamet, the rightful heir, who at this time was an exile in • 
 Egypt, whither he fled to save his life, followed by quite a large number of adherents. 
 
 > The raU or commander of the Tripoli was Mahomet Sous. Three times during the engagement the Tripoli strucl; | 
 her colors, and as often treacherously renewed the combat, when Lieutenant Sterrett determined to sfnlj her. She wa^ 
 too much of a wreck to be taken into port — indeed, according to iustmctlons, she could not be mai' > prhe— and six , 
 was dismantled under the direction of Lieutenant David Porter. When her commander reached Tripoli, wounded niitl | 
 heart-broken, he was subjected to great Indignity. lie was placed upon a jackass, paraded through the streets, and aft- 
 erward received the bastinado. 
 
 ' Richard Dale was bom near Norfolk, Virginia, on the 0th of November, ITM. He went to sea at the age of twcivcl 
 years, and continued In the merchant service until 17TB, when he became lieutenant of a Virginia cruiser. He was aiil 
 active officer during the whole war of the Revolution, and was with Paul Jones In his gallant action with the Sprnjjijilnl 
 September, 17T9. lie was then only about twenty-three years of age. He was a great favorite with Jones, and the latlprl 
 presented to Dale the elegant gold-monntcd sword which Jones received from the King of France. It Is now In the p<)f-f 
 Mission of his grandson, Richard Dale, of Philadelpbin, where I saw it in November, 1801. The handle, guard, and bntil 
 
 Tripoli and Its Cnil 
 
 commanded b 
 
 lutionary nav' 
 
 conveying Ho 
 
 of Tripoli was 
 
 stellation. TJn 
 
 others, and not 
 
 Tripolitan gun. 
 
 shore, with her 
 
 The Chesapei 
 
 tain Bainbridge 
 
 the Adams Jate 
 
 cruise along the 
 
 commerce. Fin 
 
 rendezvous at 3J 
 
 1803, and during 
 
 fcctually restrah 
 
 May. She had a 
 
 and land batteriei 
 
 in killed and won 
 
 next day, and in . 
 
 the Americans to 
 
 the John Adams 
 
 politan corsair lyi 
 
 sair soon afterwai 
 
 , her. The ships ti 
 
 home. He arrivct 
 
 the Mediterranean 
 
 cidcd that he had n 
 
 and the President, 
 
 the service witlioiii 
 
 TJie United State 
 
 Barbary Powers, ai 
 
 andthc mountings of the s( 
 iflilly-wrought devices on i 
 lowing Inscription: tini.,c 
 
 VEBATOB STRENCO VfRTCTI - 
 
 valiant nsserter Of the freed 
 Dale left the service i„ i 
 
 one of the sU naval captain 
 commodore In 1801 bv beinn 
 ran, and the following year" 
 competency, and spent then 
 Phia, where he died in isjc 
 
 ^.TJ^/^^e of Commodore I 
 ^hS'^t, Philadelphia J 
 with the following Ine^criptlo 
 R.™.,H„ Da,.k. born Noven 
 V, ■ '^" """"est man, an Im 
 
 tons conciliating unlvers 
 ?" Ic, he departed this Ilf„ i„ 
 
 ".nTh7r""'tt^'^" 
 
 f.t;rn;^em"f^r/cir: 
 
 ■-y.whodiedlnDecemr;," 
 SeeI,osHlng's;^Wrf.a„„i' 
 
 'Richard Valentine Morris, 
 
 1 r^' "" ^'"' re'Jilned as 
 «er been considered 8 hlgh-ha 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 110 
 
 Tripoli uid its Cruisers blockaded. 
 
 Abandonment of ihe Barbary Coast. 
 
 Commudorea Morris and Dale. 
 
 commanded by the eccentric Captain M'Neill (son of Hector M'Neill, of the Revo- 
 lutionary navy),' was cruising in the Mediterranean in an independent way, after 
 conveying Robert R. Livingston, the United States minister, to France. The port 
 of Tripoli was blockaded by her early in May, where she was joined by the Con- 
 stellation. The latter vessel was soon left alone, as M'Neill avoided tlic company of 
 others, and not long afterward she had a severe contest with a flotilla of seventeen 
 Tripolitan gun-boats. She handled theui severely, as well as some cavalry on the 
 siiore, with her great guns. 
 
 The Chesapeake reached Gibraltar on the 25tli of May, and found the JEsaex, Cap- 
 tain Bainbridge, still blockading the two Tripolitan cruisers there. The arrival of 
 the Adams late in July enabled the Chesapeake, in company with the Enterprise, to 
 cruise along the north shore of the Mediterranean for the protection of American 
 commerce. Finally orders were given for the different vessels of the squadron to 
 rendezvous at Malta. They collected there in the course of the month of January, 
 1803, and durhig the spring appeared off the ports of the Barbary Powers, and ef- 
 fectually restraining their corsairs. Tripoli was blockaded by the John Adarns in 
 May. She had a severe engagement toward the close of the month with gun-boats 
 and land batteries. These suffered severely, and the Americans lost twelve or fifteen 
 in killed and wounded. An unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a peace was made the 
 next day, and in June the movements of the Algerine and Tunisian corsairs induced 
 the Americans to raise the blockade. But, before leaving, Commodore Rodgcrs, of 
 the John Adams (then in chief command), Avith the Enterprise, attacked a large Tri- 
 politan corsair lying in a sheltered bay, and drove her people to the shore. The cor- 
 sair soon afterward blew up, Avith a large number of persons who had returned to 
 her. The ships then all left the Barbary coast, and Commodore Morris returned 
 liomc. He arrived toward the close of November, 1803. The conduct of affaii's in 
 the Mediterranean under his direction was not satisfactory. A court of inqui-^, de- 
 cided that he had not " discovered due diligence and activity in annoying the enemy," 
 and the President, with a precipitation diflicult to be defended, dismissed him from 
 the service without trial. '^ 
 
 The United States government had determined to act with more vigor against the 
 Barbary Powers, and in May, 1803, Commodore Preble was appointed to the com- 
 
 andthe monntings of the scabbard are solid gold, with beaii- 
 liftiUy-wronght devices on them. Upon the blade is the fol- 
 lowing Inscription: vindioati maris i.iiniviocs xvi. rkmu- 
 NEBATOR STUKNi'o viRTCTi — "Louls XVI. rawardcr of the 
 valiant nsserter of the freedom of the sen." 
 
 Dale left the service in 17S0. In ir94 he was appointed 
 one of the six naval captains by Washington. He was mndo 
 commodore in ISOl by being placed in command of a squad- 
 ron, and the following year he resigned. He retired with a 
 competency, and spent the remainder ofhis days in Philadel- 
 phia, where he died in 1826, in the sixty-ninth year of his 
 age. 
 
 The grave of Commodore Dale is in Christ Chnrch-yard, on 
 Fifth street, Philadelphia. His monument is a marble slab, 
 with the folloAving Inscription: "In memory of Commodore 
 Richard Dai.k, born November C, 1750, died February 24, 
 Wid. An honest man, an incorruptible patriot, in nil his re- 
 i.ilions conciliating universal love. A Christian without 
 i.Tille, he departed this life in the wcU-fonnded and triumph- 
 ant hiiiic of that blessedness which awaits all who, like him, 
 die in the Lord." On the same slab is an inscription com- 
 memorative of the virtues of his wife, who died In Septem- 
 lier, 1S32, at the age of sixty-flve years. Very near this tomb 
 ii a handsome marble cross, erected to the memory of Montgomery, a son of Commodore Dale, also of the United State; 
 navy, who died in December, 1S62, at the age of flfty-flvo years. 
 
 ' See Losslng's Field-Book (\f the Revolution, ii., 040. 
 
 ' Richnrd Valentine Morris was the youngest son of Lewis Morris, of Morrlsania, New York, one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. He entered the senlco in early life, and in June, ITOS, he wns commissioned a captain In 
 llie imvy. He was retained as fifth in rank at the reduction of the navy In 1801. His dismissal from the service has 
 j ever been considered a high-handed political m jasnre. He died while attending the Legislature nt Albany In 1814. 
 
 DALE 8 UONUHENT. 
 
 
^H«!82^ 
 
 120 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 /^i^^^^2<??^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Squadron ander Preble in the Mediterranean. Settlement of DIflcalties wltli Morocco. Capture of the PMUulelphia. 
 
 mand of a equadron, consisting ,of the 
 Constitution, 44, Philadelphia, 38, Ar- 
 ffua and Siren, 16 each, and Nautilus, 
 Vixen,&r\^Enterprise,\2 each. Preble 
 sailed in the Constitution at the middle 
 of August, and the other vessels follow- 
 ed as fast as they were made ready. 
 The Philadelphia, Captain Bainbridgc, 
 had sailed in July, and on the 26th of 
 August captured the Moorish frigate 
 Meshboha, found holding in possession 
 an American merchant vessel which 
 she had taken as a prize. It was dis- 
 covered that her commander was act- 
 ing under the orders of the Moorisli 
 Governor of Tangiers to cruise for 
 American vessels. The Philadelphia 
 returned to Gibraltar with her prize. 
 
 On the arrival of Preble he determ- 
 ined to sail for Tangiers and make in- 
 quiries respecting the hostile proceed- 
 ings of the Moors. He was accompa- 
 nied by Commodore Rodgers, and on 
 the 6th of October the Constitution, 
 New York, John Adams, and Nautilus <, 
 entered the Bay of Tangiers. Preble 
 had an interview with the Emperor of Morocco, who disavowed the act of the Gov- 
 <)rnor of Tangiers, and expressed a desire to remain at peace w'th the United States, 
 The difficulty with Morocco being settled, Rodgers sailed for home, and Preble 
 made energi'tic preparations to bring Tripoli to terms, A serious disaster soon oc- 
 curred. On the morning of the 31st of October the Philadelphia chased a Tripolitan 
 ship into the harbor of Tripoli. In endeavoring to beat off she struck on a rock not 
 laid down in any of the cliarts. Every effort to get her off failed, and she was at- 
 tacked and finally captured by the Tripolitans. Bainbridge and his officers and men 
 were made prisoners, and two days afterward the ship was extricated and taken into the 
 harbor. The officers were treated as prisoners of war, but the crew were made slaves. 
 Bainbridge found means to report his misfortune to Preble at Malta, and to sug- 
 gest the destruction of the Philadelphia, which was being fitted for sea. Preble had 
 recently appeared off Tripoli for the first time. On the 23d of December the Mit&'- 
 prise. Lieutenant Decatur, sailing in company with the flag-ship, captured a ketch 
 called the Mastico, then belonging to the Tripolitans, and bound to Constantinople 
 with a present of female slaves for the Sultan. Heavy storms arose, and Preble and 
 Decatur sailed into Syracuse, where the ketch was appraised and taken mto the 
 service, with the name of the Intrepid. 
 
 Decatur had formed a plan for cutting out or destroying the Philadelphia. It was 
 approved by Preble ; and on the 3d of February, 1 804, he left Syracuse with orders 
 and preparations to destroy her. Tlie Intrepid was chosen for the service, and sev- 
 enty-four determined young men sailed in her for the port of Tripoli, accompanied by 
 the brig Siren, Lieutenant Stewart. Heavy storms delayed their operations until the 
 16th, when, in the evening, the young moon shining brightly, the Intrepid sailed into 
 the harbor, and was warped alongside the Philadelphia without exciting suspicion, 
 she having assumed the character of a vessel in distress. Most of the officers and 
 men were conce&led until the ketch was placed alongside the Philadelphia. Then, 
 
 De8trnctlonofthe/>A,; 
 
 for the first, th( 
 
 other officers spi 
 
 the turbaned del 
 
 immediately set 
 
 teries and cap Je, 
 
 guns of the Phila 
 
 imminent danger 
 
 men was killed, a 
 
 Intrepid, by the i 
 
 with their strong 
 
 ant breeze both v 
 
 people of the towi 
 
 roic act Decatur i 
 
 companied him wc 
 
 >T\m bold act gr 
 
 ade of his port by 
 
 • 1804. ^^ *''° ^'^se 
 anchored th 
 tection lay in heav^ 
 teen gun-boats, a bi 
 land-soldiers, and a 
 not dismay Preble. 
 a heavy cannonade 
 get near enough ft 
 place, and finally L 
 lay his vessel alongs 
 and captured her af 
 other, when he had 
 Tripolitan captain. 
 finally killed by De( 
 captured. 2 After a 
 of the enemy's gun-bi 
 aheavy loss of life ha( 
 it prudent to withdrj 
 The second attack 
 'AnguBt. »fte'-noonof 
 passed into 
 captured on the 3d, a: 
 with it her command 
 sey.and eight of her 
 cleared away her bow 
 ert T. Spence and elev 
 with which she was 
 gun at the enemy, and 
 men in boats, for the 
 gone to the bottom. 
 I Again, after inflictin] 
 drew, but renewed thf 
 
 I >»',r"' ^"P""" Decatur was 
 I .*c was as bravely emulati, 
 
 .Irak Decatur on the forehead 
 Itjntly. HewastbeonlyAmer, 
 'Decatur attacked the Tripoli^ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 121 
 
 DestroctioD of tbe Philadelphia, 
 
 Tripoli bombarded. 
 
 A hand to hand Fight. 
 
 Gallantry of Decatnr. 
 
 •1804. 
 
 for the first, the Tripolitans suspected them. At the same moment Decatur and 
 other officers sprang on board the frigate, followed by their men. In a few minutes 
 the turbaned defenders of the vessel were all killed or driven into the sea. She was 
 immediately set on lire, in the midst of the roar of cannon from the Tripolitan bat- 
 teries and caf Je, and from two corsairs near. The scene was magnificent ; and as the 
 iruns of the Philadelphia became heated they were discharged. The Intrepid was in 
 imminent danger from the flames, but she escaped. Not one of the gallant Decatur's 
 men was killed, and only four were wounded. In the light of the conflagration the 
 Intrepid, by the aid of oars, swept out of the harbor, where the boats of the Siren, 
 with their strong sweeps, were in readiness to aid in towing her ofi". Before a pleas- 
 ant breeze both vessels sailed for Syracuse, where the American squadron and the 
 people of the town welcomed them with strong demonstrations of joy. For this he- 
 roic act Decatur was promoted to captain, and several of the other officers who ac- 
 companied him were advanced. 
 
 sThis bold act greatly alarmed the Bey or Bashaw of Tripoli, and the ensuing block- 
 ade of his port by Commodore Pi-eble made him exceedingly circumspect. Finally, 
 at the close of July," Preble entered the harbor of Tripoli with his squadron, and 
 anchored the Constitution two and a half miles from the walled city, whose pro- 
 tection lay in heavy batteries mounting one hundred and fifteen cannon, nine- 
 teen gun-boats, a brig, two schooners, and some galleys, twenty-five thousand 
 land-soldiers, and a sheltering reef of dangerous rocks and shoals. These did 
 not dismay Preble. On the 3d of August, at three in the afternoon, he opcjied 
 a heavy cannonade and bombardment from his gun-boats, which alone could 
 (jet near enough for effective service. Conflict in closer range soon took 
 place, and finally Lieutenant Decatur, commanding gun-boat Number Four, 
 lay bis vessel alongside one of the largest of those of the enemy, and boarded 
 and captured her after a df .perate struggle. ^ He immediately boarded an- 
 other, when he had a most desperate personal encounter with the powerful 
 Tripolitan captain. The struggle was brief but deadly. The captain was 
 finally killed by Decatur at a moment of fearful peril, and the vessel was 
 captured.'^ After a general conflict of two hours, during which time three 
 of the enemy's gun-boats were sunk in the harbor, three of them captured, and 
 aheavy loss of life had been suffered by the Tripolitans, the Americans thought 
 it prudent to withdraw, but to renew the conflict four days afterward. 
 Tlie second attack on Tripoli commenced at lialf past two o'clock in the 
 afternoon of the 7th.'' An hour afterward a hot shot from the town 
 'AngM. pjjgggj into the hull of gun-boat A^wmfier iVmc, one of the prizes 
 captured on the 3d, and fired her magazine. The vessel was destroyed, and 
 with it her commander. Lieutenant Caldwell, of the Siren, Midshipman Dor- 
 sey, and eight of her crew. Six others were wounded. When the smoke 
 cleared away her bow only was above water. On it were Midshipman Rob- 
 ert T. Spence and eleven men, busily engaged in loading the long 24-pounder 
 with which she was armed. They gave three loud cheers, discharged the 
 gun at the enemy, and a moment afterward were picked from the water by 
 men in boats, for the wreck on which they stood, with its great gun, had 
 gone to the bottom. 
 Again, after inflicting some damage upon the enemy, the Americans with- 
 
 drew, but renewed the attack on the 24th of the same month. This was wkaton. 
 
 ' While Captain Decatur was thus gallantly nssalling the enemy, his younger brother James, flret lieutenant of the 
 Ami/dHc, was as bravely emulating his example. In command of gun-boat Xumber Tim. He had caused the surrender of 
 die of the enemy's largest vessels, and was boarding her to take possession, when the captain of the surrendered vessel 
 treacherously shot him and escaped. The miscreant's pistol was loaded with two balls connected by a wire. The wire 
 ilnick Decatur on the forehead, and bending, the two balls entered hie temples, one on each side, and killed him in- 
 Htntly. He was the only American officer killed in this engagement. 
 
 ■ Decatur attacked the Tripolitan captain with a pike. The assailed seized It and turned It npon his assailant. Deco- 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 t- =s 
 
 111 
 
i I 
 
 122 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Trlixilt bombarded the Fifth Time. 
 
 A floating Mine. 
 
 Ita Explosion in the Harbor of Tripoli, 
 
 brief, and without any important rcBults. But on the 29th a fourth and more formi- 
 dable attack was made by the American gun-boats, commencing at three o'clock in the 
 morning. The conflict continued until daylight, with great fury on both sides, when 
 the Constitution ran toward the harbor, under heavy fire from the Bashaw's castle 
 and Fort English. She signaled the gun-boats to withdraw, correctly supposing their 
 ammunition to be nearly exhausted. This was done under the fire of the Constitution, 
 which, with grape and round shot, greatly damaged the gun-boats of the enemy and 
 caused them to retreat. She then ran in, and opened a heavy fire upon the town, bat- 
 teries, and castle. She soon silenced the guns of the castle and two batteries, sunk a 
 Tunisian vessel, damaged a Spanish one, severely bruised the enemy's galleys and 
 gun-boats, and then withdrew, without having a man hurt. 
 
 The American squadron lay at anchor off Tripoli until the 2d of September repair- 
 ing damages. It then sailed for the harbor, where it arrived on the afternoon of the 
 3d. The enemy, profiting by experience, had adopted new tactics. The change coin- 
 pelled Preble to modify his own plan. At half past three in the afternoon the bonj)- 
 ketches opened the conflict by bombarding the town. The Constitution ran down to 
 the rocky reef and opened a heavy fire, at grape-shot distance, upon the castle and the 
 city. She poured in eleven eflective broadsides, while the smaller vessels were car- 
 rying on the conflict at other points. The general engagement lasted an hour and a 
 quarter, when, the wind rising freshly, the commander, in the exercise of prudence, 
 gave a signal for the squadron to withdraw. 
 
 The ketch Intrepid, used in the destruction of the Philadelphia, had been converted 
 into a floating mine, for the purpose of destroying the enemy's cruisers in the harbor 
 of Tripoli. One hundred barrels of gunpowder were placed in a room below deck, 
 and mimediately above them a large quantity of shot, shell, and irregular pieces of 
 iron were deposited. In other parts of the vessel combustibles were placed, and slie 
 was made in every way a most disagreeable neighbor. On the night succeeding the 
 fifth bombardment of Tripoli she was sent into the harbor on her destructive mission, 
 under the command of Captain Soniers, who had behaved gallantly during the recent 
 attacks on the town. He was assisted by Lieutenant Wadsworth, of the Constitution, 
 and Mr. Israel, an ardent young oflicer, who got on board the ketch by stealth. These, 
 Avith a few men to work the Intrepid, and the crews of two boats employed in towing 
 her, composed the expedition. 
 
 At nine o'clock in the evening the Intrepid entered the harbor on her perilous mis- 
 sion. The night was very dark, and she soon disappeared in the gloom. Many eager 
 eyes were turned in the direction where her shadowy form was last seen. All hearts 
 in the squadron beat quickly with anxiety. Suddenly a fierce and lurid light streamed 
 up from the dark bosom of the waters like volcanic fires, and illuminated with its 
 horrid gleams the rocks, forts, flotilla, caiitle, town, and the broad expanse of the har- 
 bor, followed instantly by .an explosion that made all surrounding objects tremble. 
 Flaming masts and sails and fiery bombs rained upon the waters for a few moments, 
 
 tnr dre^v his cntloss and attempted to cnt off the head of the pike, when his weapon snapped ot the hilt, and he was left 
 apparently at the mercy of the Turk. He parried the thrnst of the Tripolltan, ond sprang upon and clutclicd him by the 
 throat. A trial of strength ensued, ond they both fell to the dc ' "^he Tripolitan attempted, as they iny, to draw a 
 small ponlnrd from his sash. Decatur perceived the movement, grabpea ^he hand that held the deadly steel, and drew 
 from his own pocket a small pistol, which he passed round the body of his antagonist, pointed it inward, and shot him 
 dead. During the affi-ay, Reuben James, a quarter-gunner, performed a most self-sacrificing act. One of the Tripolitan 
 crew, seeing the perilous condition of his commander, aimed a sabrc-blow at Decatur's head. James, with both firing 
 disabled from wounds and bleeding profusely, rushed between the Tripolitan and his commander, and received tlic i 
 
 sabre-stroke upon his own 
 head. The blow was not fa- 
 tal. Decatur took the dirk 
 from his foe, and afterward 
 presented it to Captain 
 (now [1807] the venerable 
 
 TBirOLITAN I'ONIABD. 
 
 Vice-Admirai) Charles Stew- 
 art— fi-om which the annexed j 
 drawing was made. One of the 
 weapons— a powerful though I 
 not large sort of a sword or J 
 long knife, in a shark- skin [ 
 
 Deatmction of the 
 
 when all was 
 and ears hcnt 
 imtil the daw 
 man of that pt 
 an accident or 
 a patriotic han 
 into the hands 
 the matter has 
 Lack of pow( 
 modoro Preble 
 maintenance of 
 10th of Septeml 
 Barron. He ret 
 highest regards 
 Congress voted 
 Oa PrcbJo they 
 
 'Waldo, in his £,/»„/ ft,, 
 Hat as the /n«rfp« moved t 
 men In each, captured the" 
 their fate to be miserable ca 
 elevcD months, considered d 
 pression a newspaper writer 
 
 scabbard— which was taken trom the enemy by Decatur at that time, Is delineated in the engraving on page 121. It | 
 U in the possession of F. J. Dreer, Esq., of Pbiladclpbia.— See Waldo's Li/e qfjheatur, page 132, 
 
 'Edward Preble was born 1 
 
 "(i engaged in the merchant 
 
 '''i<'7''fd became Ileutena 
 
 Wepeudence. He was the fir 
 
 ITO cruises in the brig a"L 
 
 »Wch he sailed to the East ?n 
 
 nio likeness of Preble given, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 1S8 
 
 Deatructlun of tho Intrtpid. 
 
 Honora to Commodura Preble. 
 
 Biographical Sketch. 
 
 when all was again silence and darkness three-fold greater than before. Anxious eyes 
 and ears bent in the direction of the dreadful explosion. Tho boats were waited for 
 until the dawn with almost insupportable impatience. They never came, and no 
 man of that perilous expedition was heard of afterward. Whether the explosion was 
 an accident or a sacrifice — whether a shot from the enemy, or a brand dropped from 
 a patriotic hand to prevent the ketch and its freight of men and powder from falling 
 into the hands of the Tripolitans — can never be known. For more than sixty years 
 the matter has been shrouded in impenetrable mystery.* 
 
 Lack of powder and the approach of the stormy season of the year induced Com- 
 modore Preble to cease operations on the dangerous Barbary coast, other than the 
 maintenance of the blocVado of Tripoli. Not another shot was fired ; and on the 
 10th of September* Preble was relieved by the arrival of Commodore Samuel 
 Barron. He returned home late in February, 1805, bearing expressions of the 
 highest regards from his officers, and received the homage of the nation's gratitude.'^ 
 Congress voted thanks to the commodore, and all who had served under his orders. 
 On Preble they bestowed a gold medal bearing appropriate devices and inscrip" 
 
 UEDAL GIVEN TO flO3IM0DOBE PBKOLE. 
 
 1 WaUlo, in his Li/e o/ Decatvr, page 14C, says that an eye-witness informed him that the evening was unusually calm ; 
 that as the Intrepid moved silently into the inner harbor, two of the enemy's heaviest galleys, with more than n hundred 
 men in each, captured the " Infernal," wholly unconscious of her cl)aracter. The impression was that Somcrs, knowing 
 ihcir fate to be miserable captivity if taken prisoners into the city, where Bainbridge and his men had then suffered for 
 eleven months, considered death preferable, and with his own hand flred the magazine of the Intrepid. Under this im- 
 prewion a newspaper writer, after alluding to the capture, wrote with more feeling than poetry— 
 
 " In haste they board : see Somcrs stand, 
 Determined, cool, formed to command, 
 The match of death in his right hand, 
 
 Scorning a life of slavery. 
 And now behold ! Jhe match applied, 
 The mangled foe the welkin ride : 
 Whirling aloft, brave Somers cried, 
 ' A glorioas death or liberty 1' " 
 'Edward Preble was born in Portland, Maine, on the 16th of August, 1761. He early evinced a passion for the sea, 
 and engaged in the merchant service. He became a midshipman in the naval service in 1779 in the state ship Protector. 
 lie afterward became lieutenant of the sloop-of-war Winthrop, and remained in her during the remainder of the war fbr 
 iDdependence. He was the first lieutenant appointed in the new naval establishment in 1TO8, and soon afterward made 
 l»o cruises in the brig Pickerinii ns commander. In 1800 he was made captain and placed in command of the E»sex, in 
 which he sailed to the East Indies to convoy American vessels. On account of ill health he withdrew from active serv- 
 ice until 1808, when he went to the Mediterranean Sea. After his succcssfVil operations there he again withdrew ft-om 
 Ihe service. In 1800 ho suffered severely troxa debility of the digestive organs, from which he never recovered. lie 
 died on the 26th of August, ISOT, at the age of forty-six years. To his memory a friend wrote In 1807— 
 " Lamented chief! though death be calmly past. 
 Our navy trembled when he breathed his last I 
 Our navy mourns him, but it mourns in vain : 
 A Preble ne'er will live— ne'er die again 1 
 Yet hope, desponding, at the thought revives — 
 A second Preble— a Deoatdr lives 1" 
 I The likeness of Preble given on page 120 is flrom a portrait of him in Fancoil Hall, Boston. 
 
 ■'w 
 
 i ( 
 
ram 
 
 11 
 
 124 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Commodore Barmti's Sqimtlron In the Mediterranean, The Naval Monument at Annapolli. DeTlcen and Inacrlpttonn. 
 
 tions.' Officers of tho navy afterward caused a white marble monument to be erected 
 at tlie government dock-yard near the National Capitol in memory of their brother 
 officers who fell at Tripoli,'^ 
 
 Commodore Barron found himself in command of a much greater naval force thd.ii 
 the Americans had ever put afloat in the Mediterranean Sea. It consisted of tlie 
 Prm</('w<, 44, Captain Cox; 6'o>t«<t<M<ion, 44, Captain Decatur; C'o7iffrea8, SS, Ci\])Uun 
 Itodgers ; Constellation^ 38, Captain Campbell ; JCiisex, 32, Captain J. Barron ; >Sm'«, 
 16, Captain Stewart ; Arrpis, 10, Captain Hull ; Vixen, 12, Captain Smith ; Enterjmse, 
 12, Lieutenant Commandant Robinson, and Nautilus, 12, Lieutenant Commandant 
 Dent, The John Adanis, 28, Captain Chauncey, and the Hornet, 12, Lieutenant Com- 
 mandant Evans, with two bombs and twelve gun-boats, were expected to join the 
 Mediterranean squadron. It will be perceived that in this squadron, in actual com- 
 mand, were many of those who attained to great distinction during the War of 1812. 
 
 ' The engraving on the preceding page shows tho exact bIzc of the medal, 
 dore, with the legend, "Ki>waiiiio Pukiilk, duoi btrenco oo.mitia AM^:Ill<^\NA." 
 barding tho town and forts of Tripoli; legend, " vinuioi oommbboii aheiiioam. 
 
 On one side Is a bnst of tho comrno- 
 On tho rcvcmc, the American fleet bom- 
 Exergue— \tiiK tbipoli, 18(W." 
 
 > The picture repreeenls tho monu- 
 ment as It appeared when first erected. 
 It Is of whlto marble, and with Its pres- 
 ent pedestal (not seen In the engrnv- 
 Ing) Is about forty feet In height. It 
 was mutilated when tho navy yard at 
 Washington was burned In 1S14. It 
 was afterward repaired, and removed 
 t<j the west front of tho Capitol In 
 \\'a8blngton, where It was placed upon 
 a spacious brown-stone base In an oval 
 reservoir of water. (The monuir.snt, 
 with this base, was removed to Annap- 
 olis, In Maryland, in ISCfl, and xct up 
 there In tho grounds of the Naval 
 Academy. In consequence of the Great 
 Robelllou, In 1801, that academy wn« 
 removed to Newport, Rhode Island. 
 The monument was left. "It is sltn- 
 ated," wrote Mr. William Yorke Alice 
 to tho author In January, 1802, "on a 
 bill in the northwestern portion of the 
 naval school grounds. It is in a state 
 of good preservation, and adds uot a 
 little to the beauty of the grounds." 
 
 The shaft Is surmounted by the 
 American eagle, bearing the shield. 
 On Its sides the representations of the 
 bows of vessels are seen projecting, 
 and by its pedestal is an allegorical 
 figure otFame In the attitude of alight- 
 ing, with a coronal of leaves in one 
 hand and a pen in the other. The 
 form of the pedestal has been altered. 
 On one side of the base, in relief, is a 
 view of Tripoli and the American 
 squadron ; on the other the names of 
 the heroes In whose memory the 
 monument was erected. On three 
 sides of tho base are statues rep- 
 resenting Mercury (Commerce), ll\»- 
 tory, and America, the latter In the 
 form of an Indian girl with a feather 
 head-dress, half nude, and two chil- 
 dren near. On the brown sandstone 
 sub-base on which this monument now 
 stands are the following InscriptionE, 
 upon three sides : 
 
 1. "Erected to the memory of Captain Richard Somers, Lieutenants James Caldwell, James Decatur, Henry Wads- 
 worth, Joseph Israel, and John Dorsey, who fell in the different attacks made on the city of Tripoli in tho year of our 
 Lord 1804, and in the twenty-eighth year of the Independence of the United States." 
 
 2. "The love of country Inspired them. Fanx has crowned their deeds. Jlftstorj/ records the event. TheCAjWrenii/ 
 Columbia admire, and Commerce laments their fall." 
 
 S. " As a small tribute of respect to their memory, and admiration of their valor, so worthy of Imitation, their brother 
 officers have erected this monnmeul." 
 
 HAVAL 1I0^D1IE.^T. 
 
 Alliance with Ilame 
 
 Barron's flu/, 
 
 meiiacini,' AIooj 
 
 1804-6. ■" Mean 
 
 against Tripoli 
 
 ciitcd under th 
 
 tainWilliiiniEa 
 
 army, then cons 
 
 We Ji,ave al 
 
 Ilaniet Caranial 
 
 of the beyship o 
 
 iukes. It Was < 
 
 brother, Accor 
 
 Kgypt" to conie 
 
 and the Viceroy 
 
 He left the Man 
 
 Alexandria, wlio 
 
 nations. Early i 
 
 Imndred and nine 
 
 the great Desert 
 
 tcrranean for a tli 
 
 American vessels, 
 
 After two success 
 
 ed the capital, coi 
 
 when, to the mort 
 
 of Ilamet, they we 
 
 pared before Trij 
 
 Ba.shaw.i 
 
 Thus ended the 1 
 
 and Commodore W 
 
 qiienceofthe failin 
 
 the I St of August, 
 
 to the United State 
 
 The power of the 
 
 the barbarians of tl 
 
 neaii Sea was relievi 
 
 ieans had done mon 
 
 powers of Europe u 
 
 navy in the Mediter 
 
 '"It had been an adi 
 
 value of the lessons 
 
 the war with Great 
 
 While these event 
 
 part of the American 
 
 eommenced in Europ 
 
 cessity of strengthen! 
 
 We have observed 
 
 and that England pj 
 
 thousands of Englishi 
 
 I .'"P""' " was agreed that «flO 
 !ta«hamillatIngTerm«fortr' 
 »lfe and children. HelostTvi 
 Wlon for his services!^? 
 
 n it 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 196 
 
 y^^^^ii^^^^T^^^ 
 
 Alliance with lUmet Caramalll. March acroM Northern AMc*. Peace with Tripoli. The Bwbarjr 
 
 HarroirH fliig-Hhip waH the l^e«ident, Lt-aving Bomo of his force to overawe the 
 mcnucing Moorn, lie kept up tlie blockade of Tripoli during the autumn aixl winter of 
 1804-6. Meanwhile a land inovenient 
 ajjainst Tripoli was conceived and exe- 
 cuted under the management of Cap- 
 tain William Eaton, of the United States 
 army, then consul at Tunis. 
 
 We have already observed tliat 
 Ilainet Caramalli, the right possessor 
 of the beyship of Tripoli, had fled to Egypt. lie had taken refuge with the Mame- 
 lukes. It was determined to make common cause with him against his usurping 
 brother. Acc:ordingly Captain Eaton, with three American officers, set out for 
 Egyjtt* to confer with him. Ilamct joyfully accepted their alliance, . November 20, 
 aiui the Viceroy of Egypt gave him permission to leave the country. ^*'^- 
 
 He left the Mamelukes with about forty followers, and joined Eaton westward of 
 Alexandria, who was at the head of a small number of troops, composed of men of all 
 nations. Early in March*" the allies, with transportation consisting of one t. Mnroh o, 
 hundred and ninety camels, started for Tripoli. They traversed portions of ^*"^- 
 the great Desert of Barea, and the wild regions along the African coast of the Medi- 
 terranean for a thousand miles. Late in April," in conjunction with two « April 2T. 
 American vessels, they captured the Tripolitan sea-port town of Dernc. d May is and 
 After two successful engagements'' with Tripolitan troops they approach- "'""'' ^^• 
 ed the capital, confident of success, for their followers had become very numerous, 
 when, to the mortification of Captain Eaton and the extinguishment of all the hopes 
 of Ilamet, they were apprised that Tobias Lear, consul-general on that coast, had ap- 
 peared before Tripoli in the £Jssex, and made a treaty" with the terrified 
 Bashaw.' 
 
 Thus ended the four years' M'ar with Tripoli. The mlcr of Tunis was yet insolent, 
 and Commodore Rodgers, who had become commander of the squadron in conse- 
 iiuence of the failing health of Barron, anchored thirteen vessels beft)re liis capital on 
 tiie Ist of August. The haughty Bey was speedily humbled, and sent an embassador 
 to the United States. 
 
 The power of the American government was now acknowledged and feared by all 
 the barbarians of the northern shores of Africa, and the commerce of the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea was relieved of great peril. Pope Pius the Seventh declared that the Amer- 
 icans had done more for Christendom against the North African pirates than all the 
 powers of Europe united. The cruising and belligerent operations of the American 
 navy in the Mediterranean had not only accomplished this great good for the w(»rld, 
 but had been an admirable school for the military marine of the United States. The 
 value of the lessons taught in that school was manifested a thousand times durhig 
 the war with Great Britain that ensued a few years later. 
 
 While these events in the Mediterranean, connected in the practical service on the 
 part of the Americans with the "War of 1812, were transpiring, political changes had 
 commenced in Europe which speedily aroused the United States to a sense of the ne- 
 cessity of strengthening the naval arm of the government. 
 
 We have observed that the beginning of 1802 saw a general pacification of Europe, 
 and that England paid obsequious court to Bonaparte, whose fascinations allured 
 thousands of Englishmen to France. Tliis "JFirst Kiss in Ten Years," celebrated by 
 
 ' This treaty was not creditable. Althongb it was etipnlated that the United States shonld pay no more tribute to 
 Tripoli, It was agreed that $aO,(K)fl should be paid for captives then in possession cf the Bashaw. Altogether better and 
 \m humiliating terms for the United States raight have been obtained. All that Hamet gained was the release of his 
 iflfe and children. He lost every thing else. He afterward came to the United States, and applied to CongreBS for re- 
 maneration for his eervices In tavor of the AmericaLS. His petition was denied, but $2400 were voted for his temporary 
 relisf. 
 
 I , -1^' 
 

 1 \ 
 
 
 139 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 BoBtparte daclkr.d Contul for LIAs. 
 
 III! Imolence toward the Enifllib. 
 
 War declared BKalnit Franrr. 
 
 iho oftricatnriwtH, was tho last for more than that space of time. First jealousy, thou 
 HiiHpicion, and, finally, intonno hatrod of Franco and her ruler took poHsenHion of the 
 English mind. These feelings were intensified by tin; act of the French Senate, who 
 • AnjTO«t8, declared Honapartc consul for life," a declination speedily sanctioned hy the 
 
 * • votes of three millions of Frenchmen. This was jealously regarded us it 
 cautious step toward more absolute power, which Englaml feared ; and when, im- 
 " AuKuntis. mediately afYerward, first tho Islaml of Elba,'' flu'n Piedmont," then the 
 ' September 11. Ducliy of Parma,'' were incorporated into the dominionH of France, no 
 'October. Qup doubted that the First Consul wouhl speedily set armies in motion 
 
 for the greater aggrandizement of hiinself and the country of his adoption. 
 
 England professed to sec in this accession of territory infringements of tho Treaty 
 of Amiens. Honapartc retorted by accusing Great liritain of violating the sp'rit of 
 treaties and endeavoring to disturb tho peace of Europe, for which he was laboring, 
 and assumed toward Rlngland a haughty and dictatorial tone that wounded her sens- 
 itive pride. lie evinced a disposition to possess Malta; required England to drive 
 royal French emigrants froir^ her shores, where they had taken refuge ; demanded a 
 suppression of the liberties of the English pn ,48 in its criticisms on French affairs, be- 
 cause it was regarded as liis most dangerous enemy ; and actually asked for a modifi- 
 cation of the English Constitution.' He was charged with inciting another rebellion 
 in Ireland, and distributing liis secret emissaries, under the guise of consuls, all along 
 the British coasts.'' 
 
 The cup of Bonaparte's iniquity was finally made full to English comprehension 
 when, at the beginning of March, 1 803, lie declared, in an official note to Lord Whit- 
 worth, the British embassador in Paris, that England, alone, can not now encountor 
 France." That announcement, assuming tho shape of a menace, raised a storm of 
 patriotic indignation all over England, which found a loud echo in t'le House of Lords 
 on the 9th of March. That indignation, not unmixed with alarm, became more in- 
 tense when intelligence reached London that a Senatua Consultiim on the 21 st of 
 March had placed one Imndred and twenty thousand conscripts at the command of 
 the French ruler. Still professing a desire for peace, the Addington ministry contin- 
 ued negotiations with Bonaparte. Finally, in May, the British minister iit Piiris, who 
 had been personally insulted by the First Consul, and who had repeatedly wii med his 
 government that the negotiations on the part of the French ruler Avere deceptive, and 
 contrived only to give time for hostile preparation, was ordered to leave the Frencii 
 capital. The British government immediately ordered the French minister to leave 
 London, and on the 1 8th of May formally declared Avar against France, and put in 
 immediate operation an embargo upon all French vessels in English ports. In retal- 
 iation, crowds of English visitors in the French dominion were seized and held as 
 prisoners of war.' Immense bodies of troops were sent to the French coast, and men- 
 aced England with immediate invasion. Bonaparte superintended the preparations 
 in person, established his head-quarters at Boulogne, on the roads to which finger- 
 posts marked '"''To LondorC were erected, and every possible means were used to in- 
 
 > The English Constltntion Is not a pemanent Instmment embodying the foundations of all laws, like that of the 
 United States, but comprehends the whole body of English laws enacted by Parliament, and by which the British peo- 
 ple are governed. The Constitution of tho United States is superior to the Congress or National Legislature ; the Par- 
 liameul or National Legislature of England is superior to the Constitution. What Parliament declares to be the Coneti- 
 tution of England is the Constitution of England: what the Parliament enacts the monarch must bo governed by, and 
 the courts can not adjudge to be unconstitutional and void. Sheridan comprehensively said, "The King of England \t 
 not seated on a solitary eminence of power ; on the contrary, he sees his eqvaU in the coexisting branches of the Legis- 
 lature, and he recognizes his mtperior in the law." 
 
 ' The latter charge was proven by the seizure of the papers of the French consul at Dublin, in whoso secret Instmc- 
 tions were the following passages : " You are required to furnish a plan of the ports of your district, vlth a specification 
 of the soundings for mooring vessels. If no plan of the ports can be procured, yon are to point out with what vriui vee- 
 sols can come in and go out, and what Is the greatest draught of water with which vessels can enter the river deeply 
 laden." 
 
 3 About twelve thousand English subjects of all ages were committed to ctutody. 
 
 TbeXnirllih Paopl* e 
 
 flame* the resei 
 
 C'liann(>i. 
 In England o 
 
 its ruler. Inmn 
 over the land, s< 
 counts of his bar 
 which had bowe 
 triotism and cou 
 able, and yet wit 
 and ridicule agai 
 
 to look UJMMlbofJl 
 
 HiiL^tling of hoyH 
 nioiricnt was niaJ 
 year 1 80.3 was on 
 n()iirl»on Royalist 
 less, the most ini] 
 ('onsj)irators again 
 the throne from w 
 !i few years before. 
 
 ' Bonaparte was somotli 
 Innghedat. One mornluB 
 "t Mr. Bull's Menagerie, iH 
 iloiiapnrto. He has been 
 clupmfa would otfur In the 
 
 Or boastful ballads la woi 
 
 The theatres were resonon 
 "The Wand." began wi"hth 
 
 Olllray and other earlcatnrN 
 Same of these caricatures, whl( 
 
 live to any thing lilte ridicule 
 on BtUhazzar't Peant, by Gllira 
 
 Consul and Josephine, his wife 
 
 I V"^' ?''/?'•'' '»s'"ck Into St 
 
 »?,^1^1"""S'"«« bumper, 
 
 I "',««'• of King George. Above 
 
 «lgh« down the red cap tndu 
 Uiree afterward princesses of th 
 
 «lvenlnfulllnvrright'8/w" 
 
 "operated the p4con3 
 Onthe2MofJuIytheger^ 
 "t, an eminent barrister, wh™ 
 ^selves so unworthy of hims 
 Wicltlow Mountains. He mltrht 
 "5 him to linger. n.'^X 
 
OF THE WAR '^w i g I 2. 
 
 127 
 
 The Entfllih People excited aKatnit Frane*. Invidon i>r (Irrnt IlrttulD by the French expected. WIttlclimt. 
 
 flntno thu rcHenttnontB of Freuchiiieii ugiiinHt their KngliHh neighbors ticruss tho 
 Clmiiiu'l. 
 
 In Kiigland ovory nrt wns also employed to cxcito tlio ^jpoplo ftgninst Franco and 
 itH ruU'r. Iinnu'iiHc immbcrH of "loyal pajxTs" and " loyiil tracts" were Hcattcred 
 over the land, Homo being atroeioiiH liheln on Honaj)arte ami his family, tiotitiouft ac- 
 coimtH of hiH barbaritioH, and exaggerated pit^tiires of Iuh treatment of those countries 
 which had bowed to his power; others were calm and dignified a|)peals to the pa- 
 triotism and courage of tho nation. It was evident to all that an invasion was prob- 
 able, and yet wits, and satirists, and vulgar libelers hurled j)erpetual volleys of abuse 
 aiitl ridicule against Bonaparte and France, aflecting, witli ill-ilisguised trepidation, 
 to look upon both with contempt.' This apj)arent gayety and unconcern was like tho 
 wiiistling of boys in the dark to keep their courage up. The government at the same 
 iiioment was making immense jirejiarations io repel the expected invasion, and the 
 vciir 1803 was one of alarm and terror for all England.' She was the asylum of the 
 iJoiirbon Royalists, who were tho traditional enemies of all popular liberty and prog- 
 ri'Hs, the most implacable foes of tho French ruler, and the sleepless and relentless 
 conspirators against the lives of all who should stand in the way of their recovery of 
 tlic throne from which the best of their lineage, Louis the Sixteenth, had been driven 
 a few years before. These Royalists were petted by the English government and pit- 
 
 > nmmpflrte wnn Homctimeii compared to n wild boant, at other times to n pigmy, and at alt tlmcB an a hlnstercr to bo 
 liuighcd at. Olio moniiiig London would be amused by n large placard announcing mi exhibition thUH: "Junt arrived 
 lit Mr. Bull's Menagerie, In Brltlflh Lane, the moat renowned and sagoclouH Sfun-tiiier or Qrano-outang, called Napoleon 
 lluiiapnrte. He hiix been exhibited In Holland, Switzerland, and Italy, nnd lately In Egypt," etc. Another murulug 
 chapmca would offer in the great thoroughfares songs with words like these : 
 
 " Come, I'll sing yon a song. Just for want of some other, 
 About a nrmll thing thnt has made a great pother : 
 A mere in»eet—n iti(pnij. I'll tell yon, my hearty, 
 'TIs tho C'orslcan hop-o'-my-thumb, Buouapart)." 
 Or boastful ballads In words lllio those : 
 
 " Arm, nelghboi j, at length, 
 And pnt forth yonr strength 
 Perfldlons, bold France to resist t 
 Ten Frenchmen will fly, 
 To shun n black eye. 
 If one Englishman doubles his flnt 1" 
 The theatres were resonant with patriotic songs. One of the most popular of those sung in the play-houses, called 
 "The Inland," began with this stanza: 
 
 "If tho French have a notion 
 Of crossing tho ocean. 
 
 Their luck to be trying on land. 
 They may come if they like i 
 But we'll soon make 'em strike 
 To tho lads of tho tight little Island ! 
 Huzza for tho boys of the Island ! 
 The brave volnnteerg of the Island 1 
 The fraternal embrace. 
 If foes want In this place, 
 We'll present all tho arms in the Island !" 
 GUIray and other earicafnrlsts were exceedingly active at this time in ridiculing all parties, bat especially Bonaparte. 
 Some of these caricatures, which were grossly personal, annoyed the Corsican exceedingly, for he was extremely scnsl- 
 livc to any thing like ridicule against himself and family. Tho one which gave him niost offense was a broad parody 
 on BeUhazzar'g Femt, by Oiilray, which appeared in August, 1803, entitled " The llandwriting on the Wall." The First 
 Consul and Josephine, his wife (the latter represented of enormous bulk), and other members of his family and court, 
 >re seated at table devouring tho good things of England as a dessert. When Bonaparte flnt discovers the mysterions 
 hand, his fork is stuck into St. James's, seen on his plate. Another is swallowing the Tower of London, while Jose- 
 phine is drinking largo hampers of wine. On a plate bearing tho Inscription " Oh do roast beef of Old England 1" is seen 
 ahead of King George. Above the fcasters a hand holds the scales of Justice, In which the legitimate cro^vn of Frarco 
 weighs down tho red cap and its attendant chain— Despotism under the name of Liberty. Behind Josephine stand tho 
 three afterward princesses of the imperial family— Borghesc, Louise, and Joseph Bonpparte, A copy of this caricature Is 
 given in ftill in Wright's History of the Howie of Hanover, illustrated by Caricatures aiui Satires. It is said to have greatly 
 eiiwperated the First Consul and his fk'iends. 
 ' On the iSi of July the germ of another rebellion In Ireland ap|}eared at Dublin. The chief leader was Robert Em- 
 met, an eminent barrister, who was implicated, with his brother, In the rebellion there in 1T98. His followers proved 
 Iheraeelves so unworthy of himself and the couse (which was the independence oflreland) that ho fled in despair to the 
 1 fficklow Mountains. Ho might hove evaded pursuit, but his love for his betrothed, the daughter of the famous Cnrran, 
 ami him to linger. He was arrested, tried for and found guilty of treason, and hanged on the 20th of September fol- 
 lowiui!. 
 
 
 '"! 
 
 
 i 
 
 
m^ 
 
 1' 
 
 i i 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' :, 
 
 ! ' ■ 
 
 128 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ' May 3. 
 
 Effects of the British Declaration of War. Fight for the Championship. Bonaparte proclaimed £mperor. His Plans. 
 
 ied by the English people ; and thia offense, above all others, exasperated Bonaparte, 
 for he regarded England as the aceoriplice of the conspirators against himself and 
 human freedom. 
 
 The British declaration of war, said Meneval (who was always at the elbow of the 
 First Consul), changed his whole nature.' lie had been planning vast beneficent 
 schemes for France under the serene skies of universal peace, when England, of all the 
 nations loudest in her professions of concord and sentiments of Christian benevo- 
 lence, Avas the first to disappoint him — the first to again disturb the peace of Europe 
 by brandishing high in air the flaming sword of war, instead of the green olive- 
 branch of amity and good will. Compelled to accept the challenge, he resolved to 
 gi/e her war to her heart's content. 
 
 Each party charged the other Avith acts of flagrant wrong against the peace and 
 well-being of the world, and the record of impartial history implies that both spoke 
 the truth. It is not our business to act as umpire on the question, or to delineate the 
 events of the great war that ensued. We will simply consider the resulting effeetK 
 of these international strifes on the peace and prosperity of the United States. The 
 war was waged by both parties Avith an utter disregard of the rights of all other 
 nations or the settled maxims of international comity. France and England entered 
 the lists for the champion's belt — for the supremacy in the political affairs of the 
 Avorld — and t}iey fought Avith the science, the desperation, and the brutality of ac- 
 complished pugilists. 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1 804, Bonaparte Avas proclaimed Emperor of the French, in 
 accordance Avith a decee of the Senate* and the Aotes of the people. To 
 give more eminent sanction to the deed, the Pope Avas invited to perform the 
 coronation ceremony. lie consented, and on the 2d of December folloAving Bona- 
 parte Avas anointed by his holiness, at the great altar of Notre Dame, "The High and 
 Mighty Napoleon the First." The republics Avhich he had established by his SAvord 
 Avere speedily changed into kingdoms, on the thrones of Avhich members of his own 
 " May 20 family Avere placed. In May, the folloAving year,'' he Avas solemnly anointed 
 
 isos. King of Italy at Milan. Then he cast his eyes significantly over Europe, and 
 contemplated a thorough reconstruction of its map. England, Kussia, Austria, and 
 Sweden, alarmed and provoked, coalesced against the " usurper," as Napoleon Avas 
 called. Prussia Avas kept from the league only by a bribe. Napoleon having ofterod 
 Hanover, Avhich he had stolen from England, as the price of the king's friendship. 
 Very soon a French army one hundred and eighty thousand strong Avas upon tlie 
 Rhine. On the 2d of December the strength of the Corsican Avas tested. Against 
 hiiU; iiear Austerlitz, appeared two great armies, each led, like his OAvn, by ar em- 
 peror. They met in deadly conflict. Napoleon Avas the victor. The Continental 
 PoAvers AvithdrcAV from the contest. Prussia received Hanover as her reward, and 
 England Avas left to fight the Emperor of the French single-handed. Napoleon pro- 
 ceeded to distribute croAvns and ducal coronets among his friends and favorite gen- 
 erals Avith a lavish hand, and induced no less than fourteen German princes, Avho 
 ruied over sixteen millions of people, to form a league, under the supremacy of 
 France, knoAvn as the Confederacy of the Rhine. 
 
 Early in 1800 the English government, under the premiership of Charles Fox. 
 opened Avith Napoleon negotiations for peace, the restoration of Hanover being oiu 
 of the proposed conditions. Napoleon considered it, and on that account the Kini: 
 of Prussia, alarmed and offend'^d, joined the coalition of the Northern PoAvers against 
 liira. TIk exasperated emperor marched upon Prussia, and, after slaying moiv than 
 " October 28, tAventy tliousand of the king's subjects in arms, he entered Berlin,' liii- 
 capital, in triumph. MeauAvhile the Russians had been beaten hack 
 
 Second 
 
 through Pola 
 huriiing Avith 
 the Prussian 
 Berlin Decree 
 minions in a si 
 the ocean to 
 the United Sta 
 
 1 The following is i 
 
 "Napoleon, Eniper 
 "1. That EiiKland 
 "1 That she dcclni 
 oners of war not only 
 same ; 
 
 "3. That she extcii 
 right of conquest, whi 
 "■1. That she extern 
 reason and the usages 
 "5. That she declnrc 
 l)e considered blockad< 
 elic declares even i)Iac 
 ffhiile eini)ire. 
 
 "0. That this iincqna 
 
 different nations, and U 
 
 "7. That this heini; tl 
 
 tliat design, and becoini 
 
 "S. That this conduc 
 
 of other nations; 
 
 "». That It being righ 
 of justice and every libei 
 "Wc have resolved to 
 "The present decree s 
 tlie riijhts of war are the 
 liersons who are not mi 
 competent forces. 1 
 
 "Art. I. The British Isl 
 "Art. i. All commerce 
 Engl.iMd, or lo an English 
 seized. 
 
 "Art. 3. Every Indlvidn 
 
 p!o(l l)y onr troops or thos 
 
 "Art. 4. Every warchoui 
 
 "Art. 6. One half of the 
 
 tliall (JO to Indemnify mere 
 
 "Art. tf. No vessel com 1 1 
 
 ilccree, shall be admitted Ii 
 
 "Art. T. Every vessel thi 
 
 ud carijo confiscated as Ei 
 
 "Art. 8. [This article sU 
 
 arise In the Empire and in 
 
 "Art. 9. Commtmicalion 
 
 ^rnlllcs whose subjects as 
 
 "Art. 10. Our ministers 
 
 With a partiality toward t 
 lerferc with \merlcan vese 
 Ik Ciiu«ea nut Co)uiequeiteM 
 ■ml Cmnvtertx of Avifrim, s 
 ibo French privateers interft 
 llianintime of profound pc 
 liecB doubled, and oven trcb 
 
 1806. 
 
 1 IlMor;i of the Sea»\d War betaeen the United States of America and Great Britain, by Charles J. Ingersoll. 
 Series, i., 200. 
 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 129 
 
 The Berlir Decree. 
 
 through Poland, and he was in possession of Warsaw. Strong, bold, and defiant, and 
 Ininiing with a desire to humble " pei-fidious Albion," he issued from his camp at 
 tiie Prussian capital" the famous manifesto known in history as the .November 21 
 Herlin Decree,^ which declared the ports of the whole of the British do- i*"*- 
 
 iniuions in a state of blockade, while a French vessel of war scarcely dare appear on 
 the ocean to enforce it. This brings us to the immediate consideration of events in 
 the United States, and the effects of the strife abroad upon American alfairs. 
 
 1 The fuUowlng ia a copy of the decree: 
 
 "Imperial Camp, Berlin, November 21, 1800. 
 
 "Napoleon, Eiiperor of the French and King of Italy, considering: 
 
 "1. That England does not admit the right of natlouB as nnlvcrsally acknowledged by all civilized people ; 
 
 "2. That she declares as an enemy every Individual belonging to an enemy state, and, In consequence, makes pris- 
 oners of war not only of the crews of armed vessels, but those also of vierchaiU vessels, and even the supercar;,'oe8 of the 
 same ; 
 
 "3. That she extends or applies to merchant vessels, to articles of commerce, and to the property of ludlvlduala the 
 right of conquest, which can only be applied or extended to what belongs to an enemy state ; 
 
 "4. That she extends to ports not fortified, to harbors and mouths of rivers, tlie riijht of btockadt, which, according to 
 reason and the usages of civilized natiiuis, is applicable only to strong or fortified ports; 
 
 "B. That she declares places blockaded bofore which she has not a single vessel of war, although a place ought not to 
 be considered blockaded but when it is so invested that no approach to It can be made without Imminent hazard ; that 
 ihc declares even places blockaded which her united forces would be incapable of doing, such as entire coasts and a 
 whole empire. 
 
 "C. That this uneqnaled abuse of the right of blockade has no other object than to intemipt the communication of 
 different nations, and to extend the commerce and industry of England upon the ruin of those of the C'onllnent ; 
 
 "T. That this being the evident design of England, whoever deals ou the Continent in English merchandise favors 
 tiat design, and becomes an accomplice ; 
 
 "8. That this conduct in England (worthy only of the first stages of barbarism) has benefited her to the detriment 
 ofothernations; 
 
 "9. That It being right to oppose to an enemy the same arms she makes nse of, to combat as she does when all ideas 
 otjiiKtice and every liberal senii nent (the result of civilization among men) are disregarded, 
 
 "We have resolved to enforce against England the usages which she hns consecrated in her maritime code. 
 
 "The present decree shall be considered as the fundamental law of the Empire until England shall acknowledge that 
 tlic ritjhts of war are the same on land as at sea ; that they can not be extended to any private property whatever, nor to 
 |)or»nns who are not military, and until the right of blockading be restrained to fortified places actually invested by 
 competent forces. 
 
 "Art. 1. The British Islands are In a state of blockade. 
 
 "Art. 2. All commerce and correspondence with them is prohibited; consequently, all letters or packets written in 
 Engi.md, or to an Englishman tcritlen in the Engliuli laiujtiage, shall not be dispatched from the post-oftlces, and shall be 
 •fired. 
 
 " Art. 3. Every Individual a subject of Great Britain, of whatever rank or condition, who Is found In countries occu- 
 fietl by our troops or those of our allies, shall be made prisoner of war. 
 
 " Art. 4. Every warehouse, all merchandise or property whatevc ; belonging to nii Englishman, are declared good pi Ize. 
 
 "Art. 5. One lialf of the proceeds of merchandise declared to be good prize and forfeited, as In the preceding articles, 
 stiali go to indemnify merchants who have suft'cred losses by the English oiuisers. 
 
 "Art. «. No vessel coming directly from England or her colonies, or having been there since the publication of this 
 ilccree, shall be admitted into any port. 
 
 " Art. 7. Every vessel that by a false declaration contravenes the foregoing dlBpositiou shall be seized, and the ship 
 mil cari;o confiscated as English property. 
 
 "Art.!*. [This article slates that the Councils of Prizes at Paris and at Milan shall have recognizance of what may 
 arise in the Empire and in Italy under the present decree.] 
 
 "Art. 9. Communications of this decree shall be made to the Kings of Spain, Naples, Holland, Etmria, and toouroth- 
 »r allies, whoso subjects as well as ours are victims of the Injuries and barbarity of the Engll«h maritime code. 
 
 " Art. 10. Our ministers of foreign relations, etc., are charged with the execution of the present decree. 
 
 " Napoi.kon." 
 
 With a partiality toward the Americans that was practical friendship, the French cruisers did not, for o whole year, in- 
 ;irferc with \merlcan vessels trading with Oreat Britain. On this point Alexander F.arlne, M.P., in his Inquinj into 
 
 ■hr Camea Old CoitHequencen <\f the Orders in Coiiwil, atui an Examination of the Cnniliiet of Great llrilain toward the Xeit- 
 
 i' Commerce of Ameriea, said: "Xo cnndemnntion of an Amei ran vr»»el had ever taken plaee tinder it; and so little did 
 
 ;iio French privateers Interfere with the trade of America with this -^ountry, that the iniwrance on It was very little higher 
 
 Ihan 111 time of profound peace ; while that of the American trade with the Continent of Europe has at the same time 
 
 liecn doubled, and even trebled, by the conduct of o ir cruisers." 
 
 tii-tivi; 
 
 I 5 
 
5fc 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 ) 
 
 . 
 
 ■j 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 '- f 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii I i \ ■': 
 
 130 
 
 PICTOKIAL i'lELO-BOOK 
 
 Prosperity of American Commerce. 
 
 Germs of new States appearing In the Organization of Territories, 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 " Shall that arm which haughty Britain 
 
 In its grlsl'e fonnd too strong— • 
 
 That l)y which her foes were smitten— 
 
 Shall that arm be palsied long? 
 See cur sous of ocean kneeling 
 
 To a tyrant's stripes and chains ! 
 Partimn! hast thou no feeling 
 
 When the hardy tar complains? 
 See the British press-gang seize him, 
 
 Victim of relentless power ! 
 Stout his heart is, but must fail him 
 
 In this evil, trying hour." 
 
 TuE IjirunssEn Seaman's Appeal. 
 
 NCOURAGED by promises of continued peace in Europe, and the 
 relaxation r>f the " rule of 1756" by Great Britain,^ the commcrco 
 ant '.env. ' 'nisiness of the United States enjoyed a season of uii- 
 cxa- ■' .1 . ■ jjperity. The social and political power of the ip- 
 public rapidly augmented. The. Indians on the frontiers Aveiv 
 peaceful; and the causes for irritation on the part of the inhabit- 
 ants west of the mountains toward the Spaniards, who contiGlled 
 the Lower IMississippi, Avere in a fair way of being speedily re- 
 moved. The germs of new states were appearing in the late wilderness. That vast 
 domain northwest of the Ohio, west of a line drawn from the mouth of the Kentucky 
 River to Fort Recovery on St. Clair's battle-field, and thence due north to Canada, was 
 ei'ected into a Territory,* and named Indiana. William Henry Hariis-on, 
 Wayne's efficient aid in 1794 (who had been out of the army since 1798), vps 
 appointed governor of the germhial state, and established his capital at Vincenncs, 
 on the Lower Wabash. 
 At about the same time the Mississippi Territory, organized in 1 798 by Winthrop 
 Sargent, St, Clair's efficient secret".ry in the government of the Ohio country, 
 was allowed a representative a ■; laMy,'' and its political machinery was put 
 in motion. 
 
 In the spring of 1802 the United Sta - t t.e into possession, by act of Georgia, of 
 one bundled thousand square miles )t , ic ', now constituting the State of Ala- 
 bama. It was inhabited by the Creek ai. aeiokee Indians toward the east, and 
 the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes toward the a est. With those philanthropic im- 
 pulses Avhich marked the chai'acter of Jeiferson, he recommended measures for the 
 well-being of those tribes, and for securing to them equal and exact Justice. 
 Late in the same year the inhabitants within the present domain of Ohio, in repre- 
 sentative convention held at Chilicothe, adopted a State Constitution,' 
 and the Territory, called Oiiio, became a peer among the states of the 
 republic. 
 
 But these political organizations on soil within the domains of the United States, 
 and over which a civilized popnlat. was rapidly spreading, were of small account 
 when compared with the importanr fa great acquisition of territory and politieal 
 power which speedily followed. L > iana, which once comprehended the vast and 
 undeiinable region of the Valley of the Mississippi and the domain Avatered by its 
 
 _ — __ — _ — __ . a ■ 
 
 1 See note 1, page 84. 
 
 • May 7, 
 18(12. 
 
 ' May 10. 
 
 ' November 29. 
 
 Lonisiana retroced( 
 
 tributaries, fn 
 ward to the P 
 France by rig 
 honor of the G 
 Inl763Frai 
 except Florida 
 render of othei 
 dicated territoi 
 While the n 
 abroad that Sp 
 of Louisiana in 
 known as East 
 gressive power 
 to exercise an 
 and permanent i 
 much uneasiness 
 mediately instru 
 of cession was a( 
 1802. 
 
 President Jeffi 
 
 and who desired 
 
 an caniest letter 
 
 the subject. W: 
 
 ter in all its beari 
 
 lepublic which F] 
 
 would completely 
 
 nnd would form a 
 
 atioii, France is tj 
 
 lould have any coi 
 
 eaH.ses we Jiave ev 
 
 could have occasio 
 
 misfortunes ours. 
 
 natural and habitu 
 
 eighths of our terr 
 
 yield more than hal 
 
 ants. France, plac 
 
 Spain might liave i 
 
 state would induce 
 
 place would be Jian 
 
 circumstance might 
 
 thing of more wortl 
 
 "^^^ot so can it ev 
 
 energy and restlessr 
 
 and our character, w 
 
 I'igh-minded, de8i)isi 
 
 and energetic as an' 
 
 fniiice and the Unit 
 
 ble a position. . . 
 
 seuteiico which is tc 
 
 "ni<iii of two nationi 
 
 wean. From that m 
 
 '^e must turn all our 
 
 on very high ground 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 131 
 
 I/)nlsinna retroceded to France. The Americans disturbed by the Act. President Jefferson's View of the Subject. 
 
 tributaries, from the Gulf of Mexico to the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, and west- 
 ward to the Pacific Ocean, or " South Sea," as it was then called, was a possession of 
 France by right of discovery by secular and religious explorers, and was named in 
 lionor of the Gallic king Louis. 
 
 In 1763 France ceded to England the whole of that region east of the Mississippi 
 except Florida, and to Spain all west of that river. By these cessions and the sur- 
 render of others, eifected by compulsion at the end of a seven years' war, France ab- 
 dicated territorial dominion in North America. 
 
 Wliile the negotiations of the Treaty of Amiens were in progress, a rumor went 
 abroad that Spain, by secret treaty, had retroceded, or would retrocede, to France all 
 of Louisiana in her possession, and possibly the domain along the Gulf of Mexico 
 known as East and West Florida, thus giving to that now rising, ambitious, and ag- 
 gressive power the entire control of the navigation of the Mississippi, and a position 
 to exercise an influence over the political affairs of the United States more potent 
 luul permanent than had ever been attempted. This gave the government and people 
 nuieh uneasiness, and the American ministers in London, Paris, and Madrid were im- 
 mediately instructed to endeavor to defeat the measure. It was too late. The act 
 of cession was accomplished, and the fact was made known to the President early in 
 1802. 
 
 President Jefferson, who loved liis country and republican institutions intensely, 
 and who desired its prosperity and grandeur with a patriot's warm devotion, wrote 
 an earnest letter to Mr. Livingston,* the American embassador at Paris, on . April is, 
 tiie subject. With worderful sagacity he clearly comprehended the mat- *^''^- 
 ter in all its bearings, immediate and prospective, and perceived the great evils to the 
 republic which French occupation of the outlet of the Mississippi would inflict. " It 
 would completely reverse," he said, " all the political relations of the United States, 
 and would form a new epoch in our political career. Of all nations of any consider- 
 ation, France is the one which hitherto has oflTered the fewest points on which we 
 could have any conflict of right, and the mos*^ points of common interest. From these 
 causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend, as one with whom we never 
 could have occasion of difference. Her grow-th, therefore, we viewed as our own, her 
 misfortunes ours. There is on the globe one single spot the possessor of which is our 
 natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three 
 eighths of our territory must pass to market ; and, from its fertility, it will ore long 
 yield more than half of our whole produce, and contain more than half of our inhabit- 
 ants. France, placing herself in that door, assumes to us the attitude of defiance. 
 Spain might have retained it quietly for years. Her pacific dispositions, her feeble 
 state would induce her to increase our facilities there, so that her possession of the 
 place would be hardly felt by us, and it would not perhaps be very long before some 
 circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of some- 
 thing of more worth to her. 
 
 "Not so can it ever be in the hands of France; the impetuosity of her temper, the 
 energy and restlessnos.', of her character, pliced in a point of eternal friction with us 
 and our character, which, though quie*,and loving peace and the pursuit of Avealth, is 
 high-minded, despising Avealth in competition with insult or injury. Enterprising 
 and energetic as any nation on earth, these circumstances render it impossible that 
 France and the United States can long continue friends when they meet in so irrita- 
 ble a position. . . . The day that Fratice takes possession of New Orleans fixes the 
 sentence which is to restrain her forever within her low-water mark. It seals the 
 union of two nations who, in conjunction, can maintain exclusive possession of the 
 ocean. From that moment wo must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. 
 We must tuni all our attentions to fv maritime force, for Avhich our resources place us 
 on very high ground ; and, having formed and connected together a power which 
 
 t''\.^ \ 
 
mfmmm 
 
 i 
 
 ^4 
 
 ■iJ' 
 
 132 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Proposition for the Cer "Ion of LoDlsiana. The secret Designs of France. Talloyraud. Atrocious Suggestions ^1 ^*" o' J^ffe^on's i 
 
 may render re-enfcrfieraent of lier settlements here impossible to France, make the 
 first cannon which shall be fired in Europe the signal for tearing up every settlement 
 she may have made."^ 
 
 Mr. Jeiferson suggested that if France considered the possession of Louisiana "in- 
 dispensable for her views," she might be willing to cede to the United States, for a 
 consideration, the Island of New Orleans, and the Floridas, and guarantee the free 
 navigation of the Mississippi by both nations, thus removing, in a degree, " the causes 
 of jarring and irritation" between the parties.^ 
 
 Although the President's letter to Mr. Livingston was private, Mr, Jefterson chose 
 to consider it as supplemental to the official instructions which were sent to tlie em- 
 bassador, and ho desired him to urge, on proper occasions, with the proper persons 
 and in a proper manner, the considerations and suggestions which the letter con- 
 tained. As we have already observed, it was too late to prevent the cession. That 
 act had been accomplished by secret treaty eighteen mouths before.^ 
 
 Nothing now remained for the Americans to do to prevent the threatened evils of 
 
 French occupation at the mouth of the Mississippi but to negotiate for the purchase 
 
 of territory there. Such negotiations were speedily entered into. Mr. Livingston 
 
 took important preliminary steps in that direction, and in January, 1 803," 
 
 ^ ■ James Monroe was appointed to assist him in the negotiation. Tlioir in- 
 
 > Letter to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802. 
 
 » France had no really peaceful and friendly feelings toward the United States at that time. Among the dreams of 
 glory which filled the mind of Bonaparte was the re-establishment of the ancient colonial Empire of Fnmce. His lirst 
 essay was in 8t. Domingo ; his next was to be in Louisiana. What would have been his instrumentnllties there in ej. 
 tending his sway over the country west of the Allcghanies, may be inferred from the following extract of a memorial 
 whose inspiration was supposed to be the First Consul, and Talleyrand the writer. This documeut was puhll ..-^i in 
 pamphlet form in Philadelphia in 1803, but was suppressed because of negotiations then pending for the purchnse ot 
 Louisiana from France. It vindicates the wisdom and sagacity of Jefferson exhibited in the above letter to Mr. Living- 
 ston. On the forty-tlflh page of the pamphlet it is observed : 
 
 " There is still another mean, however, by which the fury of the statks may be held at pleasure— by an enemy placed 
 on their Western frontiers. The only aliens and enemies within their borders are not the blackx. They, indeed, are tht 
 most inveterate in their enmity ; but the Indians are, in many respects, more dangerous inmates. Their mvaije iijm- 
 ratice, (heir undisciplined passiang, their reallem and warlike habitg, their notions of ancient rights, make them thefitUil 
 tools imaginable for disturbing tub states. In the territory adjacent to the Ohio, Mississiiipl, and Missouri there are ! 
 more than thirty thousand men whose trade is hunting, and whose delight is war. These men lie at the mercy of «nv 
 civilized nation who live near them. Such a neighbor can gain their fUendship or provoke their enmity with cqnnl eafo. 
 He can make them inactive, or he can rouse them to fury ; he can direct their movement in any way he pleases, and \ 
 make it mischievous or harmless, by supplying their fury with arms and with leaders, or by withholding that supply. 
 
 "The pliant and addressfUl spirit of the French has always given them an absolute control over these savages. The 
 office which the laziness or the insolence of the British found impracticable was easily performed by us, and will be etill | 
 easier hereafter, since we shall enter on the scene with more advantages than formerly. 
 
 "We shall detach within, a sufficient force to maintain possession against all the efforts of the states, should they, 
 contrary to all their interests, proceed to war with or without provocation. We shall Hud in the Indian tribes an army 
 permanently cantoned in the most convenient stations, emUneed with skill ami tntiper best adajttetl to the nature aitd tht | 
 scene of the war, and armed and Impelled with far less trouble and expense than an equal number of our own troops. 
 We shall find a terrible militia, infinitely more destructive while scattered through the hostile settlements than an e^uatforo I 
 of our own. We shall And in the bowels of tuk states a mischief that only wants the touch of a well-directed sjxirk lo in- 
 volve in its explosion the utter ruin of half their nation. Such will be the power we shall derive from a military station 
 and a growing colony on the Mississippi. These will be certain and immediate effects, whatever distance and donbi 
 there may be in the remoter benefits to France on which I have so warmly expatiated. As a curb on a nation whose | 
 ftiturc conduct in peace and war will be of great Importance to us, this province will be cheaply purchased at ten times 
 the cost to which it will subject us." 
 
 The ^vriter made Bonaparte say : " My designs on the Mississippi will never be officially announced till they arc exe- 
 cuted. Meanwhile tlie world, if it pleases, may fear and suspect, but nobody will be wise enough to go to war to pre- 
 vent them. I shall trust to the folly of Knglund and America to let me go my way In my own time." 
 
 When the war between the United States and Great Britain broke out in 181'.', British writers urged the governmeni | 
 to employ the savages, with all their known blood-thirstiness andcrueltv. as allies. One writer soundly berated the gov- 
 ernment for its apparent apathy toward their "Indian friends," and cii i the above atrocious suggestions ofthcFrcndi j 
 minister as the true programme of action for the British to pursue in tlie war with the Americans I— See the Sew Quar- 
 terly Review ami British Colonial Register, No. 4 : J. M. Ricliardeon, Cornhill, London. 
 
 ' There had been for some time indications of spcc'c hostilltle;. 'letv/een the United States and Spain, growing out I 
 of the territorial relations of the two countries (m the Oulf of Mexii:ci. By a t-eaty with Spain In 179B that; overnmeiii i 
 had granted to the United States the right of de\>osit at New f/rleans lor three years, after which the privilep i was either I 
 to be continued, or an equivalent place assigned on another purt of th 3 banks of the MlBsissippl. The Spanii rds consid- 
 ered themselves masters of the province while It was unoccupied by the French, even after tlie cession w \s con?uni- 
 mated. The prlvilego of deposit at New Orleans had been continued; bnt suddenly, in October, 1802, the Si^nnish Id- j 
 tendant or governor declared by proclamation that the right of deposit at Now Orleans no longer existed, ^hit ; 
 duced great excitement in the Western country, ond the Americans, when certified of the treaty of cession, did noi doubt J 
 that the Spanish inteudant acted under orders IVom the French government. 
 
 jtnictions only 
 .Mississippi shot 
 within the ten- 
 river. 
 
 To the snrj)ri! 
 naparte,' offerc( 
 ileiiberation," sa 
 season. I renou 
 whole colony, w 
 bve sufficiently 
 ilinlomatic act \ 
 I tlie greatest reg 
 tiate this affiiir 
 The sagacious 
 i path of safety fo 
 glnnd against hir 
 I tiiat were again 1 
 I dominion to fade 
 le was more in ^^ 
 Monroe arrived 
 commenced. Th( 
 Livingston and ]V. 
 before. Every tl: 
 J signed by which 
 I extent, undefined 
 souls and forty th 
 long," said Mr. Li 
 treaty, " but this i 
 just signed has no 
 I contracting parties 
 the United St 
 I glish lose all exclu 
 Bonaparte, who 
 lekl similar opinio 
 J tiation does not le: 
 I lion that will not 
 nnexpected capital 
 J accession of territc 
 I the United States ; 
 or later, humble her 
 
 ' Marbois was secretary i 
 I hjhow at the head of the 
 ' Tonssaint L'Ouverture, 
 I ofFrance, in January, 1801, 
 Itolored population of Quad 
 I mracnt in October, 1801. 
 ji«-l»w,LeClerc, to qnell it 
 I people. A new civil war CI 
 J Md soldiers perished, and 
 lnomentary peace ensued. 
 I lioD to excite another insui 
 |e«abllsheil in Onadaloupo ( 
 I '"Ircquire a great deal 
 Iwmmcnce with new contri 
 I raited States, the indemnit 
 I plaofd of making o sale. B 
 ' The invasion of Englam 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 188 
 
 Efcct of JefTcrson's Letter and Bonaparte'f) Neceneity. 
 
 Purchase orLouieiaua. 
 
 Blow at England. 
 
 stnictions only asked for tlio cession of New Orleans and the Floridas, and that the 
 Mississippi should be divided by a line that should put the city of New Orleans 
 nithin the territory of the United States, thus securing the free navigation of that 
 river. 
 
 To the surprise of the American negotiators, M. Marbois, the representative of Bo- 
 naparte,' offered to treat for the sale of the ichoh of Louisiana. " Irresolution and 
 ileliberation," said the First Consul in his instructions to Marbois, " are no longer in 
 season. I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede, it is the 
 whole colony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I 
 liave sufficiently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since my first 
 I'inlomatic act Avith Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I renounce it with 
 the greatest regret. To attempt to retain it would be folly. I direct you to nego- 
 tiate this affair with the envoys of the United States." 
 
 Tlie sagacious Bonaparte — the Man of Expediency — saw clearly which was the 
 path of safety for him. Jefferson's covert menace of an American allianc with En- 
 jlaiid against him, his ill success against St. Domingo,^ and the storm-clouds of war 
 that were again lowering darkly over Europe, caused the gorgeous dream of colonial 
 dominion to fade from the mind of the First Consul. He needed troops at home, and 
 lie was more in want of money than far-off possessions held by doubtful tenure.' 
 
 Monroe arrived at Paris on the 12th of April, 1803. The negotiations immediately 
 I commenced. The intercourse between the three commissioners was very pleasant. 
 Livingston and Marbois had known each other intimately more than twenty years 
 t before. Every thing went on smoothly ; and in less than a fortnight a treaty was 
 signed by which the United l^tates came into the possession of a vast and, to some 
 I extent, undefined domain, containing a mixed free population of eighty-five thousand 
 j souls and forty thousand negro slaves, for the sum of $15,000,000. " We have lived 
 
 ng," said Mr. Livingston to Marbois, as he arose from his seat after signing the 
 
 I tivaty, " but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty Avhich we have 
 
 just signed has not been obtained by art or force ; equally advantageous to the two 
 
 contracting parties, it will change vast solitudes into flourishing districts. From this 
 
 day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank ; the Eu- 
 
 I jlish lose all exclusive influence in the affairs of America/' 
 
 Bonaparte, who had watched the progress of the negotiations with intense interest, 
 
 held similar opinions. " It is true," he said to Marbois a few hours later, " the nego- 
 
 I tiation does not leave me any thing to desire ; sixty millions [francs] for an occupa- 
 
 I tion that will not perhaps last for a day ! , I would that France should enjoy this 
 
 ncxpected capital, that it may be employed in works beneficial to her marine.* This 
 I accession of territory," he continued exultingly, " strengthens forever the power of 
 the United States; andl have just given to England a maritime rival that will, sooner 
 I or later, humble her pride.'''' 
 
 ' Marbois was secretary t(i the French cmbaBsy to the United States during a portion of the American Revolution, and 
 I »i! nov/ at the head of the French Treasury Department. 
 
 ' Toussaint L'Onverture, an able and courageo'-s negro, seized the Spanish part of St. Domingo, and made It a colony 
 I olFronce, in January, 180t. He was declared '' 'ent for life. This example was epeedlly followed by the black and 
 I tolorpii population of Ouadaloupe. They seized thv- ijoven or scut out by Bonaparte, and established a provisional gov- 
 I trnmont in October, 1801. Meanwhile an insurrection had broken out in St. Domingo, and Bonaparte sent his brother- 
 litlaw.Lc Clerc, to quell It. Toussaint regarded the army as an Instrument for the enslavement of himself and bis 
 Jtrnple. A new civil war ensued, while the French army was completely decimated by fever and sword. Twenty thou- 
 liind BOldicrs perished, and sixty thousand white people of the island were massacred by the InAiriated negroes. A 
 I Bomentary peace ensued. Toussaint, who deprecated these acts, was treacherously seized on the false charge of inten- 
 
 D to excite another insurrection, taken to France, and died in prison there. By direct act of Bonaparte slavery wag 
 |islal)llshe(l in Ouadaloupe (where his army was more successful), and the slave-trade was opened. 
 
 ' " I require a great deal of money," the First Consul said to Marbois, " to carry on this war, and I would not like to 
 Itommcnce with new contributions. If I should regulate my terms according to the value of those vast regions to the 
 I roiled States, the Indemnity would have no limits. I will be moderate, in consideration of the necessity in which I am 
 l^crd of making a sale. But keep this to yourself." 
 
 ' Tlie luvaBiou of England and the prostration of her maritime superiority was then Bonaparte's favorite project 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 
 
 ,J 
 
 
wmmm 
 
 
 t 
 
 (1 
 
 ,1 I 
 
 i ■! 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 184 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Secesetun proposed by New England. Condemned by Ilamiltun. Affuirs In the Suutliwest. Transfer of Loululnnn. 
 
 Notwithstanding the acknowledged national advantages to be gained by the acqui- 
 sition of Louisiana, the Federal politicians, especially those of New England, perceiv- 
 ing that it would strengthen the South, into whose hands the government had fiillen 
 raised a loud outcry against it as the work of the Southern Democrat '. Tliey pro- 
 fessed to regard the measure as inimica' ^o the interests of the North and East ; and 
 having, while in power, become familiar with the prescription of disunion of the 
 states, always put forth by the Southern political doctors as the great remedy for 
 apparently incurable political evils, they resolved to try its efficiency in the case in 
 question. All through the years 1803 and 1804 desires for and fears of a dissolution 
 of the Union were freely expressed in what arc now the free-labor states east of the 
 Alleghanies ;' and a select Convention of Federalists, to be held at Boston in the 
 autumn of 1 804, to consider the question of disunion, was contemplated early in tlmt 
 year. Alexander Hamilton was invited to attend it, but his emphatic condemnation 
 of the whole plan, only a few months before his death, seems to have disconcerted the 
 leaders and dissipated the scheme. " To his honor be it spoken," said Dewitt Clinton 
 in the Senate of the State of New York in 1809, "it was rejected by him with abhor- 
 rence and disdain." 
 
 The acquisition of Louisiana by the United States was distasteful to the Spaniards, 
 It brought the restless and enterprising Americans too near the Spanish provinces in 
 Mexico to promise quietude to the latter. Yrugo, the Spanish minister at AVasIiinc- 
 ton, therefore entered a solemn protest against the entire treaty. Questions concern- 
 ing the true boundary of Louisiana were speedily raised, and serious complications 
 were threatened. Tlie Spaniards were disposed to cling to all the territory east of 
 the Mississippi included in West Florida, and thus hold possession of New Orleans. 
 This disposition opened afresh the animosity of the inhabitants of the West against 
 the occupants of the Lower Mississippi, and the United States contemplated the ne- 
 cessity of taking possession of New Orleans by the force of arms. Troops under 
 GeneralJamcs Wilkinson, consisting of a few regulars, several companies of Mississip- 
 pi volunteers, and a considerable number of Tennessee militia, marched from Nasli- 
 ville to Natchez. 
 
 But a peaceful transfer of the territory took jjlace. Lausat, the commissioner of 
 France to receive Louisiana from the Spaniards imder the cession treaty, performed 
 that duty, and a few days afterward he formally delivered the island and city of New 
 Orleans to General Wilkinson and William C. C. Claibonie, the commissioners appoint- 
 ed for the purpose by the United States. The Spaniards were left in possession of 
 the country along the Gulf of Mexico to, the Atlantic Ocean, known aa The Floridas, 
 lying south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, and east of a Hue nearly cor- 
 responding with the present boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana on the 
 Pearl River. 
 
 Upon the soil thus acquired, and which was an important step in the direction of 
 absolute independence of Great Britain on the part of the United States, some of the 
 most stirring events of the War of 1812 occurred, and thereon was fought the last 
 and most decisive battle of the Second War for Lidependence. 
 
 The acquisition of Louisiana created in the minds of adventurers visions of personal 
 and national aggrandizement tho influence of which it was difficult to resist. Anion;,' 
 those who formed schemes of operation in that direction was Aaron Burr, the Vice- : 
 President of the United States, who in 1804, by the failure of his political aspirations, \ 
 the general distnist of his political and personal integrity, the exposure of his immoral 
 character, his hopeless financial embarrassments, and, above all, his cruel murder m 
 
 ' Jefferson, who was a strict constrnctlonlst of the Constitntlon, was a little embarrassed by this treaty. The aciinlsl- 
 tion of territory he thonght unconstitutional, and he proposed an amendment of that instrument so as to sanction thi' j 
 important act. But nothing of the kind was done. All parties coincided in the measure, and on the 20th of Octiilier. 
 1803, the Senate ratified the treaty by n vote of twenty-four to seven. The purchase of Louisiana became a precedent, 
 and its accession was one of the glories of Jlr. JelTerBon's administration. 
 
 Aaron Burr. Ills Mur( 
 
 =ii 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 135 
 
 Aaron Burr. His Murder of Ilamilton. Vtrginians honor him for It. Specially houored by Jefferson and his Friends. 
 
 the great and honored Hamilton in a duel, liad become a desperate man, and a fugi- 
 tive from society and from justice, moral and legal. When the correspondence be- 
 tween Burr and Haniihon immediately preceding the duel was published, it was evi- 
 dent that the former liad committed a murder by forcing the combat upon his victim.' 
 The public indignation ivas hitense — so intense that Burr fled before its fury to Gcor- 
 ffia by sea, " merely," as he wrote to his daughter Theodosia, a planter's wife in South 
 
 arch-foe of dcmocra- 
 cy."'* Attended by d 
 retinue of Democrats 
 he visited the thea- 
 tre in the evening, 
 where the audience 
 rose and received 
 him with cheers.' 
 At Washington City 
 he was received with 
 great deference. The 
 " President (Jefter- 
 son) seems to have 
 been more complai- 
 sant than usual;"* 
 and at Burr's re- 
 quest General Wil- 
 kinson was appoint- 
 ed Governor of Lou- 
 isiana, and Dr. Brown secreta- 
 ry. These Avere the Vice-Pres- 
 ident's warm friends. 
 
 At the close of his oflicial a.- 
 
 m 
 
 .j^<z^ 
 
 Carolina, " to give a 
 little time for pas- 
 sion to subside, not 
 from any apprehen- 
 sions of the final ef- 
 fects of proceedings 
 in courts of law." 
 
 Burr found him- 
 self in a congenial 
 iitmosphere in the 
 South. He was ietcd 
 and caressed ; and 
 when, finally, he 
 made liis way to- 
 ward Washington 
 City, to take his seat 
 as President of the 
 Senate by virtue of 
 his oflice, he Avas 
 treated to ovations. A public 
 dinner was given him at Pe- 
 tersburg, in Virginia, to hon- 
 or him as " the destroyer of the 
 reer in the spring of 1805, Burr was a ruined man, socially, politically, and pecuniari- 
 
 ' The political Intrlgnes and social immoralities of Burr had become so generally known in ISM that his fiitnre euc- 
 te«8 in any political schemes was extremely doubtful. lie offered himself as an indcpeudent candidate for Governor 
 ofthe State of New York in the spring of 1804, and was defeated, as he believed, through the powerful influence of Alex 
 jndcr Hamilton, who was convinced that he was unfit for any Important place of honor or profit. That failure Imbit- 
 Icred lilm. This feeling was intensified by the consciousness that he was suspected and distrusted every where. Ham- 
 ilton, whom he regarded as his arch-enemy, was at the same time honored and trusted. His Integrity was not doubted 
 by his most nncompromising political enemies. This contrast was like glowing embers upon the head of Burr, and he 
 was resolved to destroy his antagonist. A pretext for action to that end was not long wanting. A zealons partisan of 
 Barr's competitor in tlie late election, in his zeal during the canvass, declared in print that Hamilton had snid that the 
 Vice-President was a " dangerous man, who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government." Again ho wrote, 
 'I could detail yon a more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Burr." 
 
 Tlicse alleged expressions were made the basis of a challenge, on the part of Burr, to mortal combat, namiltou per- 
 ceived at the beginning that Burr was determined to force him to fight, against his own convictions ofthe wrongfulness 
 ot dueling and the necessities ofthe case. He took honorable means to avoid a. meeting. His malignant enemy could 
 not be appeased. At length, compelled by the wretched custom of society then prevailing, called " the code of honor," 
 be accepted the challenge, met Burr on the western shore ofthe Hudson near Weehawken early on the morning ofthe 
 Utli of July, 1S04, and received a mortal wound. He declared his intention not to fire at Burr, and adhered to his reso- 
 lution, while the murderer took deliberate aim, and accomplished his errand to the field of blood. Hamilton was con- 
 veyed across the river to the house of a friend, w' .ere he died after suffering for twenty-four hours. The coroner retunied 
 averdict of willftil murder. A bill of Indictment for that crime was found against him in New Jersey, williin the juris- 
 diction of which the duel was fought, and the Grand Jury of New York found bills against him and his seconds for being 
 concerned In a duel, the punishment for which, by a recent act of that state, was dlafranchlsement and Incapacity to 
 bold office for twenty years. Burr fied to Philadelphia, and from thence to Georgia. 
 
 ' Parton's Life o/Aarmi Burr, page 3T2. ' ITic same. 
 
 • The same, page 373. Senator Plnmcr wrote In November, 1804, "Mr. Jefferson has shown him more attention, and In- 
 vited him oftcner to his house within the last three months, than he ever did for the same time before. Mr. Gallatin [Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury] has waited upon him oftener at his lodgings, and one day was closeted with him more than 
 two honrs. Mr. Madison, formerly the intimate fl-iend of Hamilton, has taken his murderer Into his carriage, and ac- 
 rompnnied him on a visit to the French minister. . . . The Democrats of both houses are remarkably attentive to Burr. 
 Wliat office they can give him Is uncertain. Mr. Wright, of Maryland, said in debate, ' The first duel I ever rend of was 
 ihal of David killing Goliath. Our little David of the Republicans has killed the Goliath of Federalism, and for this I 
 am willing to reward him.' "-See Life of William Plvmer, by bis eon, page 328. 
 
 l! 
 
?! 
 
 ' 1, 
 
 130 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Burr's Nchemes for hlH own Prollt. BIcnnerbanBett and his Home. Burr decoivcB Andrew JackHon and John Adnlr. 
 
 ly. Every legitimate avenue to a retrieval of his character and fortune seemed to be 
 closed, and he became desperate. His ambition was as intense as over, and ho sought 
 new fields for the exercise of his powera. He spent the ensuing summer in the Wost. 
 It was for him a season of wide observation of men and things, having a bearing upon 
 some grand enterprise which he had conceived. As he went leisurely down tlio 
 Ohio he visited Harman Blennerhassett, a wealthy and cultivated Irishman, who, witli 
 a beautiful and equally cultivated wife, had formed for themselves a sort of terrestrial 
 paradise upon an island in the Ohio River a short distance below the mouth of the 
 Muskingum. Husband and wife were equally charmed by Burr. He fired tlieir 
 imaginations with glimpses of his schemes of personal grandeur for all who should 
 co-operate with him. He filled their minds with dreams of immense Avealth and 
 power; and when he left their home the sunshine of their sweet domestic felicity J:ad 
 departed forever. Blennerhaseett was a changed man. He had placed his wealth 
 and reputation in the keeping of an unprincipled profligate, and lost both. ' 
 
 At that time the bravo and incorruptible Andrew Jackson was in command of the 
 Tennessee militia. In May* Burr appeared at the door of his mansion, a few- 
 miles from Nashville, and was received as an honored guest. To that stem 
 patriot he talked of the establishment of a splendid empire in the Southwest, Avhcre 
 the Spaniards then ruled ; and, before he departed, he had Avon Jackson's confidence, 
 and his promises of co-operation. He met Wilkinson at St. Louis, and divulged some 
 of his schemes to that weak man. He won the friendship of other influential persons, 
 among them General win to his service 
 
 Adair, of Kentucky ; j-y^ .// ' dissatisfied military 
 
 and in the autumn 
 he returned to Wash- 
 ington, and sought to 
 
 •1806. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^t?^C<yt^^V'"~^ 
 
 and naval officei-s. 
 He talked enigmat- 
 ically, and, to the 
 
 > Blennerbassett's was in- 
 deed a beautiful and happy 
 home. It was the creation nf 
 wealth, taste, and love. The 
 mansion was clcgaut. Tlie 
 gardens were laid out and 
 planted with care. Conserv- 
 atories were rich In exotics. 
 Science, music, paintinj;, farm 
 culture, and social pleasures 
 made up a great portion of 
 the sum of daily life in that 
 elegant retreat. It became 
 the resort of the best minds 
 west of the mountains. The 
 lately rude island smiled with 
 perpetual beauty. To the sim- 
 ple settlers upon the neigh- 
 boring shore the house seem- 
 ed like a palace, and the way of living there like that of a prince. Into that paradise the wily serpent crept, and polluted 
 it with its slime. 
 
 Harman Blennerhassett was a descendant of an ancient Irish family, whose seat was Castle Conway, in Kerry. His 
 education was thoroughly given at Trinity College, in Dublin, and he graduated at the same time with his friend and 
 kinsman, Thomas Addis Emmett. He loved and studied science. On the death of his father in 1798 he inherited n lurgo 
 fortune. Having become Involved in political troubles, he sold his estate, went to England, and married the bcantifnl 
 and accomplished Miss Agnew, granddaughter of oue of the British generals killed at the battle at Germantown, near 
 Philodclphia. Th^ came to America, 
 
 ULKNyKKUAHSElTb BEttlllKMUr:. 
 
 Journeyed to the West, purchased the 
 island in the Ohio which still bears 
 his name, made their home there, and 
 for five years before Burr's appearance 
 they had enjoyed perfect happiness 
 and repose. A fine library, pictures, 
 scientific apparatus c^ave them imple- 
 ments for mental culture, and they improved the opportunity. When Burr's mad schemes failed Blennerbassett's para- 
 dise was laid waste. He beojime a cotton-planter in Mississippi, but finally lost his fortune. He and his wife flnallr 
 returned to England, where he died at the age of tixty-one years. His widow came .,i America to seek ffom Concires 
 some remuneration for his losses. While the matter was pending she sickened and died in poverty in New Ynrlc, in 
 August, 1842, and was buried by the Sisters of Charity. 
 
 i^:^^ 
 
 Military Preparations 
 
 cars of some, di 
 
 union of the Wc 
 
 To General Eat( 
 
 ality of a rcvolu 
 
 for himself the c 
 
 was apprised of 
 
 of a desperate p( 
 
 In the summei 
 
 into the inner so 
 
 hassett's liome w 
 
 flotilla was forme 
 
 and large luimbe 
 
 but believuig the 
 
 Saxon einj)ire in 
 
 prise. Wilkinson 
 
 tjagcd in intriguei' 
 
 Union, he was \w\ 
 
 But in Kentuck 
 
 I'cmarkable charac 
 
 field of Tippecanoe 
 
 He believed Burr t 
 
 Henry Clay defend 
 
 his guilt. Jacksoi 
 
 the West from the 
 
 wrote to Governoi 
 
 (luced ; but I wouh 
 
 disunited !" Wilki 
 
 also denounced him 
 
 Meanwhile the g 
 
 the whole country, 
 
 preparations, the pe 
 
 piilcis politicians \\ 
 
 ideiit to take measu 
 
 (lid not choose to g 
 
 Burr's designs, what 
 
 ill a scheme for " inv 
 
 Boats at Marietta, 
 
 pcdition, were seizec 
 
 troops. In February 
 
 the Tombigbee Rive 
 
 (afterward Major Gc 
 
 I and t.'-ere tried on a 
 
 court. Burr was acq 
 
 history of events in tl 
 
 gaged in a wicked coi 
 
 «liich, in some form, ] 
 
 roiv,and his fears of f{ 
 
 for several weeks ami 
 
 I Edwards. He remain 
 
 *re, he would turn Congress 
 ad declare himself the protect 
 I ™'™' page 39(U00, inclusive. 
 
 ; i I 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 187 
 
 Mllitai7 Preparattona on the Ohio River. Burr anspected of Treaaon and denonuced. Ills Arreat and Trial. Kxtle. 
 
 cars of some, disloyally. Now he Hpoke of an expedition against Mexico, tlien of a 
 miion of the Western States and Territories into a glorious independent government. 
 To General Eaton he talked of usurpation — of taking possession, by the instrument- 
 ality of a revolution, of the national capital and archives, and, Cromwell-like, assuming 
 for himself the character of a protector of an energetic govomraent.' The President 
 was apprised of these things, but he regarded Buit's language and schemes as those 
 of a desperate politician too weak to be dangerous.'* 
 
 In the summer of 1806 Burr was again in the West, engaged in his grand scheme, 
 into the inner secrets of which he had not allowed any man to penetrate. Blenner- 
 hassett's home was his head-quarters, and a military organization was his w>..fk. A 
 flotilla was formed at Marietta, on the Ohio, laden with provisions and military stores ; 
 and large numbers of leading men in the West, ignorant of the real designs of Burr, 
 but believing the great central plan to be the construction of a magniticent Anglo- 
 Saxon empire in Mexico, in whose glories they all might share, joined in the enter- 
 prise. Wilkinson was made the arch-conspirator's willing tool. Having been en- 
 cragcd in intrigues with the Spaniards in a scheme that would have dismembered the 
 Union, he was now a fitting instrument for Burr's disloyal designs. 
 
 But in Kentucky there was a man not to be deceived by Aaron Burr. It was that 
 remarkable character, Colonel Joe Daviess, wlio gave his life to his country on the 
 field of Tippecanoe. He Avas then the United States District Attorney for Kentucky. 
 He believed Burr to be engaged in treasonable plans, and procured his arrest. Young 
 Henry Clay defended the prisoner, and he was acquitted ; but Daviess never doubted 
 liis guilt. Jackson too had become convinced that Burr was preparing to separate 
 tiie West from the rest of the ITr.lon, and he denounced him. " I hate the Dons," he 
 wrote to Governor Claiborne,* "and would delight to see Mexico re- .November 12 
 (luced ; but I would die in the last ditch before I would see the TJ nion ^'''**'- 
 
 disunited !" Wilkinson, alamied at the aspect of affairs, turned traitor to Burr, and 
 also denounced him. 
 
 Meanwhile the government had become alarmed. The whole West, and indeed 
 the whole country, was agitated by Burr's operations; and the magnitude of his 
 preparations, the persons involved in his toils, and the known disposition of unscru- 
 pulous politicians west of the mountains to set up for independency, caused the Pres- 
 ident to take measures to arrest what seemed to be treason, in the bud. Jefferson 
 did not choose to give it that complexion, and, in a proclamation for the arrest of 
 Burr's designs, whatever they might be, he warned all persons against participating 
 in a scheme for " invading the Spanish dominions." 
 
 Boats at Marietta, on the Ohio, loaded for New Orleans with materials for the ex- 
 pedition, were seized, and Blennerhassett's Island was occupied by United States 
 troops. In February, 1807,'' Burr was arrested near Fort Stoddart, on ^ 
 tl\e Tombigbee River, in the present State of Alabama, by Lieutenant 
 (afterward Major General) E. P. Gauies. He was taken to Richmond, in Virginia, 
 and t'ere tried on a charge of treason. Chief Justice Marshall presided over the 
 court. Burr was acquitted ; but, from that day to this, no intelligent student of the 
 history of events in the West during the years 1 805 and 1 806, doubts that lie was en- 
 gaged in a Avicked conspiracy to dissever the Union, and establish a government over 
 which, in some form, he should be the ruler. His escape from conviction was so nar- 
 row, and his fears of farther prosecution were so great, that, after remaining concealed 
 tor several weeks among his friends, he sailed for Europe under the name of G. H. 
 Edwards. He remained in exile and poverty for several years. 
 
 ' "He Bald If he conld gain over the marine corps, and secnre the naval commanders Truxtun, Preble, Decatur, and 
 I olhere, he would turn CongreoB neclj and heels out of doors, assassinate the President, seize on the treasury and navy, 
 »nd declare himself the protector of on energetic government."— Deposition of General William Eaton. Bee Life <\f 
 I JSiifm, page 390-400, incloalve. > The same, page 401. 
 
 n 
 
IN 
 
 i 
 
 hill 
 
 1 I 
 
 138 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Thu " Hule (>r 1760" niuditled. Cummerdal Thrift In the United Btatea. The Jcalimny of Uritlah Morchunti aruuKea. 
 
 Wliili! tlio |){'<)j)le of tlio Uniti'd StiUeH were violoiitly ftf^itiitoil by thoHO evi'iitH in 
 thu West thu war in Europu waH progruHHiiig, and Franuo and England liad com. 
 munuud tlieir duspuratu game for Buiirunmcy at the oxpunso of the commurcial pros- 
 ])urity of tlio world. 
 
 For a long tiinu tliu commercial thrift of the United States, fostered hy a modKica- 
 tion of thu IJrit'.'th "rule of 1750,"' had been the envy of English merchants. Thiit 
 modification had been madu solely for thu supposed benefit of IJritish commercial in- 
 terests. Kelying upon the faith of that governniunt, tacitly pludgcd in the fonnal 
 exposition of the terms of that modification l)y the law officer of the crown, tlio 
 American ship-owners commenced and carried on a most extensive and profitubic 
 trade.2 American vessels became thu cliiuf carrierH of thu products of the colonies of 
 France and Holland ; also of Spain after her accession to the French alliance. Swe- 
 den, Denmark, and the Ilansu Towns' wure then the only neutral maritime powers, 
 and these, in common with thu United States, were fast growing rich.'' 
 
 First the envious British merchants complained; then the privateersmen and navy 
 officers, who declared that, as there were no moru prizes to take, their occupation was 
 
 ' Sec note 1, pnge 84. 
 
 » On the accession of Alexander to the throne of RasBta, after the anaanslnntlon of the Emperor PanI In March, 1801, 
 the most friendly relations were eatnbllshed between that country and Great Britain. On the 17th of June, ISOl, a treaty 
 was concluded between the two f;nvcrnmcntH "to settle," as the preamble expressed It, "an Invariable detcrnilimllDn 
 of the principles of the two Kovernmeiits npo.i the rights of neutrality." In that treaty not only the " rule of IT.'W" was 
 not recognized, but the right of the lu'utral to trade with the colonies of belligerents, n ' from his own country in tlu' 
 produce of those coloiiies to the mother country, was expressly stipulated. As this wa- avowedly the "settled princi- 
 ple" of the Rovemmcnt of Great llrltain, American commerce had no more fears. But Its sense of security was soon 
 disturbed, but Immediately quieted by the prompt action of Mr. King, the American minister at the British court. Karlj 
 In 1801 he was Informed that a decree of the Vice- Admiralty Conrt at Nassau, New Providence, had condemned the carj,'i) 
 of an American vessel going from the United States to a port In the Spanish colonies, the cargo consisting of artidos 
 the growth of old Si)ain. Mr. King imtncdlately presented a respcctflil remonstrance to the British government ngalust 
 tills infringement of the rights of neutrals. The matter was referred to tlic king's advocate general (Lord nawkeHl)iirj). 
 who rcjiorted, on the Iflth of March, ISOl, In the following words, the doctrine of England at that time' concerniilg tlic 
 rights of neutrals: 
 
 " It is now distinctly nnderstood, anil 1ms been repeatedly sp decided by the High Conrt of Appeals, that theprodm 
 of the colonien nftbe enemji may be impnrted by a neutral into hi» o\m country, ami may be exjmrted Jfroitn thenre, ram to Ihe 
 muther country of such colony; and, in like vianner, the. proihiec ami vianufactures of the motlier country may, in this rir- 
 cnitou» mode, legally find their may to the rolmiies. The direct trade, however, between the mother country and Its colo- 
 nies has not, I apprehend, been recognized as legal, cither by his majesty's goveniment or by his tribunals." He tlien 
 explained what rule should govern the carrying of goods tq cause them to avoid a faii- definition of " direct trade" and 
 be In conformity to the modlHcatlon of the " rule of 1760," above mentioned, by saying, " that lauding the goods and pay- 
 ing the duties in the neutral country breaks the continuity of the voyage, and is snch an Importation as legalizes tlic 
 trade, although the goods be reshlpped in the same vessel, and on account of the same neutral proprietors, and bo for- 
 warded for sale to the mother country or the colonies." 
 
 On the 30th of March the Duke of Portland (the principal Secretary of State) sent the above extracts from the report 
 of the advocate to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, with a letter in which tie said, " I have the honor to sig- 
 nify to your lordships the king's pleasure that a communication of the doctrine laid down In the said report should be 
 immediately made by your lordships to the several judges presiding In them, setting forth what Is held to be the law 
 upon the subject by the superior tribunals for their future guidance and direction."— Letters from Messrs. Monroe and 
 PInckney to Lord Howick, August 20, ISOO. 
 
 ^ Lul)cck, Hamburg, and Bremen. Tliese are all that remain of the ancient Hanseatic League, a commercial union 
 of a number of Gennan port-towns In support of each other against the piracies of the Swedes and Danes, formed lu 
 1104, and formally signed in 1241. At one time the league comprised sixty-six cities, and possessed great political power. 
 They were reduced by various canscs to their present number more than two hundred years ago. The Congress at Vi- 
 enna In 1S15 guaranteed the freedom of these cities. 
 
 • The following table exhibits the export trade of the United States for fonr yearn; 
 
 Veabh. 
 
 FoHBlolr. 
 
 DouisTic. 
 
 TOTAL- 
 
 180H 
 
 13,604,000 
 30,231,000 
 6,1,170,000 
 00,283,000 
 
 42,200,000 
 41,408,000 
 42,3'i7,000 
 41,263,000 
 
 66,800,000 
 
 77,cno,ooo 
 
 06,500,000 
 101,6!li>,00f 
 
 180-1 
 
 1806 
 
 1800 
 
 103,287,000 
 
 107,314,000 
 
 830,001,000 
 
 This exhibit was made peculiarly annoying to the English, because the foreign articles were principally productions 
 of the colonies of the enemies of Great Britain. 
 
 • Montesquieu, writing ten years before the English "rule of 1760" in regard to the rights of neutrals was promnl- 
 gated, said, concerning the spirit of that people, " Supremely Jealous with respect to trade, they bind themselves but lit- 
 tle by treaties, and depend only on their own laws. Other nations have made the Interests of commerce yield to those 
 of politics; the English, on the contrary, have ever made their political Interests give way to those of commerce."— See 
 r/ie Spirit of Laws, 11., 8. 
 
 Reuaertton of the 
 
 greatly interf 
 iiuTchant vus; 
 the neutral fia 
 maritime foes 
 175(1," it was I 
 Tlieso com J) 
 to suggestions 
 cases, a mere i 
 early in the su 
 (Ired measures 
 intimation that 
 gated, was the 
 Courts of Ainc 
 writers put fort 
 the old j)ractice 
 have been emph 
 and elaborate cs 
 Neutral Flags," 
 he said, " the net 
 its partial appli( 
 inies of England 
 " AVar in Disg 
 merchant,"* and 
 answered in Eiiir 
 
 O 
 
 I In May, 1806, the dec 
 
 cliallng English cruisers. 
 
 It had already been decl 
 
 Iheimyment of duties, th 
 
 CourtofAppeals, In thei 
 
 says Alexander Baring (i 
 
 not actually been paid in 
 
 .\mcrica excepting that li 
 
 Baring, "and In the cou 
 
 crowded our jjortg for tria 
 
 ' Sec page S4. 
 
 ' This assumption was ( 
 
 lions ;" and having the po 
 
 able maritime nation— ev 
 
 it;" as If a wroiui unresenu 
 
 "Armed Neutrality" of 17f 
 
 |)osed the assnmption. Fr 
 
 10 Lord Lyons, the British 
 
 doctrine concerning the pr 
 
 accoinitofthecaseofthe,! 
 ' Madison. 
 
 ' The eminent English n 
 ment), put forth a pamphlet 
 "', etc. It was published i 
 and sophisms of this essay, 
 potent canscs of the war bet 
 the outrages of the British I 
 orders in council, and delin 
 Ihe author of War in tHsgui 
 grec incredible." 
 
 War in Disgutue was follov 
 one entitled The Pregent Clai 
 and was published In Londo 
 the following memorandum 
 olatlon broke ont In 1776, an 
 " Jnne 6th, Cth, 7th, and 8t 
 the consideration of my capi 
 10 exerci.-.e. Inmofoplaioi 
 less to their hostile threats,! 
 Of the French colonies to the 
 IfTOwing Insolence of the Am 
 "Read 'War In Disguise,' 
 
OF THE WAIt OF 18 12. 
 
 130 
 
 Reueertlon of the "Rule oflTSO." 
 
 BrItUb Perfldy defended by Britlih Writers. 
 
 Barliig't Bxpoinre. 
 
 (fivatly intorfori'd witli. Tlio ciK'tnics of Great Britain, luiviiisr full use of lu'utral 
 mcrcliant vesHols, had none of tlii-ir own on the oci-aii. Ariiu'tl Nliii)H, j)roto<'U'(l by 
 the ni'iitral flag, jiorfornied all the duties of jiractieal conuncrcc, and the trade of the 
 maritime foes of Kngland was l)ut little interrupted by existing war. The " rule of 
 1750," it was alleged, was wholly evaded. 
 
 These complaints were lieeded. The Courts of Admiralty began to listen willingly 
 to suggestions that this allegation of neutral ju'operty was in many, if not in most 
 cases, a mere fraud, intended to give to belligerent goods a neutral character; aiul 
 early in the summer of 1806 the "rule of 1750" was revived in fidl force.' Like kin- 
 dred measures on previous occasions,'' it was put into oj)cration secretly; and the first 
 intimation that the maritime law laid down by the king's advocate in 1801, was abro- 
 gated, was the seizure by British cruisers and condemnation by Britisli Admiralty 
 Courts of American vessels and their cargoes. At the same time English public 
 writers ])Ut forth specious defenses of the action of their government in its revival of 
 the old practice. One of these was James Stephens, a lawyer of ability, supposed to 
 have been employed for the purpose by the government. He wrote* an able . octoiier 
 and elaborate essay, under the title of" War in Disguise, or the Frauds of the ^^*''- 
 Neutral Flags," in which, taking the " rule of 1 756" as tlie law of nations, " to which," 
 he said, " the neutral powers have all assented, in point of principle, by submitting to 
 its partial application,"^ he argued that the immense trade carried on with the ene- 
 mies of England under the Americ.in flag was essentially war against Great liritain. 
 
 " War in Disguise" was " written in the s\nrit of a lawyer stimulated by tliat of a 
 merchant,"* and was full of dogmatic assertions and bold sophistries. It was ably 
 answered in England by Alexander Baring,* and in America by James Madison, then 
 
 1 In Mny, ISOB, the decision Bf the Lords of Appeal on the cnso of the cnrgo of the American ship Essex unchained the 
 ohatliig English cnilscrs. It was necessary, for the sake of decency, to give to the world a fair excuse for that decision. 
 It had already been decided that when goodH had been made a common stock of America by a fair Importation and 
 theiHiyment of duties, they might he re-exported from thence to any part of the world. To evade this decision, the 
 Court of Appeals, In the case above alluded to, established the Illegality of the neutral trade, " founded on a discovery," 
 mya Alexander Baring (see note B, below), "now made for the first time, that the duties on the cargo Imported had 
 uot actually been paid in mottej/, but by l)ond of the importer." This decision contracted the whole foreign trade of 
 .\mcrica excepting that In her own produce. " It circulated rapidly among our cruisers and privateers," continues Mr. 
 Baring, " and In the course of a fortnight the seas were cleared of every American ship they could find, which now 
 crowded our ports for trial."— See Baring's Inquiry into the Causes mut Ctmmquencea n/ the Orders in Council, pages 81, 82. 
 
 2 See ])age S4. 
 
 ' This assumption was characteristic. Kngland, on her own motion, promulgated the " rule of 1750" as a " law of na- 
 tions;" and having the power to enforce It for half a century In the face of the most vehement protests of every respect- 
 able maritime nation— even armed protests— her statesmen and publicists agreed that those nations had "assented to 
 it;" as if a toronfi unresented on account of the weakness of the sulTerors became a riijht 1 It was never assented to. The 
 "Armed Neutrality" of 1T80 and isnn were marked protests against It, and the American principle and policy always op- 
 |)Osed the assumption. From the first protest against it In 1793 until the close of ISCl, when Secretary Seward, in a letter 
 to Lord Lyons, the British minister at Washington, In the case of the San Jacinto and Trent, reiterated the American 
 doctrine concerning the protecting powers of a neutral flag, the Americans have opjjosed the "rule of 1760." For a full 
 account of the case of the San Jacinto and Trent, see Losslng's Pictorial History of the Civil War. 
 
 < Madison. 
 
 » The eminent English merchant, Alexander Baring (afterward Lord Ashburton, and at that time n member of Parlia- 
 ment), put forth a pamphlet In February, 1808, entitled .1 1> Inquiry into the Causes and Conscqttences of the Orders in Coun- 
 ril, etc. It was published In February, 1808, and contains a most searching exposure of the mischievous exaggerations 
 and sophisms of this essay. It Is not extri: vagant vo say that that essay. In Its Injurious Influence, was one of the most 
 potent causes of the war between the tJnltcii states md Oreat Britain in 1812, because It justified in a semi-ofllclal manner 
 the outrages of the British government, t irough ltd navy, on the commerce of the United States, under the sanction of 
 orders In council, and deluded the Englls)! mind vlth a semblance of justice. Speaking of some of the statements of 
 tlie author of War in Disguise, Mr. Baring said, " Via appears Ignorant of every thing relative to American trade to a de- 
 gree incredible." 
 
 War in Disguise was followed by other pamphlets of lesser note on the same side. Among the most noted of these was 
 one entitled The Present Claims and Complaints of A mcrica Briefly ami Fairli Considered. It was an echo of War in Disguise, 
 and was published In London at the close of May, 1800. On the back of the title-page of the copy in my possession Is 
 tlic following memorandum in manuscript by Brooke Watson, who was an eminent Canadian merchanv when the Bev- 
 olation broke out In 1775, and was a violent partisan of the crown ; 
 
 "June 5th, Cth, 7th, and 8th, 1800. Read this pamphlet with all the attention In my power to give It, and under all 
 tlic consideration of my capacity, accompanied with as much disinterestedness as the nature of the subject will permit 
 to exercise. I am of opinion that, should this conntry give way to the solicitations of the American States, and much 
 less to their hostile threats, they will, by so doing, that Is, by allowing the Americans to be the carriers of the produce 
 of tiie French colonies to the mother country, sacrifice the deepest interest of this nation to the views of France and the 
 growing Insolence of the Americans.— East Sheen, 8th June, 1806. Bbooke Watbom. 
 
 " Head ' War In Disgnise,* Lord Sheffield, etc." . . 
 
 «lll|p! 
 
wmmm 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 I ■ 
 
 1 '\ \ 
 
 ' ,|; 
 
 , - 
 
 i i' 
 
 
 'li 
 
 ^ • 1 
 
 1 '' mI^ 
 
 - , 
 
 \ iiH 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 .iCTOIlIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Amwer to " War In DUgnlM." 
 
 Foiwlgn Aalattoni napronlaing. 
 
 ExpMtcd DlfflcnltlM with QrMt Britain. 
 
 tho Socrotftry of Stato. In that answer, rofcrrinpj to monacoH in l\[r. Htophcns's OH«ay, 
 Madison utti'n'<l tho following nohlo words, propiictio of Hoon-coniinji; doeds tliat vin- 
 dicated tlio jtowtT lHhin<l them: "Thi^ hicHHinj? of (4od on our first contest in amis 
 made tliis nation sovercij^n, free, and independent. Our citizens feel tlieir lionoral>l(> 
 condition, and, whatever may be their opinion on (piestions of national i)olicy, %cill 
 firmly nuj>port the national rights. Our government must therefore ho permitted to 
 judge for itself No minister, however s]>lendid his talents, no prince, however great 
 his jiower, must dictate to the IVesident of the United States."' 
 
 The foreign relations of the United States at the opening of tho year 1 800 were 
 unpromising. Tho conduct of tho Spanish goveniment in reference to Louisiajia 
 seemed to render war with that nation inevitahle. Forbearance on the i)art of the 
 •January 8, Americans was exhausted, and a select committee of Congress reported" 
 
 18(H). ^im^ j),p aggressions of Spain afforded am])le cause for war. But as the 
 policy of the conntry was always a peaceful one, it was ])roposed, while prepariiiir 
 for hostilities, to endeavor to avert them, and settle all matters in dispute l)y the 
 purchase of a part or the whole of the Floridas from Spain. Action to that end was 
 taken, but the war-cloud soon passed away. 
 
 Not 80 with the harbingers of a storm that was evidently brewing between the 
 United States and Great Britain. The depredations of British cruisers and priva- 
 teers on American commerce, commenced under the most absurd and frivolous ])rc- 
 texts,'* and fully sanctioned by the British government, produced the most intense 
 indignation througuuiit the country ; and when the Ninth Congress had assembled at 
 Washington in December, 1805, the subject was speedily presented to their notice. 
 Mr. Jefferson had been re-elected President of the United States, and the Democrntie 
 party, of which he was the founder and head, had an overwhelming majority the 
 National sjislature. Its power became somewhat weakened" by the defect on of 
 John R di, of Roanoke, one of its leaders, a quarrelsome and ambitious man of 
 
 varied ^v solid attainments, who carried with him several of his Virginia col- 
 
 leagues, and filled tho halls of legislation during tlie entire session with unprofitahle 
 bickerings. 
 
 On account of British depredations, memorials from the merchants of nearly all of 
 the maritime towns of the United States north of the Potomac, argumentative and 
 denunciatory in substance, and numerously signed, were presented to the President ; 
 and on the 17th of January these, with a special message on the subject, were 
 laid before Congress by Mr. Jefferson, together with parts of the diplomatic corre- 
 
 > This reply to Mr. Stephens was published anonymonsly in Fcbmary, 1906, with the title otAn Aiuutr to "War in 
 DisgvUe;" or. Remarks on the A'dc Doctrine 0/ England concerning Neutral Trade. 
 
 After the capture of the Macedonian by Decatur in the autumn of 1812, the following epigram appeared in Cobbott's 
 Political Register, an English pablication : 
 
 "WAR IN DISGinSK; OR, 
 
 AN AFOI.OST FOB IIIB MAJESTY'S NATT. 
 
 " One Stephens, a lawyer, and once a reporter, 
 Of war and of taxes n gallant supporter. 
 In some way or other to Wllburforce kin. 
 And a member, like him, of a borough bonght in, 
 Who a Master in Chancery since has been made. 
 Wrote a pamphlet to show that Jonathan's tkadb 
 Was a ' War in Disauisn ;' which, though strange at flrst sight. 
 Events have since proved may have been but too right ; 
 For when Garden the ship of the Yankee Decatur 
 Attacked, without doubting to take her or beat her, 
 A FBioATE she seemed to his glass and his eyes ; 
 But when ^oitpn himself, liow great his surprise 
 To find her a sevintt-foub in disqcise I 
 
 " If Jonathan thns has the art of disguising, 
 That he captures our ships is by no means surprising; 
 And it can't be difgracel^il to strike to an elf 
 Who Is more than a match for the devil himself.— Puss." 
 
 > Baring's Inquiry, etc., page 96. 
 
 Mtmorialaorifan 
 
 .spondence on 
 
 i«h(!ourt. Tl 
 
 insist on righi 
 
 The mentor 
 
 it is a notai)l( 
 
 it is destructi\ 
 
 eall((d eamcNtl 
 
 and navy, if u 
 
 AnuM'ican intei 
 
 1'hero were 
 
 Philadelphia, a 
 
 pectation tliat 
 
 Tho Boston 
 
 proinjjtly adopi 
 
 mpport the diyn 
 
 The merchan 
 
 and an aj)j)oal t( 
 
 position to decl 
 
 Relying on tho 
 
 (t-'cl no hesltatioi 
 
 which may be aa 
 
 The merchants 
 
 of the governmei 
 
 New Haven calle 
 
 the rights of net 
 
 give aid and sui 
 
 object." 
 
 The New York 
 
 their country that 
 
 tion of the authoi 
 
 of a Hsurj)ation w 
 
 by saying, " We pi 
 
 vindicate and seen 
 
 The merchants c 
 
 sistcnt with honor 
 
 arms might be nee 
 
 " whatever may be 
 
 These memorials 
 
 eigners doing busir 
 
 greatly from the vai 
 
 greatly aggravated 
 
 American commerce 
 
 errors, and were com 
 
 and sent in every vt 
 
 Here encouraged by 
 
 with cargoes wholly 
 
 I daily practice of taki 
 
 Cor one or two hundr 
 
 says Mr. Baring, "th( 
 
 against the captors, v 
 
 essarily excited. The 
 
OV THE WAR OF 1819. 
 
 141 
 
 XMDorfaUa of MtrchanU ou th« Hnl^ect of Britlib Uoprodatloni. 
 
 Conduct of the Brttlih OrniMn, 
 
 Hpotulencc on the saniu topio by Mr. Monroo, tlio lliiitcd States ininiwtor nt the Hrit- 
 wh court. Tho Prt'siduiit iiHsiirod Coiigivnn tluit Mr. Monroe liuil liccii inHtructttl " to 
 insist on rij^htH too evident and too important to \w Hurrendored.' 
 
 Tho memorials from tlic merchants were generally drawn witli great ability ; and 
 it is a notable I'act that these nu>n, who, as a class, naturally deprecate war becanso 
 it is destructive to commerce, and are willing to nuike great concessions to avoid it, 
 ciilU'd earnestly upon the government to i)Ut forth the stronij powers of the army 
 ftiul navy, if necessary, in defense of tho rights of neutrals and tho protection of 
 American interests. 
 
 There were nu-morials from Uoston, Salem, Nowbury])ort, NeM' Haven, New York, 
 Philadelphia, and JJaltimore, and all tailed loudly lor i-edress, under the evident ex- 
 pectation that to insist npon it would cause war. 
 
 Tho Boston merchants said that they fvilly relied tl)at"such measures would be 
 promptly adopted as would tend to disembarrass commerce, aaaerC our rights, and 
 support the dignity of the l/tdted States," 
 
 The merchants of Salem said, " If, however, conciliation can not effect tho purpose, 
 and an appeal to arms be the last and necessary protection of honor, they feel no dis- 
 position to decline the common danger or shrink from tho common contribution. 
 Relying on tho wisdom and firmness of the general government on this behalf, they 
 teel no hesitation to pledge their lives and properties in the support of tfie measures 
 which mag be adopted to vindicate thejtublic rights and redress the public lorongs," 
 
 The mercl'.tnt8 of Nowburyport relied" with confidence on the firmness and justice 
 of the government to obtain for them compensation ami protection ;" and those of 
 New Haven called upon that government " firmly to resist every encroachment upon 
 the rights of neutral nations." They tendered " assurances of their <lisposition to 
 give aid and support to every measure calculated to uccomplish this important 
 object." 
 
 Tho Now York merchants declared their firm " reliance npon tho government of 
 their country that their rights woidd not bo abandoned, and (referring to the assump- 
 tion of the author of "War in Disguise," see page 139) that no argument in favor 
 of a usurpation would ever bo derived from their acquiescence." They concluded 
 by saying, " Wo pledge our united support in favor of all the measures adopted to 
 vindicate and secure tho just rights of our country." 
 
 The merchants of Philadelphia suggested that when every peaceable means con- 
 sistent with honor had been tried to recover redress, and failed, that a resort to 
 arms might be necessary. " If such measures should prove ineftectual," they said, 
 " whatever may be the sacrifice on their part, it would bo met with submission." 
 
 These memorials Avere signed by merchants of every shade of politics, and by for- 
 eigners doing business in these ports. For more than ton years they had suffered 
 ffrcatly from the varying but always aggressive policy of Great Britain, a policy now 
 greatly aggravated by the latitude tacitly given to the British cruisers in respect to 
 American commerce. These were in little danger of being made answerable for any 
 errors, and were consequently not disposed to make nice distinctions. They detained 
 and sent in every vessel they met under the most frivolous pretenses, in which they 
 were encouraged by the expectation of actual war. They captured American vessels 
 with cargoes wholly of American produce ; and the owners of privateers were in the 
 daily practice of taking in valuable cargoes and offering immediately to i "lease them 
 for one or two hundred guineas, and sometimes a larger sum. " In these instances," 
 says Mr. Baring, "the judge decreed the restitution of the ship and cargo, and costs 
 against the captors, with expressions of indignation Avhich so lawless an outrage nec- 
 essarily excited. The latter had, in the face of this censure, the audacity to enter ap- 
 
 1 Statannan't Manual, 1., 278. 
 
ip 
 
 f!i • i 
 
 I 
 
 ilij 
 
 p* , 
 
 
 . _.^ii||m|«jiMLi. 
 
 142 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ImpreBBment of American Seamen into the British Service. The Klght of Search asserted. Protest of the Americans. 
 
 peals, and the American was obliged either to compromise or leave to the captor the 
 option of bringing forward his appeal within a twelve-month, with the possible ad- 
 vantage of an intervening v/ar securing to him his prize. ^ The London merchant," ho 
 said, " is either obliged to acquiesce in this iniquitous robbery, or let his correspondent 
 suffer the more expensive vexations which it is, unfortunately, in the power of these 
 peopl'3 to inflict. If these are the maritime rights," exclaims the honest and indig- 
 nant Eng'ishman, "for which, Ave are told, with a pompous ambiguity that always 
 avoids coming to the point, ' our ancestors fought and bled,' and for which ' \vi' 
 crushed the Northern Confederacy,'^ I am strangely mistaken."^ 
 
 Another and most serious subject of complaint against Great Britain was now 
 considered in connection with the depredations upon American commerce. It Avas 
 the impressment into the British naval service of seamen taken Avithout leave from 
 American vessels, and Avho Avere sailing iinder the protection of the American flasj. 
 To this subject Ave have already referred.* It had been a topic of complaint and ne- 
 gotiation from the beginning of the national government in 1789, and impressment 
 in general Avas a system against Avhich humane British publicisti? and statesmen had 
 declaimed. But the British government, not ahvays the exponent of the English 
 mind and heart, governed by expediency rather than justice, and having the prece- 
 dents of more than four hundred years to support its policy in this respect,' had then 
 for half a century chosen to exercise that poAver in procuring seamen for its navy, 
 and to utterly disregard other hoary precedents Avhich would have justified it 1 1 
 abolishing the nefarious system." It Avas too useful in time of Avar, in the replenis'.i- 
 ment of the navy, to be relinquished. Upon it had been ingrafted another more uni- 
 A'crsally offensive. It Avas that of searching neutral vessels for British seamen, and, 
 seizing them Avithout other criteria of their nationality than the presumptive evi- 
 dence Avhich similarity of language afforded, impressing them into the British naval 
 service. In the course of fifteen years thousands of native Americans had thus been 
 made to serve a master whom they detested. There being, no maritime poAver stronj; 
 enough to resist these aggressions, it Avas assumed by ,reat Britain, as in the case of 
 the " rule of 1756," that it Avas for her an established ' maritime right." 
 
 From the beginning of its career the government of the United States protested 
 against the right of search and the impressment of seamen taken from under tlic 
 American flag. In his instructions to the United States minister in London, in tiic 
 summer of 1792, Mr. Jefferson directed him to call the attention of the British minis- 
 try to the subject. That government not denying that American seamen hal been 
 impressed, had made the degrading proposition that, for their protection against suoli 
 "accidents," such seamen should carry Avith them a certificate of citizenship! "This 
 is a condition," said Mr. Jefferson, " never yet submitted to by any nation.'" The 
 right to enter an American vessel Avithout leave,/or any pretense, Avas then, and al- 
 Avays has been, strongly denied by the governmenc of the United States. The War 
 of 1812 with England Avas a solemn protest against the assumption of that right by 
 the British government ; and such a requirement of American sailors Avould operate 
 practically as a Avarrant to British cruisers for stripping almost every American ves-- 
 sel of its seamen, for the habits, calling, and vicissitudes of the sailor are sucJi that 
 most of them would soon lose their " certificates." Tlie proposition had been unhes- 
 itatingly rejected as inadmissible by an independent nation. 
 
 In October of the same year Mr. Jefferson again called the attention of the embas- 
 sador to the subject, " so many instances" of impressment having been complained 
 
 » Inqulnj, c , pagt 94. » Armed Ncntrallty. See note 2, page 83. 
 
 « See page Sb. ' 
 
 ' The still .tc of 2 Richard II. sp<)ak» of Impressmert beinR well known as caily aslBTS. 
 
 « Impressment wfix rtuclni.Ml to be illppnl hy the British government in 1C41. 
 
 ' Mr. JciTcrson to Mr. Piuckney, June 11, 1T92. 
 
 Baring's Tnqniry, pages 95, 96, 97. 
 
 1 
 
 Correspondence on 
 
 of;' and in No 
 
 to make the B 
 
 venting the fu 
 
 In 1790 Tim 
 
 Pickering, then 
 
 retary of Stat 
 
 his instruction 
 
 Mr. King, An 
 
 can minister at 
 
 Court of Lond 
 
 spoke of " tlic 1 
 
 and fruitless 
 
 tempts tliat 
 
 heeii made to 
 
 tcct American 
 
 men from Brit 
 
 impress," and 
 
 rccted him to do 
 
 in his poAver to . 
 
 ^ able the Americ; 
 
 •Jag to "prote 
 
 those of wJiateVi 
 
 nation Avho sail 
 
 derit."* InanotI 
 
 cr dispatch the s 
 
 ■illudes to the 
 
 British governmei 
 
 so far as not to " r 
 
 those rights, is an 
 
 to our riglits, any i 
 
 will even facilitate 
 
 A little later he 
 
 and other foreigner 
 
 times impressed Fr 
 
 these foreigners fro 
 
 American vessels o 
 
 giicse, as seize and d 
 
 American vessels. "" 
 
 During the follow 
 
 seamen Avere made 
 
 Mr.Jeffe.oontoKr.PlncI 
 The same to the same, Nf 
 Riifiis King was born In i 
 
 I ^'"■'"'''ingoiitofthewarf, 
 'Mean al>ie practitioner. II 
 «t appearance was in oppoH 
 
 I ^on became known and app, 
 National Convention of :TS7h 
 
 «,amUhc next year was el, 
 
 ."'.^"'"NcwYork.andinl 
 
 Mho was a member of the! 
 
 ^;e».Iary,b„t in health c„mp 
 
 ^ Mr. Pickering to M.. King, 
 The same to the same, Sept 
 The same to the same, Octo 
 
 i\ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 143 
 
 Correspondence on the Subject of Impressmeuts. 
 
 Rufu8 King. 
 
 His Airalgnmei I of the British Oovernment. 
 
 of-' and in November he expressed to Mr. Pinckney the hope tliat he might " be able 
 to make the British ministry sensible of the necessity of punishing the past and pre- 
 venting the future.'"''' 
 
 In 1796 Timothy ry on board their 
 
 Pickering, then Sec- zs^^'^Slifct. sliips for American 
 
 retary of State, in J^f 9|^n seamen," and there- 
 
 his instructions to l^Blk jif^^-'^^BB • ^"^^"^ " ^^'^" doom is 
 
 Mr. King, Ameri- 3B9^^^ /■* fixed for the war. 
 
 can minister at the "^W^^^ [M Thus," he said, " the 
 
 Court of London,^ ^^^ \MmL rights of an inde- 
 
 spoke of " the long ^^ jmr^^. ^^" pendent nation are 
 
 and fruitless at- ^:^^ J^f^^^^^^ , - to be sacrificed to 
 
 tempts that have f^ \^^^M^^^^B^ British dignity, 
 
 been made to pro- A. .^V^-^fl^^^^^^lfeL. Justice requires 
 
 tcct American U^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^VLch. inquiries 
 
 men from British ' ' ■ { ' r^^^i-^^^^^^^^^^^^^K^ and examinations 
 impress," and di- - ^ ^^^K^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^(^ made, because, 
 
 rcctcd him to do all K: j^^^e|^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the lib- 
 
 his power to en- ^^j^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I^P^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 able the American ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B/K^^^ xi\(tr\ will be 
 Hag to "protect '' ^ff^^^^^^^^^K^^^KK^^^^^ possible. For the 
 those of whatever ^^K^^K^^^EBBK^^iw^ ^-^^^ British govern- 
 
 nation Avho sail un- '^^^^^^B/^^^^^'^^f '<^ raent then to make 
 
 der it."* In anoth- -^-^-^^ ^^^ — ^' professions of re- 
 
 cr dispatch the same year he ^^ ppcct to the rights of our cit- 
 
 alludes to the fact that the (Jf. -{jjyi /X»->->^ izens, and Avillingness to re- 
 British government had gone / rj lease them, and yet deny the 
 so far as not to " permit inqui- only means of ascert.aining 
 those rights, is an insulting tantalism. If the British government have any regard 
 to our rigiits, any respect for our nation, and place any value on our friendship, they 
 will even facilitate to us the means of releasing our oppressed citizens."^ 
 
 A little later he wrote, " The British naval officers often impress Swedes, Danes, 
 !\nd other foreigners frpm the vessels of the United States. They have e\ en some- 
 times impressed Frenchmen ! , . . They can not pretend an inaljility to distinguish 
 these foreigners from their own subjects. They may with as much reason rob the 
 American vessels of the property or merchandise of the Swedes, Danes, or Portu- 
 guese, as seize and detain in their service the subjects of those nations found on board 
 American vessels."^ 
 
 During the following year very many complaints concerning impressed American 
 seamen were made to the government of the United States, and cases of absolute 
 
 '|:t 
 
 ,i 
 
 I Mr. Jeffei oon to Mr. Plncltney, October 12, 1T02. 
 
 ' Tlie same to the same, November fl, 1792. 
 
 ' Riifiis King was born in Scarborough, Mainp, in the yoarlTBB. He was a student In Harvard College in 1778, when 
 the breaking out of the war for independence suspended that institution. He chose the law for his profession, and be- 
 f«me an able practitioner. He was In Sullivan's army in Rhode Island In 177S, and was admitted to the bar in 1780. His 
 ilrst appearance was In opposition to his great instructor, Theophilus Parsons, of Newburyport. His oratorical talents 
 won became Icnowu and appreciated, and in 1|S4 he was elected to a seat in the Legislature of Massachusetts. In the 
 National Convention of ".7S7 he was an efficient member, and nobly advocated the ratification of the Constitution there 
 iilopted. Having married the daughter of an opulent merchant of New York, Mr. King made that city his residence in 
 IM, and the next year was elected to a seat In the Legislature of New York. lie was one of the first United States sen- 
 ilore from New York, and in 1790 was appointed minister to Oreat Britain. He returned home In 1803. From 1813 to 
 I'iChc was a member of the United States Senate. At the close of his term ho was sent to England as minister pleni- 
 potentiary, but 111 health compelled him to relinquish his post and return home after a residence of about a year there. 
 He died at his home near .lamaica, Long Island, on the 29th of April, 1S27, at the age of seventy-two years. 
 Mr. Pickering to M,. King, June s, 179(1. 
 
 ' The same to the same, Septeuiher 10, 1796. 
 
 ' The same to the same, October 20, 1796. 
 
-sasfs 
 
 saa 
 
 
 
 i ; i 
 
 144 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Cruel Treatmeut of American Seamen in the British Navy. 
 
 Secretary Marshail to MlniBter King, 
 
 cruelty exercised toward and hardships endured by American seamen thus impressed 
 were reported.' 
 
 The United States government, always inclined to peace, frequently urged upon 
 that of Great Britain the necessity of a convention which should settle the questions 
 of impress and neutrality, but without success, for the British government ])rac- 
 tically assumed the right to be a law unto itself. Early in 1799 Mr. King made an 
 earnest representation on the subject to Lord Grenville, denying, as he had on former 
 conferences, any right of the kind on the part of Great Britain, and suggesting that 
 Americun ships of war, by permission of their government, might with equal rii»hi 
 pursue the same practice toward British merchantmen. He pi'otested against the in- 
 discriminate seizure onboard of American vessels of seamen of several nations, ami 
 pressed him for some definite assurance of a change. But Grenville, as usual, was 
 evasive, and the conference ended without a prospect of satisfaction. Grenville; as- 
 sured Mr. King that all Americans so impressed should be discharged on application 
 for that purpose ; but the American minister very properly considered that offer far 
 short of satisfaction. "Indeed," he said, "to acquiesce in it is to give up the right.""- 
 
 Late in the year 1 800, John Marshall, then Secretary of State, wrote an able and 
 eloquent letter to Mr. King hi London on the subject of the impress. " Tlie impress- 
 ment of our seamen," he said, " is an injury of very serious magnitude, which deeply 
 affects the feelings and the honor of the nation. . . . They are dragged on board 
 British ships of war with evidences of citizenship in their hands, and forced by vio- 
 lence there to serve until conclusive testimonials of their birth can be obtained. . . , 
 Although the Lords of the Admiralty uniformly direct their discharge on the produc- 
 
 1 Investigation rcveaied the following facts : on the 4th of July, 1T94, Captain Silas Talbot, of the United States Knvr. 
 wrote from Kingston, Jamaica, to Secretary Pickering, that Admiral Sir Hyde Parker had " issued a general order to nil 
 captains and commanders of ships and vos'jels of war, directing them not to obey any writ of hahtaa corptm, nor suffer 
 any men to leave their ships in consequeiici of such writ." This order was issued because Talbot had made tucco!>!-ful 
 applications to the civil authorities on thai island for the release of enslaved Americans on board British vessels. Tal- 
 bot, however, persevered in his humane efforts, and he wrote that, while all the writs which he hud obtained were 
 served, n(me ol them were obeyed. The naval ofBcers on that station set the civil authority at doiuiucc, and Talbot 
 wrote, "The laws in this island, it seems, can not be administered for the relief of American citizens who are held in 
 British slavery, many of whom, as they write me from on board Captain Otway's ship, have been brought to the gangitay 
 and ichipi>ed for toritiny to their agent to get them discharged !" 
 
 William Cobbett, an Englishman, wrote afterward in his Political Register, saying, "Onr ships of war, wlion they meet 
 an American vessel at sea, board her and take out of her by force any seamen whom onr officers assert to be l)i itish 
 subjects. There is no rule by which they are bound. They act at discretion; and the consequence is that great numbers 
 of native Americans have been impressed, and great numbers of them are now in our navy. . . . That many of these 
 men have died on board our ships, that many have been wounded, that many have been killed in action, and that many 
 have been worn out in the service there can be no doubt. Some obtain their release through the application of the 
 American consul here ; and of these the sufferings have in many instances been very great. There have been instancee 
 where men have thuB got free after having been flogged thrmigh the fleet/or desertion.' But it has been asked whether we 
 are not to t ake our sailors where we find them t To which America auswers, ' Yes.' . . . She wishes not to have in her 
 ships ai'y Uritish sailors, and she is willing io give llicm up whenever the fact of their being British sailors can be 
 proved; but let not men be seized in her ships upon tlie hiirh seas (and sometimes at the mouths of her own rivers), 
 wherj there is nobody to judge between the parties, and where the British officer going on board is at once acccbie, 
 WITNESS, JUDOK, and c.\PTon 1" 
 
 a M.-. King to Mr. Pickering, March 16, 1799. 
 
 * There is ample testimony to prove the cniel treatment experienced by impressed American seamen on board Britlph 
 Tessels, Richard Thompson, a native of New Paltz, Ulster County, New York, testified at Poughkcepsic on the 17th of 
 April, 1793, that, while on the sea in a merchant vessel, he was impressed on board the British vessel of war iVnwt in 
 1810. He was not allowed to write to his friends. When he and two other impressed American seamen heard of the 
 declaration of war in 1S12, they claimed to be considered prisoners of war, and refused to do duty any longer. They 
 were ordered to the quarter-deck, put in irons for twenty-fonr hours, then taken to the gangway, stripped naked, "tied 
 and whipped, each one dozen and a half lashes, and put to duty." When the Peacock went into action with the llnml 
 they asked the captain to be sent below, that they might not flght against their countrymen. The captain called a mid- 
 shipman and told him to " do nis duty." That duty was to hold a pistol at the head of Thompson and threaten to hloff 
 his brains out if he and his companions did not do service. They were liberated on the capture of the Peacock by the ; 
 Ilornet. Another seaman from Ulster County, named .Tames Tompkins, testified to greater cruelties inflicted on hiragelf j 
 and three others, who v.ere impressed on board the British ship Aetemi in April, 1S12. When they refused to do duty 
 they were whipped "five dozen lashes each." Two days afterward they received four dozen lashes each. They still 
 refused to do duty, and, after the lapse of another two days, they received two dozen lashes each. They still reftisej, 
 and, after being whipped again, they were put in irons, where they were kept three months. On their arrival in London J 
 they heard of the capture of the Onerriere. With a shirt and handkerchiefs they made strijies and stars for Americsn j 
 colors, hung it over a guo, and gave three cheerR for the victory. For this ODtburst of patriotism they received tivoj 
 dozen lashes each. 
 
 Argument against 1 
 
 tion of this tes 
 
 sidcrable time 
 
 of a friendly ni 
 
 prevent tJie coi 
 
 of the injured, t 
 
 past, and ho se 
 
 lively that thoi 
 
 elsewhere, shall 
 
 naturalized or n 
 
 iiied. . . , Alier 
 
 to be equally ex 
 
 them, and have .' 
 
 I'ontracted to be 
 
 their service. 1 
 
 and an injury. ; 
 
 alluding to the f 
 
 iillow retaliation 
 
 that something ii 
 
 shall concludes b 
 
 I'ectual measures ' 
 
 wrong, to excite 
 
 force our governi 
 
 tare ?"' 
 
 These suggestio 
 .■ilightest visible ef 
 on vigorously ; but 
 the Peace of Amicj 
 
 in excess of the den 
 imtaught by past ( 
 Vincent ^ ill ],^. \,^^ 
 pre.ssmeiii of our se 
 'v ill the yeai 
 '""itted to 
 liu- ot iKsertor?!, « 
 hilt to exci'|it ' .„{j 
 iState,said, "It up,,,, 
 |mt>nts."3 The Sec. 
 ■ all consequences, thai 
 tilings not to be entc 
 ji'cted to it because 
 I 'M.'" TJie Secrctai 
 article [the seventh h 
 It IS utterly inadmissi 
 "lion the broad princi 
 'loHii at the begimiini 
 ™I of that sanctity.''' 
 I JVheiniostilities bei 
 
 MlverWoIcotttolhePresId 
 
 l^n at eir """"""■• "'«^« he: 
 r"' »' t^a". "-ere aliens. -Ltaia 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 145 
 
 Argument against ImpressmentB. The Brltlgh Govcruraent refnsce to listen. Its Proposition on the Subject rejected. 
 
 tion of this testimony, yet many must perish unrelieved, and all are detained a con- 
 siderable time in lawless and injurious confinement. It is the duty as well as a right 
 of a friendly nation to require that measures be taken by the British government to 
 prevent the continued repetition of such violence by its agents. . . . The mere relecee 
 of the injured, after a long course of serving and suffering, is no compensation for the 
 past, and no security for the future. . . . The United States, therefore, require posi- 
 tively that their seamen who are not British subjects, whether born in America or 
 elsewhere, shall be exempt from imi)ressinent. The case of British subjects, whether 
 naturalized or not, is mftre questionable ; but the right even to impress them is de- 
 nied. . . . Alien seamen, not British subjects, engaged in our merchant service, ought 
 to be equally exempt with citizens from impressments. We have a right to engage 
 them, and have a right to and an interest in their persons to the extent of the service 
 contracted to be performed. Britain has not a pretext of right to their persons or 
 their service. To tear them, then, from our possession is at the same time an insult 
 and an injury. It is an act of violence for whi^i there exists no palliative." Afler 
 alluding to the fact that the principles of the United States government would not 
 allow retaliation by impressments from the British merchant ships, and suggesting 
 that something in that way might be done by recruiting from that sei'vice, Mr. Mar- 
 shall concludes by saying, " Is it not more advisable to desist from, and to take ef- 
 fectual measures to prevent an acknowledged wrong, than, by perseverance in that 
 wrong, to excite against themselves the well-founded resentment of America, and 
 force our government into measures which may possibly terminate in open rup- 
 ture?'" 
 
 These suggestions were all submitted to the British ministry, bu. 
 slisrhtest visible effect. While the war continued, the nefarious practici 
 
 ■ Febroary 4. 
 
 Ithout the 
 IS carried 
 
 on vigorously ; but Avhen the general pacification of Europe took plac 1801, and 
 the Peace of Amiens gave a respite to British ships of war — when their m .imen wore 
 in excess of the demand — impressments ceased, and the American minister in Lonlon. 
 untaught by past experience and observation, wrote, "I am in hopes that Lord St. 
 Vincent will be inclined to attend to our reiterated remonstrances against tlii' im- 
 pressment of our seanh a and the vexations of ottr trade."^ Vain expectation ! 
 <:\\ ill the year 1800* Mr. Liston, the British minister in the I'nit. 
 vbmitted tn President Ada in pposition for the rec'iirocal d( 
 
 livii oi ' ert' so u <irded as to - tii m impressment on board ofprirife vessels, 
 kt to exupf iblii ships of war.'" It was rejected. Pickerhig, the >> rotary of 
 State, said, " li app ars utterly ladmissilde, unless it would put an end to impress- 
 ments."^ The Seciv tar\ of the Xuvy "aid, "It is better in have no arti<le, and meet 
 all consequences, than not to enumom uiorchapt vessels on the high seas among the 
 things not to be entered in search of deserters.''' The Secretary of the Treasury ob- 
 jected to it because it did ' t "provide against the impressment of American sea- 
 men,"' The Secretary of ■ ar objected to it on the same ground, saying, " If this 
 article [the seventh in ]\[r. ListitiTs proposition] means what it is apprehended it does, 
 I it is utterly inadmissible."" The V ident and his Cabinet, thus planting themselves 
 jii|ion the broad principles of n. rights and the sanctity of the national flag laid 
 
 .ilown at the beginning, would ^n to nothing short of a recognition of those rights 
 I and of that sanctity.'' 
 When hostilities between Great Britain and France were revived in 1803, the im- 
 
 ' Marshftll to Kinp, September 20, 1800. » Mr. Kiiig; to the Secretory of Siatp, I'^ebninry 2S, 1801. 
 
 'Pickering to the President, Fcbrunrv 20, IROO. ♦ Benjamin Stoddert to the Precldpnt, Kc')rniiiy 2fl, 1800. 
 
 ' Oliver Wolcott to the President, April 20, 1800. « James M'Honry to the President, April 10, ISOO. 
 
 ■ From June, IWT, nntll the beglnninc of 1801, no less than 2059 applications for seamen Imprt^ssed, inclndlni; many 
 liide previously by Mr. King and Mr. Plnckney, were made. Of these, only 102 were British snblects— less than one 
 lltectiotli of the whole impressed. Eleven hundred and forty-two were discharged as not being British subjects, and 
 I^*.nioro than one half, were held for farther proof, while there existed strong presumption that the whole, or a greater 
 liert, at least, were aliens. — Ltm an'b Diplomaci' qf the United States, 11., lii, note. 
 
 K 
 
 </ 1 
 
 
 •I"' lU' 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
m 
 
 I! 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 146 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Doctrine concerning Neutral Tdghts held by the United States and Oreat Britain. The latter arraigned by Mndisoii. 
 
 press was again put into active operation. The American minister in London, Mr. 
 Monroe, following up previous cftbrts made by Mr. King Avlien that gcntlenian per- 
 ceived that war was uievitablo,' used every lawful endeavor to make a mutually sat- 
 isfactory arrangement concerning it. In a letter of instructions to that minister early 
 5 '" 1804," Mr. Madison, then Secretary of State, alily and lucidly reviewed 
 the whole subject of the impress and the rights of neutrals. His letter 
 opened with the following clear enunciation of the doctrines of the two nations: 
 
 " We consider a neutral Jiar/ on the high seas as a safeguard to those sailing under 
 it. Great liritain, on the contrary, asserts a right to search for and seize her own sub- 
 jects ; and under that cover, as can not but happen, are often seized and taken off citi- 
 zens of tJie United States, and citizens or subjects of other neutral cotmtries navigating 
 the high seas wider the protection of the American flag.^'' 
 
 After brief and cogent argument, Mr. Madison said, "Were it allowable that Brit- 
 ish subjects should be taken out of American vessels on the high seas, it migiit at 
 least be reqxnred that the jiroof of(g,heir allegiance should lie on the British side. 
 This obvious and just rule is, however, reversed. And any seaman on board, thougli 
 going from an A'-^rican port, sailing under an Amerie.ia ilag, and sometimes even 
 speaking an idiom proving him not to be a British subject, is presumed to be such 
 unless proved to be a>. American citizen. It may be safely affirmed that this is an 
 outrage which has no precedent, and which Great Britain would be among the last 
 nations in the world to suffer, if offered to lier own subjects and her own flag.* 
 
 Ic^lclciltiltiltilcilciieil: 
 
 "Great Britain has the less to say on the subject, .is it is in direct contradiction to 
 the principles on which she proceeds in other cases. While she claims and seizes on 
 the liigh seas her own subjects voluntarily serving in American vessels, she has con- 
 stantly given, when she could give, as a reason for not discharging from her service 
 American citizens, that they had voluntarily engaged in it. Nay, more ; while she 
 impresses her own subjects iVom the American service, although they have been set- 
 tled, and married, and naturalized in the United States, she constantly refuses to re- 
 lease fro n hers American seamen pressed into it whenever she can give for a reason 
 that they are either settled or married Avithin her dominions. Thus, when the volun- 
 tary i^o'iscnt of the mdividual favors her pretensions, she pleads the validity of that 
 consent. When the vohmtary consent of the individual stands in the Avay of her 
 preteuf ions, it goes for nothing. When marriage or residence can* be pleaded in her 
 favor, she avails herself of the plea. When marriage, residence, and naturalization 
 are against her, no respect whatever is paid to either. She takes by force her own 
 subjects voluntarily serving in our vessels. She keeps by force American citizens 
 involuntarily serving in hers. More flagrant inconsistencies can not be imagined." 
 
 No trguments, no remonstrances, no appeals to justice or the demands of interna- 
 tional ccniity, could induce the British government at that time, when waging war 
 with all itt: powers, to relinquish so great an advantage. 
 
 ' In the spring of iSflS Mr. King made a dtlermlned effort to prevent a revival of the practice of Impreesmcnt. On thf 
 7th of May he submlttti the following article to the British ministry: "No person shall he Impressed or taken onthi 
 high sens out of any ship >-r -.Coel belonging to the subjects or citizens of one of the parties by the public or private 
 armed ships or men-of-war belonging to or in the service of the other party." Lord St. Vincent, the First Lord of the 
 Admiralty, and Lord Hawkesbury, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, at tlrst nsspnted to this article ; but, after 
 oonsnltatlon with Sir William Scott, an exception was required in favor of the narrmr sen*. This proposal was rejected 
 by Mr. King. It was regarded as a subterfuge. The government, at the opening of another war, was detcrniiucd nol 
 to relinquish the practice of impressments from American vessels, and this revival of an obsolete claim of Enj»l»ncl to 
 exclusive jurisdiction over the seas surrounding the British Isles as far south as Cape Finlstcrrc and north to a \m\K 
 (ni the coast of Norway, which it was known the Americans would reject, was done as an excuse for terminating tlic ue- 
 gotlation on the practice of the Impress. 
 
 5 Hooper, in his yaval IliMory of the United States, 11., fi4, says : "On the 12th of June [1806] No. T [gun-boat] fell In 
 wltli the fleet of Admiral Colllngwood off Cadiz, and, while Mr. Lawrence was on board one of the British ship?, a boat 
 was sent and took three men out of No. T, under the pretense that they were Englishmen. On his return to his own ve§- 
 sol Mr. Lawrence hauled down his ensign, but no notice wai taken of the proceeding by the British. It is a fitting com- 
 mentary on this transaction that in the published letters of Lord Colllngwood, when he speaks of the Impressment of 
 Americans, he says that England would not submit to such an aggression for au hour." 
 
 Kttional Iudei)eudenre 
 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 147 
 
 >'i(ioniil ludepdudeiire and Honor imperiled. Memorlais to Congreee for decided Action. Hesitation uf Congress. 
 
 Day after day proofs were received of the sufferings of American citizens on ac- 
 count of tlic impreiis; and so flagrant and^frecjiient were these outrages toward the 
 close of 1805, that, ir. the memorials presented to Congress on the subject of British 
 depredations upon American commerce, already alluded to, tlie impressment of Amer- 
 ican seamen was a prominent topic.' 
 
 Action in Congress on these subjects, so vital to the interests of the people and the 
 dignity of the nation, was prompt. It was felt that a crisis was reached when the in- 
 dependence of the United States must be vindicated, or the national honor be imper- 
 iled. There was ample cause for most vigorous retaliatory measures toward Great 
 jJritain, ay, even for war. But the admhiistration itself, and the host of its oppo- 
 nents, were willing to bear a little longer than take the responsibility of an open rup- 
 ture witli Great Britain. A resolution offered in the United States Senate, declaring 
 that the depredations upon American commerce under tlie sanction of the British 
 government Avere " unprovoked aggressions upon tlie property of the citizens of the 
 United States, violations of their neutral rights, and encroachments upon their na- 
 tional independence," was adopted by unanimous vote ;" but when, four . Febmnry lo, 
 days afterward,'' another resolution was offered requesting the President 
 to "demand the restoration of the property of those citizens captured and 
 condemned on the pretext of its being employed in a trade with the enemies of Great 
 Britain, indemnification for past losses, and some arrangement concerning the impress- 
 ment of seamen," there was hesitation. To obtain the redress sought, there were 
 only four modes — namely, negotiation, non-intercourse, embargo, and war. The first 
 had been tried in vain ; the second and third would be menacing and oft'ensive ; and 
 (he fourth, all parties at that time depi'ecated. There was a division in the vote. 
 There Avas unanimity hi denunciation, but differences when the test of positive action 
 was applied. There were twenty votes in the affirmative, and six in the negative. 
 
 It was resolved to try negotiations once more. William Piiikney,^ of Maryland, 
 who had considerable diplomatic experience, was finally appointed a minister 
 extraordinary to England,' to become associated with Monroe, the resident 
 
 1800. 
 *• February 14. 
 
 ■ May. 
 
 ' "Tlie impressment of onr seamen, notwithstanding clear proofs of citizenslilp, the violation of our jurisdiction by 
 cipturos at the mouths of our harbors," and insulting treatment of our ships on the ocean, arc subjects worthy the se- 
 rious cousidcration of our national councils."— .S'nlcm Memorial. 
 
 "The constancy and vc'or of the seamen of the United States are justly themes of patriotic exultation. From their 
 connection with us, v,e consider their cause as our cause, their rights as our rights, their interests as our interests. Onr 
 Mings are Indignant at the recital of their wrongs."— A'cm York Memorial, signed by John Jacob Astor and others. 
 
 "That our seamen should bo exi)08ed to meanest insults and most wanton cruelties, and the fruits of their Indnstr- 
 and enterprise fall a prey to the profligate, can not but excite both feeling and indignation, and call loudly for the aid 
 and protection of government."- PAf feuftlp/iia Memorial. The New Haven and Baltimore memorials expressed similar 
 fenliments. 
 
 " William Pinkney was bom at Annapolis, Maryland, on the lith of March, 1T64. His father was a Ix)yall8t, but Wil 
 Iiain,n8 he approached manhood, toward the close of the Revolution, espoused the cause of his country. At the age of 
 wcnly-two years he was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession in Harford County, Mary- 
 land, where he married the sister of (afterward) Commodore Rodgers. He was a member of the Kxccutlvo Council of 
 Marjlnnd in 1702, and In 1706 was chosen to the Legislature. The next year he was appointed one of the commissioners 
 imder the provisions of Jay's treaty, and proceeded to England. He remained there until 1805, when ho returned, and 
 made Baltimore his residence. He was distinguished for his legal learning and eloquence, and was immediately ap- 
 pointed Attorney General of Maryland. He was sent to England for the object mentioned in the text, in 1800, where he 
 remained until isil, when he returned home. He fought bravely in the battle near Bladensburg in 1814, and was soon 
 ancrward elected to Congress. In 1810 he was appointed minister to Russia. I!c remained there until 1820, when he 
 letnriii'd, and was chosen to a seat in the Senate of the United States. In that body, and In the United States Ciiurts, he 
 libored Intensely until IS'il, when his health suddenly gave way. He died on the 26lh of February, 1S22, In tlie flfty- 
 alnlh year of his age. 
 
 ' Th'- had been done repeatedly. The American waters were almost continually plowed by British craisers at this 
 lime. A few weeks later an event occurred which aroused the greatest indignation throughout the country. A small 
 fowling vessel, navigated by Captain John Pearce, of New York, running for Sandy Hook, was fired into by the B; itish 
 fniiser Leander, Captain Whitby. Captain Pearce was killed. It was, morally, a gross act of piracy. The act itself called 
 forth bitter denunciations at a meeting held at the Tontine Coffee-house, in New York, on the following day (April 20, 
 1S(I6). A resolution proposed by a committee, of which RufUs King, late minister to England, was chairman, declared 
 iliat an administration that would enffer foreign armed ships to " impress, wound, and murder citizens" was "not en- 
 titled to the confidence of a brave and free people." The public indignation was Increased when It became known that 
 Captain Whitby, who was brought to trial in England for the murder of Captain Pearce, and his guilt fairly proven by 
 evldenco dispatched thither by the United States government, was honorabli/ acquitted I 
 
 I 
 
■^^1 
 
 !■ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ii 
 
 146 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Minister Extraordinary sent to BngUnd. The old Party Llnea again eatabllshed. 
 
 War and AntUwar Piirilc*. 
 
 minister, in negotiating a treaty tliat should 
 Bcttlo all disputes between tlie two govern- 
 ments. It was thought expedient, at tlic 
 same time, to use the second metliod pros- 
 pectively, as an auxiliary to tlie American 
 ministers, for it would appeal potentially t(] 
 the commercial interest of Great Britain, 
 then, as ever, the ruling power in the state. 
 Accordingly, after long and earnest dehatos, 
 the House of Representatives passed an 
 act" prohibiting the importation .M„r,,|,2s 
 into the United States of a great i^"«. 
 variety of the most important manufactures 
 of Great Britain. It passed the Senate on 
 the 10th of April, and on tlie 18th beoanic 
 a law.' To give time for the negotiations, 
 the commencement of the prohibition was 
 l)ostponed until the middle of the foUowini; 
 November. 
 
 In the debate upon the Non-importatii)ii 
 Act in Congress, and in its discussion among 
 the people, the old party lines, which, to 
 some extent, had appeared faint when great 
 national questions were fnirly discussed, 
 became perfectly distinct. The measure 
 was regarded by the jealous opponents of Jeiferson and his Cabinet as a display ot 
 that hostility to Great Britain because of love for France, which the President and 
 his Secretary had so frequently manifested during the administrations of Washington 
 and Adams. It was regarded as a measure calculated to lead the country into a Avar 
 with Great Britain. The administration party, on the contrary, cliarged the Feder- 
 alists, because they were unwilling to support the measure, with being friendly tn 
 their country's oppressor. The old political war-cries were sounded, and " Frciieli 
 party" and " British party" became familiar words again on the lips of partisans. 
 The Federalists affected to regard Great Britain in her wars with France, and cs])e- 
 cially in the current one with Napoleon, as the champion of the liberties of the world 
 against an audacious aspirant for universal empire ; while the Democrats aifectcd to 
 consider the Emperor of the French as a great regenerator, wlio was destined to bene- 
 lit the world by prostrating tottering thrones, effacing corrupt dynasties, purifying the 
 political atmosphere of Europe, and giving new life and vigor to the people. Sueii 
 M^ere the antagonistic ideas then distinctly developed. The Non-importation Act 
 was passed by a strictly party vote — ninety-three Democrats, against thirty-two Fed- 
 eralists and "Quids," as John Randolph and his six secessionists were called. The 
 heat of tb \t debate in the first session of the Ninth Congress developed the germ of 
 the War and Anti-^ear parties, so strong and implacable just previous to and durin<; 
 the War OF 1812. 
 
 ' The following is a list of articles prohlMted : All articles of which leather, silk, hemp or fiax, and tin and brain (lin 
 cheets excepted) were the materials of dilcf value ; woolen cloths ivhofo Invoice prices sliould exceed five shillings ilor- ; 
 ling a yard: woolen hosiery of all kinds; window-glass, and all the mannfuctures of glass; silver und plated wnre; pa- 
 I)cr of every description ; nails and spikes; mate, and clothing ready made ; millinery of all kinds; playing-cards ; beer, 
 ale, and porter ; and pictures and prints. 
 
 Iliipes created by a ne 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 U9 
 
 no|ie!< rrcatoil by a new BritlHh Ministry. DiHappotntmcnt. Ncgotiatiung rcupcnod. CharUw .IniiicM Fux. 
 
 !1 
 
 CHAPTER Vin. 
 
 " You nil remember well, I guess, 
 The Chemjtmkc disaster, 
 When Brltdus durod to kill nnd press, 
 To please their royal master." 
 
 Bono — Rodoebs amd VioioaT. 
 
 " Prom the deep we withdraw till the tempest be past. 
 Till our Hag can protect each American carj^o ; 
 While British ambition's dominion shall last, 
 Let us Join, heart and hand, to support the KHUAsao: 
 For Emiiaikio and Peacik 
 Will promote our iucreaBC ; 
 Then embargoed we'll live till injustice shall cease : 
 For ne'er, till old Ocean retires from his bed, 
 Will Columbia by Europe's proud tyrants be led." 
 
 Sosd — EiiDAitoo AND Peace. 
 
 IIILE the debate on tlie Non-importation Act was at its heiglit 
 in Congress, intelligence came of a cliange in tlic British minis- 
 try that promised a speedy adjustment of all matters in dis- 
 pute between tlie two countries. William Pitt died in Janua- 
 ry," and at the beginning of February a new Cabi- 'January 28, 
 net was formed, known in English history as " All- ^^"''• 
 
 the-talents Ministry," of which the peaceful, humane, and lib- 
 eral Charles James Fox was the most influential member,' as 
 Secretary of State for Foreign Affiiirs. 
 
 Under the impression that the new ministry would be more ready to act justly to- 
 ward the Americans than the old one, Mr. Pinkney sailed for England. He was soon 
 mideceived. England's policy in the conduct of the tremendous war in which she 
 was engaged was too firmly established to be disturbed by the private opinions and 
 wishes of individuals, and Mr. Fox appears to have imbibed the views of his prede- 
 cessors in office concerning the complaints of the Americans on the subject of the 
 impress and neutral rights. 
 
 Before Pinkney's arrival Fox had expressed to Monroe some sensibility at the 
 passage of the Non-importation Act. lie declared that it embarrassed him, because 
 it '.vould place him in the position of treating under seeming compulsion. Monroe 
 wave a satisfactory explanation, and, on the arrival of Pinkney, Lords Holland and 
 .\uckland were appointed to negotiate with the American envoys. 
 
 Tlie negotiations commenced in August.'' As the American commis- 
 >icner8 were instructed to make no treaty which did not secure the vessels 
 of their countrymen on the high seas against visitations from press-gangs, this topic 
 naturally occupied the early and earnest attention of the negotiators. The American 
 roraraissioners, under instructions, contended that the right of impressment existing 
 by municipal law could not be exercised out of the jurisdiction of Great Britain, and, 
 consequently, upon the high seas. In reply, the British commissioners recited the old 
 
 ' Fox and Burke stood side by side in the opposition to Lord North in the long struggle before and during the Amer- 
 ican Revolution. He was always on the liberal side in politics, of the Whig school, and was intensely bated l)y the king. 
 Si oiie time, at the close of the Revolution, the nation appeared to be divided into parties, one known as the liing's, and 
 the other as Fox's. On one occasion Dr. Johnson said, " Fox is an extraordinary man ; here is a man who has divided 
 aliingdom with Cffisar, so that It was a doubt which the nation should be ruled by— the sceptre of George TIT. or the 
 longuc of Fox." He was always nn advocate for a peace policy, and his accession to power in 1800 gave the thinkini; 
 men of England hopes of a cessation of the wasting war with the all-conqnerlng Napolecm. To that end he labored, 
 and had well-nigh accomplished measures for pacificutiou wheu, on the 13tb of September, 1800, he died. 
 
 ' August 2. 
 
 M 
 
 1 1 ■ ' 
 
 i 
 
 X- i i 
 
 H 
 
^mmm* 
 
 ill 
 
 St 
 
 {■■ i 
 
 III 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 ■*"'■ 
 
 
 ISO 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ProgresB and Character uf Nogotlatlons. 
 
 Treaty agreed to. 
 
 The Berlin Decree consldcreil. 
 
 doctrine that no subject of the king could expatriate himself— " once an EngliHhinan 
 always an Englishman" — and argued that to give up that right would make evory 
 American vessel an asylum for Uritish seamen wishi: g to evade their country's si-rv- 
 ice, and even for deserters from British ships of war. They were sustained in tliis 
 view by the law officers of the crown and the lioard of Admiralty, and would not 
 yield the poiiit. Here tl.c American commissioners might have terminated the nego- 
 tiation, because the vital object of their appointment could not bo obtained. 
 
 At length this impressment question was placed in an attitude to allow negotiations 
 upon other topics to go on. While the British commissioners declared that their gov- 
 ernment would not relinquish by formal treaty the right of impressment on the liigh 
 seas, they agreed that special instructions should be ^iven and enforced for the ob- 
 servance of great caution against subjecting any American-born citizens to molesta- 
 tion or injury. They gave the American commissioners to understand, althougl. it 
 was not expressed in terms, that the intention of the British government Avas not to 
 allow impressments from American vessels on the high seas except under extraordi- 
 nary circumstances, such as having on board knoAvn deserters from the British navy, 
 • November 8, ^^^ ^^^^ gradually to abandon the practice. This proposition was put in 
 1800. Avriting," and the negotiations on other topics proceeded. 
 
 The terms of a treaty considered in many respects more favorable to the Americans 
 than that of Jay in 1794, to continue for ton years, were soon agreed to. The trade 
 between the United States and the European possessions of Great Britain were placed 
 on a footing of perfect reciprocity, but no concessions could be obtained as to tiie 
 trade of the West Indies ; while in the matter of the East India trade terms as fovoi- 
 able to the Americans as those of Jay's would not be granted. The provisions in 
 that treaty concerning blockades and contraband were adopted, with an additional 
 provision that no American vessels were to be visited or seized within five miles of 
 the coast of the United States. 
 
 In regard to the carrying-trade, in which American vessels were so largely con- 
 cerned, the modification of the " rule of 1756" (stipulated in the treaty with Russia in 
 1801, already alluded to)^ was agreed to, but to operate only during the current war, 
 by Avliich such vessels could transport to any belligerent colony not blockaded by a 
 British force, any European goods not contraband of war, providing such goods were 
 American property, and the continuity of the voyage had been broken by their hav- 
 ing been previously landed in the United States, and a duty paid of at least one per 
 cent, above the amount drawn back on re-exportation. In like manner the produce 
 of the colony might be carried back, and taken into any port in Europe not blocjj- 
 aded. 
 
 At this point in the negotiation, intelligence of the issue of the Berlin Decree,^ whicli 
 we shall consider presently, reached the commissioners. It produced hesitation on 
 the part of the British negotiators. They required assurances that the United States 
 would not allow their trade with Great Britain, and in British merchandise, to be in- 
 terrupted and interfered with by France without taking measures to resent it. This 
 assurance the American commissioners refused to give, as they were not inclined to 
 pledge their government to quarrel with Franco for the benefit of English trade. 
 Holland and Auckland waived the point and signed the treaty, at the same time pre- 
 senting a written protest against the Berlin Decree, reserving to the British govern- 
 ment the right, should that decree be actually carried into force as against neutrals, 
 and be submitted to by them, to take such measures of retaliation as might be deem- 
 ed expedient. 
 
 Had this ./eaty not been based in a degree upon contingencies and promises, leav- 
 ing American commence still, in the absence of positive treaty stipulations, at the 
 
 TTMtjr withheld from 
 
 1 See note 2, page 133. 
 
 • See page 189. 
 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 151 
 
 Treaty withheld from the Senate. 
 
 War on the Administration. 
 
 Blockade of the European L'oaiit declared. 
 
 mercy of BritiHli policy, it migJit have been considered so advantageous to the mer- 
 chants of the United States, being an advance in the right direction, as to have re- 
 ceived the favor of tlie administration, liut it was too loose in its actual guarantees, 
 and the experience of the past was too admonitory to allow such a treaty to be ac- 
 cepted as a satisfactory settlement of difficulties between the two governments. It 
 also failed to secure the most vital advantages contemplated in the appointment of 
 the commission, namely, the abolition of the impress from American vessels and re- 
 linquishment on the ])art of Great Britain of its claims to a right of search. Such 
 l)eiiig its character, the President, at the risk of being charged with usurpation, did 
 not even lay the treaty before the Senate, but, on his own responsibility, seconded by 
 tlic co-operation of Mr. Madison, his Secretary of State, he refused to ratify it. That 
 refusal destroyed all hope of negotiating another treaty so favorable to the Amer- 
 i vns, for, long before it reached the Jiritish government in official form, the Fo.\ and 
 Grenville ministry had disaj)peared. It had been superseded" by one in which , March, 
 Liverpool, Percival, and Caiuiing, all disciples of the more warlike Pitt, were ^^^''■ 
 tlie leading spirits. The remains of Fox had lain in Westminster Abbey six mouths 
 when this change in the administration took place.' 
 
 As might have been expected, Jefterson was vehemently assailed by the opposi- 
 tion ; and the merchants, as a class, misled by the deceptive clamor of politicians, 
 swelled the voice of denunciation. The Federalists, ever suspicious of the President, 
 their arch-enemy in former crises of the government, charged him with insincerity 
 when he protested his earnest desire for an honorable adjustment with England ; and 
 they were inclined to regard the rejection of the treaty as a deliberate mancEuvre to 
 rherish popular passion, and thus to strengthen the party hold of the President and 
 his destined successor, Mr. Madison.^ 
 
 The war against the administration was waged unrelentingly. Another great 
 struggle between the Democrats and Federalists for the prize of the Presidency and 
 national nile now commenced, and some leading men of the opposition who, when in 
 power, had bitterly denounced the course of the British government because of its 
 course on the impress and neutral rights, now became either silent spectators or vir- 
 tual apologists for England. Yet the Democratic party steadily gained in numbers 
 and influence even in New England, and the war feeling became more and more in- 
 tense and positive among the people. 
 
 We have already alluded to the seizure of Hanover by the Prussians at the insti- 
 lation of Napoleon.^ This offense against the Crown of England was immediately 
 resented ; or, rather, it was made the pretext for employing against France a measure 
 which, as in 1756 and 1792, was calculated to starve the empire. By orders in Coun- 
 cil, issued on the ICth of May, 1806, the whole coast of Europe from the Elbe, in Ger- 
 many, to Brest, in France, a distance of about eight hundred miles, was declared in a 
 state of blockade, when, at the same time, the British navy could not spare from its 
 other fields of service vessels enough to enforce the blockade over a third of the pre- 
 scribed coast. It was essentially a " paper blockade," then valid according to En- 
 glish " laws of nations" — laws of her own enactment, and enforced by her own mate- 
 rial power. The almost entire destruction of the French and Spanish fleets oflp Tra- 
 falgar, a few months before,*" had annihilated her rivals for the sovereign- 6 October 21, 
 ty of the seas, and she now resolved to control the trade of the world, by ^®**- 
 ffhich she might procure pecuniary means to carry on the war. 
 
 The British oi'ders in Council somewhat startled American commerce, and by 
 some was considered, so far as that commerce was concerned, as not only a counter- 
 vailing measure in view of the Non-importation Act of the American Congress, but a 
 positively belligerent one. But its effects were slight in comparison with the pros- 
 
 I 8oe page 128. 
 
 > Uildreth'B History of the United States, Second Series, ii., 6C3. 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 > See page 123. 
 
 w 
 
'i! 
 
 158 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 n» Berlin Decree. 
 
 The "Coutlnental Hyitem." 
 
 Amerlcani the only Neutral*. 
 
 Their Kkpevtattoni. 
 
 trating blow inflicted upon the American fihippinp interest when, fVom the " Imperial 
 Camp lit IJcrliii" on tlie 2lHt of November, I HOO, Napoleon isHued the fumoiiH (lecitc 
 whi<^h (leciiired the Uritish Iwhinds in a state of blockade, forl)ade all eorrespondeiKc 
 or trade with England, defined all articles of Kiiglish manufacture or j)roduce as con- 
 traband, and the property of all Hritinh nubjectH as lawful prize of war.' 
 
 llcHting for moral support upon Kngland's cherished " law of nations," Napoleon 
 
 made this declaration of a practically universal blockade when he had scarcely a sliip 
 
 at liis command to enforce it ; for Lord Nelson, as we have just observed, had ahiiosi 
 
 . octoiinr 21, demolished the wliole French and part of the Spanish fleet oft" Trafalgar 
 
 IHUB. jjj^j thirteen months before.* 
 
 On land the power of Napoleon was scarcely bounded by any river in Euro|ic', 
 Within his grasp was seemingly the sceptre of universal empire, of which he dreaincMJ 
 with the ambition of an Alexander. State after state had been added to his doinin- 
 ions, and brother after brother had been placed upon thrones of his own construction, 
 amid the ruins of old dynasties. He now endeavored, by the ))ractice of Englaiul's 
 logic, to dispute with her in a peculiar way the sceptre of the seas.^ 
 
 This was the beginning of what was afterward called the Continental System , com- 
 menced avowedly as a retaliatory measure, and designed primarily to injure and, it 
 possible, to destroy the commercial prosperity of England. Najtoleon adhered to it 
 for several years as a favorite scheme, to the delight and profit of smugglers created 
 by the system, and the immense injury of the commerce of the world. He compelleil 
 most of the states of Europe to become partners in the league against Great Britain. 
 A refusal to join it was considered a just cause for war. Yet England, with suih 
 powers against her, and such an injurious system impinging heavily upon her inaii- 
 time and trading interests, defied Napoleon and his allies, and exhibited a moral and 
 material energy which commands our wonder and highest res])ect. 
 
 America was at this time really the only neutral in the civilized world. Ilcr iso- 
 lation enabled her to maintain that position, and enjoy prosperity while Europe was 
 resonant with the din of battle, clouded with the smoke of camps and nr 1 towns, 
 and wasted by the terrible demands of moving armies. But her secui 1 pros- 
 
 perity were likely to be disturbed by this unrighteous decree from i Imperial 
 Camp." It Avas so broad in its application, that it would be equally injurious to neu- 
 trals and belligerents. The commercial world perceived this Avith its keen eye, and 
 American commerce was convulsed by a thrill of apprehension. Rates of insurana' 
 ran up to ruinous heights at the beginning of 1807, and commercial enterprises of 
 every kind were suspended. 
 
 This panic was somewhat allayed by a letter from John Armstrong, American min- 
 ister at Paris, who believed the operations of the decree would be only municipal, 
 and was assured by the French Minister of Marine that the existing commercial re- 
 lations of the United States and the French Empire, as settled by the Convention of 
 1800,3 would not be disturbed.* This assurance was subsequently strengthened by 
 the fact that the decree was not enforced against America'n vessels until about a year 
 afterward,* Napoleon doubtless hoping the United States, growing every day more 
 and more hostile toward England because of her injustice, would be induced to join 
 the league against that power. Tlie Americans were also taught to rely upon the 
 traditional policy of France concerning the rights of neutrals, so plainly avowed in 
 the Armed Neutrality Treaty in 1 780, earnestly proclaimed ever since by the French 
 
 ' See note 1, page 12<>. 
 
 ' Napoleon at this time had been compelled to abandon his achemes for the Invasion of England. He had lost St. Do- 
 mingo, and all prestige in the West Indies, and had no means of annoying bis most potent enemy, on the sea. 
 
 ' See twelfth and fourteenth articles of that Convention In Stalesman'ii Manual, iv., .142, i543. 
 
 ♦ On the lOlh of December, Minister Armstrong asked for an explanation of the Berlin Decree. Monsieur Dccrcs, tho 
 Minister of Marine, replied on the 24th that he cimsidered the decree as in no way modifying "the regulations at pres- 
 ent observed in France with regard to neutral navigators, nor, consequently, of the (Jonventlon of the 3nth of September, 
 1800, with the United States of America." ' Baring's Inquiry, etc., page 116, cited in note 1, page 123. 
 
 Change Id the Polli 
 
 rulers, and rei 
 decree under i 
 The promisi 
 Decree were > 
 of 1807. The 
 duties in the 
 coasts of Euro 
 tein into activ( 
 on the contrarj 
 ter of Justice, ' 
 nies, by whonb 
 Ainericiins wer 
 with the intent 
 operation with 
 lihertics of that 
 interpretation of 
 liiirs, coolly repi 
 'inly not issued ji 
 t(» make it eft'ecti 
 gations in the m: 
 maritime powers, 
 to make common 
 Xapoleon in enfoi 
 hut really agains 
 stipulations regar 
 the American sliii 
 violation of every 
 under liegnier's d 
 niercliandiso of Hri 
 precedent for the i 
 property. 
 
 Almost simultan 
 of the Berlin Deere 
 more destructive at 
 ed by either party 
 "1 the 17th of Nov 
 iiidess through Grei 
 
 'This was a treaty of pea 
 tolhe Prussian monarch ont 
 , Hon of Napoleon's three bru 
 I pballa. 
 
 ' Letter to the Imperial Al 
 
 '"Allthedlfflcultloswhicl 
 
 rthease If the government 
 
 look, with the whole Contlm 
 
 I tar an entire disregard for tl 
 
 On this point the interest ol 
 
 Kplomaeii of the United Slate, 
 
 This was all very trne, but 
 
 I milrely Inconsistent with th( 
 
 IiiyoflTSn. The Berlin Dec 
 
 I igalnst which tho Americana 
 
 wnoed "monstrous and Ind 
 I 'Mr. Baring, In his able I,u 
 
 oftlio extremely lengthvdocu 
 J All trade directly from Ar 
 I Msh flag Is excluded. Is tot 
 I ff/ofSartll'ila, Is include 
 I Mt Of the colonies re-exporte 
 
 3 
 
OF THE VVAK OJf 1812. 
 
 158 
 
 Cbiuii;e In the Policy of the French. 
 
 SeUnre of American Bhipa. 
 
 Britlih Orderi In Conoell. 
 
 lulds, 1111(1 ri'itcratctl in tlic diargca agaiiwt Eiiglaiul in the pi-eamblc to the famoun 
 (licnu luider fonHJili'iiition. 
 
 Tiio promiHcs of accurity to Ainoricaii coiniiu'rco fiom the operatioiiH of the llt-rlin 
 Decree wviv. sooii broivcn. Tin; j)o\vorH of that dt'CToo wt-re jtut forth in tlio aiituiiui 
 of 1807. Till' IVaco of Tilnit' liad ifloaHcd a liiigc iiumlu'r of Freiicii noldiors from 
 duties in tiie camp and tield, and these were employed at varions ports along the 
 coasts of Knrope in strictly enfon^ing tlie l»lt)(;kade and putting tlie (Jontiiienta) Sys- 
 tem into active opei'atif)ii. Even American commerce did not remain undisturbed ; 
 on the (contrary, it was directly threatened l)y a decision of Kegiiier, tlie Kreiich Min- 
 ter of .f ustice, who declared that all merchandise derived from ICngland and her colo- 
 nies, by whomsoever owned, was Habit! to seizure even on lioard neutral vessels.- Ah 
 Aincricaiis were then the only neutrals, this decision was aimed directly at them, 
 with the intention, no doubt, of forcing the United States into at least a passive co- 
 opoiiitioii with JJonaparte in his (U-adly designs against Uritish commerce and the 
 liberties of that people. When Minister Armstrong made in(|uiries concerning this 
 interpretation of the HeiTin Decree, t'hampagny, the French Minister for Foreign At- 
 tiiirs, coolly replied that the prhicipal jiowcrs of Europe for eleven nu)nths liad not 
 (inly not issued any protest against the decree, but had agreed to enforce it, and that 
 to make it eft'ectual its execution must be complete, lie disposed of the treaty obli- 
 gations in the matter by saying that, since England had disregarded the rights of all 
 maritime powers, the interests of those powers were coinmon, and they were bound 
 to make common ciuisc against her;' that is to say, any nation that woidd not join 
 Xapolcon in enforcing his iniquitous Continental System, ostensibly against England, 
 Init really against the commerce of the Avorld, forieited its claim to have its treaty 
 stipulations regarded ! This doctrine was speedily followed up by practice, Avheii 
 the American ship Horizon, stranded upon the French coast, was, with her cargf), in 
 violation of every principle of humanity, confiscated in the French j)rize court, acting 
 under Kegnier's decision,* on the ground that that cargo consisted of • November lo, 
 merchandise of British origin. This decision and confiscation became a *^'"' 
 
 precedent for the speedy seizure and sequestration of a large amount of American 
 property. 
 
 Almost simultaneously with this practical illustration of Regnier's interpretation 
 
 of the Berlin Decree in the case of the //orizox,'' Great Britain made a ,^, 
 
 - . 1 1 • 1 o 1 » November 10. 
 
 more destructive assault on the rights oi neutrals than any yet attempt- 
 ed by cither party. By orders in council, adopted on the 11th and promulgated 
 n the I7th of November, all neutral trade was prohibited with France or her allies 
 unless through Great Britain.* This avowed measure of retaliation for the issue of 
 
 1 This was a treaty of pence concluded between France and Hiissia on the Tth of June, 180T, when Napoleon restored 
 to the PniBBlau monarch one half of hU territories, and Knssln recognised the Confederation of the Rhine, and the eleva- 
 tion of Napoleou'H three brothers, Joseph, Louis, and Jerome, to the thrones respectively of Naples, Holland, aud West- 
 phalia. 
 
 ' Letter to the Imperial Attorney General for the Conncll of Prizes, September 18, IfiOT. 
 
 ' "All the difflcultlea which have given rise to your reclamations," said Champagny to Armstrong, " would be removed 
 
 wltheuse If the government of the United States, after complaining In vain of the Injustice and violations of England, 
 
 i loolt, with the whole Continent, the part of gnarantccing Itself therefrom. England has Introduced Into the maritime 
 
 »«ran entire disregard for the rights of nations : it is only In forcing her to a peace that It Is possible to recover them. 
 
 " I this point the Interest of all nations is the same. All have their honor and Independence to defend."— Lvman'h 
 
 [ Oiplmnaen o/Ihe United Slateit, 1., 411. 
 
 Tills was all very trne, but the terms on which the United States were Invited to join that Continental league were 
 I (ntirely Inconsistent with their principles concerning blockades— principles Identical with those of the Armed Neutral- 
 ity of nsfl. The Berlin Decree asserted principles the very reverse of these, and In an extreme degree— prlnclplc<i 
 igainst which the Americans had ever protested— principles which the French minister, only a year before, had pro- 
 I wuticed "monstrous and Indefensible." 
 
 ' Mr. Baring, In his able Inquiry into the Causes and Consequences of the Orders in Council, gives the following analysis 
 I of the extremely lengthy document: 
 
 "All trade directly from America to every port and country of Europe at war with Great Britain, or from which the 
 I British flag is excluded, is totally prohibited. In this general prohibition every part of Europe, with the exception at 
 |)ree«nt of Sardinia, Is Included, and no distinction whatever la made between the domestic produce of America and 
 I itiat of the colonies re-exported from thence. 
 
 ^ ! 
 
^^ 
 
 liUUL™^... 
 
 (! 
 
 i ilii i 
 
 
 164 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Mapoleon'ii Mllnii Dccrev, 
 
 lU BflbcU on Amertcnn Commerce. 
 
 British Crulinra In American Wutcm, 
 
 \m 
 
 the Horlin Decree was only a pretext for pampering the greed of the nritish cdloriiii! 
 mert'liants and Hlii{H>wner8. Ah the AiiiericmiH were tlie only neutralw, it wan a di- 
 rect blow against their coininercc, of which, for ten ye;irs, the Uritiwh hud been ex- 
 ceedingly jealous. The eflect was to deprive American vesselH of all the advantages 
 of neutrality. 
 
 In O'taliation for the issuing of these orders, Bonaparte promulgated another de- 
 cree, dated "At our Palace at Milan, December 17, 1H07," which extended and niudo 
 more vigorous that issued from lierlin. It declared every vessel which should kuIi- 
 mit to be searched by British cruisers, or shoidd pay any tax, duty, or license-money 
 to the British government, or should be found on the high seas or elsewhere bound 
 to or from any Jiritish jjort, denationalized and forfeit.' With their usual servilitv 
 to the dictates of the coiKjueror, Hpain and Holland immediately issued similar de- 
 crees. Thus, within a few months, the commerce of the United States, carried on in 
 strict accordance with the acknowledged laws of civilized nations, was swept from 
 the ocean. Utterly unable, by any power it then possessed, to resist the robbers upon 
 the great highway of nations, the independence of the republic had no actual record. 
 It had been theoretically declared on parchment a quarter of a century before, but 
 the nation and its interests were now as much subservient to British orders in cotni- 
 cil and French imperial decrees as when George the Third sent governors to the col- 
 onies of which it Avas composed, and Beaumarchais, in behalf of Louis the Sixteenth, 
 Kuj)plied their feeble, rebellious hands with weapons wherewith to fight for liberty 
 and independence. 
 
 While the commerce of the world was thus becoming -the sport of France and En- 
 gland — traditionary enemies and implacable duelists for a thousand years — unscru- 
 pulous gamesters for power — an event occurred whicli excited in the United States 
 the most intense animosity toward Great Britain, and created a powerful war party 
 among legislators and jieople. 
 
 To give efficiency to the Orders in Council, the British government kept a naval 
 force continually hovering along the American coast. They frequently intruded into 
 American waters, and were a great vexation and annoyance to navigators and mer- 
 chants. They were regarded as legalized plunderers employed by a strong nation to 
 despoil a weaker one.^ Every American vessel was liable, on leaving poit, to he ar- 
 rested and scizeil by this marine police, sometimes under the most untenable pretexts, 
 and sent to Engl;ind as a prize. The experience of the Zean(?er, already mentioned 
 (see page 147), was the experience of hundreds of vessels, excepting the murder of 
 their commanders; and, as we have seen, remonstrances and negotiations were of no 
 avail. A crisis was at length reached in the summer of 1807. 
 
 "The trade from America to the colonies of nil nations remains unaltered by the present orders. America may ex- 
 port the produce of her own country, but that of no other, directly to Sweden. 
 
 "With the above exception, all articles, whether of domestic or colonial produce, exported by America to Europ«, 
 must be landed in this country [England], from whence it is intended to permit their re-exportation under such regula- 
 tions as may hereafter be determined. 
 
 "By these regulations It is understood that duties are to be imposed on all articles so re-exported ; but it is intimated 
 that an exception will be nr.ade in favor of such as are the produce of the United States, that of cotton excepted. 
 
 "Any vessel the carijo whereof shall be accompanied with certificates of French coiisuls abroad of its origin, shall, 
 together with the cargo, be liable to seizure and confiscation. 
 
 " Proper care shall be taken tfiAt the operation of the orders shall not commence nntil time Is aflforded for their behig 
 Itnown to the parties interested."— See Inqvin/, etc., page IB. 
 
 When Introducing this analysis of the orders of the llth of November, Mr. Baring remarks that "they are so mncli 
 enveloped In official Jargon as to be hardly Intelligible out of Doctors' Commons, and not perfectly so there." In a note 
 he says, " I beg to disclaim any intention to expound the titnal text ; it seems purposely intended that no person should 
 profane It with his comprehension withou'; paying two guineas for an opinion, with an additional benefit of bemg able 
 to obtain one directly opposed to it for two more." 
 
 > "These measures," said the fourth article of the Milan Decree, "which are resorted to only in Just retaliation of the 
 barbarous system adopted by England, which assimilates in its legislation to that of Algierti, shall cease to have any 
 effect with respect to all nations who shall have the firmness to compel the English government to respect their flaj,'.' i 
 It declared that the provisions of the present decree should be null as soon as England should " abide again by the j 
 principles of the law of nations which regulate the relations of civilized states in a state of war." j 
 
 ' Privateers with French commissions were guilty of depredations upon American commerc;, but the occasions were ] 
 rare. 
 
 RearKiulxBtlon of t 
 
 Notwithstai 
 
 creaning menai 
 
 tlio efficiency ( 
 
 war with the 1 
 
 •■illy reduced, b 
 
 IH, and brig JJ 
 
 IV ar, were bean 
 
 In the spring 
 
 portance was cc 
 
 fion of gun-boa 
 
 these vessels. . 
 
 the war with Ti 
 
 (brded coninumt 
 
 States in 1 806, t 
 
 Imrs and rivers. 
 
 much <li.scu,ssed i 
 
 Toward tlie ch 
 
 in niimbei-) " auti 
 
 might he put in 
 
 Sea was there a f 
 
 cruiser miglit be i 
 
 vessels to the amc 
 
 worthy of the nan 
 
 and Biitish orders 
 
 our coininerce. 
 
 hi the s])ring o 
 
 Lynnhaven Bay,< j 
 
 liigates wl^ch had 
 
 of the British vesse 
 
 among the crew of 
 
 the navy yard at V 
 
 British minister, w] 
 
 successor of Liston, 
 
 H-ithout any warrai 
 
 t«'o governments. 
 
 Monroe and Pinkne 
 
 to abandon the pra( 
 
 ph'shed. 
 
 The United States 
 instituted inquiries c 
 
 , .'% an act of Congress In 
 jmsht deem necessary, but Ilr 
 I Mrteen, that of the masters 
 tells and resignations there 
 I The names of the captains n 
 I Mn Rodgers, Edward Preble 
 
 I 'J'?;i^J»'-le8 Stewart, Isaac He 
 
 I I'l'e names of the masters 81 
 honD„v,„ Porter, John cars" 
 J 1 ne act of Congress for " fr 
 
 iP'oved on the 21st of April, 18fl 
 
 I (;«».""' ^'^'"='"'«ef under 
 llhh''''^r'''"^^«P«Charl 
 IBrtiish bore down upon them a 
 l«rewlthin sight of each other 
 
 l««ladlagram,eeeLos8lng'8« 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1818. 
 
 16S 
 
 Ili>ori;uilMtlan of the Naval H«rvlc«. 
 
 Th« "Qun-boat Policy." 
 
 DMarten from BrItUh Bhipt. 
 
 NotwithNtaiidiiip the m.iny doprodations upon American pommorco and the in- 
 cri'iising nii'inu't's oftlic l)olli}j;orc'iits in Kuropi-, vi-ry littlu had bocn done to iiicrcaso 
 the cfficioncy of the navy of the United StateH Hince its reduction at the cloBe of the 
 war witli the Harbary StateH. Tlie Hquadron in the Mediterranean had been gradu- 
 :jlly reduced, but several • mall veHHcls had been built. Two of thcNC, the Hliip Wasp, 
 IH, and briff Jloruet, 18, < niHtructed ailer Freiuih models, and ranking as sloops-of- 
 ttiir, were beautiful, stanch, and fast-sailing crafl. 
 
 In the spring of 1800 the naval service was reorganized,' yet nothing of great im- 
 portance was c()ntem|)latcd to increase its material strength excepting the construc- 
 tion of gun-boats.' The President had imbibed very strong jjiejudices in, favor of 
 these vessels. A flotilla of them, obtained from Naples, had been used eftectively in 
 the war with Tripoli in 1804, and they were favorites in the service because they al 
 t'oiJi'd commands for enterprising young officers. A lew were built in the United 
 States in 1805, their chief contemplated use being the defense and protection of har- 
 liors and rivers. Then was inaugurated the " gun-boat policy" of the government, so 
 imicli discussed for three or four years afterward. 
 
 Towanl the close of 1800 the President officially announced that the gun-boats (fifty 
 in number) "authorized by an act of the last session" wore so far advanced that they 
 might be put in commission the following season.^ Yet only in the Mediterranean 
 St'U was there a foreign station of the navy of the United States where an American 
 cruiser might be seen at the beginning of 1807, notwithstanding American merchant 
 vessels to the amount of 1,200,000 tons were afloat. Nor was there a home sipiadron 
 worthy of the name ; while British and Fren.^h cruisers were swarming on our coasts, 
 ;iml Hritish orders and French decrees were wielding the besom of destruction against 
 imr conuncrce. 
 
 In the spring of 1807 a squadron of British ships of war, whose rcndczvons was 
 Lynnhaven Bay,'' just within Cape Henry, in Virginia, were watching some French 
 frigates wl^jcli had been for some time blockaded at Annapolis, in Maryland. One 
 of the British vessels was the Melampus, .38. Three of her men deserted, and enlisted 
 among the crew of the United States frigate Chesapeake, then being fitted for sea at 
 tlie navy yard at Washington to join the Mediterranean squadron. Mr. Erskine, the 
 British minister, who had been sent to Washington by Fox to supersede Merry, the 
 successor of Liston, made a formal request of the President for their surrender, but 
 without any warrant found in the laws of nations, or in any agreement between the 
 two governments. A proposition to deliver up British deserters had been made by 
 Monroe and Pinkney during the late negotiations, as an inducement for the British 
 to abandon the practice of impressment, but nothing on that point had been accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The United States government, willing to be just, and anxious for honorable peace, 
 j instituted inquiries concerning the deserters. They were actually enlisted for service 
 
 I By an act of Congress in April, 1800, the President was anthrrlzcil to employ as many of the pnbllc vessels as he 
 
 I misht deem necessary, bnt llmitiug the number of offlcers and scnmen. The list of captains was increased by the act to 
 
 Airteen, that of the masters and commanders to nine, and that of the lieutenants to seventy-two. In consequence of 
 
 I Mils and resignations there were many promotions, and sixty-nine midshipmen were raised to the rank of lieutenant. 
 
 The names of the captains under the new law were as follows : Samuel Nicholson, Alexander Murray, Samuel Barron, 
 I John Hodgers, Edward Preble, James Barron, William Balnbridge, Hugh Q. Campbell, Stephen Dccatnr, Thomas Tin- 
 I »*, Charles Stewart, Isaac Hull, John Shaw, and Isaac Chauncey. Of these Commodore Stewart is now (IStiT) the only 
 I ,m'ivor. 
 
 The names of the masters and commanders were as follows: John Smith, George Cox, John H. Dent, Thomas Bobin- 
 I Kn, David Porter, John Carson, Samuel Evans, and Charles Gordon. Not one survives. 
 
 ' The act of Congress for " fortifying the Ports and Harbors of the United States and for building Gnn'boats" was ap- 
 I proved on the 21st of April, ISftfl. It provided for the con.itrnction of fifty gnn-boats. 
 
 ' Annual message, December 2, 1800.— See Statfsmati'it Manual, I., 282. 
 
 ' Hero the Frenqh fleet under the Count de Grasse lay early In September, 1T81, when the English fleet nnfier Admiral 
 I liraves appeared off' Cape Charles, entering the Chesapeake Bay. The French prepared for conflict, and pn t to sea. The 
 I British bore down upon them, and on the afternoon of the 6th of September a partial action took place. 1.''he two fleets 
 litre within sight of each other for Ave consecutive days, but hud no other engagement. For an account of these eventa 
 I ud a diagram, see Lossing's Field-book of the Revolution, 11., 300, latest edition. 
 
 
 
'.Jf ..-« 
 
 156 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 l\ 
 
 IM 
 
 ti!!! 
 
 I.V.NMIAVKS ItAV. 
 
 The Deserers Amerkan Citizens. '''huirSurrcudcr refused. The Chesapeake wutched by a BritisU Squadron 
 
 Oil board the Chem- 
 peake ; but it Avas es- 
 tablished by conipo- 
 teiit testimony tliat 
 one was a native of 
 the Eastern Shore of 
 Maryland, that anoth- 
 er was a colored man 
 and a native of Mas- 
 saehusetts, and in tlic 
 ease of the third there 
 was strong cireuni- 
 stautial evidence of 
 liis being a native- 
 born citizen of Mary- 
 land.i Under tliese 
 circumstances, as tlie 
 claims of British citi- 
 zenship could not 1)0 
 established, and as the 
 government was not 
 disposed to surrender any seamen who claimed its protection, a refusal in respectful 
 terms was communicated to Mr. Erskine. No more was said upon the subject ; but 
 it appears to have stimulated Vice-Admiral Berkeley, on the Halifax station, under 
 whose command Avas the squadron inLyimhaven Bay, to the assumption of authoritv 
 which led to much trouble. 
 
 At about the beginning of June the Chesapeake sailed from Washington to Nor- 
 folk, and on the 10th she was reported to Commodore James liarron, the ajyjiointed 
 flag-officer of the Mediterranean squadron, as ready for sea. She dropped down tn 
 Hampton Poads, and on the morning of the _'2d of June — a bright, beautiful, hot 
 morning — at about eight o'clock, she weighed anchor, under the command of Captain 
 (lordon, and bearing the broad pennant of Commodore Barron. She was armed with 
 twenty-eight 18-pounders on her gun-deck, and twelve carronades'^ above, makiiift a 
 total of forty guns. She Avas a vessel of ordinary character, and bore a ciew luiin- 
 berinf three hundred and seventy-iivc. 
 
 •June, ^» tl>o evening of the 21st,* the British squadron in Lynnhaveu Ray. 
 1S07. <;Iiiirged with the double duty, it seems, of watching the French frigates 
 and the Chesapeake, consisted of the Bellona, 74; the Melanipiis, .38; the LeopanJ, 
 30 ; and another wliose name was not mentioned. T\\g Leopard, Captain Humphreys, 
 was charged with the duty of intercepting the Cuesapeake. She was a small two- 
 decker, and is said to have mounted fifly-six guns. She preceded the Chesapeake tu 
 sea several miles, her sails bent by a gentle northwest breeze. 
 
 The Leopard kei)t in sight of the Chesapeake until three o'clock in the afternoon, 
 when the former bore down upon the latter and hailed, informing Commodore Barron 
 that she had a dispatch for him. The Chesapeake responded by lying-to, when some 
 of her officers discovered that the I^eopard^s ports Avere triced up — an evidence of 
 belligerent intent — but they did not mention the fact to Captain Gordon or the com- 
 
 ' The nftmen of the deserters were William Ware, who had heen pressed from an American vessel (m hoard the \U- 
 tampug In the Bay of Biscay ; Daniel Martin, colored, pressed at the same time and place ; and .Tohn Strachan, prcfscil 
 on board the same vessel fi-om an EnjiHsh Onineaman off '.'ape Finlsterre. Ware and Strachan had protections, bin 
 Mariin had lost his.— See Commodore Barron's Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, dated April 2, 1S07. It Is proper lii 
 Htatc that Mr. Hamilton, the British consul at Norfolk, made repeated ofllcial demands for these three seamen and an- 
 other, and was as often rcfiiscd by the oftlcera of the Chrmpeake, acting nndcr sovernnient orders. 
 
 3 A carronade is a short piece of ordnance, having a large calibre, and a chamber for the powder like a mortar. It itc- 
 riveB its uame f^om CBtron, In Scotland, where it was first made.— Ifoftnter. 
 
 The Chempeakt boardad 
 
 modore. A Briti 
 
 received by Barrc 
 
 he was in search 
 
 the authority of 
 
 Berkeley. Those 
 
 tall in with the 
 
 orders, and " to pi 
 
 commander of tin 
 
 search for deserte 
 
 nations on terms 
 
 from Captain Hun 
 
 re.'specting the de 
 
 sistiiig between tli 
 
 Barron was just 
 
 tions of Berkeley. 
 
 to the British nav 
 
 practice had been ; 
 
 and twice alreadj 
 
 miisers and denou 
 
 the kind had cause 
 
 manders of nationa 
 
 own officers. He 
 
 of no deserters on 1 
 
 not to enlist Britis 
 
 iie mustered except 
 
 While the lieute 
 
 peake, suspicious 01 
 
 She had left port a 
 
 countering an enei 
 
 I'ither in the tirillii 
 
 and lumbered by vi 
 
 When the lieutei 
 
 stration miglit foil 
 
 silently called to qi 
 
 received a trumpet 
 
 aware that the ordt 
 
 ilid not understand. 
 
 from the Leopard a 
 
 liy another, and as q 
 
 iii'Ipless friga1;e. 
 
 and when one broat 
 
 a small quantity wa 
 
 a shot could be roti 
 
 lance, and in smootl 
 
 ins; three men and 1 
 
 standing in the jraii^ 
 
 liwiuently expresset 
 
 ' VIce-Admlral EcrUclovV 
 ilie Itriiish Navy, had doert 
 "mke, and had openly paia 
 !li«' magistrates of the town i 
 uflhc ships to which they bi 
 
 ' See the account of ontra 
 loat overhauled by one of 
 made for the formiir outrage 
 
OF THE WAli OF 1812. 
 
 157 
 
 The Chfsapeake boarded. 
 
 The Demand for the Deserters refused. 
 
 The Leopard flres into the Cheeapeake. 
 
 modore. A British boat came alongside, and the lieutonant in command was politely 
 received by Barron in tlie cabin of the Chesapaake. He informed the commodore that 
 he was in search of deserters, and, giving their names, he demanded their release, on 
 the authority of instructions issued at Halifax on the 1st of June by Vice-Admiral 
 Berkeley. Those instructions directed all captains under his command, should tliey 
 fall in with the Chesapeake out of the waters of the United States, to show their 
 orders, and " to proceed and searcli" for sucli deserters ; at the same time, should the 
 commander of the Chesapeake make a similar demand, tliey were to allow liim to 
 search for deserters from the American service, " according to the usages of civilized 
 nations on terms of peace and amity with each other,'" He also presented a note 
 from Captain Humphreys of the Zeo/jor^?, expressing a liope that every circumstance 
 respecting the deserters might "be adjusted in a manner that the harmony sub- 
 sisting between the two countries niiglit remain undisturbed," 
 
 Barron was justly astonished at the impertinence of Humphreys and the assump- 
 tions of Berkeley, The " customs and usages" referred to by the latter were confined 
 to the British navy, and were subjects for complaint by " civilized nations." The 
 practice had been advocated only in the British Parliament and by the British press ; 
 and twice already the "usage" had been applied to American vessels by British 
 cruisers and denounced as outrageous.^ Barron knew well that the first outrage of 
 the kind had caused the issuing of a standing order from his government to the com- 
 manders of national vessels never to allow their crews to be mustered except by their 
 own officers. He tlierefore made a short I'eply to Humphreys, telling him he knew 
 of no deserters on board tlie Chesapeake, that he had instructed his recruiting ofliccrs 
 not to enlist British deserters, and explicitly assuring him that his crew should not 
 be mustered except by their own officers. 
 
 While the lieutenant was Avaiting for Barron's answer, the officers of the Chesa- 
 peake, suspicious of some mischief brewing, were busy in clearing the ship for action. 
 She had left port all unprepared for conflict. Without the least expectation of en- 
 countering an enemy, she had gone to sea without preparation for hostile service, 
 cither in the drilling of her men or in perfecting her equipments. She was littered 
 and lumbered by various objects, and her crew had been mustered only three times. 
 
 When the lieutenant left, Barron seems to have imagined that some hostile demoYi- 
 stration might follow liis refusal to allow a search for deserters. His men were 
 silently called to quarters, and the ship was regularly prepared for action. He soon 
 received a trumpet message from Humphreys, saying, •' C-onmiodore Barron must be 
 anare that the orders of the vice-admiral must be obeyed." Barron replied that he 
 did not understand. The hail was several times repeated, and then a shot was sent 
 from the Xeo/iflJY? athwart the bows of the Chesapeake. This was speedily followed 
 by another, and as quickly the remainder of the broadside was poured into the almost 
 iielpless frigate. Owing to obstructions it was difficult to get her batteries ready ; 
 and when one broadside was ready for action there was no priming-powder. When 
 a small quantity was brought, there Avere no matches, locks, nor loggerheads, and not 
 a shot could be returned. IMeanwhile the Leojmrd, at not more than ])istol-shot dis- 
 tance, and in smooth water, poured several broadsides upon the imresisting ship, kill- 
 ins; three men and wounding eighteen, Barron and his aid (Mr. Broome), who were 
 >tanding in the gangway Avatching the assailant, Avere slightly hurt. The commodore 
 fre(iuently expressed a desire that one gun, at least, might be fired before he should 
 
 ' Vlco-Admlral Eerkclcy's rirculnr order recited that many peamcn, Buh.lectn of ht« Britannic majeaty, and serving in 
 ihe liritisliNavy, hud dcertcd from several British ships, which he named, and had enlisted on hoard the frigate Ches- 
 I'pniAT, and had openly paraded the BtreetH of Norfollt, in slfjht of their ofllrers, nnder the American colors, protected by 
 ;h(> magistrates of the town and the recniltinc oflicer, who refused to give tliem up, either on demand of the commanders 
 lit the ships to which they belonged or on that of the British consnl. 
 
 ' See the account of outrage in case of the llallinwre, <^:aptalii Phillips, on page 102, and that of the American gun- 
 Iwat overhauled by one of Admiral Colllngwood's vessels in the Mediterranean, note 2, page 140. An apology was 
 made for the former outrage, but the latter was passed by. 
 
 </■:« 
 
 (. . 1 
 
mm 
 
 ^1 
 
 1!^^ 
 
 158 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ! I 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 \> 
 
 i 
 
 : ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 Surrenclcr of the Cltenapeake. 
 
 The Deserters carried away. 
 
 JThe Outrage retented. 
 
 strike liis flng, for he perceived tlmt a surrender would be necessary to save the ship 
 from utter destruction. He was gratified. Just as tlie colors in their descent touched 
 the tailrail, Lieutenant Allen, who had made ineffectual attempts to use a logirerhead,' 
 ran with a live coal between his lingers and touched off" one of the guus of the second 
 division of the ship, of whidi he was commander. 
 
 The Leopard liad kept up her cannoiuide, witliout any response, for about twelve 
 iijinutes. Twenty-one of her round shot had hulled the Chesapeake, and her grajjc 
 had made considerable havoc with the victim's sails and rigging. When the Amer- 
 ican ensign was lowered, two Kritish lieutenants and several midshipmen went on 
 board, mustered the crew, arrested the three deserters from the Melampus, dragged 
 from his concealment in the coal-hole the fourth, named John Wilson, who had desert- 
 ed from the IJalifax, and bore them all away to the Leopard. Barron, meainvliile. 
 had informed Humphreys by note''* that tlie Chesapeake was his prize; but that com- 
 mander refused to receive her, saying, " My instructions have been obeyed, and I de- 
 sire nothing more." Tie then expressed regret because of the loss of life, and offered 
 any assistance the crippled ship might recpiirc. His proffered sympathies and aid 
 were indignantly rejected ; and the Chesapeake, with mortified officers and crew, 
 made her way sullenly back to Norfolk. 
 
 The unfortunate deserters were taken to Halifax, tried by a court-martial, and sen- 
 tenced to be hung. The three Americans were repiievcd on condition that thev 
 should re-enter tlie British service, but Wilson, the English subject, was hanged. 
 
 When Canning, tlie British JMinister for Foreign Affairs, heard of the outrage, lie 
 ex[)ressly disavowed the act in behalf of his government, and informed Monroe and 
 Pinkney tliat orders had been sent out for the recall of Berkeley from his command, 
 Humphreys also suffered tlu; dis})leasure of his government because he had exceeded 
 his instructions, and he was never again employed in service afloat. One of the 
 Americans remanded to slavery in the liritish navy died in captivity; the others, 
 •June 13, after five years of hard service, were restored" to the deck of the ship from 
 
 1812. which they had been taken. Provision was also made for the families of 
 the slain. 
 
 Tlie attack on the Chesapeake created the most intense excitement and indignation 
 tlu'oughout the United States, and for a time all local politics were forgotten, and all 
 parties, Federalists and Democrats, natives and foreigners, were united in a firm re- 
 solve that Great Britain sliould make reparation for the Avrong, or bo made to feel 
 the indignation of the insulted republic in the power of war. Public meetings were 
 held in all the ]nincipal cities from Boston to Norfolk,^ in Avhich the feelings of the 
 people were vehemently ex])ressed. " It is an act of such consummate violence and 
 wrong," said the citizens of Philadelphia,' "and of so barbarous and murderous char- 
 acter, that it would debase and degrade any nation, and much more so a nation of 
 freemen, to submit to it." Such were the sentiments every where expressed, and there 
 
 ' A logfrerhend is a spherical mass of iron heatcfl and uspcI in place of a match in firing cannon in the navy. 
 
 s Barron's dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy, June '.'il, I'^OT ; Cooper's .Vnidl llintor;/ of the Uniteil Slates, ii., 91-114: 
 IliUlrcth'e Hintorti of the United ,Slate», Second Series, ii., 07s ; Perlsins's llintory of the Late War, papc 22. 
 
 5 On the return of the Chrmpeake to Norfollt a ])ul)lic meetlnp was held there, when it was resolved that no inter- 
 course of any kind »hiiuld he held witli the ISrltish squadron in the vicinity nnlll the pleasure of the President should 
 be known, t'aptnin Doujjias, the commander of the squadron, made some insolent threat*, when t'ahell, Governor of 
 Virginia, ordered detachments of militia to Norfolk and Hampton. Pou(;Ias, flndinc; his threats to be working misctiief 
 for himself, became as obsei)uious as he was l)ef()re insolent, and withdrew from a menacing position in Hampton Road? 
 to Lynnhaven Bay. Decatnr, then in command of the Amcricon naval force at Norfolk, was ordered not to molest him 
 while he remained there. Home rather spicy correspondence with Erskine, tlie British minister, ensned, in the coarre 
 of which he asked indemnification for some water-casks belonging to the British fleet destroyed by the Indignant peo- 
 ple of Hampton after the return of the i Imapeake I In a letter to the Secretary of State from Montlrello, conccrninL- 
 this demand under such eircumstauees, President Jefferson wrote : " It will be very diftlcnit to answer Mr. Erskinc's de- 
 mand respecting the water-casks in a tone proper for snch a demand. I have heard of one who, having broken his nw 
 over the head of another, demanded payment for his cane. This demand might well enough hove made part of nn offer 
 to pay the damages done to the Chempeake, and to deliver up the anihora of the murders committed ou board her." 
 
 * Jnly 1, IHOT. The secretary of the meeting, who drafted the resolutions, was Joseph IIopkinsoD, Eeq., a leading Fed- 
 cr.illst, and author of Wiii7, Columbia t 
 
 British Vessels ordcrec 
 
 75-. 
 
 . U 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 160 
 
 British Veseclg ordered to leave American Waters. 
 
 Harbors to be defcudcd. 
 
 Punlehment of Barron. 
 
 was a {jeiieral desire for an immediate declaration of war against Great Britain to re- 
 dress all wrongs and grievances. ]{ut the President and his Cabinet, averse to war, 
 preferred a pacific course, and determined to allow Great Britain an opportunity for 
 a disavowal of the act, and to make reparation of the wrong. The former, as we have 
 observed, Avas promptly done by Mr. Canning ; the latter, embarrassed by intricate 
 negotiations, was accomplished more l.irdily. 
 
 In response and submission to the popular will, the President issued a proclamation 
 on the 2<l of July, in which he complained of the habitual insolence of the P>ritisli 
 cruisers, expressed his belief that the present outrage was unauthorized, and ordered 
 all British armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States immediately. As 
 his government possessed no power to compel compliance Avith this order, he directed 
 that, in case of their refusal to leave, all intercourse with them, their otticers and 
 crews, should be at once suspended. He forbade all persons affording such vessels 
 iiid of any kind, unless in the case of a ship in distress or charged with public dis- 
 patches. I'rejjarations for defense were also made. IMpst of the gun-boats in com- 
 mission were ordered to New York, Charleston, and New Orleans; military stores 
 were purchased ; one hundred thousand militia wore ordered to be detached by the 
 different states, but without pay, and volunteers were invited to enroll themselves. 
 
 Commodore Barron was made to 
 feel the nation's indignation most se- 
 verely. He was accused of neglect 
 of duty, and was tried by a court- 
 martial on specific charges of that 
 nature. The navy, government, and 
 nation appear to have predeterm- 
 ined his guilt. The Avotuided na- 
 tional ])ride needed a palliative, and 
 it was found in the supposed de- 
 limpieucies of the unfortunate com- 
 modore. He was found guilty, and 
 sentenced to five years' suspension 
 from the service, witJiout pay or 
 emoluments.* Captain Gordon was 
 tried on the same charge, but his of- 
 fense was so slight that he was only 
 privately reprimandeil. Such also 
 was the fate of Captain Hall, of the 
 marines ; while the gunner, for neg- 
 lect in having priming-powder sufH- 
 cicnt, was cashiered. 
 
 It was the opinion of Mr. Cooper 
 tliat these officers were made the 
 
 
 ' Jamca Barron was born in Virginia in 1T6S, and commenced his scrvlccfl In the nn\'y nnder his fntlirr, who was 
 "commnrtore of all the armed veasels of the Commmnvpalth of Virfrliiin" during the Kcvoliitlon and the I'onfed'Tatlon. 
 lie was cumnilHs'.oucd a lieutenant under Barry In IISS, and the following year was promoted to the highest grnde then 
 known to the navy, namely, captain. With, and pnbordliiate to his brother Samnel, he sailed to the Mediterranean that 
 renr, where he soon Hequlred fame for his skill In seamnnship. He was one of the best offlrcvs and disriplinariaiis in 
 Ihe navy. The afTair of the Chempeake and its effects njion nlmself cast ii shadow over his fntnre life. lie was restored 
 loofflciftl position, bnt, somewhat broken in spirit, he never afterward entered the service afloat. In lS2(t he and Ueca- 
 larhad a correspondence on the affair of tlic Clirmitcakr, which resulted in a duel, the particulars of which will he given 
 bprcafter. The duel was fought near Bladensburg, four miles from Washington City. Both were badly wounded. De- 
 fatur (lied ; Barron recovered after months of Intense suffering. 
 
 Barron held several Important commands in the service on shore, and at Ihe time of his death, on the 21st of April, 
 1S51, he was the senior ofllcer of the United States Navy, lie died at Norfolk, in Virginia, and was buried in St. Paul's 
 Chiirch-yard there, with military and civic honors, on the morning of the 23d of April. A fimeral sermon was preached 
 in the venerable nnd venerated church by Rev. William Jackson. It was a beautiful tribute to the worth of a brave and 
 illroqulted patrl"t. 
 
^fwmt^^mam 
 
 i| 
 
 • 
 
 ■nil] 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Keparation de-mande '. of JSugland. 
 
 Failure to obtniu It. 
 
 Iloynl Proclamation concemlDg British 8camcu, 
 
 scapc-j^oats of the government, where divided jjowcr is too often not only irrespons- 
 ible but inefficient. "It may well be cjuestioned," he says, "if any impartial person, 
 who coolly examines the snbject, will not arrive at the conclusion that the real de- 
 liiupients were never put on their trial." He then adveits to the fact that four 
 mouths had been consumed in fitting this single vessel for sea, under the innnediatc 
 eye of the government, at a time when there was pressing necessity for her service; 
 that she did not receive all her guns until a few days before she sailed ; that her 
 crew were coming on board until the last hour before her departure ; that hei- jieoplc 
 had been quartered only. three days before she put to sea, and that she was totally 
 unfitted for active service when she was ordered to leave port. " When it was ibund 
 that the nation had been disgraced," continues Mr. Cooper, " so unsound was the state 
 of lioj)ular feeling that the real delinquents were overlooked, while their victims be- 
 came objects of popular censure."' 
 
 The President's proclamation was followed by the dispatch of the armed schooner 
 Mevcnffc to England with instructions to the American ministers (Monroe and Pink- 
 ney) to demand reparation for insults and injuries in the case of the Chesaj)eakc^M\A 
 to suspend all other negotiations nntil it should be granted. Unfortunately for the 
 success of the special negotiations, these instructions also directed them, in addition 
 to a demand for an apology and' indemnity to the families of the killed, to insist, by 
 way of security for the future, that the visitation of American vessels in search of 
 British subjects should be totally relinquished. This was inadmissible. The Priiisli 
 government refused to treat upon any other subject than that of reparation. A dis- 
 avowal f)f the act had already been made, and every disposition to be just and friendly 
 had been shown. The ministry even placed their government in the position of an 
 injured party, inasmuch as the proclamation c<Micernhig British shij)S of Avar in Amer- 
 ican waters was evidently an act of retaliation before a demand for reparation had 
 been made, or the disposition of the British Cabinet had been ascertained. 
 
 Monroe and Pinkney had already proposed to reopen negotiations for a treaty on 
 the basis of the one returned from their government nnratified,^ and, Avith these new 
 instructions, they pursued the subject with so much assiduity that Mr. Canning made 
 « October 22, to them a formal and final reply'' that, while he was ready to listen to any 
 
 1807. Ruggeslions with a view to the settlement of existing difficulties, he would 
 not negotiate anew ofl the basis of a treaty concluded and signed, and already reject- 
 ed by one of the parties. Indeed there was a decided aversion to treating at all on 
 the subject of impressments ; and the views of the government on that topic were 
 plainly manifested when, by royal proclamation,'' all British mariners, in 
 Avhatever service engaged, were required to leave it forthwith and hasten 
 to the aid of their native country, then menaced and imperiled, and her "maritime 
 rights" called in question. It authorized all commanders of foreign ships of war to 
 seize British seamen on board foreign merchant vessels (but without undue violence), 
 and take them to any British port. It also demanded from all foreign ships of war 
 the delivery of all British mariners on board of them ; and that in case of a re- 
 fusal to give them up, proper notice should be communicated to the British minister 
 resident of the nation to which such contumacious vessel and cor">.mauder might be- 
 long, that measures for redress might be employed. 
 
 Mr. Monroe formally objected to this proclamation, as shutting the door against all 
 future negotiations on the subject of impressments.' Canning replied that it was 
 
 " October IT. 
 
 Special Envoy to the I 
 
 1 Cooper'fl Kaval lUatmni nf the United StalfJt, il., 110. ' See page 151. 
 
 ' .luiiicK Monroe was horn In Westmoreland County, In VIrglnIn, on the 2d of April, ITBO. Ills vonth wap epciit nmonp 
 polittrnl excitements when the old war for independence was kindling. lie left the College of William and Mary for 
 the cnnip, and enrolled himself a soldier for freedom. lie was severely wounded in the van of battle at Trenton, mid 
 was promoted to captain. In other battles be was conspicuous for bravery ; and after that of Monmouth he left the array, 
 aud commenced the study of law with Mr. Jefferson. When Arnold and Cornwallis Invaded Virginia In IW, he again 
 took np arms as a volunteer. lie was elected a member of the Virginia Legislature in 1782. He was promoted tollif 
 Executive Council, and at the age of twenty-live was elected to u scat In the Nationol Congress. lie remained iu iiublic 
 
II 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 161 
 
 Special Envoy to the United States. 
 
 IIU MUsion frultleea. 
 
 Critical Sltnatlon. 
 
 only a declaration 
 of existing law, and 
 necessary for the in- 
 tbrmation of British 
 commanders who 
 might be placed in a 
 situation similar to 
 that of Captain Ilum- 
 jilireys, of the Leop- 
 ard. 
 
 It Avas evident to 
 both parties tliat the 
 topic of that outrage 
 0011 Id not be satis- 
 tiictorily treated in 
 London, because the 
 American ministers 
 oouM not se]iarate it 
 tViini that of impress- 
 ment. The British 
 u'overnment re- 
 solved therefor 
 to send a sp>'cial 
 
 
 minister to Washing- 
 ton, provided with 
 instructions to bring 
 the unhappy dispute 
 to an honorable con- 
 clusion. II. G. liose, 
 a son of one of the 
 ministers, was ap- 
 pointed for the deli- 
 cate duty, and ar- 
 rived "" Anna}»olis in 
 January, 1808. His 
 mission was fruit- 
 less. He was instruct- 
 ed not to treat of the 
 attair of the Chesa- 
 peake while the re- 
 cent proclamation of 
 the President was in 
 force, nor to connect 
 ^^_^ thesubjectwith 
 ^^L^ that of impress- 
 ments from pri- 
 
 vate vessels. As the proclamation had reference to the conduct of British armed 
 vessels in American Avaters from the beginning of the current European war, the 
 President refused to withdraw the document, and Rose returned in the same vessel 
 that bore him to our shores. Meanwhile Monroe had returned home, leaving Pinkney 
 resident minister in London. All hopes of settling existing difficulties with England 
 were at an end, and from the beginning of 1808 the political relations between the 
 two governments foreboded inevitable hostilities at no distant day. 
 
 Tlie critical condition of foreign relations induced the President to call the Tenth 
 Congress together as early as the 25th of October. The administration ])arty had an 
 nverwhelming majority in that body, and was daily increasing in strength through- 
 nut the country. The confidence of the Democrats in Jeft'erson's wisdom, sagacity, 
 and patriotism was nnboumled. In the United States Senate there were only six 
 Federalists, and one of them, John Quincy Adams, soon left their ranks and joined 
 those of the dominant party.' A new Democratic member appeared at about the 
 same time, and began a career as a national legislator which forms a wonderful chap- 
 ter in the history of the government. It was Henry Clay,- who had been ai)])ointed 
 to till, for a single session, the seat made vacant by the resignation of General John 
 
 lifc.f J(l, with Patrick Ilcury and others of his state, he opposed the ratification of tlic National Constitntion. He was 
 i line of the flrst United States senators from Virginia under it. lie was sent to France as embassador in lT!i4, and was 
 recalled by Washington In 1780. In liflS Ik' was elected Governor of Virginia, and three years afterward Mr. .Tcfferson 
 fent lilin to Paris to assist in ne<r<)tiatious for the purchase of Louisiana. He was then transferred to the British court 
 1! co-laborer in diplomacy with Mr. Pinkney. In isil he was again elected Governor of Virginia, but was soon railed to 
 ihc Cabinet of Mr. Madison as Secretary of War. In 181C he was elected President of the United States, and held that 
 office eight years, when he retired from public life. He lived In Virt'lnia until 1S31, when he took up his residence with 
 Ms Bon-in-law In the city of New York. He died there on the 4th of July of that year, at the age of little more than sev- 
 I fnlv^)ne years. 
 
 ' Mr. Adams was then forty years of age, and had been in the Senate since isn.n. "lie ie a man of much Information," 
 I wrote his contemporary and friend, Senator Plnmcr, of New Ilampshlre, in April, ISIW, " a correct and animated speaker, 
 I itEtrong passions, and of course subject to strong prejudices, but a man of strict, nndevlating Integrity. He is not the 
 |!l«voofparty, nor influenced by names, hut free, independent, and occasionally eccentric." 
 
 '"Tals day rl)cceml)er W, 1S0C"1, wrote Senator Plnmor, "Henry Clay, the successor of John Adair, was qualified, 
 I ad took bis soat in the Senate. He Is a young lawyer. His stature is tall and slender. I had much conversation with 
 I bim, and it afforded me much pleasure. He is lutelllgent, and .■'pi)ears frank and candid. His address is good, and his 
 I Biiwers easy."— LC'c n/iVi/mcr, page a51. 
 
 </ ; 
 
 11; 
 
! 
 
 I ! 
 
 :m I ^i'* 
 
 11^ 
 
 162 
 
 riCTORIAL FIEID-BOOK 
 
 Political Complexion of tlio Tenth Congreee. 
 
 Tlie PreBident'g Measage. 
 
 An Bml>nrgo CBtabllslicd. 
 
 Adair, then under a cloud because ot'his recent participation with Aaron Burr in his 
 schemes in tlic Valley of the Mi88issij)pi. 
 
 In the House of Representatives the Democratic party hud about the same avoiaitc 
 majority as in the Senate. Tiic opposition, even with the "Quids" — John Kandoijili 
 and his Vii'<i;inia seceders — could not command at any time more than tweiity-eif»iit 
 votes. Their chief leaders wei-e Samuel W. Dana, of Connecticut, who had been a 
 member since I19(i ; the late Josiah Quincy, of Massachusetts, who took his seat in 
 1 805 ; Barent Gardinier, of New York, and Philip Barton Key, of Maryland. Anioiitj 
 the iiew administration members was Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. Thus sus- 
 tained by tiie National Legislature and the people, the policy of the President and 
 his Cabinet became the policy of the country. 
 
 • October 2T, ^'^ ''i*^ scvcntli airual messaut ' the President called the attention of 
 1807. Congress to several \ cry important subjects. He gave a narrative of un- 
 successful eiforts to settle with (Ireat Britain all difficulties concerning search and 
 impressments; considered the affair of the Chesapeake, the refusal of the British com- 
 manders to obey the ordei-s of his proclamation to leave American waters, the ordcis 
 in Council and Decrees, the subject of national defenses, the uneasiness of the In- 
 dians on the fi'ontiers, aiul the relations with other foreign governments. lie alsd 
 expressed great dissatisfaction at the acquittal of Burr, through erroneous, if not mis- 
 chievous uiterpretation of law, as lie evidently believed ; and he pressed upon the 
 attention of Congress the propriety of so amending the law as to prevent the (In- 
 struction of the government by treason.' 
 
 Having been officially informed'' of the new interpretation of the Rei- 
 lin Decree,^ and unofficially apprised of the almost simultaneously issud 
 British orders in Council, the I'residcnt communicated to Congress" the 
 facts in his possession, and recommended the passage of an Embargo Act — " an in- 
 hibition of the departure of our vessels from the ports of the United States. "^ Tlu' 
 Senate, with closed doors, proceeded to the consideration of the subject, and, aftoi- a 
 session of fonr liours and n departure from ordinary rules, passed a bill ' 
 laying an embargo on all 8hij)ping, foi'eign and domestic, in the poi-ts of 
 the United States, with specific exceptions. The minority made a feeble opposition 
 to the measure.* They asked for delay, but it was not granted, and the act was 
 l>assed by a strictly party vote — ayes twenty-two, noes six. John Quincy Adams 
 thus signified his adherence to the dominant party by voting Atith tlieni. In tlu 
 House, which also sat with closed doors, the passage of the act was pressed with 
 equal zeal by the friends of the admhiistration, and was as warmly opposed by the 
 Federalists and "Quids." The bill was debated for three days in Committee oftlio 
 Whole, the sittings continuing far into each night. The bill Avas passed on Monday, 
 the 21st, at almost midnight, by a vote of eighty-two to forty-four, and became a law 
 by receiving the signature of the President on the following day. It prohibited all 
 vessels in the ports of the United States from sailing for any foreign port, except for- 
 eign shijjs in ballast, or with cargoes taken on board before notification of the act; 
 and coastwise vessels were required to give heavy bonds to land their cargoes hi the 
 
 ' December 11. 
 December 18. 
 
 '' December 18. 
 
 ' "The framers of onr Constitntlon," sulci the President, " certainly supposed they had guarded as well Uicir govern- 
 ment against destruction by treason, as their citizens against oppression nnder pretense of it ; and if these ends are not 
 attained, it is of importance to inciuiro by what means more effectual they !nay be secured."— Stafcxman's Maimal, I., '.W. 
 .Tcflerson, lilfe many other sagacious men, felt at that time that the Union had barely escaped dissolution from the in- 
 fan»)us machinations of Burr and his dupes. 
 5 Sec page V.'it. ' Special Message to Congress, December is, isni 
 
 » The President was charged with having recommended an embargo before receiving positive information of the Ber- 
 lin Decree and the Orders in Council. Ihts was a mistake. Of the former he had been informed for a weelc prevlDUsly , 
 to his commnnicatioa to Congress on the subject by an ofiicial letter from Mr. Armstrong ; and on the morning of the i 
 dny on which the message was ni'nt in, the Nationnl IniMiqencer, of Washington City, contnlued a paragraph Ihim a 
 London paper of the 10th of November, announcing the Orders In Council "awaiting his majelity's signature." Private j 
 letters had also reached him, by which ho wiw satisfied that, by the combined action of the belligerents, the foreign com- 
 merce of the United States was utterly destroyed. 
 
 Eftctsof (he Eml)arg( 
 
 I'nited States, 
 of the orders an( 
 The Embargo 
 an cvj)eriment n 
 cotirse from all t 
 them to respect i 
 tossed objects we 
 neutral conimerc( 
 lint it accoinplis 
 their Continental 
 I hail upon France 
 at stake, and belie 
 iiifliet in both con 
 nnder the pressure 
 came prophetic. 
 Iiargn poh'cy be a 
 voked, and we lea 
 those iiations. . 
 cnce on another as 
 line of policy."! 
 
 Opposition to th( 
 
 topic was made a (• 
 
 iiiinciatory shot a^i 
 
 ilie ])co])l{' were st: 
 
 iirtioii. TJie Presid. 
 
 :iieeofthe United ! 
 
 liatred by the Dcni« 
 
 liistory of six years 
 
 ■il'jects.2 The Nev 
 
 1 ilio result of a comb 
 
 liiionwealths; and cv 
 
 I ill tlie service of the 
 
 [ traction, and real di> 
 
 'Irtiiiinant party that 
 
 [itw months later, the 
 
 Speech in Congress on the 
 Unthe course of debate on 
 ilienholeafTairasasIy, cumii 
 JTofettle that point," he sai( 
 iBfantotnke part with the' O 
 »i'lo the car of the imperial cf 
 "The commercial portion of 
 |mi;niithe2flthof,rannarv 
 lidil'Mnsdom and patriotism, 
 jilej supposed, as I do, that it 
 
 iwnor to pull down the power 
 ■b.' the provinces of the 'empei 
 V'Kreatly regret the retalinti 
 Jnllyetbeurgedby theProsi, 
 ikonld have pursued our onii,, 
 Iraisers. This would have om-i 
 
 Nnlvmmtary spirit pervadin 
 t- ""''stance, we should be tr 
 
 I This remarkable letter, now b 
 F 'k. 8 cited to show, first, hov 
 
 Kl""'';f«''''<'l-V,howmncJ 
 f treat Britain. "While BHtn 
 
 f-pelled that servile spirit. ' 
 
OP TH^. WAR OF 1812. 
 
 103 
 
 EffcctmiftlK' Kinlmr(,'(>. 
 
 Prophecy nf Juninh Qiilucy. 
 
 Party Spirit violently iiroused. 
 
 ITnitt'cl States. Wliat little Hie was left in American commerce under the pressure 
 of the orders and decrees of the helligerents was utterly crushed out by this act. 
 
 The Embargo Act, universal in its ai)plication and unlimited in its <luration, was 
 ;in experiment never belbre tried by any nation — an attem})t, by withholding inter- 
 course from all the world, to so operate upon two belligerent nations as to compel 
 iliem to respect the rights and accede to the claims of an injured neutral. Its pro- 
 I'osscd objects were to induce France and England to relax their practical hostility to 
 neutral commerce, and to preserve and develop the resources of the United States, 
 lint it accomplished neither. The French government viewed it as timely aid to 
 tlicir Continental System, and far more injurious in its efiects upon Great Britain 
 than upon France ; while England, feeling that her national character and honor were 
 at stake, and believing that she could endure the privations which the measure would 
 inflict in both countries longer than America, proudly refused to yield a single point 
 iiiifler the pressure of this new method of coercion. The words of Josiah Quuicy be- 
 inmo prophetic. " Let us once declare to the world," he said, " that, before our em- 
 lijiiffo policy be abandoned, the French decrees and the British orders must be re- 
 voked, and we league against us whatever spirit of honor and pride exists in both 
 those nations. . . . No nation will be easily brought to acknowledge such a depeml- 
 iiicc on another as to be made to abandon, by a withholding of intercourse, a settled 
 Ihip of policy."' 
 
 Opposition to the measure, in and out of Congress, was violent and incessant. The 
 topic was nuvde a strong battery from Avhicli the Federalists hurled their hottest de- 
 nunciatory shot against the administration. Old party cries wei'e again heard, and 
 the people were startled by the bugbear of French influence in the councils of the 
 iiltion. The President was charged with secret hitrigues with Bonaparte for an alli- 
 ;iicc of the United States and France against Great Britain, the traditional object of 
 hatred by the Democratic party. The suggesti<m alarmed intelligent men, for the 
 history of six years had taught them that the allies of the Corsican soon became his 
 
 il)jects.2 The New England people were taught to believe that the Embargo was 
 ihc result of a combination of Western and Southern states to ruin the ICasteni com- 
 ! monwealths ; and every art which party tactics could command was brought to bear 
 1 ill the service of the opposition, who, as politicians, hoped, by means of the alarm, dis- 
 1 traction, and real distress which then prevailed, to array such numbers against the 
 ihimiiiant party that, in the election for President of the United States to be held a 
 I few months later, they might fill the Executive chair with one of their own number. 
 
 ■ Speech in Conijresa on the siipplemcntnry Embargo Act, Fcbrnary, 1S08. 
 
 1 In the course of debate on a supplementary Embargo Act in Congress, on the 2flth of Fcbrunry, Qardinicr denonnced 
 
 llhertole affair as a sly, cnnnlnj'; measure to aid France. "Is the nation prepared for this?" lie vehemently exclaimed. 
 
 To settle that point," he said to the defenders of the measure, "tell the people what your object is ; tell them that yon 
 
 a to take part with the ' Great Pacificator.' Else stop your present course. Do not go on forging chaiiis to fasten 
 
 |i' to the car of the imperial conqueror !" 
 
 "The counnerclal portion of the United States (! mean from Pennsylvania to New Ilampshire"), wrote Timothy Plck- 
 imni: on the 26th of January, ISOS, "are in general yet patient, because, from their unlimited confidence in the Presi- 
 lient'B wisdom and patriotism, they believe that some mighty state secret induced him to recommend the Embargo. If 
 libey supposed, as I do, that it originated in the influence of France— perhaps in a concert with that government, the 
 liooncr to pull down the power of Britain— the public indignation would be rooBCd, and our country saved from becom- 
 Ite ihc provinces of the ' emperor and king.' 
 "iRreatly regret the retaliating order of Great Britain ; for, though it really ftimishes no ground for the Embargo, it 
 till vet be urged by the President's friends to justify it. The path of interest and common policy was plain. We 
 fconidhave pursued our ordinary commerce with all Uio British dominions, and armed our vessels against French 
 (raisers. This would have offended Bonaparte. No 'natter. Whilt Britain maiiitainn lier own imlcjyemknre mint trill be 
 If she fall (which I do not believe wld happen), our condition would not be worse. With arras in our hands, and 
 kniinly military spirit pervading our country, we should be rerfpectcd by the conqueror; but tamely crouching, without 
 V resistance, we should be treated, as we should deserve, with contempt, and all the indignities due to voluntary 
 iites."— Jf.S. lA'tier to General Ebenezer SlevetK, dated "City of Washington, January 26, 1808." 
 
 1 This remarkable letter, now before me, from a senator of the United States to n leading merchant of the city of New 
 fori;, Is cited to show, first, how powertiilly partisan feolinga may operate upon the opinions and judgment of a true 
 ptriot, and, secondly, how mnch the leading men of the country at that time considered the United States a dependent 
 « Oreat Britain. " While Britain maintains her own independence ourt will be safe !" The war that speedily followed 
 li'pelleit that servile spirit. /• 
 
 
 n 
 
 i ! 
 
 ■ I 
 
I I 
 
 164 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 IncunBisteucy of Politlclana. ViulntlooB of the Embargo. Sapplemontnry Acts. A young Poet's Deuunclntiona. 
 
 That section of the Federalists known as tlic "Essex Junto" were the most uncom- 
 promising opponents oftlie administration and tlie Embargo ; and many of those wlio 
 only two years before, liad vehemently denounced Great Britain because of lier i)cr- 
 sistent assaults upon the rights of neutrals, were now, in the heat of party zeal, the 
 apologists of, and sympathizers with that goverr.ment, whose aggressions had ((mi- 
 • Febniary, Btantly increased. In the very montli" when that eminent British incr- 
 
 i^'"*' chant, Alexander Baring, declared bi'forc the world that "it would l)c n,, 
 exaggeration to say that upward of three fourtlis of all the merchants, seanuii, ctc,^ 
 engaged in commerce or navigation in America, have, at some time or other, siiH'cnil 
 from acts of our [Britisli] cruisers,"' a leading Federal politician (wlio, two yearn ho. 
 ' Fciminry 10, fovQ,^ declared, by his vote in the National Senate, that the conduct of 
 isou. Great Britain was "an unprovoked aggression upon the property of the 
 
 citizens of the United States, a violation of their neutral rights, and an encroachinint 
 upon their national independence"), wrote to a friend that, "althougli England, witli 
 lier thousand ships of war, could have destroyed our commerce, she has really doHt 
 it no essential injuri/."^ 
 
 It was soon discovered that the Embargo Act was frequently violated by enrolkd 
 coasting vessels carrying cargoes to the West Indies, and it became necessary to pass 
 supplementary acts to prevent such evasions of the law. It was chiefly in the (1(>. 
 bates upon these acts that the acrimony already noticed apjieared. Gardinicr, (if 
 New York, made the most sweeping charges of corruption, and affiliation Avitli the 
 "French usurper" against the majority in Congress. His violence and abuse clicitiMl 
 some personal attacks, and one of them so incensed him that he challenged his assail- 
 ant (Campbell) to mortal combat. They met at Bladensburg. Gardinier was slidt 
 through one side of his body, but, after weeks of suffering, lie recovered and came 
 back to Congress, not a whit subdued. Disputes ran liigli throughout the countiv, 
 and public speeches, newspapers, and pamphlets teemed with the most vehcnu'ut as- 
 saults upon the dominant party.^ Many men, dreading the liorrors of a Avar with 
 
 ' Baring's Inqmrii, etc. 
 
 > Timothy Pirliering to James Sullivan, Governor of New Hampshire, February 10, ISOS. 
 
 ' Among the few political pamphlets of that j)erio(l, now extant, is a rcmnrkalile one before me, entitled The IMm- 
 (to; or, Sketcheit nfthe Th>iei<: a Satire. It is a poem, and was written by Wii.i.iam Ciixen Huvant, then a lat' only nboni 
 thirteen years of age, who is still (1807) in active political life, and holds a front ranlc among the literary celcliritifs of 
 the age. In rhythm, vigor of thought, and force of expression, tliis production of his early years gave ample as«iiri\ii(. 
 of the fntnre distinction of the author as a poet and political writer.* But politics were seldom the theme for his mnse ] 
 after this early effusion of that nature. 
 
 In the preface he spolce of the "terrapin policy" of the administration— the policy designed 1)y the Embargo nf slim- 
 ting the nation up in its own Bholl, as it were, lilte the terrapin. His epigraph, from Pope's i'osai/ oti Satire, coulaliifd | 
 the Biguiflcant line, 
 
 " When private faith and public trust are sold." 
 
 He assailed the President and his supporters as vigorously as if his weaixm had been wielded by the hand of long ei- j 
 
 perience. Seriously believing that his country was in great peril, he wrote— 
 
 " Ill-fated clime I condemned to feel th' extremes 
 Of a weak ruler's philosopliic dreams ; 
 Driven headlong on to niin's fateful brink. 
 When will thy country feel, when will she think f " 
 
 Of the Elnbargo he wrote— 
 
 " Curse of our nation, source of countless woes, 
 Prom whoso dark womb unreckoned misery flows, 
 Th' Embargo rages, like a sweeping wind- 
 Fear lowers before, and Famine stalks behind." 
 
 Influenced by the common opinion of the opposition, he said to his countrymen— 
 
 " How foul a blot Columbia's glory stains ! 
 How dark the scene! Infatuation reigns! 
 For Frencti intrigue, which wheedles to devour, 
 Threatens to fix us in Napoleon's power. 
 
 * In a notice of the second edition, with other poems, printed in 1809, tbc Mimthly Antliohmi for June of that yearr 
 "If the young l)ard has met with no assistance in the composition of this poem, lie certainly liids fair, siimild hecoDl 
 timie to cultivate his talent, to gain a respectable station on the Parnassian Mount, and to reflect credit on the literntirt 
 of his country." 
 
 \n Insulting Proposl 
 
 England, wliicl 
 
 (loin to the coi 
 
 menaced it, rati 
 
 l)iit patriotic si 
 
 States as of fiir 
 
 tlic most string 
 
 .March" the suj)f 
 
 At about the 
 
 0(1 an act,'' as ii 
 
 Sncden) to trad 
 
 ve.sscls engarred 
 
 and tulce out a I 
 
 wit!) as much ii 
 
 "Pay mo tributi 
 
 yoii." This was 
 
 iininent would n 
 
 cffieiciitiy resenti 
 
 weeks later," in tli 
 
 the Iialf-demented 
 
 ('(1 to induce Ame 
 
 administration res 
 
 whicli a free peoj 
 
 ilie British ministi 
 
 ivahn.2 
 
 Evasions of the 
 tiie navigation of i 
 1111(1 more bitter do 
 
 Ihave cited the above as 
 politically opposed to .Toffcr 
 
 ' This was essentially ,i tr\ 
 Jroiiscd the American colon! 
 fommcrce was required by t 
 Mmely, cotton and tobacco 
 Hl,800, would be snl)jected 
 « To this would be ad 
 iioiislieads would be subject 
 riKS.OOfl. It was projiosed 
 
 The following is „ copy o 
 
 OeorgeR..Iu„r„cti„,-^l 
 
 '■;li<IayofApriI,is08,intlie 
 
 Oiir will and pleasure is tl 
 
 , ».vof our colonies, islands, oi 
 W™.7,««dno^,«7A«te„^,., ',,, 
 
 Ml 1)0 met with, and l)cin- 
 »f more of tlie principal pane, 
 ""ted. And in case any ve 
 
 «t8 aforesaid, snch vessels 
 ^^ may be legally exported! 
 "i"ies,ornnyfhturehostlIitie 
 
 A «rltl8h-bom writer oftlie 
 « potent monarchs in the i 
 fflmlstm had perpetrated the 
 He laws of their country, and ( 
 
ii 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 165 
 
 An liirolting PropoBltlon by Oreat Britain. 
 
 Tribute exacted from Neutral NatlooB. 
 
 Eiiu'i'ii'li which tlipy boliovcd the Embargo Act would evoke, preferred to give free- 
 dom to the coniiiu'rce of the country, iu'd K't it j)r()vide itself against the risks that 
 menaced it, ratlier than to kill it outright. Such was the feeling of many merchants; 
 Init ])atriotic statesmen, holding the dignity and the inde])endence of the United 
 States as of far more conse(iuence than the temj)orary interests of trade, advocated 
 the most stringent execution of the Embargo Act, and at the middle of . March 12 
 March" the supplementiiry enactments became law. i****- 
 
 At about the same time tlie British Parliament, with an air of condescension, pass- 
 0(1 an act,*" as a favor to neutrals, i>ermitting them (United States ant' 
 
 • Mnrcu 26 
 
 Sweden) to trade with France and her dependenciies, on the condition that 
 vessels engaged in such trade should first enter some Hritish port,/J«»/ a transit duty, 
 andtulce out a license!'^ In other words, the United States were told by England, 
 witli as much insolence and hauteur in fiict as the Dey of Algiers ever exhibited, 
 "Pay me tribute, and my cruisers (or corsairs) will be instructed not to plunder 
 vou." This was properly regarded as a flagrant insult — one which the IJritisli gov- 
 uinment would never have offered except to a nation siii)posed to be incapable of 
 tfticieiitly resenting it. When to this insult was added a positive injury, a few 
 weeks later," in the form of instructions issued by ministers, in the name of 
 tlic half-demented king, to the British naval commanders, ex])ressly intend- 
 ed to induce Americans engaged in commercial pursuits to violate the blockade, the 
 administration resolved to plant itself firmly u]ion that dignity and independence 
 which a free people ouglit always to assert. Those instructions, so disgraceful to 
 the British ministers, were severely condemned by every honest man in the British 
 reahn.2 
 
 Evasions of the Embargo continued, and another supplementary act, applying to 
 tlie navigation of rivers, lakes, and bays, increased its stringency, and awakened new 
 and more bitter denunciations of the measure. But the government was immovable. 
 
 Oh ne'er coiiPcnt, ol)sc(i\il(ins, to advniico 
 The willvKj vanml of iinporloua Krnnce ! 
 Correct that snffrnne you niisuscrt before, 
 And lift your voice above a Congress roar. 
 
 Rise, then, Columbia 1 heed not France's wiles, 
 ITer bullyin}; mnndales, her seductive smiles ; 
 Seud home Napolccm's slave, and hy him say 
 Ko art can lure us, and no threats dismay , 
 Determined yet to war with whom we will. 
 Choose our allies, or dare be neutral still." 
 I liave cited the above as nn example of the intensity of feeliuf; against the ad\ninIstratlon at that time among those 
 pcliticnlly opposed to .Tctrcrsou and his party— a feeling that made even boys politicians. 
 
 ' Tills was essentially a tribute in the form of a ilutu, more odious in principle and application than the stamp tax that 
 iroiiJed the American colonists In 1766. The effect may be illustrated l)y showing the amountof tribute which American 
 commerce was required by the act to pay upon only two of the many articles spccitled, with the jiercentage of the tariff, 
 namely, cotton and tobacco. The amount on a cargo of cotton, at the then current prices, costing at New Orleans 
 ^43,500, would be subjected to a tax in some English port, before it would be allowed to depart for a French port, of 
 JffiOfl. To this would be added about $2000 more on account of other charges. A cargo of tobacco of four hundred 
 hocsheads would be subjected to a tribute of about $13,000. The estimated annual tribute upon tobacco alone was 
 Ji.iir.S.OoO. It was i)roposed to tax a great variety of American productions in the same way. 
 " Tlie following Is a copy of the instructions : 
 
 "Oeorge R. : Instructions to the commanders of our ships of war and privateers. Given at our Court at Windsor, the 
 
 mil (lay of April, 1S0.S, in the 4Sth year of our reign : 
 
 "Our will and pleasure is that you do not interrupt any neutral vessel laden with lumber and provisions, and going to 
 
 .my of our colonies. Islands, or settlements In the West Indies or South America, to whomnnefer the. prirpertii may a])pear tn 
 
 yimy, and nolmlhstandint) utich vessel via;/ not have refliilar clcaranees and diieuments on board. And in case any vessel 
 
 ^hall 1)0 met \vlth, and being on her due course to the alleged port of destination, an indorsement shall be made on one 
 
 I or more of the principal papers of such vesnel, specifying the destination alleged and the place where the vessel was so 
 
 risitert. And in case any vessel so laden hhall arrive and deliver her cargo at any of our colonies, islands, or settle- 
 
 [ mciits aforesaid, such vessel shall be permitted to receive her freight and to depart, cither in ballast or with any goods 
 
 that may lie legally exported In such vessel, .ind to proceed to any unblockaded port, notwithstanding the present hog- 
 
 lilities, or any ftitnre hostilities which may taVe place. And a passjmrtfnr such vessel may be granted by the governor, or 
 
 I tlhtr person having the chief civil cmnmand i\f s.ich colnny, island, nr settlement." 
 
 .4 British-bom writer of the day, after dcclai ng that this order war, n sufficient cause of war, sold, " What 1 one of the 
 I most potent monarchs in the world, rather than do justice to an unoffending nation, on which, for fourteen years, his 
 I ninisters had perpetrated the most flagrant outrages. Invites, and tempts, and affords facilities to Us citizens to violate 
 I Ihe laws of their couutry, and openly pursue the infamous trade of smuggling."— J/ot/iew Carey. 
 
 «' 5 
 
 M^ 
 
wmmm 
 
 I'i 
 
 * ! 
 
 ii , . ! 
 
 fii 
 
 lee 
 
 PICTOBIAL FIELD-UOOK 
 
 The Embargo douounced aa miicldnl. 
 
 DiiiiKerB of Natiunal Vuuity. 
 
 A notable Illn«trution 
 
 It was (leaf to tlic [iraycrs for a repeal made in petition after petition tlmt poured 
 into t'ongress, OHpccially from N(!W England. A propowition for repeal, and to allow 
 merchant vesBcls to arm and take caro of themHelvoH, was voted down l)y a large 
 majority; and the oidy glimpse of light was seen through an authorization given to 
 the President to suspend the Embargo Act, according to his discretion, in ease of 
 peace in Europe, or sueh changes in the jjolicy of the belligerents as might, in his 
 judgment, make the navigation of the seas safe to American vessels. It was in tin 
 debate on this proposition that Josiiili Quincy, Avho had then taken a place anioni^r 
 the acknowledged leaders of the Federal party, used the language already quoted on 
 page 163, He denounced the whole ]M)licy as fallacious and mischievous. "The 
 language of that policy i:i," he said, " ' Rescind your decrees ami your orders, or wo 
 will, in our wrath, abandon the ocean !' And suppose Great Britain, governed by 
 the spirit of mercantile calculation, should reply, 'If such be your mode of venge- 
 ance, indulge it to your heart's content ! It is the very thing we wish. You are our 
 commercial rivals, and, by driving you out of the market, we shall gain more than we 
 can lose by your retirement.' . . . 
 
 " It is to 1)0 feared," continued Mr. Quincy, " that, having grown giddy with good- 
 fortune, attributing the greatness of our prosperity to our own wisdom, rather than 
 to a course of events over which u c have had no influence, we are now entering that 
 school of adversity, the first blessings of which is to chastise our overweening cdiiceit 
 of ourselves. A nation mistakes its relative importance and consequence in tliinkini; 
 that its countenance, or its intercourse, <n' its existence is all-important to the rest of 
 mankind. An individual who should retire fnni intercourse with the world foi' the 
 purpose of taking vengeance on it for some real »r imaginary wrong, would, notwitii- 
 standing the delusions of self-flattery, be certaiidy taught that the world moved 
 along just as well atler his dignified retirement as before. Nor would the case ot';i 
 nation which should make a similar trial of its consequence be very different. Tin 
 intercourse of human life has its basis in a natural reciprocity, which always exists, 
 however national or personal vanity may often suggest to inflated fancies that, in the 
 intercourse of friendship, civilities, or business, they give more than they receive." 
 
 These were words of wisdom — words as wise ami siixnificant now as they were 
 then. They combated a great error — an error fully exemplified in our day in the 
 assumption of a single class of our citizens, namely, the cotton-growers. These, 
 knowing the value of their great staple and its consequence to the civili/ed world, 
 believed or asserted, before the late Civil War, that it gave them power to (li<iaii 
 certain Ihies of policy to the governments of the earth. In the madness of their 
 error they proclaimed cotton a king too potent for all other kings. Believing that 
 the producers of the raw material have the consumers of it always in their j)Ower, 
 and may bring the latter to terms at any time by cutting off the supply, they forgot 
 the great fact that dependence is reciprocal, and that, in commercial conflicts, the 
 producer, being the poorer party, is always the first to succumb. The events and 
 '•esults of the late Civil War laid bare that radical error to the full comprehension of ! 
 all, as well as to acute political economists. 
 
 So it was with the Embargo. Those who expected to sec great national triumplis j 
 follow that measure, which was expected to stai've the English manufacturing oper- 
 atives and the West India slaves, were bitterly disappointed. The evils brought 
 upon their own national industry in various forms were far greater than those in- 
 flicted upon England or France. It had one good effect, namely, the encouragement 1 
 and establishment of various manufactures in the United States, which have everj 
 been important elements of our national-indejiendence.* 
 
 ' When war was declared asaliiPt Great Britain in 1812, tlie manufactnre of ciitton was carried on extensively in] 
 Rhode Island. A writer in 1S13 ei>tlniatcd the number of cotton factories bnilt and in coarse of erection at tliat lioii;,] 
 eastward of the Delaware River, at live hundred. 
 
 rrovialoos for strei 
 
 The measure was 
 passed by a vote ( 
 I'll of $l,ooo,OOC 
 eoast and harbor 
 
 'liaseofanns, and 
 
 upon the goverrioi 
 
 liiindred thousand 
 
 ness to march at a 
 
 was also .-luthorize 
 
 , *200,OOO was place 
 
 \ .the whole body of 
 
 ;ippropriated to pa 
 
 iniraent appropriat 
 
 Efforts were mac] 
 
 men already in the 
 
 on board the gun-h 
 
 ber" the President I 
 
 •'ight additional gu 
 
 liundred and fifty-gc 
 
 •The formation of new re 
 
 .iTifc'adler general. Amon 
 , '''ii'evoort,ofNewYork ai; 
 j-nViufleld Scott and Zae^': 
 
 I fr.'J^" ^''J^'^^'^S on the fol 
 framdrawmgspresentedtoi 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 167 
 
 I'ruvlaluns fur strenKthiliinu the Ann; and Navy. 
 
 Increase In the Nnmber ofOnn^boati. 
 
 CTIAI^ER IX. 
 
 " Let trnltonj, who foci uot tho patrloiv ftnmo, 
 
 Talk of ylcldlnij our honor to Enjjllshmcii'? sway; 
 No vnch blpmlnh xhiill Kiilly our coiiiitrj'H fair famv: • 
 
 We've uo cluliiiH to Kurieiidcr, nor tribute to puy. 
 Then, though foc« gather round, 
 We're ou Liberty's );round, 
 Both too wIhu tu be trapp'd, and too strong to bo bunnd." 
 
 SoNu— Kmuaiiuo AMU Peaob. 
 
 " Where are ycni from?" hold Rodgers cried, 
 
 Which made the llrltlch wonder: 
 Then with a (jun Ihey quick replied. 
 
 Which made a nolce like thunder. 
 Like lljjhlnlng we returned the joke. 
 
 Our matches were bo handy; 
 The Yankee bull-do^'n nol.ly npokc 
 
 The tune of Uoodlc Dandy." 
 
 SONO— RODOEBS ASD VlOTOIlY. 
 
 lA^JM^r'" RESIDENT JcffcrHoii's policy liad been to keep the army und navy 
 uf)()ii tlie clieuj)est footing compatible with a due regard to the 
 public good. It was now evident that these arms of the public 
 service must be materially strengthened, in order to secure the 
 national safety, and the I 'resident asked Congress to augment 
 the number and efficiency of the regular army. They did so. 
 'Die measure was opposed by the Federalists, but a bill to raise seven regiments* 
 passed by a vote of ninety-eight to sixteen. Other provisions for war followed. The 
 ini of 11,000,000 was placed at the disposal of the President for the erection of 
 coast and harbor defenses. Another sum of #300,000 Avas appropriated for the pur- 
 chase of arms, and $150,000 for saltpetre. The President was also authorized to call 
 upon the governors of the several states to form an army, iu the aggregate, of one 
 liuiulred thousantl militia, to be immediately organized, equipped, and " held hi readi- 
 iii'ss to march at a moment's warning" when called for by the Chief Magistrate. He 
 was also authorized to construct arsenals and armories at his discretion; the sum of 
 «'200,OOO was placed at his disposal for providing arms and military equipments for 
 .the whole body of the militia of the republic; and about a million of dollars were 
 appropriated to ])ay the first year's expenses of the seven new regiments. The gov- 
 cmnient appropriated altogether about $.5,000,000 for war purposes.' 
 
 Efforts were made to increase the efficiency of the navy by adding to the few sea- 
 men already in the service twelve hundred and seventy-two additional men, to put 
 on board the gun-boats then ompleted or in process of construction. In Decem- 
 ber' the President had been authorized to procure one hundred and eighty- 
 eight additional gunboats by purchase or construction, making, in all, two 
 hundred and fifty-seven.^ Mr. Jeflerson's idea appears to have been to liave these 
 
 ' The formation of new reclments brought Into the service several men who became consplcnons in the War of 1812. 
 .\moug them was Wade IIani])tou, of South Carolina, who had been In the army of the Revolution, and was now made 
 1 brit'adlcr general. Among the colonels were Smythe and Parker, of Virginia, and Boyd, of Massachusetts. Peter 
 (iiisevoort, of New York, also of the Continental army, was made a brigadier. Zebulon Pike was promoted to major, 
 iD'l Wlufleld Scott and Zacbary Taylor both took ofHces in the army, the former as a captain, and the latter as a lien- 
 ifuant. 
 
 ' The engraving on the following page shows the different forms of the gun-boats at that time. The group Is made 
 tram drawings presented to me when visiting the navy yard at Gosport, opposite Norfolk, In Virginia, in the spring of 
 
 • 1807. 
 
 ^ ! 
 
• ■.«' I lllllil l l p l 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 ii^ 
 
 l!ii||>^ 
 
 168 
 
 I'lCTOKlAL ilKLU-UOOK 
 
 Otu-boMi ridleaUd. 
 
 Vluleot Ituitllltjp to • Mavr. 
 
 ItoMaillwi. 
 
 boats in readiness, properly (listributorl, but not netuiilly manned until necessity 
 should call for tluir beiiii; put into eoniuiissiou. This proposition excited iniicji 
 ridicule, not only among i»aval otlicers, but anionj^ the people at hirj^e.' Tlu' wlioli 
 gun-boat system was (IcouMced as " wasteful imitecility, called by the nanu- ofccnn. 
 omy," and JetVerson was pointed at as a dreaminit phili.so'her without a whit of mil 
 itaiy knowledge, as eviiuied when (Jovernor of Virginia iii 1781.^ 
 
 Tlu re seeme<l to be, for reasons (juite inexplicable, a most violent hostility to u 
 navy, especially at the South. A mendier (Mr. Williams) from South Carolina siiid 
 that he " was at a loss to find tere.:s sutliciently expressive of his abhorrcnci" of a navv, 
 He would go a great deal fartlu'r to see it burned than to extinguish the fire. Ii 
 was 11 curse to the country, and luid lu-ver been a.iy thing else. Navies had deceiviij 
 tlu- hopes of every country which hail relied upon them." lie artirmed that the |mii- 
 pie were willing to give comuuMce all the protection in their power, " but they coiiM 
 not provide a navy for that purpose." Others opposed a navy because it might lie a 
 measure for increasing Executive patronage; und no act was passed or appropriation 
 
 ?nade, either for the employment of more men, or for the placing in commission am- 
 additional vessels, until January, 1809, when the President was directed to etpiip tln' 
 
 1863. I nm iTidoljtcd to Mr. JnmeH Jnrvls for them. The drnwIiiRS were made by*bno who asslBted In their construe- 
 tion, and who was then cngnRcd in Horvlcc at Gopport. 
 
 ' Anionj; those who ridicuied the Riin-boat pysteni wan Colonel .lohn TnimhHll, the artist. According to that syslpm. 
 he Bald, "Wlicnevcr danger shall menace any harbor, or any foreign ship shall Inmiit us, Homebody is to inform the ijov 
 cruor, and the govenior is to desire the marshal to call npon the captains of militia to call upon the drr.nimcrs to li(';;i 
 to arms and call the militia-men together, from whom are to be drafted (not Impressed) a snfflcient number to go mi 
 board the gun-boats and drive tlie hostile stranger away, unless, during this long ceremonial, he should have takcubim- 
 self off.— TRrMiici.i.'s Reminincencen nfltix oirn Timfn, page 262. 
 
 > In the political poem quoted from on page 104, the author thus alhules to Mr. Jefferson at that time : 
 
 " And thou, the scorn of every patriot name. 
 Thy country's ruin, and her councils' shame! 
 Poor, servile thing I derision of the brave I 
 Who erst from Tarleton lied to Carter's cave ; 
 Thou, who, when menaced by perfidious Oaul, 
 Didst prostrate to her wiiisliercd minion fall ; 
 And when our cash his empty bags supplied. 
 Did meanly strive the foul disgrace to bide. 
 Oo, \vretch, resign the Presidential chair. 
 Disclose thy secret measures, foul or fair ; 
 Go search with curious eye for horned frogs 
 'Mid the wild wastes of Louisiana bogs ; 
 Or where Ohio rolls his turbid stream, 
 Dig for huge bone.«, thy glory and thy theme." 
 
 .fanioii Hadiion elect( 
 
OF THE WAR OK 1812. 
 
 160 
 
 juMtMaOwn alMMd PrMldmt. 
 
 ElTei't (if IlnrliiK'x Imiuiry. 
 
 UpiMMltlou to the nrllUh OrlMftte OWHMU. 
 
 (fnited StatiM, 4 t, IW.aiii, nt, 1 1, l'Xii\,\ :!•.>, and John A(lant«, 24, the latter vcuol hav- 
 iiiir Ik'CII ••lit down from n trij^iitc to ii Mloop of war.' 
 
 Tlu" <'ounlry w.-is now iijiitatnl ])y an upproachintj election for I*n'Hident nnd Vice- 
 I'rt'sident of the I'nited Staten, and for a time tiie political ealdnm neetlied violently. 
 Ivirly i" I^"^ 'I Demoeratie eaiienH of members of ("onifress nominated JaineH Madi- 
 Mill liir President, ami (Jeor^je Clinton for Vice-President of the repuhlie. Tliere was 
 ilicu a schism in the Democratic pai'ty, cansed hy the amhition i»f Iciiders. ,Mail- 
 i^dii, .Monroe, and Clinton were each candidates for the Chief Majjistrate's chair; 
 ;iii(l the Fetleralists, pereeivini;, as they thonuht, some chance for success in the can- 
 vass, nominated C. ('. Pinckney, of (South Carolina, for I'resident, ami Kuliis Kins', 
 (if New York, for Vice-ProHideiit. The result was the election of Madison and 
 Clinton. 
 
 .Meanwhile events wore transpiring on both sides of the Atlantic, apparently tend- 
 inis to a jj;en(M'al aliandonment of the p >licy of the Orders, Decrees, and Kmharifo. 
 Tlie aide lin/iiir!/ of .Mr. Marini; concerninLi; the orders in Council, already cited, made 
 ;i iMiwcrful impression u]t<m the mercantile classes of'KnijjIand. lie had fully exposed 
 till' iiii'Xpediency and injustice of the mciisures, and nobly vindicated the character 
 111(1 lopiluct of the Americans. Some ol'the late (.'abinet associates of Mr. I'ov de- 
 iiiniiued those orders as both inexpedient and unjust; and ])etitions for their repeal, 
 iiuiiu'roiisly sijxned by the merchants and i;;;>niifacfurers of Hull, .\fanchester, Liver- 
 midl, and London, were jiresi'Uted to the House of Lords on the 17lh and iilHt of 
 Miurli," while a bill aflirminu; the action of the Privy CoutK'il in the matter was 
 
 * 1809 
 
 iicMiliiiii;. Henry Hrounh;im, iin eminent barrister, was the advocate of the 
 |iditiiiners, and was heard with profound attention, on the (ith of April, in that body 
 ,it' peers of the realm of which, a little more than twenty years afterward, he became 
 iidistiiiijuished member.- iMready, in t)ie month ofMiirch, resolutions moved aj^ainst 
 iln'iii by Lords Krskine, St. John, Holland, and Lauderdale, and a protest sif^ncd by 
 ilu' Karls of Lauderdale, Kintf, an<l Albermarle, iuid prepared the way for 1?rout?hain'8 
 :ii!junient. These documents contained, within their bi'ief limits, (dose and sound ar- 
 .niiiicnts on the whole subject. The motion of Erskine discussed the illesralily of the 
 new Hystein in a constitutional view. Lord St. John's treated of its repuj^iumce to the 
 law of nations. Lord Holland's set forth with threat clearness its eifects nj)on 1?ri*ish 
 intercourse whh foreign nations; and J^ord Lauderdale's motion showed its prejudi- 
 cial tendency to IJritish comme-.-ce in general. The jirotest of the three peers natned 
 ilisi'ussed more particularly the consequi'uces on the cf)tton trade. ■• lint tiie '.fforts 
 nf these statesmen and the array of facts set forth in the minutes of evidence taken 
 lit the bar of the House of Lords, before a Committee of tlie whole House, on the 
 siihjc'ct of the orders,' were i'lsultieient to move the majority, and the ministry tri- 
 umphed. The bill athrming *,! j iction of the Council and making it jiermanent was 
 |i!issed, and Parliament fixed o amount of tribute in the form of " transit duties," 
 
 'Tills vessel was hiillt ns a c-naii i;.,(Bte of 24 In Charleston, South Carolina. She was cnt down to a sloop, then 
 ra!?e(l to a frl^'ate ; Anally cnt down to n slooj) i\t;n\n, and, about tho yearlSSO, was entirely rebuilt as a flrst-closs ship. 
 -Cdoi'Kii'N yaml lliHturn nf the I'liiled Staten, 11., lltl. 
 
 ' Thin was the now (is«7) venerable Lord Broui^ham. Up had recently made London his residence, having practiced 
 law hi ills native city of Edlnburi; nntll ISOT. He entered Parliament as a Whltf in islft, and was a coworker with Clark- 
 •111, Willicrforce, and (Iranvillc Hliarpe in favor of the noi;ro slave. He was the vindicator of Qneen Caroline at.'iiiiiBt 
 'lie pcrseciilion of her InfamonH hiinband, Khif; Oeorjre the Fonrth. His voice and pen were ever on the side of reform 
 111(1 hiimaiiity. In 1S.10 he became a peer, and Lord Chancellor of England. He has ever held a biijh place In literature, 
 lii» tli'st rdiitrlbutlons havinc; appeared in the Edinlmrfi Itevietp, at its commencement in l"!fli!. In his several depart- 
 aifiits of labor as philosopher, law reformer, statesman, and critic, he has ever stood pre-eminent. He has resided 
 mudi ut Cannes, in France, duriiij; his later years, on account of ill health. 
 
 Durln); the late Civil War in America, Lord Brougham wrote and s)ioke in favor of the Insurgcnta, who were fljthtlni; 
 tor the perpetuation of the slave system which he had opposed all hU life, and against the government whose most zeal- 
 ous adherents were avowed Abolitionists. 
 
 -According to the statement of that protest, the amount of cotton wool exported to England from the United States 
 inisn-vvn«"2l)(l,n0flbags, auKUinting, at i:i2 per bag, to the value of Xil, 000,000. 
 
 I Prlatcd, with the motioua and protest alluded to, and au abstract of Brougham's speech, In a thin volume of about 
 : mo huudred pages. 
 
*»»mjBwa;a y au. 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 f 
 
 170 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Napoleon in Spain. 
 
 The Bayoune Decree. 
 
 ModiticationB of tlio British Orders In t'ouucll. 
 
 just referred to, v/lvich neutrals must pay to England for permission to navigate the 
 ocean without fear of sea-robbers. 
 
 Napoleon, inspired by the keenest sagacity, expressed his approbation of tlie Em- 
 bargo, lie AV.ns then in Spain, ostensibly for the purpose of crusliing royal intrigues 
 for the good of the people, but really in preparing a throne for his brother Joscpli. 
 3Iurat, with a conijietent force, occupied Madrid in March,* and in June Joscjili 
 was declared by the Emperor to be King of Spahi. From Bayonne, in Miucli, 
 Napoleon issued a decree directing the seizure and confiscation of all American ves- 
 sels in France, or which miglit ai'rive there; and wlien Minister Armstrong remon- 
 strated, he was .;iven to unilerstaiid that tlie Emj)eror expected the Embargo to be 
 full andperfevt. " No American vessel," said the French minister craftily, " can be 
 laiofulhj abroad since the passage of the Embargo Act; and those ])retending to be 
 such must be either English, or, if American, vessels wliicli come under the ban ot'tlic 
 Milan Decree because of subserviency to the British orders. The Emperor well knew 
 that there were a large number of American vessels afloat which, under the tempta- 
 tion of immense profits, Avere sailing under British licenses; and others were evadiii!: 
 French prohibitions by forged documents, which indicated that they had come di- 
 rectly from America. This leak in liis Continental System Napoleon was determLw.l 
 to stop, and for that purpose his Bayonne Deci'ee was effectual. 
 
 The Spaniards resisted the attempts of Napoleon to place his brother on tlicii 
 throne, and there Avas a general uj)rising of the Dons. Tiie Avhole Spaiiisli Peninsuiii 
 and the Spanish colonies in Central and South America were thrown open t<> IJiitisii 
 commerce, and by so much weakened the effect of the American Embargo on that 
 commerce. A repeal of the ordei's in Council as ihey related to Spain, and iilso to 
 Portugal, whose royal family had lately fled td Brazil and opened a vaMf <'oimliy 
 there, immediately followi d. On the receipt of intelligence concerning these facts, 
 ])etitions from si'veial maritime towns in the United States were sent to the Presi- 
 dent, pi'aying for a su.-ipension of the Embargo Act as to Spain an<l Portugal ; but lie 
 declined, saying, "To have submitted our rightful commerce to prohibitions and trib- 
 utary exactions from others would have been to surrender our independence. Td 
 resist them by arms was war, without consulting tlie state of things or ihe choice of 
 the nation." He contended that the Embargo, " besides saving to our citizens their 
 property, and our mariners to their country," gave time for the belligerent natioiistd 
 revise a conduct as contrary to their interests as it was to our rights. As to Sjiaiii, 
 he wisely suggested that her resistance might not prove (as it did not) eft'cctual. 
 
 But the President had already taken some measuiTs in tiie ilirection of repeal. A'^ 
 early as the idose of Auiil'' lie had si'nt instructions to Pinkncv in Loiidnii. 
 and Armstrong in Paris, authorizing them to otter a repeal of the Embart 
 
 on certain conditions. To England such re))eal was ottered on condition of her recall- 
 ing her orders in Council. To France Arnisti'ong appears to have ottered, in ad<liticiii 
 to a repeal oftlio Embargo Act, a declarati<Hi of war against Great Britain in the 
 event of her not recalling her offV'nsive orders after the Emperor should have witii 
 drawn his Berlin, Milan, and B.iyonne decrees.' 
 
 Canning spoke for his government ir a very courteous but extremely sarcastii 
 note, .issui'ing Mr. Pinkiiey of the kindly feeling of his majesty toward the T^iitei! 
 States, but expressing his unwillingness to change the policy involved in those oider>. 
 under the present aspect of the case. lie could not see the impartiality of the Km- 
 
 ' ArmsironR's Inptnictloop cntd, " 31: ,ra1d Bhc fPrnnrel set tho example nj ■•ovocntlon, Oreat Britain wonld 1)p obliged, 
 either liy follii\vlii>> it, to restore to Friinoc the ftill bi'iietif nf iiciitrni Irado which hIic neertH, or, by persevering inhfr 
 obnoxloua orders after llie pretext for them had cca^od, to i.ndor colliKitm with the I'nltpc'. States inevitable." 
 
 P nl::iey's In.'t'urtionH s.iid, "Should Ihe Krcneh vovcrnmnnt revr/ke no niiieh of itK deerncs as violate our nciitr.il 
 rtiihiK, or kIvc exptaii.ilion!" and nKHiriincCh huvinn the like effi'i t. and eiitltllnir it. therefore, to a rninnvfll of (he Em- 
 l!,irj{o as It applies' o Kr'iiire, It will be inipoMlblc to view « (K'r,"Overn"nre of Ovcat Britain In her retaliatory orders io ; 
 any other light than that of w:ir, without • vwn the pretext now assiim.'d l)y her." 
 
 tanning's offeoaiv. 
 
 -'" "Hill 
 
 I" the Eastern Sta 
 
©F THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 IVI 
 
 i.annlng's offenolve 
 
 Plukney'H Opinion of Ac Knbargo. Silence ofNapulcon. Oppui<itiuu to the Embargo. 
 
 Idirgo wiueh Mr. Pfaikney claini*^;' nor (Ji«J his majesty feel inclined to recall his 
 orders wkde the pirwlunrntion of the President concerning the interdiction of British 
 ships of war in AaLfe-rican waters reniaineil in full force.'* lie alluded to the timeli- 
 neK8 of the tanbargo in assisting France in her blockade of Europe, hut expressed an 
 unwillingness to believe that the Anierii-aiiH intended, or co Ud have any interest in 
 the Hmifversym ff the British jiower."^ TIk^ htter concluded Avith a hope that a 
 perfect underMtaft'^Tng I* • ween the two goverrnnents might be maintained. liut its 
 torn- was so ironic disingenuous and uncandid — so fidl of the spirit of a selfish 
 
 -!i i\'j niri in his -s with a weak one, that it irritated tiie American minister 
 
 1,, wliiM. ; wa> . c'd, and the administratiou that made the overtui'c, not a 
 
 little. 
 
 Mr. Pinkn».'y expressed his views strongly against a repeal of the Embargo Act in 
 I letter to Mr. Madist)n. "The spirit of monopoly," he sai<l, ''iias seized the people 
 juii government of this country. We shall not, under any circumstances, be toler- 
 - 1 as rivals in navigation and trade, . . . If we persevere we must gain our pur- 
 at last. By comj)lying with the policy of the moment we shall be lost. By a 
 and systematic adliereiKc to principle we shall find tiie end of our difficulties. 
 Knibargo and the hws of our trade are deeply felt here, and will be felt with 
 ,■ severity every day. Tlie wheat harvest is likely to be alarmingly short, and the 
 state of the Continent will augment the evil. The discontents among their manufac- 
 turers arc only qtiieted for a moment by temporary causes. Cotton is rising, and 
 will soon be scarce. Unfixvorable events on the Continent will subdue the temper, 
 unfriendly to wisdom and justice, which now prevails here. But, above all, the Avorld 
 will, I trust, be convinced that onr firmness is not to be shaken. Our measur:. have 
 not been without effect. They have not been decisive, because Ave have not been 
 tliovight capable of persevering in self-denial — if that can be called self-denial which 
 is no more than prudent abstinence from destruction and dishonor." 
 
 The French P]mperor inaintauied an ominous silence on the subject. Ho made no 
 response to Armstrong's proposition, and this reticence Avas quite as offensiA'c as Can- 
 ning's irony. "We have somewhat overrated our means of coercion," Armstrong 
 wrote to the Secretary of State.* "Here it is not felt; and in England, .Ancustsi 
 amid the more recent and intei'csting events of the day, it is forgotten. I **"*• 
 
 hope, unless France shall do us justice, avo shall raise the Embargo, and make, in its 
 stead, the experiment of an armed commerce. Shoiild she adiierc to her Avicked and 
 foolish measures, there iit' ninch more besides that Ave can do; and we ought not to 
 limit doing all we can, because it is believeel hero that Ave can not do much, and even 
 that we will not do Avhat little we ca".' 
 
 At home the Embargo Act met Avith the most violent opposition in various forms. 
 It was tiilked against and acted agahist, especially by the leaders of the opposition 
 in the Eastern States, They excited a very strong sectional feeling by calling it 
 
 ' " if consiriereil ns a measure of Impartlnl hoctlHty ntrninBt both belligerents," wrote Mr. Canning, "the Embargo 
 appcnrs to htM mnjci'ty to have been manlfcKtly niiJHHt, us, iiccorclin',' to every |)rinclple of justice, the redrens ought to 
 bavc been first sought from the parly oilginatiug llic wrong. And ills majesty can not consent to buy offlhat hostility, 
 «hich Ameri<:a ought nol lo have extended to him, at the expense of a coucesglon made, not to America, but to 
 Franfc." 
 
 " Alliiding to Ihe faihiro of Rose's mission In regard to the affair of the Cltcmpeake, Mr, Canning, with singular nn- 
 lainicw, reinhficod, speaking of tin President's proclamation wlilcli tliat iiffalr drew forth comeniing Hritish vessels of 
 tar, "The continuance of an interdiction which, n . '."r such circumstances, nmountb so nearly tu direct hostility, after 
 llip willingness profei-sc', and tao attempt made by his nia.|e8ty to remove tlie cause on which that nionsure iind '.)eeu 
 orleinally founded, would afford but im inaus|)icious wm 'ii (or the comni'inteinent of a system of mutual conciliation ; 
 'lid the omission (^f any niAice of thai mCMsure in che proposal which Mr. Pinkney has been instructed to bring tor- 
 ward, woidd have been of itself a material defect in the overture of the President." 
 
 ' "By some icifortnn.ite concurrent e of c inumstunces," said Mr. Canning sarcastically, "without any hostile inteu- 
 'te, the American Smbarfo ilM come in aid of the ' blockade of the I'"Mroi.ean Continent' precisely at the very moment 
 nlien, if tlmt bUickade could have sucecded at all, this Interposition of the American government would most effectual- 
 l.vhiive contrlbnte'l to lis sncces-." * 
 
 These words of v'annln.' were caught up by the opposition in America ns additional evidence that the admlnlstrntlop 
 «orc plnying into ths haiu'.i" of Napoleon, and the old cry of " French parly" w.ia vigorously revived for a while. 
 
 
 i 
 
■■ 
 
 n 
 
 , I 
 
 172 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ! i^ 
 
 IM^' 
 
 iJlii|iN 
 
 im 
 
 Infractions of the Gmbnrgu. 
 
 Attempts to make it Odious. 
 
 Dinuuioiiists in New lint,'lnii(l. 
 
 sometimes a "Virginia measure," at otliers a"Sout1ieni measure," and at all times a 
 "subserviency to. French dictation." Tliey declared that it was a blow aimed inten- 
 tionally at the prosperity of New England, slie liaving greatly the preponderance in 
 commercial and navigating interests ; and that, while the whole country felt the in- 
 jury inflicted by the Embargo Act more than England or France, that injury i'ell 
 mostly upon the Eastern States. This deceptive statement, made chiefly for political 
 effect, was contradicted by the commercial statistics of the United States.' 
 
 Infractions of the Embargo were open and frequent all along the New England 
 coast, for the magistrates winked at them ; and smuggling became so general, es- 
 pecially by way of Lake Cham])lain, that the first active services of the newly-cio- 
 ated army were enforcements of the laws on the Northern frontier, under the direc- 
 tion of Wilkinson, while gun-boats were sent into "cveral of the Eastern ports for 
 the same j)urj)ose. The leaders of the opposition, ho])ing to break down the Denxi- 
 cratic party, made the Embargo Law as odious as jiossible, cast obstacles in the way 
 of its execution, and used every means to induce England to believe that it was so 
 im])opular that it would be speedily re icaled in the face of the contimmnce oflicr 
 orders iii Council. "They are now playing a game," the President wrote, "of tlic 
 most mischievous tendency, M'ithout perhaps being themselves aware of it. They are 
 endeavoring to convince England tliat we sufier m(>re from the Embargo than thcv 
 do, and if they will but hold out a while we m'>st .'ilvnulon it. It is true, the time will 
 come wlien we must abandon it. But if this is before the repeal of the orders in 
 Council, wc must abandon it only for a state of war. The day is not distant when 
 that will be preferable to a longer continuance of the Einbai-go. But we can .>e\('r 
 remove that, and let our vessels go out and be taken under these orders, Avithnut 
 making reprisals. Yet this is the very stat>' of things which these Federal monarcii- 
 ists are endeavorhig to bring about ; and in this it is but too possible they may suc- 
 ceed. But the fact is, if we have war with England, it will be solely produced by 
 these mana'uvres."2 
 
 An "Anglican party," a mere political myth in former years, was now a practiciil 
 reality.^ 
 
 Another form of oj)positioii to the Embargo Avas a declaration of several eminent 
 lawj'ers of Massach\isetts t/iat it was unconstitutional ; and very soon the doctrine (if 
 the Virginia, nullifiers, as ])ut forth in the Kentiu'ky and Virginia resolutions <if lyn^*. 
 so decidedly condenmed by the Federalists as tending directly to disunion, was speed- 
 ily proclaimed by that same party all over New England as being orthodox. Wlien 
 it was know.i that the l)arty was defeated, and that ]\Ia<lis(in v,:is elected President, 
 the unpatriotic cry of disunion was heard throughout New England, in the decej)ti\e 
 accents of proclavmitions that a state, as such, has a right to declare void any act of 
 the National Congress that might be deemed unconstitutional. That doctrine was 
 as boldly proclaimed in the Eastern States as it had been in Virginia and the South 
 ten years before.* The arguments used by tlm Virginia nullifiers and secessionists in 
 
 « According to official tiiblcc, tiie vnlne of tlie exports of tlie United States from ITnl to 1S13 was $1,343,04;,0U0. Of 
 this umount tlic cxjiorts of the Eastern, Middle, and Soiitliern States were in value a« follows: 
 
 Five Eastern States $'2!>ft,l!l2,n(10 
 
 Fi)ur Middle States B31,Tii(i,onO 
 
 Six Southern States and District of Columbia 60li,08',i,000 
 
 or for the New England States loss llian imo fnurtli of the whole amouut. 
 
 » JeO'erson to Dr. Mel), of l'hllndoli)hia,.Iiim- 2!t, ISdS. 
 
 ' The following' clause in a resolution adojited at a public meetlus In Topsfleld, Massachusetts, on the l.lth nf .Iaii:i. 
 ary. I -.07, expressed the sentiments, r.ud illuwirated the actlims of a larjre class of Am 'vicaus at that time: "Thlsnswm. 
 blv cnn not refrain from exprcssinir Its cunviclloM that neither the himor nor the perninnent iutcrCHta of the ruiloil 
 States require that we "hould drive (4real Britain, If it were in our power, to the Kurreuder of those claims jrltrht (it 
 search, impress, and coiiliscatlonl so essential to her in the miirhty coulllct in which she is at present engnccd-a con- 
 f.lct interesting t'l humanity, to morals, to religion, and the last strnu'gle of liberty." 
 
 * A memorial from the town of Hath, in Maine, lo the Massachusetts Legislature, dated December 27, ISOS, contalnoil 
 the following resolution : "That li respectful address be forwarded in the name of the people of tlds town to the Lciii- 
 lature of this commuuwealtb, stating to them the wrongs and grievaucoj we alreaJy suffer, and the painful uiipielii'u 
 
 The dangerous Wei 
 
 1 798 agiiinst t 
 
 the P^inbai'go 
 
 conflict of j)ari 
 
 just ch.'irity, d 
 
 at lieart than i 
 
 the ]ie()]>le, ven 
 
 acy, feeling, as 
 
 .safety in tolera 
 
 The second f 
 
 bcr," and, at tin 
 
 oj)ened their b; 
 
 motions for a r 
 
 ilebafes ensued. 
 
 iiig tlie measure 
 
 ])asscd by the ] 
 
 •/urn, the Carol] 
 
 sioii of tJie que). 
 
 commerce was t 
 
 conversation. 
 
 Tlie history of 
 
 at that time, bea 
 
 lime, form a vcr\ 
 
 • if'ourliistory. C 
 
 j)iirely ])artisan ct 
 
 .siiocdily caiiserl v 
 
 The policy of tl 
 
 enforcing the PJni 
 
 such .opposition a 
 
 in State Legislatu 
 
 union sentiment.s, 
 
 of the longitude o" 
 
 j)ossil)le,i'fnot ine 
 
 Congress were dis 
 
 fioBs we experience of sp 
 laws; expressing to them 
 ihfia to take such other ii 
 comnierclal states, as thee 
 111 Oioucesler, M, .snclui 
 talk for counsel, protectloi 
 Tbc people of Boftou, In 
 Hire (ifour state, to whom 
 :'mt'riinient: that yoi.r po' 
 The opposition press mi 
 .Veiihiiryport which nmtai 
 -l/vtcb forth his hand and 
 ''f<i.a., andofyour couiitr 
 -•■■m of your Independence' 
 "«c know," said the«<„ 
 aiKt restrictions at defiance 
 "It Is better to suffer ih< 
 """""^'"■''''c, "thanto'osj 
 '.'■kept Wherefore docs .:|, 
 
 •I'dnfourfathers, and will 
 "ThlspcriJelualEmbjiP',, 
 kisimtboumil.irnmrriit' I, 
 "•'r-mil I.,x4 nner vnttevtak. 
 K"l'lc "light to immedia(,.|v 
 h'Jit- Is ':.'iH«orcrrij,„ „,„,,■,;, 
 
 "le above passages have I 
 ^'Wli'idthepntrlolisni „| 
 »rrnimmsn„ciu,mo„ft..,„H 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 173 
 
 The iliiiigcrotiB WeapDiis of Party Strife. 
 
 State Sovcrelguty proclaimed In New En),'lau(l. 
 
 An Enforcing Act. 
 
 1798 aijiiinst the Alien and Sedition laws svcrc used in New England in 1808 against 
 tlio Embargo laws. Happily we are far enough removed from the din of that old 
 conflict of i)artie8 to view tlie contest disjiassionatdy, and jierccive that we can, with 
 just ciiarity, declare tliat these New England leaders were no more real disnnionists 
 at heart than Avcre Jeft'erson and Madison, and that hoth parties, having confidence in 
 tlu' ])e()])le, ventured to use dangerous weapons in their i)artisan strife for the sujirem- 
 lU'V, I'eeling, as Jeiierson said in his inaugural address, already cited, tliat there was 
 siii'ety in tolerating a great error " when reason is left free to combat it." 
 
 Tlie second session of the Tenth Congress was coinmenced on the 1th of Novem- 
 ber,-' iuul, at the earliest jiossible moment after tiie organization, the opi)ositi(m 
 opened their batteries upon the Embargo in various forms. In both houses 
 motions for a rej)eal or modification of the act were i)resented, and long and Avarm 
 ilcbiites ensued. l>ut in botii houses tlierc was a decided majority in I'avor of sustain- 
 ing tiic measure, and these Avere sujjported by resolutions in favor of the Embargo 
 passed by the Legislatures of New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Yir- 
 cliiiiii, the C'aroiinas, and Georgia. Tlie wiiole country was agitated by the discus- 
 sion of the question, aiul in private and ])ublic assemblies the great incubus upon 
 commerce was the topic Avhich occupied all minds, and shaped the tenor of general 
 conversation. 
 
 The history of parties, their tactics and manoeuvres, their struggles and animosities 
 at that time, bearing as they do, more or less directly, ui)on tlie subject of this vol- 
 iniu', form a very interesting chapter in the chronicles of the nation for the student 
 of our history. Our plan and sjiaee do not admit of even an outline narrative of those 
 purely ])artisan conflicts, and we must jiass on to a rapid consideration of events which 
 speedily caused war between the United States and Great liritain. 
 
 The policy of the administration being fully sustained, more stringent measures for 
 enforcing the Embargo Avere adopted. The Enforcing Act, as it Avas called, caused 
 such :>pposition and exasperation in New England, that action among the p.eoitle and 
 in State Legislatures assumed the aspect of incipient rebellion. Then it Avas that dis- 
 union sentiments, just alluded to, Avere freely uttered in nearly all the region eastward 
 iif the longitude of tlie Hudson Kiver. 3[any Avise men began to regard civil war as 
 possible, if not inevitable. Some Aveak-kneed members of the administration ]iarty in 
 Congress Avere disturbed by the muttevings of the thunder indicating an approaching 
 
 fioDswc experience ofppeedlly having our calamity Increased by tlie addition of still more restrictive mid arlillrary 
 laws; cxpresshif; to them our apjirobatlon of the men'sures they have already adopted upon the Huliject, and renuectluf; 
 ihfiu to take piu-h other Immediate cteps for relieving the people, either by themselves alone or in concert with other 
 fommerclal etatcB, as the cxtraordiimry circumstances of our situation require." 
 
 In Giouce.iler, M.' snchusetts, a town mcethi!,' resolved, on the I'.'th of January, ISOO, " that to our state gotxrmnent we 
 IcKik for c<iuiiBel, protection, and relief at this awful period of jreueral calamity." 
 
 The people of Boflou, in a memorial dated ,Iaiiaary 'iH, isnii, said : " Our hope and consolation rest with the Lcplsla- 
 liirc of our state, to whom It i.* competent to devise means of relief at;aiust tlie uiicoiistitutional measures of the (leueral 
 i-overnnient; that yoi.r power is adequate to this object Is evident from the orgnnization of the (-anfedoracy." 
 
 The opposition press uttered many violent and inflamnuitory apiieals to the people. A haud-liill was circulated in 
 N'owlinryport which contained the 'oUowlnn sentences ; " Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him 
 ftretch forth his hand and put this accnrsed lliinj;, the Emiiaiioo, from him. He resolute ; act lilie the sons of liberty, 
 iitOoi), and of your country ; nerve y.iur arms with vk.nokanci: ai;alni<t the iiKsi'oT who would wrest the ineetiniable 
 .Tin of your independence fl-inn you, and you shall be emuiverorit !" 
 
 •We know," said the HoHtun Uiixrtutii, " if the Emliarero lie not removed, our citizenB will ere long set ItB penalties 
 ;iiil rc^lrictlons at detlance. It beh loves us to uprak, for ntrike we mnst if speaklnp docs not answer." 
 
 "It is better to suffer the amputation of a liir.b Imeanin;,' the severance of New England from the tinion'], said the 
 Rrtfuii Gnzetti; " than to lose tlm whole body. AA'e must prepare for the operation. AVlierefore, then, is New England 
 i>lfepf Wherefore does jihe niihnit to 'he nitineiuriiin nfoxemien in the Smith t Have wo no Moses who l8 Inspired by the 
 liiKlnfour fathers, and will Imil i(« nut »f Kpnjitt" 
 
 "This periietual KmharKO," said Kussi II, in the nonton CctUineU " bciu); nneonstltullonal, every man will perceive that 
 hi u imt Imund tn rrtmrri it, but may nend kin priilvce irr merrhandixe to afiircvjn inarkei in the navie manner an i/ the fwr- 
 mmmtt had never vnderlah'n to jyynhihil it. If the pe'ltions do not produce n relaxation > ir removal of the Embarijo, the 
 liodlilc mii?ht to immediately r.ssume a higher tone. The government of Massachusetts has also a dnty to perform. The 
 'l»l« Is '■'.ill mrereiijn ami indcitemlent." 
 
 The above pasBiiges have been cited to give nn Idea of the state of public feeling nnder the iiressnre of the Embargo. 
 Never had the pntrlollsm of the jieoplo greater temptations than at the gloomy per' .i; , f utter •Dmiucrdal staguatioD 
 [ otralnous lluciuallon h'om ISOS to ISlli, iuclusive of those years. 
 
\rM 
 
 PICTOlilAL IIELD-BOOK 
 
 I ■! II 
 
 ■ed Alteraathre. 
 
 Qnincy luhea the War Party. 
 
 Effects of hU Denunciations. 
 
 t< ^ aai^fcrtftfi purpose of pacifying the discontented people, the majority passed 
 
 Mtaet* ii^)pointing the hist Monday in May following as the tune for the 
 ^^''- MdHiAfia^ of the new Congress, when a repeal of the Embargo woald 
 oe<>!)|iy, and w alti-mative nf war with (Ireat Britain be accejjted. 
 
 This postponement of the repeal and 
 
 the expressed intention of going to war 
 called forth from Quincy,^ the Federal 
 leader in the lower House, a most witii- 
 ering, denunciatory speech — a speech 
 that stung the dominant party to tlie 
 quick, and rankled like a thorn for a 
 long time. lie treated their assertion 
 that Avar would be the alternative (if re- 
 peal witli the most bitter scorn. He liad 
 heard enough of that " etenial clamor," 
 he said, and, if he could help it, tlie old 
 women of the country shoiild no longer 
 be frightened by the unsubstantial bui;- 
 bear. He taunted them with cowardiec . 
 and declared his conviction that no in- 
 sult, however gross, that might be offer- 
 ed by France or Great J}ritain, could 
 force the majority into a declarati'Pii of 
 war. ' To use a coarse but 'common ex 
 
 prcssion," hi' said, "they could not be 
 
 i/' r < ^-TL c^e^-C^*^ j^.^j^^^i .^^^^^ ^ ^^,^^^„ jj^ ficeljircd that 
 
 — ^ (ill ihe o(Hc(MH for the iicw nrmy were 
 imrtisans of the administration. "II llic llililinmi IkhI been," he said, " to Kfiili (In 
 nation as one man against a foreign enemy, is nol IIiIk (he IiihI jioliey wliich any ad 
 ministration ought ever to have adopted? Is not a party army (he iiiuhI dreadful 
 and detestable of all engines, the most likely to awaken suspicions and to inspire div 
 content?" lie then sneered at the idea of going to war with Kngland — the great 
 maritime power of the world — with "but one frigate and five sloops in commission," 
 while the administration had not " resolution enough to meet the expenses of the 
 paltry littla navy rotting in the Potomac !" 
 
 Quincy's lash stirred u]> a strong Avar feeling throughout the Democralic jiarty, 
 and stimulated the administration to more vigorous efforts for increasing the army 
 and navy. The Southern members, Avith Williams, of South Carolina, at their head, 
 
 1 .losinh Qnincy was born In Boston, Massnolineetts, on tlie 4th ofFebmnry, 1772. He was eilncated at Harvard Uni 
 versify, in Cambridge, wljerc ho was sraduated in 171)0. He entered upon the pracMce of the law ';i Boston. In InW he 
 was oicctcd to a teat in the National Congrps?, and held that position eight sncco^<sivp years. In 1SI3 he declined a re- 
 election. He was chosen a senator from Suffolk, and was a representative in the.\ippc'r Honse of the Lei;lslature ot 
 MassaclinseUs for fonr succesalvo years. He was speaker of the lower House in IS2n, and the following year was a|i- 
 pointed judge of tiio Municipal I'ourt of Jloston. In 1S2.1 he was chosen mayor of tl;at city, and held the offlco .six (-(in- 
 sccutive years, when he declined a re-election. He was chosen President of Harvard I'ni\erplty In 1?I2!», and held that 
 honorable position until his resignation in 1845, fror which time he enjoyed leisure in private life, but always actlvel.v 
 alive lo events around. 
 
 Mr. (Juir.cy was an author of reputation, his most considerable works being A Ulntnrii nfllarrnrd V^nivnmtii, in twn 
 voiunw^, with illustrations by his daughter; Memoir of his father (.losiah Quhicy) and others; A Memorial llulortj ni 
 nimlun, etc. Mr. Qnincy lived until Ihe -.'d day of .Inly, lH(i4, when ho died at his country seat in Qnincy, Massai hancttf. 
 in the ninetj -third year of his age. He and the late Lord T,>nidhurgt {son of Copley, the painter) were born ii. llu.'toii 
 on the same night, and the same physician attended both mothers. 
 
 Tiie writ"r visited him when he w.is In hi.'! ninetieth year, and had the pleasure and prortt of his conver. :ition con- 
 cerning past days; and when he spoke of having a distinct recollection oi being carried out of Boston by way oftho 
 British fortifications on the Neck In 1V76, anil undergoing a iinriflcatirm by sulphur vapor on account of sniall-pos in 
 the elty, I seemed lo be talking with a patriarch Indeed — n man wh((se metiK rw embraced the stirring events of nnich 
 of the two centuries. He W!i8 boni at the i>iiening nf the jnst rebellion of a ■_" ?"t people against real tyranny, andllveil 
 to speak patriotic words in condemn;'.tion of a most nnrighteoi^s rebellion of few demagogues agaiugt, a» one of their 
 nu;ul)cr had but recently said, " lue mosi; boueflceut governme on the face oi ilio earth." 
 
 Cotton supposed to I 
 
 vehemently opj 
 
 the shallowness 
 
 biitthatof eo«( 
 
 neutral inercliai 
 
 of Ills ire and as 
 
 zlcd by the inci 
 
 the King of Cor 
 
 or courtiers. "' 
 
 any tAvo others, 
 
 e.\portation alto 
 
 ions, and noAvhoi 
 
 sijin])tion of the 
 
 of Avar! All the 
 
 of ships, Avant of 
 
 from standing ai 
 
 teraptible coAvard 
 
 Yet, AvJien Jose 
 
 flip, a Aviser fore^ 
 
 -ailing fi'igates foi 
 
 ind the support o 
 
 »as to be found f 
 
 and Williams decl 
 
 ti)r abandoning th 
 
 "ittoii-groAvers, he 
 
 U'hile urging the 
 
 forcing a ivider ni 
 
 HISS about the sel/ 
 
 niitruthful and uiin 
 
 ''.V iin' ipulous (i( 
 
 "'iiiit .nd cspeci 
 
 The outride pros 
 
 ''•0 great for resist; 
 
 "iinter liling nica 
 
 i" iitrals, a IVon-inte 
 
 opened to all the av, 
 
 of war Avere equally 
 
 lienounced by tJie oj 
 
 It Avas declared to h 
 
 liates— an attempt i 
 
 for the benefit ofK- 
 
 lliis Gallic mask of dt 
 
 ivo.and the country 
 
 '""tinued. The win 
 
 licoanse its imaginati 
 
 belief soon came 
 
 the administration, ', 
 
 I tt'iidcd j)ui-j)oses, had 
 
 ! i^ter resident at WasI 
 
 mmii>iits, an<l Mr. M-i 
 
 liyMr..Teff(.rson,Avith 
 I would be signalized L 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I' 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 116 
 
 Collon supposed to be King of Commerce. 
 
 Non-intercourse Act. 
 
 Signs of Kuconciliation. 
 
 vehemently opposed every cxpenditimi for the navy. That violent scctionalist, with 
 the shallowne.ss and selfishness ofhis class, could perceive no other American interest 
 but that of cotton worth fighting for or preserving. Tlic " transit duty" imposed upon 
 neutral merchandise by a late action of the British goveriunent was the chief object 
 ofhis ire and assault, and because of that naeasure he was eager to go to war. Daz- 
 zled by the increase of the cotton trade, lie believed that product of Carolina to be 
 the King of Commerce, around Avliich all other interests sliould revolve as satellites 
 or courtiers. " The great staple," he said, " of the country — cotton — worth more than 
 ;uiy two others, is coerced into Great Britain, and is aiisolutely prohibited from re- 
 importation altogether. . . . You are to raise cotton to carry to the British domin- 
 ions, and nowhere else ! What does this amount to ? Any thing short of the as- 
 sumption of the sovereignty of the soil ? And yet gentlemen can not see any cause 
 of war! All the objections made to war with Great Britain — want of revenue, want 
 of ships, want of objects of attack, destruction of commerce, danger to our liberties 
 tiom standing armies — are nothing but disguises for want of patriotism, and con- 
 tiuiptible cowardice." 
 
 Yet, when Joseph Story, the afterward eminent jurist, with a broader statesman- 
 lii|i, a wiser forecast, and a true national ])atriotisni, suggested a fleet of fifty fast- 
 -iiiling frigates for the protection of all the industrial interests of the United States, 
 iMil tlie support of the dignity and independence of the government, scarcely a man 
 uas to be found from the region southward of the Delaware to second his views; 
 ;nul Williams declared that if the rights of America were only so to be saved, he was 
 for abandoning them at once. "Impatient as ho was to fight for the rights of the 
 nittoii-growers, he had not the least idea of going to war for the rights of ship-owners. 
 While urging the navigating interest to submit (piictly to destruction, in hopes of 
 forcing a "Avider market for cotton, he declaimed with the most perfect unoonscious- 
 iiiss about the self-sacrijice of the iSoicth and the selfishness of the JVorthP^ — a most 
 untruthful and ungenerous assertion, which has been constantly repeated ever since 
 liv un ipulous demagogues for selfish purposes, to the material hijury of the wliole 
 count .nd especially of the slave-labor states. 
 
 The outside pressure upon the administration against the Embargo Act became 
 too great for resistance, and on the 1st of jVIareh, 1800, it was repealed. As a pacific 
 counter liling measure, to induce the European belligerents to respect the riglits of 
 neutrals, a N<m-intercourse Act w:is passed, by whir-h the commerce of Americji M'as 
 opened to all the world except to Pwiigland and P^-ance, and British and French ships 
 (if war were equally excluded prospectively from American ports. This measure was 
 ilonounced by the opposition with more bitt noss, if possible, than the Embargo Act. 
 It was declared to be ai'tual war in disguise — a cowardly obedience to French man- 
 ilatcs — an attempt to produce hostilities with Great Britain at the instigation and 
 for the benefit of Napoleon. Strange as it may appear to us, this foolish bugbear — 
 tills Gallic mask of demagogues for disturbing the nerves of the timid — was still eftect- 
 ivp, and the country was so agitated by the alarmists that the j,aralysis of industry 
 continued. The wings of partially-released commerce fluttered timidly in liarbors, 
 l)cOiiusc its imagination pictured whole bevies of war-hawks abroad. 
 
 Helief soon came, and the doves of peace whitened the horizon. For some time 
 the administration, persuaded of the incompetence of the Embargo to effect its in- 
 lAuded purposes, had been unofticiaiiy negotiating witli IVIr. Erskine, the British min- 
 ister resident at Washington, for a settlement of the disputes between the two gov- 
 craments, and Mr. Mndison took tlie Presidential chair on the 4th of Marcli, vacated 
 liyMr. Jefferson, with a sanguine expectation that the beginning ofhis administration 
 would be signalized by some promise of peace and prosperity for his country.^ 
 
 > UIldreth'B Uuilory of the r:iii.xl ShUa, Sucond Seiiee, ill., 136. 
 
 iSfSSBSi- 
 
ssmtBs^s 
 
 ! 
 
 ) i- 
 
 J 
 II 
 
 ill 
 
 176 
 
 PICTORIAL FJELD-BOOK 
 
 Mr. Erskine'a Proposition. 
 
 A Juat Arrnngemeiit. 
 
 General Satisfaction, 
 
 Disappearance of Party Strife, 
 
 <5^^*--«» 
 
 ^^ (U^ ^^^ 4^*%^ 
 
 •1809. 
 
 Mr. Erskinc had made hucIi reprofiontatioiis 
 to liis govonimont that Mr. Canning instniot- 
 cd liiiii to otter to |»roi)ose to tlie Anicricinis 
 a reciprocal /epeal of all the proliibitorv 
 laws upon certain conditions. But tliosf 
 conditions Avere so partial to England — re- 
 quiring the Americans to submit to the Av- 
 tested "rule of 1750," and to allow IJritisli 
 cruisers to capture all American vessels at- 
 tempting to trade with Fraiicc — that tlioy 
 were rejected. But an arrangement was 
 :il)eedily made, hy which, upon the orders in 
 Council being recalled, the I'resident shoiiM 
 issue a proclamation declaring a restoration 
 of commercial intercourse with Great Ihit- 
 ain, but leaving all restrictive laws ayaiiM 
 France in full force. Mr. Erskinc ottered. 
 in addition, reparation for the insult and in- 
 jury in the case of the Chesajteake, and alsn 
 assured the American government that Great 
 Britain would immediately send over an en- 
 voy extraordinary " invested with full jiow- 
 ers to conclude a treaty on all points of the relations between the two governments," 
 This arrangement Svas completed on the 18th of Apr i'.'' On the followiiK.' 
 day the Secretary of State received a note from Mr. Erskinc, saying, "I am 
 authorized to declare ^' .it ins nuijesty's orders in Council of January and NovendxT. 
 1807, Avill have been withdrawn, as respects the United States, on the tenth day ^l' 
 June next." On the same day President Madison (only forty-four days after his in- 
 auguration) issued a proclamation'' declaring that trade Avith Great Britain 
 might be renewed after the tenth day of the following June.' 
 This proclamation was hailed »vith the greatest joy throughout the United States 
 as an omen of brighter days. The voice of partisan strife was hushed, and President 
 Madison was lauded as the representative of the whole American jjcople, and not dt 
 a i)arty only. He was toasted and ])raised by the Federalists, invited to their feasts. 
 and hailed as a Washingtonian worthy of all confidence. The foolish idea of" Freiitli 
 influence" was dispelled, and every body indulged in millennial anticipations, En- 
 gland was lauded for her generosity and magnanimity, and in the House of Bejin- 
 sentatives John Randolph offered the following resolution on the 2d of May : "/iV 
 so^yerf. That the promptitude and frankness with which the President of the United 
 States has met the overtures of the rjovernment of (Tivat IJritain toward a restoration 
 of harmony and freer commercial intercourse between the two nations meet the ap- 
 probation of this House." The warmest Federalists su|)ported the resolution, and a 
 contemporary says that the praise of the President by his former political enemies 
 was so universal that "the Democrats grew jealous. They were afraid of losing the 
 attachment of the President, whose election they had made such exertions to sccmT." 
 The joy of the Americans was brief. On the ;}lst of July Mr. Erskine coininmii- 
 cated to the President the mortifying fact that his government had refused to affirm 
 his arrangement. This refusal was made ostensibly because the minister had exceed- 
 
 ' After the nsnal prcninblo citing the action lictween the frovernmont and "the Ilonorahle David Montniric Erfkine. 
 his majcsty'B envoy extraordinary," he said, "Now, t'lercforc, I, Inmes Miulison, President of the United Stntc.«. do 
 hereby proclaim, that the orders In Council afor 'said will li.ivc I)een withdrawn on the eald tenth day of Jinic iicsi; 
 nfier ivlilch day the trade of the I'nl'ed States with Great Britain, as cnspciidcd liy the act of Congress aiiovo nicntioDcJ. 
 an net laying an embargo on all ships n.id vc.'sels In the purts and liartxirs of the United States, and the several acts j 
 Biipplemciitary thereto, maybe renewed." 
 
 " April 19. 
 
 Krekluc's Arraogemer 
 
 ed ills instructit 
 
 cliiirged that th 
 
 jieHectly just t( 
 
 .States. To Ani^ 
 
 mciit for tlie oiii 
 
 ilir advantages 
 
 Kiurse ()etw(!en 1 
 
 •lie disavowal of 
 
 'le llritish gove 
 
 ne of the letters 
 
 ;iitIi, who liad ah 
 
 ilioreoent violent 
 
 hiiibai'go Act dec 
 
 immont M'ould bi 
 
 England's restrict 
 
 true rwison for tl 
 
 would interfere in 
 
 netioiial antagoni.s 
 
 Two yeai-s later it 
 
 iredited agent in : 
 
 |iosiii<r the oppositi 
 
 liceii the true i-easo 
 
 t'd the ollve-braii?Ii 
 
 31r. Erskine was ret 
 
 'l:ited Oth of Angus 
 
 ill regard to Great 
 
 I from caj.tiiro such 1 
 
 I the Pi-esident's proc 
 
 The blessings of t 
 
 tlie blossoms of May 
 
 ■iii'l at tJie season of 
 
 tliat Madison and h; 
 
 "liiiie; that they knc 
 
 j iw expectation oftlu 
 
 Itliat the whole aftaii- 
 
 ^.tntinued restriction 
 
 iiritish niini.stry. Tj, 
 
 I-'raiicis James Jacl 
 
 '>!iwve(le(] m. ErskiiK 
 
 illuityiu the unwarra 
 
 N'Deninark in early St 
 
 SocrelnrynobertSiimMir 
 Ifeitait 10 state that, while h 
 I «l.le of the Justice muluM 
 ^efrom his nrliannlc majesty 
 i;:"""f'»"''°f'l'ismatt, 
 J M. Erskine was the eldest s 
 l-«:'lilorof(!oneral.IohnCadH 
 |'«.™ert Thomas Americs a 
 |«l »?»!». This win, died „ 
 
 ^™« Cnlrterwood Durham 
 filler's titles in 1S2.T n„ ' ., 
 l-aslicBcrvice. He w„« bhh 
 
 kZi'T™''"'-' ""■'"'''■- 
 
 III"! British govomment stro 
 Knf '""."">•'"■"'« con,,,, 
 rf, *"■.« "••"•"f-re sent a f„ 
 Mate with the Danish gover 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 17: 
 
 ErFklnt'''* Arrangemeiitii repudiated by his Oovcrnment. The Buppoaed Reasons. Party Rancor a^ain revived. 
 
 ,.,1 IiiH instructions, and was not authorized to make any such arrangement. It was 
 (liinLtctl tliiit this was not the true reason, because the arrangement as made was 
 ncitictly just to Loth i)arties, and more I'lvonihle to P^ngland than to the United 
 >t;ittH. To America it ofl'ered simj)ly a rejieal of tlie orders in Council and atonc- 
 nit'iit for tlic outrage on the Chesapeake ; to England it ottered a restoration of all 
 ill, advantages of a vast and valuable commerce, and a continuance of non-inter- 
 
 iiiiso hetween the United States and France. The most plausible conjectures for 
 luMlisavowal of an arrangement so desirable were, iirst, that the inijdied censure of 
 
 IJritish government respecting the conduct of vVdmiral IJerkeley, contained in 
 n' of the letters of the Secretary of State to Jlr. Erskine,' so irritated the old mon- 
 ;ireli, who had always hated the Americans, that he refused his assent; secondly, that 
 iho recent violent ])roceedings in New England in relation to the enforcement of the 
 Ijiibargo Act deceived the British ministry into the belief that the American gov- 
 tnmu'nt woidd be compelled by popular clamor to repeal the Embargo, and leave 
 Knglaiurs restrictive policy unimpaired. To the coinpiehension of the writer, the 
 line reason for the rtyection may be found in the fact that such an arrangenu'iit 
 woiilil interfere hi a deep-laid scheme to break uj) the American Union, by fomenting 
 H'l'tional antagonisms based chiefly ujjou the clashing of apparently diverse interests. 
 Two years later it was discovered that the British autliorities in Canada had an ac- 
 iivdited agent in Boston for that ]»ur])ose, the Jiritish government ignorantly sup- 
 liosinjj; the opposition of the Federalists to be real disloyalty.''^ Whatever may have 
 lirtii the true reason for the rejection, the historical fact renuiins that England s])iirn- 
 t.ltlio olive-branch so confidingly offered. The orders in Council stood uni'cpealed, 
 Mr. Erskine was recalled,^ and a proclamation of the President of the United States, 
 ibitc'J !)th of August, 1809, dechired the Non-intercourse Act to be again in full force 
 ill regard to Great Britain. The British government also issued orders to ])rotect 
 I'niiii cajiture such American vessels as had left the United States in consequence of 
 the President's proclamation of April preceding. 
 
 The blessings of the opj)osition, so freely showered upon the administration when 
 the blossoms of May and the leaves of June were unfolding, returned to their bosoms, 
 and at the season of the liarvest-moon curses flowed out as freely. It was charged 
 I that Madison and his Cabinet were acquainted Avith Caiming's instructions to Er- 
 skine ; that they knew the latter liad exceeded his instructions, and that there was 
 I III) expectation of the arrangement being continued by the British govermnent ; and 
 iliiit the whole affair was a pitiful trick of the administration to cast the odium of 
 
 intinued restrictions upon commerce from their own shoulders upon that of the 
 I jiritish ministry. The partisan Avar was soon revived in all its rancor. 
 
 Francis James Jackson, Avho had been the British minister at Copenhagen in 1807, 
 jiiaveded Mr. Erskine. lie was an unscrupulous diplomat, and, because of his com- 
 
 licity in the unAvarrantable attack by British land and naval forces upon the capital 
 liifDeiiinark in early September, 1807, he was knoAvn as " Copenhagen Jackson."* The 
 
 ■ !i«crctnry Robert Smith, In n letter to Mr. Erpklnc on the 17th of April, sold, " I have it in express charge from the 
 Ihesideiit to state that, while he forbears to Insist on a farther punishment of the offending ofllcer, he Is not the less 
 Ikh'IIiIc of the Justice and utility of such an example, nor the less persuaded that It would best comport with wliat Is 
 J(i(rrom his Britannic majesty to his own honor." 
 • For an account of this matter, see Chapter XI. of this work. 
 
 ' Mr. Erskine was the oldest son of the cel(0)rated Enplish orator and lord chancellor. In the year isoo he married the 
 
 |f!ii;hlcr nf (icncral .lohn Cadwalader, of I'hiladelphia, with whom he lived until ISM, when she died. Ills eldest son 
 
 ll- named Thomas Amerlcus, and Is still living', I believe, the successor to his father's title. In 1S4S Lord Erskine mar- 
 
 |trf a<!»iii. This wife died in April, ISM, and he ai;aln married In December, 1S52. Ills last wife was the widow of 
 
 bmns Calderwood Durham, Esq., of Larsro and Palton. lie had children only by his first wife. He succeeded to 
 
 kiifalher's titles in lS2n. He war. educated for the law at Trinity College, Cambridge, but was much of his life in dip- 
 
 liiulic pcrvlce. He was nrillsh envoy at AVashlnsiton fi'om I'^nti to I'^io, and afterward represented his country at the 
 
 rjri'of WurtemlierK and Ilavarla. In ISi,"! he retired from public life, and died on the liUh of March, l'^^5. 
 
 I 'Tlio British povoniment strongly suspected that Di^imark would acquiesce In the dictates of the French emperor, 
 
 dtiecome the ally of the conqueror. If so, the Danish fleet would fall into his hands, and Knfrland's life mlfrlit be im- 
 
 Tiled. She therefore sent a formidable armament to the Italtic, accompanied by Jackson as envoy extraordinary, to 
 
 k' illntc with the Danish government, the basis of which was au English protectorate of Danish neutrality, on condi- 
 
 M 
 
^^^■■■gp 
 
 ! illi 
 
 
 r' 
 
 I;' 
 
 ^li 
 
 178 
 
 nCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 » March. 
 
 " Copenhagen Jackson" and hlH Minconduct. Proposed Uevucatlon of the French Uocrees. Napoleon on ArnmlrDnL', 
 
 infUiny of'tliiit afl'air made every person connected witli it odious to the people ot'tlic 
 United States. It was a foul Mot upon the boasted civilization and Christianity of 
 Great Britain; and the sendinf;; of Jackson, who had been a cons|)i(uions actor in tlif 
 tragedy, as minister to Washington wiiile causes foi- serious irritation between tlic 
 two governments existed, was regarded as a meditated insult by the extreme mem- 
 bers of die dominant party. 
 
 Jackson was received with cool courtesy, but his deportment soon excited tlu 
 thorough dislike of those with whom he came in contact. lie was insolent, irritable 
 and quarrelsome. He had an unbounded admiration of the greatness of the |ic(i|i|(. 
 he represented, and a corresponding contempt ibr the people he had been scut in. 
 He regarded the Americans as an inferior people, and treated the officers of goviin. 
 ment with the hmitenr which he had practiced toward weak and bleeding Dcinnaik 
 when he negotiated with her at the moutiis of British cannon. His manners wiii; su 
 offensive that, after the second verbal conference with him. Secretary Smith rcfuKwl 
 any farther correspondence except in Avriting. The insolent diplonuit was otHiKkd^ 
 and wrote an impudent letter to the secretary. He was soon informed that no far- 
 ther connnunications Avould be received from him. Disappointed and angry, he left 
 Washington, with every meudjer of his diplomatic family, and retired to New York.' 
 Tlie American goveruuu'ut recpii i d his ricall, and early in 1810 he was sunuiKnieil 
 back to England. But his govern, iient manifested the greatest indifference as to its 
 relations with the United States. Tha rcr nest for liis recall Avas received with tin 
 most perfect coolness, and no other minister was sent to Washington until early in 
 1811. » 
 
 In the early part of 181 0," the President received intimatimis from abroail 
 that a way was j)r()bal)ly opened for a repeal of the restrictive orders ainl 
 decrees. IM. de Chamj)agny (Duke de Cadore), the French jVIinister of Foreijfii Al- 
 tiiirs, in a letter to jMinister Armstrong, said that if Englaiul would revoke her block- 
 ade against France, the latter would revoke her Berlin Decree.^ Minister Pinknev, 
 .still in London, on receiving this information, approached the British piiuistryon tin 
 subject, and he expressed to his own gm-ernment his hope that the restrictive wwx- 
 ures of the belligerents would be speedily removed.^ To aid hi negotiations to that 
 effect, Congress, nn the 1st of May, 1810, repealed the Non-intercourse and Non-im- 
 portation laws, and substituted an act excluding both Britisli and French armed ves- 
 sels from the waters of the United States. It farther provided that, in case eitlior 
 Great Britain or France should so revoke or modify its acts before the 3d of March, 
 
 tion that its fleet shonld be deposited in British ports nutll tlie termination of the wnr with France. The naiiisli i:ov- 
 ernnient rejected this de^radlnK proposal, and claimed the rights of a neutral, independent nation, whereupon the lirii- | 
 ish armament of twenty-seven sail of the line, and twenty thousanc! In nd troops, under the respective commniids of M- 
 miral Gambler and Lord Cathcart, attacked Copenhagen. The spU-iiJid cathedral, many public buildings and |)rlvaie 
 houses, were destroyed, and with them two thousand lives. The city was on Are from the" 2d until the 6th of SopicmlKr. 
 A great part of the city was consumed, when a flag of truce was displayeil by the Banish commander. The lliiiiisli fl«i \ 
 and a large quantity of naval stores were surrendered. Hut the IndignantDanish goveniment refused to ratil. tlie fa- 
 pitulation, and issue<l a declaration of war agr'nst England. Russia, Indignant at the shameful treatment of Denmark. 
 also declared war against England, and issued i manifesto on the aoth of October ordering the destruction of allBrilkli 
 fhips and property. 
 
 ' Jackso'i found a residence In the city too uncomfortable, on account of the detestation In which he was held, and lif I 
 took up his abode at Claremout, the seat of the Post family, at the present Manhattanvllle, now Jones's Ilotcl, n fash- [ 
 lonable place of resort. 
 
 a See letter of Armstrong to the Secretary of State, January, ISIO, In American Stale Papfrn. The manner of the cor- 1 
 respondeuce of Minister Armstrong with the French government at this time appears .o have excited the hot dis|iloa-- 
 ure of the Emperor, who wrote lo M. de Champagny on the I!»th of January, ISin, as follows: 
 
 " MoNsiKun Di;kf. de Cahobk,— You must see the minister from America. It is beyond all rldicnlous that he wTitejI 
 of things that one does not comprehend. I prefer that he should write in English, but at length, and in a manner thai I 
 we can understand. How is it that '.n aflfalm so Important he contents himselfwith writing letters of four liuesf SpoakJ 
 to the secretary who is here ; speak also to tli'> secretary who Is about arriving from \merica. Send by a courier extra- 1 
 ordinary n dispatch In cipher to make then\ understand that that government is not represented here ; that its miiiii'ter| 
 don't understand French— is a morose man, with whom one can not deal ; that all obstacles would be removed if we liajl 
 an envoy to talk with. Write in detail on the matter. Let me know what effect the letter from Altenburg has liailiil 
 the United States— what has been done, nn(. what is proposed. Write to America in snch manner that llie Prcfidraq 
 may know what a fool has been sent here. NArmtus." i 
 
 ' Letter of PInkuey to the Secretory of State, February 28, 1810, In American State Paiycra. 
 
 Tlic Berlin and Mllai 
 
 1811, as that tli 
 
 ami if the otiici 
 
 voke or niodifv 
 
 Iaw8 should, at 
 
 iccting or refusi 
 
 Wlien this ac 
 
 addressed a noti 
 
 ill? that " the d 
 
 "t'tllC folio winrr 
 
 ill conscfpu-nce c 
 and renounce tin 
 or that the Unite 
 upcctcd by the I 
 sincere. Therefo 
 lie issued a procl 
 Kiviich decrees, a 
 of all commercial 
 same day tlie Sec 
 tonis to act in coi 
 Enj,di.sh war vessi 
 I'd of the followir 
 ceivcd by the Pre^ 
 The United Stat 
 mint at M'hat seen 
 restri<'ti\-e acts, Boi 
 ves-sels and their c; 
 "hen notified that 
 viirorous protest,'' a 
 «mimorce Iiad suffc 
 iiiiirencrously resjio 
 the2;Sd of March, ] 
 ter French port.s, oi 
 tfred." Under this 
 crty were seized. ]] 
 2dofXovember wo 
 tlic contrary, the Fn 
 Prize.s'^ until Februa 
 ■'^tatcn would enforce 
 ;"«• At the same ti; 
 i|"iii government wit 
 'ion of former edicts 
 tlic Duke of Cadore ( 
 G'cat Britain tool 
 «iiid her orders, on t 
 ilwrees had been resc 
 
 ^n.v edict for this rev( 
 I'licit declaration, on 
 "^ «'t'll as a general oi 
 'oms' not to apply tl, 
 !('"tcring French ports 
 ''w'aratioiis of the F 
 Joidd have been for ( 
 Awees from the same 
 
OF Tllli; WAR OF 1812. 
 
 179 
 
 The Berlin anil MIIbu Decrees rovuked. 
 
 The BrltiBh Orders In Council maintained. 
 
 1811, as that they Hhoiild cease to violate the neutral commerce of the Ignited States, 
 and if the otlicr iiatinn Hliouid not, witliin tiiree nioiitlis tliereaftiT, in Wkv manner re- 
 viiiic or modify its edicts, the provisions of the Xon-intercourse ami Non-importution 
 liiwH sliouhl, at tlie expiration of the three months, be revived agauist the nation iieg- 
 liH'tiiig or refusing to comply. 
 
 Wlicn tliis act Avas communicated to the Frencli government, M. de Cliampagny 
 ailihvssed a note to Minister Armstrong, ih'ited 5th of August, 1810, officially declar- 
 iim that "the decrees of Berlin and IMilan are revoked, and that after the first day 
 (]fthe following November they will ce.-ise to have effect; it being understood that, 
 in consequence of this declaration, the Englisli sliall revoke their ordi'rs in Council, 
 and renounce tlie new principles of blockade which they have wished to establish, 
 (iitliiit the United States, conformably to their law, will cause their rights to be re- 
 siKcti'l by the English." This was explicit, and the I'resident doubted not it was 
 sincere. Therefore, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the 1st of ^Fay, 
 he issued a proclainaiion on the 2d of November announcing thi>' revocation of the 
 FniH'h decrees, and declaring the discontinuance, on the j)art of tiie United States, 
 iif all commercial restrictions in relation to France and her dependencies. On the 
 same day the Secretary of the Treasury issued an order to all collectors of the cus- 
 toms to act in ci'iformity with the Prt. ident's proclamation, but to enforce against 
 Kniilish war ves ils, and against her commerce, the law of May* after the .Mayi, 
 •jd of the following February, unless, meanwhile, information should be re- ^*'^'>- 
 (cived by the President of the revocation of her ordei-s in Council. 
 
 The United States had been made to doubt Gallic faith. Professing to be indig- 
 iiimt at what seemed *to be partiality shown to England by the Americans in their 
 restrictive acts, Bonaparte had caused the seizure and confiscation of many American 
 vessels and their cargoes. Armstrong remonstrated from time to time, and finally, 
 when notified that a large number of these vessels Avere to be sold, he presented a 
 vi<'oious protest,'' and recapitulated the many aggressions which American 
 
 . . March 10 
 
 commerce had suftered from French cruisers. This just remonstrance Avas 
 imsencrously responded to by a decree, issued by the Emperor from Rambouillet on 
 the 23d of March, 1810, Avhich declared that " all American vessels Avhich should en- 
 ter French ports, or ports occui)ied by French trooi)s, should be seized and seques- 
 tered." Under this decree, many American vessels and millions of American ])rop- 
 erty were seized. But it Avas supposed that the proclamation of the President on the 
 2(1 of November would annul these hostile proceedings, and release the vessels. On 
 the contrary, the French government simply suspended the causes in the Council of 
 Prizes'^ until February, 1811, in order to ascertain Avhether the United 
 States would enforce the proclamation of November against Great Brit- 
 I iiin. At the same time the French government abstained from furnishing the Amer- 
 [ an government Avith formal official evidence of any decree relating to the revoca- 
 jtion of former edicts, and the Avhole matter rested upon the simple letter of 
 the Duke of Cadore (Champagny) to Mr. Armstrong.'' 
 
 Great Britain took advantage of this fact, and resisted the application to re- 
 I soind her orders, on the ground that she was furnished with no evidence that the 
 Jilccrees had been rescinded, because the French government had never pronuilgated 
 laiiy edict for this revocation. But she had the evidence of the French minister's ex- 
 I Illicit declaration, on Avhich the action of the United States government Avas based, 
 lis well as a general order of the French government to the Director General of Cus- 
 jlonis' not to apply the Berlin and IMilan Decrees to American vessels 
 lentering Fri'ncli ports after the 1st of November, 1810. These official 
 iWarations of the French government Avere sufficient for the United States, and* 
 lAoidd have been for Great Britain, fi)r, if faith could not luue been placed in them, 
 ik'crees from the same source Avould have had little value. But France and England 
 
 ' December 26. 
 
 '' August 5. 
 
 t ( 
 
II 
 
 I'i 
 
 II 
 
 mli 
 
 li! 
 
 180 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 EiiKlflud and Franco retwrr t> 
 
 iiiat. 
 
 Friendly Propoaltlon of the United Btstes unheeded. 
 
 were pliiyiiii? siicli u (leHi)eriite ^iniio, that tlicy not only right fully HUH|tePt»'(l oadi 
 otiior of diiplieity continually, luit dimhted the tiiiiccrity of the I'nited States, al- 
 though that government had never, in the smallest degree, broken its faith witli ci- 
 ther. EngliMid refuHed to reeall her orders in Council; IJonaparte refused to iiiuki 
 any indemnity for the seizureH under the Hayoiuie and IJamboiuUut Decrees, ami 
 American cominerco was left hi a state of the most i)ainful suspense. 
 
 Having exhausted all arguments in endeavoring to convince the British ministry 
 of the reality of the French revocation,' and to effect a recall . i'the orders, INfr. I'ink- 
 ney left England and returned home, satisfied that,wliile she could sustain herself in 
 the jiroseciition of the war, she would never yield an iota of her power to ojijiress the 
 weak. At this very time, spurned as they had been, the United States proceeded tn 
 open another door of reconciliation, by an act of Congress jiroviding that, in case at 
 any time "Great Britain should revoke or modify her edicts, as that they shall cease 
 to violate the neutral commerce of the United States, the President of the Uiiitiii 
 States sliould declare the fact by proclamation, and that the restrictions previously 
 imposed should, from the date of such proclamation, cease and be discontinued. "- 
 
 To this friendly proj)osition England was deaf. She would listen to no apjieals tu 
 her justice or her magnanimity. For long years she had been the aggressor and tin 
 oppressor, and yet she refused to heed the kindly voice of her best friend when it 
 pleaded for simple justice. At that very time she Mas exercising, by the might of 
 her navy, the most despotic sway upon the ocean, and committing incessant injiniis 
 upon a friendly poAver. She liad, at that time, impressed from the crews of iVnierican 
 merchant vessels, peaceably navigating the high seas, not less than six xiitu sand 
 MARINEUS who claimed to bo citizens of the United States, and M'ho were denied all 
 o])j)ortunity to verify their claims. She had seized and confiscated the conimorcial 
 property of American citizens to an incalculable amount. She had united in iIk 
 enormities of France in declaring a great proportion of the terraqueous globe •• ;i 
 state of blockade, efFectually chasing the American merchant from the ocean. > 
 had contemptuously disregarded the neutrality of the American territory, ami tin 
 jurisdiction of the American laM's within the Avaters and harbors of the United Statis. 
 She was enjoying the emoluments of a surreptitious trade, stained Avith every spccio 
 of fraud and corrruption, Avhieh gave to the belligerent poAvers the advantage of a 
 peace, Avhile the neutral poAvers Avere involved in tlie evils of Avar. She had, in short, 
 usurped and exercised on the Avater a tyranny similar to that Avhich her great antai;- 
 onist had usurped and exercised on the land. And, amid all these proofs of ambition 
 and avarice, she demanded that the victims of her usurpations and her violence should 
 revere her as the sole defender of the rights and liberties of mankind !^ 
 
 At about the time Avheii Mr. Pinkney left England, Augustus J. Foster, Avlin liad 
 • Febnmryis, l>Pen Secretary to the British legation at Washington, Avas appointoil' 
 1811. envoy extraordinary to the United States, .charged Avith the settleniont 
 
 of the affair of the Chesapeake and other matters in dispute betAvccn the two gov- 
 ernments.'' He had just fairly entered upon the duties of his peaceful mission, Avhen 
 an event occurred that produced great complications and ill feelings. 
 
 1 The British ministry, in their refusal to rescind the orders, made a Btrong point of the fuel that one of the condition! i 
 in Champngny's letter was the renouucing by the English what were called the " new British principles of bidcknde," 
 namely, the blockading of all commercial uufortitied towns, coasts, harbors, and months of rivers. Bonai)«rte clainicil 
 that it onght to be confined to fortified places. Great Britain would not relax an lota of her pretensions in this matter. 
 
 » Act of Congress, passed 2d of March, ISll. 
 
 3 See Dallas's Exposition of the Cannes and Character if the late War. 
 
 * In announcing this appointment, the British ministry assured Mr. Pinkney of the most pn' ' feelings of their gov- . 
 ernment toward that of his own, and that the delay In filllns; the place cause I liy the recall of ....iksou was not becmisel 
 of any indisposition to keep np friendly diplomatic relations, but from a desir.- to make a satisfactory appointment, awl J 
 also from late interruptions to ofllcial business owine to the mental disability of the king and the establishment ofsj 
 regency. The king had shown signs of insanity in 1"S«. and a Regency Bill was submitted to Parliament in l>rpmhcr| 
 of that year. The king recovered, and In February following it was withdrawn. In 1810 the physicians of the kincj 
 announced his confirmed Insanity, and on the 6th of February, ISll, his eon, the Prince of Wales, afterward George thej 
 
 Ontrage by s BrltUI 
 
 Since the In 
 
 American eoa^ 
 
 .Vincrican vess 
 
 Vork;' and ca 
 
 ruiv, ( '.iptain I 
 
 and a young m 
 
 into the Britisli 
 
 resolved to seiii 
 
 of the coast tra 
 
 The I'l-eshkm 
 
 ''I'.in'iig the broad 
 The commodore aa 
 PnsuknCs saiIin<T. 
 '■'ill were at Wasli 
 ;"i I'oard t!ie frigat 
 ill the afternoon o; 
 sloop-of-war Avf/us 
 tant, sailing at tJie 
 Hying, denoting tin 
 tor-deck. Ho j7ad r 
 "'search of the ofi( 
 
 Foiirtli, went before the Pri 
 
 »W the death of his father 
 ' Hildreth, Second Series 
 
 •-Although the sen was nil 
 
 "f frigate, and assured the { 
 
 TO, "Ail that may be so, be 
 
 Ihe American navy then 
 
 '"^^i-.JohnAilanifi'U. Wa 
 
 »n large flotilla of g„n.b„: 
 
 *-Ooopor,ii., lis 
 
 'The present Port or Batt, 
 
 'te^me name, erected, with 
 
 »e.trei,gthe„edatthebe" 
 
 l^ary work, Us principal,'^ 
 
 fin^eofthe naval arsenal seh 
 
 »» he breaking out of he civ 
 
 "■'""/"'."nd delight the eves 
 
 ■^'"viSih : tr%"t's^"Tf ' 
 
 I lar Tt ,'""'• It stood at n 
 
 W^ It will be referred to ap 
 I 'letter from an officer on be 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 181 
 
 Ontrsge b<r a Brltiiib Cruller. 
 
 Commodore Rodgera. 
 
 The Frigate PrtiMmt ordered to 8ea. 
 
 Since the fnvornble arranpemont, with France, British cnuHers hoverinj? upon the 
 Aimiiciin coast liiid become more and more annoyinj; to commerce. A riehly-Iaileii 
 American vessel bonml to France bad been eaptiired within tiiirty inib's of Now 
 York;' and early in the montii of May a Ib'itisii frij^ate, supposed to be the (iuer- 
 mw, t aiitain Daeres, stopped an American bri<r only eighteen miles from New York, 
 and a youni^ man, known to be a native of Alaine, was taken from her and impressed 
 inti) the British service.'- Similar instances had lately occurred, and the government 
 resolved to send out one or two of the new frigates^ immediately for the protection 
 iit'tlic coast traile from the ih'predators. 
 
 Tiie I'reskktil, Captain Ludlow, was then anchored off Fort Severn,'' at Annapolis, 
 
 rOBT OR IIATTEHY BKVKRN, AT ANNArol.IS. 
 
 lioaring the broad pennant of Commodore Ilodgers, the senior officer of the navy. 
 The commodore was with his family at Havre de Grace, seventy miles distant;' the 
 Presidoit^ti sailing-master was at IJaltimore, forty miles distant; her purser ami chap- 
 lain were at Washington, an equal distance from their posts, and all was listlessness 
 III) board the frigate, for no sounds of war were in the air. Suddenly, at three o'clock 
 ill tln' afternoon of the 7th of I\Iay, while Captain Ludlow was dining on board the 
 >loop-of-war Argus, '>''"» "C'li* the President, the ,.;ig was seen, about five miles dis- 
 tant, sailing at the rate of ten miles an liour, witii the commodore's broad pennant 
 Hying, denoting that he was on board." Ilodgers was soon on the President'' s quar- 
 ter-deck. He had received orders" from his government to put to sea at once • jjny o 
 ill search of the offending British vessel, and on the 10th he weiglied anchor i^"- 
 
 Fnartti, wont before the Privy Council In great stute, nnd was sworn In as regent of the kingdom. lie held that office 
 antll the ilcnth of his father In 18'J(i, whtu he became king. 
 I liililrctli, Second Series', ill., 245. 
 
 » .Mlhouu'h the cea was nmnlng high, the captain of the Spitfire (the arrested brig) went with the young man on board 
 the frifjate, and ansured the conimander that he had known him from boyhood as a native of Maine. The Insolent reply 
 KiV, "All that may be so, but he has no protection, and that is enough for me."— .Vcip York lleraM, May 11, 1S11. 
 
 ' The American navy then in active service consisted of the President, Cnnxtittitiim, and Uni'ed Stativ, 44 each ; the B«- 
 «, 3'2; Jiilin AdaniK,'24i Wan]' and Hornet, IS each; Arywi and Siren, 10 each; Xautilus, Entirjirinr, and Vixen, \2 each; 
 .10(1 a large flotilla of gun-boats, commanded principally by sailing-masters selected from the officers of merchant veg- 
 Kls.-Cooper, ii., lis. 
 ' The present Fort or Battery Severn, composed of a circular base and hexagonal tower, Is upon the site of a f irt of 
 the same name, erected, with other fortifications, in 1770. It was then little more than a ,';ronp of breast- works. These 
 wre strengthened at the beginning of the war in 1R12. The present fort, seen In the picture, is r.ither a naval than a 
 military work, its principal use being for a practice-battery for the students in the Naval Academy there, and for the de- 
 fense of the naval arsenal, school, and ofllcers' quarters. That academy (which was removed to Newport, Rhode Island, 
 on the breaking out of the civil war in the spring of ISOl, and its buildings at Annapolis used for hospital purposes dur- 
 insthe conflict) was to the navy wliat the We.^t Point Academy l» to the army. The grounds ab(mt Fort Severn are very 
 bfaalifiil, and delight the eyes of all visitors. In addition to the Naval Monument there, already m.ntloned (page 124), 
 I «e others, both elegant and cipensive. 
 
 ' The residence of Commodore Rodgers at Ilavre de Orace, at that time, was yet standing when I visited that town iu 
 I November, ISOl, It stood at neai- the juiicti(ni of W.ashlngton and St. .lohn Streets, and was occupied by William Pop- 
 I l«r. It was a two-story brick honse, siilislantially built, and well preserved, as seen in the engraving on the ue.\t 
 I [«ce. It will be referred to again. In an account of my visit to Ilavre de Orace above alluded to. 
 ' Letter from an officer on board the PresideiU in the JVeio York Herald, June 3, ISll. 
 
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 182 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The President on a Cruise. 
 
 She diecoverg a strange Vessel. 
 
 Signals. 
 
 Method of SignalUig. 
 
 and proceeded down the Chesapeake, with 
 the intention of cruising oft' New York as 
 an inquirer concerning the impressment. 
 He stopped on his way down the bay for 
 munitions, and on the 14th passed the Vir- 
 ginia capes out upon the broad ocean. Ho 
 lingered there as an observer for a dav 
 or two, and at about noon on the 10th, 
 Cape Henry bearing southwest, and dis- ,. 
 tant about forty miles, he discovered a 
 strange sail on the eastern horizon. The 
 squareness of her yards and symmetry of 
 her sails proclaimed her a war vessel. SIic 
 ^vas bea.ing toward the President under 
 a heavy press of sail. Thinking she niiglit 
 be the offender, the President stood for the 
 stranger, and at two o'clock displayed her broad penna.it' and ensign. Tlie stran- 
 ger made several signal.^ Thene were unanswered, and she bore away southward.^ 
 
 ' A pennant is a streamer made of a long, naTow piece of bunting, worn at the mast-heads of vessels of war. A 
 broad pennant is a square piece of the same material, placed at the mast-head of the commodore's flag-ship. It is gome- 
 times spelled pemiant and pennon. The latter is not, strictly, a streamer. It is a shorter flag, split at the eid, and ueed 
 on merchant vfessels. In the Middle Ages it was carried by luights at the heads of their lances. It is somc'.imes used 
 poetlcal'y for a streamer or banner. 
 
 » "Made the signal !iI6, anu finding It not answered, conclndea she was an American (^•igate," wrote the commnndci 
 of that vessel to hlE suncilor on the 2l8t of May. Each nation has a system of naval signals of its o^vn, unknown to »ll 
 others, and changed frejueutly, and for that reason Con-modore Rodgcrs could not answer. These signals comprise a 
 system of telegraphic signs, by which ships communicate with each other at a distance an(' convey information, or mako 
 known their wants. This is aone by means of a certain number of flags and pennants of d'.fTcreut colors, peculiarly ar- 
 ranged, which indicate the dlflferent numerals ttom 1 to 0. Particular flags or pennants are also used for specific pur- 
 poses ; for example, one pennant Is called the interrogative, and, when hoisted, signifies that a guestiou is aslicd ; wliilo 
 another flag signifies aflirmative, negative, etc. To correspond with the flags, slgnal-bookc are formed, with sentences 
 or ■words which these flags represent. These books contain a list of the most common words in the language, witu a 
 table of such geographical names as arc likely to be needed at sea, and also a list of the ships belonging to the navy of 
 the country.*— jVeio American Cyclopcedia, article Signals. 
 
 To give the reader a practical idea of the working of naval signals, I Introduce graphic and explanatory descriptions 
 ftom Rodgers and Black's Semaphoric Signal-look, approved by the Secretary of the Navy, J. Y. Mason, in 1S47. These 
 signals are composed of nine flags and five short pennants, 
 
 OOMMODOEE BODOEBB's REBIDliNOE. 
 
 capable of making 100,000 signals.^ These fln-its and pen- 
 nants are seen in the engraving, i o. 1. J'hele are three 
 colon, namely, red, white, and blue. The red and blue are 
 represented by shading, the lines of the former being per- 
 |)cudicular, and of the latter horizontal. Each of the flags 
 has the same signlflcation as the number above it. 
 
 The pennants are used for dupllcat'ng or repeating. 
 They arc Intended as substitutes for the numbers of such 
 flags as are already In use ; for example, in the signal num- 
 ber 2326 the figure 2 occurs twice. Having but one fiag to 
 represent that figure, another Is substituted to answer Its 
 purpose, and this is done by using a pennant termed du- 
 plicate. The four pennant.) In the lower section of engrav- 
 ing No. 1 lopresent 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th duplicates In the 
 order of common enumeration. The first duplicate always 
 repeats the numbti of the upper or first fiag (the counti:>g 
 Is always downward) of the signal with which It is hoist- 
 
 MP^|&I$ 
 
 r^i^ 
 
 H1U.>AI.H.— MU. 1. 
 
 MOMAL-BOOK. 
 
 * These signal-books, when prepared for actual service at sen are cot- 
 ercd with canvas, containing a pinte of lead on each side sufficient to sink 
 them. This is for the purpose of destroying them, by throwing them 
 into the sea when a vessel Is compelled to strike her colors, to prevent 
 their falling Into tl.e bands of the enemy. The annexed picture of « 
 signal-book so covered and leaded Is IVom a drawing of one before m 
 which was used by Commodore Barney. It It about nine inches In length. 
 The lead is stitched Into the canvas cover. It was found among Barney'* 
 papers, which that Indefatigable antiquary ofPhlladolDhla, John A. M'AI- 
 ilslcr, secured from destruction, and deposited for safe keeping with the 
 collections of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Those papers were 
 kimily placed at my disposal by Mr. M'Allister, and ttom them I gleaneil 
 much valuable material used In the preparation of a portion of this work. 
 
 A Chase by the Preside 
 
 Anxious to spea 
 and at three in 1 
 
 ed; the 2d duplicate re 
 
 2d, hoisted singly. Is A'o 
 
 uant, hoisted singly, is , 
 
 Engraving No. 2 shows 
 
 ampli'8 of the use of the 
 
 in all of which the dupllc 
 
 used. By attention to th 
 
 explanations, the operat 
 
 be readily unlerstood. ', 
 
 section of the cngravin 
 
 represents the number 2 
 
 posito which. In the signt 
 
 ivill be found the wordt 
 
 commodore wishes to sci 
 
 The second section rep 
 
 Ilie number 2.329 — "c« 
 
 -p-ire a compass f " In th( 
 
 ihe 1st duplicate is used, 
 
 ing the number of the fli-»| 
 
 lierllag. In the third sec 
 
 represented number 6404- 
 
 HKJ.VAI.B.— .\ 
 
 from the President, then ly- 
 iogin Hampton Roads, rec- 
 iimmending a change in 
 Ihe naval signals, several 
 .wrs having elapsed since 
 tlie system of day signals 
 then In use had been Intro- 
 tod. He thought It had 
 '■■'orae known to the Brit- 
 navy. In that letter, 
 < "Ted In the Depart- 
 , »• at Washington, he 
 OTt a drawing made in ac- 
 tordance with the proposed 
 "Mge. His suggestions 
 t '"'* adopted, and the sig- 
 I Mil delineated in the en- 
 I Wing No. 6, on the next 
 
 we. copied from Rodgers's I 
 
 I we those.. dcd during the M 
 
 I * "^,<"«">' change In the . 
 
 "'Iliesignal flags Is necessary 
 
 hfi^ons Thecodeofsignalg 
 
 rnlted States Navy Juet'pre, 
 
 Weolvll war was prepared b] 
 
 *™ consisting of commod 
 
 rand Lavalette, and Commi 
 
 ttodandStcedman. It was 
 
 ««vyDep„rtmentInm 
 
 ^''""^o'offieers tested ar 
 
 2»" "'Bht signals Invon 
 
 •«,I88I, they were adopted In 
 
 M^Uearmy. A new system of 
 
 r,r M„''""y''"'J»»vywas 
 
 L;„?.i^ '■*•'*'■'"" the chl 
 I "Mt of the army. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 183 
 
 A Chase by the Premdent. 
 
 Signaling. 
 
 A Chungp In Signals. 
 
 Anxious to speak with her, Rodgers gave chase. Tlie President gamed upon her, 
 and at three in the afternoon was so near that her hull was seen upon the horizon ; 
 
 edi the 2d duplicate reiieats the weond flag, and bo on. The first duplicate, hoisted singly, is anmnering pennant ; the 
 id hoisted singly, is No; the 3d, hoisted singly. Is Vea; and the 4th, hoisted singly, la numeral signal. 0, or cipher pcn- 
 ianl, hoisted singly. Is alphabetical sir/ii, a. 
 Engraving No. 2 shows four ex- 
 amples of the use of the signals, 
 in all of which the duplicates are 
 u«ed. By attention to the above 
 eiplanatlons, the operation ivlll 
 be readily unlerstood. Theflrst 
 fcction of the engraving No. 2 
 fopreseuts the number 22flB, op- 
 posite which, in the signal-book, 
 irlll be found the words, "The 
 commodore wishes to see you." 
 Tlie second section represents 
 the number 2.129 — "Can you 
 •pare a compass ?" In these two 
 ihc 1st duplicate is used, repeat- 
 ing the number of the flvst or up- 
 licrllag. In the third section Is 
 rpprescntcd number 0404—" Prepare for action 
 
 SIGNALS. — NO. 2. 
 
 In the fourth section, number 7220 — " Strange sail on the starboard." 
 In these two the second duplicate repeats the number of the second 
 C.ig hoisied. The. recipient of the information conveyed by the sig- 
 nals >^Tlte8 d..wn the numbers on a slate, and then readily finds the 
 meaning by referring to the corresponding number iii the signal-book. 
 In a calm the signals are displayed on a more horizontal line, as 
 seen In engraving No. 3, which represents number 130T— "Is be- 
 calmed, and rcq-ircs a steam-boat to tow." 
 
 The same flags and pennants are also nsed for alphabetical signals, 
 to spell a word or name. The 0, or cipher signal, is hoisted singly, as 
 the preparatory signal, after which the or cipher signal is placed 
 above or below the flags where required, as seen in engraving No. 4, 
 and indicated in the alphabet below. 
 
 During the autumn and winter of ISll and 1812, when wor with En- 
 gland seemed to be Inevitable, the attention of Commodore Rodgers 
 wa.s much occupied with the subject of land telegraphs for ormy pur- 
 HiGNAi » —.NO .> poses, and naval signals. He invented a telegraph which was adopt- 
 
 ed. On the Sltjt of April, 1S12, he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy 
 
 (rora the President, then ly- 
 ing in Hampton Roads, rec- 
 ommending a change in 
 
 the naval signals, several 
 
 vears having elapsed since 
 
 tlie system of day signals 
 
 then in use had been Intro- 
 
 daced. He thought It had 
 
 ■■'■orae known to the Brlt- 
 navy. In that letter, 
 
 i Tved In the Depart- 
 
 mt at Washington, he 
 
 sent a drawing made In ac- 
 cordance with the proposed 
 
 change. His suggestions 
 
 were adopted, and the sig- 
 nals delineated in the en- 
 
 pravlng No. 5, on the next 
 
 page, copied ftom Rodgers's manuscripts, 
 
 were those i .sed dnrlng the War of 1812. 
 A tjrequent change in the arrangement 
 
 ofthe signal flags is necessary, for obvious 
 
 reasons. The code of signals used In the 
 
 Tnited States Navy just previous to the 
 
 lite nivll war was prepared by a board of 
 
 oficers consisting of Commodores M'Can- 
 
 l*y and lavalette, and Commanders Mar- 
 [ (liind and Stcedman. It was adopted by 
 ! 'ic Navy Department In 186T. In 1SB9 an- 
 
 ntlicr board of oflicers tested and approved 
 
 •ijitem uf night signals Invented by B. F. 
 
 Coston, ofthe United States Navy. InOcto- 
 
 IWilSOl, they were adopted In the United 
 I Sutcs army. A new system of signals for 
 
 ■"til the army and navy was arranged by Major (afterward Colonel) Albert J. Mycr, which was used throughout the 
 
 w>r. Major Myer was the chief signal ofBcer during all that time, and Is now (1807) at the head of the signal depart- 
 
 Bentofthearmy. 
 
 r.iuwLS. — NO. 4. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 4. 
 
 D 
 
 5 
 
 e 
 F 
 
 7 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 9 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 K 
 
 
 i^O 
 
 M 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 O 
 
 10 
 
 P 
 
 80 
 
 Q 
 
 90 
 
 R 
 
 01 
 
 S 
 
 02 
 
 T 
 
 03 
 
 17 
 
 04 
 
 V 
 
 03 
 
 oe 
 
 07 
 
 Y 
 
 08 
 
 z 
 
 09 
 
 FiDith 
 
 » 
 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
' 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 ! 
 
 184 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Purener and the Pursned in Conflict. 
 
 The President aud the Little Belt the Combatants. 
 
 BlU.\.VI.ti. — NO. 5. 
 
 but the breeze slackened, and night fell upon the waters 
 before the two vessels were near enough to each other 
 to discern their respective characters. 
 
 At twenty minutes past eight in the evening the Pres- 
 ident bi'ought-to on the weather-bow, or a little forward 
 of the beam of the stranger, and, when witliin about ;i 
 hundred yards of her, Rodgers hailed, and asked "Wlnu 
 ship is that ?" No answer was given, but the question 
 
 . , was repeated from the stranger, word for Avord. After ;i 
 
 ^ilH[ HHB iIbI pause of fifteen or twenty seconds Kodgers reiterated liis 
 IJBrfB W^MR [/_ — ' inquiry, and, before he could take his trumpet from his 
 
 \ ^ 'j&gy^ 1"'"'^---^ mouth, was answered by a shot that cut off one of the 
 
 I ^_ J ^p^ l^"^^ main-top-backstays of his vessel, and lodged in her maiii- 
 ° "^ "*" mast. He was about to order a shot in return, wlicii a 
 
 gun from the second division of his ship was fired.' At 
 almost the same instant the antagonist of the President 
 fired three guns in quick succession, and then the rest of 
 her broadside, with musketry. This provocation causci! 
 the President to respond by a broadside. " Equally determined," said Rodgers, " not h> 
 be the aggressor, or suffer the flag of my country to be insulted with impunity,! gave 
 a genei'al order to fire."^ In the course of five or six minutes his antagonist was si 
 lenced, and the guns of the President ceased firing, the commander having discovered 
 that his assumed enemy was a feeble one in size and armament. But, to the surprist' 
 of the Americans, the stranger opened her fire anew in less than five minutes. Tlii- 
 was again silenced by the guns of the President, when Rodgers again deniancUil 
 "What ship is that?" Tlie wind was blowing freshly at the time, and he was abk' 
 to hear only the Avords, " His majesty's shij^ — " but the name he could not understand. 
 He immediately gave the name of his own vessel, displayed many lights to show his 
 whereabouts in case the disabled ship should need assistance, and bore aAvay. 
 
 At dawn the President discovered her antagonist several miles to the leeward, and 
 immediately bore down upon her to offer assistance. Lieutenant Creighton was sent 
 in a boat to learn the names of the vessel and her commander, to ascertain the extent 
 of damage, offer assistance, and to express the regret of the commodore that necessity 
 on his part had led to such results. Lieutenant Creighton brought back the informa- 
 tion that the ship was the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, 1 8, Captain A. E. Bingliam, 
 who had been sent to the Avaters off Charleston, South Carolina, in search of the Gucr- 
 riere, and, not finding her, Avas cruising northAvard for the same purpose, according to 
 his instructiops.^ Captain Bingham politely refused aid, because he did not need it, 
 and sailed aAvay to Halifax, Avhere he reported to "Herbert SaAvyer, Esq., Rear-admi- 
 ral of the Rod," the commander-in-chief on the American station.'' The I^'esident pro- 
 ceeded on her voyage toAvard NeAV York, and " off Sandy Hook," on the 2.3d,' 
 Commodore Rodgers wrote the dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy fioni 
 which the foregoing facts haA'e been draAvn. 
 The reports of the occurrence by Rodgers and Bingham Avere utterly contradictory 
 
 ' Two English seamen, who professed to have been deserters from the President, testified at Halifax that ihis gnn was 
 discharged by accident.— London Tinws, December 7, 1811. 
 
 » Rodgers's dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy, May 23, IRll. 
 
 3 These instructions were dated at " Bermuda, this 191h day of April, ISll," signed by H. N. Somerville, by comraniiil 
 of Admiral Sawyer, and addressed to "Arthur Batt Bingham, Esq., commander of his majesty's sloop Little Belt." h 
 the instructions he was enjoined to be " particularly careful not to give any just cause of off ice to the govcriiraeut or 
 subjects of the United States of America ; and to give very particular orders to this effect to the offlcers you may hnve 
 occasion to send on board ships under the Anifriean flag," 
 
 ' Bingham reported his vessel m:ich damaged !n her masts, sails, rigging, and hull ; many shot through lictwcoii 
 wind and water, and many shot Imb.'tded in her side and all her upper works, with the starboard pump shot nwa.v. 
 lie told Creighton that he had all necessary materials on board for making sufficient repairs to enable him to rescii 
 Halifex. 
 
 •May, 
 ISll. 
 
 Contradictory Stater 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 185 
 
 'ISII. 
 
 Contradictory Statements of Rodders and Bingham. The Testimony. Indignation of the American People. 
 
 in respect to the most essential fact, namely, as to the aggressor, liodgcrs stated 
 positively tliat he hailed twice, and his words wore repeated by the stranger; that 
 she first tired one shot, which struck his vessel, then three shots, and imniediatoly 
 
 afterward the remainder of her broad- 
 side, before he opened his guns upon 
 her, except the single one which one of 
 the deserters declared was discliarged 
 by accident. This account was fully 
 corroborated, before a court of inquiry, 
 by every officer and some of the sub- 
 ordinates who were on board the Pres- 
 ident, under oath. On the contrary. 
 Captain Bingham reported that he 
 !)ailed first, and that his Avords were 
 twice repeated from the President, 
 when that vessel tired a broadside, 
 which the Little Belt immediately re- 
 turned. This statement was fully cor- 
 roborated before a court of inquiry, 
 held at L-lifax on the 20th of 
 May," by tlie officers of the Lit- 
 tle Pelt, and two deserters from the 
 President, under oath. Binghani and 
 his supporting deponents declared 
 that the action lasted from forty- 
 five minutes to one hour ; Avhih; 
 Rodgers declared that it lasted al- 
 together, including the intermis- 
 sicms, not more than fifteen min- 
 utes.^ Bingham also intimated in his dispatch that he had gained the advantage in 
 the contest. 2 
 
 When intelligence of this affair went over the land it pi'odiiced intense excitement. 
 Desires for and dread of war with England were stimulated to vehement action, and 
 conflicting views and expressions, intensified by party hate, awoke spirited conten- 
 tions and discussions in every community. The contradictions of the two command- 
 ers were in due time made known, and added fuel to the fires of party strife. Each 
 government naturally accepted the report of its own servant as the true one. Not 
 so with all the people of the United States. The opposition politicians and news- 
 papers, with a partisanship more powerful for a while than patriotism, took sides with 
 the British; and, eager to convict the administration of belligerent intentions, wdiile 
 at the sarae time they inconsistently assailed it because of its alleged imbecility and 
 want of patriotism in not resisting and resenting the outrages and insults of Great 
 
 1 John Rodgers was bom at Havre do Grace, In Maryland, In HTl. lie entered the navy as lientenant, on the !)th of 
 March, ITiiS, and was the executive ofHcer of the Constellation, under Commodore Tnixtun, when the [.minjente wa!< 
 taken. See page 103. lie was appointed captain in March, ITOO, and he was in active pervice during the naval opera- 
 lions in the Mediterranean until 180B. He was the oldest officer in rank in the navy at the time of the oc urrence narrated 
 in (lie text. He was the first to start on a cruise with a squadron after the declaration of war in 1S12. Kis efficient serv- 
 ices during that war will be found detailed In future pages. From Aj ril, ISIS, until December, IS"-!, he served as presl- 
 ilent of the board of Navy Commissioners, and from 1824 until 1327 he vas in command of a squadri^ti in the Mediterra- 
 nean. On his return in 182T he resumed his place at the board, and h> Id It for ten years, when he relinquished it on 
 account of failing health. lie died at Philadelphia in Angnst, 18a8. The portrait above given was copied fVom an orig- 
 inal painting in the Navy Department at Wnelilngton. 
 
 ' "The action then V .'cnme general, and continued so for about th-ie quarters of an honr, when he [the American] 
 ceas-ed tiring, and appeared to be on tire about the main .lutchwny. lie then filled. I was obliged to desist ftom firing, 
 «« llie ship falling off, no gun would bear, and had no after-sal' to keep her to."— Dispatch to Admiral Sawj-er, May 
 
 8i,i5n. 
 
 {dyyW'^/T^c^ 
 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 \ ■ 
 
^MMB^ 
 
 ■P^P 
 
 186 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 m M 
 
 The domurallxluK Kffecta of Party PoIIiIck. 
 
 Commodore Hod|{eri BBWilled, 
 
 KodKcra vlndlcalcd 
 
 Britain, or inakiiit; ofticient |)rt!|)anitioiis for such resistance and resentment, cireulatuil 
 a rejiort, witli the fiercest denunciations, tliat llodgers had sailed with orders fnnii 
 Wasliinjjton to rescue by force tlie young man lately impressed from a I'ortlaml 
 Itrig.' They cxultingly drew a comparison between the late and present Denioc latic 
 administration, the formci' denying the right of the Jjeojmrd to take a seaman hy 
 force from the Chesaj)eake, the latter ordering Rodgers to do what Captain Hum- 
 phreys had been condenmed by the Americans and punished by his own goveniinciit 
 for doing. Kodgers himself, who had behaved most prudently, gallantly, and mjicr. 
 uanimously in the matter, received his full share of personal abuse from the opponents 
 of the administration ; and, strange as it may seem, when the question was reduced 
 to one of simple veracity on the part of the two coraraander8,si large number of his 
 countrymen, even with the OAcrwhelming testimony of all the officers and many ot 
 the subordinates of th'. l^esident against that of five officers and two deserters pro- 
 duced by Captain Bingham, were so misled by party zeal as to express their beliif 
 that the British commander uttered nothing but truth, and that Rodgers and his j)eo- 
 pie all committed perjury ! But these ungenerous and unpatriotic assaults soon lost 
 their chief sustenance when the Secretary of State officially declared that no orders 
 had been given for a forcible rescue of the impressed American ; and the satisfaction 
 of Mr. Foster, the British minister at Washington (who liad requested an inquiry into 
 the conduct of Rodgers), that the statements of that commander were substantially 
 true, was manifested by the fact that the subject was droj)ped in diplomatic circles, 
 was never revived there, and the aifair of tlie ChesapeaJe was settled in accordance 
 with the demands of the government of the United States. 
 
 But while the two governments tacitly agreed to bury the matter in official obliv- 
 ion, the people of the respective countries, highly excited by the event, would not let it 
 drop. It increased the feeling of mutual animosity Avhich had been growing rapidly 
 of late, and widened the gulf of separation, whicli every day became more and more 
 difficult of passage by kindly international sentiments ; and when the Twelfth Con- 
 • November 4, grcss assembled, a month earlier than usual,* the administration party in 
 ^^^^- and out of th.at body was found to be decidedly a war party, while the 
 Federalists, growing weaker in numbers every day, were as decidedly opposed to 
 war. 
 
 1 The charge was apparently Justified by the tenor of a letter, already referred to, purporting to have been written by 
 an offlcer on board the fi-esident on the 14th of May, bnt whose name was never given. He wrote : " By the ofBcers who 
 came from Washington we learn that we are sent in pursuit of the British frigate who had Impressed a passenger from 
 a coaster. Yesterday, while beating down the bay, we spoke a brig coming up, who informed us that she saw the British 
 frigate the day before oft"tl:c very place where we now are ; but she is not now in sight. We have made the most complelp 
 preparations for battle. Every one wishes it. She is exactly our force, but we have the Arffua with us, which uoue of 
 us arc pleased with, as we wish a fair trial of courage and skill. Should we see her, I have not the least doubt of an en- 
 gagement. The commodore will demand the person impressed ; the demand will doubtless be refused, and the battle 
 will instantly commence. . . . The commodore has called in the boatswain, gunner, and carpenter. Informed them of 
 all circumstances, and asked if they were ready for actiou. Beady was the reply of each."— iVeto York Ucrald, June 3, 1811. 
 
 Tta Indiina Territiir 
 
 >on, then an enei-gei 
 
 ^™or. He liad res 
 
 for a few years Jiad 
 
 islature was organiz 
 
 and Vincennes, an 
 
 HaiTison was popuL 
 
 managed the public 
 
 h^fmany difficulties 
 
 Jians, and the machi 
 
 contend against in tl 
 
 siite people, especia 
 
 J % a succession o 
 
 ?uished Indian titles 
 
 ana. Every thing hf 
 
 ]and,hadthegoverno 
 
 I lave had cause to cor 
 
 I in many cases, the pe 
 
 I Jans, were intensified 
 
 leasts of the forest, t 
 
 |»d tioated them witl 
 
 |»» old chief to Harris, 
 
 lod r!!A°i,'"" ''^"e^e." wrote G, 
 l«Hlrrt the quantity of whisky 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 187 
 
 The Indlsn* Territory. 
 
 narrison Us Qovernor. 
 
 Ill* wise Admlnlitration. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 "On Wnbnxli, when the siiu wlthtlrcw, 
 And chill Nuvemhcr's tenipOHt blew, 
 Dark rolled thy wiivf», TI|i|)ccaiioc, 
 Amhbl thut lonely .'lolltiidc. ""^ 
 
 But Wiibiish Bnw another night \ 
 A martial hoHt, in armor bright, 
 Kncanii)cd upon the hhore that night. 
 And lighted up hor Bccncry." 
 
 8o;;o— TlPPEflA^0E 
 
 " Bold Boyd led on his steady band, 
 
 With bristling bayonets burnished bright. , ' 
 
 \Vhat could their dauntless charge withstand ? 
 What stay the warriors' matchless might ? 
 Rushing amain, they cleared the field ; 
 The savage foe constrained to yield 
 To Harrison, who, near and far. 
 Gave form and spirit to the war." 
 
 Battle of Tippeoanoe. 
 
 UTILE the nation was agitated by political contentions, and the 
 low mutterings of the thunder of an oncoming tempest of war 
 wei'e heard, heavy, dark, and ominous clouds of troulile were 
 seen gathering in the northwestern horizon, where tha Indians 
 were still nui.ierous, and discontents had made them restless. 
 
 In tlie year 1800, as we have seen (page IGO ), the Indiana 
 Territory (then including the present States of Indiana, Illinois, 
 ^- and Wisconsin) was established, and the late President Harri- 
 son, then an energetic young man of less than thirty years of age, was appointed gov- 
 imor. He had resigned his commission of captain in the IFnited States anny, and 
 for a few years had been employed in civil life. In the year 1805 a Territorial Leg- 
 islature was organized, much to the discontent of the French settlers on the Wabash, 
 and Vincennes, an old town already spoken of (page 40), was made the capital. 
 Harrison was popular among all classes, and particulurly with the Indians ; and he 
 managed the public affairs of the Territory with prudence and energy in the midst 
 I uf many difficulties arising out of land speculations, land titles, treaties with the In- 
 ilians, and the machinations of traders and the English in Canada. He had much to 
 1 contend against in the demoralization of the Indians by immediate contact Avith the 
 white people, especially effected by whisky and other spirituous liquors.* 
 
 By a succession of treaties. Governor Harrison, at the close of 1805, had extin- 
 I suished Indian titlea to forty-six thousand acres of land witliin the domain of Indi- 
 ana. Every thing had been done in accordance with the principles of exact justice, 
 and, liad the governor's instructions been fully carried out, the Indians would never 
 liavc had cause to complain. But settlers and speculators came, bringing with them, 
 I in many cases, the peculiar vices of civilized society, which, when copied by the In- 
 J ilians, were intensified fourfold. Regarding the natives as little better than the wild 
 jlteasts of the forest, they defrauded them, encroached upon their reserved domain, 
 land treated them with contempt and inhumanity. "You call us your children," said 
 jan old chief to Harrison one day, in bitteniess of spirit — " you call us your children 
 
 '" I do not believe," wrote General Harrison In 1805, " that there are more than sli hundred warriors on the Wabash, 
 luul ret the quantity of whisky brorght here annually for their consnmption Is said to amount to six thousand gallons." 
 
 < f 
 
 M 
 
SSSBHI 
 
 \ t 
 
 ;ii ■ ' 
 
 liii 
 
 188 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bncroachmonts on the Indlnus. 
 
 British EmtsBarles again at Work. 
 
 Tecuintha and hlrt Famllr 
 
 — why do you not make us happy, as our fathers, tlie French, did ? They never took 
 from us our lands; indeed, tliey were conmion between us. They j»lanted where they 
 pk'ased, and they cut Avood where tliey pleased, and so did we. But now, if a jioor 
 Indian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover liim from rain, \i]> comes u 
 white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the tree as his own."' And so, with 
 ample reason, they murmured on. Emissaries sent out by the British authorities in 
 Canada fanned the flame of discontent; and Elliott, the old onemj' of the Ameripans, 
 still living near Maiden, observing symptoms of impending war between the Uiiitid 
 States and Great Britain, was again wielding a potent influence over the chiofs of the 
 tribes in the Nortliwcst. Their resources, as well as privileges, were curtailed. Na- 
 poleon's Conthiental System touched even the savage of the wilderness. It eloumd 
 and almost closed the cliief markets for liis furs, and the prices were so low that hi- 
 dian hunters found it difficult to purchase their usual necessaries from the traders. 
 At the beginning of 181 1 the Indians were ripe for any enterprise that i)romised tlicm 
 relief and indepei;dence. 
 
 A powerful warrior had lately become conspicuous, who, like IMetacomet, the Warn- 
 panoag, and Pontiac, the Ottawa, essayed to be the savior of his people from tin 
 crushing footsteps of the advancing white man. He was one of three sons born of a 
 Creek mother (Mcthoataske) at the same time, in a cabin built of sapling logs un- 
 hewn, and chinked with sticks and mud, near the banks of the Mad River, a fvw 
 miles from Springfield, Ohio. They were named respectively Tecumtha, Elkswatawn, 
 
 and Kamskaka. Tc- 
 cumtha^ was the war- 
 rior alluded to. His 
 name signifies, in tin 
 Shawnoese dialect, " n 
 flying tiger," or "a 
 wild-cat springhig on 
 its prey." He was a 
 well-built man, about 
 five feet ten inches 
 in height.^ Elkswata- 
 wa, " the loud voice," 
 also became famous 
 
 or, more properly speaking, notorious ; but Kumskaka lived a quiet, retired life, anc 
 died in ignoble obscurity. 
 
 As early as 1805, Elkswatawa, pretending to have had a vision, assumed to be .i 
 prophet, and took the name of PemsquataAvah, or " open door." Up to that pcrioil 
 he had been remarkable for nothing but stupidity and intoxication. He waa a 
 cunning, unprincipled man, whose c ^untenance was disfigured by the loss of an 
 
 UlRTllPLACE OF TEOI^ITUA AND UIS IIROTIIESB. 
 
 ' Governor Harrison to the Secretary of War. 
 
 ' The late Colonel John Johnston, of Dayton, Ohio, who was Indian Agent among the Shawnoese and nelghborin: j 
 tribes for many years, and knew Tecumtlia well, informed me that the proper way to spell that waiTlor's name, accord- 
 ing to the native pronunciation, is as I have given it. On such authority I have adopted the orthography in the text, j 
 From Colonel Johnston, whose name will be frequently mentioned in the course of our narrative, I obtained much val- 
 uable information concerning the Indians of the Northwest from the year ISOO to 1812, during a visit with him in the 
 autumn of 1800. 
 
 The birthplace of Tecumtha and his brothers was at the Piqua village, about five miles west from Springfield.* The j 
 engraving, copied by permission from Howe's Historical Collectium tjifOhio, shows the place of hla birth as it appeared! 
 a few years ago. It is on the north side of the Mad River. A small hamlet, called West Boston, now occupies the fiioi 
 of the Piqua village. The Indian fort at that place, consisting of a rude log hut surrounded by pickets, stood upon tbe| 
 hill seen on the left of the picture. ' Colonel Johustou. 
 
 * This was ancient Piqua, the seat of the Piqua clan of the Shawnoese, a name which signifies " a man formed out ofl 
 the ashes," and siguiflcant of their alleged origin. See Howe's Hintoriml Collections of Ohio, page 302. Modern Flmu,j 
 oftentimes confounded with that of the ancient one in speaking of Tecumtha, is a flourishing village on the Great MiaJ 
 mi Kiver, Miami County. Upper Piqua, three miles above the village, is a place of considerable historical interest. Tbej 
 reader is referred to Mr. Howe's valuable work for interesting details concerning the events which made it famous. 
 
 The Prophefa VIgloi 
 
 eye' While J 
 liLs j)ipc one ( 
 fell to the eart 
 (lead. Prepar 
 Here made for 
 rial. Wlienliis 
 Hcre about to r 
 liiin, he opened h 
 and said, " Be nc 
 (ill. I have been 
 Land of the Bl 
 Call the nation t< 
 er, that I may tell 
 "hat I have seei 
 lieard.". His p, 
 were speedily a 
 ''led, and agaii 
 -poke, saying, " 
 lieaiitiful young 
 uere sent to me b' 
 Great Spirit, who ; 
 The Master of 
 veighed against d 
 10 do Avith tJie pa 
 every imitation of 
 tlia, possessed of a 
 •ill this imposture. 
 the Northwestern 
 iishing the wonder 
 The PropJiet's he 
 est degree, and for 
 H-as almost omnip( 
 iiini, but the people 
 acquired power for 
 "iser and judge, an, 
 charge of witchcraf 
 vine mission was re< 
 liistances to see the 
 Their numbers beca 
 Tecumtha's deep 
 
 ■The portrait of the Prop 
 11808. He made a sketch 
 "«beclnls«,„„dbywh«n 
 "'ring partly to hi. cxcessin 
 l^ll^^-^ Book ^ the India, 
 , , /he Prophet was without 
 
 rille, in Ohio, where Wayne 
 , "on of Tecumtha, no doubt, 
 rophecy that the earth was 
 
 .Alarm caused many to flock! 
 
 I »« large number, his plans f, 
 
 I :'7- H'«11scipIesVeV 
 
 »«ofthe ground as lar-e as 
 
 l^rendabeliefthatthebody. 
 
 • said that so great a numb 
 
 f were quite depopulated 
 
 te »„e third -ver returned, 1 
 
 iT'coresupo, heir weary pii 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 189 
 
 The Prophet's Vision. 
 
 Teeunuhn's Craft. 
 
 Ills Inspiration. 
 
 The siipt-rptltioiis Indians excited. 
 
 •HIE ruopaET. 
 
 is ivngry with you all. 
 IIo will ik'stroy you 
 uiiloss you rolVain IVoiii 
 (Irunkenuess, lying, 
 stealing, and witch- 
 craft, and turn your- 
 selves to him. Unless 
 the red men shall do 
 this, they shall never 
 see the beautiful place 
 you are now to he- 
 hold." lie was then 
 taken to a gate which 
 opened into the spirit- 
 land, but he was not 
 permitted to cnter.- 
 
 Sueh was the proph- 
 et's story. lie imme- 
 diately entered upon 
 his mission as a pro- 
 fessed preacher of 
 righteousness. lie in- 
 
 cvc' While lighting 
 Ills pipe one day, he 
 toll to the earth, as if 
 (lead. Preparations 
 were made for his bu- 
 rial. When his friends 
 were about to remove 
 him, he opened his eyes 
 iiiul said, " lie not fear- 
 tiii. I have been in the 
 l,aiid of the Blessed. 
 Call the nation togeth- 
 cr, that I may tell them 
 what I have seen and 
 heard." , His people 
 were speedily assem- 
 bled, and again lie 
 >poke, saying, "Two 
 lieautiful young men 
 were sent to me by the 
 Great Spirit, who said, 
 Tlie Master of Life 
 
 veighed against drunkenness and witchcraft;, and warned his people to have nothing 
 to do with the pale-fac?«, their religion, their customs, their arms, or their arts, for 
 every imitation of the intruders was oft'ensive to the great Master of Life. Tecum- 
 tha, possessed of a master mind and a statesman's sagacity, was tlie moving spirit in 
 all this imposture. It was a part of his grand scheme for obtaining influence over 
 tlie Northwestern tribes for political purposes, and he went from tribe to tribe pub- 
 Hshiiig the wonders of his brother's divine mission. 
 
 The Propliet's harangues excited the latent superstition of the Indians to the high- 
 est degree, and for a while his sway over the minds of the savages in the Northwest 
 was almost omnipotent. The chiefs and leading men of his own tribe denounced 
 him, but the people sustained him. Success made him bold, and he used his newly- 
 acquired power for the gratification of private and public resentments. He was ac- 
 cuser and judge, and he caused the execution of several hostile Delaware chiefs on a 
 charge of Avitchcraft. A terrorism began lo prevail all over the region where his di- 
 vine mission was recognized. The credulous — men, women, and children — came long 
 distances to see the oracle of the Great Spirit, who, they believed, wrought miracles.* 
 Their numbers became legion, and the white settlers Avere alarmed. 
 
 Tecumtha's deep scheme worked admirably. In the great congregation were lead- 
 
 ' The portrait of the Prophet is from a pencil sketch made by Pierre he Drn, a yonng French trader, at Vincennes, 
 11 1S08. lie made a sketch of Tecnmtha at abont the same time, both of which I found In possession of his son at 
 Quebec In 1848, and by whom I was kindly permitted to copy them. That of Tccumtha will be found in Chapter XIV. 
 Offing partly to hip excessive dissipation, the Prophet appeared much the elder of Tecumtta. 
 
 ' Drake's Book of the Iiidians, page 624. 
 
 ' The Prophet was without honor In his own country, and he leftPlqua and settled In a villnpe of his own at Green- 
 ville, in Ohio, where Wayne held his great treaty in 1TO6, on lands already ceded to the United States. At the lusUga- 
 lion of Tccumtha, no doubt, he sent emissaries to the tribes on the Lakes and on the Upper Mississippi, to declare his 
 prophecy that the earth was abont to be destroyed, except In the Immediate residence of the Prophet at Greenville. 
 Alarm caused many to flock thither as a place of refuge, and this gave Tecnmtha an opportunity to "divulge with case 
 10 a large number, his plans for a confederacy. The Prophet made many predictions concerning the future glory of the 
 todians. His disciples spread the most absurd tales about his wonderful power— that he cori;d make pumpkins spring 
 oat of the ground as large as wlgwsms, and that his corn grew so large that one ear would feed a dozen men. They 
 I fpread a belief that the body of the Prophet was invulnerable, and that he had all knowledge, past, present, and future. 
 It is said that so great a number flocked to Greenville to sec him, that the southern shores of Lakes Suiwrior and Mich- 
 I igan were qnlte depopulated. The traders were obliged to abandon their business. Of these deluded fanatics not more 
 that une third -ver returned, having died in consequence of the privations of hanger, cold, and fatigue. They perished 
 by scores iipoL their weary pilgrimage.— J/S. Life and Timen of Tecamteh, by Henry Onderdonk, Jr., 1S42. 
 
 1 it 
 
 f ■ 
 
 m 
 
 i' i 
 
 

 rmtSt% « , rmn m 
 
 :t ] 
 
 |i!'!| W 
 
 ■ 1: 
 
 i : 
 
 1 
 
 j , 
 
 1 : 
 
 190 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tecnrathii'g Project of u Confedcrntlon. 
 
 HarrlRon deDoiinceii the Prophet. 
 
 Tecumtha'ii Bolilucsii 
 
 ing mon from all the Burrounding trilwB, even from the Upper MiBsisHippi, and lie liad 
 a rare opportunity to confer with them together on the subject of his darling ijrojcci, 
 a grand confederation of all the tribes in the Northwest to drive the white in.ui 
 across the Ohio, and reclaim their lands which they had lost by treaties. He declaieil 
 to assembled warriors and sachems, whenever opportunity ottered, that the treaties 
 concerning those lands northward of the Ohio were fraudulent, and therefore void; 
 and he always assured his auditors that ho and his brother, the Prophet, \\ ould resent 
 any farther attempts at settlement in that direction by tlie white people. 
 
 Governor Harrison perceived danger in these movements, and early in 1808 he ad- 
 dressed a speech to the chiefs and head men of the Siiawnoese tribe, in which he de- 
 nounced the Prophet as an impostor. " My children," he said, " this business nnist 
 be stopped. I will no longer suffer it. You have called a number of men from tin 
 most distant tribes to listen to a fo(»l, who speaks not the words of the Great Spirit, 
 but those of the Evil Spirit and of the British agents. My children, your conduct lias 
 much alarmed the white settlers near you. They desire that you will sewl awiiv 
 those people; and if they wish to have the impostor with them they can carry liim. 
 Let him go to the Lakes ; he can hear the British more distinctly." 
 
 This speech exasperated and alarmed the brothers. The Prophet and his follow- 
 ers, frowned upon by the Shawnoese in general, who listened to the governor, t(;(ik 
 up their abode in the spring of 1808 on the banks of the Wabash, near the mouth of 
 the Tij)pecanoe liiver. Tecumtha was there too, when not on his political journcvs 
 among the neighboring tribes, but he was cautious and silent. The Proj)het, more 
 directly aimed at in Harrison's speech, hastened to deny any complicity with the 
 British agents, or having hostile designs. He visited Vincenncs in August to con- 
 fer in person with the governor, and to give him renewed and solemn assurances tliat 
 he and his followers wished to live in harmony with the white people. So specious 
 w'cre the words of the Avily savage, that Harrison suspected he had misjudged the 
 man, and he dismissed the Prophet Avith friendly assurances. 
 
 The governor soon had reason to doubt the fidelity of the oracle. There avcu 
 reported movements at the Prophet's town on the Wabash, half religious and half 
 warlike, that made him suspect the brothers of unfriendly designs toward the Ameri- 
 cans. He charged them with having made secret arrangements with British agents 
 for hostile purposes, and jiressed the matter so closely that, at a conference between 
 the governor and the Prophet at Vinceimes in the summer of 1 809, the latter acknowl- 
 edged that he had received invitations from the British in Canada to engage in a war 
 with the United States, but declared that he had rejected them. He renewed his 
 vows of friendship, but Harrison no longer believed him to be sincere. 
 ' September 30, Soon after this interview Harrison concluded a treaty at Fort Wayne' 
 1S09. ^yjjij Delaware, Pottawatomie, Miami, Kickapoo, Wea, and Eel Ilivcr In- 
 
 dians, by which, in consideration of $8200 paid down, and annuities to the amount of 
 $2350 in the aggregate, he obtained a cession of nearly three millions of acres of land 
 extending up the Wabash beyond Terre Haute, and including the middle waters of 
 the White River. ^ Neither Tecumtha, nor his brother, nor any of their tribe had any 
 claim to these lands, yet they denounced those who sold them, declared the treaty 
 void, and threatened to kill every chief concerned in it. Tecumtha grew bolder ami 
 bolder, for he was sanguine of success in his great scheme of a confederation, and the 
 arrest of the white man's progress. He had already announced the doctrine, opposoil 
 to state or tribal rights, that the domain of all the Indians belonged to all in common, 
 and that no part of the territory could be sold or alienated withont the consent ot 
 all. This was the ground of the denunciations of the treaty by Tecumtha and his 
 brother, and the justification of their threats against the offending chiefs — threats the 
 
 1 The Weag nnd Klckapoos were not represented nt the conncll, but the former, in October, and the latter, in Decem- 
 ber, confirmed the treaty at Fort Wayne. 
 
 SIgna of Indian KoatI 
 
 more alarming, 
 
 whom all the tr 
 
 k'coine the aliii 
 
 hi the spring 
 
 i)fho.stility. TJ 
 
 ttho took it to t 
 
 i)f hostility cans 
 
 lirothcr. Finall 
 
 known to and re 
 
 JUHcru u. 
 
 I'iimtha appeared at 
 ty warriors with hii 
 grove on the outskii 
 »ere startled by thi 
 
 'Statement of Mr. Barron. 
 Dews employed by Ilnrrlso 
 iiMnd very interesting In CO 
 JMOD a prominent nose, sn 
 
 w„ iabaclf. Ilewnsafac, 
 fnmslc, and played the Indit 
 tel88ipp. In 1S37 he accord 
 ibe same tribe in 1838 to thei 
 
 ;"ciedim,es8,diedonlhe31a 
 I Uneiire with the Eei River. 
 J Mr. Bnrron was at the battle 
 I operated the Inulans again, 
 jScMraportantdidtheyconsid, 
 I W« of trees, and Bent them 
 I ta. One of these was for son 
 jwiedtoGermanybyaCatho 
 I W, was preserved a long tlm 
 taz a private soldier at Mac; 
 I'flMl sent me a tracing of It 
 
 l-i the information concerLim 
 lM^f'!!'""^"'« Portrait o 
 
 ■w Md Wiliiam Prince, were li 
 ■"messengers to the Indians. 
 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 101 
 
 sigat of Indian HotUUli**. 
 
 The MiMlon of Joieph Barron. 
 
 Hii hoatllu Recrptlon by the Prophet. 
 
 more alarniinjj, bi't-auso the warlike Wyaiidots, on the Houtlurn shurea of Lake Erie, 
 whom all the tribes ho feared ami reKi)eeteil that they ealled them uncles, had lately 
 iK'Ooine the allies of these Shawaiioese brothers. 
 
 In the spring of lolO the Indian^^ at the Prophet's town gave unmistakable Higns 
 iit'liostility. They n'fused to reeeive the "annuity salt," and insulted the boatmen 
 who took it to them by ealling them " American dogs." These and other indications 
 (if iiostility caused llarri; on to send frecpient messengers to the l*roj)het and his 
 lirotiier. Finally, iii July, i e sent a letter to them by Joseph l?arron, a Frenchman, 
 known to and respected by.dl the Indian tribes in that region as a taithful and kind- 
 hearted interpreter, lie was instructed to in- 
 vite the brothers to meet the governor in coun- 
 cil !»t Vineemies, and lay their alleged griev- 
 ances before him. Harron was received by the 
 Prophet in a most unfriendly spirit. The ora- 
 cle was surrounded by several Indians, aiul 
 when the interpreter was formally presented 
 his single eye kindled and gleamed with 
 fiercest anger. Gazing upon the visitor in- 
 tently for several minutes without speaking, 
 he suddenly exclaimed, " For what purpose do 
 >/oit come here ? Bronillette was here ; he was 
 a spy. Dubois was here ; he was a spy. Now 
 >/0H liave come. You, too, are a spy." Then, 
 pointing to the ground, lie said, vehemently, 
 " There is your grave, look on it !" At that 
 moment Tecumtha api)eared, assured Uarron 
 of his pc'.sonal safety, heard the letter of 
 Governor Harrison, and promised to visit Vin- 
 cennes in the course of a few days. ' 
 
 On the morning of the 12th of August Te- 
 iiimtha appeared at Vincenncs. Ho had been requested to bring not more than thir- 
 ty warriors with him ; he came with four hundred fully armed, and encamped in a 
 grove on the outskirts of the town. The inhabitants, most of whom Avere unarmed, 
 were startled by this unexpected demonstration of savage strength, and, partly on 
 
 • statement of Mr. Barron, qnotod by Dtl'ion in his Uimry of Indiana, page 441. Mr. Barron was a native of Detroit . 
 He was employed by Harrison H8 interpreter abont eighteen years. lie was an uneducated man, of much natural abll- 
 I itr, and very interesting in conversation. lie was slender In form, about a medium height, had black eyes, sallow com- 
 lileiion, a prominent nose, small month, and wore his hair in a cue, <i (a aborigine, with a long black ribbon dangling 
 down his back. He was a facetious, pleasant, social, and entertaining man, fiill of anecdotes and Imn mots He was fond 
 of music, and played the Indian flutes with skill. Barron was acquainted with most of the Indian dialects east of the 
 Mlsjlsslppi. in isa7 he accompanied emigrating Pottawatomles to the West. He also accompanied another party of 
 Ike same tribe In 1838 to their lands beyond the Mississippi. He afterward returned to the Wabash, and, after a pro- 
 iraciert Illness, died on the 31st of July, 1843, at an advanced age, at the residence of his son on the Wabash, near Its con- 
 I Incnce with the Eel Klver. 
 
 Mr. Barron was at the battle of Tippecanoe with Harrison, and this circumstance greatly 
 I fsajpcrated the Indians against him. They were very anxious to capture and torture him. 
 I Si) important did they consider him, that they made rude ekctches of his features on the 
 harks of trees, and sent them among the varlons* tribes, that they might know and catch 
 I him. One of these was for some time in possession of Mr. Compret, of Fort Wayne. It was 
 lorried to Germany by a Catholic priest as a great curiosity. Another, on a piece of beech 
 I kirk, was preserved a long time at Fort Dearborn, and in 1830 was in possession of James 
 I Hertz, a private soldier at Mackinaw, IVom whom a friend procured it, and In the antumu 
 |oIls«I sent me a tracing of it. The sketch is a fac-simlle on a reduced stale. 
 
 George Winter, Ksq., an artist of Lafayette, Indiana, painted a portrait of Mr. Barron in 
 |l<li. He kindly furnished me the copy from which the above engraving was made; also 
 Iwit tlie information concerbing the famous interpreter contained In this note. Mr. Winter 
 Ins the painter of the portrait of Frances Slocnm, the lost child of Wyoming.— See Lossing's 
 |ftU-lMoifc (ffthe Revolution, I., 300. 
 
 Bronillette and Dubois, mentioned above, with Pnncis VIgo, Pierre La Plante, John Con- 
 Inn, and William Prince, were influential men, and were frequently employed by Uarrisou 
 li! messengers to the Indians. 
 
 JUHKPU UABBOK. 
 
 I.Nm.V.> UKTHUXEB. 
 
 f \ 
 
 i I 
 
i-i 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 Ih' Ml J#MI 
 
 
 103 
 
 riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 TMomtb* kt VlneannM. 
 
 Bis Arrogauce. 
 
 Uarrlion's Hpcech. 
 
 Iloitlle DcmnDitratloni by the ludUni. 
 
 account of their foarK, and partly becaiifc of tlie fume of Tociuntlia aa an ora'or, they 
 flocki'tl to the govcrnor'H house. Seats liad heen i>rej)are<l for those wlio were to par 
 tiei]>ato in tiie council under the portico of the governor's residence; but when 'IV 
 cuintha, after jilacing the great body of his warriors in camp in the shade of a grove 
 near by, advanced with about thirty of his followers, he refused to enter tlie area wiili 
 the white j)eople, saying, "Houses were built for you to hold councils in; Indiiuis 
 hold theirs in the open air." He then took a position under some trees i'l front of 
 the house, and, unabashed l)y the large concourse of people before him, opened the 
 business with a spee( !i marked by great dignity and native eloipience. When lie liml 
 concluded, one of the governor's aids, through Havron the interpreter, said, to tlie 
 chief, ])ointing to a chair," Your father retpiests you to take a seat by his side." The 
 chief drew his mantle around him, and, sWuiding erect, said, with scornful tone, "My 
 father! The sun is my father, and the earth is my mother; on her bosom I will re- 
 l)0sc," and then seated himself upon the ground. • 
 
 Tecumtha's speeches at this council Avere bold, arrogant, and sometimes insolent. 
 He avowed the intention of himself and brother to establish, by a confederacy of tin 
 tribes, the principle of common interest in the domain as intended by the Great Siiir- 
 it, and to not only i)revent any other sale or cession of lands, but to recover what hml 
 been lately ceded by the treaty at Fort Wayne. He declared Ids intention to kill all 
 the " village chiefs" who had made the sale if the lands were not returned, because 
 be was authorized, he said, by all the tribes to do so. " Return those lands," he saiij, 
 "and Tecumtha will be the friend of the Americans. He likes not the English, who 
 are continually setting the Indians on the Americans."' 
 
 Governor Harrison, in his reply, ridiculed the idea that the Great Spirit had intend- 
 ed the Indians to be one j)eople. " If such had been Ins intention," he said, " he woulil 
 not have put six dilferent tongues into their heads, but would have taught them all 
 to 8j>eak one language." As to the lands in dispute, the Shawnoese had nothing to 
 do with it. The Miamis owned it when the Shawnoese were living in Georgia, (ml 
 of which they had been driven by the Creeks. The lands had been purchased fioni 
 the Miamis, who were the true owners of it, and it was none of the Shawnoese's busi- 
 ness. When these asseverations were interpreted, Tecumtha's eyes flashed witii an- 
 ger. He cast ofl' his blanket, and, with violent gesticulations, pronounced the goveni- 
 or's words to be false. He accused the United States of cheating and imposing upon 
 the Indians. His warriors, receiving a sign from him, sprang to their feet, seized tluir 
 war-clubs, and began to brandish their tomahawks. The governor started from his 
 chair and drew his sword, while the citizens seized any missile in their way. It was 
 a moment of imminent danger. A military guard of twelve men, who were under 
 some trees a short distance ofl', were ordered up. A friendly Indian cocked his pis- 
 tol, Avhich he had loaded stealthily while Tecumtha was speaking, and Mr.Winans, a 
 Methodist minister, ran to the governor's house, seized a gun, and placed himself in 
 the door to defend the family. The guard wei-c about to fire, when Harrison, perfect- 
 ly collected, restrained them, and a bloody encounter was prevented. When the in- 
 terpreter told him the cause of the excitement, he pronounced Tecumtha a bad man, ! 
 and ordered him to leave the neighborhood immediately. Tecumtha retired to his 
 • AiKTiat 20 camp, the council was broken up," and no sleep came to the eyelids of the j 
 
 1810. people of Vincennes that night, as they expected ar attack from the savages. I 
 
 On the following morning, Tecumtha, with seeming sinceri'y, expressed his regret! 
 because of the violence into which he had been betrayed, ile found in Harrison ai 
 man not to be awed by menaces nor swayed by turbulence. "With respectful words! 
 he asked to have the council resumed. The governor consented, and then placed twol 
 companies of well-armed militia in the village, for the protection and encouragementf 
 of the inhabitants. Tecumtha, always dignified, laid aside his insolent manner, am| 
 
 ' Onderdonk'g MS. Life of Tecumteh. 
 
 l/giiK '-fMfttI Attntfit 
 
OF TOE WAU OF 1 8 1 S. 
 
 103 
 
 irgiii< r<"«nil Attempt! to conclllit* Ttcamtb*. 
 
 Roving Plnoderen. 
 
 TMnmtha's Feara Mid Pnplldtjr, 
 
 iiiiblicly (liHnvowod any intention of uttnckinjj tho governor and his friends <»n the 
 precodiiiij day. Wlieii asked wlietlier lit; intended to perHist in liis opponitioii to tho 
 lute treaty, lie replied tinnly that he Hhould "adhere to tho <)I>1 l)<)nndary." Chiefs 
 t'roin five different tribes iininedintely arose, and deelared tlieir intention to support 
 Tcc'umtha in tlie stand lio liad taken, and their determination to establish tho pro- 
 posi'd confederacy. 
 
 Harrison well knew the great ability and influence of Tecumtha, and was very anx- 
 ii)us lo conciliate him. On tlie fallowing day, accompanied only by Mr. Barron, ho 
 visiti'tl the warrior in his camp, and liad a long and frietully interview with liim. Ho 
 told Tecumtlui that his principles and liis claims would not l;o allowed by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, and advised him to rclinquisli them. " Well," said the 
 warrior, " as tho (4reat Chief is to determine the matter, I )\opo the Grd&t Spirit will 
 put sense enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up this land. It 
 is true, he is so far off ho will not be injured by the war. He may sit still in his town 
 and drink his wine, while you and I will have to iiglit it out."' The conference end- 
 1,1 l)y the governor's promising to lay the matter before the President. 
 
 War with the followers of Tecumtha and the Prophet now seemed probable, and 
 Harrison commenced measures to meet it. A small detachment of United States 
 troops, under Captain Cross, stationed at Newport, Kentucky, were ordered to Vin- 
 cennc's, there to join three companies of militia infantry and a company of Knox Coun- 
 ty dragoons, in the event of an attack from tho savages. The governor had paid par- 
 ticular attention to drilling the militia, and now, when their services were likely to 
 1)0 needed, they felt much confidence on account of their discipline. 
 
 The Indians on the Wabash, grown bold by tho teachings of their great military 
 leader, the oracular revelations of the Prophet, and the active encouragement of the 
 I British in Canada, began to roam in small marauding parties over the Wabash region 
 1 in the spring of 1811, plundering the houses of settlers and tho wigwams of friendly 
 j Indians, stealing horses, and creating general alarm. Tecumtha was exceedingly ac- 
 tive, at the same time, in efforts to perfect his confederacy and inciting the tribes to 
 or; and, early in the summer, the movements of the Indians were so menacing that 
 Governor Harrison sent Captain Walter Wilson, accompanied by Mr. Barron, with an 
 Itnergctic letter to the Shawnoe brothers.* He assured them that he was •jnnc24, 
 
 lly prepared to encounter all the tribes combined, and that if they did not ^'*"- 
 [put a stop to the outrages complained of, and cease their warlike movements, he 
 lihould attack them. 
 
 Tecumtha was alarmed. lie received the messengers very courteously, and prom- 
 lisod to see the governor in person very soon, when he would convince him that he 
 Ibl no desire to make war upon the Americans. Ho accordingly appeared at Vin- 
 jcennes on the 27th of July, accompanied by about t ee hundred Indians, twenty of 
 Itliem women. The inhabitants were alarmed. It w. believed that the wily savage 
 Ikad intended, with these warriors at hand, to compel the governor to give up the Wa- 
 Iksh lands. But when, on the day of his arrival, he saw seven hundred and fifty 
 pellarmed militia reviewed by the governor, ho exhibited no haughtiness of tone and 
 anner. He was evidently uneasy. He made the most solemn protestations of his 
 fondly intentions and desires to restrain tho Indians from hostilities, yet he eamest- 
 rbut modestly insisted upon a return of the lands ceded by the treaty at Fort 
 fayne. His duplicity was perfect. He left Vincennes a few days afterward with 
 Tenty warriors, went down the Wabash, and, as was afterward ascertained, visited 
 ! Southern Indians — Creeks, Chocta\7s, and Chickasaws — and endeavored to bring 
 m into his league against the white people. The remainder of his followers from 
 Bie Prophet's town, astonished at the military display at Vincennes, returned to their 
 plezvous on the Tippecanoe, filled with doubt and alarm. 
 
 > Dawson's Life of Ilarrison, page S9 ; Drake's Book of the North American Indians. 
 
 N 
 
 (, 
 
 ■"1:1 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 lifii 
 
 :' r 
 
^^^^^^^^^jS^SESSSSSSasassBf 
 
 ! 'i 
 
 'H; !!ll 
 
 :? i; 
 
 104 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Preparations for fighting the Indiand. 
 
 Colonel John P. Boyd. 
 
 Reeponse to a Call for Volanieen. 
 
 c^J^fLA./P/^. 
 
 The government had suggested to Harrison 
 tlie propriety of seizing Tecumtha and the 
 Prophet, and holding them as hostages for tho 
 good behavior of their followers. The gov- 
 ernor, in turn, suggested, as a better method 
 of obtaining peace and security, an increase of 
 the military resources of the Territory, and the 
 establishment of a military post high up the 
 Wabash toward the Prophet's town. The wis- 
 dom of this suggestion was conceded. T' . 
 Fourth Regiment of United States Infantry, 
 under Colonel J ohn P. Boyd,' was ordered from 
 Pittsburg to the Falls of the Ohio, now Lou- 
 isvill i ; and Governor Harrison was author- 
 ized'' to employ these troops and call . j,,,^ .. 
 out the militia of the Territory for the wi 
 purpose of attacking the hostile savages on 
 the Tippecanoe, if he should deem it advisable. 
 This authorization gave the inhabitants about 
 Vincennes great relief They had already, be- 
 fore the arrival of the order, appointed a com- 
 mittee at a public meeting'' to ask the "July 31, 
 government to uirect the dispersion of the hos- 
 tile bands at the Prophet's town,^ 
 The government was anxious to preserve peace with the Indians, and Harrison's I 
 orders gave him very little discretionary powers in the matter of levying war upon 
 the savages. They Avere sufficient for his pui-pose. He determined to push forward, 
 build a fort on the Wabash, make peaceful overtures, and if they were rejected, open j 
 war vigorously. He called Colonel Boyd to Vincennes with his detachment, consist- 1 
 ing of a part of the Fourth Regiment and some riflemen, and asked for volunteers.! 
 The response was quick and ample. Revenge because of wrongs suffered at tliej 
 hands of the Indians north of the Ohio slumbered in many bosoms, especially in Ken-j 
 tucky ; and when the voice of the popular Harrison called for aid, it was like the! 
 sound of the trumpet. Old Indian warriors in Kentucky like General Samuel Weiisj 
 
 ' John Parke Boyd was bom in Newbnryport, Massachiisetta, Uccember il, 1704. His father was from Scotland, nnd 
 his mother was a dcsoendnnt of Trietam Coffin, the flrpt of tht>t family who emigrated to America. He entered i!iJ 
 army In 1780, ae ensign In the Second Regiment. With a spirit of adventnre, he went to India in 17S!), having BrJ 
 touched at the Isle of France. In a letter to his father from Madras, in lunc, 1790, he says, " Having procured recomi 
 meudatory letters to the English consul resii'Mj at the conrt o' 'lis highness, tue Ni/am, I proceeded to his capital, IlrJ 
 drabad, 460 miles from Madras. On my arrival, I was presente i lo h"s highness in form by the English consul. Myref 
 ceptlon was as favorable as my inoet sanguine wishes had anticipated. After the usntl ceremony was over, he presenll 
 od mo with the command of tvi-o kansolars of Infantry, each of which consists ( i 600 inen." His commission and mI 
 were in accordance with his commii:u{. He describes the army of the Nizam, which had taken the Held agalii°t TIpixii 
 Saltan. It consisted of 160,000 infantry, 00,000 cavalry, and 600 elephants, each elephant supporting a " castle" cimuiil 
 Inc a nabob and i rvants. He remained in India several years, in n sort of guerrilla service, and obti;'.ied much famj 
 He was in Paris early In 1808, and at home in the autumn of that y2ar, when he wag appointed (October 2) colonela 
 the Fourth Regiment of the U. 8. Army. He was in the battle of Tippecanoe in November, 3811, and on the ronime"M 
 ment of war with Great Britain he was appointed (August 20) a brigadier general. He held that rank thronghuni ilj 
 w.ir. He was at the capture of Fort George, and in the battle of Chrysler's Field, or Williamsburg, in Canada, lie 1( 
 the army in 1816, and the following year he went to England to obtain indemnity for the loss of a valuable car^o (il il 
 petre, capturcd*by an English cmiser while on its way from the East Indies. He procured only a single I'lstallmenlf 
 $30,000. President Jackson appointed him Naval Officer at Boston ia 1830. lie died there the same year, on the4lb1 
 October, at the age of sixty-six years. I 
 
 General Boyd was a tall, well-formed, and handsome man ; kind, courteous, and genevous. I am indebted to l| 
 courtesy of the Hon. William Willis, of Portland, Maine, for the materials of the above brief sketch and the profile c 
 general. 
 
 ' The committee consisted of Samuel T. Scott, Alexander Dcvln, Luke Decker, Ephraira .Jordan, Daniel M'l'lm 
 Walter Wilson, and Francis Vigo. In a letter dated August 3, 181 1, and addressed to the President, they said, "In ll 
 part of the country we have not, as yet, lost any of our fellow-citizens by the Indians ; but depredations upon the pra 
 eity of those who live upon the fl-imtlers, and Insults to the families tliat are left unprotected, almost daily occur.^ 
 Dillon's Uiatory nf fndiana, page 460. 
 
 BuriBou'a March up 
 
 and Colonel Ov 
 
 eloquent Kentu 
 
 tain Peter Funl 
 
 Chum, Edwardi 
 
 ville. All of tJi 
 
 Oil the 2et'i ( 
 
 abx/Ut nine huiui 
 
 October halted < 
 
 village, >\here tli 
 
 in Indian traditic 
 
 tiveen tribes of 
 
 had named the sr 
 
 erection of a quat 
 
 and the-e the go\ 
 
 (lians, wJio a8sure( 
 
 III war-speeches t 
 
 Americans ; and t 
 
 tthen some prowli: 
 
 sent-nels, Ilarrist 
 
 sage to the impo8t< 
 
 to their respective 
 
 horses in lijs posse 
 
 the Indiana and 111 
 
 The fort was cor 
 
 or forty feet above 
 
 ol'its completion it 
 
 Harrison, in honor 
 
 Standing over the g 
 
 ^'™^"^''thename^ 
 
 j Ill's Fort Harrison " 
 
 sol-^ier, standing ne: 
 
 vhisky in that way- 
 
 wd that littk- fort 
 
 paylor, which we shs 
 
 ' I visited Terrellau 
 
 8«0.« I had spent 
 
 fetching the grave c 
 
 l^i^wt^that^histori 
 
 I 'lam Indebted to Mr D^ 
 "if by him fVom the li',!.' , 
 
 IB.^ . lertlle farm eiirnt 
 
 Ibklnr,,, "r"""" descent. I] 
 
 Ua.h."X%rn^«xt, 
 
 ^-•UUwr„re'rt -;"■ 
 I '™»t.Lonl»ini8fl2 ~L\i 
 
 tifr'"''5.«inF^r 
 
 ;;« Knox was erected by M, 
 
OF THE T/AU OF 1812. 
 
 196 
 
 Bairlsou'a March up the Wabash with Troops. 
 
 Fort Httrrison built. 
 
 Deputations of fhendl; ludiaus. 
 
 and Colonel Owen instaiitly obeyed. They hastened to the field, accompanied by the 
 eloquent Kentucky lawyer, Joseph Hamilton Da'dess, Colonel Frederick Geiger, Caj)- 
 tain Peter Funk* at the head of a company of cavalry, and Croghau, O'Fallon, Shipp, 
 Chum, Edwards, and other subalterns, who had been mustered by Geiger near Louis- 
 ville. AH of these have praisers for bravery in the annals of their country. 
 
 Oil the 20th of September Governor Harrison left Fort Knox,'^ at Vincennes, with 
 alK*ut nine hundred eft'ective men, marched u]> the W abash Valley, and on the 3d of 
 October halted on the eaatern bank of the river, about two miles above an old Wea 
 village, where the town of Terre Haute, Indiana, now stands. It was a spot famous 
 inhuliun tradition as the scene of a desperate battle, at some time far in the past, be- 
 tween tribes of the Illinois and Iroquois. On this accor.nt the old French settlers 
 iiad named the spot " Battaille des Illinois." There they immediately commenced the 
 erection of a quadrangular stockaded fort, with a block-house at three of the angles ; 
 and thee the governor received deputations from friendly DelaAvare and Miami In- 
 dians, who assured him that the hostility and strength of the Proj)het was increasing. 
 In war-speeches to them he had declared that the hatchet was lifted up against the 
 Americans; and this information was affirmed on the night of the 10th of October, 
 when some prowling Shawnoese, who had come d<iwn the Wabash, wounded one of the 
 sentinels. Harrison sent a deputation of Miamis to the Prophet's <^own with a mes- 
 sage to the impostor, requiring the Indians on the Tippecanoe to disperse immediately 
 to their respective tribes. It also required the Prophet to restore all the stolen 
 horses in his possession, and surrender the men who had murdered white people on 
 the Indiana and Illinois frontiers. The messengers never returned with an answer. 
 
 The fort was completed on the 28th of October. It was built upon a bluff thirty 
 or forty feet above the Wabash, and covered about an acre of ground. On the day 
 of its completion it was named, by the unanimous request of the officers present, Fort 
 Harrison, in honor of the governor. Colonel Daviess made a speech on the occasion. 
 Standing over the gate, and holding a bottle of whisky in his hand, ho said, in conclu- 
 sion, " In the name of the United States, and by the authority of the same, I christen 
 this Fort Harrison." He then broke the bottle over the gate, when a whisky-loving 
 soldier, standing near, exclaimed, wHh the usual expletive, " It is too bad to waste 
 whisky in that way — water would have done just a: well." Less than a year after- 
 I ward that littk fort became the theatre of heroic exploits under Captain Zachary 
 I Taylor, which we shall consider hereafter, 
 
 I visited Terre Haute and the site of Fort Harrison late in September, 
 1 1860." I had spent the previous day at Fort W ayne, in visiting and 
 I sketching the grave of Little Turtle, the great Miami chief, and other places of inter- 
 lest about that historic city. A storm had Just ended, and the sky was still murky 
 
 I I am iudnbted to Mr. D. R. Poignard, of Tnylcrsville, Kentucky, for a very interesting nar.-tive of this cam|)aiKD, 
 luLen by him from the lip-^ of Captain Funlt in iStti, then aged eighty years, and enjoying good health of mind and 
 1 body on his fertile farm eight milts from Louisville. Mr. Funk was a native of Maryland, where he was bom in 1782. 
 IHewM of German descent. His narrative is dear, and exceedingly interesting, and I have availed myself of its valna- 
 iMc infi)ruiution in compiling the account of this memi.rable campaign. 
 
 I Captain Fimk says that Governor Ilarrison was in LoniBvillc In August, 1R11, when the narrator was in command of 
 litompany of militia cavalry there. At Harrison's personal request lie hastened to Govcnior Scott, and obtained per- 
 |iiHioii to raise a company of cavalry to Join the forces of the Governor of Indiana at Vincennes, for an expedition up 
 
 Sandusky ; but, before leaving 
 Lonisville, he concluded that 
 Funk's cavalry would be quite 
 BUfncient- Captain Funk raised 
 his company in the course of a 
 lew days, and early in September 
 At Ibis place they found Colonel Joseph H. Da- 
 
 ' September 26. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 "0^^ 
 
 |ik Wabash. Harrison also call 
 
 I fur a company of Infantry, to 
 « raised by Captain James Hunt- 
 In, who was afterward second in 
 
 mmand, under Colonel Crog- 
 
 11, at Fort Stephenson, on the 
 plneil Colonel Bartholomew's regiment, then marching on Vincennes, 
 
 «*, with two other volunteers (James Mead and Hen. Saunders) from Lexini;,.on the colonel's then place of residence. 
 
 kere were with him, also, four young gentlemen from Louisville, namely, Geor;,„ Croghan, John O'Fallon, a miUion- 
 
 ■fofSt. Louis In 1802, Moore, afterward a captain in the U. 8. .^rmy, "nd Hynes. 
 
 [lie signature of Captain Funk (then bearing the title of Major), above given, is copied from a note to me from him, 
 
 Ttlilfn In September, 1801. 
 
 ]<Furt Knox was erected by Mi\Jor Hamtramck in 178T, and named In honor of General Henry Knox, the liecretar; 
 
 >War. 
 
I / 
 
 ifl I 
 
 ■.1 1 
 
 \%i i 
 
 ! t: 1 
 
 1 
 
 W> 
 
 196 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Night at Peru. 
 
 A Political Campaign. 
 
 Uopleagant Experience at Indianapoiu. 
 
 when we left, at two in the afternoon, for Indianapolis. We arrived at Peru, a little 
 village on the Wabash fifty-six miles west of F^ort Wayne, at sunset. The dull clouds 
 had lifted the space of a degree from the horizon, and allowed the last rays of the sun 
 to give glory to the thoroughly saturated country for a few minutes, before the lu- 
 minary disappeared behind the forests that skirted a wide prairie on the west. 
 
 At Peru, a railway leading -outhward to the capital of Indiana connects with the 
 Toledo and Wabash Road, over which we had traveled. But there was no evening 
 connection, and we were compelled to remain among the Peruvians until morning. 
 Theirs is a small village. Town and taverns were filled with people, drawn t'.iithcr 
 by the two-fold attraction of a county fair and a desire to go to Indianapolis in tlie 
 morning, where the late Judge Douglas, one of the candidates for the Presidency nf 
 the United States, was to speak. I found a crowd of railway passengers around tlie 
 register of the inn where I stopped, all anxious to secure good lodgings for the niglit. 
 The applicants were many, and the beds proportionately few. I was fortunate enough 
 to have for my room-companion for the night, Judge Davis, of Bloomington, Illinois 
 a gentleman of great weight in the West, and an ardent personal friend of the late 
 President Lincoln. He declared that, if his triend should be elected, he would be 
 found to be " the right man in the right place. ' Judge Davis is now (1867) one of 
 the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 Having half an hour to spare before supper and the approaching darkness, I strolled 
 around the village, that lies »ipon a rolling plain and along the banks of the beauti- 
 ful Wabash — beautiful, indeed, because of variety in outline, greenness of verdure, 
 and its fringes of graceful trees and shrubbery. Many of the trees were more ancient 
 than the dominion of the w.iite man there, and others were as young as the town 
 near by, so lately sprung up from the shadows of the wilderness. A canal, with 
 muddy banks, dug along the margin of the river, somewhat marred the beauty of 
 the scene. It was quite dark when I retired to the inn, having called on the way at 
 the house of Mr, Grigg, whose wife is a daughter of the Little Turtle. They were 
 absent, and I missed the anticipated pleasure of an interview with one whose father 
 bore such a conspicuous part in the history of the Northwest. 
 
 I left Peru, in company Avith Judge Davis, at six o'clock the following morning, 
 and reached Indianapolis at ten. It was a sunny day. The town was rapidly filling 
 with people pouring in by railways and common roads from all directions. Flags 
 were flying, drums were beating, marshals were hurrying to and fro, and the ciowdsj 
 were flowing toward the " Bates House," the common centre of attraction, wherei 
 Judge Douglas was receiving his friends in a private parldr, and waiting for the ap- 
 pointed hour when he should go out and speak to the people on the political topics 
 of the day. Over the broad street a splendid triumphal arch was thrown, and evei 
 avenue to the hotel was densely thronged with eager expectants. I made my waj 
 through the living sea, and registered my name for dinner at the " Bates," expcctins 
 to leave for Terre Haute at evening. After spending an hour with Mr. Dillon, ai 
 thor of the latest history of Indiana, I was informed that a train would leave forth^ 
 West at meridian. So I again elbowed my way through the crowd just as Juih 
 Douglas was entering his carriage, and, with the shouts of twenty thousand voi« 
 ringing in my ears, I escaped to the empty streets, and reached the railway static 
 just in time for the midday train. I was soon reminded that I had invcluntarili 
 made a liberal contribution to some light-fingered follower of the itinerant candidal 
 for the crown of civio victory. I had been relieved of the present care of that subtj 
 magician thus apostrophized by Byron : 
 
 "Thon more than gtone of the phlloHnpher I 
 Thon touchstone of Philosophy herBClf! 
 Thon bright eye of the mine ! thon loadstar of 
 The sonl ! thon tmc mn^etlc pole, to which 
 All hearts point duly north, like trembling needles !" 
 
 Vtoit to Terre Haute 
 
 Terre Haute 
 
 pleasant vilJaw 
 
 thousand inhal 
 
 one of the mosl 
 
 at four o'clock i 
 
 ing, so as to lea 
 
 to whom I had 
 
 attractions of a 
 
 men, women, an( 
 
 kind could be for 
 
 more than an he 
 
 reserve, and start 
 
 too dim to make 
 
 there in their ear 
 
 tween the canal t 
 
 still be seen the fi 
 
 nothing of the fo 
 
 then (I860) formec 
 
 ■ifle. I had the go 
 
 ii.'ime), when near i 
 
 loi's defense of it. 
 
 description of the 
 
 that I made a rouo 
 
 of it on the spot,1 
 
 copy of which is 8e 
 picture. He prono 
 perfect according tc 
 collection. Jtg trut 
 «as confirmed on m 
 to the Terre Hautt 
 I'.v a picture, made 
 manner a few years a 
 (lie recollections of < 
 pip, and lithographe 
 m placed in my ha 
 Mr, Kalston, of the 
 "■^''•ks; and I was j,, 
 
 Itofi'id such a perfect 
 |Mit,even in detail 
 h doubt the engravin 
 ?»<"" i3 a truthful rop, 
 
 M'eft Terre Haute ff 
 M.„ing,» checking vu 
 kencastle, the capita 
 fi'eago Railway croHs 
 ™k was checked for 
 *gra])h operator in J; 
 »^sage with eflfect beft 
 J'anapolis, making its 
 ,, .^> W'nged elec 
 »f fugitive at Richmor 
 "^^ntjvasbrought ba 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 197 
 
 visit to Terre Haute and the Site of Fort Harrison. 
 
 Sketch of the Fort. 
 
 A Traveler In Trouble. 
 
 Terre Haute (high land) is seventy-three miles westward of Indianapolis. It is a 
 pleasant village, and the capital of Vigo County. It then contained less than two 
 thousand inhabitants. It is on a high plain on the left bank of the Wabash, and is 
 one of the most delightful summer residences in all that region. We amved there 
 at four o'clock in the afternoon. Hoping to visit the site of Fort Harrison that even- 
 iiiff, so as to leave in the morning, I immediately sought a gentleman in the village 
 to whom I had a letter of introduction. The town was almost depopulated by the 
 attractions of a county fair in its neighborhood. The afternoon was so j)leasant that 
 men, women, and children had al gone to the exhibition, and not a vehicle of any 
 kind could be found to convey me to the fort, over two miles distant. After wasting 
 more than an hour in fruitless attempts to procure one, I fell back on my unfailing 
 r >serve, and started off on foot. It was twilight when I reached the spot — twilight 
 too dim to make a sketch of the locality. The old sycamore and elm trees that were 
 tliere in their early maturity when the fort was built yet stand along thj bank be- 
 tween the canal and the ruin, and on the western shore of the Wabash opposite may 
 still be seen the fine old timber upon the low anu frequently-overflowed bottom ; but 
 nothing of the fort remained excepting the logs of one of the block-houses, which 
 then (1860) formed the dwelling of Cornelius Smock within the area of the old stock- 
 ade. I had the good-fortutie to meet an old man (in my haste I forgot to inquire his 
 name), when near the site of the fort, who was there in 1813, soon after Captain Tay- 
 lor's Jefense of it. He pointed out the exact locality, and gave me such a minute 
 tk'scription of t lie structure, 
 
 that I made a rough outline ^^ ^l%SHK8^sfi'*J^^** ''^^i 
 
 of it on the spot, a finished 
 copy of which is seen in the 
 picture. He pronounced it 
 perfect according to his rec- 
 ollection. Its truthfulness 
 was confirmed on my return 
 to the Terre Haute House 
 I l)y a picture, made in like 
 manner a few yeara ago fiom 
 I the recollections of old peo- 
 ple, and lithographed.' It 
 Uti3 placed in my hands by 
 I Mr. Ralston, of the gas- 
 I Works; and I was jurprised 
 I to find such a perfect agree- 
 jment, even in detail. I have 
 Ido doubt the engraving here 
 Igiveii ia a truthful representation of Fort Harrison and its surroundings in 1813. 
 
 I left Terre Haute for Crawfordsville, Indiana, at three o'clock in the • September ST, 
 lUKTiing," checking my luggage (as I thought) to the Junction near '•***• 
 
 ^reencastle, the capital of Putnam County, where the Louisville,^ New A'bany, and 
 lieago Railway crosses that of the Terre Haute and Richmond. By mistake my 
 unk was checked for Philadelphia, and was not left at the Junction. I found the 
 telegraph operator in his bed half a mile from the station, but he could not send a 
 Bpssage with effect before seven o'clock, at which time my luggage w juld be beyond 
 dianapolis, making its way towaid Philadelphia at the rate of twenty-five miles an 
 lour. The winged electricity was more fleet than the harnessed steam. It headed 
 jit fugitive at Richmond, a hundred miles distant, and at two o'clock In the after- 
 ion it was brought back a prisoner to Greencastle Station, much to my relief. I 
 
 1 rubltshod by Modealtt and Hager in the year 1S4S. 
 
 PUKT IIAUUIKU.N. 
 
 t !>•, 
 
It! 
 
 '/ 1 
 
 W ^ ^' ' 
 
 i 
 
 !l;^-^Ml -v i| 
 
 !l i ill! 
 
 198 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 OreeocaBtie and Crawfordsvillc. 
 
 A Visit to the Founder of CrawrordBville. 
 
 Two of Wayne's tioldleni. 
 
 think I never saw so much beauty in an old black leather trunk before nor since. 
 Meanwhile I had pretty thoroughly explored Greencastle, chiefly before daylight, 
 when trying to find my way back to the station from the te'egrapiiist's lodgings. 
 Every street appeared to end at a vacant lot. At length, just at dawn, I rcijcived 
 directions from an Irishman, with an axe on his shoulder, more explicit thaii tlcar. 
 "Is it the dapo' you want?" he inquired. "Yes." "Wi' thin," he said, "jist tnni 
 down to the lift of the Prisbytarian Church that's not finished, and go by the way of 
 the church that is finished ; turn right and lift as many times as ye plaze, and budad 
 ye'll be there." Perfectly satisfied I walked on, found tlie station by accident, wait- 
 ed patiently for the telegi'aphist, and then went to the villags, half a mile distant, to 
 breakfast. 
 
 Greencastle is pleasantly situated u,jon a high table-land, sloping every way, about 
 a mile east of the Walnut Fork of the Eel Run, and then contained between two 
 thousand and three thousand inhabitants. I remained there until three o'clock in 
 the afternoon, when I left for Crawfordsvillc, twenty-eight miles northward, wlicre I 
 met my family and remained a few days, the guest of the Honorable (afterward JIa- 
 jor General) Lewis Wallace, the gallant commander first of the celebrated Eleventh 
 Indiana Regiment in Western Virginia, and afterward of loyal brigades and di- 
 visions in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Northeni Mississippi, in the late Civil War.' 
 
 since 1833, and for fifteen 
 years was Judge of the Cir- 
 cuit Court. From him I 
 obtained much valuable in- 
 formation concerning tlie in- 
 
 There I met the Honorable 
 
 Isaac Naylor, who was with 
 
 Harrison at the battle of 
 
 Tippecanoe. He had been 
 
 a resident of Crawfordsvillo 
 
 cidents of the battle of Tippecanoe and the preceding marcli of the army from Vin- 
 
 cennes.'^ 
 
 I also visited, at Crawfordsvillc, the late venerable Major Ambrose Whitlock, one 
 of the last survivors of General Wayne's army in the Northwest. lie was first undei- 
 the immediate command of Hamtramck, and afterward served as aid to Wayne, and 
 became lieutenant in the company of which Harrison was captain. Major Whitloclc 
 was the founder of Crawfordsvillc. He was at the head of the Land-oflice in Indiana, 
 as receiver of the public moneys of the United States, for eight years. William 11. 
 Crawford, Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury, appointed him to that station. The 
 office was at Terre Haute. It was finally determined to establish an oftice in another 
 part of tlie Territory for the convenience of the settlers, and the selection of the lo- 
 cality was left to the judgment of Major Whitlock. He found in the wilderness near 
 Sugar Creek, in a thickly-wooded dell, a spring of excellent water, and resolved tn 
 establish the new Land-oflice near that desb-able fountain. Settlers came. He laid 
 out a village, and named it Crawfordsvillc, in honor of his friend of the Treasury De- 
 partment. He resided there ever afterw.ird. His house was upon a gentle eminence 
 eastward of the railway, and the wooded deli and the ever-flowing spring of sweet 
 water formed a part of his premises on the eastern borders of the village. Major Whit- 
 lock^ was ninety-one years of age at the time of my visit, yet his mental faculties 
 
 • For an account of Gefxal Wallace's military genices, see I^osBlng's Pictorial Hittory of the Civil War. 
 
 "> Judge Naylor was bom in Rockingham Com'* "i VI- •'•ilii, on the JiOth of July, 1790, and at the age of three ycare was I 
 taken hy his far.ily to a settlement near Huddle's ouiilon, Bourbon Connty, Kentucky. lie removed to Clarke Cnmitt, I 
 Indiana, in 1806, aud In 1810 made a voyage to New Orl janu on a flat-boat. He repeated it next year, and soon after | 
 his return, and while preparing for college, be Joined Harrison's army at Vincennes as a volunteer In Captain Jaires Iti:- 
 ger's company. He assisted In the construction of Fort Harrison, participated In the battle of Tippecanoe soon after- 
 ward, and, at different times during the war with Great Britain that ensued, served as a volunteer, but was not to siy j 
 other buttle. In 1880 he was elected Judge of the Common Pleas of Montgomery County. ! 
 
 ' Ambrose Whitlock was born at Bowling Green, Caroline County, Virginia, on the 26th of April, 1T69. At an early 
 age he went to Kentucky. He enlisted in Wayne's army, and was with htm throughout bis Indian compalgns. Atone j 
 time he was his aid. He was Ave years in garrison at Fort Washington (Cincinnati) as sergeant. President Adam! j 
 commissioned him lieutenant in ISOO. In 1802 he was appointed aesistant military agent at Vincennes, and also ateulanl j 
 PBymaster. He became district paymaster in 1806, a first lieutenant in the regular army in 180T, and a captain in ISl!' I 
 
 Journey from Crawf( 
 
 were quite vi| 
 diers of the pa^ 
 was blessed w 
 aud fortune. 
 
 On the cvonii 
 
 one of Septemb 
 
 for Lafayette, Ii 
 
 northward, with 
 
 the Tippecanoe 
 
 niorning. The c 
 
 passed for the fin 
 
 Iieavily timbered 
 
 ginning to assun 
 
 autnmn. It was 
 
 seen of the actual 
 
 nearly all Septeii 
 
 August in terape 
 
 soon readied a si 
 
 had seen, uvA at 
 
 Lafayette. The t 
 
 thousand inhabit 
 
 j)olitical excitemei 
 
 public meetings tl 
 
 V.JoIin.son, ofGeo 
 
 Slates ; the latter. 
 
 Congress from Mic 
 
 Lane, of Crawford 
 
 "Little Giants"2fo 
 
 the same streets at 
 
 tor that it war difli 
 
 the moving illumii 
 
 were kept up until 
 
 He relinquished his rank in 
 met composed of Kentucky 
 years and a half, and attain 
 
 ■™ as receiver of the put 
 
 els". It is BHppoRed that ui 
 
 '"» »' InJiannpolis I saw a 
 
 Mken from life J and In Ban 
 
 W, who was also In" Mud > 
 
 I ^k'fl'tnls engraving was m 
 
 I talsvllle on the 2Gth of J„„ 
 
 . ' ^""^ was a schism In th 
 
 »« John C. Breckiuridg 
 
 Breckinridge Democrats •• 
 
 few rears' standing, comoosp 
 
 "tension of slavery beZdt 
 
 ««minated John Bell, of Ten 
 "re freqnently called the Bel 
 J ttcr respective friends. ; 
 I Me. Mr. Bell had already 
 ,ti"°""y-^'''''«"'™«tor 
 I ™%, and the payment of h 
 r''''''':'7-»n<l''ecomeatr, 
 I Hepnbllcanpssoclatlons.p 
 J^te» m 1800. They wore r^u 
 
 |„ "• 'n ""usion to his menta 
 
 I ""Ple of the torch-light procesi 
 
 te:i 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 190 
 
 Jimnief frum Crawfordsvllle to Lafayette. Political Exoitement at Litfayettc. Political Parties at tbat Time. 
 
 were quite vigorous. Unlike many sol- 
 diers of the past, a large portion of his life 
 «as blessed with an affluence of health 
 liiitl fortune. 
 
 On the evening of a sultry day, the last 
 one of September, we left Crawfordsvllle 
 for Lafayette, Indiana, twenty-eight miles 
 northward, with the intention of visiting 
 the Tippecanoe battle-ground the next 
 niorniiig. The country through which we 
 passed for the first few miles was hilly, and 
 iieavily timbered, and the foliage was be- 
 sinning to assume the gorgeous hues of 
 iiiitumn. It was the first evidence we had 
 seen of the actual departure of summer, for 
 nearly all September had been more like 
 August in temperature, than itself. We 
 soon reached a small prairie, the first we 
 liad seen, and at eight o'clock arrived at 
 Lafayette. The town, containing full ten 
 thousand inhabitants, was all alive with 
 political excitement, the " Donglas Democrats" and the " Republicans"' both holding 
 public meetings there. The former, convened at a hotel, was addressed by Ilerschel 
 V. Johnson, of Georgia, the " Douglas" candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the ITi ' t ed 
 States ; the latter, held in the court-house, was addressed by Mr. Howard, membn- of 
 Congress from Michigan, whom I had met a few days before at the table of Senator 
 Lane, of Crawfordsvllle. Torch-light processions of the "Wide-awakes" and the 
 ''Little Giants"^ followed the speeches ; and as they marched and countermarched in 
 the same streets at the same time, they became so entangled to the eye of the specta- 
 tor that it war difficult for a partisan to recognize his own political representative in 
 the moving illumination. This was followed by drum-beatings and huzzas, which 
 were kept up until midnight. 
 
 ^-4h^Mi<Ji 
 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 He relinqnlshed his rank In the line In June, 1S14, and in May, 1815, was appointed deputy paymaster peneral of the dis- 
 trict composed of Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana. He was disbanded in ISIO, having served in the army twenty-three 
 rears and a half, and attained to the rank of major. He was never in military service afterward. After serving eight 
 years as receiver of the public moneys in Indiana, he was dismissed by General Jackson to make room for some one 
 else. It is supposed that not half a dozen soldiers of Wayne's army now (ISOT) survive. In the possession of Mr. Dil- 
 Inn at Indianapolis I saw a daguerreotype of Martin Huckleberry, one of Woyue's army, then (September, ISflO) just 
 taken from life ; and in Bangor, Maine, I saw in November, IStSO, Henry Van Meter, a colored man, over ninety years of 
 jgt, who was also in " Mad Anthony's" army. I am indebted to General Wallace for the portrait of Major Whitlock, from 
 »hich this engraving was made. It was taken when he was in his nluety-flrst year. Ue died at his residence in Craw- 
 tonif.vUle on the 2flth of June, ISta, when over ninety-four years of age. 
 I There was a schism in the great Democratic party, so-called, in the spring of ISflO, when one portion nominated Ste- 
 pben A. Donglas, of Illinois, for the Presidency, and were called the " Douglas Democrats," and the other portion nom- 
 j iaaied John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, then the Vice-President of the United States, and were known as the 
 I "Breckinridge Democrats." Opposed to the entire Democatic party was the Republican, a political organization of a 
 I te* years' standing, composed of men of all the old parties, whose leading distinctive object was tho prevention of the 
 eitenslon of slavery beyond the states and Territories in which it already existed. This party had nominated Abraham 
 1 Lincob, of Illinois, for President. A fourth party, professedly conservative, and calling themselves the Union party, 
 nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and Edward Everett, of Massi'Chnsetts, for Vice-President. They 
 I were frequently called the Bell-Everett party. At the election in November, 18C0, tiiese four candidates wer^ supported 
 I by their respective friends. Mr. Lincoln was elected. Mr. Douglas died in the city of Chicago early in the following 
 I tee. Mr. I)ell had already declared his aHlliation with rebels in arms against the government ; while Mr. Breckin- 
 I iMje, a lately-chosen senator from Kentucky, only waited for the close of the extraordinary session of Congress, held 
 I In Jnly, and the payment of his salary from the Treasury of the United States, to openly declare himself an enemy to 
 I Ikt country, and become a traitor by taking up amis *o overthrow the government. 
 
 'Repnbllcan f.sBociations, pledged to the support of the candidates of that party, were formed all over the free-labor 
 I tilen in \9m. They wore round capes, and oftentimes lights on their hats, and assumed the name of " Wide-awakes." 
 iTbejr formed the staple of Republican torch-light processions in the autumn of ISUO. Mr. Donglas was a short, powerful 
 liUD. In allusion to his mental strength and shortness In statnre, he was called by his admirers the Little Giant. The 
 I wiing men of bis party formed associations like 'he " Widc-awak^e," called themselves " Little Giants," and formed the 
 I <iiple of the torch-light proceeslous of the Douglas party in the aatnmn of 1800. 
 

 ^ 
 
 agp 
 
 i ' 
 
 !ifi; ' 
 
 I \ V 
 
 }ii 
 
 n*r ]-' r 
 
 'M 
 
 :; 
 
 
 
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 i ri> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 m 
 
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 200 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Indian Portraits. 
 
 Jonrney to the-Battle-ground of Tippecauoe. 
 
 IIurrUoD'8 March up the Wabaab Valle)-. 
 
 At Lafayette I met Mr. George Winter, an English artist who has resided many 
 years in Indiana, and had the pleasure of inspectuig his fine collection of Indian por- 
 traits and scenes painted by him from nature. His collection possesses much histor- 
 ical and ethnological value, and ought to be in the possession of some institution 
 where it might be preserved and the individuals never separated. He was intimati- 
 ly acquainted with many of the characters whose features he has delineated, and ho 
 lias collected stores of anecdotes and traditions of the aboriginals of the Northwest. 
 The memory of Mr. Winter's kind attentions while we were in Lafayette is \cn 
 pleasant. 
 
 The first day of October dawned brightly, and the temperature of the air was like 
 that of early June. Before sunrise we visited the artesian well of sulphur-water in 
 the public square, the result of a deep search for pure water. A neat j)avilion covers 
 it ; cups are furnished for the thirsty, and noi far off are baths of it for invalids and 
 others. 
 
 At an early hour we departed for the battle-ground of Tippecanoe, seven miles 
 northward. We passed over a level and pleasant country most of the way, crossing 
 the railway several times. Within three miles of the battle-ground we crossed tiie 
 Wabash on a cable-bateau,' and watched with interest the perilous fording of tlie 
 stream just above, near the railway bridge, by a man and woman in a light wagon. 
 Twice they came near being submerged in 
 deep channels, but finally reached the shore 
 with only wet feet. The man saved the fer- 
 riage fee of twelve cents. 
 
 We arrived at the Battle-ground House at 
 ten o'clock, passing the scene of the conflict 
 just before reaching it. Resting in the cool 
 shadows of the stately trees that still cover 
 the spot, let us turn to the chronicle of the 
 Past and study the events which have made 
 this gentle elevation, ove'-lookhig a " wet prai- 
 rie," classic ground. 
 
 Fort Harrison, as we have seen, was com- 
 pleted on the 28th of October. It was gar- 
 risoned by a small detachment under Lieuten- 
 ant-colonel Miller — the " I'll try, sir !" hero of 
 the battle of Niagara, three years later. The 
 main body of the army moved forward the 
 
 •October 29, "^^* "^^y*" '^"'^ *'" *'^^ 3l8t, SOOn 
 
 *'^ii- after passing the Big 
 Raccoon Creek, crossed to the 
 western side of the Wabash, near 
 the site of the present village of 
 Montezuma, in Parke Count y.^ 
 Tliere the troops were joined by some of the Kentucky volunteers, under Wells, j 
 Owen, and Geiger.-* Harrison was commander-in-chief by virtue of his oftice as gov- 
 
 1 These were large flat-boats for conveying passengers, teams, .ind freight. They are pushed across by poles at low j 
 water, and at high water arc secured and assisted in the passage by a huge cable stretched from shore to shore. 
 
 « Dillon's HtHtory of Indiaua, page 4«2. 
 
 ' Having been Informed that the Indians were more numerous in his front than he had anticipated, Govomor Hirri-i 
 son had sent Colonel Daviess and one or two others to Kentucky to apply for a re-enforcement of five hundred men. 
 nrigadler General Wells Immediately ordered out his brigade and beat up for volunteers. The privates hanging back, j 
 Wells and several of his off.cers stepped out, and being Joined by some of the file, the volunteers mustered thlrty-tV'i; 
 men. They elected Colonel F. Gelger as their captain. The reluctance of the men to turn out was owing in part (ol 
 their scruples, the brigade having been ordered out wUhoat orders from the Governor of Kentucky. The goTeroor be-l 
 Ing at Frankfort, there was no time to consult him.— jPunt's Narrative. 
 
 Flnt Appearance o 
 
 cmor of the 1 
 sisted of nine 
 regulars under 
 tia. The mou 
 hundred and 8( 
 and of the rifle 
 The army wi 
 western bank < 
 eight men were 
 the army. On 
 5th encamped w 
 been careful, on 
 whose banks, for 
 where a few tnci 
 From tJieir enc 
 rie, extending far 
 the guides assertc 
 of the Wabash, w 
 from the contenip 
 .-ies. Until now i 
 the following day, 
 tliey were seen lio' 
 of the trooj)s had 
 cions, wa- hed evt 
 the same order of 
 eral in 1794,2 he no 
 ofthe path, and th( 
 To facilitate the mi 
 tion into battle ord 
 iinins of companies. 
 ofthe time throng 
 Nians were continna 
 tried, but in vain, to 
 of the Prophet's tow 
 tlie mongrel warrior 
 |Mon turned back, an 
 I The alarmed savas 
 Inson that the Proph( 
 Jooiiriers, but that the 
 ITliey were surprised i 
 la their women and c 
 
 lie was ready to have 
 iMinprncnt. They pd 
 
 [lacreeklessthana 
 TTji.vlor and Clarke) wei 
 M that the situations 
 *e out to meet him 
 jommenced until an im 
 P^for the encam 
 
 Ll' "lit '«'"eved that the Indl 
 Mammal] force as hit^haa the 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 20T 
 
 Firtt Appearance of hostile Indlaue. 
 
 The Prophet's Town approached. 
 
 The Indians alarmed. 
 
 ernor of the Territory, and Boyd was his next in command. The whole force con- 
 sisted of nine hundred and ten men, and was composed of two hundred and fifty 
 regulars under Boyd, si\ty volunteers from Kentucky, and six hundred Indiana mili- 
 tia. The mounted men, consisting of dragoons and riflemen, amounted to about two 
 hundred and seventy. The command of the dragoons was given to Colonel Daviess, 
 and of the riflemen to General Wells, both having the relative rank of major. 
 
 The army was near the Vermilion River on the 2d of November, and there, on the 
 western bank of the Wabash, built a block-house twenty-five feet square, in which 
 eight men were placed, to protect the boats employed in bringing up provisions for 
 the ami}'. On the following day* the army moved forward, and on the •November a, 
 5th encamped within eleven miles of the Prophet's town. Harrison had ^*"- 
 
 been careful, on the preceding day, to avoid the danger ^us passes of Pine Creek, 
 whose banks, for fifteen or twenty miles from its mouth, were immense clifis of rock, 
 where a few men might dispute the passage of large numbers.' 
 
 From their encampment on the 5th, looking northward, stretched an immense prai- 
 rie, extending far beyond the limits of vision. It reached to the Illinois at Chicago, 
 the guides asserted. It filled the troops, who had never been on the northwest side 
 of the Wabash, with the greatest astonishment; but their attention was soon drawn 
 from the contemplation of nature to watchfulness against the wiles of their own spe- 
 cies. Until now they had seen no Indians, though often discovering their trails. On 
 the following day,** when within five or six miles of the Prophet's town, ^ 
 they were seen hovering around the army on every side. Tht nproach 
 of the troops had become known to the Prophet, and his scouts, numerous and saga- 
 cious, wa' hed every step of the invaders. Great caution was now necessay, and 
 the same order of march which Harrison, as Wayne's aid, had planned for tiiat gen- 
 eral in 1794,^^ he now adopted. The infantry marched in two columns on both sides 
 of the path, and the dragoons and mounted riflemen in fro'it, re»»r, and on the flanks. 
 } To facilitate the march, and keep the troops in position for ii quick and precise forma- 
 i lion into battle order in the event of an ambusoade, they were broken into short col- 
 ! limns of companies. They had now left the open prairie, and were marching most 
 I of the time through open Avoods, the ground furrowed by ravines. Parties of In- 
 dians were continually m.''\ing their appearanco. and Barron and other interpreters 
 tried, but in vain, to speak to their leaders. Finji^ ly, when within a mile and a half 
 I of the Prophet's town, Toussaint Dubois, of Viri. amies, offered to take a message to 
 mongrel warrior-pontiff". The menaces of the savages were so alarming that he 
 I won turned back, and the army pressed forward toward the Tippecanoe. 
 
 The alarmed savages now asked for a parley. It was granted. They assured Har- 
 Irison that the Prophet had sent back a friendly message by the Delaware and Miami 
 Icoiiriers, but that they had gone down the eastern bank, and missed him on his march. 
 IThey were surprised at his coming so soon, and hoped he would not disturb and fright- 
 len their women and children by occupying their toAvn. Harrison assured them that 
 Ike was ready to have a friendly talk with them, and desired a good place for an en- 
 Icampment. They pointed to a suitable spot back from the Wabash, on the borders 
 lof a creek less than a mile northwest from the Prophet's town. Two officers (Majors 
 jTwlor and Clarke) were sent with Quarter-master Piatt to examine it. They report- 
 I that the situation was excellent. Harrison then parted with the chiefs who had 
 »e out to meet him, after an interchange of promises that no hostilities should be 
 [ommenced until an interview should be held the following day. " I found the ground 
 lestined for the encampment," Harrison wrote, " not altogether such as I could wish 
 
 I ' It was believed that the Indinnsi mii;ht mnke n stand there, as they did in ITSO, when General Ocnrge Rogers Clarke 
 ■dertool: a campaign against the Wabash Indians, and again, in ITftO, when MiOor Hnmtrnmck penetrated that region 
 Hih a small force as h.fb as the Vermilion River, to malie a diversion in favor of General Uarmar's expedition on the , 
 Mimee. ' See page 04. . 
 
 1 ' ; 
 
 i 
 
 Is 
 
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 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
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 m 
 
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 ii^i- - 1 
 
 202 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Ilarrtson'g Bncampment on the Tippecanoe Battle-groand. 
 
 It8 Arranxcmeot and Cumpoaitlnn. 
 
 it. It was, indeed, admirably calculated for the encampment of regular troops that 
 were opposed to regulars, but it aflbrded great facility to the approach of savages. 
 It was a piece of dry oak land, rising about ten feet above the level of a marshy prai- 
 rie in front (toward the Prophet's town), and nearly twice that height above a simi- 
 lar prairie in the rear, through which, and near to this bank, ran a small stream clothed 
 with willows and other brushwood. Toward the left flank this bench of land wideiud 
 considerably, but became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at the dis- 
 tance of one hundred and iifty yards from the right flank terminated in an al)ni|)t 
 point."' No doubt the wily savages recommended this position that they might 
 employ their peculiar mode of wariiire advantageously. 
 
 The above is a good description of the locality as it appeared when I visited it in 
 the autumn of 1860. It was still coVered with the same oaks ; on " the front," toward 
 Wabash and Ti))pecanoe Creek, stretched the same " wet" or frequently overflowed 
 prairie ; in " the rear" was the same higher bank, and prairie, and Burnet's Creek ; and 
 at the " abrupt point" the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago Railway strikes the 
 ". bench of land," and runs parallel with the common wagon-road along the bank over- 
 looking the " wet prairie." In the annexed sketch, taken from " the abrupt point," 
 looking northeast over the camp-ground, is seen the southern portion of the inclosure 
 
 of the battle-field, near 
 which Spencer's rifle- 
 men were posted, indi- 
 cated on the j)lan of 
 the encampment on 
 page 205. The horse- 
 man denotes the direc- 
 tion of the wet prairie 
 toward the Prophet's 
 town, and the steep 
 bank seen on the left 
 of the picture has Bur- 
 net's Creek flowing at j 
 its base, and was still 
 "clothed with wil- 
 lows," shrubbery, and 
 vines. 
 
 Harrison arranged 
 his camp with care on 
 the afternoon of the 
 6th of November, in 
 
 the form of an irregular parallelogram, on account of the slope of the ground. On the] 
 front was a battalion of United States infantry, under Major George Rogers Clarke j 
 Floyd,^ flanked on the left by one company, and on the right by two companies of In-i 
 diana militia, under Colonel Joseph Bartholomew.^ In the rear was a battalion ofl 
 United States infantry, under Captain William C. Baen," acting as major, ivith Capj 
 tain Robert C. Barton,* of the regulars, in immediate command. These were support-T 
 ed on the right by four companies of Indiana militia, led respectively by Captains! 
 
 1 Harrison's dispatch to the Secretary of War from Vincennee, November 18, 181 1. 
 
 s Was appointed Captain of the Seventh Infantry In 1808, and Mi^jor of the Fourth Infantry In 1810. In Angnst, I?l8 
 he W08 promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of Seventh Infantry, and resigned In April, 181.S. j 
 
 3 Afterward Lieutenant Colonel of Indiana Volunteers under Oeneral Harrison. He was appointed United States Md 
 jor General of the Indiana Territory in 1816. 
 
 * Appointed Captain of the Fourth Infantry in 1808, and died of his wounds received in the battle of Tippecanoe c 
 the nth of November, 1811. 
 
 > First liientenant in Fourth Infantry in 1808, promoted to captain in 1809, and resigned in September, 1812. 
 
 VIKW AT TII'PKUA.NOE llATTLE-OBOtlNU. 
 
 Uarrisoo's Instruct 
 
 Josiah 8neIIin 
 mandc'J byLi( 
 filled with moi 
 red and fifty y 
 eral .Saniuol W 
 IMvid liobb, a 
 viess, acting as 
 and at a right 
 of cavalry as a 
 tents, etc., were 
 Having comp, 
 tlic field-officers 
 each corj)s tJiat ; 
 of an attack, unt 
 rado di.Hmounted, 
 ca{)tain.s' guards,' 
 detailed to defenc 
 •lay. Thus prepj 
 soundly sleeping. 
 «as intense, excet 
 through. 
 
 Quite difl'erent h 
 
 fee. Bothpartic 
 
 no excitement; bui 
 
 , "nprinciplpd Proph, 
 
 j soon as the curtain 
 
 ^^7'. In one hand 
 
 oi beans which he 
 
 irlien toucJied. His 
 
 I invulnerable, and th( 
 
 Accomplished, the P 
 
 movements; then tij 
 
 jKiie told them th' 
 
 |purpower,"hesaid 
 J*q' now, and will n 
 |»os8 to the white me 
 
 ^^JfliKlemen. In April h 
 
 ^H; and when tL^'°"">« 
 
 f"« retained as J^rr"'"' 
 liirasnm.!, ! J ^'eutenant ( 
 
 k*^ new"l°;;'''^<i«"Vb 
 
 »:'2nio,pagos37. fc've the 
 
-— ________°^ THE WAR OP 18,2 
 
 ^ — j;^!£[;fPh«t^»Treachery. 
 
 Josiah SnelHng, J, > j.^n Posey "t^jITT^^-^^^^^^ 
 
 maiKlfJbyLieutcnnnf n i , y> ^ """las Scott anrl To« u «r 
 
 lilled with^momue ri? "'' ^"^^ ^'-"^kor. ^e wit fl ^'''"'^' ^^'^ ^^olo corn- 
 el and fifty ;;:^^"":r;:;;; "-'- ^'^p^-^- v- w "^ r'« --'j^s r^ 
 
 oral Samuel VVelLs.a comma "in ' '*'"''''''*^^^ «^ '"oEnted rifl^ '**' ''^"* ""« ''""d- 
 
 vie«s, acting as maj^r, ve;o ^1^0 "T "^ ^'•'^g««"«, under Cor^'r^r'^ ^^^'•'^'"' «"d 
 and at a right angle wTth th .'^o "''^ '" '^'^ rear of tie front ,?'"""^ ''"^^J''' ^f- Da- 
 of cavalry as a ro^.ryTZtrkT-^''''''^ '"^ the rear Xt rrV''" '"'^ ^''''i^; 
 ten;., etc.. wore i„ the ; n" f ' " ''''"•^■""^° P-'^^- ^ wl:L'Sf ' ""^ '-^ ^'-""l^ 
 Having completed the arLrr ' ''''^S"^'^' ««i«.r8' 
 
 •fan attack, „„t„ Xf/ """"O' l-o of ,h„ camp .i™'™""™- "« »*,.,! that 
 
 o, d™„„„tcd, with .It J^^ -"' f ? "W"' «'-" h cavX"""' "' "»» 
 aptains' guard, of fortv i,^„ • "-"■ •»"'■ and act ■« n "»™lry were to iia- 
 
 -led to dcfc'd tKm; T"' T''' """ «»<> ™w"™a^''o?: * T""- T-o 
 
 Quite different was the cond.V . "' moonlight camo 
 
 •»-" which he cIl" oy\:»,°'f '"■•«l.,or"Med;a„?;^:S "'th ""' ** 
 irlien toucJied. His fnll^ ^' ^ ^'"^ accounted to h^ ■ ^ "^^^^' » sti-inff 
 
 -•"lnerable,and « en t tk^^^^^ .'" ''^^"•-^ toto:^^^^'^''''' - ^^^-r cffecf 
 ^^on-pli-shed, the Pro, Lt tent T^ *" ^^t^^rminate the l^o l^l'^'^'V^'^ ^« '"'^de 
 "■ovements ; then turn n^^.? . '""^'^ '"^ ^«"& serieronn. '"'• ^^^'" «»« ^vas 
 >r,i.e told them that f^ ^'' h'^hJy-cxcited band aho f *^''^"' ''^"'^ '"vstical 
 
 .P,w i^^ ' — — — — — __ ' ^ weapons shall be al- 
 
 JFirst Llentenant in Pnn,fh t_,._. . ^ ■ ^ '^ **' 
 
 'First Llentenant in Vnn,n, r , ' ' 
 
 P WM commissioned Lieutenanff'.^^!'' ^"^ '" Febrnary 
 V^' "t Riflemen. In AnH hf ,'""'" ■"■ ^^« Fourth HpT 
 V«"r general, with fhe „'„k ''0;:'?' ?« ^'"nmiss.or ^• 
 
 "bed at Lyon's Creelj, o„ the rh.l °''- «« «-«« distln- 
 
 !■ and When the arm; was .l^i"'"""'' "•"'"^ Oeneral Bi". 
 N™ retained as LlenteTant Sn ? ^P"«^« '■""""K In 1816 / 
 
 N™ Promotod to Colonel of ?h?p,11 '^" ^'^'^ 1"^™ ^ 
 
 "vrap/iy, by Samuel Q. Drake, 
 
 ^1 - 
 
 j 
 
 1! 
 
 
 "Ti 
 
 fe *l 
 
 
 ■Ji \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ;4" 
 
li It 
 
 
 r I 
 
 I' ( 
 
 '111 
 
 
 ItHll 
 
 204 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Furloiu Attack on Ilarrinou'B Camp. 
 
 Quod Behavtur uf raw Truopa. 
 
 Uallaulry uf M^ur DavlcH. 
 
 ways fatal." Then followed war-songH and dances, until the Indians, wrought up to 
 a perfect frenzy, rushed forth to attack Harrison's camp without any leaders. Stealth- 
 ily they crept througli the long grass of the prairie in the deep gloom, intending to 
 surround their enemy's position, kill the sentinels, rush uito the camp, and niassaeri' 
 all.> 
 
 Harrison was in the habit of rising at four o'clock in the morning, calling his troops 
 to arms, and keeping them so until broad daylight. On the morning of the 7tli of 
 November he was just pulling on his boots at the usual hour, when a single gun was 
 fired by a sentinel at the northwest angle of the camp, near the bank of Hunut's 
 Creek. This was instantly followed by the horrid yells of numerous savages in ♦liat 
 quarter, who opened a murderous fire upon the companies of Baen and Geiger tiiat 
 formed that angle. The foe had been creeping up stealthily to tomahawk the senti- 
 nels, but the sharp eyes of one of them had detected the moving savage in the gloom, 
 and fired upon him with fatal eifect.'' Their assault was furious, and iu their frenzy 
 several Indians penetrated through the lines, but never to return. 
 
 The whole camp was soon awakened by demon yells and a cry to arms, and the 
 oflicers, with all possible speed and precision, in the faint light of smouldering tires, 
 placed their men in battle order. These fires were then extinguished, for thej wtrt 
 more useful to the assailants than to the assailed. Nuieteen twentieths of the trooiis 
 had never been in battle, yet, considering the alarming circumstances of the attack. 
 their conduct was cool and gallant, and very little noise or confusion followed snih a 
 sudden awaking from sleep and call to defend life. The most of them were in lini' 
 before they were fired upon, but some were compelled to fight defensively at the doors 
 of their tents. 
 
 Harrison called for his horse — a fine white charger — but in affright tlie animal had 
 pulled up the stake that held his tether, and could not be found. The governor im- 
 mediately mounted a fine bay horse that stood snorting near, and with his aid, Colo 
 nel Owen, hastened to the angle of the camp where the attack was first niadc.^ He 
 found that Barton's company had suflfcred severely, and the left of Geiger's was en- 
 tirely broken. He immediately ordered Cook's company and that of the late Captain 
 Wentworth, under Lieutenant Peters, to be brought u\> from the centre of tiie rear 
 line, where the ground was much more defensible, and form across the angle in sup- 
 port of Barton and Geiger. At that moment the governor's attention was directod 
 to firing at the northeast angle of the camp, where a small comj)any of United States 
 riflemen, armed with muskets, and the companies of Baen, Snelling, and Prescott, of 
 the Fourth Regiment, were stationed. There he found Major Daviess forming the 
 dragoons in the rear of those companies. Observing heavy firing from some trees 
 about twenty paces in front of them, ho directed the major to dislodge them with a 
 part of his dragoons. " Unfortunately," says Harrison in his dispatch to the Secre- 
 tary of War, " the major's gallantry determined him to execute the order witli a 
 smaller force than was sufficient, which enabled the enemy to avoid him in front and 1 
 
 ' During the night a negro camp follower who had been missed from dnfy was fonnd Inrking near the govemort 
 marquee, and arrested. He was tried after the battle by a dmm-head conrt-martlal, and was convicted of having de- 
 serted to the enemy, and returned for the purpose of murdering the governor. He was sentenced to be hung immedi- 1 
 ately, but was saved In consequence of the kindness of heart of the governor. His Imploring eyes touched narrlwn'! j 
 tender feelings, and he referred the matter to the commissioned officers present. Some were for his immediate execn- j 
 tion, when Snelling said, " Brave comrades, let us save him. The wretch deserves to die ; but as our commander, whoK i 
 life was more particularly his object, is willing to spare him, let us also forgive him. I hope, at least, that every officer j 
 of the Fourth Regiment will be on the side of mercy." Ben was saved.— Harrison's letter to Governor Scott, of Ken- J 
 tucky, cited by Hall, page 140. Captain Funk, in his narrative, says the negro was the driver of Governor Harrison'i j 
 cart, and that ho informed the Indians that the white people had no cannon with them. Cannon were the dread of lb( J 
 savages. Doubtless this Information caused a change In the policy mentioned in note 5, page 203, and caused the nr-f 
 ages to conclude to attack the pale-faces. I 
 
 » Judge Naylor, of Crawfordsville, already mentioned as a participant In the battle, Informed me that the name ofthe j 
 sentinel who first fired and gave the alarm was Stephen Mars, of Kentncky. He fired, and fled to the camp, bat w 
 shot before reaching it. 
 
 ' Statement of Judge Naylor. Captain Funk says that Harrinon's own white borse was ridden by Hivjor Taylor, t 
 general's aid, against his wishes. 
 
 BntIe<)fTli>pecano« 
 
 attack him on 
 back. "2 Ifarri, 
 tciligence was 
 had driven the 
 
 G 
 
 The battle now I 
 rtole front and bot 
 '•erity upon Spencei 
 nek's company, wJiit 
 . liis lieutenant were 
 I gallantly maintained 
 men, who had been d 
 toward the centre o 
 Fourth Regiment wa 
 !Weingjo_rnainl 
 
 •The letter Bin the plan „, 
 'enearsago. It is «*;«„ ,„ 
 
 L.rt., '.'^"' «^''"'"" and I 
 
 Xnt h"'?I!'*'^''''"hIspo 
 i Si ?"'''»"'>''»«' an hon 
 
 l^eltKhr/''"'''^''" 
 
 |^',&'»"l^k attended hi 
 JJfaeta.t.'T'"'""'8''thip 
 iHee^,!/ «•'"""■ Daviess w; 
 l«ea«ed a promise lh)m Cap 
 
OF TFIE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 205 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe. 
 
 The Severity of the Battle. 
 
 Death of Hajur Davleai. 
 
 uitiic'k him on Iuh fliiiikH, The major was mortally woundt'd,' and hiH party driven 
 back."* IlarriHon immediately promoted ('aj)tain I'arke to Daviess'H rank jiiHt an in- 
 telligence was brought, to him that Captain Snelling, with \m company of regulars, 
 had driven the savages from their murderous position with heavy loss. 
 
 TIPPECANOE 
 
 ^amp and Battle?^ 
 
 ^0 ^ ^} 
 X^ (»(> ^ V^/^ 
 
 ^'^N. ' ^ X, COLLEGE 
 
 * % 
 
 
 .5^ 
 
 
 A>* 
 
 '*B^ 
 
 JJ 
 
 ,< " 
 
 
 -1. 
 
 ±. 
 
 A 
 
 -VW.O^HtTS 
 
 W^r PRAIRIE 
 
 The battle now became more general. The Indians attacked the camp on the 
 whole front and both flanks, and a portion of the rear line. They fell with great se- 
 verity upon Spencer's mounted riflemen on the right and the right section of War- 
 rick's company, which formed the southwest angle of the encampment. Spencer and 
 Ills lieutenant were killed, and Warrick was mortally wounded, and yet their men 
 gallantly maintained their position. They were speedily re-enforced by Robb's rifle- 
 men, who had been driven or ordered by mistake from their position on the left flank 
 i toward the centre of the camp, and at the same time Prescott's company of the 
 [ Fourth Regiment was ordered to fill the space vacated by the riflemen, the grand 
 I object being to maintain the lines of the camp unbroken until daylight, when the as- 
 
 ' The letter B In the plan marks the spot where Davieaa fell. It was near an oak whose top was blown oflf In a gale 
 I itew years ago. It Is seen In the sketch of the battle-ffronnd as It appeared In 1800, printed on page 209. 
 I ' Davlesa was gallont and Impatient of restraint. One of his party was General V/ashington Johns, of Vlncennes, a 
 I quarter-master of the dragoons, who was Intimate with Harrison. Daviess sent him to the governor when the Indians 
 I Urn made the attack at this point, asking permission to go ont on foot and charge the foe. "Tell Major Daviess to be 
 I pJllent; he shall have an honorable station before the battle Is over," Harrison replied. In a few moments Daviess 
 I itpeated the request, and the governor mtde the same reply. Again he repeated It, when Harrison said, "Tell Major 
 I Djvicsa he has heard my opinion twice ; he may now nse his own discretion." The gallant major, with only twenty 
 I picked men, Instantly charged beyond the lines on foot, and was mortally wounded. He was a conspicnons mark In 
 I lie gloom, because he wore a white blanket coat.— Statements of Jndge Nnylor and Captain Funk. The latter says Col- 
 Jwel Daviess's horse was a roan bought of Frank Moore, of Louisville. Tlie Indians were masked by some fallen tlm- 
 |l*r. Captain Fimk attended him at about nine o'clock ; assisted in changing his clothes, and dressing his wounds. He 
 I wu (hot between the right hip and ribs, and it was believed that the ihtal bullet proceeded fi-om the ranks of his friends 
 I iHog In the gloom. Daviess was aft'aid the expedition might be driven away hastily, and leave those wounded behind. 
 I Et exacted a promise ttora Captain Fonk that in no event would he leave him to fall into the hands of the savages. 
 
 (.' ' 
 
 ♦ 
 
 i\ 
 
 "I, 
 
w 
 
 i I 
 
 
 200 
 
 PICTOniAL PIBLD-BOOK 
 
 Dttnt or tbe IndUnt. 
 
 The Pniphet In IMigncc. 
 
 Retnra of tha Army to Vln' 
 
 Hailed would bo able to make u general (tluir^e upon a viHiblu foe. To do tliJH r^ 
 <|uin'il ^reut activity on the part of the coiiiriiiiiider. HarriHoii whh coiiHtjiiitly i'i,|. 
 iii^ from point to point within the earn p, and kept the aHHuiled ponitioim rc-eiitontil, 
 Finally, when the day dawned, he iliHcovered the larger portion of the Indiaiix to In. 
 on the two flankH. lie accordinj^ly Htrengthened theHe, and wan about to order iIk 
 cavalry, under I'arke, to charge upon the foe on the lelt, when Major Weils, not ini- 
 derHtanding Ilarrison'H intentionH, led the infantry to perform that duty. It was ex. 
 ecuted gallantly and etfectiialiy. The In<lianH were «lriven at the point of the hay. 
 onet, and the <lragoonH purHued them into tlie wet prairicH on both widen of the ridi,'! 
 on which the l)attle was fought. The gronnil was too soft, for the horHcmen to ynr- 
 sue, and the savages eseajjed. Meanwhile the Indians had l)een charged and jiiit tn 
 flight on the right flank, and had also taken refuge in the marshy ground, cliieriy un 
 the side of Miirnet's ('reek, where tliey were sheltered from view.' 
 
 Looking eastward from the site of the battle-ground over tlie " wet prairie" (ikhv 
 a feiiee<l and cultivated plain) toward the Wabash, the visitor will see a ran^e df 
 very gentle hills, covered with woods. On one of these the Prophet stood while tin 
 battle was raging on that <laik Novend)er morning, at a safe distance from Jani,'(i, 
 singing a war-song and ])erforming some protracted religious mummeries. Wlun 
 told that liis followers were falling before the bidlets of the white men, iic saiij, 
 "Fight on, it will soon be as I told you." AVhen at last the fugitive warriors nt 
 many tribes — Shawnoese, Wyaiidots, Kickapoos, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pot tawatoinic*, 
 Winnebagoes, Sacs, and a few Miamis — lost their faith, and covered the PropliH 
 with reproaches, he cuimingly told them that his predictions had failed because, dur- 
 ing his incantations, his wife touched the sacred vessels and broke the charm ! Kvin 
 Indian superstition and credulity could not accept tliat transparent falsehood for un 
 excuse, ai>d the impostor was deserted by his disappointed followers, and conipelkil 
 to take refuge with a small band of Wyandots on Wild-cat Creek. The foe had 
 scattered in all directions into places where the wliite man could not well follow. 
 
 " Sonud, Bound the charge I epur, spur the steed, 
 And swlfl the ftigltlves pnrcuo: 
 'Tl» viiln ; rein In— your utmoxt speed 
 Could not o'ertiike the recrennt crew. 
 In lowlnnd miirsh, In dell or cnvc, 
 Ench Indliin nought his lire to save ; 
 W*' Jnce peering forth, with fear and ire, 
 Ho saw hU Prophet's town on Are." 
 
 • November 8 When, on the day after the battle," Harrison and his amiy advanecJ I 
 '*"■ upon the Prophet's town, they found it deserted. After getl ing all tin 
 
 copper kettles they could find, and as much beans and corn as they could i arry away, 
 they applied the torch, and the village and a large quantity of com were speedily re- 
 duced to ashes. Six days afterward the array, bearing the wounded in twenty-two i 
 wagons, reached Fort Harrison on its return to Vincennes. Captain Snellin^, witli 
 his company of regulars, was left to garrison the fort, and, on the 1 8th of the month,! 
 the remainder of the army, excepting some volunteers disbanded the day bct'ore,! 
 were at Fort Knox, in the capital of the Indiana Territory. The immediate resultl 
 of the expedition was to scatter the Prophet's warriors on the Wabash, frustrate tliel 
 scheme of Tecumtha, and give temporary relief to the settlers in Indiana. 
 
 Tecnmtha, who was really a great man (while the Prophet was a cunning demaJ 
 gogue and cheat — a tool in the hands of his brother), was absent among the SouthJ 
 
 1 Harrison's dispatch to Dr. Enstis, Secretary of War, Noven.ber 18, 1811 ; V'Afee's Ilialoni of the Late War in the Vi* 
 en» Country, pages 2'2-30 ; Onderdonk's MS. Life of Temmimh ; Drake's Indian Btography ; Hall's Life of JIarrimn, paK^ 
 132-146 ; Dillon's Ilistorn of Indiana, pages 44T-4T2 ; statements to the author by Judge Naylor, of Crawfordsville, I 
 diana, and Mi^nr Funk, of Kentucky. 
 
 The Tth was passed In burying the dead and strengthening the encampment, for rumors were plenty that Tecnmta 
 was coming to the aid of his brother with a thousand warriors. "Night," says Captain B*unk, "found every ma 
 mounting guard, without food. Are, or light, and in n drizzly rain. The Indian dogs, daring the dark hours, prodocv 
 rreqnent alarms by prowling in search of carrion about the sentinels." 
 
 Temmtha diaappi 
 
 pni Indians i 
 
 and fr>und all 
 
 |H)|)iilarity of 
 
 (it' Ills c()iif(>(K 
 
 of a true j)ati 
 
 vexed, and ex 
 
 in Ih'm projmsit 
 
 thoughts of p( 
 
 In the hatt|< 
 
 ('ii;lity-eight.* 
 
 ckill and brave 
 
 topics for muci 
 
 ponents of the 
 
 liieiid of Presi( 
 
 target for denii 
 
 courage, were a 
 
 victory gained, 
 
 ' Elkdwatiiwii (the I 
 
 'Mppl, all of which h 
 
 of others who had not 
 
 • MfopiiHuport (hrout;! 
 
 brother. He c- rjod || 
 
 »nme lltrht materlnl, an 
 
 uf this ho iniidc great n 
 
 By his oxtniDrillnary on 
 
 rarlh tronihle to Its ecu 
 
 'fry time an enrthqunk 
 
 spiieared In the north w 
 
 CI. The Hiin was ecllp«( 
 
 uoMbccniKieof hiN Intei 
 
 slfpnofthe Prophet, del 
 
 ' He lost, In klllc '. anc 
 
 wrgeant, and two corpo 
 
 ibeattnck commenced, (1 
 
 .Abraham Owen, Uarrlso 
 
 "f first attack. Letter A 
 
 bimii mark for tho hull. 
 
 chanijcd horses with Owi 
 
 mounted the tlrst one nc 
 
 mhadjolnedhimnsap 
 
 KB and a brave soldier, n 
 
 .tmong the mortally wo 
 
 ltd Warrick. Daviess, cc 
 
 ! ''"^ "« be was brilliant 
 
 He took a lending pnrtng, 
 
 tbeNlcholnPcslnpoliticn 
 
 (tolons, used a hewn blo( 
 
 ibe leader of that art In K( 
 
 Mug to this power, a Tei 
 
 , '"ISO^'tWMr.Dnvlessw, 
 'Wd n the Supreme C, 
 
 I Bi-irict of Kentucky. Hen 
 ft"*-.. County, Ken'iucky.v 
 
 l»d.thletlc. He was bora I 
 
 !&''"»'. who was one o 
 |MDdlanawhileltwasaT( 
 !.««», 0-1 the 1st of .January, 
 ' '"'^ dispatch to the /ec 
 
OP THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 307 
 
 il 
 
 Tefomths dlii»ppolnted. 
 
 RecrnltlDK-tonr of tta* Propbet. 
 
 Lite and CbaracMr of M^Jur UaTttw. 
 
 (>ni IniliiHiH wlu'ii tho bnttlo of Ti|)|H'C!ino»* occurred. lie rt'turiiod tiooii nrtcrwnrtl, 
 iiiid iiiuml nil liirt HcliPiiu'M frustniti'il by tho folly of the l*ro|)hft. The HiuliU-n un- 
 iMiiiiiliuity of tlie impostor deprived him of ft Htrong iimtnimeiit in the 'N)nHtnietioii 
 1)1' liin coiifederucy, to which h'w life and laborn had been long directed with the zciil 
 of a true patriot. lie miw his brightest visiuns dissipated in a moment. Mortified, 
 vi'xc'd, and exasperated, and failing to obtain the ae»juieseence of (lovernor Harrison 
 ill his jiroposition to visit the President with a deputation of chiefs, he abandoned all 
 tlioiights of peace, and became a firm ally of the British.' 
 
 Ill the battle of Tippecanoe Harrison lost, in killed and wounded, one hundred and 
 oinlity-eight.* It was a hard-fouglit and well-fought battle, and attested both the 
 nkiil and bravery of Harrison.^ The expediency and conduct of the campaign were 
 topics for much discussion, and elicited not a little severity of censure from the op- 
 ponents of the administration and of war. Harrison was a personal and political 
 tViciid of President Madison, and this gave license to the opposition to make him a 
 target for denunciatory volleys. His prudence, his patriotism, his military skill, his 
 courage, were all brought in cpiestion ; and some claimed the chajilet of fame for tho 
 victory gained, for the brow of Colonel IJoyd.* But time, the great healer of dissen- 
 
 1 Elk»wtttiiwn (tlie Prophet) now Btnrtod on n rccrultlng-toiir nmon); tlie varloui tribes on the IFppcr Liikea nndMis- 
 "Iwlppl, all of which he viBltcd with iiBtonlshliiK shccciib. Ho entered the vllln((eH of his most Invetorjite cuonileii, and 
 of (ithcru who hiid not even heard hl« name, and so mauoBUvrcd as to make his mystcry-tlre nnd sncrcd strliin of beans 
 I nafe pasuport tlirongh all their settlements. He enlisted sonic el^ht or ten thousand warriors to tlj'ht the bnttles of his 
 brother. He c- ricd Into every wlKwuni an Imane of a dead person the size of life, which was Injjenloiisly made of 
 nnmc liKht material, and kept concealed under baudafjes of thiu white muslin, and not to be opened to public srrntlny. 
 Of Ihls he mode jjreat mystery, and ijot his recruits to swear by touchlntj the strluR of while beans attached (o Its neck. 
 By his extraordinary cunning ho carrlei' terror wherever he went. If they did not obey htm ho threatened to make the 
 cirlh tremble to Its centre nnd darken tho ll^ht of the sun. Nature seemed to conspire with the Prophet, for at this 
 Tcrv time an earthquake extended along tho Mississippi, demolishing houses and settling the ground. A comet, too, 
 spi>enred In tho north with fearM length of tall, and seemed a hnr'ilngor to the (lilflllment of the prertlctUms of the Proph- 
 (1. The sun was eclipsed, to tho groat terror of tho savages, but, as the Prophet declared, It resumed Its wonted brlght- 
 iieM because of his Intercesislon. Hut while In the l\ill tido of success, two rival chiefs of his own tribe dogged the fool- 
 slepn of the Prophet, denounced him as an Impostor, and exposed his tricks.— Onderdonk's MS. Li/e n/Teemn»fh. 
 > He lost. In kille *. nnd wounded, ton officers, namely, one ntd-de-camp, one major, three captains, two Bubaltems, one 
 htrgeiint, and two corporols. Judge Naylor told me that the sergeant and himself were asleep at the samo fire when 
 ihe attack commenced, and that a bullet from an Indian's musket killed him as he was springing to his feet. Colonel 
 .\b™ham Owen, Harrison's ald-dc-camp, was killed early In the engagement, when ho and the governor rode to the point 
 lilllrat attack. Letter A In tho plan on page 2<15 niarkF, the spot where he fell. lie rode a white horse, and this made 
 him a mark for the Indians. Tho enemies of Harrison afterward asserted that the latter, to conceal himself, had ex- 
 ebjngcd horses with Owen. Tho fact was as I have stated— his own horse had scampered away in a fright, and he had 
 moiintcd tho first one near, which happened to bo n dark-colored one. The horse Owen rode was hlf own. That offl- 
 fer had Joined him n« a private of Oeigor's company, and had been accepted as bli volunteer aid. He was n good citl- 
 lenand a brave soldier, and had been a member of the Kentucky Legislature. 
 .\raong the mortally wounded, nnd who died before Harrison made his report, was Major Daviess, and Captains Baen 
 ind Warrick. Daviess, commonly called "Joe Daviess," wos the most bt'liiant man In that little army, and was as 
 brave as he was brilliant. He was n Virginian by birth, and at the time of his death wos only thirty-seven years of age. 
 Betook a lending part against Aaron Burr In the West in IROO. Prev'.ms to that he had been a successful opponent of 
 the Nicholases In political movements, they being Republicans and he a Fedoraiist. Ho was a great student, very ab- 
 itemlous, used a hewn block for a pillow, and a bed nearly as hard. Ills oratory wns powerful, and Wilson C. Nicholas, 
 Ihe leader of that art in Kentucky at the close of the last century, was often compelled to bend to his young rival. Al- 
 iidlng tu this power, n Tennessee poet (Robert Mack) wrote as follows, in n rhyming eulogy, after his death : 
 
 "Emerging from his studious shed, 
 Behold, behold him rise ! 
 All Henry bursting fl-om his tongne, 
 
 And Marshall from his eyes. 
 Chained by the magic of his voice, 
 
 Pierce party spirit stood ; 
 E'en prejudice nimoat gave wny. 
 While with rcststiesB rensoning's sway 
 O'er far-famed Nichoins he rolled 
 The orntorial flood." 
 In ISOl, '02 Mr. Dnvless went to Washington City on professional business, and was the first Western lawyer who ever 
 I ippearcd In the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. Jefferson made him Attorney of the United States for the 
 I Bijtrlct of Kentucky. He married a sister of Chief Justice Marshall, and always held a fl-ont rank in hie profession. 
 I DjvleM County, Kentucky, was named in his honor. He was wounded at about five o'clock in the morning of the 7th 
 lolNovember, and survived until one o'clock In the afternoon of the same day. Ho was nearly six feet high, vigorous 
 I hkI sihlctlc. He was bom in Bedford County, Virginln, on the 4th of Mnrch, 1T74. 
 
 ' Harrison was continually exposed during the action, but escaped nnhurt. A bullet passed through iiie hat. Mi\|or 
 iHrarj Hurst, who was one of his alds-de-cnmp (nnd an active one) In this buttle, nnd was the only lawyer who resided 
 lb Indiana while it wns n Territory, died at Jeflfersonville, on the Ohio, opposite Lonlaville, where he had lived forty 
 |!Mr«,on the 1st of.Innuary, 180B, In the eighty-fifth year of his age. 
 ' In his dispatch to the Secretary of War, Hnrrisou said of Colonel Boyd: "Tho whole of the infantry formed a small 
 
 i' • 
 
>' — , 'lUW 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
 
 i i 
 
 ',1 II 
 
 208 
 
 nCTOBIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 liarrlson and the Tippecanoe Battle. 
 
 The Battle-groand. 
 
 A eolemn Memorial Poem. 
 
 sions, corrector of errors, and destroyer of party and personal animosities, has lone 
 since silenced the voice of detraction ; and the verdict of his countrymen to-day, as 
 they study the record dispassionately, is coincident with thai of his soldiers at the 
 time, and of the Kentucky Legislature shortly afterward, who, on motion of the 
 late venerable member of Congress, John J. Crittenden, resolve-l, " That in the late 
 campaign against the Indians on the Wabash, Governor W. H. tiarrison has, in the 
 opinion of this Legislature, behaved like a hero, a patriot, and a general ; and that 
 for his cool, deliberate, skillful, and gallant conduct in the late battle of Tippecanoe 
 he deserves the warmest thanks of thi' nation." History, art, and song' made that 
 event the theme for pen pencil, and voice ; and when, thirty years afterward, the 
 leader of the fray was a candidate for the Presidency of the Unitjed States, he was 
 every where known by the familiar title of Old Tippecanoe, His paitisans erected 
 log-cabins in towns and cities, and in them sang in chorus, 
 
 " Hurrah for the fathei of all the green West, 
 
 For the Bnckeye who follows the plow I 
 The foemon in terror his valor confessed, 
 
 And we'll honor the conqueror now. 
 His country assailed in the darkest of days, 
 
 To ner rescue impatient he flew ; 
 The war-whoop's fell blast, and the rifle's red blaze. 
 
 But awakeued Old Tippecanoe." 
 
 The battle-field of Tippecanoe has become classic ground. It belonged to the State 
 of Indiana, and had been inclosed with a rude wooden fence for several years, which 
 we were told, was soon to give place to an iron one. The inclosure comprised seven 
 acres. It was a beautiful spot. The ground, gently undulating, and sloping from 
 Jiattle-ffround City^ (an infar.t in years and size), wa3 still covered with the nohle 
 oaks. In the sketch here given, made when I visited it in October, 1860, the specta- 
 tor is supposed to be standing just northward of the place where Major Wells's line, 
 on the left flank, was foi-med (see a plan of the camp on page 205), and lookinnj south- 
 west over the once wet prairie toward the Wabash. On the extreme left, in the dis- 
 tance, is seen the gentle eminence on which tho Prophet stood during the battle, sini;- 
 ?ng his war-songs. Farther to the right, near the row of posts, is a large tree with 
 the top broken off. It raai-ks the spot near which Daviess fell. Tliere is only space 
 enough between it and the verge of the prairie below for the common road and the 
 railway. 
 
 brigade, under the immediate orders of Colonel Boyd. The colonel thi'onghont the action manifested equal zeal ond 
 bravery in carrying into execution my orders. In keeping the men to their posts. <ind exhorting them to flght with 
 valor." Judge Naylor iufomied me that he heard Colonel Boyd frequently cry out, ' Huzzah! my sous of gold, the 
 day is oars 1" 
 
 ' Among the many "ver«cj composed on the occasion of Ihe 
 battle of Tippecanoe,*' none were more popular in the West, for 
 a long time, than a string of solemn doggerel, printed on a 
 smrM broadside of rough paper, at Frankfort, Kentucky. A copy 
 lies before me. It Is entitled, "A Bloody Battle between tbc 
 United States Troops, under the command of Governor Harri- 
 son, and several Tribes of Indians, near the Prophet's Tomi, 
 November T, ISll." At the head is a rude wood-cut, evidently i 
 made by an amateur for some other scene, for a rnmp exhibit! | 
 two cannon. \ little distance ofl" arc seen three Indianp. Ipive 
 afac-slmlle of this remarkable "Illustration" (of reduced size), as j 
 a specimen of the art in the West at that time. The following sp'scimen of the " poetry" shows a " fiktess of thlnge" be- 
 tween the rhyme and the picture : 
 
 " Harrieon, a commander of great renown. 
 Led on our troops nea' by the Prophet's town ; 
 After evils o'ercome and obstructions past, 
 Nesr this pavage town they enramped at last." 
 
 Headers anxious to peruse the other seven verses will tind the whole "poem" In the third volume of M'Cartj'e .Vii-, 
 tioTuU Scmj-bmk, page 440. j 
 
 » This vl age is the child of a college located there, called The Battle-<iround InntituU, devoted to the edncatlon of j 
 both sexes. It was founded In 1868, i>,;,d tho village was soon afterward laid out. Both college and "city" hk Hiur-f 
 ishlng. The former was under the charge of Rev. B. H. Staley when I was there, and contained almost three hundred 1 
 pupils. The college Is situated in a grove of oaks on the upper border of the battle-ground, and the shaded Inctarej 
 forms a delightfiil promenade and place for out-of-door study. Several stnduuts, with their books, were seen unde'tlie| 
 trees when we were there. 
 
 Departure for Chicag 
 
 We dined at tht 
 
 forty miles distani 
 
 pleasure. Soon a: 
 
 seventy miles, pass 
 
 late prairie-flowers 
 
 reetion, as far as tl 
 
 which appeared lik 
 
 black clouds gatht 
 
 City that stands ar 
 
 ire ran into a heav 
 
 curve of that inlar 
 
 late in the evening 
 
 ning descended in 
 
 of the dashing railv 
 
 stars were beaming 
 
 ?rcat prairie g:i tlie 
 
 and the night at thi 
 
OF THE Vr'AR OF 1812. 
 
 209 
 
 Uepartiire for Chicago. 
 
 Jonniey across the Prairies. 
 
 Thunder-Btorm. 
 
 Arrival at Chicago. 
 
 ^!^ 
 
 ^^:-i 
 
 ^J-^ 
 
 r ' if V 
 
 
 
 ''"'^ro^.^mm 
 
 
 TH'PJJOANOE BATTLK-QEOUJiD IN IbtiU. 
 
 We dined at the Battle-ground House, and departed for Chicago, one hundred and 
 forty miles distant, at three o'clock in the afternoon. The journey was one of real 
 pleasure. Soon aftet leaving, we entered a prairie, and traversed its dead level for 
 seventy miles, passing some little villages on the way. It was rich with verdure and 
 late prairie-flowers, and the broad expanse was dotted here and there in every di- 
 rection, as far as the eye could comprehend, Avith clurap« of tall trees and shrubbery, 
 which appeared like islands in the mulst of a vast green sea. Toward evening heavy 
 black clouds gathered in the northwesiern sky, and when we approached Michigan 
 City that stands among the sand dunes at the head of Lake Michigan, just at sunset, 
 we ran into a heavy thunder-shower that was sweeping around the majestic southern 
 curve of that inland sea. Darkness soon came on, and as we approached Chicago, 
 late in the evening, we encountered another shower. On lake and prairie the light- 
 niiig descended in frequent streams, and the thunder roared fearfully above the din 
 of the dashing railway train. But all was serene when we arrived at Chicago. The 
 stare were beaming brightly, and a young moon was just dipping its horn below the 
 great prairie on the west. It had been a day of exciting pleasure as well as fatigue, 
 and the night at the Richmond House was one of sweet repose for us ail. 
 
 ..v..«*-^i»v '■:-:*fZ:. 
 
 
|iu«iim 
 
 m\ 
 
 !'' i it 
 
 I W'Ml'J 
 
 210 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Meeting of the Twelfth Congress. 
 
 Strength of Parties In that Body. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 " Hark I the peal of war is rung ; 
 Hark ! the song for battle's snng ; 
 Firm be every bosom strong, 
 
 And every soldier ready. 
 On to Qoebec's embattli a halls I 
 Who will panse when glory calls f 
 ||. Charge, soldiers ! charge its lofty walls. 
 And storm its strong artillery ! 
 Firm as our native hills we'll stand, 
 And should the lords of Europe land. 
 We'll meet them on the farthest strand ; 
 We'll conquer or we'll die !" 
 
 FaoM lUE Tbsnton Tbue Amebioas. 
 
 NTELLIGENCE of the battle of Tippecanoe reached Washing- 
 ' ton City soon after the Tw alfth Congress had asseml led, and 
 produced a profound sensation in that body. They had been 
 convened by proclamation a month earlier* than the . November 4 
 regular day of meeting. The affairs of the coun- i^"- 
 
 try were approaching a crisis, and this session was to be the 
 most important of any since the establishment of the nation, 
 Both political parties came lully armed and well prepared for a 
 desperate conflict. The Federalists were in a hopeless minority in both houses, but 
 were strong in materials. They had but six members in the Senate, where even Mas- 
 sachusetts, the home of the " Essex Junto," ivas represented by a Democrat in the 
 person ol' the veteran Joseph B. Varnum, the speaker of the last House, who had 
 been chosen to supersede Timothy Pickering.^ Giles, of Virginia, having joined a 
 faction pimilar to Randolph's " Quids" in its relations to the administration, Wm. H. 
 Crawford, of Georgia, became the leader in the Senate of the dominant party proper, 
 and was «bly supported by Campbell, of Tennessee. 
 
 In the lower House the Federalists had but thirty-six members, whose great leader 
 was Quincy, of Massachusetts, ably supported by Key, of Maryland, Chittenden, of 
 Vermont, and Emott, of New York. Connecticut and Rhode Island were still num- 
 bered among the Federal states ; but in the remainder of New England and the State 
 of New York the Democrats had a decided majority. Thei'c were but ten Federal- 
 ists for all the states south of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Tlie more radical mem- 
 bers of the last Congress had been re-elected ; and in Cheves, Calhoun and Lowndes, 
 of South Carolina, Clay, of Kentucky, and Grundy, of Tennessee — all young men and 
 full of vigor — appeared not only Democratic members of ability, but enthusiastic 
 champions of war with Great Britain. With these came the veteran Sevier, the Iiero 
 
 ' The contest for power between the Federalists and Democrats of Massachneetts had been long and bitter, IiilSU j 
 the latter succeeded in electing their candidate for governor (Elbrldge Gerry), and a majority of both houses of the Loc- 
 ialaturo. In order to secure the election of United States senators in the fnturc, it was important to perpetuate this 
 posuession of power, and measures were taken to retain a Democratic majority in the State Senate In all ftitnre years. • 
 The senatorial districts had been formed without any division of counties. This arrangement, for the purpose alluded j 
 to, was now disturbed. The Legislature proceeded to rearrange the senatorial districts of the state. They divided | 
 counties in opposition to the protests and strong constitutional arguments of the PederailBts ; and those of Essex and j 
 Worcester were so dir; ded as to form a Democratic district in each of those Federal counties, without any apparent re- 1 
 gard to convenience or propriety. The work was sanctioned, and became law by the signature of (Jovemor Gerry, He j 
 probably had no other hand In the matter, yet he received most severe castigations ft-om the opposition. | 
 
 In Essex County, the arrangement of the district In its relation to the towns was singular and absurd. nuesetl,tbej 
 Teteran editor of the £o«ton CentiTiel, who had fought against the scheme valiantly, took a map of that county and des-l 
 
 Henry Clay chosen 8pe 
 
OF THE WAll OF 1812. 
 
 211 
 
 Uenry Clay chouen Speaker. 
 
 The President's focblo War-trumpet. 
 
 History of the Qerry-mander. 
 
 of King's Mountain, and first Governor of Tennessee — " stiff and grim as an Indian 
 arrow ; not speaking, but looking daggers."* The young and ardent members, with 
 
 the 'mperiouB Clay 
 at their head, imme- 
 diately took the lead ; 
 and the warlike tem- 
 per of I lie House was 
 manifested by the 
 election of Mr. Clay 
 to the speakershp by 
 the d-^cided vote of 
 seventy-five, against 
 thirty-eight given for 
 William Bibb, the 
 peace candidate, and 
 a dozen scattering 
 votes.'' A detei-min- 
 jtion that inactivity 
 and indecision should 
 no longer be the pol- 
 icy of the administra- 
 tion was soon manifested, and the 
 timid President Madison found 
 iiimself, as the standard-bearer of 
 his party, surrounded, like a can 
 
 tious sachem, with 
 irrepressible young 
 warriors eager for a 
 fray. 
 The President, in 
 
 his annual . November 
 
 message, " "*> **"• 
 sounded a war-trum- 
 pet, though rather 
 feebly. After allud- 
 ing tb the condition 
 of the national de- 
 fenses, he said, "I 
 must now add, that 
 the period has arrived 
 which claims fro^n the 
 legislative guardians 
 of the national rights 
 a system of more am- 
 a/ /y pie provision for maintaining them. 
 // Cc6ty Notwithstanding the scrupulous 
 justice, the protracted moderation, 
 and the multiplied eflbrts on the 
 
 part of the United States, to substitute for the accumulating dangers to the peace of 
 
 ignated by particular coloring the towns thus se- 
 lected, and hung it on the wall of his editorial 
 room. One day Gilbert Sluart, the emlueut paint- 
 er, looked at the map, and said the towns which 
 Bussell had thus distingn'shed resembled some 
 monstrous animal. He took a pencil, and with a 
 few touches added what might represent a head, 
 wings, claws, and tall. "There," Stuart said, 
 "that will do for a salamander." Kussell, who 
 was busy with his pen, looked up at the hideous 
 figure, and ccclairaed, " Salamander 1 call It Gerry- 
 mander I The word was immediately adopted into 
 the political vocabulary as a term of reproach to 
 the Democratic Legislature. — See l>peeimena of 
 Xewspaper Literature, with Permiial Memoirs, A n- 
 eedolf^, and Reminiscence*, by Joseph T. Bucking- 
 ham, 11., 01. 
 
 Stuart's monstrous figure of iUd Oerry^nander 
 was presented upon a broadside containing a natu- 
 ral and political history of the animal, and hawked 
 about the country. From one of these before me, 
 kindly placed In my possession by the late Edward 
 Everett, I copied the picture given In this note, 
 which is about one half the size of the original. 
 
 After giving some ludicrous guesses as to its 
 
 character and origin— whether It was the gcnnine 
 
 Basilisk, the Serpens Monoeephahta of Pliny, the 
 
 Oriffin of -omance, the Great Red Dragon or Apol- 
 
 hjon of Banyan, or the Monstrnm Ilorretidum of 
 
 Virgil — the writer of the natural history of the 
 
 Gerry-mandcr sayp that the learned Dr. Water- 
 
 Ml proved It to be a species of salamander, engendered partly by the devil In the fervid heats of party strife. " But," 
 
 KMTii, "as this creature has been engendered and brought forth under the sublimest auspices, the doctor proposes 
 
 usname phould be given to it expressive of its genus, at the same time conveying an elegant and very appropriate 
 
 mpllment to his excellency the governor, who Is known to be the zealous patron of whatever Is new, astonishing, and 
 
 tillc, especially of domestic growth and manufacture. For these reasons, and other valuable considerations, the doc- 
 
 »hin decreed this monster shall bo denominated a Gebky-mandek." ' Hildrclh. 
 
 'Mr, Clay was elected on the first ballot. The vote stood— for Clay, TB ; for Bibb, 88; for Bassett, of Virginia, 1 j for 
 
 " ron, of Virginia, 2 ; and for Macon, of North Carolina, 8. Mr. Clay was declared duly elected speaker. A corre- 
 
 THB oebbt-manubb. 
 
 
• ■ r*iw i r»TniT'-M 
 
 Ci J 
 
 M 
 
 111 f!!S 
 
 I li 
 
 riiil: 
 
 ! HI H 
 
 212 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Report of the Committee on Foreign Relatlonn. 
 
 Its Charges agalnHt Great Britain and warliljc Tone. 
 
 the two countries all the mutual advantages of re-established friendship and confi- 
 dence, we have seen that the British Cabinet perseveres not only in withholding a 
 remedy for other wrongs, so long and so loudly calling for it, but in the execution, 
 brougiii. homo to the threshold of our territory, of measures which, under existing 
 circumstances, have the character as well as the effects of war on our lawful com- 
 merce. With this evidence of hostib inflexibility in trampling on rights which no 
 independent nation can relinquish. Congress will feel the duty of putting the Unitid 
 States into an armor and an attitude demanded by the crisis, and corresponding with 
 the national spirit and expectations." Yet Mr. Madison, like Mr. Jefferson, was anx- 
 ious to avoid war, if possible. 
 
 A war-note in a higher key was speedily sounded by the Committee on Foroiffti 
 Relations, of which Peter P. Porter, of New York, was chairman. Tliey made a sliort 
 but energetic report on the 29th of November." They referred in severe terms 
 to the wrongs which for more than five years the commerce of the United 
 States had suffered from the operations of the conflict for power between England 
 and France — wrongs inaugurated by British orders in Council, and imitated, in re- 
 taliation, by French decrees. They charged Great Britain Avith the crime of persist- 
 ing in the infliction of these wrongs after France, by abandoning her decrees, so far 
 as the United States were concerned, had led the way toward justice to neutrals. 
 They then arraigned Great Britain upon a more serious chai-ge — that of continued 
 impressment of American seamen into the British service. While tlicy pleaded for 
 the protection of commerce, they were not, they salt!, " of that sect whose W()islii|i 
 
 is at the shrine of a calculating avarice Although the groans of those victims 
 
 of barbarity for the loss of (what should be dearer to Americans than life) their lib- 
 erty — although the cries of their wives and children, in the privation of protectors 
 and parents, have of late been drowned in the louder clamors of the loss of prop- 
 erty, yet is the practic of forcing our marir.c:'s into the British navy, in violation of 
 the rights of our flag, carried on with unabated rigor and severity. If it be our duty 
 to encourage the fair and legiti"iate commerce of this country by protecting tlie 
 property of the merchant, then, indeed, by as much as life and liberty are more esti- 
 mable than ships and goods, so much more impressive is the duty to shield the per- 
 sons of our seamen, whose hard and honest services are employed, equally with those 
 of the merchants, in advancing, under the mantle of its laws, the interests of tiieir 
 country. To si.m up, in a word, the great cause of complaint against Great Britain, 
 your committee need only say, that the United States, as a sovereign and independ- 
 ent power, claim the right to use the ocean, which is the common and acknowledged 
 highway of nations, for the purposes of transporting, in their own vessels, the prod- 
 ucts of their own soils and the acquisitions of their own industry to a market in the 
 ports of friendly nations, and to bring home, in return, such articles as their necessi- 
 ties or convenience may require, always regarding the rights of belligerents as de-i 
 fined by the established laws of nations. Great Britain, in defiance of this incontesta- 
 ble right, captures every American vessel bound to or returning from a port where] 
 her commerce is not favored ; enslaves our seamen, and, in spite of our remonstranees, 
 perseveres in these aggressions. To wrongs so daring in character and so disgraceful, 
 in their execution, it is impossible that the people of the United States should remain 
 indifferent. We must now tamely and quietly submit, or we must resist by thos 
 means which God has placed within our reach. 
 
 Hpondent of the New York livening Poet wrote : " He made a short address to the House on talcing his seat, which, froa 
 the lowneHiS of his vole at that time, could not be distinctly heard." lu the same letter the writer said, "It is bolicvM 
 Clay was not tbongbt of for Speaker till Sunday ; be certainly was not pnbllcly mentioned. The Democrats had n caij 
 cus Sunday evening, and fixed ou Clay. This waa dune to prevent the election of Macon, who has too much lioDe<t| 
 and independence for the leading administration men." 
 
 Mr. Clay was then thirty-four years of ngc, and this was bis flrst appearance as a member lu the House of Repre'foj 
 atlves. He was In the Senate previously, as we have observed. The portrait given on the previous page Is from I 
 painting ttom life by the late Mr. Rauuoy, when Mr. Clay was nearly sixty years of age. 
 
 Kctolntlons of the C 
 
 " Your comr 
 sion of a doubl 
 now presented 
 liy foreign and 
 the field of hatt 
 ill the avarice 
 liom our love < 
 ence which sust 
 iiggrcssion is n( 
 .Amciican breast 
 tion to those hii 
 than of exalted i 
 to be a virtue, 
 sanctified by the 
 only, but as the i; 
 latecl. And the ] 
 sacred duty of C( 
 By the aid of the 
 ;ible to procure tli 
 iiiul forbearance in 
 The coinmittee, 
 tlieir opinion, oug 
 the proposition of 
 iirmor and attitud* 
 ^|)irit and expecta 
 ^ liiate completion o 
 tiie ranks and proli 
 i)f ten thousand rea 
 President, under pn 
 I tlionsand, to be org 
 I tliority to order out 
 J require; the immed 
 
 JMd the allowing rac 
 
 I This report, spreac 
 
 not 80 swiftly as noi 
 
 'The first trip made b^ a 
 I JiJ^y festival, by Horaflo, 
 
 », on the banks of th 3 Lack 
 H.ta Canal Company witl 
 
 IS! circnmstances which led 
 fcstrncture was of hemlock 
 wked and warped from exp 
 
 K^n^^reek on trestle?' 
 
 K '"'• The Impression . 
 
 hte he track at the curve an, 
 
 fe'?''P""""'IIItyof8UQho 
 
 r""" been brought here « 
 
 • a fate; than would take I 
 
 N?reat Interest. As I place 
 
 "••ith a fair degree of speed 
 
 rt.omely, and without any ;• 
 
 P*.^, and was soon out of M„ 
 
 ■"wed without accident, , ,-ii 
 
 Be first regular telegraphic 
 
 N«««r Samuel P. B.MorsM 
 
 1^ The dispatch, fhrnlshedt. 
 
 t«nWoner of Patents, who h 
 
 ''ipresslon of Balaam-" w 
 
 'Jin the archives of the Con: 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 213 
 
 Kenolatlons of the Committee ou Foreign Relations. 
 
 Tlie flrat railway Traveler and teiegraplilc Diepatcb. 
 
 "Your committee would not cast a shade over the American name by the expres- 
 sion of a doubt which branch of tliis alternative will be embraced. The occasion is 
 now presented when the national character, misunderstood and traduced for a time 
 by foreign and domestic enemies, should be vindicated. If we have not rushed to 
 the field of battle like the nations who are led by the mad ambition of a single chief 
 ill the avarice of a corrupted court, it has not proceeded from the fear of war, but 
 from our love of justice and humanity. That proud spirit of liberty and independ- 
 ence which sustained our fathers in the successful assertion of rights against foreign 
 iiirgix'ssion is not yet sunk. The patriotic fire of the Revolution still lives in the 
 Aineiican breast with a holy and unextinguishable flame, and will conduct this na- 
 tion to those high destinies which are not less the reward of dignified moderation 
 tlian of exalted valor. But we have borne with injury until forbearance has ceased 
 to be a virtue. The sovereignty and independence of these states, purchased and 
 sanctified by the blood of our fathers, from whom we received them, not for ourselves 
 only, but as the inheritance of our posterity, are deliberately and systematically vio- 
 lated. And the period has arrived when, in the opinion of your committee, it is the 
 sacred duty of Congress to call forth the patriotism and resources of the country. 
 By the aid of these, and with the blessing of God, we confidently trust we shall be 
 able to procure that redress which has been sought for by justice, by remonstrance, 
 and forbearance in vain." 
 
 Tlie committee, " reserving for a future report those ulterior measures which, in 
 tiieir opinion, ought to be pursued," earnestly recommended Congress to second 
 tiie propoi'ition of the President by immediately putting the United States " into an 
 armor and attitude demanded by the crisis, and corresponding with the national 
 spirit and expectations." In a series of resolutions they recommended the imme- 
 diate completion of the military establishment as authorized by law, by filling up 
 tiie ranks and prolonging the enlistraenis ; the authorization of an additional force 
 often thousand regular troops to serve for three years, and the acceptance by the 
 President, under proper regulations, of any number of volunteers not exceeding fifty 
 thousand, to be organized, trained, and held in readiness; giving the President au- 
 j tiiority to order out detachments of militia when the interests of the country should 
 require ; the immediate repairing of all national vessels and fitting them for service, 
 and the allowing merchant sliips to arm in their own defense.* 
 
 This report, spread upon the wings of the press, went over the country swiftly — 
 I not so swiftly as now for railways and telegraphs were unknown'^ — and produced a 
 
 I Slles's Weekly liegister, i., 2B8. 
 
 'The first trip made by a locomoti.s on tills continent was thns described a few years ngo in a speech at an Erie 
 lllii'.way festival, by Horatio Allen, the eminent engineer; 
 
 1 "VVhen was itf Who was it? And who awakened its energies and directed its movements? It was in the year 
 I l^,on the banks of th i Lackawaxen, at the commencement of the railroads connecting the canal of the Delaware and 
 iHidson Canal Company with their coal mines, and he who addresses you was the only person on that locomotive. 
 I T^ circumstances which led to my being alone on the engine were these: The road had been built in the snmmer; 
 I it (trncture was of hemlock timber, and rails of large dimensions notched on caps placed far apart. The timber had 
 Intkcd and warped (Irom exposure to the sun. After about three hundred feet of straight line, the road crossed the 
 Iktawaxen Creek on trestle-work about thirty feet high, with a curve of three hundred and flfty-flve to four hundred 
 Iteradins. The impression was very general thot the Iron monster would either break down the road, or it would 
 llare the track at the curve and plunge into the creek. My reply to such apprehensions was that it was too late to con- 
 Ititrthe probability of such occurrences ; there was no other course than to have a trial made of the strange animal, 
 litich had been brought here at a great expense, but that it was not necessary that more than one should be involved 
 liili fate; that I would toke the first ride alone, and the time would come when I should look back to the incident 
 |i* ?reat interest. As I placed my hand on the throttle-valve handle, I was undecided whether I would move slowly 
 |«»1th a fair degree of speed ; but, believing that the road would prove safe, and preferring, if we did go down, to go 
 Itadsomely, and without any evidence of timidity, I started with considerable velocity, passed the curve over the creek 
 lileV, and wos soon out of h-"»ring of the vast assemblage. At the end of two or three miles I reversed the valve and 
 Tmnied without accident, , ring thus made tho first railroad trip by locomotive on the Western hemisphere." 
 J lie llrst regular telegraphic dispatch, for the public eye and ear, was sent (i-om Washington City to Baltimore by 
 ■hfesBor Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the electro-telegraphic system of intellectual communication, in May, 
 %i The dispatch, furnished to Professor Morse, according to promise, by Miss Anna Ellsworth, daughter of the then 
 jtimiiseioncr of Patents, who had taken great interest in Mr. Morse's experiments, was worthy of the occasion : it was 
 
 It expression of Balaam— " What hath ooii wrought!" Tbot flrst dispatch, in the telegraphic language, may be 
 
 ud Id the archives of the Connecticut Historical Society. 
 
 
 
 I 1 
 

 III 
 
 214 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sapposed Kepubllcan Proclivities of Britiali Colonltts. 
 
 John Randolph on the Danger of enlightening the Slave; 
 
 powerful impression upon the American mind and heart. No one could deny the 
 truthfulness of its statements, and few well-informed persons doubted the wisdom 
 and justice of its conclusions. While great indignation was felt toward Franco for 
 her past and present aggressions upon the rights of neutrals, much stronger was tlif 
 feeling against Great Britain, because it had been her settled policy and her jjractioc 
 for more than half a century, and had been used with cruel rigor long before France 
 in retaliation, adopted the same instrument for warfare. This indignation was more 
 vehement because England, with hauglity persistence, and in violation of the sover- 
 eignty and independence of the United States, continued her nefarious practice of 
 impressing American seamen into the British naval service. Upon such buniiii" 
 feelings throughout the land, just then stimulated to great intensity by the intelli- 
 gence from the Indian country, fell the fuel of this trumpet-toned report. It was 
 short, perspicaous, and pungent. It was read by evory Lody; and every measure- 
 proposed in Congress, looking to hostilities Avith Great Britain, was applauded by a 
 large majority of the people. 
 
 In Congreps warm debates followed on the resolutions appended to the report. It 
 was admitted that the United States could not meet Great Britain on the od?au fleet 
 to fleet, but, it was believed that when an army from the States should appear on the 
 soil of Canada, or of the other British provinces in the farther iiast, the people, tlien 
 tired of being ruled as colonies, would gladly join fortunes with the young Giant 
 of the West. It was believed that their bosoms swelled with desires since embodied 
 in these woi ds of an English poet : 
 
 "There's a star in tbe West that shall never go down 
 4 'Tin the records of vnlor decay ; 
 
 We must worship its light, thongh 'tis not our own, 
 For liberty barsts in its^y." 
 
 It was also believed that American privateers would speedily ruin British com- 
 merce and fisheries, and that, by sea and land expeditions, the people of tlie United 
 States would be remunerated tenfold for all the spoliations inflicted on their cum- 
 merce, and thus compel the British government to act justly and respectfully.' 
 
 Most of the Southern and Western members were in favor of war. But John Ran- 
 dolph, always happy in his element of universal opposition, battled against the men 
 of his own section in his peculiar way, sometimes with ability, always discursoriJT, 
 and frequently with the keenesu satire. He endeavored to excite the fears of the mem- j 
 bers of the slave-labor states by warning them that an invasion of Canada miglit be j 
 retorted upon Southern soil w ith fearful effc'ct. He declared that the slaves had al- 
 ready become polluted by that French democracy which animated the administration j 
 party, who were so eager to go to war with the enemy of Napoleon, whom he raniied, j 
 as a scourge of mankind, with Tamerlane and Genghis Khan — " malefactors of tiie } 
 human race, who grind down men into mere material of their impious and bloody I 
 ambition." He said the negroes were rapidly gaining notions of freedom, destructive j 
 alike to their own happiness and the safety and interests of their masters. He de-j 
 nounced as a " butcher" a member of Congress who had proposed the abolition of j 
 slavery in the District of Columbia. He said men had broached on that very floorj 
 the doctrine of imprescriptible rights to a crowded audience of blacks in the galleriesT 
 teaching them that they were equal to their masters. "Similar doctrines," he BaidJ 
 " are spread throughout the South by Yankee peddlers ; and there are even owner* 
 of slaves so infatuated as, by the general tenor of their conversation, by contempt ofl 
 order, morality, religion, unthinkingly to clierish these seeds of destruction. Mi 
 what has been the consequence ? Within the last ten years repeated alarms of slave! 
 insurrections, some of them awful indeed. By the spreading of his infernal doctriiia 
 
 the whole South has been thrown into a state of insecurity You have dej 
 
 » Porter's Speech. 
 
 Bmdolpb scolds th« 
 
 prived the sla; 
 he continued, a 
 ic members; " 
 to eat of the 
 enough to pen 
 you have openc 
 
 ness God 
 
 em States shoi 
 on these shores 
 ciples of Frencl 
 Wiile talking c 
 much reason tc 
 safety at home 
 when I say tlia 
 tolls for fire in Ri 
 ened mother doe 
 more closely to 
 ing what may hi 
 myself witnessed 
 in the capital of" 
 Randolph > thei 
 some severe wor 
 verse policy advc 
 in 1798, when th( 
 tion was prepari 
 Fiance. He taun 
 but now, in their 
 heavy national de 
 people— fraternal 
 Randolph's spec 
 more sensitive anc 
 soned arrows fron 
 houn, then less tha 
 effort in that grea 
 contested.^ With 
 
 ' John Randolph claim 
 uree miles fi-om Petersbn 
 Colombia College, New Yo 
 sNled law, but never prnc 
 N'atlonal Congress, and for 
 «ane for a time in 1811, and 
 mi the war with Great 1 
 friend of General Jackson 
 conid not endure the wlntei 
 M return his constituents 
 
 klm, and he died In a hotel 
 
 rope. 
 
 ' ?P««<:li In the House of 
 'John Caldwell Calhoun 
 "8 a native of Virginia. T 
 "Id great promise. He was 
 lonncctlcnt, and entered up 
 (arolin«lnl808,andinl8U 
 e«bly supported Mr. MadI 
 MVVar. He was elected Vic 
 wdedHayne In the Senate 
 
 «8 8ecretaryofStateInl84a 
 PO'ltloanntn his death, whic 
 ^arsofage. Our portrait 
 
 wforty-cight years of age. 
 
 U 
 
 
 ! !l 
 
OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 215 
 
 m 
 
 Itindolpb Bcolds the UemocrntH. 
 
 Juhn C. Calhonn. 
 
 SketclieH of Kandolph uiid C'ulhuun. 
 
 iirived the slave of all moral restraint," 
 he continued, addressing the Democrat- 
 ic members; "you have tempted him 
 to cat of the tree of knowledge just 
 enough to perfect him in wickedness; 
 you have opened his eyes to his naked- 
 ness God forbid that the South- 
 ern States should ever see an enemy 
 on these shores with their infernal prin- 
 ciples of Frencli fraternity in the van ! 
 While talking of Canada, we have too 
 much reason to shudder for our own 
 safety at home. I speak from facts 
 when I say that the night-bell never 
 tolls for fire in Richmond that the fright- 
 ened mother does not hug her infant the 
 more closely to her bosom, not know- 
 ing what may have liappened. I have 
 myself witnessed some of these alarms 
 in the capital of Virginia." 
 
 Raudolph' then gave the Democrats 
 gome severe words concerning the ad- 
 verse policy advocated by their party 
 in 1798, when the Federal administrj 
 tion was preparing for a war with 
 
 France. He taunted them with bemg preachers of reform and economy heretofore, 
 but now, in their blind zeal to serve their French master, were willing to create a 
 lieavy national debt by rushing into an unnecessary and wicked war with a fraternal 
 people — fraternal in blood, language, religion, laws, arts, and literature.^ 
 
 Landolph's speech had but little effect upon his auditors other than to irritate the 
 more sensitive and amuse the more philosophic. A few members, at the risk of poi- 
 soned arrows from his tongue, ventured to give him some home thrusts, while Cal- 
 houn, then less than thirty years of age, made this the occasion of his first oratorical 
 effort in that great theatre of legislative strife wherein he so long and so valiantly 
 contested.^ With that dexterous use of subtle logic which never failed to give him 
 
 > John Rnndolpb claimed to be sevedth in descent from Pocahontas, tbe fkmons Indian princess. He was bora 
 three miles from Petersburg, in Virginia, on tbe 2d of June, 1773. He was educated at Princeton College, New Jersey, 
 Columbia College, New York, and William and Mary College, in Virginia. Prom infancy he suffered from ill health. He 
 studied law, but never practiced it. His first appearance in public life was In 1790, when he was elected to a seat in the 
 National Congress, and for thirty years, with an interval of two years each, he held a seat in that body. He became in- 
 sane for a time in 1811, and had returns of his malady at intervals during the remainder of his life. He strenuously op- 
 posed the war with Oreal Britain in 1812, and after that event bia political career was very erratic. He was the warm 
 friend of General Jackson in 1828, and in 1830 that gentleman appointed him ttnited States Minister to Russia. He 
 conld not endure tbe winter on tbe Neva, and bis stay in Russia was short. He resided in England for a while, and ofter 
 his return his constituents elected him to Congress. But be did not take his seat. Consumption laid its hand upon 
 him, and he died in a hotel In Philadelphia, on the 2Sd of May, 1833, while on his way to New York to embark for Ea- 
 rope. 
 
 ' Speech In the House of Representatives, December 10, 1811.— Nlles's Register, I., 816. 
 
 ' John Caldwell Calbonn was bom in Abbeville District, South Carolina, on the IStb of March, 1T82. His mother 
 was a native of Virginia. He entered Yale College as a student in 1802, where be was marked as a young man of genius 
 and great promise. He was graduated in 1804 with the highest honors of the institution. He studied law in Litchfield, 
 Connecticut, and entered upon its practice in his native district. He was elected to a seat in the Legislature of South 
 Carolina In 1808, and in 1811 he took his seat as member of the National Congress as a stanch Republican or Democrat, 
 ne flbly supported Mr. Madison's ndminisfration, and in 1817 President Monroe called bim to his Cabinet as Secretary 
 of War. He was elected Vice-President of the Onited States in 1826, and was re-elected with Jackson in 1828. He snc- 
 teeded ilayne In the Senate of the United States in 1831, and became the leader In tbe disloyal movement of bis native 
 slate known in history under the general title of Nnlllflcation, in 1882-'B3. President Tyler called bim to bis Cabinet 
 as Secretary of State in 1843, and be again entered the Senate as the representative of bis state in 1846. He held that 
 position nntll his death, which occurred at Washington City on the 31st of March, 1850, when he was Just past sixty-eight 
 Tears of age. Our portrait of Mr. Calhonn, on the next page, is tiom one taken from life about the year 1830, when be 
 was forty-eight years of age. 
 
 
 1, 
 
 ; 4 
 
wmm 
 
 '\ !■ 
 
 i ll 
 
 H 
 
 « ii 
 
 if' ! ! 
 
 M! 
 
 M'' 
 
 
 ^' i"^!;: r^:: 
 
 ! f 
 
 1 ! ■• . 
 
 t'.l 
 
 
 i.ji ^ 
 
 |. .:>: ... 
 
 . '*! 
 
 ; ^lll 
 
 ^ Mill 
 
 216 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Calhuan's Reply to Randolph's Speech. 
 
 The Policy of the Fedcrnlliitn. 
 
 I'repiirntlons for War. 
 
 ingenious arguments in favor of any views ho might desire to enforce, ho replied to 
 
 Randolph at some 
 length, insisting 
 that it was a prin- 
 ciple as applicable 
 to nations as to in- 
 dividuals to repel 
 a first insult, and 
 thus command the 
 respect, if not the 
 fear of the assailant. 
 "Sir," he said, "I 
 might prove the 
 war, should it en- 
 sue, justifiable by 
 the express admis- 
 sion of the gentle- 
 man from Virginia ; 
 and necessary, by 
 facts undoubted 
 and universally ad- 
 mitted, such as 
 that gentleman 
 did not pretend 
 
 to controvert. The 
 extent, duration 
 and character of the 
 injuries received ; 
 the failure of tlioso 
 peaceful means Imro- 
 tofore resorted to for 
 the redress of our 
 wrongs, is my proof 
 that it is necessary. 
 Why should I men- 
 tion the impress- 
 ment of our seamen; 
 depredation on ev- 
 ery branch of our 
 commerce, includ- 
 ing the direct ex- 
 port trade, contin- 
 ued for years, and 
 made under laws 
 which professedly 
 uridertake to reg- 
 ulate our trade 
 
 with other nations ;' negotiation resorted to time after time till it became hopeless ; tlii' 
 restrictive systems persisted in to avoid war and in the vain expectation of returninr; 
 justice ? The evil still grows, and in each succeeding year swells in extent and pre- 
 tension beyond the preceding. The question, even in the opinion and admission of our 
 opponents, is reduced to this single point. Which shall we do, abandon or defend our 
 own commercial and maritime rights, and the personal liberties of our citizens in ex- 
 ercising them ? These rights are essentially attacked, and war is the only means of 
 redress. The gentleman from Virginia has suggested none, unless wo consider tlie 
 whole of his speech as recommending patient and resigned submission as the best 
 remedy. Sir, which alternative this House ought to sustain is not for me to say. I 
 hope the decision is made already by a higher authority than the voice of any man. 
 It is not for the human tongue to instill the sense of independence and honor. This 
 is the work of nature — a generous nature that disdains tame submission to Avrongs. 
 This part of the subject is so imposing as to enforce silence even on the gentleman 
 from Virginia. He dared not deny his country's wrongs, or vindicate the conduct 
 of her enemy," 
 
 In this dignified strain Mr. Calhoun charmed his listeners, steadying the vacillat- 
 ing, convincing the doubting, and commanding the respectful attention of the oppo- 
 nents of the resolutions. He treated Randolph's bugbear of slave insurrection with 
 lofty contempt. " However the gentleman may frighten himself," he said, " with the 
 disorganizing efiects of i^'rench principles^ I can not think our ignorant blacks have 
 felt much of their baleful influence. I dare say more than one half of them m 
 heard of the French Revolution. "^ 
 
 The Federalists said very little on this occasion. It had always been their policy 
 to be prepared for war. The resolutions appended to the report of the Committee j 
 • December 10, on Foreign Relations were adopted,* and bills were speedily prepared j 
 and passed for augmenting the army. Additional regulars to the nnm- 
 
 1 See pnge IfiS. 
 
 « Abridgment vf the Debates of Congrett from 1T89 to 1886, by Thorons H. BentOD, Iv., 449, 
 
 1311. 
 
 Augmentation ofthi 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 217 
 
 Augmentation of the Army. Pntrlutlsm of leadlni; FederollstR. Reasons of Quincy and Emolt for tlioir Courto. 
 
 Jaiinary 4, 
 
 1S12. 
 
 5 
 
 
 dxAAAMy 
 
 ber of twenty-fivo thousand were authorized by a vote of tlie Houso early in Jann- 
 nry." Tlio bill also provided for the appointment of two major generals 
 iind five additional brigadiers ; also for a bounty to new recruits of sixteen 
 dollars, and, at the time of discharge, three months' extra pay and a certificate for 
 one hundred and sixty acres of land.' On the 14th of the month anotlier act was 
 |i!is8cd, appro[)riating a million of dollars for the purchase of arms, ordnance, camp 
 equipage, and quarter-master's stores; and four hundred thousand dollars for powder, 
 ordnance, and small-arms for the nnvy. Tlius, In a brief space of time, the little army 
 of the peace establishment, which had been comparatively inactive, Avas swelled in 
 prospective from about three thousand men to more than seventy tliousand regulars 
 and volunteers. The President was authorized to call u])on ♦he govei-nors of states 
 
 1 Seven of the thirty-seven Federalists In the House voted for these measures. These were Quincy and Reed, of ^fa»• 
 mchtMlts; Emott, Blcccker, Gold, and Livingston, of Aeu- York; and Miluor, of Piiniuiiilvania. The latter was the late 
 James Mllnor, D.D., Rector of St. George's Church, New York. It was diftlng this session of Congress that he hccnme 
 (la'ply Impressed with religious sentiments, and felt himself called to the Gospel ministry. Ho abandoned the lucrative 
 profession of the law and the turbulent field of politics, and took orders In the Trotestaut Episcopal Church, of which, 
 uutil his death, In the spring of 1S44, he was "a bright and shining light." 
 
 The position taken by these leading Federalists at that critical time, In opposition to the great body of their colleagues 
 ID Congress and of the party In New England, was patriotic in the 
 hiKhest degree, and yet, so donbtful were they of the verdict which 
 mtcrtty might pass upon their actions, that two of them (Quincy 
 aD(l Emott) prepared quite an elaborate defense, in which the rca- 
 fons for their course were ably set forth. It was drawn up by Em- 
 otl, slightly amended by Quincy, and signed by both. It was left 
 ill Emutt's bauds, to be used at any future time by bim or his de- 
 scendants in vindication of their course. Posterity— even contem- 
 pQrgries— have pronounced their course wise and patriotic. The 
 original manuscript. In the possession of the Hon. James Emott, of 
 Ponghkecpsle, New York, a son of one of the signers, is before me while I write. It is in the delicate and neat hand- 
 writing of the cider Emott,* and dated January 1, 1812. After clearly stating the position of public afTairs, they say : " Wc 
 thought it therefore worthy of an experiment to allow the administration to make ont their case before the great bar 
 otlhe pnbiic without, as heretofore, aiding it by an early opposition ; and we hoped, and yet hope, that by withdrawing 
 the aliment of party rancor it will ceose to exist, and that the people will see the ;irecipice to which they have been 
 drawn, and the danger which awaits the country unless there Is a speedy and radical change of men or measures. . . . 
 By leaving the government In the first instance unmolested, in Its measures the people may receive a dlBlinct imprcs- 
 (ii)D of its objects. If they are really of that high and commanding character as to effectnate what their friends prom- 
 ised, relief to our country, it is of little consequence ft 'm whose hands so desirable a blessing is received. But if the 
 character of the plans of the administration continue ime-serviug, self-oppressive, and hypocritical, on it and Its sup- 
 porters would fall the responsibility, without the possibility of transferring it to those who had neither shared nor op- 
 posed their purposes." 
 
 These gentlemen then allnde to the prevalent opinion that if the Federalists should withhold their opposition, the 
 British government, hopeless of a party in its favor in the United States, would relax Its restrictive measures. They 
 j then declare that if the British government or people believe that opposition of the Federalists arises from any unpa- 
 triotic motives, "bottomed on a desire for power to be obtained at the expense of the interests of the nation," there has 
 I tmn an essential and lamentable mistake. 
 
 In reference to the truaaures proposed for putting the country In a state of adequate strength in the event of war, for 
 I rtich these gentlemen voted four days after the date of the paper under action, they remarked : " In re-estimating our 
 dntlesnpon this occasion, we have not deemed it necessary to take into considerntlon the causes which have led to our 
 I present embarrassments. We certainly do not entertain the opinion that the course which has been pursued by the ad- 
 I ministration is either correct or to be justified : hut we can not but perceive that our present difilcultles are not so appa- 
 I rently and exclusively attributable to the American government as to justify a resort to a policy which would leave the 
 I ution nnprotected and defenseless. ... It is because we wish for peace with security that we are willing to add to the 
 I present military establishment. . . . Onr country and our firesides arc dear to ns. We think they are in danger, and 
 I n wish to protect them. . . . When, by measures In which we have had no agency, and for which wc do not hold onr- 
 Istlres responsible In whole or in part, we discover that a necessity has been produced for defensive preparations, wo 
 Ian not permit onrselves to resist such preparations fi'om motives of general opposition to the administration, or from 
 jideslre to render It odious to the country." 
 
 ' James Emott was bom at Poughkeepsie, New York, on the 14th of March, 1771. He chose the profession of law as 
 |ki! vocation, and commenced its practice at Ballston Centre, New York, a growing village a few miles from Bails- 
 ton Spa. In 1797 he was appointed a commissioner, with Robert Yates and Vincent Mathews, to settle disputes con- 
 ■"ming titles to lands in the military tract of Onondaga County. The commissioners held their sittings at Albany, 
 nd to that city Mr. Emott removed about the year 1800. In 1804 he was chosen to represent Albany County in the 
 tile Legislature. He soon afterward removed to the city of New York, and after practicing law there for a while he 
 A to Poughkeepsie, and was elected to represent the Duchess District in the National Congress. He took his 
 ejtin 1S09, and continued in possession of It by re-election until 1813. In politics he was a Federalist, and was one of 
 cpromincntleaders, yet his patriotism was never In subjection to the behests of party. He was representative of 
 hichess County in the New York Assembly In 1S14, and was Speaker of the House. He was a member of that body 
 m conaccntlve years. In 1817 he was appointed first judge of Duchess County, and held the oflBce until 1823, when, for 
 (olitical reasons, he was removed to make room for the late Maturin Livingston. He was appointed judge of the sec- 
 ►Bd circnlt by Governor Clinton In 1827, and held It nntil 1831, when he was sixty years of oge. Judge Emott then rc- 
 Ired from active life. He died nt Poughkeepsie, New York, on the 10th of April, 1S60, aged seventy-nine years. 
 
 
 • ir 
 
 #ii 
 
! I 
 
 J ! 
 
 218 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-HOOK 
 
 Vulccs of tbe Htnto LeKlalaturca. 
 
 A Plttouce fur tbe Sawj. 
 
 Uiiaucceaitful Kffurti fur Its Iiktimioc. 
 
 each to furnish his rcspoctivo quota of one hundred thousand militia, to bo held in 
 readiness to instantly obey the cull of the chief nuigistrato. For the expense of this 
 reserve one million of dollars were appropriated. 
 
 The State Legislatures, meanwhile, spoke out emj)hatically for war if necessary. 
 Now Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio, resolved to stand 
 by the general goveriunent when decisive measures should be adopted ; and, in tlii-ir 
 reply to the aimual message of Governor Gerry, the House of Representatives of 
 Massachusetts exhibited the same sentiments, denouncing Great Britain as a "pirat- 
 ical state," and her practice of impressment" man-stealing." 
 
 The navy, important as it proved to be in the war that followed, was neglcctfil. 
 Chcves, of South Carolina, made a report in favor of its augmentation ; and ho ami 
 Lowndes, in supporting speeches, hinted at the expediency of constructing forty frjir. 
 ates and twenty-five ships of the line. It was urged by tliese members, in direct o])- 
 position to the narrow views of Williams from tho same state a year before, tliat 
 " protection to commerce was protection to agriculture." Qnincy also argued that 
 protection to commerce was essential to tlie preservation of the Union, and, with a 
 covert but significant threat, ho gave as a reason that the commercial states could 
 not be expected to submit to the deliberate and systematic sacrifice of their most im- 
 portant interests.' Their pleas were in vain. A bill, containing only an appropria- 
 tion of four hundred and eighty thousand dollars for repairing three frigates — Con- 
 atellation, Chesapeake, and Adams — and two hundred thousand dollars annually fijr 
 three years, to purchase timber for the purpose of refitting three others, was passed, 
 and sent to the Senate, where Lloyd, of Massachusetts, moved to insert an appropria- 
 • Jannnry IT, tion for thirty new frigates.* " Let us liavo the frigates," he said ; " \m\: 
 1812. pj.fjj| ^g Great Britain is, she could not blockade them. With our haz- 
 ardous shores and tempestuous northwesterly gales froiu November to March, all 
 the navies in the world could not blockade them. Divide them into six squadrons, 
 Place those squadrons in the northern ports ready for sea, and at favorable moments 
 we would pounce upon her West India Islands, repeating tlie game of Do Grasse and 
 D'Estauig in '79 and '80. By the time she was ready to meet us there, we would 
 be round Cape Horn cutting up her whalemen. Pursued thither, we would skim 
 away to tho Indian Seas, and Avould give an accoimt of her China and India shijis 
 very different from that of the French cruisers. Now avo would follow her Quebec, 
 now her Jamaica convoys ; sometimes make our appearance in the chops of the Chan- 
 nel, and even sometimes wind north almost into the Baltic. It would require a hund- 
 red British frigates to watch the movements of these thirty. Such are the means hy 
 which I would bring Great Britain to her senses. By harassing her commerce with 
 this fleet, we could make the people ask the government wliy they continued to vio- 
 late our rights." 
 
 Crawford, of Georgia, replied at some length, and the Senate, unmoved by the glov- 
 ing pictures of naval achievements drawn by the senator from Massachusetts, not 
 only refused to sanction Lloyd's amendment, but reduced the appropriation for n- 
 pairs to three hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 While the war party, strong in Congress and throughout Ihe country, were ener- 
 getic in action and impatient of delay, Mr. Madison showed great timidity. It wai 
 owing, doubtless, in a great degree, to the character of his Cabinet, which unfortunate 
 ly surrounded him at that momentous crisis. Mr, Monroe, the Secretary of State, wai 
 the only member who had any military taste and experience, and he had seen onl; 
 limited service in the Revolution. Gallatin, the Secretary of the Treasury, was 
 civilian, and was avowedly opposed to the war with Great Britain. Eustis, the Se( 
 i-etary of War, knew very little about military affairs. Hamilton, the Secretary 
 the Navy, had no practical knowledge of naval affairs to qualify him for the statioi 
 
 niildreth, Second Seriee, iU., 2TT. 
 
 Mtdlaon threaten 
 
 and Mr. Mad 
 iT-iii-chief (,f 
 iliict of puhli 
 vacillating. 
 
 The admin 
 
 (Iccided stund 
 
 and it was kn 
 
 the State of > 
 
 satisfied with ] 
 
 then mayor of 
 
 pretension.s we 
 
 cd tlie propriet 
 
 different j)arts ( 
 
 In this state 
 
 loading Democi 
 
 war with Engla 
 
 his administrati 
 
 efficient course c 
 
 war took pJaeo i 
 
 party might be c 
 
 fralists ; that, un 
 
 (IccJaration of wa 
 
 the Presidency c< 
 
 liis own objection 
 
 he could for the i 
 
 ability. ' ' 
 
 Mr. Madison's fi 
 
 form of a confide 
 
 preliminary to a d 
 
 embargo on all ve 
 
 after enter, for the 
 
 very great exciten 
 
 who had become a 
 
 rears in Canada, a 
 
 '"? early in Febru 
 
 Jiadison from Gov( 
 
 pressed with the tn 
 
 I ;,';""'».he proposed t 
 
 following evening ^ 
 
 astounding secrets' c 
 
 i part of the British 
 
 ;™ct a separation of 
 
 P"fain. He told Ml 
 
 nuristrfld. T. •' itioE 
 
 !:=tr"i?-i 
 
OF THE WAlt OF 18 12. 
 
 910 
 
 IKadliiuii thrt^atpiipd witli Denurtlou by the War Piirty. Ho rpconimencU au GmliarKo. A Brltlnh Plot dlicovored. 
 
 and Mr. MadiHon hiniHclf waH utterly unable, though by virtue of his office command- 
 cr-iu-fhief of tlu' army and navy of the United States, to j^rawp with vigor the eon- 
 duct of public aftairs in a time of war. Consciousness of this made him timid and 
 viK'illnting. 
 
 Tiie administration members of Congress at length resolved to take a bold and 
 decided stand with the I'resident. His first term of office was drawing to a close, 
 and it was known that he was anxious for re-election. The leading Democrats in 
 the State of New York, whose voices were potential in the matter at that time, dis- 
 satisfied with Mr. Madison's weak course, contemplated nominating De Witt Clinton, 
 tlieii mayor of the city of New York, for the Presidency of the United States. His 
 pretensions were sustained by Gideon Granger, the postmaster general, who doubt- 
 od tlie propriety of a war with JMadison as leader. Other influential Democrats iu 
 different parts of the country held similar views. 
 
 In this state of things, Mr. Madison was waited upon" by several of the • March 2, 
 leading Democratic members of Congress, and informed, in substance, that ^^^'^' 
 war with England was now resolved upon by the dominant party, the 8upi)ortcr8 of 
 Ills administration; that the people would no longer consent to a dilatory and in- 
 efficient course on the part of the national government; that, uidess a declaration of 
 war took place previous to the Presidential election, the success of the Democratic 
 party might be endangered, and the government thrown into the hands of the Fed- 
 eralists ; that, unless Mr. Madison consented to act with his friends, and accede to a 
 declaration of war with Great Britain, neither his nomination nor his re-election to 
 tlie Presidency could be relied on. Thus situated, Mr. Madison concluded to waive 
 his own objections to the course determined on by his political friends, and to do all 
 he could for the prosecution of a war for which he had neither taste nor practical 
 ability.' 
 
 Mr. Madison's first step in the prescribed direction after this interview was in the 
 form of a confidential message to Congress on the Ist of April, recommending, as 
 preliminary to a declaration of war, the immediate passage of a law laying a general 
 embargo on all vessels then in the ports of the United States, or that might there- 
 after enter, for the period of sixty days. Meanwhile another subject had produced 
 very great excitement throughout the country. An Irishman, named John Henry, 
 who had become a naturalized citizen of the United States, and had lived several 
 years m Canada, appeared at the Presidential mansion one dark and stormy even- 
 ing early in February, '' 1812, He bore a letter of introduction to Mr, 
 Madison from Governor Gerry, of Massachi^etts, who seemed to be im- 
 pressed with the tnithfulness of Henry, and the great importance of the information 
 which he proposed to lay before the President. '^ An interview was arranged for the 
 following evening, when Henry divulged to the President what appeared to be most 
 astounding secrets concerning eflbrts that had been in progress for two years on the 
 part of the British authorities in Canada, sanctioned by the home goveniment, to 
 effect a separation of the Eastern States from the Union, and to attach them to Great 
 Britain. He told Mr. Madison that, up to the year 1809, ho had been living for five 
 
 1 statement of James Piek, a Democratic member of CongreBS from Vermont, who was one of the committee, cited in 
 
 Ihe Statetman'a Manual, i., 444. The feeling against Mr. Madison on account of his timid poiicy had begun to manifest 
 
 I Mf very strongly omong his political friends in Congress before the close of 18U. The New York Eveniittj Pott, of 
 
 Jinaary 6, 1S12, says : " The Houses of Congress refused to adjourn on the 1st of January In order to wait on the chief 
 
 I nigiBtrate. It was an Intended insult." 
 
 I Henry Dearborn, an officer of the Berolution, then in Washington, and who had lately been appointed a m^or gen- 
 I ml tn the national army, wrote to his daughter, saying : " Yon may tell yonr neighbors they may prepare for war ; we 
 I ihall have it by the time they are ready. I know that war will be very unwelcome news to you, but I also know that 
 I jon possess too much Spartan patriotism to wish yonr father to decline a command for the defense of the honor of our 
 I Wloved country. You would, if necessary, urge him to the field rather than a speck of dishonor should attach to him 
 I liT declining such a command." 
 
 I ' Henry had spent a week in Baltimore. He left that city for Washington on the morning of the lit of Febmary.— 
 I Inter hi Nlles's ii(!;i«(er, li., 46, 
 
 '' February 2. 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
mm 
 
 ) i 
 
 i 
 
 220 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Million of John Henry in New KiiKl*nd. 
 
 An Attempt to dMtroy the Sepnbllc by Uliunlua. 
 
 yonrs on hiH fnrm in V'lTi.iont, ncnr the Cnnadn lino, and aintiHod liimm>lf in writitif; 
 essiiyH for the uewsjuiin'rH aj^iiiiiNt r(.'i)ublk'un j^oviTiinii'iits, wliicli hi' dt'toHtcd. ThoM' 
 
 t'Hsays, 111' Huid, liad anvHti'd tlio atti-n- 
 tioM of SirJaiiU's Crai^, tlioii (Jovi-riior 
 (ti'iicral of Canada, who invited him t<i 
 Montreal at the elose of ! HOH. At that 
 time tlie violent denioiiHtratioiiH of ilic 
 FedeniliMtH in New England aj^'ainst 
 the einbai'go indiieed the F)nj,'iisj| to 
 believe that there was deep-Heated dis- 
 afl'ection to the povernmcnt of the United States on the ])art of the peojde of that 
 Hcction. Under that iniprewsion Henry was eoninuHHioned by Sir JameH Crait; to 
 l)roeeed to lJost()n, and ascertain the true state of affairs there, and the temjier of tlie 
 people in that part of the Union. His instructions directed liini especially to ascer- 
 tain whether the Federalists of Massachusetts would, in the event of their success at 
 the approachinfj election, be disposed to separate from the Union, or enter into any 
 coniMJction with Enfjland. " The earliest information on this subject," said Sir Jainos, 
 "may be of great consecpience to our government; as it may also l)e, that it should 
 be informed how far, in such an event, they would look to England for assistance, or 
 be disposed to enter into a connection with us."' Henry was authorized to intimati' 
 to the Federalist leaders, if the supposed state of things should be found to e.\i8t,tliat 
 they might communicate to the British govcnunent through him.^ 
 
 According to Henry's statement, he passed through Vermont after reccivin;; 
 these instructions, and arrived at Boston on the 5th of March. There lie reiiiaimil 
 about three months, spending liis time in coftee-houses and disreputable places, until 
 ■ May 4, Erskine's arrangement and a recall by Byland," Craig's Secretary, put an 
 1801). ^.j^^i J.JJ jijjj jjiiygio,,^ During that time Henry had addressed fourteen letters 
 to Sir James over tlic initials "A, B.," most of them written at Boston. The eaiiiir 
 ones Avere filled with the nm i encouraging accounts of the extreme disaffection of 
 the Eastern people, especially those of Massachusetts, on account of the commercial 
 restrictions. He expressed his belief that, in the event of a declaration of war against 
 Great Britain by the United States, the Legislature of Massacliusetts would take the 
 lead in establishing a separate Northern Confederacy, which might, hi some way, end 
 in a political connection with Great Britain. The grand idea of destroying the Union 
 was the tlieme of all the letters, expressed or implied. "If a war between America 
 and France," he wrote, " be a grand dejjjderatum, sometliing more must be done ; an 
 indulgent, conciliating policy must be adopted. ... To bring about a separation of 
 the states u ,(ior distinct and independent governments is an affair of more uncer- 
 tainty, ar;lj 'ar ivever desirable, can not be effected but by a series of acts and long- 
 continued )>( (icy tending to irritate the Southern and conciliate the Northern peo- 
 ple. . . . litis, I am aware, is an object of much interest in Great Britain, as it 
 would forever insure the integrity of his majesty's possessions on this cohtinent, and 
 make the two goverments, or whatever member the present confederacy might join 
 with, as useful and as much subject to tlie influence of Great Britain as her colonics 
 can be rendered."^ 
 
 ' Sir James Craig's Instrnctions to John Henry, dated at Quebec, 8th Febmary, 1809. 
 
 ' Ilcnry was fUmished with the following credentials, to be nsed If circumstances shonld reqnlre : 
 
 " The bearer, Mr. John Henry, Is employed by me, and tu]\ confidence may be placed In him for any commnnication J 
 which any person may wish to make to me on the business committed to lilm. In faith of which I have given him tliis| 
 under my hand and seal, at Qnebec, the fith day of Febmary, 180D. J. H. Ciaio." 
 
 Henry was also furnished with a cipher to be nsed In his correspondence. 
 
 ' Henry to Sir James Craig, 13th of March, 1809. Mr. Erskine's arrangement greatly disappoicfed the British aatliot^ 
 Itles In Canada, who doubtless expected to reap great rewards from the home goveniment by a snccessftil effort to disj 
 rupt the American Union. For twenty years they had been IncUIng the Indians on the Northwestern frontiers to ffil 
 upon the Americans, and now they hoped, by a snccesefhl movement among those whom they supposed to be as men 
 
 ""T'sthemselvp. ..> ^ 
 J^Bfury on th« i . '-'" '^^^"'^ 
 
 Co,^h"'°'='"'""'hlsfet;e 
 'jir. >>".""'""""' and ace, 
 
 hweZ Jh. *'"" '"Sefher. 
 
— •^-•lun, — — — - •* * 
 
 '!-■ ordinary r.-nis,:;:,; ,;;'•'* ;'"«•'. tlu- V.^.-rnUt'^^uTf 'T "" 'l'""" 
 "•■"'•y''^ JH'.fi.nn«n,-oH seem i ' " '"'"' ''"• ''^'Hsioi..'' ^'' "''' «"»•« to 
 
 IH' ', t'.o liritiHj. H,,y H 1 ''''\l"'""i,sc., anil Hn. ;*s ' '''''' «•.'"-"»• 'fonry 
 
 Canada, with ^^^^^^ "l^: 1'^'^'^" »""o«ie SiX^"'^ '•^•^'^'' ^^^ 
 States. Kobert Pec-I the F,w r '*''' ''"'""^^ « your or a t '""''**' "'"r^owor 
 
 ;;i'". politely rcferr^,' t.";"' ^S-^'l"'''"''''^ -"^r^ce^nT^''!' !!■' *''^' ^'"'^-^ 
 I'revost. The snv t^„ ^ '^"" •'«"'^'s CraiL^V «.,«, ^.' ''i'''iil< Of (hat o«i 
 
 ""•-•o" to ti.o United St^u-rJ^" '"""'*''"' ''^ ^^'v £ r^euf '"' '•^"^"''■^'' f'^" 
 "O'ation whieh ho Jmd v.T i ^"^""'»ent, and, if nossil.h ^ ^ '"'''' ''«'"-«t of his 
 
 ™ satisfied of tt " ;" ">; '*''>;';^ "• K».'lan'd. ^fe t ^ Z."" /'T '* ^''^' '"-»"- 
 England was about ti be de ' ^V'''"'^'" •'i«<^^'osure« at t'L e^ '^^' ' ^''•- ^^^^'^>^on 
 f - of the Britisl! got. t ^^^^^ ?^'-^^'"ve overwht J r^^^'-; -- against 
 'I'e secret serviee fund „7V"^"t to destroy the new re... T^-^ ?^''^^''« "t-eret de- 
 ™tirc eorresponden of theV"r"^'°" ^'^" ^'^ve nc'ryS'!,"' *''^^-t. Out of 
 
 After receiving, t^he no IT/'"' '^ '''« ««"«"• in this o2 / 'I'^^ ''^'""'^ «"• tl.e 
 
 .«me (lay the President aid f .! tj ''"^'' ^« ^^ft^' f.om British v ' ''^'"'"^ '^««y 
 '" «l.ich he said. " Thev n 1 .K ""^^ documents3 before ft ^'^"^'*^«"«<'- On the 
 '""'Standing the wrS/ ' •^''^^ "* ^ '^^'^'^t period .^.nf'fr' '"'^'^ '-* '"^^Bago 
 
 'i«n« on the part of he fiSb" ^ "' '^'' '"'^st of am elide nrof ''' '''' ^"^« ^^ "'^"- 
 Masecritagentoffh/^'''''™'"''"**^'-""^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 I«tit«ted authoritifs of r '" ^^'**«-^««f'"«etts4„ fl' 'T ^/.^tes-more espe- 
 
 Wose of bringing abol ""''""' '^"^ i" "'trigne wTth .^'^ J.-^affeetion to the 
 
 r_ _ _&^^ff_about resistance to the laws r^ "^ disaffected for the 
 
 l»S"edoc, the coneldemHon hoi "r "'""■^ """""d to Bam """i''"'^ k '^'"»* ">"""'c "giw ,„^"r^- "' "'«' '""d" 
 
 » 
 
; .' 
 
 Mlitii 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 i[ 
 
 1^ . iif 
 
 i i 1 bin 
 
 * ' ['ill 
 
 llj^il 
 
 332 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Henry's Disclosures make Political Capltnl. 'ihe British Ministry suppress the Correspondence. Embargo i)ropo6e(l, 
 
 a British force, of destroying the Union, and forming the eastern part thereof into a 
 political connection with Great Britain." 
 
 The indignation against Great Britain was intensified by these disclosureR, and the 
 inhabitants of New England felt deeply annoyed by this implied disparagement of 
 the patriotism of their section. Both political parties endeavored to make capital 
 out of the aifair. The Democrats vehemently reiterated the charge that the Fr-der- 
 alists were a " British party," and " disunionists ;"' while the opposition allegcl that 
 the affair was a political trick of the administration to damige their party, insure the 
 re-election of Madison, and to offer an excuse for war. The feeling excited in New 
 England against the administration was intense, and the indignation of the people 
 was almost equally divided between the President and the British sovereign. It 
 was charged that the whole matter was a fraud ; that Monroe wrote the letter pur- 
 porting to have been sent by Henry from Philadelphia to the government, and that 
 the paper on which Lord Liveqjool's communication to Henry, through Robert Peel, 
 was written, bore the mark of a Philadelphia paper maKufacturer, 
 
 These charges were all untrue. Every thing about the matter was genuine. The 
 British minister at 'Yashington (Mr. Foster), two days after the President's message 
 • March 11 ^^^ published, declared in the public prints'* his entire ignorance of aiiv 
 
 1812. transaction of the kind, and asked the United States government to consid- 
 er the character of the indivr'luaP who had made these disclosures, and to "suspend 
 any farther judgment on its merits until the circumstances shall have been made 
 known to his majesty's government." That government was called upon for an ex- 
 planation, early in May, by Lord Holland, who gave notice'' that he should 
 make a motion to call for the correspondence in relation to the intrigue. 
 Ministers were aiarmed, and their guilt was apparent in their efforts to suppress in- 
 quiry. Every pretext was brought to bear to oppose the motion. When they could 
 no longer deny the facts, they endeavored to throw the obloquy of the act upon the 
 dead Sir James Craig. The ministerial party in the House of Lords, when the mo- 
 tion was made, prevailed, and, by a vote of seventy-three against twenty-seven, re- 
 fused to have the correspondence produced. Lord Holland declared in his closing 
 speech that, until such investigation should be had, the fact that Great Britain had 
 entered into a dishonorable and atrocious intrigue against a friendly power Avould 
 stand unrefuted. And it does stand unrefuted to this day. It was so palpable, that 
 Madison, in his war message on the 1st of June, made this intrigue one of the serious 
 charges against Great Britain as justifying war. 
 
 The President, as we have observed, sent a confidential message to Congress on 
 the 1st of April, recommendinc; the laying of an embargo for sixty days. It was 
 avowedly a precursor of war ; and Mr. Calhoun immediately presented a bill in Com- 
 
 ' May 6. 
 
 ' They called up hi formidable array the proceedings of the New England people against the Embargo Laws dnrins 
 the past two or thiee years, and In an especial manner they arraigned Mr. Qnlncy, the great opposition leader of the 
 House, who, a year before (January 14, 1811), In the debate on the bill to enable the people of the Territory of Orleans to 
 form a State Constitution preparatory to their admission Into the Union, had declared that the passage of the bill would 
 "Justify a revolution In this country." ' look," they said, " to the signification of this passage In Mr. Quincy's fiwch 
 — a passage which, when called to order, he reduced to writing: " I am compelled to declare It as my deliberate nplnlon 
 that, if this bill passes, the bonds of the Union arc virtuully dissolved ; that the states which compos? It are free from 
 their moral obligations, and that, as It will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some to prepare definitely fw « 
 separation, amicably if they can, violently if they must." For an abstract of Mr. Quincy's speech on that occasion, sw 
 Benton's A bridgvietU of the Debates in C<miire»s, Iv., 82T. 
 
 The Senate, by resolution, asked for the names of persons in Boston or elsewhere who were concerned in the plot 
 with Henry. By Secretary Monroe's reply. It seems that tne spy never mentioned the name of any individual. 
 
 > John Ilenry was a native of Ireland. He appeared In Philadelphia about the year 1T9.1 or 17M, having come over m 
 a steerage passenger. He possessed considerable literary ability, and became editor of Brown's Philadelphia Oairiti. 
 He afterward kept a grocery, and married in that city. Having become natnralized, and obtained a commission in Ihf 
 army In the time of the expected war with France, he had command of an artillery corps under General El/cncier 
 Stevens, of New York, and was superior officer at Fort Jay, on Governor's Island, for more than a year. He afterward 
 had a command at Newport, where he quitted the service, settled upon a farm In Northern Vermont, studied law, Md 
 after Ave years entered upon the service recorded in the text. " He was a handsome, well-behaved man," says Sa" 
 van, " and was received In some respectable families in Boston." 
 
 Effoits to alarm the Pe( 
 
 Kt morning,'' wher 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 223 
 
 EffoiU to alarm the People. 
 
 War predicted. 
 
 The Sins of F-ance. 
 
 Embargo Act passed. 
 
 niittee of the Whole in accordance with the recommendation. ^ The opposition sound- 
 ed an alarm. The weakness of the country, and its utter want of preparation for war, 
 became the themes of impassioned appeals to the fears of the people. The continued 
 iffgressions of France — equal, they said, to those of England^ — were pointed to as 
 causes for war with that nation, and it night be necessary to encounter both at the 
 same time. 
 To these alarmists Clay vehemently responded. He charged them with having 
 cast obstacles in the way of preparation, and now made that lack of preparation an 
 excuse for longer submission to great wrongs. Weak as we are, he said, we could 
 liffht France too, if necessary, in a good cause — the cause of honor and independence. 
 He had no doubt that the late Indian war on the Wabash had been excited by the 
 British ;' and he alluded to the smployment of Henry, as a spy and fomentor of dis- 
 union, as another gross offense. " We have complete proof," he said, " thiit England 
 would do every thing to destroy us. Resolution and spirit are our only security." 
 He viewed the Embargo as a war measure, and " war we shall have in sixty days," 
 he said. 
 John Randolph implored the House to act with great caution. He said the Presi- 
 Icnt dared not pbinge the country into a war while in its present unprepared state. 
 There would be no war within sixty days. He believed the spirit of the people was 
 not up to war, or the provocation of an Embargo Act would not be needed. 
 
 Other remarks were heard from both sides. The bill, by the aid of the previous 
 
 question, was passed that evening* by a vote of seventy against forty-one. . April i, 
 
 I it was sent to the Senate the next morning. That body suspended the ^'*^2- 
 
 i rales, took up the bill, and carried it through all the stages but the last, with an 
 
 amendment increasing the time to ninety days. It Avas sent back to the House the 
 
 next morning,'' where it was concurred in, and on Saturday, the 4th of April, 
 
 it became a law by the signature of the President. It had been violently 
 
 assailed by Quincy, when it came back from the Senate, as an attempt to escape war, 
 
 not as a preliminary to it. It was absurd to think of creating a sufficient army and 
 
 I navy in ninety days to commence war. He coincided with Randolph in the belief 
 
 I that the Embargo was only intended to aid Bonaparte, by stopping the shipment of 
 
 " April 3. 
 
 ' When t|- Embargo project was first siif gested in the Committee on Foreign Kelatlons, it was proposed to dlscnss 
 liunder a pledge of secrecy. John Bandolph reftieed to be bound by any such pledge, denying the committee's author- 
 iliTto impose it. Mr. Cnlhonn, with frank generosity, ou the ground that all should have an equal chance, communi- 
 lutfdto Mr. (Julncy the fact that an embargo was to be laid the day before the committee's report to that effect was made. 
 i(lnincy, Lloyd, and Emott immediately sent expresses with the information to Philadclphio, New York, and Boston. 
 tt'8 message appeared in the New York livening Pout on the 3l8t of March, the day before the President's message 
 |n>H!nt hi. In consequence of this information, several vessels at these respective ports loaded and escaped to sea 
 |Worc the Embargo was laid. 
 
 i Those assertions contained much truth. According to a report laid before Congress on the 0th of July, 1812, it np- 
 
 huKi that the whole number of British seizures and captures of American vessels since the commencement of the 
 
 ICoBtiuental War was 917. Of these, 82S had occurred previously to the orders in Council of November, ISOT, and 389 
 
 iSeraarii. The French seizures and captures were B6S ; of these, 20« were before the Berlin and Milan decrees, .117 afler- 
 
 I, and 45 since their alleged repeal. Recent Danish captures amounted to 70, and Neapolitan to 47. Besides these 
 
 kere had been extensive Dutch and Spanish seizures, -.nlch. It was alleged, shonld properly be placed to the French 
 
 connt, as those countries were under the control of Napoleon. It was also stated that more than half th<' captures by 
 
 Wish cniisers had been declared invalid, and restoration ordered, while in France only a quarter of the vessels seized 
 
 fm to treated. It must be confessed that France was guilty of direct and indirect spoliatiou of American commerce 
 
 M" extent equal, if not exceeding that inflicted by Great Britain. 
 
 [' On the nth of Juno the Secretary of War laid before Congress nnmerons letters trom military and civil officers of 
 ifgovernment from various portions of the Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern frontiers, dating back as far as 
 i. and giving overwhelming evidence of the continual efforts of British emissaries to stir up the Indians to hostilities 
 piMt the United States, and to win them to the British interest In expectation of war between the two countries. I 
 11 i|iiote as a matter of fact, not speculation, trom a speech of Red Jacket, the great Seneca chief, in behalf of himself 
 Mother deputies of the Six Nations, in February, ISIO: 
 "BsoTHEE,— Since you have had some disputes with the British government, their agents In Ca' iida have not only 
 ideavored to make the Indians nt the westward your enemies, hut they have sent the wa^belt among our warriors [in 
 1 New York), to (ralson their minds and make them break their faith with yon. At the same time we had In- 
 MIon that the British had circulated war-belts among tha Western Indians, and within yonr territory." 
 " plons extracts from the letters above mentioned as having been laid before the Secretary of Wat may be found in 
 I ITccWr/ IteyUter, ti., Si . 
 
 
 ii-:i 
 
 
 
 •! ■ 
 
){ 
 
 , I 
 
 s! 
 
 til 
 
 Ivi , ! 
 
 224 PICTORIAL TIELD-BOOK 
 
 Supplemtntur; Smbnrgo Act. Opposition to the Embargo. Delueivc Hopes ol Jmilte. 
 
 provisions to Spain, where the British armies were then beginning to win victories.' 
 It was called, in ridicule, " a Terrapin War."^ 
 
 The Embargo Act (which prohibited the sailing of any vessel for any foreign port 
 except foreign vessels, with such cargoes as they had on board when notified of the 
 • April 14, ^^^) '^'^^ speedily followed by a supplement" prohibiting exportations by 
 
 1S12. land, whether of goods or specie.^ Farther provision was also made for the 
 immediate strengthening of the army. 
 
 These belligerent measures were hailed with joy throughout the country hy tlic 
 war party, who were dominant and determhied. They alarmed those who wiskd 
 for peace ; yet these, unwilling to believe that the administration would push mat- 
 ters to the extreme of actual hostility, acquiesced in the embargo because of a delu- 
 sive hope that it might be the means of causing Great Britain to modify its system 
 concerning neutrals, and thereby avert war. Tt was, indeed, a delusive hope. The 
 letters of Jonathan Russell (who had succeeded Mr. Pinkney as minister to Engl.ind) 
 at this time gave no encouragement for it. On the contrary, they were discouraff- 
 ing. To Mr. Monroe he wrote, after attending discussions on the orders in Council 
 in Parliament : " If any thing was wanting to prove the inflexible determination of 
 the present ministry to persevere in the orders in Council, without modification or re- 
 laxation, the declarations of leading members of the administration on these meas- 
 ures must place it beyond the possibility of a doubt. I no longer entertain a hope 
 that we can honorably avoid war."* 
 
 ' One great object of the Embargo appears to have been to detain ait ' merchant ships as popslWp, for 
 
 the twofold purpose, in view of iijiproaching war, to keep them from Bi .1 , , .^-ers, and to engage them for thai 
 service on the part of the Americans. Mr. Alison, the British historian, Buggesty only part of the truth in sayliii tbat 
 it was to prevent intelligence of the proceedings of the Americans in their preparations for war reaching Enjilan(i, and 
 to f^irnish then with means, fVom their extensive commercial navy, of manning their vessels of war. To do this, m\ 
 the nation a g ;at sacriflce. A writer in the American lieviein of April, 1S12, estimated the loss as follows: 
 
 Mercantile loss $24,814,249 
 
 Deteriorated value of surplus produce and waste 40,19(!,02S 
 
 Loss sustained by the revenue t),non,nno 
 
 Total national loss $i4,(llO,27T, or $8,107,623 a month. 
 
 » See note 3, page 104. Arpnment, ridicule, satire were all employed against the "Terrapin War." Durini; the laic 
 spring and early summer of 1S12, the subjoined song was sung at all gatherings of the Federalists, and was very popular: 
 " Huzza for onr liberty, boys, Then bring up your ' regulars,' lads. 
 
 These are the days of our glory— In ' attitude' nothing ye laclc, sire, 
 
 The days of true national joys, Ye'il frighten to death the Danads, 
 
 When terrapins gallop before ye 1 With lire-coals blazing aback, sirs ! 
 
 There's Porter, and Grundy, and Rhcn, Oh, this is true Terrapin war! 
 
 In Congress who manfully vapor, " As to powder, and bullet, and swords, 
 
 Who draw their six dollars a day, poj^ ^a they were never intended, 
 
 And light bloody battles on paper I They're a parcel of high-sounding words. 
 
 Ah 1 this is true Terrapin war. But never to action extci.ded. 
 
 "Poor Madison the tremors has got. Ye must /rijjAten the r.!!" 'il.^ nway, 
 
 'Bout this same arming the nation In ' rapid descerie or ij.irters; 
 
 Too far to retract, he can not Then the plunder dl - !■ miy, 
 
 Go on— and he loses his station. And drive them he, " ^ .le -.Tatei* 
 
 vl ^—- k f Oh, thislSi/rp-" , Ki.r!" 
 
 ' The oppo.sition speakers ana :ic ■. .or enminocd th( 
 Embargo (especially the "Land Embargi.. 1 .tie • npplorafnt 
 ary act was called) in unmeasured terms, i!.* '^w' trade will 
 Canada, so sudcienly arrested and thrown into cunfiislon btil 
 was represented by a bewildered serpent, which had hecn m 
 denly stopped In its movements by two trees, mnrki'd rofpcl 
 ively Emiiaroo and Non-inteuoourse. The wonilerlng mal 
 is pnzzlcd to know what has happened, and the head cries m[ 
 " What is the matter, tail f" The latter answers. " I caii'l 
 ont." A cock (in allusion to France) stands by, rrowlDjt Joyfiill] 
 • Letter to Secretary Monroe, March 4, 1H12. Mr. Pfirclval.oi 
 of the Cabinet, and a leading administration member. Mid. 
 the course of debate: "As England Is contending for thf 
 fense of her maritime rights, a'"1 for the preservation ofhor 
 tional existence, which essentia lepends on the mnl11lp11.11 
 of these rights, she could not ho • pected. In the prosecullon 
 this great and primary inters ■ ' " rrest or vary her copw 
 liMen to the pretenirinns ofneiKi ' «m*, or to rnmtetht 
 haieerer the]/ tniuM be rearetted, uMch the uni/orm ^loliajitt 
 FAO-biMiUi <jr A KUwuvAvna <;dt. timet indirectly or unintentionaUy extended to them." 
 
 Britlili Orders and I 
 
 The determii 
 in Council was 
 British ministei 
 the whole grou 
 can not admit, { 
 Slie can not adni 
 contraband of w 
 fcrij)tion; and sJ 
 ution would be ( 
 ivith them the 1 
 sach principles." 
 The conduct 01 
 istacles in the wai 
 cil. Joel Barlow 
 He strove in vain 
 for past spoliation 
 dent and his Cabi 
 
 be repealed, therel 
 st,iDd before tJie w( 
 
 Ibradoorofe.scapi 
 ly uni-epoaled in to 
 Dispatches fi-om Ba 
 j llinister for Foreio-i 
 I i»rt in which thos'e 
 I icy of the emperor , 
 I Iw" denationalized" 
 I goods in neutral vet 
 
 [aiicaport notalsoij 
 Thus matters stoc 
 
 l*^|ii|; 
 
 
"■fW" 
 
 OF THIS WAR OF 1812. 
 
 225 
 
 A preliminary War Meaiiure. 
 
 Mudlson reuomiuated. 
 
 » March 10 
 
 British Orders and French Decrees nnrepealed. 
 
 The determination of the British government not to relax the rigor of the orders 
 ill Council was explicitly stated a few weeks later," when Mr. Foster, the • soth May, 
 British minister at Washington, in a letter to Mr. Monroe, after reviewing ''*''''• 
 the whole ground of controversy between the two countries, said : " Great Britain 
 can not admit, as a true declaration of public law, that free ships make free goods. 
 !<lie can not admit, as a principle of public law, that arms and military stores are alone 
 contraband of war, and that ship-timber and naval stores are excluded from that de- 
 scription; and she feels that to relinquish her just measures of self-defense and retali- 
 ation would be to surrender the best means of her own preservation and rights, and 
 with them the rights of other nations, so long as France maintains and acts upon 
 jiieli principles." 
 
 The conduct of France now became a subject for just animadversion, and cast ob- 
 stacles in the way of the arguments of the war party concerning the orders in Coun- 
 oil, Joel Barlow had been sent to France as the successor of minister Armstrong. 
 He strove in vain to procure from the French government any promise of indemnity 
 for past spoliations, or of a relaxation of restrictive measures in future^ The Presi- 
 dent and his Cabinet had earnestly hoped that the Berlin and Milan decrees would 
 Iw repealed, thereby compelling Great I3ritain t6 withdraw her orders in Council, or 
 stand liufore the world as a willful violator of the rights of nations. In this they hoped 
 for a door of escape fron» war. It was certain that, while the decrees stood absolute- 
 ly unrepealed in form, Great Britain would not relax her restrictive system one iota, 
 i Dispatches from Barlow late in March gave no hope of a change. Indeed, the French 
 Minister for Foreign Affairs had laid before the Conservative Senate** a re- 
 I uort in which those decrees were spoken of as embodying the settled pol- 
 icy of the emperor, to be enforced against all nations who should suiFer their Hags to 
 be "denationalized" by submitting to the pretensions of the British to seize enemies' 
 joods in neutral vessels, to treat timber and naval stores as contraband, or to block- 
 ade a port not also invested by land. 
 Thus matters stood on the 1st of June, when Mr. Madison sent into Congress, aft- 
 er previous arrangement with the Committee on 
 Foreign Affairs, a most important confideniial mes- 
 sage, by which he was fairly committed to the war 
 policy. He had hesitated somewhat. Ho was will- 
 ing to sign a bill declaring war against Great Brit- 
 ain, but he did Tiot wish to appear as a leader in the 
 measure. His new ])olitical masters would consent 
 to no flinching. They resolved that the President 
 should share the fearful responsibility with them- 
 selves. A Congressional caucus was about to be 
 held to nominate a Democratic candidate for the 
 Presidency, and a committee, with the imperious 
 Clay at their head, waited on Mr. Madison, and told 
 liim plainly that he must move in a declaration of 
 war, or they would not sapport him for re-election. 
 He yielded. The caucus was held. Eighty members 
 were present. Varnum, of Massachusetts, was presi- 
 dent, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, was sec- 
 retary. The entire vote was given to Mr. Madison. 
 George Clinton, the Vice-President, whom they had 
 intended to nominate for re-election, had died a few 
 
 lAlillle later a Loudon nlnlsterlal i)aper used the fnllnwInK lanKiiaRe, which exposed the antmns of the men In pnw- 
 Ittd the arlalocriitlc and mercantile classes : "As Great Britain has got possession of the ocean, It mnst have the 
 
 pi tn enact laws for the rcgnlntlon of itn omn element, and to confine the trackt (^neutralu within such boundariea as itt 
 
 »n.)ittt and inteittU require to be droiim."— t<mrfon Courier, April, 1814. 
 
 P 
 
 I i " 
 
 ?;2?llf. 
 
 Hi r 
 'i 1 
 
 1 
 
 mm 
 
 1 ! 
 
 I 
 
11! 
 
 ij li 
 
 (leorge Clinton. 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The President's accusatory Message. 
 
 Callionn's Report on Caases and Reasons for War. 
 
 m 
 
 II n 
 
 If 
 
 weeks before,' and the aged Elbridge Gerry, lately defeated as a candidate for re- 
 election to the governorship of Massachusetts, w«ir placed on the ticket for Vice- 
 President. This matter disposed of, and the continued claims of De Witt Clirt ^n, of 
 New York, to a nomination for President being considered as of little moment 
 the war party, led by Clay and Calhoun, put forth vigorous exertions for the full ac- 
 complishment of their purposes. 
 
 In his message to Congress on the 1st of June the President reoapitulated the 
 wrongs which the people of the United States had suffered at the hands of Great 
 Britain — wrongs already noticed in preceding pages, and need not be repeated here. 
 He declared that her conduct, taken together, was positively belligerent. " We be- 
 hold in fine," he said, " on the side of Great Britain, a state of war against the United 
 States, and on the side of the United States a state of peace toward Great Britain.'" 
 He warned his countrymen to avoid entanglements " in the contests and views of 
 other powers" — meaning France — and called their attention to the fact that the 
 French government, since the revocation of her decrees as applied to American com- 
 merce, had aiithorized illegal captures by her privateers ; but he abstained at that 
 time from offering any suggestions concerning definitive measures with respect to 
 that nation. 
 
 The message was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations,' and on the ad 
 of June Mr. Calhoun, its then chairman, presented a report, in which the causes and 
 reasons for war Averc more fully stated — more in historical order and detail — than in 
 the President's message. In concluding the review of British aggressions, the report 
 declared that the hostility of the government of Great Britain was evidently based 
 
 ' George Clinton was born in Ulster County, New York, in 1739. He ibm 
 the profession of the law for his avocatio i. In 1708 he was elected to a m; 
 J 7 in the Colonial Legislature, and was a number of the Continental Conj,'ress in 
 
 "™ -, jirt- 1776. He was appointed a brigadier in the army of the United States in !"(, j 
 
 and during the whole war was active In military affairs in New York. In i 
 April, 1777, he was elected governor and lieutenant governor, under the ntw 
 Republican Oonstitntlon of the state, and was continued in the former ofUtt j 
 eighteen years. lie was president of the Convention assembled at PodsIi- 
 keepsie to consider the Federal Constitution in 1788. He was agnin choMn j 
 governor of the state in 1801, and three years afterward he was elected Vice- j 
 President of the United States. He occupied that elevated position at the tim j 
 of his death, which occurred at Washington City on the 20th of April, 1S12. 
 
 Mr. Clinton expired about nine o'clock in the morning. He had been ill for j 
 some time, and his death was not unexpected. His funeral took place on the j 
 afternoon of the 21st. The corpse was removed from his lodgings to the dpi- f 
 tol, escorted by a troop of horse. There it remained until four o'clock, when | 
 the procession, composed of cavalry and the marine corps, clergymen, 
 cians, mouiners, the President of the United States, members of both hini?es| 
 of Congress, heads of departments, etc., moved to the Congressional hurjim-j 
 ground, situated on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac, about a mile ei<i-j 
 ward of the Capitol. Over his grave a monument of white marble was ere«-| 
 ed. The annexed sketch of it was made when I visited that resting-place of| 
 many of the American worthies, in the autumn of 1801. It is about flneen fed 
 in height. The tablet for the inscription, and a profile In high relief on ibd 
 obelisk, are of statuary marble. On the east side (in shadow in the picinif j 
 is the inscription ; on the north side the fasces ; on the west side a serpen^ 
 on a staff; and on the south side the winged caduceus of Mercury. On ll 
 west side of the obelisk is a Roman sword, crossed by a saber, and tied loj 
 gother by a scarf. The following Is a copy of the inscription : 
 
 "To the memory of George Clinton. He was born in the State nfN>< 
 York on the 2flth of Jnly, 1739, and died at Washington on the 2flth of.M"( 
 1812, in the 73d year of his age. He was a soldier and statesman of the f 
 olution, eminent in council, rtlstlngulBhed In war. He filled, with unex' 
 nseftiineas, purity, and ability, among many other high offices, those • 
 emor of his native state, and of Vice-President of the United States. Wtii 
 he lived, his virtue, wisdom, and valor were the pride, the ornament, and li 
 security of his country j and when he died he left an Illustrious e.xtr-.^ 
 well-spent life, worthy of all imitation. This monument is affectionately de< 
 Cttted by his children." 
 ' For the message in fbll, see SUUesman'a Mamtal, i., 3H7. 
 » The committee was composed of John C. Calhoun, of Sonth Carolina; Felix Grundy, of Tennessee ; .John 8Dii| 
 
 of Pennsylvania ; John A. Harper, of New Hampshire ; Joseph Desha, of Kentucky ; and Ebenezer Seaver, of Mu 
 
 cbusetts. 
 
 Ul.lNTON S TOjdll. 
 
 Action of the Eons 
 
 on the fact thj 
 
 that their proi 
 
 mittee," said 1 
 
 which have a t 
 
 of a permanent 
 
 and wound so 
 
 the United Sta 
 
 Tlie control of 
 
 ling it almost : 
 
 have been carri 
 
 their cargoes, as 
 
 ing of their dan 
 
 on the high seas 
 
 icnce of tJieir oj) 
 
 geroiis tendency 
 
 these be the onl' 
 
 might, for a whil 
 
 tensions would s 
 
 mission to its auf 
 
 fidence that there 
 
 not be carried." 
 
 On the present 
 ;hem was denied 
 presented a bill, a 
 ilepcndencies and 
 Ten votes were g\ 
 in the declaration. 
 the repeal of all n 
 postpone the whoh 
 liill, as Calhoun pre 
 nine for it and fort 
 When the bill re, 
 appouited to consid 
 t»clve days. Mea; 
 by conflicting emot 
 -Massachusetts ; and 
 A.stor, reeommendin 
 lield in various plact 
 I'-.ontheirth ofJu 
 some amendments, v, 
 
 I W to the House on 
 l"i. The hill was en^ 
 [tliat day became a la 
 |kfrnromPenn8ylvar 
 
 .e^"^""'"'"" of the Unite 
 •""fythe same Into effect, an 
 «^7:j™'jrP'^Ml.Mns„ch 
 Tl^Hlf^^fteofthe govern 
 
 ^ofrobbery or piracy, were* 
 ™'['"-f''»«fn«tcommer 
 
 ""'>", It is only legalized pira 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 229 
 
 Action of tbe Honse of Representatives in Secret Session. 
 
 Action of tlie Senate on a Declaration of War. 
 
 on the fact that the United States were considered by it as its commercial rival, and 
 that their prosperity and growth were incompatible with its welfare. " Your com- 
 mittee," said the report, " will not enlarge on any of the injuries, however great, 
 which have a transitoiy effect. They wish to call the attention of the House to tliose 
 of a permanent nature only, which intrench so deeply on our most important rights, 
 iiiul wound so extensively and vitally our best interests, as could not fail to deprive 
 the United States of the principal advantages of their Revolution, if submitted to. 
 Tlie control of our commerce by Great Britain, in regulating at pleasure and expel- 
 lii)(» it almost from the ocean ; the oppressive manner in which these regulations 
 have been carried into effect, by seizing and confiscating such of our vessels, with 
 their cai'goes, as wjre said to have violated her edicts, often without previous warn- 
 ing of their danger ; the impressment of our citizens from on board our own vessels 
 on the high seas and elsewhere, and holding them in bondage till it suited the conven- 
 ience of their oppressors to deliver them up, are encroachments of that high and dan- 
 eerous tendency Avhich could not fail < o produce tliat pernicious effect ; nor would 
 these be the only consequences that wouil result from it. The British government 
 might, for a while, be satisfied with the ascendency thus gained over us, but its pre- 
 tensions would soon increase. The proof which so complete and disgraceful a sub- 
 mission to its authority would afford of our degeneracy, could not fail to inspire con- 
 fidence that there was no limit to which its usurpations and our degradation might 
 not be carried." 
 
 On the presentation of this report the doors were closed, and a motion to open 
 them was denied by a vote of seventy-seven against forty-nine. Mr. Calhoun then 
 presented a bill, as part of the report, declfiring war between Great Britain and her 
 dependencies and the U uited States and its Territories. Amendments were offered. 
 Ten votes were given for a proposition by M'Kee, of Kentucky, to include France 
 in the declaration. Mr. Quincy endeavored, by an addition to the bill, to provide for 
 tlie repeal of all restrictive laws bearing upon commerce ; and Randolph moved co 
 postpone the whole matter until the following October. All were rejected, and the 
 bill, as Calhoun presented it, was passed on the 4th day of June by a vote of seventy- 
 nine for it and forty-nine against it. 
 
 When the bill reached the Senate*- it was referred to a committee already • jnne 5, 
 
 appointed to consider the President's message. It remained under discussion '***• 
 
 twelve days. Meanwhile the people throughout the country were fearfully excited 
 
 I by conflicting emotions. A memorial against the war went from the Legislature of 
 
 Massachusetts ; and another from the merchants of New York, led by John Jacob 
 
 Astor, recommending restrictive measures as better than war. War-meetings were 
 
 in various places, and the whole country was in a tumult of excitement. Final- 
 
 lly,on the 17th of June — the annivei-sary of the battle of Bunker Hill — the bill, with 
 
 I some amendments, was passed by a vote of nineteen against thirteen. It was sent 
 
 Ibackto the House on the morning of the 18th, where the amendments were concurred 
 
 I in, The hill was engrossed on parchment, and at three o'clock on the afternoon of 
 
 Ithatday became a law by the signature of the President.^ In the House, the mera- 
 
 prs from Pennsylvania, and the states South and West, gave f' -two votes for it 
 
 ' The act declaring war was drawn up by William Pinkney , late minister to England, and then Attorney General of the 
 Irtlted States. It is as follows: "That war be, and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom 
 ifGreat Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof and the United States of America and their Territories ; and 
 lit the President of the United States is hereby authorized to nse the whole land and naval force of the United States 
 li tiny the same Into effect, and to issne to private armed vessels of the Un ited States commissions, or letters of marqno 
 : i 'fmn\ reprisal," in such form as he shall thlnlt proper, and nndcr the seal of the United States, against the vessels, 
 "sand effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the subjects thereof." 
 
 ' Utttrt nf marque and repriml, or commissions to seise the goods of an enemy in time of war and not Incur the pen- 
 
 pltjot robbery or piracy, were tssned in England as early as Edward the First. It has ever been a powerful belligerent 
 
 11 in warfare against commercial nations, and the system was of great service to the Americans during their war with 
 
 Ell Bittain in 1S12-'15. Efforts have recently been made to abolish the system among nations. It should be, for, 
 
 IHfrjll, It is only legalized piracy. 
 
 ."'"IPW^Bf 
 
 1^^^ 
 
/ 
 
 '^n 
 
 wm 
 
 
 228 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Declaration of War. 
 
 The Prealdent proclaimB the Fact. 
 
 A Protest. 
 
 "Joelah the Pint; 
 
 to seventeen against it. In the Senate the same states gave fourteen for it to five 
 against it. " Thus," says a late writer, " the war may \m said to have been a meas- 
 ure of the South and West to take care of the interests of the North, much against 
 the will of the latter."' 
 
 When the War Act became law, the injunction of secrecy was removed, "1 on the 
 • June 19 following day" the President issued a proclamation announcing the fact, and 
 1S12. calling upon the people of the United States to sustain the public uuthoii- 
 ties in the measures to be adopted for obtaining a speedy, just, and honorable peace. 
 " I exhort all the good people of the United States," he said, " as they love their coun- 
 try; as they value the precious heritage derived from the virtue and valor of their 
 fathers ; as they feel the wrongs which have forced on them the last resort of injured 
 nations ; and as they consult the best means, under the blessing of divine Providence, 
 of abridging its calamities, that they exert themselves in preserving order, in promot- 
 ing concord, in maintaining the authority and the efficiency of the laAvs, and in sup- 
 porting and invigorating all the measures which may be adopted by the constituted 
 authorities." 
 
 This was soon followed by an able protest against the measure. It was chicflv 
 written by Mr. Quincy, who then stood at the head of the opposition, not only in Con- 
 gress, but throughout the country. The 
 prestige of his father's name as a leadini; 
 patriot of the lievolution ; his own Ions 
 services in the National Legislature ; lijv 
 family connections and influence ; liis ster- 
 ling worth in private life ; his witlierinc; 
 sarcasm of tongue and pen ; liis fluency 
 of speech in declamation or debate, anil 
 his handsome and commanding presence, 
 all combined to make him jjcerless ns 
 a leader. He was consequently assailed 
 with the greatest bitterness by the friends 
 of the administration ; and squibs, and 
 epigrams, and caricatures^ frequently at- 
 tested the general acknowledgment of 
 his commanding position. Mr. Quincy 
 outlived all of his contemporaries. Not 
 one of the members of the Twelfth Con- 
 gress — the Congress that declared w ar 
 against Great Britain in 1812 — was liv- 
 ing at the time of his death. He was horn] 
 with the nation, whose full indejiendemc] 
 was only achieved at the close of tliiitj 
 
 ' Edwin Williams, in tiie Statmman'a ifanunl, I., 450. 
 
 ' One of the caricatures of Mr. Quincy is before rac. It was engraved and pnblifihed by William Charles,* of Philii 
 dclphia, and is entitled " Josiah the First." He is represented as a king, in reference to his political domiimtiou. 
 
 * Of William Charles, the engraver above mentioned, who publixhed several caricatures during the War of 1812-']^ 
 very little ' remembered. The venerable Doctor Alexander Anderson, of New York, the father of W(M)d enp-nvliiL' 
 America, and yet (1807) a practitioner of the art at the ajre of ninety-two years, informed the writer that he knew CharliJ 
 when he first came to America, about the year isoi. He was a native of Ediuburg, Scotland. He carlciilurcd one ( 
 more of the magistrates of that city, and, to avoid the consequences of prosecution, he left and came to the I'niiej 
 States. He practiced his art in New York for a number of years without success, and then went to PhiliidelpUa, 
 venerable John M'AUIster, of Phlladplphia, now (ISOT) more than eighty years of age, writes me that he reniembi 
 Charles and his small book-store and print-shop, which he opened in Philadelphia Just Iwfore the War of 1S12. Afll 
 the suspension of specie payments by tlie hanks in ISU, he engraved, printed, and vended a great quantity of not»tl 
 ■fractions of dollars, commonly known as " shinplasters." He died in Philadelphia In the year 1821, and his widowft 
 tinned his bookselling and stationery business. I am indebted to Mr. M'AUIster for the caricature of Mr. Qiilncyalx 
 given. 
 
 SnbataDceofthe P 
 
 war, and livet 
 nal and inheri 
 tack purified ; 
 impressed upc 
 3fr. Quincy, 
 the war. Ho 
 made by other 
 rcsentatives, ar 
 tlieir conduct i 
 ously the state 
 (IS in Congresf 
 necessarily lead 
 aijainst her — a 
 the United Stat( 
 two, and looked 
 , the French edic 
 '• had not the pow 
 portion of the w 
 affected by the a 
 ize the American 
 tcctors, and go m 
 seizure of Canada 
 i^idered an attemj: 
 iincertain in the is 
 unprepared state 
 '■^V^ith a navy coi 
 liie greatest marin 
 every ocean, we pi 
 wealth of which w 
 iiics of a power whi 
 soldier into pay, oai 
 lioard. Before ade 
 or money are provi 
 fontest, which is la 
 I the present war ao-i 
 
 lii( head is a crown. His co 
 
 « hand he holds a sceptre! 
 J"'.do,bythlsroynlp;„cl^ 
 
 taerofthe noble Or" 
 " n the sea behind him" 
 His defense on the floor of 
 
 ,!»« representation of a codfls 
 «*a memorial," In the lnn„ 
 f^oodflaherytothewelfire^, 
 I 'On the Mth of June, 1861 
 «»'«cy,M„8sach„sett«.' ni'v 
 Wl»of,he Northern sec":„ 
 Jl'lnvhat pride and joy wo 
 
 BOBe man, With one mind a, 
 to'Vorth,andtheWe8tth«f 
 Mting their gaing and r! 
 
 '*..«„, Cvr^oXh 
 I ^lie fnliowloB are tho „ 
 
 «"«« printed in newspaper. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 229 
 
 mm 
 
 9ul»ti>nce of the Protest of the Minority- 
 
 Names of those who signed it. 
 
 war, and lived to see it, in sturdy maturity, not only resist a most dangerous inter- 
 nal and inherited disease that threatened to destroy its life, but to rise from the at- 
 tack purified and strengthened, with every promise of long and vigorous existence 
 impressed upc every fibre of its being.' 
 
 Mr. Quincy, ;t has been observed, wrote the most of the minority's protest against 
 the war. He was aided by Mr. Bayard, of Delaware, and some suggestions were 
 made by others. It was signed by all the minority members of the House of Rep- 
 ivsontatives, and was issued in the form of an address to their constituents, in which 
 thfir conduct in voting against the war was vindicated.'^ They set forth perspicu- 
 ously the state of the country, and the course of the administration and its support- 
 ers in Congress. They professed to believe that a war with Great Britain would 
 necessarily lead to a political connection with France, then waging bitter hostilities 
 against her — a connection which would be extremely hazardous to the liberties of 
 tiie United States. They professed to regard France as the great^er aggressor of the 
 tivo, and looked upon her commerce as not worth contending for. Notwithstanding 
 the French edicts, a profitable trade might be carried on with England, for France 
 liad not the power to enforce their edicts to a very great extent. Indeed, a large 
 jiortion of the world where American commerce might be made profitable was not 
 atfected by the actions of either of the belligerents. They would, therefore, author- 
 ize the American merchantmen to arm in their own defense, become their OAvn pro- 
 tectors, and go wherever they chose to risk themselves. As to the invasion and 
 seizure of Canada, which was a part of the programme of the war party, they con- 
 sidered an attempt to carry out that measure as unjust and impolitic in itself, very 
 uncertain in the issue, and unpromising as to any good results. They pointed to the 
 unprepared state of the country as vehemently forbidding a declaration of war. 
 "With a navy comparatively nominal, we are about to enter into the lists against 
 the greatest marine on the globe. With a commerce unprotected and spread over 
 every ocean, we propose to make profit by privateering, and for this endanger the 
 wealth of which we are honest proprietors. An invasion is threatened of the colo- 
 nies of a power which, without putting a new ship into commission, or taking another 
 soldier into pay, can spread alarm or desolation along the extensive range of our sea- 
 board. Before adequate fortifications are prepared for domestic defense, before men 
 or money are provided for a war of attack, why hasten into the midst of this awful 
 contest, which is laying Avaste Europe ? It can not be concealed that to engage in 
 
 the present war against England is to place ourselves on the side of France, and 
 
 hl< heart Is a crown. His coat is scarlet, his waistcoat browu, his breechc tight green, and his stockings white silk. In 
 
 I one liand he holds a sceptre, and in the space near his head (omitted in our reduced copy) are the words : " I, Josiah the 
 
 First, do, by this royal proclamation, announce myself King of New England, Nova Scotia, and Passamaquoddy ; Grand 
 
 Jlaster of the noble Order of the Two Codfishes." On his left breast are seen two codflshes crossed, forming the. order, 
 
 I mi In the sea behind him that kind offish is seen sporting in the water. These were probably introduced in allusion 
 
 10 Ms defense on the floor of Congress of the rights of the New England fishermen ; or possibly because of the fact that 
 
 I Ihc representation of a codfish has hung in the Representatives' Hall in the State-house at Boston since the year 1784, 
 
 I "as a memorial," in the language of John Howe, who that year moved that it be placed there, " of the importance of 
 
 I Ihe cndflshery to the welfare of the commonwealth of Massachusetts." 
 
 ' On the 29th of June, 18«1, Mr. Qulney made a speech to the officers and soldiers of Captain Porbes's Coast Guard at 
 I Qtincy, Massachusetts. He was then in his ninetieth year. In the course of his remarks on the great uprising of the 
 I !«ople of the Northern section of the Union to put down the demagogues' rebellion in the South.,, u section, he remarked : 
 "With what i)riile and joy would the founders of this republic have hailed the events of our day— a whole people rising 
 liionc man, with one mind and one heart, In support of the Constitntion and the Union ; npspringing from the East, 
 like North, and the West, the farmer from the field, the mechanic fW)m the work-bench— all classes and all professions — 
 Ibrgetting their gains, and ready to make sacrifices with one thought and one will to protect, to preser\'e, and to render 
 Itkf union of these states immortal. These are the true glories of a republic, evidencing that the masses which compose 
 llunilerewnd the value of their liberties, and arc prepared to sacrifice property and life In their defense." 
 ' The following are the names of the signers of the protest : 
 
 George Sullivan, William Held, Epaphroditns Champion, Benjamin Tallmadge, H. M. Ridgeley, Joseph Lewis, Jr., 
 MjuhBrigham, Leonard White, Jonathan O. Moseley, Asa Fitch, Philip Stuart, Thomas Wilson, Abtjah Bigelow, Laban 
 feton, Lyman Law, James Emott, Philip B. Key, A. M'Bryde, Josiah Qnincy, Ellsha R. Potter, Lewis B. Slnrges, 
 Ihnes Milnor, James Breckinridge, Joseph Pearson, William Ely, Richard Jackson, Jr., Timothy PItklu, Jr., Thomas 
 TtGonld, John Baker, Martin Chittenden, Samuel Taggart, John Davenport, Jr., H. Bleecker, C. Goldsburgh. The pro- 
 ■ i was printed in newspapers and on broadsides, and widely circulated. 
 
hi -i 
 
 ; 1 
 
 f '. 
 
 'Ii;fe 
 
 230 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Issue fairly before the Country. 
 
 Organization of a Peace Party. 
 
 Its unpatriotic Courw, 
 
 expose U8 to the vassalage of states serving under the banners of the French em- 
 peror." 
 
 " It is said," thoy remarked, " that war is demanded by honor. Is national honor 
 a principle which thirsts after vengeance, and is appeased only by blood ; which 
 trampling on the hopes of man and spuming the law of God, untaught by what is 
 past and careless of what is to come, precipitates itself into any folly or madness to 
 gratify a selfish vanity or to satiate some unhallowed rage ? If honor demuiuls a 
 war with England, what opiate lulls that honor to sleep over the wrongs done us by 
 France ?" 
 
 " What are the United States to gain by this war ?" they asked. " Will the grati- 
 fication of some privateersmen compensate the nation for that sweep of our legiti- 
 mate commerce by the extended marine of our enemy which this desperate act in- 
 vites ? Will Canada compensate the Middle States for New York, or the Western 
 States for New Orleans? Let us not be deceived. A war of invasion may invite a 
 retort of invasion. When we visit the peaceable, and, as to us, innocent colonies of 
 Great Britain' with the horrors of war, can we be assured that our own coast will 
 not be visited with like horrors ? At a crisis of the world, such as the present, and 
 under impressions such as these, the undersigned can not consider the war into which 
 the United Statjs have in secret been precipitated as necessary, or required by any 
 moral or political expediency." 
 
 Tims the issue was fairly placed before the country. The time for discussion was 
 ended; the tirre for action had arrived. While one portion of the people — tlie vast 
 majority — wert^ nobly responding to the call of the President to sustain the govern- 
 ment by word and deed, another portion were preparing to cast obstacles in the way 
 of its success. An organization was soon visible, called the Peace Parti/, composed 
 chiefly of the moi° violent opponents of the administration and disaffected Demo- 
 crats, whose party-spirit held their patriotism in complete subordination. Lackinj 
 the sincerity or the integrity of those patriotic members of the Congressional minor- 
 ity, whose protest wsis the voice of their consciences made audible, they endeavored, 
 by attempting to injure the public credit, preventing enlistments into the armies, 
 spreading false stories concerning the strength of the British and weakness of the 
 Americans, and by public speeches, sermons, pamphlets, and newspaper essays, to 
 compel the government to sheathe the sword and hold out the olive-branch of peace 
 at the cost of national honor and independence. These machinations were kept up 
 during the whole war to the great embarrassment of the government and the injury 
 of the country. To this unpatriotic Peace Party a large number of the leading Fed- 
 eralistfi gave no countenance, but, with a clear perception of duty to their country, 
 and in accordance with the principles of the true spirit of republicanism, many of 
 them, bound to the expressed will of the majority, yielded their private views to tlie 
 necessities of the hour, and lent their aid, as the President desired all good citizens ; 
 to do, " to the constituted authorities for obtaining a speedy, a just, and an honorable] 
 peace." 
 
 Having resolved on war, the next important labor for Congress to perform was] 
 making adequate provisions for prosecuting it. One of the most important consid-| 
 erations was finance, for money has been justly styled the " sinews of war." In ¥ch-\ 
 • February iTi ruary* the Committee of Ways and Means reported a system of finance 
 
 ^^^^- adapted to a state of war for three years. Its chief features conteni'^ 
 
 plated the support of war expenses wholly by loans ; and the ordinary expenses of 
 the government, including the interest on the national debt, by revenues. They es 
 timated the war expenses at $11,000,000 for the first year. Aware that a state o( 
 
 > The House of Representatives resolved that, In the event of a determination to Invade Canada or other BrilUi 
 provinces, the President should be authorized to issue a proclamation assuring the inhabitants thereof that all tbe^ 
 rights, of every kind, shonld be respected if their territory gbonld become a part of the United States. 
 
 Meuuroa for raising 
 
 war would din 
 
 be doubled, fbj 
 
 .ind an extensi 
 
 cial scheme gei 
 
 not exceeding t 
 
 Secretary of th( 
 
 ill the United f> 
 
 Iwnks to subscr; 
 
 posits until caJh 
 
 When war wj 
 
 111,000,000 loan 
 
 «1,928,000, leavii 
 
 dent was authori 
 
 nual interest of ii 
 
 Treasury. This v 
 
 the circulation of 
 
 try for the fiscal 
 
 the interest on $4, 
 
 On the 26th of J 
 
 and reprisal, and j 
 
 the regular force t 
 
 «oom, and one of i 
 
 of thirty-six thous; 
 
 •liscipiined, and eff 
 
 under arms at thai 
 
 were raw recruits. 
 
 duty, notwithstandi 
 
 eight millions. TJi^ 
 
 ?o beyond the limit 
 
 the country looked 
 
 I a footing with the r 
 
 I . y^'' navy consiste 
 
 h'jht, oneofthirty-8 
 
 ranging fi-om twelve 
 
 Congress adjourne 
 ommendadayofpui 
 United States for tht 
 
 t;<>ir cause, and the , 
 the President issued 
 
 |.?.irt of the third Th; 
 Ifla}' was generally obi 
 Joordance with the spir 
 [President, while from 
 
 K 1818, was ^tatd?"^*"" 
 
 \!'"^J<^thePblitieal 
 
 and Mil 
 
 lllllli 
 
»ar would diminish the revenuTZT^ :::^:t,___^ J^^DiiT^^^^JiH^ 
 
 be doubled, foreign 1011,^^.^-' 1 ^ P''«P««ed a tariff bTu^^T^^ 
 
 and an extensive ,y,tZ 5, T'^'" " ^°"«»- ^nd a Iml/aT . '' ""P'^^^^ ^^ould 
 cial scheme generX 'Tk? V".f ""' ^"^''^^ ^^^ «^ci«e ' lit ' ^f ^^ «3,000,000, 
 not exceeding six per cent «uthonzed» a loan of |i ,,ooo 000 !' '^"P''^*^ *'»« «"«»■ 
 .Secretary of fheCrr^dt^^^^^^^ '"l^-H 
 
 «11,000,000 loan th^t *k V ^^^ "'""d, by the retnma ^^*i, 
 
 «l,928^0jeavltl ""'V^«^ «"bBcribedt i *f,ln?n"n^'''"P*'«"« *« the 
 
 dent;asa;tho"!dtotrS:.;'*'''^^'«°«- ^o ^.Ip^ly't'i '2ci"'' 'f^'^"^"' 
 nual interest of five and two mhT^ ^^tes, payahle Ke tar a^'h"^' '''' ^'■^^'■ 
 Treasury. This was intended to t ^"' ''"*" *« ^' ^eceivable^b Lu 1 """^ "" """ 
 the circulation of bank-notef It ^ "' '"'"^"^y' ^»d supersede to l^T'' "' *^^' 
 try for the fiscal year TlT^o ^ o^"' ^«timated that the entTre 11 '''*'"'" "^*«"t' 
 the interest on $45154 OOo7^^ ' '"''"'^'"^ ^^^ $11,000 OOO fin^""'' "^^'^^ ^«"»- 
 On the 26th of June Pn ^ ' '""^""* «f the public lebn^ iT'^'" P"'-P««^«, and 
 and reprisal, and a„ol£rT:?""*' ''*" '^''* -'p- ng th i^^e ff^.f ''''^«'«^«-^ 
 t^e regular force to cltlt ftVn^^^^^^^ «^ ^'- omZ7:^^TLtT^''' 
 
 ,?oons,and one of ri<1«tr. , . :'^"ty regiments of foof f«,... i^ """/"e new levies: 
 
 of thirty-six thola 'dT:ra "f •-""^''"^^- -^ -^cer^^ *r ^''^^^■ 
 
 .liscipHned, and effective-was "n ! T"' '"^^ '''^^-' reguTaVw T ' " '"''^^ 
 "nder arms at that time wir.hn^ f ''"* ^^''"^ thousand men ^^^''r'-^Pf »«nced, 
 «ere raw recruits. littH, ''"* **^" t'>«"«and men but m or. ^ ?^"'^'" ^^'''^e 
 duty, notwithstanding thevi"""'-'?"^'^ ^« P^«««^^ on the miZ '" ^/'^ "^ *''«™ 
 eight millions. They we' ."" ''^''* '^""^''^'^ thousand Tro -""''P* ^^'' ^^"'i^on 
 ?o beyond the liinits^of .u "*"* ''«»>P«"«d by law to serve '*'''"f, '" ^ Population of 
 the country looked 1- T "''^''''''' states. To vo un^'' *^" '^''"^^ J^^'^r^. nor 
 a footing with the - ^ "' ''"'^ ^^^ President 11..' '^' government and 
 
 The n^avy con'fstelof'' Tl' ^"•^' ^^^^^ their conle't to t""-' *" ^''-^^^ *^-"^ "n 
 eight, one oVtSt fxl?'>*';"^ ^"^^^^« of fortS "?''"? *'."'" "«^^«^«- 
 
 ii 
 
 'H 
 
; 
 
 tVt 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 '■^i 
 
 232 
 
 PICTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 How the Pant Day wai< observed. William Ellery Cbannlng'a Oisconrae. Webiter's Oration and Bryant'a Odt. 
 
 war, and the alleged authors and abettors of it.' The national anniversary that year 
 was also made the ocoasion for political speeches, songs, and toasts condemnatory of 
 the measures of the administration. Home of these were Herce, othere were mild, and 
 still others were dignitied and patriotic — lirm, outspoken, manly arguments against 
 the necessity, the wisdom, or the justice of the war, but evincing a love of country 
 more potent than love of party or opinions.* 
 
 ' Already the (jovomor of MagBachui'ctts had uppofntcd the 23d of .July aa a day of humiliation, fiintlnj;, and prayir. 
 It was made the occasion for plain »penkiiip from the pulpit against the war. Sometimes there was blttcrne>8 ln'the 
 words, but generally these sermons breathed a spirit of sorrow because of the calamities threatened by the war. AnKjii,. 
 others, William Ellery ChannhiK, of Boston, on both the state and the national fast-days, spoke out plainly, but wltli Hut 
 charitable and sweet Christian spirit which characterized liia whole life. "The cry has been," he said, "that wnrlsde. 
 dared, and all opposition should therefore be hushed. A sentiment more unworthy of a free country can hnrilly [^ 
 j)i(ipagated. If this doctrine be admitted, rulers have only to declare war, and they are screened at once from scrutiny. 
 At the very time when they have armies at command, when their patronage Is most extended, and their power nii«t 
 formidable, not a word of warning, of censure, of alarm must be heard. The press, which is to expose Inferior ul)u»e!, 
 must not utter one rebuke, one Indignant complaint, although our best Interests and most valuable rl'^hts arc put [!, 
 hazard by an unnecessary war. The sum of my remarks," ho said, in concluding his discourse on the slate fasi-day, 
 " Is this : It is your duty to hold fast, and to assert with rtnnness those truths and principles on which the welfare uf 
 your country seems to depend ; but do this with calmness, with a love of i)eacc, without ill-will and revenge. Iiiipmvo 
 every opportunity of allaying animosities. Strive to make converts of those whom you think In error. Dlscouraiii', in 
 decided and open language, that rancor, malignity, and unfeeling abuse which so often And their way Into our piil)!!, 
 prints, and which only tend to Increase the already alarming Irritation of our country." "Our duties to our rulers," in. 
 said, on the natioual fast-day, " are not so easily presented. It is our duty toward them to avoid all language niiil coii. 
 duct which will produce a spirit of Insubordinatiou, a contempt of laws and just authority. At the same tinu', wc mnsi 
 not be tame, abject, and see, without sensibility, without remonstrance, our rights violated and our best blessings thmwD 
 away. Our elective form of government makes it our duty to expose bad rulers, to strip them of unmerited conflileiife 
 and of abused power. This is never more clearly our duty than when our rulers have plunged us Into an unjustifiable 
 and ruinous war— a war which Is leading us down to poverty, vice, and slavery. To reduce such men to a private sla- 
 tion no fair and upright means should be spared, and, let me add, no other means should be employed. Notliiiif; can 
 justify falsehood, malignity, or wild, ungovcrned passion. Bo firm, but deliberate ; In earnest, yet honest and jii»t." 
 
 ' In the New York Evening Pout, July '21, 1812, nuiy lie found the following notice of a speech l)y the afterward eiuincnt 
 Daniel Webster, who had not yet appeared prominently in public life. He entered Congress the next year. 
 
 'Wf.hstke'b Ohatio.n A gentleman of this name, distinguished In the State of New Hampshire for the superiority 
 
 nt _..._. _ 
 
 will be read with pleasure : 
 
 of his talents, delivered an orAion to the Washington Society at Portsmouth on the 4th of July. The following exlracU 
 
 ' With respect to the war in which we are now involved, the course which our principles require us to pursue ran 
 not be doubtful. It is now the law of the land, and as such we are bound to regard it. Resistance and Insurrection 
 form no parts of onr creed. The disciples of Wanhiniiton arc neither tyrants in power nor rebels out. If we are la.\e(l to 
 carry ou this war, we shall disregard certain distinguished examples, and shall pay. If our personal services are re- 
 quired, we shall yield them to the precise extent of our constitutional liability. ^'. t the same time, the world may hea.'- 
 sured that we know our ritihts, and shall exercise them. We shall express our opinions on this, as on every nieasnre 
 of government, I trust without passion, I am certain without /rar. We have yet to learn that the extravagant proirren 
 of pernicious measures abrogates the duty of opposition, or that the Interest of onr native land Is to be abandoned byns 
 in the hour of the thickest danger and sorest necessity. By the exercise of onr constitutional right of suffrage, by the 
 peaceable remedy of election, we bhall seek to restore wisdom to our councils aniX peace, to onr country.' " 
 
 Those who remember Mr. Webster's patriotic course in the Senate of the United States in voting for the " Force Bill," 
 to crush incipient treason and rebellion in South Carolina in 1833, will perceive In the above extract the visible cerm 
 of that stinch patriotism which distinguished him through life. On the occasion referred to he said, with the spirit thai 
 animated him in 1S12, " I am opposed to this administration ; but the country Is In danger, and I will take my bhareof 
 the responsibility in the measure before us." 
 
 The Evening Post of the same date contains an "Ode for the Fourth of July," written by William Cullen Bryant, , 
 then seventeen years of age. He Is now (1807), after a lapse of flfty-flve years, one of the proprietors and the editor 1 
 chief of that journal, which 1 ■• has ably conducted for a very long period. The following stanzas selected from that] 
 Ode give a specimen of Its cb .racter which made It very popular at the time: 
 
 ' Lo ! where our ardi ut rulers 
 
 For Herce assault iirejjare. 
 While eager " Ati" awaits their beck 
 
 To "slip the dogs of war." 
 In vain against the dire design 
 
 Exclaims the indignant land ; 
 The nnbidden blade they haste to ba:c, 
 
 And light the unhallowed brand. 
 Proceed 1 another year shall wrest 
 
 The sceptre from your hand. 
 
 "The same ennobling spirit 
 
 That kindles valor's flame. 
 That nerves ns to a war of right. 
 
 Forbids a war of nhavie. 
 For not in Omqueitt'H impious train 
 
 Shall Freedom's children stand ; 
 Nor shall in guilty fray be raised 
 
 The high-souled warrior's hand j 
 Nor shall the Patriot draw his sword 
 
 At Gallia's proud commaud." 
 
 AKejrencyeatabl 
 
 insanity of the o 
 
 Tliis change in tj 
 
 tiic|irince^tothog 
 
 Fcbniaiy, I812, a.; 
 
 ni'Iical change in t 
 
 .woiintofthemur 
 
 ChaiiccIJoroftho 1 
 
 .1 liverpool sJiip-bi 
 
 oonimercial losses , 
 
 f might reveng, 
 
 '•'"ff servants. U 
 
 I'fntcd Secretai-y ( 
 
 tt'irowby Lor,] Pr^ 
 
 »;'J^>fr.Vansittart ( 
 ,;''^q-'t''-. LordCastI 
 
 tor Foreign Affairs 
 
 , Great Britain was 
 
 f "'Ions war again.st 
 
 P'^""*'' Peninsula, an, 
 
 Knt energy,,,;,,.^ 
 
 fy-reatened J,er wit 
 
 H autumn of j 812 «. 
 
 «nion clouded wit' 
 
 r "S^'nst Great B,-i 
 
 »™'.v,c,-os8edtheNien 
 ^P'-^hed on toward 
 
 ' "eH ninety thons- 
 
 ^'^^ Mosco^ ,>;; ; 
 
 I j:'« hundred and , 
 ^^ France. Six „,on 
 
 '.w slam, wounded, 
 
A««Kenc^^«tnblN^^ 
 
 OFTHE WAK OP ,8,2. 
 
 If 
 
 -^^^^^^°^°^^!^^^^ 
 
 11 
 
 CHAPTER XIT. 
 
 "^■■^ 5'.i^'Tirr''.T'''« "•'«"' •""' blown 
 
 Th«t, prep,, e t^ en.V. " "T" ""« "" v"" ' 
 
 W e submit without murn nr . 'r'""" '" '""■ 
 
 """""' '" daugcr and toll." 
 
 «»»'o actual .ovc,-ci„rof r ?'i? ""<"'.?« "'« Fou H,) n,, ,,„ 
 
 '0 court j.hysicians "^"^ '"'» '-fgoiit of the realm 
 
 i-anity of the old St TT-'"''^ *''« 
 Tliis chancre in f 1 1 , ^ -"^ ''' "'^"'-able. 
 
 ''''■!-- 1: tilt ;;r^^^^^ 
 
 ra.Iical ohanire in the P./-^ ^'Howing a 
 
 -o,,„t of tit mntr^ftrP """"''«" 
 Chancellor of the Exoh. ^"'''^''^l the 
 
 ■^ Liverpool shiXfct^^^^^^ 
 , oom,.,crcial losis npo^' TC" f''^''^ '"^ 
 •™l nought revenge^in «hvin^''""""'^"^' 
 
 pointed Secretary of S I '"^ "''"'« ^l'" 
 
 »J Mr. Vansi l^'cit"^ ?f *'- ^^«"no", 
 [■^eq,.c.,-. Lor C ele err""'' "^*^^ Ex-' 
 
 for Foreign Affahu ^ "^^^ ^'^^''^tary 
 J Grout Britain was still ,. • 
 |niencIo„s war a.>-ainst Si! V^"'^ ''* t'''^" ^"^ '— «.„,,, 
 
 l«n.o„ clouded with feal, i w ''" ""'^'^'^^^ ^^^Pero; of ''I'f"^ '^'"^ «""-'™er 
 h against Great Britain [" t'/ ' ^''^ '^^J^^ afte?the Unit > « "^ ""'■'''^••««' 
 K crossed the Niemen"'i„ thl f "''? ^^Poleon, with an iT ^'''''' ^^'^^"••ed 
 ['"'pushed on toward Mnl ^''''^ ""^^^^^^ hundred /, """'^n^e and splendid 
 
 konted their inTni b"^- ^^ Borodino t^f. '"'"'^"'^ Russians 
 
 I'^'ed Moscow in t . 2 »^ '^"'^ ^«""ded soldi ^ "''"" *'^« ^«t- 'Sept.«. 
 
 ,:ill 
 
 t 
 
 i I 
 
 1 i 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 lii 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
/I'M ' 
 
 Irtil 
 
 n 
 
 234 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Brltlib Nkvy. 
 
 Britlih Land Force In Cintd*. 
 
 Their Kruntt<ir FoTtl<lcttloiM' 
 
 HSJul men, and yet he had b.'arcely reached Parin hefore ho isHued orders for new 
 oonHcriptionH with which to prosecute the war! The sun of liis glory was low in 
 the west, yet it bhized out brilliantly hefore it set. In 1HI2, Great Hritaiii, Uussia, 
 Sweden, and Spain were allied in arms against France, Prussia, Italy, Austriu, mid 
 Poland. 
 
 The British navy at that time consisted of two hundred and fifly-fonr shipH-of-thc- 
 Une, of 74 guns and u[)ward ; thirty-five SO's and 44'b; two hundred and forty-sevi'ii 
 frigates ; and five hundred and six smaller vessels of war ; making a total of one 
 thouHuiid and thirty-six. Of these there were five ships-of-the-line, nineteen friijutcs, 
 forty-one brigs, and sixteen schooners on the American station ; that is to say, at 
 Halifax and NewfoundL-md, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands.' They had also four 
 armed vessels on Lake Ontario, namely, 7?oya/ George, 22 ; E(ni of Moira, 16 ; Princ( 
 Regent, 14 ; and Duke of Gloucester, 8. They also had several smaller vessels ni-ariv 
 ready for service. 
 
 The British regular land force in Upper Canada when war was declared did not 
 exceed fifteen hundred men ;* but the aggregate of that in Lower Canada, and in tlic 
 contiguous British provinces was estimated at six thousand regular troops. The pop- 
 ulation of all the North American British colonies was estimated at 400,000, and tluir 
 militia at 40,000. They had an immense assailable frontier, stretching along a scries 
 of great lakes, and the Rivers St. Mary's, St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara, and St. Law- 
 rence, commencing at Lake Superior on the west, and terminating fur below (Jucluf 
 on the east, along a line of about 1 700 miles. Out of Lake Suj)erior flows a rajiid 
 current, over immense masses of rock, through a channel for tAventy-seven miles call- 
 ed the St. Mary's River, and enters Lake Huron, at the head of which is the British 
 island of St. Joseph. On that island was then a small fort and garrison. It is dis- 
 tant above Detroit about three hundred and thirty miles by water. The shores of 
 Lake Iluion at that time were uninhabited except b 'ndians and a few traders. At 
 its western angle is a short and Avide strait, conne it with Lake Michigan, in the 
 
 centre of which is the island of Michilimackinacl i is about nine miles in cir- 
 
 cumference. On this island the Americans had a small fort and garrison. The wa- 
 ters flow out of Lake Huron through the rivers and Lake St. Clair, and then tlnouijli 
 the Detroit River into Lake Erie. On tlie latter river, at Amherstburg, the British 
 had a fort and small garrison, Avhere ships for service on Lake Erie were built. The 
 British had no liarbor or military po^t on Lake Erie. At its foot, at the liead of the 
 Niagara River, was Fort Erie, a distance of five hundred and sixty-five miles from 
 Quebec. Just above Niagara Falls, at the mouth of the Chippewa River, there was 
 a small stockade, called Fort Chippewa. Near the mouth of the Niagara River, not 
 quite seven miles below Queenstown, was Fort George, constructed of earthen ram- 
 parts and cedar palisades, mounting some guns not heavier than nine-poundera. 
 Half a mile below the fort, at the mouth of the Niagara River, Avas a pretty little 
 village called NcAvark, now Niagara. On the north side of Lake Ontario is York, or 
 Toronto Harbor, Avhere was an old fort and a block house. York Avas then the cai> 
 ital of Upper Canada. On the eastern extremity of the lake is Kingston, with a fine 
 harbor, and Avas defended by a small battery of nine-pounders on Point Frederick. 
 It was the most populous town in the Upper Province at that time, and formed the 
 principal naval depot of the British on Lake Ontario. There were some military 
 works at Montreal, and very strong ones at Quebec, 
 
 At the time when war Avas declared the United States were at peace Avith all the 
 world, and had very little commerce exposed upon the oceai', jwing to restrictions 
 
 > Steele's List, 1812. 
 
 • These consisted of the Porty-flrat Regiment, 900 men ; Tenth Veterans, 260 ; N^wfonndland Heglment, 260; Eoyal 
 Artillery, 60 ; Provincial Seamen, 60. These forces had to occupy the Ports St. Joseph, Amherstburg, Chippewa, Erie, 
 George, York (Toronto), and Kingston, and to defend an assailable frontier of nearly thirteen hundred miles.— i</« o*! 
 Correspondence of Major General Sir Itaac Brock, K.B., by Ferdinand Brock Tnpper, p. 108. 
 
 liMOMt and Front 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 23S 
 
 tK(4»Mi >ii<l Frontier DKfeiiM* of Mw United Htiitei. We*t Putut Military AMdemy. JunatbM WUIIUM. 
 
 and tiannciH whicli liud iufviiilt'il for a ft»w yoara. Of the land and naval forces at 
 tliiit time wo Imvo Hpoki'ii in tlu! liiHt chiipttT. In addition to full twelvo hundred 
 mili'H oftrontiiT iiloii!^ tin- HritiKlt proviiicoM, there w;is a Hea-eoast ofa thciiHand miles 
 tudi'ti'tid against the most |)owei'iiil maritime nation in the ^yorhl. 
 
 The Huhject of sea-eoast, harhor, and frontier defeiiseH attraeted the att>Mition of the 
 ffiivcrnnient at an early period. A sehool for military instnietit)n, espi ially for tho 
 wliiciitioii of engineers, to he estahlished at West Point, on the Ilndson, was author- 
 ized by Congress in tho spring of 1802;*' and from to time to time ap})ro- • March i(W 
 nriiitioiis had heen made for fortifieations, and works hail heen ereeted. "**• 
 Till' corps of engineers, authorized by the hiw just named, eommeiiced their funetions 
 ,iH constructors of new forts or repairers of old ones in the year 1 H08, when a war with 
 Enaianil was confidently expected ; and that body of young men cc^jitinucd thus ein- 
 iiloyctl, iu a motlerate way, until the breaking out of the war in 1812, when they 
 were sent to tho field, and all won military distinction.* The forts completed pro- 
 vioiis to 1 800 were the only fortifications for tho defense of tlio sea-coast of tho 
 riiited States at tho commencement of the war in 1812.' 
 
 1 ,' aihliiBton recommcnrtod the e8tab1!shmsnt of n military academy at Wcot Point «o early an 17S3, when, on the ap- 
 proach of i-uncei hl« thouKhts were turned to tho future mllUary condition of hlH country. Soon after ho becami' I'ich- 
 lilint of thi' United Statex, he Mffnln called the attention of nl8 countrymen to the Importance of a military academy, 
 jnil attain liKlieated Went Point «» the proper place. In 171)4, Colonel Uochcfontalnc, a French officer In the nervlce of 
 the United Staten, and other olHcerit of artillery, were Htatlouod nt Went I'olut for the |)ur|><»ie of estabUHhlng a miliary 
 irhmjl there. They rebuilt tho front of Fort Putnam, on the monutalnH In the rear, in UUR, and coiiHtructed Hvo or kIx 
 imall canemateii, or bomb-proofx. Fort Clinton, on the Point, was then partly In ruinn. Itii magazine, tweuty-flve by 
 iwd hiuidrcil feet In hIzo, built of Htone and lined with plank, and trcncheH, was quite perfect. Hevcrul bulldinKa wero 
 erected, and the whole pout waH under the charge of Major Jonathan WilliamH. The library and apparatUH were com- 
 inenccil, but the school was hoou Hunpcnded. It waa revived In isoi by Mr. .lefTerson, and In the Hprlng of the follow- 
 iDj! year Congress, as wo have observed In the text, authorized the cutablishment of a military academy there. Mean- 
 wlillc the harbors on the coast were defendeil !y by small redoubts. They were luslgnitlcant affairs. " It is worthy 
 o( remembrance," observed the late veneralil lueral J. O. Swift, in a letter to the author In February, 1800, "that the 
 ollctnpon which these small works wore bin i were those selected in the lievoiutlouary struggle, and they remain to 
 thiKday the best for their purpose." 
 
 ' letter of Oeneral Swift to the author, February 18, 1800. In November, 1802, the engineers nt West Point formed a 
 miilarii aiut Philnmiphicat Sm^ietii, the object of which was tho promotion of military science. The following are the 
 Dimea of the original members : Jonathan Williams, Decius Wadswortb, William A. Barron, Jared Manstleld, James 
 ffil«on, Alexander Macomb, Jr., Joseph O. Swift, Simon M. Lcroy, Walter K. Armistead, and Joseph O. Totten. These 
 ncrc the members present at the flrst meeting. Swift and Totten were the latest survivors of this little company. The 
 former died In tho summer of 18(16, and tho latter in the spring of 1804. Their portraits will be found in this work. 
 Totlcn was the chief military engineer of the United States at the time of his death. Tho society consisted of many 
 persons besides military men. Its membership, during Its ten years' existence, comprised most of the leading men In 
 the country, especially of the army and navy. The MS. records of the society, In four folio volumes, are iu the New 
 York Hintoricai Society. 
 
 ' The following statement of the names, locations, and conditions of the coast fortifications previouij to 1808, 1 have 
 tompiled ffora a manuscript general return of such works by Colonel Jonathan Williams" and Captain Alixander Ma- 
 coml), which I found among the minutes of the ttiUtary ami PhiUmrphieal Society of West Point, mentioned in a preced- 
 ing note. Some of these forts were somewhat strengthened before the declaration of war iu 1812, but the change in 
 their general condition was not very great. 
 
 Furt Sumner, Portland, Maine.— A square block-house. 
 
 Flirt William and ilanj, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.— A rnln. 
 
 fort LHxj, Gloucester, Cape Ann.— Three sides of an unfinished flgnro, being one f^ront and two diverging lines. A 
 iqnare block-house in the rear. 
 
 Fwt riekering, at Salem, Massachusetts.- Three sides of a rectangular figure, without bastions, flanks, or any promi. 
 mncc whatever. The lower part of the sides is stone-work, with par.ipets of earth. Closed in the rear by barracks, a 
 
 ' Jonathan Williams was bom in Boston In 1760. 
 Hr was appointed Major of the Second Artillery and 
 Engineers in February, ISftl, and in December follow- 
 ing Inspector of Fortifications and Superintendent of 
 the Military Academy at West Point. In July, 1802, 
 he wag promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of Engineers, 
 Hid resigned in June the following year. In April, 
 IW, he resumed the service among the Engineers, 
 with the Slime rank, and In February, 1808, was pro- 
 moted to colonel ; he resigned in July, 1812. In 1814 
 he was elected to a seat in Congress from Philadel- 
 phia, bat never occupied it. He died on the 20th of 
 Jlay,1816,at the age of slx^-flve years.— Gardner's 
 tietimatii of the Army, 487. Colonel Williams was 
 ihe author of A Mentnir of the Thentunneter in Savi- 
 I jnft'on, and Elements of Fortification. 
 
! I Ml 
 
 II 
 
 
 236 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Coast Defenses of the United States in the year 1812. 
 
 A new eysteni of naval Avarfare liad lately been siigjjfested by llobert Fu'ton, who 
 •December, had been a long time abroad, and who had recently returned home' to 
 achieve an immortal triumph in science and art, and the beginning of a 
 
 ISOO. 
 
 briclc wall, and gate. A square block-honse in the centre, and an old btone building in the rear and on the left, without 
 the lines. A sketch of its appearance in 18(Mi may be fcmnd in another part o'this voiumc. 
 
 Fort Setcall, at Marblehead, Massachusetts, is an irregular oblong figure, with a square block-house. It is fDundod on 
 one side, on a r()ck, and on the ojiposite side has a wail and arches, forming a n\agaziiie below. One stone hou.«c within 
 the lines. A sketch of this old fort as It appeared in 18G0 may be found in another part of this work. 
 
 Fort Indejtemlenre, In Boston Harbor New worV-. An irregular pentagon and well fortified, with five bastions. Three 
 
 bastions and one curtain lluished. This fort (whose present appearance is seen In the engraving) is on Castle Ulaud 
 
 FOBT INnKl'K.MlK.NCK. 
 
 on the site of a fortiflcatiop erected during the early years of the Massachusetts colony. It was rebuilt in lim,,™i 
 burned in 1073. A new I'ort of stone was then erected, and other works, and it became the shelter of the Britisli (liiiin- 
 the years preceding the Revolution. After the Revolution it was called Fort Adams, In 17!)il Castle Island was mH 
 to the United States, and President Adr.nis named the works Fttrt Indejmidence. The present structure was ercrlcil in 
 1801, '2, and '3. It and Fort Warren, on an islaud opposite, command the entrance to Boston Harbor. The fort may 
 contain a thousand men in time of war. 
 
 Fort IVolcott, near Newport, Rhode Island.— BuiK of stone cemented with lime. Had a brick and stone masnzhip.a 
 sally-port and ditch, revcrberatory furnace. Supported by two wings or bastions, both fating the harbor. Kevetiiieiiis 
 In stone laid in lime cement; parapets supplied with sod-work ; the batteries intended for ten pieces of cannon. Had 
 five pices, 32-poundcrs each. Barracks two stories high, composed of brick, and bomb-proof. 
 
 Fort Adamn, Newport Harbor.— Form similar to Fort Wolcott. Situated on Brenton's Point, nearly oppni>iio the 
 Dumi)llngs Fort on Canonicut Island. Similar In all its arrangement and construction to Fort Wolcott. It wu» then 
 iTnflnit;hed. 
 
 Fitrt Hamilton, Narraganset Bay, near Newport, a mile northwest of Fort Wolcott, on Rose Island E.\ton«ive forii- 
 
 flcalions, commenced in 1802. Quadrilateral in form, presenting two regular and two tower bastions. Worlvs fus]ieiiil. 
 cd ii. IS03. It was intended to be wholly constructed of stone, brick, and sod-work. The barracks were conijili'lcd, ami 
 were considered the finest in America at that time. It was intended to mount seventy cannon. About half conipleicd 
 when the war broke out. 
 
 North Hatterii, Rhode Island, about three fonrths of a mile northeast of Fort Wolcott, on a point of land nearer New- 
 port Semicircular, a. id calculated for about eight guns. It was unfinished. 
 
 Dum]iHoii» /•'or*.— Kntrance to Narraganset Bay, nearly opposite Fort Adams. A round towor bastion, built in hiy. 
 of stone well cemented. It was about eighty feet above the water, and rose fifteen to twenty feet above tlic rurk nn 
 which it was !■ lit. It contained a good magazine, and three other bomb-proof rooms for the men. No oniinon were 
 mounted. The platforms were not completed. Calculated for seven pieces, exclusive of howitzers and nio-tars. Ii was 
 believed that thirty men might defend it. 
 
 Toicninci Hill, near Newjxjrt, Rhode Island, one mile east of the North Battery, and due north ftom the city.— It cnm- 
 niandcd the whole town, the country around, and a part of the harbor. Remains of Revolutionary works there. A small 
 block-house built in ITDfl or 1800 was entire. 
 
 Fort Trumbull, New London, Connecticut, on a rocky point of land projecting into the River Thames.— Fiirm irrem- 
 Inr. T'.ie walls fronting the water bnilt of solid stone, elevated to the usual height, and finished with turf nud Kravfl, 
 Badly situated against an enemy on land, as the hills around it and ocross the river are higher than the fort, ll liails 
 small n-.agi.zinc and stone block-house, and fourteen guns mounted. A view of this fort may be seen in another pan 
 of this work. 
 
 Fort Jay, on Governor's Island, New York Harbor,* thirteen hundred yards south of the Battery, at the lower esliem- 
 Ity of the city oi ""w York.- It was a regular fort, with bastions, quite strong, but then unfinished. It had a haudsinif 
 gateway, with a oorpn rie iiarde draw-bridge. In the centre of the fort was a square block-house of timber, twd florie* ' 
 high, but probably not cannon-proof; under it was a well. It had two detached batteries, one mounting four IS-pdiuid- 
 ers and an 8-Inch French mortar, with platforms for four others ; and the other ten pieces, 18 and 24 pounders ; origin- 
 
 * Governor's Island was called Paii-finnek by the Indians, and Nutten Island by the Dutch. It was purchased, a» a j 
 public domain, by Governor Van Twiller, in the early days of the Dutch rule in New York. In the settlement .tih( ) 
 accounts of the Revolutionary debt, New York agreed to erect fortifications in the harbor in front of the cityofNf» ■ 
 York, in i)ayraent of .he quota required from that state. In accordance with an act passed by the State Lcglcliitiire in j 
 March, IVM, the sum of one hundre'i and fifty thousand dollars was expended, under the direction of a commlllci.ii j 
 constructing fortlficatiors. The committee consisted of George Clinton, Matthew Clarkson, .lames Watson, Richard j 
 Vnrick, Nicholas Fish, Ebenezer Stevens, and Abijah Hammond. A further sum of one h'-ndred thousand dnllare nas J 
 granted on the 0th -if April, ^TBR, to complete the works on that and Oyster (now Ellis's) Island. Fort .Jay km hulll, ] 
 and in February, Diio, the '.siiud and all Its appurteuau 9 were coded to the United States. The Islaud cuutalut (t\-\ 
 enty-two acres of land. 
 
 wonderful rev 
 steam." Whi 
 hy introducing 
 
 allv Intended for thirtec 
 
 parapet. The fort, beiti 
 
 asagiiardtotheentrau 
 
 KlIii'H mid Ikdloe'H Isli 
 
 soiithH-est from the BatI 
 
 llnished. Twelve 12-poi 
 
 Imiidred yards distant ; i 
 
 men. It was an exccllei 
 
 island then belonged to i 
 
 On ISedlite'n Inland a bat 
 
 ill? two (ield-pieces that! 
 
 .1 defeucivu work. M^joi 
 
 under his supervision. ( 
 
 sloii to write hereaRer. 
 
 f'lrt Mifflin, on the soi 
 ')val. It was the old Brit 
 
 constnicted of stone, brie 
 llie Mililnry and Phitonoj)! 
 
 f»rMf7/ran/, at Baltim 
 a roliit of land between t 
 Ixir. It was a regular pci 
 vetinent; also a magazine 
 (■™pa.iy. The countersci 
 to be made. On the watei 
 tat not yet inclosed. It l, 
 
 vent ships reaching Baltim 
 miles from the city. At the 
 taise heloiigiiig to a citizt 
 neit the cvlicme point, an 
 l"e-'vouldhavetol,ebattc 
 ;«1. A picture of the foi 
 fonndmciutherpartofthl 
 
 J"rt.y„y.„,,„t Annapolis, 
 Mte ■!, on p,i;re isi 
 
 *"i Hivor, near Norfolk V 
 
 ««te. The former, on the N 
 jndahalfMow,,,,.,,,,,.,;-^ 
 
 »"".;'» in Dad condition. 
 ftiKlers, two brass 8-inch I 
 
 *V.ll dismounted, were l' 
 "j.::V[-'"« works thro, 
 ,; '■'""''"■''" "hout ami 
 ^'iilj of (he river. Us 
 covered „„„Hy,w„„„e/, 
 «<■• In it were one large 
 •'■onndors m\ „„« 12 ,^^ 
 
 '»;''';. «'«HMt.u.ded to g"^; 
 
 "^■%h. Themagazl„^ew„« 
 
OF THE WAIl OF 1812. 
 
 237 
 
 Coast Defeneeti of the United States. 
 
 wonderful revolution in commerce, by the successful introduction of navigation by 
 steam." While abroad, Mr. Fulton had conceived the idea of destroying ships 
 hv introducing floating mines under their bottoms in submarine boats, and ex- 
 
 '1807. 
 
 »» 
 
 OAHTLK WILLIAUB. 
 
 allyinlcndort for thirteen guns. The pnrnpet had flfty-nne embraenres, and it wonld take one thousand men to man the 
 parapet. The fort, beins; commanded by hills on the Long Island shore, was not constrnctcd to withstand a siege, but 
 as a guard to the entrance to the East Hiver, and to operate against an enemy in the harbor or in the city. 
 
 Eltn'i and Ikdloe's Isiands both had fortiflcntions on them. The former, lying a little more than two thousand yards 
 soMliwesl from the Battery, had a semicircular battery calculated for thirteen guns. The parapet, of timbers, was un- 
 llnislicd. Twelve 12-poundera lay there, but no guns were mounted. It was commanded by Bedloe's Island, twelve 
 hundred yards distant ; also by Panlus's Hook (Tersey City), lying north of it. There were good quarters for ofliccrs an(i 
 racn, It was an excellent position to defend the harbor IVom an enemy coming in at the Narrows. Only a part of the 
 island then belonged to the United States. 
 
 On Beillne's htand a battery had been commenced, and brick buildings for quarters. No cannon were mounted except- 
 iiijtwofleld-pieees that belonged to Fort Jay. A dismounted '24-poundcr lay upon the Island. It was almost useless as 
 adefenKivi! work. Mivlor Declns Wadswortli was then in command of the District of New York, and these works were 
 under his supervision. Of the islands in New York Harbor, and the modem fortifications upon them, I shall have occa- 
 sion to write hereafier. 
 
 Flirt MijUiii, on the southeast extremity of Mud Island, in the Delaware, just below Philadelphia, was an irregular 
 oval. It was the old British fort of the Revolution. It had been strengthened, and was a very important work. It was 
 ccnstnicted of stone, brick, and earth, with heavy guns mounted. A long account of it is given in the MS. records of 
 Ihe Mililanj and PhiUimphiml Society (New York Historical Society), vol. iv. 
 
 FortM'lIenrji, at Baltimore, was a new work situated on 
 apint of land between the Patapsco River and the har- 
 bor. It was a regular pentagon, with a well-executed re- 
 vetment; also a magazine, and barracks sufficient for one 
 compa.iy. The counterscarp, covert, and glacis were yet 
 to be made. On the water side was the wall of a battery, 
 Imt not yet inclosed. It is a well-chosen position to jire- 
 vent ships reaching Baltimoi ", and is about two and a half 
 miles from the city. At the ti,ne wo are considering, a large 
 lionsc lielonging to a citizen stood in front of Ihe battery, 
 acit the extreme point, and, in the event of a ship's pass- 
 ine, would have to be battered down, as It won. 1 cover the 
 recjcl. A picture of the fort as it appeared in 18C1 may be 
 (oiind in r uother part of this work. 
 
 Ftirt Senm, at Annapolis, has already been noticed. See 
 note 4, on pnge ISl. 
 
 t'ortt Sor,i'<ilk and Xchton, one on each side of the Kllza- 
 l«th Hiver, near Norfolk, Virginia, were of some Import- 
 ance. The former, on the Norfolk side of the river, a m ? 
 sad a half below the town, was an obh.ng square, with two 
 battlnns, built chielly of earth, and a ditch on three sides 
 ofit. Wilhiu it was one frame house and eight small log 
 liats, all In bad coudition. Two 12, four «, and Jhirter.i 
 piiunders, two brass 8-inch howitzers, and seven earron- 
 »ilcs, all dismounted, were lying there. The fori was on 
 llieslte of some works thrown np during 'be Revi'Uilltni. 
 Fwl Seliuiii was about a mile below the town, on the op- 
 l«*lte fid; of the river, lis form was triangnlnr, but irregular, the works of the Revolutionary era having been tiBed. 
 II covered nearly two acres of groinid. It was built of eurlli. It had two batteries with embrasures, lined with brick 
 inside. In it were one large two-story bouse, two rooms on a floor, a kitchen, and smoke-hmise. There were thirteen 
 it-ponnders md <me I'i-pounder mountei; the carriages were rotten, and unlit for service. Thie fort, like the one op- 
 iwjlle, was Intel. ded to guard the a|)proach to the town by water. On the land ^Ide the walls were not more than three 
 IM high. The magazine waa too damp for uc>.^ 
 
 ri..VN OK KOUT M'ni.NBV. 
 
 ! s 
 
19 
 
 lU 
 
 i! lii 
 
 Mfi'i 
 
 238 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Military Posts on the Northwestern Frontiers. 
 
 Fulton's Toriiedocs. 
 
 'ill! i|i! 
 
 ploding them there. He was filled with the benevolent idea that the introduction 
 of such secret and destructive agencies would have a tendency to do away with naval 
 warfare, and thus would be established what he called the Liberty of the Heaa, 
 Impelled by this grand idea, he left France, where he had been residing several 
 years, and M^ent over to England in 1 804, for the purpose of otfering his invention 
 to the British government.' He finally obtained permission to make a public ex- 
 periment of his Torpedo, as he called his " infernal machine," and he was furnished 
 
 For the protection of Charleston Harbor there were several works, some of them as old as the Revolntion. Fort John- 
 son, on James's Island, was enlarged and strengthened in 1793, and afterward repaired and patched at various times 
 The chief worlcs were of brick. The barracks were of wood, one-story high ; there was also a block-house. A larm 
 portion of the fort was carried away by a hurricane in 1804, and the remainder was inundated, sapped, and destroyed 
 Fort Pinckney, built in 1798, stood upon a marsh in front v,f Charleston called Shutc's Folly. Built entirely of brirk. |' 
 mounted eight 'ifl-pounders en barbette. At the best it was an incfflcient work, and in 1804 it too was sapped durlne the 
 great hurricane, and rendered almost useless. Fort Moultrie was built on the site of the fort of that name in the Kcro- 
 lution. It was constructed in 1798, chiefly of brick and palmetto logs. It mounted on the ramparts ten 26-ponnder8 en 
 barbette, on double sea-coast carriages ; one mortar, and six 12-pounders and a howitzer in the ditch. This fort was also 
 greatly damaged by the hurricane. The counterscarp and glacis were entirely swept away ; no ditch remained ; every 
 traverse, and gun, and the reverberatory furnace were washed away and buried in the sand. All the wood-work of tbe 
 fort was rotten, yet the fort was in a condition to be repaired. At the south end of the city of Charleston were tlie re- 
 mains ot Fort Mechanic, a redoubt In ntter rain. 
 Such was the general condition of the sea-coast defenses of the United States when war was declared in 1812, 
 On the Northern and Northwestern frontiers were some military posts and fortifications. First was the fort on the 
 island of Michlllimackinack, in the strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan. At Chicago, on Lake Michigan, was ftri 
 Dearborn ; at the head of the Maumee, Fort Wayne ; a strong fort at Detroit ; a battery and block-house at Erie ; a bat- 
 tery at Black Rock, just below Buffa'.o ; Fort Xiagara, a strong work built by the French, at the month of the Niagara 
 River; another considerable fort at Oswego, and a military post and a ba.tery, called Fort Tompkins, at Sackett's Har- 
 bor. All of these will be noticed in the course of onr narrative. 
 
 • Mr. Fulton took up hir residence in Paris with Joel Barlow, and remained with him seven years. It was during 
 that time that he planned his submarine boat, which he called a nautilus, and the machines attached to which he 
 styled submarine bor..bs. He offered his invention several times to the French government, and once to the Dutch em- 
 bassador at Paris, but did not excite the favorable attention of either. He then opened negotiations with the British 
 government, and went to London in 1804. There he held Interviews with Mr. Pitt and Lord Melville, and explained the 
 nature of his invention to them. Pitt was convinced /fits greet value, but Melville condemned it. In the couise of a 
 month a committee wus appointed to examine, whose chairman was Sir Joseph Banks. They reported the Rubmarinc 
 boat to be impracticable, when Mr. Fulton abandoned the idea of employing a saomarinc vessel, and turned hi? atten- 
 tion to the arrangement of his bombs, so that they might be employed without submerged boats. These he called Toe- 
 PEiioEs, and, in a memorial afterward presented to the American Congress,* he thus describes their construction, and 
 method of operation : 
 
 Plate I. This shows the torpedo anchored, 
 and so arranged as to blow up a vessel that 
 should strike it. B is a copper case, two feet 
 long and twelve inches in diameter, cnpalile 
 of containing one hundred pounds of gun- 
 powder. A, a brass box, in which is a looli, 
 similar to a common gun-lock, with a barrel 
 two inches long, and holding a musket-chanic 
 of powder. The box, with the lock cocked 
 and barrel charged, is screwed to the copper 
 case B. H is a lever, having a communica- 
 tion with the cock inside the box A, holding 
 the lock cocked, and ready to fire. C, a deal 
 box filled with cork and tied to the case B, 
 so as to make the torpedo fifteen to twenty 
 pounds lighlo' than the water spcciflcally, so 
 as to give it buoyancy. It is held down toi 
 given depth by a weight. A small anchor it 
 attached to the weight to prevent its beins 
 moved by the tides. The torpedo was ennk 
 not so deep as the usual draft of vessels to lie 
 acted upon. In flood-tide it would be oblique 
 to the weight, at slack water perpendicular 
 at D, and during the ebb again bbllqnc at E. 
 At ten feet below the surface the tide would 
 not be likely to disturb it seriously. When 
 a ship in sailing should strike the lever H, 
 an instantaneous explosion would take place, 
 and the utter destruction of the vessel would follow. Fulton proposed to anchor a hundred of these in the Narroirs, 
 approaching the harbor of New York, in the event of war. The figure on the right shows on end view of the torpedo, : 
 with a forked link, by which the chances of being struck by a vessel were increased. 
 
 * Mr. Fulton's memorial, pnblished in pamphlet form in 1810, by William Elliott, 114 Water Street, New York, bean j 
 the following title : Tobpkdo War and Siibmarink Explosion, b;i RoneRT Fci.ton, Fellow o/ the American Phihin^ihnl ] 
 Society, and of the United State* Military and Philotophioal Society. Its motto— TAe Liberty qf the Seas will be the Ilapfi- 
 ne»snfthe Earth. 
 
 Ul'KlK). — rLATK 1. 
 
 with a Danisl 
 purpose. On 
 
 Plaik II. This re 
 
 at anchor or under s 
 
 pounds or more of ; 
 
 !cven inches In diam 
 
 dcr and wad, which 
 
 work, moved by a co 
 
 which may be detern 
 
 instant the pin is witi 
 
 number of minutes f 
 
 long and six or eight 
 
 the surface, no weigh 
 
 being nsert. To this 
 
 pended. The line of 
 
 b« long enough to 1 
 
 well back toward the i 
 
 From the torpedo an 
 
 lines, each twenty feet 
 
 From these a single lim 
 
 length, Is attached to 
 
 when the vessel is harp 
 
 ivill bring the torpedo i 
 
 It about midships, of a 
 
 harpoon J is a round p 
 
 an inch in diameter, tv 
 
 abuttofoneinch, whlci 
 
 ibre of the gun from v 
 
 projected. In the head ( 
 
 poon Is an eye ; thepoli 
 
 cslong. Into the eye th 
 
 poon is spliced, and a sn 
 
 copper link runs on the 
 
 poon. To this link the 
 
 at such length as to fo 
 
 when the harpoon is In i 
 
 ini, the link will slide a 
 
 of the harpoon, and, holdl 
 
 the harpoon parallel to 
 
 rope Hill act like a tall or 
 
 •The late Henry Pras8e,w 
 Misrials, made the clock-wor 
 
 , "W-Mr.FnltonanVPr, 
 ;«M»y,,8,n._uF„f(™ 
 
 Jftn^ewaa then the on^ 
 
 Hii.' 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1813. 
 
 239 
 
 Description of Torpedoes ouil their Uses. 
 
 ffith a Danish brig, named Dorothea, and two boats, with eight men each, for the 
 purpose. On the 15th of October, 1805, the Dorothea was anchored in Walmer 
 
 PuTE II- This represents another Itlnil of torpedo— a clocli-work torpedo*— intended to attack a vessel while lying 
 at uichor or under sail, by harpoouing her on her larboard or starboard bow. B, a copper case containing one hundred 
 Donnde or more of gunpowder. C, a cork cushion, to give buoyancy to the whole. A, a cylindrical brass box, about 
 (even Inches In diameter and two deep, in which is a gun-lock, with a barrel two inches long to receive a charge of pow- 
 der and wad, which charge is fired with the powder of the case B. In the brass box A there Is also n piece of clock- 
 work moved by a colled spring, which being wound up and set, will let the lock strike fire in any number of minutes 
 which may be determined, within an hour. K is a small line fixed to a pin, which holds the clock-work inactive. The 
 Instant the pin Is withdrawn the clock-work begins to move, and the explosion will take place in one, two, three, or any 
 number of minutes for which it has been set. The whole Is made perfectly water-tight. D Is a pine box, two feet 
 lone and six or eight inches square, filled with cork to give it buoyancy, as in Plate I., although In this case It floats on 
 the surface, no weights for submergence 
 being nsed. To this the torpedo is sus- 
 pended. The line of suspension should 
 be long enough to bring the torpedo 
 well back toward the stem of the ves"' 1 
 From the torpedo and float D arc tvo 
 lines, each twenty feet long, united at E. 
 From these a single line, about fifty teet in 
 length, is attached to a harpoon. This, 
 when the vessel is harpooned in the bow, 
 will bring the torpedo under the bottom, 
 at abont midships, of a man-of-war. The 
 harpoon lis a round piece of iron, half 
 an inch in diameter, two feet long, with 
 jbnit of one inch, which is the exact cal- 
 ibre of the gun from which it is to be 
 projected. In the bend of the barbed har- 
 poon Is an eye ; the point about six Inch- 
 es long. Into the eye the line of the har- 
 poon Is spliced, and a small iron or tough 
 copper I'nk runs on the shaft of the har- 
 poon. To this liuk the line Is attached 
 at snch length as to form the loop II 
 when the harpoon is in the gun. When 
 llred, the link will slide along to the butt 
 
 oflhc harpoon, and, holding the rope and toupkim, im atk .i 
 
 ihc harpoon parallel to each other, the TourKi>o.-i late it. 
 
 rope will act like a tall or rod to a rocket, and guide it straight. F is the harjjoon gun, acting upon a swivel fixed In 
 
 the stern-sheets of a boat. The 
 harpoon is fixed in the vessel's 
 bow, with the line fl-om the tor- 
 pedo attached ; the torpedo clock- 
 work is set in motion, the ma- 
 chine Is thrown overboard, and 
 the tide, on the motion of the ves- 
 sel, quickly places it under the 
 ship. 
 
 Plate III ' ' per portion 
 
 of the pi its the stem 
 
 iifarow-bii ivitli the harpoon- 
 gun ind torpedo just described. 
 A [1' iiirm, four feet long and 
 thr< 'l wide, l^< made on the 
 stern, j, vcl with the gunwale, and 
 projectli!;; o->. the stom fifteen 
 or eighteen hps .., tli the 
 'I'rpedo, in fiuuun into the water, 
 ■y clear the rudder. The ropes 
 ' care Cully disposed so that 
 iierc may be no entanglement. 
 'I'hc letters in this figure (A, B, and 
 C) (!• ii,it>- the parts, as in the last 
 plaie 'I i)ln D, which restrains 
 the 'lo lork. Is drawn, when 
 tl,i .> is cast off, by the line 
 
 11 • to the boat at E. The 
 
 bar^uuuer, stationed at the gun, 
 
 * The late Henry Frasse, who for many years kept a shop In Fulton Street, New York, for tlie sale of watch-maker's 
 I Micrlals, made the clock-work for Mr. Fulton. In bis account-book before me is the following entry at the time we are 
 1 Mnsiderlug : 
 
 " Dt. Mr. Fulton a Il'y Frasse ; 
 
 "2(lth May, ISin.— a Fulton repare un tnrpedos, le grand ressort, volant et rone, 4.Bfl." 
 
 Mr. Frnsse wag then the only machinist of note in the city of New York. Ue died in Fobroary, 1840, at the age of sixty 
 I 'Ight years. 
 
 I i - 1 
 
 ■i- i 
 

 ill Hi' 
 
 ■ 
 
 : 
 
 ■ 
 
 240 
 
 PICTORIAL riKTD-BOOK 
 
 The Uorothea destroyed by a Torpedo. 
 
 An Ai,count of Fulton's Kxpcrlmcut 
 
 Road, not far from Deal, and in sight of Walmer Castle, the residence of William Pitt 
 the English prime minister, and there, in tlie presence of a large number of naval offi- 
 cers and others,' he made a successful exhibition. He first practiced the bdatimn 
 with empty torpedoes. One was placed in each boat, and connected by a small rope 
 eighty feet long. The Dorothea drew twelve feet of water, and the torpedoes were 
 suspended fifteen feet under water when cast from the boats, at the distance of sev- 
 enty-five feet ajjart. They floated toward the brig with the tide, one on each side 
 of her. When the conneoting-line struck the hawser of the brig, both torpedoes were 
 brought by the tide under her bottom. 
 
 Having exercised the men sufliciently, Fulton filled one of the torpedoes Avitli one 
 hundred and eighty pounds of gunpowder, set its clock-work (explained in note 1 
 page 238) to eighteen minutes, and then went through with the same mananivrcs as 
 
 before, the filled and the empty tornedo 
 being united by a rope. At the expira- 
 tion of eighteen mimites from the time 
 the torpedoes were cast overboard, and 
 were carried toward the Dorothea, a dull 
 explosion was heard, and the brig was 
 raiser' uodily about six feet,''* and sciia- 
 rated in the middle ; and in tweny min- 
 utes nothi.:;!' was seen of her but some 
 floating fragmciits. The pumjis and fore- 
 masts were blown out of her ; the fore- 
 topsail -yards were thrown up to the 
 cross-trees ; the fore-chain plates, with 
 their bolts, were torn from her sides, and 
 her mizzcn-mast was broken off" in two 
 places. The experiment was perfectly 
 satisfactory; b;'t the IJritish government 
 refused to purchase and use the invention, because it was thought to be inexpedient 
 
 also steers the bont, and fires according to his judgment. If the Imrpoon sticks into the bow of the vessel, the boat i- 
 immediately moved away, the torpedo cast out of the bo it, and the clock-work set in motion. If the harpoon mi.<^e! 
 the ship, the torptdo may be saved, and another attack bf made. Fulton proposed to hi>vc twelve men in each bciai.ail 
 armed for their jirotection or offensive movements, if ue .-essary. The figure in the lower part of the plate is a bird's- 
 eye view of a vessel (A) at anchor. H, her cable ; E F, t' <-o torpedoes ; C I), their coupling Hues, twelve feet lonj;. li is 
 touching the vessel's cable, and the torpedoes being driv n\ under her by the tide. In this way the Dorothea, mentioned 
 in the text, was attacked. Those were clock-work torpi;does. 
 
 Pi.ATK rv. represents n bird's- 
 eye view of a vessel at (luohnr.ur 
 under weigh, attacked by n flniilla 
 of mortar-boats. A is tjic ve.«ffl, 
 and B C two torpedoes opernliiiy 
 by means of the harpoon move- 
 ment. When il was olijci'led lliai 
 these l)oats would be cxpufod to I 
 grape, canister, and musliel balls 
 from the vessel, Kullon cstimalfd i 
 Ihat the time of danger, liv npn \ 
 movcnieniB, would not e.xcoi'd funr 
 mliiutes— two in approadiinfiuear j 
 enough to fire the hnrpniiu, t 
 two for retreating. lie eiilcred j 
 into a calculation of tiie pealfrj 
 efllcicncy and less exposure iif Ihe I 
 
 DESTKUOTION OF TilF. llOltolllKA. 
 
 TonPEnoEs.— ri.ATK IV. 
 
 tori)edo system, in harbor defense, than ships of war. I have given this description of Ihe torpedo as illustrntive nfi 
 part of the history of the times we are considering. Science aud meclianical skill have since produced far moro del 
 Btructive engines of war, and yet Fulton's dream of establishing the liherlii n/tlic sens by means of Ihe tori)edo, (ir aiijj 
 other instrumentality, remains unaccomplished. A Mnnitor of to-day is worth a million oftorpedoeix for harbor defrnM.! 
 
 ' Admiral llolloway. Sir Sidney Sinilh, Captain Owen, Captain Kingston, Colonel Congreve, and a greater portion ofl 
 the otflcera of the ilenl under Lord Keith were present. Pitt was in Ij<mdon, and did not see the exhibition. Colonfl| 
 Congreve wis the Inventor of the rocket, "pyrotechnic arrow," as Fulton called It, bearing hig name. 
 
 ■ "rhe ongraving is from a drRwiug by i- niton, appended to his memortnt to CongreM In 1810. 
 
 Fullon'fl Torpedoes 
 
 W 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 241 
 
 Fultou's Torpedoes in New York Harbor. 
 
 Ills Estimate of the Value of Torpedoes and Steam Navigation. 
 
 for the mistress of the seas to introduce into naval warfare a system that woulil give 
 ((reat advantages to weaker maritime nations. Tiiu Earl St. Vincent said Pitt was a 
 fool to encourage a mode of warfare which they, wlio commanded the seas, did not 
 want, and which, if successful, would deprive them of it.' 
 
 At the beginning of 1807 Mr. Fulton was in Washington with his drawings, mod- 
 els and plans for a " tor])edo war." He was favorably listened to then, but his plans 
 were regarded with more interest after the afl'air of the Zeujxml and Chtaivpeake, a 
 ii;\s months later. Tliat affair caused much public discussion about harbor defenses, 
 ;iii(l able practical writers, like Colonel Williams and John Stevens, favored the use 
 (if Fulton's torjjcdoes. It was believed that measures would be taken to drive British 
 vessels of war from American harbors, and on the Cth of July Fulton again brought 
 his torpedoes to the notice of the Secretary of the Navy. Congress made a small 
 appropriation for experiments, and on the 20th of July, by the direction of the Presi- 
 iliiit. Fulton performed a feat in the harbor of New York similar to that of the de- 
 struction of the Dorothea in Walmer Road. He utterly desti'oyed a vcsfeel of tAvo 
 hnnclred tons burden, and convinced the spectators that any ship might be so demol- 
 ished.^ The experiment created quite a sensation in England. The Earl of Stan- 
 \\ ' e, Fulton's early friend, alluded to it in Parliament, and reproached the govern- 
 i!ient,by implication, for suffering such an invention to go to America, when, for three 
 thousand pounds, they migh^ have possessed it. Nothing farther of importance was 
 (lone in the matter, for Fultoa was then deeply engaged in bringing to a successful 
 issue his experiments in navigaihig by steam as a motor. But when those experi- 
 ments resulted in absolute and brilliant success, and men's minds were filled with 
 speculations concerning the future of this new aid to commerce, he believed tliat his 
 torpedo system would be of far moro benefit to mankind than navigation by steam. 
 Ill a letter to a friend, giving him an account of his first voyage to Albany and back 
 hy steam — the fiist achievement of the kind — lie said : " IIoAvcver, I will not admit 
 that it is half so important as the torpedo system of defense and attack, for out of it 
 will grow the liberty of the seas, an object of infinite importance to the welfare of 
 America and every civilized country. But thousands of witnesses have now seen the 
 steam-boat in rapid movement, and believe ; they have not seen a ship-of-war de- 
 stroyed by a torpedo, and they do not believe."' 
 
 How utterly impotent is the finite mind Avhen it attempts to understand the future. 
 It is like a bewildered traveler in a dark night attempting to comprehend an almost 
 illimitable prairie before him by the aid of a " fire-fly lamp." The torpedo is forgot- 
 ten; the steam-boat, in Monitor* form, is now (1867) the great champion for the " lib- 
 [crty ofthe seas." 
 
 In January, 1810, ^ulton again visited Washington, and at Kalorama, the seat oi 
 
 his good fiiend Barlow, near Georgetown, in the presence of PresidcTit Jefferson, Sec- 
 
 I retary Madison, and a large number of mendiers of Congress, he exhibited and ex- 
 
 |ilaiiied the plans and models of improved torpedoes, such as are described in note 1, 
 
 ' lettpr from Roliert Fulton to .Tocl Barlow. 
 
 > Mr. Fulton invited the Governor of tlie State of New York, the Corporation of the city, olid many others, to witness 
 [bhciperira(!ntH. They assembled atFort Jay, on Governor's Island, on the 2nth of Jnly, and In the shadow of the great 
 I »jte»ay ho lectured on the subject of his torpedoes. He had a blank one for bio explanations, and his numerous audi- 
 I inn gathered close around him, with great eagerness, to catch every word from his lips, and see every part of the ma- 
 I thine. At length he turned to one of the torpedoes lying near, under the gateway of the fort, to which his clock-work 
 |»L< attached, and drawing out tlie plug, and setting it in m.Hion, he said : "Gentlemen, this is a charged torpedo, with 
 Irtlfliipicclcoly in its present state, I mean to blow up a vessel. It contains one hundred and seventy pounds of giin- 
 jioitdcr, audifl were to snfTer the clock-work to run fifteen mi.iutcs, I have no doubt that it would blow this fortlfloa- 
 jiioii to ntnins." The circle of the audience around Mr. Fu..on immediately widened, and, before five of the fifteen min- 
 liifs had elapsed, all bnt two or three had dlsajjpeared from the gatewa}', and retired to as great a distance as possible 
 |«ith the utmost speed. Fulton, entirely confident In his machine, was perfectly calm. "Uow frequently fear arises 
 tamlgnnrauce," ho said.— Coldcn's Life ofFiUlnii, page T.f. 
 
 ' Letter to .loel Barlow from New York, dated August 22, ISOT. 
 
 'For a tleFcription ofthe Monitor, a new style of vessel of war, first made known to the world by a terrible enconn- 
 |l(rwiih the Merrinmrk, another efllclcnt vessel of war, in Hampton Roads, Virginia, In March, 1802, see Lossing's Pic- 
 1 fial llitlnrij n} the Civil War. 
 
 Q 
 
; 
 
 ' 
 
 mi 
 
 mn 
 
 1 ' ; 1 • ' 
 : i ' I 
 
 242 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK. 
 
 Farther Kxijerimcuts with Torpedoes. 
 
 A wholeeonie Fear of them. 
 
 Kobert FuUod. 
 
 page 238. They were deeply impressed with the value of the invention, and in March 
 Congress appropriated five tiiousand dollars for further experiments, to be publicly 
 made in the harbor of New York, under the direct superintendence of Conunodoic 
 Rodgers and Captaui Chauncey. The sloop-of-war Aryus was prepared to (k'lWul 
 
 herself against Fulto'Ts torpedo attacks.' The experiments were trinl 
 and October, in the autumn." They failed, so far as attacks upon the Arr/us wci, 
 
 concerned, and Rodgers reported the scheme to be wholly impracticable. 
 Commissioners, among whom were Chancellor Livingston, Morgan Lewis, ami Cad- 
 
 wallader Colden, re 
 ported in its favor. 
 But Fulton, then still 
 deeply engaged in 
 steam-boat matters, 
 nuide no farther ef- 
 forts to induce the 
 government to adopt 
 his torpedo system; 
 yet his faith in its val- 
 ue was not abated. 
 
 When war was de- 
 clared in 1812, Ful- 
 ton revived his tor- 
 pedo scheme, but 
 could not win the 
 countenance of the 
 government. Sever- 
 al attempts to put 
 it in execution Avere 
 made by inexperi- 
 enced persons, and 
 failed, and torpe- 
 does did not enter 
 into the system of 
 warfare carried on 
 
 at that time. Bm 
 Avhile they were uot 
 actually used, ex- 
 cept in a few isola- 
 ted cases, against 
 the British vessels 
 of war, a wholesome 
 fear of them was 
 abroad in the Brit- 
 ish navy. There was 
 great anxiety inaiii- 
 fested on the part 
 of the British naval 
 commanders, when 
 they approached 
 our coasts, to know 
 where ]\Ir. Fultoii- 
 Avas ; and, such was 
 their caution, thev 
 seldom attenipteil to 
 enter the harbors 
 of the United 
 States during the 
 ,^ war. No doubt 
 the fear of Ful- 
 ton's torpedoes j 
 
 KIILTON'S BIBTII-ri.AOE. 
 
 1 Fiilton had also invented a submarine machine for cut- 
 ting the cables of ships at anchor. Experimeuts with this 
 were tried at the same time. 
 
 ' Robert Fulton was born at Little Britain, Lancaster I 
 County, Pennsylvania, in 1T05. His parents were from Ire. f 
 hind. His «arly education was meagre. At the age of sev- 
 enteen he was painting miniatures* at Philadelijlila, andl 
 indulging his taste for mechanics In the work-shops of thatl 
 city. His friends sent him to London, to receive iiistrat-j 
 tlons in painting, when he was twenty-one years of «Lf.j 
 The celebrated WeSt was his Instructor. The Karl of Slan.| 
 hope, who took great interest in mechanics, became hiil 
 friend, and encouraged his taste for the useful arts. HC 
 heard of the experiments of Pitch and Evans in the nn 
 of steam for imvigation, nnd his active mind began to f|K 
 ulate on the subject, and have glorious perceptions of fiJ 
 tnre achievements. He left painting, and 1/ecame an ei| 
 gineer. He entered the family of Joel Barlow, at Pari!, i 
 1797, and there he became acquainted with Chancellor M 
 ingston, with whom he carried on experiments in navifi 
 tion by steam. They saw wealth and honor as the rewjrf 
 of success in that line on the inland waters of the fiiita 
 States. They came home, and were sncceesfnl. The lirf 
 voyage from Albany to New York silenced all donbt. 
 
 • In White's PMImelpliia Directory, 1788, is the following : "Robert Fulton, miniature painter, corner of Second s 
 Walnut StisetB." 
 
 A "Peace Party." 
 
 feared several c 
 
 in 1814, will b« 
 
 Notwithstan 
 
 approved by ai 
 
 istration was a 
 
 ernments at th( 
 
 large and powe 
 
 izatioii, called tl 
 
 the government 
 
 took groimd eai 
 
 perceived that t; 
 
 ;,'overnment had 
 
 against the Unit( 
 
 iiecticut refused 
 
 ately after the d( 
 
 the Constitution, 
 
 sition for the mil 
 
 evidence of any d 
 
 ary and Legislatii 
 
 The Legislature c 
 
 most dangerously 
 
 House of Delegate 
 
 MassacJiusetts, Rhi 
 
 in the Senate oppc 
 
 linked the action < 
 
 :i"d unexpected oc( 
 
 result of solemn del 
 
 tare of Ohio declai 
 
 .io:gressions of Grca 
 
 imworthy to defend 
 
 in support of the na 
 
 ted into the Union, 
 
 the one which our c 
 
 repose in the confide 
 
 The.se conflicting i 
 
 was aroused in alf it 
 
 I ml in the city of B 
 
 I iinirder and maiming. 
 
 I ISShe obtained his flrsT^, 
 I '1! directed by Congress to i 
 I Ulerward (February 24 181 ^y 
 
 JiTbe,.,v„,avloIento;rH 
 ll'enlMx years of „ "|™^ 
 
 I».tli6 interest, which had suff 
 
 l»« that when that declaratm 
 |«lio«tospenkas freely a" "w 
 
"Peace Party." 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18,2. 
 
 :Zrr_Zf^!^^^c™mentg — — __ 
 
 leaved several of our sea-port town« fi \ ___^___Riot in Baltimore^ 
 
 NotwithstaiKlitig ^var had bee d "oaie, launched 
 
 ™m™t. n. the Ia°, mt, '">"<'™W« .Man, (br avmim ', J"!""' ""■ "'tai"- 
 
 against the United States T . n ' ''' g^nt^^'-nHy loyal and ,to 7 ! *^ "»I^^"al 
 necticut refused to com,l . ^ ^«^'«™ors of Masiachu V? 1,^ f I" '''^'^^ "1' «™s 
 a'ely after the dc^TlaiS f j;f, *'" '■^^"-^'- "'-^e ' po^ £t' '''/•'' "'^^ ^«"- 
 the Constitution, and t n nef Jf n "^"^ P'-«"">Igated. The! 1 " ^,^' "»'"'« "»'«edi- 
 ^ition for the nr litia which "^^^^''^^^ ^utlu^ri^ing the Pre 'f^''^''^'^^'^'^^ "P«n 
 evidence of any da Ir Jft '°"*^™PJ«tefl the exigencv of ov . '," "'•'*^'^' " ^'^i"- 
 
 The Legislature of New TeT ?''*'^' ''''''' they e '.o £ -'f^ ^^ *^'« J»'Ji«i- 
 most dangerously imnoL'^.^^""«""«ed the war as « o. T^'"* ^^^ ^'^'fi'-^nce. 
 
 !."ked the actio?:? the tllr^ 'T ^^''"•^^-•^- ThVSatuTo^ f P '^ ^""•' ^^''"'^ 
 '-"•' ""oxpected occu to »' ^T "^"^1"^' ^«-™orsf a d 'a ,ed '^'""^^?"'''^ - 
 result of solemn delihprnf ^^ J'esol ved that « the rW • * '■*" •'^Janning 
 
 - of Ohio f^£^tTc^^:^^ -' ^-pet.::r:^; f s r • f 
 
 in «Wort of the na Lnj^t '''™'^" "^^«^^ York ex L ed IT"" " •'"■^^ ^^"«« ^^ 
 '«' ">to the Union, .-bfr"™-"*' ""^^ ^he new State of j,'-'''*^ ^^"'•••^noe 
 tie one which our couLJ^ /'^"'^ "^^^s governor « If pvn""'''^"''^'J"«t «<^'nit- 
 ^pose in the confid nc o/their'"''''"'''' ^^ ''^'^ -a " If e/er: T'' ^^ •'■"^^'«^'^^^' 
 These conflicting virs'^ ^T™"-*. - are that HlZr^''^ '^-^ -- to 
 "aroused in all its fierceness P^r"'^'"^ «°"fl'^t of action P . 
 i^d "1 the city of Baltiraorr! ^^'"^^'^al collisions became fl ^''*''*^^ "P"''* 
 
 ^^^andm^mingf"""^ ^ ^««* f-rf«l not ««cuS, tL t^X of'S "was 
 
 I m directed by Congressto . " ?^ ^°'^^'> scheme farnnTT^ ^ — — ^ 
 
 I=.«ilteimere8t,whirhad ^.fcV'"' ""=" » ""' Sine com ^^" ^'"'^«'^'^' «^t e'duli'ir*'^ appearance 
 Jaw that when that decl«iH ''®'' ""^ ''cclnration of w^^ , ""' •ncsnreg, and was nn» T . ^^ '"''?«» "f »ie mer- 
 ino" to speak a, free ;S^'^°" -^« once made aU opJ^suCt." b'*'""'^'' °^'»"mat on^^au dll' "^ "■" ""P"""- 
 |» !■ In the matter of the All' "'7^'"'"'«t'-ation and Z ™„ ""^ '""■■ ""«' cease, the editor ^, ^'° '"'"'« '" Con- 
 IvWe, that the w«r ,« „,! " "'"' Sedition Laws " w """"""'•'s as before, thereby r„v„? "'""'"need his detenn- 
 |^™.-npon theiXnt CrlTnr '■^'•"''^'''''"«nfr«nd ItlZTl" 5" '"''''• '''"Sent tat*; '' P^-'^y °f "s part^ 
 Non Saturday, June 2ntb «n/""'^"'^'"'«<='' ''■'■•clffn inm,e' '"l"! ^""" P"""'. Person"' and » ""^."""'^ »'' '^^ a'^ 
 r« "f '"at pape; and demo'lfshn.' u*'""""^ ^^«n"'^, the 2?/?'''''?'' ««» "ot be mistaken " tmV" '''"''"'' '"""ves 
 JWMme vessels, and comm.?,^'"' "• "a^lnff thus comm! ' ^ """'• '»«a(ied by a French n„ .T '* """"nncement was 
 
 ^n> attacked. The m„ J , ".'" Baltimore attor a sH™^ iT '''"' "s«d ^for the mirnosp -r J"'"'''' '" «'-<'«tabII«h 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
) 
 
 IK 
 
 ji 
 
 Wi 
 
 ^U^ 
 
 III!' :f ili|j 
 
 244 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Inhubitantn of Cnnada. 
 
 llcasoDH for tlioir Loyalty. 
 
 A(ltlie.-8 of the Caimdiau Legislature. 
 
 The people of Canada, whoso soil was about to bo invaded, were filled with ''•"lintrs 
 of doubt and alarm, especially in the Upper Province. A large number ot tlie in. 
 habitants in that section were natives of the United States who had emigrated tliitli- 
 er to better their condition. Many of them still felt a lingering affection for the land 
 of their birth, and were unwilling to take up arms against it; but there was another 
 class of emigrants — Loyalists, or the children of Loyalists of the Revolution — uolit. 
 ical exiles — occupying a large tract of land lying between Lakes Erie and Ontaiin 
 and westward, who were indebted to the liberality of the Britisli government for the 
 soil they were cultivating, and to their own industry for tlie roofs that slu'ltoroil 
 them. These retained bitter feelings toward the United States, and took up arms witli 
 alacrity against a people whom they regarded as their oppressors. When war was 
 actually commenced — when American troops were actually encamj)ed on Canadian 
 territory, these old Loyalists formed a most energetic and active element in the firm 
 opposition which the invasion encountered. To these the Legislature of Upper Can- 
 ada, whose loyalty was at first considered somewhat doubtful, addressed a most 
 stirring appeal, soon after the American declaration of war was known, to the delitrht 
 of the governor and the English party. " Already," they said, " have we the joy to 
 remark that the spirit of loyalty has burst forth in all its ancient splendor. Tliu mi- 
 litia in all jDarts of tlio province have volunteered their services with acclamation, and 
 displayed a degree of energy worthy of the British name. They do not forget the 
 blessings and privileges which they enjoy under tlie protective and fostering care 
 of the British empire, whose government is only felt in this country by acts of the 
 purest justice, and most pleasing and efficacious benevolence. When men are called 
 upon to defend every thhig they call precious, their wives and children, their friends 
 and possessions, they ought to be inspired with the noblest resolutions, and they will 
 not be easily frightened by menaces, or conquered by force ; and beholding, as we 
 do, the flanio of patriotism burning from one end of the Canadas to the other, wc (;.m 
 not but entertain the most pleasing anticipations. Our enemies have, indeed, said 
 that they can subdue this country by a proclamation ; but it is our part to prove tn 
 them that they are sadly mistaken ; that the i)opulation is determinately hostile , an 1 
 that the few who might be otherwise inclined will find it their safety to be faitliful." 
 
 The address then proceeded to warn the people that, " in imitation of their Euro- 
 pean master (Napoleon)," the United States Avould " trust more to treachery than to 
 
 a Federalist, Joined him, and about twenty others made up the defensive party. They were well-armed and provisioned 
 for n siege. On the evening of the 2{ith of July (tlie evening of the day on which the revived newspaper first iippcatedi 
 the mol) assembled, ^fler assniliut; the building with stones for some time, they forced open the door, and when ascend- 
 ing the stairs they were fired upon. One of the ringleaders was killed and several were wounded. After miicli solici- 
 tude, two magistrates, by virtue of their authority, ordered out two companies of militia, under General Strieker, to 
 quell the mob. A single troop of horse soon appeared, and at about daylight the mayor and General Strieker apprated. 
 A truce was obtained, and it was agreed that the defenders, some of whom were hurt, and who were all charged with 
 murder, should be conducted to prison to answer that charge. They were promised not only personal safety, but iiro- 
 tection of the premises by n military guard. On their way to prison the band played the rogue's march. The mol) im- 
 mediately sacked the house. Only a few more of the military could be persuaded to come out, and the mob had its omi 
 way to a great extent. At night they gathered around the prison, and the turnkey was so terrified that he allowed them 
 to enter. The prisoners extinguished their lights and. rushed out. They mingled with the mol), and thus several e-- 
 caped. Some were dreadfully beaten, and chree were tortured by the f^irious men. General Lee was made a cripple k 
 life, and General Lingan, then seventy years of age, distinguished for his services In the field during the old war for in- 
 dependence, expired in the hands of the mob.* In the treatment of their unfortnnate prisoners the most intcDW sav- 
 agism was displayed. The riot was at length qnelled, and the city magistrates, on investigaticn, placed the entire blame , 
 on the publishers of the obnoxious newspaper. It was decided that in a time of war no man has a right to cast ob- \ 
 stacles In the way of the success of his country's undertakings. The course of the Federal RepnUiean was condcnracd 
 ns treasonable— as giving aid and comfort to the enemy ; and its fate was not mourned outside of the circle of its polil- | 
 ical supporters. While all right-minded men deprecated a mob, and condemned. In unmeasured terms, its atrocities, ' 
 they as londly condemned the unpatriotic course of the offending newspaper. 
 
 * Funeral honors were jiald to General Lingan, at Georgetown, on the Isl of September following, by a great proces- j 
 slon, and an oration by the late George VVasliington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Washington. His oration raj 
 extemporaneous, and was an eloquent and impassioned appeal to the feelings of his auditors. Only three years and j 
 six months after the death of the orator, the blood of other patriots, not engaged in the immediate defense of the liber- 
 ty of the press, hut hurrying to the national capital to save it from tl. grasp of frntriciii. , were slain in the streets o( j 
 lialtimore by a mob (April 10, 1801), who, as in 1S12, were tenderly dealt with, if not encouraged, by the mngietrate! ot j 
 the city. 
 
 Enllatmcuts In the 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 240 
 
 Enllstmcutt In the UritiKh I'rovluces. 
 
 Peaceful PrnpoHiliuug. 
 
 ActluD on the UrderH in Cuunctl and Uocrees, 
 
 t'orce;" that they would bo falsely told that armies como to give them freedom 
 1111(1 peace ; that emissaries " of the most contemptible faction tliat ever distracted 
 the aft'iiirs of any nation — the minions of the very sycophants who lick tlie dust from 
 the feet of Bonaparte," would endtiivor to seduce them from their loyalty. 
 
 Tliis address had a powerful eft'ect. The prudence and sagacity of Sir George Pre- 
 vost the governor general of Canada, had allayed the political agitations in the Low- 
 tr Province, which had assumed a throatening aspect during tlie administration of 
 Ills predecessor, Sir James II. Craig. Now, when war seemed impending, the Legis- 
 hiture of the Lower Province, laying aside their political bickerings, voted to furnish 
 two thousand unmarried men to serve for three months during two successive sum- 
 mers. Besides these, a corps, called the Glenga'T Light Infantry, numberhig, on 
 the 1st of May, 1812, four hundred rank and file, and drawn chiefly from the Lower 
 Province, was organized. Its officers promised to double that number. At the same 
 time, enlistments were made in Acadia r»>d Nova Scotia, while Lieutenant M'Donell 
 ijathered under his banner a large number of Highlanders, settled upon the Lower St 
 Lawrence and the Gulf.' It was soon made evident to the Americans that no de- 
 pendence could be placed upon disloyalty among the Canadians, and that, instead of 
 timliiiaj friends and allies north of the lakes, they would find active foes. 
 
 Wliile these events were transpiring in America, there were movements abroad 
 which faintly promised an adjustment of difliiculties between the two governments 
 without a resort to arms. Liimediately after the declaration of war, President Mad- 
 ison, through Secretary Monroe, sent a dispatch* to Mr. Russell, the Amer- .j,u,o20, 
 icau minister at the British court, by Mr. Foster, the English minister retir- ^®^*- , 
 iiif,' from Washington,'^ instructing him to offer an armistice preliminary to a definite 
 anangement of all differences, on condition of the absolute repeal of the obnoxious 
 onlers in Council, the discontinuance of impressment, and the return of all American 
 seamen who had been impressed and were still in the British service. He was au- 
 thorized to promise, on the part of the United States, a positive prohibition of em- 
 ployment for British seamen in the American service, public or private, on condition 
 iif a reciprocity in kind on the part of the British government. He made still more 
 liberal advances toward reconciliation in a subsequent dispatch,^ offering 
 to agree to an armistice on a tacit understanding, instead of a positive 
 stipulation, that no more American seamen should be impressed into the British 
 service. 
 
 The British government had already taken action on the orders in Council. We 
 liave noticed the efiect of Brougham's efforts in Parliament, and Baring's potent In- 
 (juiry on the subject of those orders. In the spring of 1812 a new order was issued, 
 declaring that if at any time the Berlin and Milan Decrees should, by some authori- 
 tative act of the French government publicly promulgated, be withdrawn, the orders 
 iu Council of January, 1807, and of April, 1809, should be at once repealed. Mr. Bar- 
 low, the American minister at Paris, immediately after receiving information of this 
 I new order, pressed the French government to make a public announcement that those 
 ilecrees had ceased to operate, as against the United States, since November, 1810. 
 1 Tlie Duke of Bassano exhibited great reluctance to do so, but finally, persuaded that 
 I the Americans would resume trade Avith Great Britain in defiance of the few French 
 craisers afloat, and that the tAvo governments might form an alliance against the em- 
 jieror, produced a decree, dated April 28, 1811, directing that, in consideration of the 
 resistance of the LTnited States " to the arbitrai-y pretensions advanced by the British 
 orders in Council, and a formal refusal to sanction a system hostile to the independ- 
 
 ' Angnst 24. 
 
 I A nintnrii nf the War betieeen Great Britain and the United States qf America during the Years 1812, 1813, atid 1814, by 
 O.Anchinleck, \mees 48-48 inclusive. 
 
 'Mr. Foster sailed from New York for Halifax In the brig Colibri, on Sunday, July 12, accompanied by Mr. Barclay, 
 I to British consul at New York. 
 
 iiM^^ 
 
 m 
 
 ">. 
 
 f» 
 
 \\--\ 
 
' '] 
 
 i I 
 
 ii 
 
 ilJ'i 
 
 246 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dl«graceful Conduct ufa Freuch Miulater. 
 
 Cundltiuual Hevucatluu uf the Urdora In Council 
 
 ' 1818. 
 
 enco of neutral powers, the Berlin and Milan Decrees were to bo considered as not 
 having existed, as to American vesseJH, since November 1, 1810."' Barlow perceived 
 by the date of this document, that there was dissimulation and lack of candor in tin! 
 whole matter, and, by pressing tiie duke with questions, caust-d that minister to ut- 
 ter what were doubtless absolute falsehoods.^ In truth, the French had, throughout 
 this whole matter of decrees, and the enforcement of the Continental System, Ih,,,, 
 guilty of deception and injustice to a degree that would have justified an honest na- 
 tion in suspending all diplomatic relations with them. 
 
 On receiving a copy of this decree Barlow dispatched it to London by the Warn 
 for Mr. Russell's use. It reached there just in time to co-operate Avith the Biiti>;li 
 manufacturers, who had procured the appointment of a committee of the House of 
 Commons to inquire into the effects of the orders in Council on the commercial inter- 
 ests of the nation.^ Castlereagh, to whom Russell presented the decree, consider 
 it too limited to induce the British government to make any change in its policy. 
 But he and his colleagues were compelled to yield. The new ministry, who came in 
 after Mr. Perceval's death,* were very strongly pressed by Brougham, Baring, and oth- 
 ers, and menaced with the desertion of their supporters in the manufacturing dis- 
 tricts. Finally, on the ICth of June," Brougham, after a minute statement of 
 facts brought out by the inquiry of the Commons' connnittee, and an eloquent 
 exposition of the absurd policy jjursued by the government,'^ moved an address totlio 
 Pruice Regent, beseeching him to recall or suspend the orders in Council, and to 
 adopt such other measures as might tend to conciliate neutral poAvers, without sacii 
 Being the rights and dignity of his majesty's crown. Castlereagh deprecated tliis 
 " hasty action," as he called it, and stated that it was the intention of the government 
 to make a conciliatbry proposition to the Cabinet at Washington. On an intimation 
 that tliis definite proposition avus decided upon in the Cabinet, and would ajipear in 
 ^ the next Gazette, Brougham AvithdrcAV his motion. On the 23d'' a declaration 
 
 from the Prince Regent in Council Avas published, absolutely revoking ail or- 
 ders as far as they regarded America. It Avas accompanied by a proviso tliat tin 
 present order should have no eflect unless the United States should revoke their Xon 
 intercourse Act, and place Great Britain on the same relative footnig as France. The 
 order also provided that the Prince Regent should not be precluded, if circumstances 
 should require it, from restoring the orders in Council, or from taking suclr other 
 measui-es of retaliation against the French as might appear to his royal highness just 
 and necessary." 
 
 Intelligence of this conditional revocation of the orders in Council reached Mr, Fn-. 
 ter before he sailed from Halifax, and he obtained from the naval commander on tha; 
 station (Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren) consent to a mutual suspension of pro- 
 
 ' The new decree was dated " Palace of St. Cloud, April 28, ISll," and signed by Napoleon as " Emperor of the Frencb. 
 King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Hhine, and Mediator of the Swiss Confederacy." 
 
 ' Barlow asked Bassano if the decree, apparently a year old, had ever been published. He was answered no, addiii; 
 that it had been shown to Mr. Russell, when Charge d'Affaircs at Paris, and had been sent to Serrurier, at AVashtngton, 
 to be communicated to the American government. The records on both sides of the Atlantic proved this statement to ; 
 be untrue. The decree was a fresh one, antedated for diplomatic effect. 
 
 ' The examination of this committee, wlio were authorized to summon persons and papers, commenced on the I'l'lh 
 of April, and continued until the 13th of June. Witnesses from almost every part of Great Britain were examiuoiUijil 
 in every case the transcendent Importance of American commerce to the welfare of England was made manifest liy tes- 
 timony. The folly, wickedness, and stupidity of the orders in Council were fully exposed ; and in the volnme of alino-; 
 seveu hundred pages, filled witli the minutes of that examination, an awful picture is given of the calamities to trade 
 which those orders had produced. ♦ Sec page 833. 
 
 5 He decried the sort of half-piratical commerce which England was then pursuing in unmeasured terms. " It Is ihis 
 miserable, shifting, doubtful, hateful traffic that we prefer to the sure, regular, increasing, honest gains of AraerlcaD j 
 commerce— to a trade which is placed beyond the enemy's reach ; which, besides enriching ourselves in peace and hen- 1 
 or, only benefits those who are our natural friends, over whom he has no control ; which supports at once all that re- j 
 mains of liberty beyond the seas, und gives life and vigor to its main pillar within the nation— the manufactures mi] 
 commerce of England. . . . That commerce is the whole American market, a branch of trade in comparison of which, j 
 whether yon regard its extent, its certainty, or its progressive increase, every other sinks into insigniticance, II is a j 
 market which in ordinary times may take off about thirteen millions [$85,000,000] worth of oi. • manufactures, and iii'j 
 steadiness and regularity it Is unrivaled." ' American Sttite /Vijws, ii., 83. 
 
 An Armlatlve. 
 
 cceflhigs agal: 
 
 IJriti.sh secretf 
 
 ter also stated 
 
 to propose a si 
 
 the commande 
 
 to an armistice 
 
 prosperity; bu 
 
 riitify this armi 
 
 President doul) 
 
 I'ortain hoAv far 
 
 selves; saAV no 
 
 dark cloud on t 
 
 as it would affc 
 
 President Avas a 
 
 an answer from 
 
 like waiving tha 
 
 When Mr. Rm 
 
 jeot of an armis 
 
 heen already pre 
 
 to Admiral Wan 
 
 that basis. At t 
 
 tal subject of inif 
 
 .surprise tJiat, " as 
 
 emmcntoftheUi 
 
 eminent should d 
 
 seamen from the t. 
 
 shall hcreafVor be 
 
 or commercial ser 
 
 discuss any propc 
 
 substitution of son 
 
 practice; "but thi 
 
 upon which the na\ 
 
 object might be at 
 
 Of all tlie grievi 
 
 the most serious. 
 
 »fthel7nited State 
 
 than all blockades 
 
 degree, the patriotis 
 
 sensibilities of a free 
 
 ascnse of social wrc 
 
 of impressment of i^ 
 
 H-as believed that a 
 
 rnstlereagh admitt( 
 
 ilimisand five hnndn 
 
 ican seamen, but sai 
 
 •American citizens, ki 
 
 and made slaves in I 
 
 'General Dearborn's head- 
 bash, opposite Albany, in Nc, 
 , •'»( his adjutant general, Ba 
 
 l»ll.e<l with power to conrind, 
 ! 'on the 9th of August. The 
 I 7"'"ithen-ontiersofNew 
 ! "long the opposite and corresi 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 247 
 
 IIP 
 
 \D Armistice. The hnuKhty AHHiimptloDB of the BrltlHh (lovcriiincnt. Number of Impreaiiod American Hoamcn. 
 
 peediiiRS agaiiiHt ciiptiircd vcshcIh, Tliis fmrt wan comiminicated to Mr. Boker, the 
 liritish Ht'crt'tary of Icj^ation left at Washington, to be laiJ before tlio President. Fos- 
 liialno stated tliat he liad advised Sir (ieorge I'revost, (iovernor (Jeiieral of Canada, 
 to propose a suspension of hostilities on land. This was done, and (teneral Dearborn, 
 the coniniaiKler of the Amcriean forces on the Northern frontier, provisionally agreed 
 loan iinnistiee.' Joy filled many liearts at these jjroniises of peaee and returning 
 prosperity; but it was of short duration. The I'nited States government refused to 
 lutifytliis armistice, or to accept the other propositions of the ex-minister, because the 
 Pic'sidoiit doubted his authority to susj)end the proceedings of ])rize courts; was un- 
 certain how far these arrangements would be respected by the Uritish officers them- 
 scIvch; saw no security against the Indian allies of tlie Englisli, then liovering like a 
 ilai'k cloud on the Northwestern frontier; and considered the arrangement unecpial, 
 J19 it would aflbrd an opportunity to re-enforce Canada during the armistice. The 
 President was also a])preliensive tlmt a suspension of l)ostilities ])reviou8 to receiving 
 an answer from the British government on the subject of impressment might appear 
 like waiving that ])ohit. 
 
 When Mr. Russell ])resented his instructions* to Castlereagh on tlie sub- , ^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 ject of an armistice, that minister replied'' that the orders in Council had l^"'-. 
 
 been already provisionally repealed, and that instructions had been sent "*'"" ' 
 to Admiral Warren, on the Halifax station, to propose a susjjension of hostilities on 
 that basis. At the same time the British minister declined any discussion of the vi- 
 t.il subject of impressment, and the release of impressed seamen, lie even expressed 
 surprise that, "as a condition preliminary even to a suspension of hostilities, tlic^ gov- 
 enimcnt of the ITnited States should have thought fit to demand that the Britisl, gov- 
 ernment should desist from its ancient and accustomed practice of impressing liritish 
 seamen from the merchant ships of n foreign state, simply on the assurance that a law 
 shall hereafter be passed to prohibit the employment of British seamen in the public 
 or conunercial service of that state." He said that liis government was willing to 
 discuss any proposition concerning abuses in the practice of impressment, or the 
 substitution of some method of accomplishing the same object with less vexation in 
 practice; "but they can > iisent," he said, " to suspend the exercise of a right 
 
 upon wliich the naval strt f the empire mainly depends^'' unless assured that the 
 
 object might be attained ui .some other Avay.^ 
 
 Of all the grievances complained of by the Americans, that of impressment was 
 the most serious. It was a practical violation of the sovereignty and independence 
 iif the United States, and was of more consequence to the character of the nation 
 than all blockades or other obstructions to commerce. It oft'ended, in the highest 
 degree, the patriotism of every true American; and it touched not only the political 
 sensibilities of a free people at a most tender point, but it impressed them keenly with 
 a sense of social wrong. At that very time there were upward of six thousand cases 
 of impressment of American seamen on the records of the State DejHirtment, and it 
 was believed that as many more, never reported to the government, had occurred. 
 Custlercagh admitted, on the floor of the British Parliament, that there were three 
 thousand five himdred impressed servants in the British navy, claiming to be Amer- 
 ican seamen, but said that they miglit be dischargt'd on proving their citij^enship. 
 American citizens, kidnapped from the decks of American vessels by British cruisers, 
 and made slaves in British ships, were offered freedom only on condition of prt>ving 
 
 ^'ill 
 
 1 General Dearborn's hcnd-qnarters at this time were at Green- 
 bmh, opposite Albany, in New York. Thither Sir Oeorpe Prevost 
 sent Ills adjutant general, Bayncs, to propose an armistice, and 
 clotbeilwith power to conclude one. Dearboni and Baynes sijnied 
 iionthe 0th of AHguet. The aKreemcnt was to affect only Dear- 
 koraand the frontiers of New York, and the armies of fho PHtUh 
 along the opposite and corresponding line. 
 
 /<^ 
 
 ^Z^>^^>^^ 
 
 ' Anierican State Paper), ix., T3. 
 
 •"^1 
 
n^ 
 
 /f 
 
 ]'. ' 
 
 248 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-DOOK 
 
 Pallnrj c)r Peace N«gotUti<nM. 
 
 Britlih Lt'ltcrn of Mariiuu and Koprlsiil, 
 
 Oplntuiii concerning the Wir 
 
 themselves to be American citizens ! Ay, more, Huhjcctcd, at the xamo time, as W(i 
 have seen, to the li.vbility of rccuivlng dognidiiig i»inilHlunent for utteiMj)ting to kc- 
 cure that freedom !' 
 
 PercoiviMg no hope of iin a<ljnstment of difficulties wltli the rulers of Kiiglnml, Mi, 
 • September 2, KuHHclI obtained his passports," and, leaving Mr. Ueuben (iuant I!i;is(. 
 isri. jj.j, jjj^ agent for prisoners of war in London, he returned home, intiiii!!. 
 
 ting by his departure tliat diplomacy between tlie two goverments Iiad ended, and 
 that the war, already begun on land and sea, must proceed. On the 12th of Octdlu^r 
 the English government issiied letters of maninc .ind reprisal against the Aiiuii- 
 cans.- The armistice on the Canada frontier had been ended for some weeks, ami 
 the war went on. 
 
 History has no record of a people more righteous in persisting in war than wcic 
 the Americans at tiiis tinu', when their jdea for simple justice was so insolcntlv 
 spurned by the men who then unfortunately governed the British nation. Thcv liall 
 tried every peaceful measure consistent with national honor for obtaining ii rcdicss 
 of grievances, as they did for ten long and weary years, exposed to insult and op. 
 pression from the same government, before the Revolution. They wen; now determ- 
 ined to secure fully and forever that dignity and independence in the family of na. 
 tions to which their strength and inij)ortanec entitled them. "It was a war," says 
 a late historian^ (whose symj)athies with the Federalists is manifested on every pattc 
 of his narrative), " for the rigiits of jjcrsonal freedom — the freedom, supjwse, of Ihit- 
 ons and other foreigners, as well as Amerieans,^ from the domineering insoinice of 
 British press-gangs — an idea congenial to every nmnly soul, and giving to the con- 
 test a strong hold on the hearts of the masses; in fact, a just titU* to the character 
 of a democratic war, in the best sense of that very aml)iguous ej)ithet, and even tu 
 be called a second war for independence, as its advocates delighted to describe it." 
 
 With these facts before them, wn-iters and speakers of American birth, at that time, 
 for party i)urposes, magnified the generosity of Great Britain, its Christian desire tor 
 peace, its magnanimous offers of reconciliation; and declaimed most ])iteously about 
 the cruelty of waging war against a nation kindred in blood,, language, and reliition, 
 in the hour of its great extremity, when a desperate adventurer was seeking to de- 
 stroy it. Even at this late day, a Scotch Canadian writer, with all the facts of his- 
 tory in his possession, has ungenerously declared that " the w.'ir — the grand provoea- 
 tion having been thus [by conditional repeal of the orders in (-ouncil] removed — was 
 persisted in, for want of a better excuse, on the ground of the 'impressment ques- 
 tion,' " and adds, " The government of the United States stand, then, self-condenuieil 
 of wanton aggression on the North American colonies of Great Britain, and of jirose- 
 cuting the war on grounds different from those which they were accustomed to as- 
 sign,"* 
 
 Thus it has ever been with British writers and statesmen of a certain class, who 
 represent the gieat leading idea of the boasted Mistress of the Seas when she was 
 less enlightened than now. We have already quoted the following Avords of ]\Ioii- 
 tesquieu concerning English politics a hundred years ago — " the English have ever 
 made their political interests give way to those of commerce."® These words bear 
 
 ' See note, page 144. 
 
 ' Subsequently to this act, the British goycmment, pressed by the necessities of their army in Spain, freely granlfl 
 licenses or protections to American vessels engnged in carrying flonr to the ports of that country. This trafllc was fub- 
 Jccted to heavy penalties by Congress, yet It was largely Indulged In, becaiise it alTordcd immense profits— i)rnlll8 more 
 than equal to the risks. These licenses were cited by the opponents of the war then, and by British writers since, as 
 evidences of the great forbearance of the British government, for which the Americans should have been profoundly 
 thankful I 
 
 3 midreth's fffe/oriy of the United Statfi>, Second Series, Hi., 3R2. 
 
 • The Americans Justly contended that the ftag should protect every man who was innocent of crime, who snuiiht !f- 
 cnrity under its folds, wherever his birth-place might have been. It represented the sovereignty of the nntlon, and, 
 as such, claimed full respect. 
 
 » Auchlnieck's IJiatonj of the War of 1812, page 38. • See enb-uote *, page 138. 
 
 / 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 Ci 
 
 '(■ 
 h( 
 
 Ntiioad Mlwhlaf-mak 
 
 repetition in fhi 
 (lie class Jillii(h.,l 
 |irt'hend the fiict, 
 lienplc iii;iy (.,„|( 
 Tliat class of «-ri 
 lielieved that a .s 
 alpjtrt siihini.s.sioii 
 the Stephen and ( 
 cimccHsion to Am 
 dependence; mi,| 
 iNfil could not cd 
 -triiggling for ii^ 
 |i<mii(l.s, siiiJIin^fH^ ;i 
 "Illy as national m 
 The door of reco 
 «ar had been ali-c; 
 Congress for tliu o 
 iiiea.siirc's was the ji 
 ot'tlie most di.sfin<r 
 and there Avere ikTi 
 the Continental an 
 Indians, had dcpriv 
 'iVi'i's in the servic 
 rial c.\p(>rit'iK'i' in t 
 
 ^otwithstandiiiir , 
 
 of the old Avar had 
 
 joiiniey of lifo, and „ 
 
 Ion-,' enjoying the qui 
 
 it was thought to bo 
 
 ilic'Mi to the head of 
 
 tlieir small e.vporienco 
 
 than to trust to those 
 
 ""I'pi- fire. Tho colic 
 
 lioston, Henry Dcai-ho 
 
 ^Var, an active Dohkx 
 
 ■Ffbrnary, one years of 
 
 h'l'st major gc 
 
 ! mandcr-in-ehief, jlavin., 
 
 liartmeiit under Ids 1 
 
 I 'March. Thomas Pinckn 
 
 ^^i^vasappointe 
 
 1 27'^ ^i^-w^^Tb,^!^ 
 
 »d cine with Dr. Jackson Jack" o 
 n.mpc„d|,,g,,,etook«„,,c,,vo 
 »ouM„||,„v to military matters 
 h"JseattheheadofsUhme, ■ I 
 «,andbythemidd^'^M 
 
 ;^a.a„u on Quebec at h^'C';: 
 
 I'lhmlyonthofleMofSnratoenwi; 
 I .'"eii, and in the sle™ of V„ .v? ' ^ 
 
 »r.son-s Cabinet, as Secretarv^f 
 
 Ikkci I Tn-Pe""'! him to , 
 I'rtCltj. lie retired to private lift 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 240 
 
 <,'„!,, mil Mlachlef-mukera, 
 
 Thn Mm lo Ix' cliuncn ni Military Leaden, 
 
 The aeneril-ln-cb!er. 
 
 icpi'titioM ill tliiw coiiiu'ctioii. In fHtiiimtiiii^ tlic cliariictcr of other iiMtioiis, iiu'ii of 
 llif cliiHS iilliitletl to aic iilwiiys <;ovonii'tl by tin- cnnuiienitU idi-a, and can not coni- 
 iiitIii'IkI the faet, IVeiiueiitly iUuHtrnted in liistory (even sliu^htly in tlieir own), that :i 
 |ii.ii|i|(' may confend lor sonii'tliiiii^ nmri' noble tliaii iioiinds, ^^lliilin^^<, and jtence. 
 Tliiit class of writeiM and statesmen, wiio governed Knijhiiid uIkmU a eentury aj^o, 
 lii'lieved that a sliijlit reynission of tuxes on tea woidil pureliuso the allettianee and 
 iilijt'ct submission oftlie Ainerieans. Tlie same class of writers and statesnicn, of 
 the Stephen and I'astlereaj^h stainj>, who ji;overned Kn^fland in 1812, belli' ved that a 
 concession to American coniinerco would bo an equivalent for national honor and in- 
 (li'pi'iidence ; ami the sanu^ class of writers and statesmen who i^overnecl Kiiijland in 
 iMil could not comprehehend the fjreat fact that the American government was 
 stnigiilins for its life against household assassins, without counting the co8t in 
 iKiiuuls, shillings, and ponce. They are a class who never learn, and arc prominent 
 Hilly lis national mischief-inakerH. 
 
 The door of reconciliation, as wo have scon, was shut in the antumn of 1812. The 
 war had been already commenced on sea and land. Provision had bt'en made by 
 (iiiigicss for the organization of an adecpuite army. One of the most important 
 measures was the appointment of officers to command the troops. A greater portion 
 111' the most distinguished and meritorious officers of the IJevolution liad passed away, 
 ;iiul there were none of ex})erii'nce left who hail held a cor.;mission above colonel in 
 the Continental army. A long season of j)eaco, except during difficulties with the 
 Indians, had deprived the younger army of- 
 tia'is ill the st'rvice of the opj)ortunity of 
 ival experience in the practical art of war. 
 
 Notwithstanding the surviving soldiers 
 of the old war had advanced iiir in the 
 journey of life, and most of them had been 
 Inns enjoying the quietude of civil pursuits, 
 it was thought to be most prudent to call 
 lliein to the head of the new army, with 
 their small experience of actual field duty, 
 than to trust to those who had never been 
 under tire. The collector of the port of 
 lioston, Henry Dearborn, late Secretary of 
 War, an active Democrat, and then sixty- 
 'Febraary, o\w years of age, was appointed' 
 
 '-'''• first major general, or acting com- 
 luander-in-chief, having tlie Northern De- 
 liartmcnt under his immediate control.' 
 Thomas Pinckney, of South Caroli- 
 
 ' March. 
 
 na,wa8 appointed** second major gcn- 
 
 nBSBY DXABUOSN. 
 
 I Henry Dearborn was born In Hampton, New Hampshire, In March, 1761. At Port^raonth he slndied the science of 
 
 meiiiciue with Br. Jackeou Jackson, and commenced Its practice there In 1772. When the old war for iudepcndonce 
 
 i «a« inipendhiK, he took an nrtlvo part In politics on the po|)nlar side, and gave as much attention as his enuaticmpnts 
 
 miilil allow to military matters. On the day after the skirmish at Lexington, in April, 1775, he marched toward Cam- 
 
 briilfc nt the head of sl.xty men. He then rctnrned to New Hampshire, was commissioned a captain In Colonel Stark's 
 
 I rtiimeiit, and by the middle of May was back to Cambridge with a fiiU company. He was In the battle of Bnnker's 
 
 "I, and accompanied General Arnold In his perilous expedition through the wilderness of Maine to (Juebec in the a\i- 
 
 inmn of that year. He suffered dreadfully from privations and a fever, but was sufficiently recovered to participate io 
 
 :he assault on Quebec at the close of the year, when he was made a j)rlBoner. He was not exchanged until March, 177", 
 
 I then he was appointed a major In Scammcll's regiment. He was In the campaign opposed to Burgoyne, and behaved 
 
 1 iillanlly on the field of Saratoga, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was at Monmouth, In Sullivan's cam- 
 
 I f«;!ii nud in the siege of Yorktown. In 1784 he settled on the banks of the Kennebec as a farmer. Washington appoint- 
 
 I (ihim marshal of the District of Maine In 17S!), and lie was elected to Congress fl-om that Territory. He was called to 
 
 |jeirersoirs Cabinet, as Secretary of War, in isni, which position he filled for eight years. Mr. Madison apiiolnted him 
 
 i illector of the port of Boston In 1S(>!> : and In February, 1812, ho was commissioned a major general in the United States 
 
 ImT. Ill heiilth compeHed him to relinquish that position, and he assumed command of the military district of New 
 
 Ikli City. He retired to private life in 1S18. In 18'2'2 President Houroe appointed him minister to Portugal, where he 
 
 li 
 
«■ 
 
 y ••won^uBt 
 
 li I! 
 
 li i 
 
 
 ill I'll 
 
 ■ ! I 
 
 mM 
 
 250 
 
 VICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Nan'(!8 nf the general Ofllccrs uppolnte<1> 
 
 Declaration of War announced to the Troops, 
 
 The first Prisoner. 
 
 oral, an<; plav^oa in command of the Southern Department. Josepli Bloointickl, Gov- 
 ernor of New .Tersi y,' James Winelies'er, of Tennessee, J. P, J^oyd, of Massacliusctts, 
 and William Hull, Governor of tlie Tenitorj^ of Miehigan, were comniissioned luiira- 
 » April s, i8r«. diers.* The same commission was given'' to Tliomas Flournoy, of (Joor. 
 "July 4. S''^' John A; mstrong, of New York, also receivwl the coinmission'Oi ^ 
 
 ••July «. brigadier, to iill ihu vacancy caused by th« recent death'' of (ileneial ]V 
 
 'Julys, tor (iansevoort. This was soon followed by a like commission" for John 
 Chandler, of M line. Morgan Lewis, of New York, was appointed (piarter-mnstcr (jcn- 
 ' Ai).i; 3. oral,' and Alexander Smyth, of Virginia, late Colonel of the IJilles, was 
 "Miirchnn. ai)])oi.itcd inspector ger<eral,« each beamig the commission of brigudicr, 
 Thomas II. Cushing,- of AVassachusetts, then Colonel of the Second Uegimeiit, was 
 ;i))p(.inled adjutant geiu ral, Avith the rank of brigadier. James Wilkinson, of Maiv- 
 land, the senior brigadier in the army, was sent to New Orleans to relieve Wadt' 
 Hampton, now a brigadie: , and a meritorious subaltern officer in South Carolina ilur- 
 iiig the lievolution. Alexander JMacomb, of the Engineers, was promoted to cdldiul; 
 and Wintield Scott and Edmund Pendletori Gaines, of Virginia, and Eleuzor W. ]{i|). 
 ley, of jVIaine, were commissioned colonels. 
 
 rciiinl'ipd two ypuro. Hn dlod at tlichoufo 
 , of hi« Hon in Uoxbury, MiiKKUCluiM'tti', on 
 
 thii (itli of Juno, iwjli, III thi! am: nf pcvon- 
 ty-i'iglit yein'H. lie hnd been liviiij; with 
 his son 8onn' time. The iionsc in wliirli 
 he (lied is yel (ISdT) standiii;; on \Vii..li. 
 in^ton Street, Uoxlniry. It is a lino M 
 nnuislon, purroundcd hy trees, many of 
 them rare. Ii was oc- 
 cupied, when I nnide 
 the sketch in ISdil, as 
 a nnniiner bonrdiiij;- 
 house liy Sirs. Shej)- 
 ard. Not fur from 
 it, at the .junction 
 of Wiisliint;ton and 
 Centre Streets, or of 
 the t'ainhridno niul 
 tlie Dedliatn and 
 Rliode Island Uoads, 
 was a riidc stone, in 
 wliich was inserted 
 an iron shaK and 
 fork for the sui)port 
 of a street lamp. It 
 Is called the I'artinR 
 Stone. On one side 
 
 8T0.\E. 
 
 K.Milulu.N s UKSlllKNt' 
 
 is the inscription, Thf Parlin;! Stunr, 17-14, /*. Dudleii : on another, Dedham and Ithodf Maud ; and on 
 a third, Cnmlirid;ji\ It appears to have been erected by Mr. Dtidiey, at the parting of the ways, as a 
 sort of j.iiide-post, and there it had remained lor a hundred ami sixteen years. 
 
 > General Bloonilield was in New York when \. nr was declared, lie had arrived on the 2il of 
 .Tune, to take charjre of the furtlHcations theie. lie was the Hrsi to announce the de-^laratlon of war 
 to triK.ps in a formal manner. This he did i". the fillowiug brief order, issued on the'iOUi of tfuno: 
 
 " iW nera' Bloomllcld announces to the troops that icnr id dwlaml htj the United Stales agaiimt Great Britain. 
 
 " Uy order, li. II. M'Pukhbos, A. D.C." 
 
 Ooverumeu' expresses had passed through New York City for All)nny and Boston with the news at teu o'clock thai | 
 
 moniint;- 
 
 The tlr^t prisoae; taken after the declaration of war was Captain Wilkinson, of the Royal Marines, who cxritod (he I 
 suspicions of the people of Norfolk, Vir(jiuia, that he was about to coniinunicatc the fact that war was dcclincilttDaJ 
 liritish man-of-war known to be hoveriuf; on the coast. He was seen makinc his way rapidly fnmi (he lioui-c of ihel 
 llritisli consvl thrf^'.:f;h back streets to a mail-boat about to start for Hampton. He darted on board the limit, iuuiiu-f 
 tempted to conceal himself. A boat from the navy yard, anil another from Fort Norfolk, were disj)atcho(l iiftcr tli«| 
 niail-boa;. Captain Wilkinson was brought back, and conveyed to tlie navy yard as a iirisoner. 
 
 2 Thomas II. '^ushiuK was appointed captain of infantry in ITOl. He was In the Snb-letrlon in 1702. In 171)7 lie \m|| 
 appointed inspector of the 'Minv; and in April, 1802, he was nnide adjutant and inepcctor, with the rank of liciitoiianf 
 colonel. He was promoleii to colonel in ISiW, and commissioned ad.intant general In P-Il', with the rank of l)rlpi(iicr| 
 He was disbanded in lsi6, and the following year was appolutcd collector of the port of New Louduu. Uc died on tht 
 l»th of October, ISii.—dardmr't IHttiomirij ufthe Army. 
 
 Plan of the first ( 
 
 re; I 
 
 tliat Canatliun 
 Tlii,s achieved, ; 
 m\co to Jfontrc, 
 «'iile Nova Scot i 
 i,'iiim>), .synipaHiiz 
 '"'<' i" North Am 
 '•'>"</iiests for coiE 
 
 '■'•"lytodojustict 
 'i''H-e forgotten the 
 "» i'lvade, conquer, 
 mw. wei-e hulnhr^, 
 (Governor Jliilfo 
 .111(1 spring of 1812 
 '•''«'■"" of Canada \ 
 .i?.iiii8t it. Ife i,„^ 
 ?fi's to all the print 
 '"»•"■''!? them to bee 
 "«t' iiis Territory ^ 
 ""t a fleet on Lake 
 I preparations even ft 
 ^"wssfuj invasion ( 
 ;'rg«l the President 
 ^"•^e;and,forthoth 
 [•i'»'''->>.'m fleet on the 
 President Madison 
 ttnvart was ordered 
 l^and also orders < 
 
 I '™—*'a'imnn'g//,v„ry, 
 
 Jvlii 
 •f 11 
 
!!!:il!!!l^!!!L£!!llp^^ 
 
 O^ THE WAR OF ,8,2 
 
 _^Jj|dlclo„« necommenOatlon,. 
 
 s- ^'-^"^- ^^-p'^^ s;^^^ r •"'^'Mr«^t,^;7r '^^"-'^^^^-' 
 
 ;'"""'), .syn.patl„-,i,,,,';'i^;ri^'-»''«Hiek (according to til n"" ^''""' '^''''i^'' n.l.. 
 
 r''.^t» <'o justice to an i,f' ""^ ^^^''^'^ -'<"• ^1 -h I 'T"''''"'^ '^>^ t'H.ir 
 ''-« forgotten the ooH,^ ^ 1 i "f """ '''''^ «'-ign^ o^ nl/ """'" '" '•"^^-• 
 
 '■"»«■ "-c-'-o in,]uJ-.,.,l. ''^' ^■^"'^•^••^ ^v-us made, and si mil-n "" '""''•""• ''^^^""'I't 
 
 <«'vornor Ii„ir „f jvj. , . ' ''"''^■" ^^-Poctation.s of wel- 
 
 ■^.^"'-^* '>'. Ho kno>v tl.r LTv", '^" "' «ffi<^'-'-" c-i ills ;, ' I" ^'••^•?'-^"««- The i„. 
 ^™ to all the prinein. r r ''*"'' ^^""lorities in f ' .' ^'" '"'^^ >vas heard 
 
 "'■'f I'is Territory walthroJ: ''^^'"■''' I^ntain in th! ! ■'"' "'"' 1"-^''^^"«S ov- 
 
 Preparations even for ; '.w "'' '^'' ^^'''''^' ''"''^l MPs^^ ^'Svages, and ,hat, wi h 
 ^"^^•^'«'^«" invasion of th t"' m"^ *''° ''^'"•'•ito'-y v. h .'"^^ ":'*'' ^''^ ^''-l-iun 
 :'^S^''I the President to it. ""-'""'•"'.^ P-'ovince w-l , "/'"''^'•'' *''« '''-'^ of a 
 J-; and, for the U, ^l' • ^if?,^'- "f ^ary fo.,, h ;' , '^^ ;;j^;-- Ho therefil: 
 
 " "^""'"O^". Pnsc 1,«,. ""• ^ '"-' '•«n"'i»<Ier were chieflvAl'^. '""??"" '^'«'.! hu 
 
 ^;ft of ti.irn:;;b7r ZX;^ '^"•' "••-ro « 
 
 ml 
 
i 
 
 ■til' 
 
 i\ 
 
 iii^. 
 
 
 lit -ll 
 
 'i • i 
 
 252 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Holl commissioned n Brigadier General. 
 
 Response to Culls for Volunteers. 
 
 OrgaulzRtion of Ohio Troops, 
 
 ^^^ > 
 
 (lent made a requisition upon Governor Meigs, of Ohio, for twelve hundred militia, to 
 be detached, drilled, and prepared to march to Detroit ; and he requested Hull to 
 accept the commission of a brigadier 
 general, and take command of them. 
 Hull declined the proposed honor and 
 service, expressing a wish not to engage 
 in military employment. He was iinal- 
 ly persuaded to accept the api^ointmeut, 
 but with no other object, he said, than 
 to aid in the protection of the inhabit- 
 ants of Micliigan against the savages. 
 He retained his office of governor of the 
 Territory, and returned to the North- 
 west, prepared ibr any duty in that re- 
 gion, civil or military, to which his gov- 
 onmient might call him. 
 • April fl, Governor Meigs's call* for 
 '■''-• troops to assemble at Dayton, 
 at the mouth of the IMad River, on the 
 Great Miami,' was heartily responded to. 
 At the close of April, the time api)oint- 
 ed for the rendezvous, more than the re- 
 quired number had flocked to the cam]). 
 The Indian wars and dej)redations, which 
 had been instigated by British emissaries, had greatly exasperated the settlors iioitli 
 of the Ohio, and they were anxious to strike an avenging blow. Many of tliu best 
 citizens sought tliis opportunity to serve their country, and these were found at the 
 ])lace of rendezvous, enduring ail the privations of camp life, Avithout tents or other 
 conveniences, for more than a fortnight. It was the middle of May before blankets 
 and camp equipage arrived from Pittsburg by way of Cinciiinati. But the troops 
 had not been idle. They liad organized three regiments, ami elected their field offi- 
 cers ; and when General Hull arrived there on the 25th of May, and took formal com- 
 mand, they were nearly ready for a forward movement. Duncan ^['Artlmr Avas 
 chosen colonel of the First Kegiment, and James Denny and William Triinbio were 
 elected nnijors ; James Findlay was chosen colonel, and Thomas Moore and Thomas 
 Van Horn majors of the Second Regiment; and the late Lewis Cass, of Detroit, then 
 thirty years of age, was chosen colonel of the Third Regiment, with Itobert MoitIsou 
 and J. R. Munson as majors. The veteran Fourth Regiment of regulars, stationed at 
 Port Vincennes, and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Miller, since the pro- 
 motion of Boyd, had been ordered to join the militia at Dayton. 
 
 Governor jNIeigs, nnder the same date,"* ordered Major General Elijah | 
 Wadsworth, commanding the fourth division of the Ohio militia, to raise, 
 without delay, three comj)anies of men. Wadsworth obeyed Avith alacrity, and the 
 requisite number were soon in the field, selected from the brigades of Generals Mil- 
 ler, Beale, Perkins, and Paine, which composed the fourtli division.^ 
 
 • The present fine city of Dnyton, the county scat of Montgomery County, then contained about four hundred sonls. I 
 It derives its name from General Jonathan Dayton, of New .Jersey, wlio, with Generals St. Clair and Willilu80D,aDtf 
 Colonel Israel Ludlow, purchased a larprn tract of land in that section of the state. 
 
 " The followini; Incident connected with the volunleeriui; was communicated to the author by the late venerabMi 
 Elisha Whittlesey, then (1S(V.') First Auditor of the Treasury Department at Washlnfxlmi, who was one of OcueralWnd^ 
 worth's aids: Colonel ,Tohu Campbell, of Paine's briijade, called out his corps at Kaveuna on the 2.'ld of May. Afle) 
 some stirriufr music, he placed himself In front of his regiment, and re(piesledall who were willing to ioluntc('rtoi"te| 
 forward. Many cimii)lled, but far too few to maiie the proper number fiU' a company. Finally, Colonel Campbell vi 
 compelled to stimulate them by threatening to resort to n draft. Their colonel had volunteered. It was a hri^'lit, fusj 
 uy day, and be euw, high lu the heavens, a brilliant star. lie told his men that it was n good omen. £ uc, who baf 
 
 ' April 6. 
 
 » 
 
 Rendezvous of o 
 
 The place 
 
 the Mad liiy 
 
 spot late in S 
 
 jmssing away 
 
 Fort Jfaiuilto 
 
 that beautiful 
 
 P'M eight o'cl 
 
 g.athering of j] 
 
 to allow a cor 
 
 Colonel Jeffers^ 
 
 onel John Johi 
 
 formance of otJ 
 
 ill the apparent 
 
 her of his years 
 
 by the burden ( 
 
 law, I spent nes 
 
 profit, to the na 
 
 Uc hud been we, 
 
 red, since the be; 
 
 "•ith the Shawno 
 
 the Little Turtle 
 
 hi.s Life and Tim 
 
 promise of centen 
 
 the grave. ' 
 
 W(i back, declared (hat i( 
 
 and the company ,v„3ao„ 
 
 The accompanying ,, 
 
 "" «f Colonel .MnMo, 
 
 « a plate publisi.e^ 
 
 Moore's Hamn/c JteHma 
 
 fcbarkofadaguerre;,(v 
 
 "fli™, which he showed, 
 
 ;Mbet,meofmyv|Hi,,„. 
 
 aidl'bunhand-writing- 
 
 Wiud,.M,irch 25,1775. E,„ 
 
 " bifp.irentslni7s«,",' 
 ,^'Wm Cumberland c 
 I f^-oxxyhnnUu Was vi 
 
 I "■'?«■' •••™y on the Ohio a 
 
 |«4biai„f7iS*!'r::;j;; 
 
 ■"MVarnepartment age^t 
 f""d,au Affairs n X 
 
 >;«l';ve..t (hirty-ono yUa- 
 
 P-^--'-wa-:} 
 
 '"'heir removal westwartj: 
 
 Iff^ankfort, Kent,,,),;, r,., 
 f fbiral .Society „rnM ^"'' 
 
 twpC.^/sm;;!;"""" 
 
 |-»"^Pnb„che.ov'd-s„'^, 
 
 uiel 
 
 inei 
 
 )|h I 
 
 r sonic 
 
 wai 
 
 a 
 
^^^^^^((^jpv^h^^^^ 
 
 The place of th. , — -^^^i^"i!?!lif^|]i^i^ ■ ^Z 
 
 that beautiful region tl.ir v fT -f ^''''*' Cincinnati at u ; r v. '^'"''^""' t^^e site of 
 1-t eight o'clock. At ;^etr ?'^'' ''''''^'''- '- ^-yion .vl if '' ''""^ *''«> t'^-^vors^l 
 gathering of Hull's arn y 1!?",^^ ^'"- '^' "«vt monS.^i i? H "'"'•'^'^^^ ^^ « little 
 to allo,v a comfortabK ;,! ''"™' ^'''-^^ '""I '-'ogu fnw, :' "^ ^'*'- «'« P'ace of t e 
 Colonel Jefferson PattersoT^ ' T '^'' ^'^^^ ^ol "ode w ' 'J'^'''*' "''"^^ too fio ee 
 onol John Johnston IvLt, T"" ^'' '"«•'« «•« n the tol • '"'''""* "^■''"•'^'•on of 
 
 formancc of other go^e^n tt ^'"" '" *^''^' ^'>»"t J .as Ind ! ''"* ^^"^^ venerable Co/- 
 i" the apparent enjL^em of !,,!'■ "'^^''' ^^'^ '"«'■« tl,a' h ' f? ■"^S^^"^' ''^"•l i" the per- 
 ber of his years .vasS 'It" ^'iV'^^-'^'^-S "'ent f^ .^ LiTr"?^- ^ f«>'"<l hS 
 V the burden of years Trt'' ., ^' ""'''« "^er six feet,^''? f "'' ■*"^''«"^?I> the nu,^ 
 I«»-, I spent nearly ?, e wh 1 *''' ^'"^P^table roof of r %'' i ''""' "«t at all 1 2 
 Font, to the narration :?;;: ^'•^^' '^"^^ ^-tened ;:^,f,t;r'f '""•««"' ^'- - "" 
 
 I^l-d been .ell aeq.^^^^ilrr';'^"^"''-'^ ^>g ^Sl^ "'^f ^^'^ ^"^ 
 re.I, s„,ce the beginning of the 1 . "'* "^^^^^^ ^««<J"'- men^-r f "? ^"-""tior life. 
 »-'th the Shawnoe.se. He L l'"*'"'^- His residence .Ti'^ ™-^'«"' ^^Wte and 
 ;'- J^^tle Turtle at M^^ ^-"."f '^ and the P^^;,; " f" ?['"', ^^'''''^ ^^^^ 
 '- ^/^e and Tin,es, and hoped to V""^""'""^ '"« «.atVe was tS "'^^ '"'•^''^■^'"^^^ 
 
 J— ---y h. J- -0 s- -0, ; r r- --- ^ 
 
 Mdbnck, declared that if he co„I,i 
 ^n<l rhe company „„,"^'^'^>f J 
 
 ' The accompanyinj; j.ke 
 
 « a plate p„bli,hed i 
 Ioore'8 «,.,„,„■, y,,„^ J 
 
 I "fc-rk of a daguerreotype 
 ■ n>»h,ehhe8ho,vedne 
 
 ,;«WinC„mheWa„;icC 
 - jP™i.«ylva»ia. Was „■ , 
 
 «»vne'. army on the Ohio „ 
 
 ;"'b.narDepartment ajeu 
 rliuhau Affaira in tC 
 
 "«1 commissioner o?ohio 
 ftrtheir removal westwardj. 
 
 Johnston" """'iJoiin 
 
 f'-nteriiity rr,! ' ""'sonic 
 
 c<...rt-ho,f.e(":;^„ ;'";;'^-« 
 
 '"cky-i.nhe,vi„tero r,^7'- 
 ■As secretnpv „(• ■ '""•'■'-5. 
 
 '^»«. When Oenernl f ""' '" 
 'I'mnced hi- r ^''^ P''"- 
 
 "> " '.-t te :'ir*'""«'> 
 
 •T"lins(on __•«;, ,^ '^"'""el 
 
 ™nmer of', «,''"'"'!'''' 
 •If JJaniel I! ' " "'"laiiis 
 
 .i^^ 
 
 piiiiiiiP^i^ 
 
 mry, „ua ti,g fratricidal 
 
 m 
 
msm 
 
 w^mM 
 
 ■n 
 
 •iii i 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Visit to the Field of Kendezvous. Storm and Accident on the Railway. The Country between Dayton and Sandiisl' 
 
 PLACE OK BENDKZVOIIB, NKAB DAYTON, AS IT Al'PtlAUEl) IN ISijO. 
 
 It Avas late in the afternoon when I left Colonel Johnston, and rode to the place 
 
 of the gathering of the Ohio 
 militia. Wo crossed t ho JIad 
 tliver at Dayton, rode uj) the 
 turnpilve a short distance be- 
 yond the toll-gate, and, turn- 
 ing into a road on the rii^lit, 
 found the place about half a 
 mile farther in that direc- 
 tion. It is a low ])rairie. 
 and Avhen I vis- . SeptemberSd 
 
 ited it" it was '""•• 
 
 covered with Indian com, some standing and some of it harvested. The distant 
 trees in the little sketch show the line of the Mad River. 
 
 I returned to Dayton in time to take the cars for Sandusky at six o'clock. As we 
 left the station, an immense deep hlue-black cloud came rolling up from the west. 
 In a few moments large drops of rain fell Avith the sound of hail on the car roof. 
 Suddenly a flash of vivid lightning broke from the cloud, and a crashing tliinulcr- 
 peal rolled over the land. A shoAver of cold rain folloAved. Before it ceased the sun 
 beamed out brilliantly in the west, and Ave seemed to be enveloped in a falling flocul 
 of glittering gold. Then from many lips in the car Avere heard the exclamations, 
 " IIoAV beautiful ! how glorious !" and all eyes Avere turned eagerly toward the cast. 
 Avhere, 
 
 "In pomp transcendent, robt a in heavenly dyes, 
 Arch'd the clear rainbow round the orient skies." 
 
 Twilight soon folloAved, and Avhile moving at a moderate speed, nrar Cross's Stu 
 tion, eighteen miles above Dayton, a "switch" in Avrong position thrcAV our train oft' 
 the track, but Avith no other serious eftect than producing a detention for three hours 
 in a most dreary place. Tiiere Avas a hamlet of a fcAv houses near, and some ofiis 
 went out in the chilly night air to search for food and drink. In every house hut 
 one nearly all the inmates Aveiv sick Avith fever and ague, and only at the dAvelling 
 of a pleasant-spoken and kindly-acting German Avoman could any thing be procured. 
 There I obtained some fresh bread and milk, and Avas offered coffee. I laid in stores 
 sufficient for a night's campaign, hardly expecting to see Springfield, six miles be- 
 yont', before morning. We Avere agreeably disappointed. Through the exertions 
 of the mail agent and others, Ave were in the enjoyment of comfortable quarters at 
 the " Willis House," in Springfield, before midnight. 
 
 The morning daAvned brilliantly. The sky Avas cloudless and the air Avas cool, and 
 at about eleven o'clock I departed for Sandusky. From Springfield nortlnvanl flu 
 poverty of the soil became more and more apparent, until Ave reached the higli 
 swampy land of the summit near Kenton. The road lay much of the Avay tlirongli 
 forests or recent clearings. About a mile north of Iludsonville Station (six miles 
 south of Kenton) we crossed diagonally the road made by Hull in his march from 
 the Mad River to the Maumee. It was visible on each side, as far as the eye could 
 comprehend it, as a broad avenue through the forest, running from southeast to nortii 
 west, noAV filled with a delicate second groAvth of timber. 
 
 From Konton^ to Tiffin,^ on the Lak" Erie slope, a distance of forty miles, the coun- 
 try Avas newly cleared of the Avoods most of the Avay. Fcav other than log bouses 
 
 assaBsln was at the doors of the capital. HIp clear and active mind comprehended the danpcr to the liberties of lii« 
 country, lie nickened, but, it was believed, not seriously. lie kept his room ; and, in the absence of his nttcudam. 
 laid down upon ' h bed and expircil His body was buried at Piqua, with the remains of his wife and eight childrcD. 
 
 ' Named in h^- -r of SiHHMi Keii(..ii, a noted i)ioneer. 
 
 - Named In h( ... ir of Kdward TIlHn, who was president of the Convention that fl-amed the Constttntlon of the Sinlf 
 of Ohio, and flrst governor of tlmt state. 
 
 .\rrival at Suudusky. 
 
OF TIIK WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 265 
 
 Arrival ut Sauduaky. 
 
 Hull takfs Command of Ohio Voluutccre. 
 
 He AddresBes the Troops. 
 
 were seen. Tiffin is the capital of Hardin County. It is quite a laige town, spread 
 over a considerable surface of a gentle einiiience on the east bank of the Sandusky 
 River. On the lower ground opposite is the little straggling village of Fort Ball, 
 the SIR' of a stockade of that name, which the Oliio Volunteers erected there during 
 the curly part of the Avar of 1812. It occupied about a third of an acre of ground, ;ind 
 was named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel James V. Ball, commander of a squadron 
 of cavalry under General Harrison, whose exploits Avill be mentioned in connection 
 with events at Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), nearer the lake. We passed Tiffin 
 anil Fort liall at iive o'clock, and reached Sandusky City, on Sandusky Jiay, a little 
 after sunset. There I sojourned two or three days at the house of an esteemed 
 kinswoman. 
 
 The command of the little army of volunteers near Dayton was surrendered to 
 (loneral Hull by Governor Meigs' on the morning of the 25th of May." The 
 I'overnor made a stirring , had fouixht for free- 
 
 ■ 1812. 
 
 doin in the War of the 
 Kevolution. Colonel Cass 
 also addressed the troojis 
 with eloquent Avoi'ds, 
 Avhich were loudly ap- 
 jdauded. General ITull 
 
 speech on the occasion, 
 anil congratulated the sol- 
 ilicrs on their good for- 
 tune in being placed un- 
 ilcr the command of an 
 experienced officer who 
 then came forward, took formal command, and, in a patriotic speech of some lenj^.th, 
 lie stirred the blood of the volunteers, and made them eager to meet the dusky foe 
 on the distant frontier. " In marching through a wilderness," he said, " memorable 
 tor savage barbarity, you Avill remember the causes by Avhich that barbarity has been 
 heretofore excited. In viewing the ground stained Avith the blood of your fellow- 
 oitizens, it Avill bo imi)0ssible to suppress the feelings of indignation. Passing by the 
 ruins of a fortress,^ erected in our territory by a foreign nation in times of profound 
 ]itace, and for the express purpose of exciting the savages to hostility, and supi)lying 
 them with the means of conducting a barbarous Avar, must remind you of that sys- 
 tem of oppression and injustice Avhich that nation has continually practiced, and 
 whieh the spirit of an indignant people can no longer endure."^ 
 
 Tills speech touched sharply a tender chord of feeling in every bosom, and they 
 save their general their fullest confidence. Most of them had never seen him before. 
 His manner Avas pleasing ; his general deportment Avas familiar, yet not undignified ; 
 ami his gray locks commanded reverence and respect. There Avere some, Avho pro- 
 tlssed to knoAV him avoU, avIio doubted the Avisdom of the government in choosing 
 Mm to fill so important a station at a time so critical, yet they generally kept silent, 
 
 ' Return Jonathan Meigs was born at Middleto\vn, Connecticut, in 17C5, and was graduated at Yale College. He 
 chose the law as a profession, and commenced its practice in his native town. lie was chosen chief justice of the Su- 
 preme Court of Connecticut in the winter of 18n2-'3. In the following year President .Icfferson ai)pointed him com- 
 mandant of United States troops and niilllia in X'pper Louisiana, and soon afterward he became one of the judges of 
 that Territory. He was commissioned a judge of Mlchig."-i Territory In 1S07. He resigned the following year, and was 
 (letted governor of Ohio. His election was nnconstitu' lonal because of non-residence, not having lived four years In 
 Ohio prior to the election. He was appointed United States senator for Ohio in ISOS. That odlce he resigned, and was 
 elected governor of thi'.t state in 1810. He was govcnior during the greater part of the War of 1812, and was one of the 
 most energetic men o'. (he West in the prosecution of that war. He was appointed postmaster general in March, 1S14, 
 aii managed that important department of the government with great ability nntii IS'i.'i. He died at Marietta, Ohio, 
 oiilhe2!ith ofMarch, 18'26. Governor Meigs was a tall and finely-formed man, and in deportment was dignified, yetnt- 
 fflne hi the extreme. 
 
 The «inguliir name of Governor Meigs suggests Inqnlry as to Its origin. The answer may thus be briefly given : A 
 brisht-cyert Connecticut girl was disposed to ciKiiiette with her lover, Jonathan Meigs ; aud on one occasion, when he 
 U pressed his snit with great earnestness, and asked for a positive answer, she feigned coolness, and would give him 
 no ratlBfiiction. The lover resolved to be trifled with no longer, and bade her farewell forever. She perceived her er- 
 
 I w, but he was allowed to go far down the lane before her pride would yield to the more tender emotions of her heart. 
 Then she ran to the gate and cried, " Return, Jonathan ! return, Jonathan !" He did return ; they were Joined in wed- 
 lock, and, in commemoration of these happy words, they named their flrst child Helarn Jonathan. He was born In 
 r*): w,i« the heroic Colonel Meigs of which history says so mnch, and was the father of the governor of Ohio, who 
 
 I boTehl* name. » Fort Miami, on the Lower Maumee, just below the Falls. 
 
 ' Uintarij of the late War in the Wotem Country, by Bobcrt B. M'Afce, p. 01. 
 
 mm 
 
la 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 ;i!i 
 
 256 
 
 I'ICTOlilAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Hull's Troop8 Joined by Regulars. 
 
 Honors pntd to the Inttcr. 
 
 The Army Id the Wlldcmcgg. 
 
 wishing to give him every opportunity to disappoint tlieir expectations, win success 
 for his country, and honors for liiniself. 
 
 On the Ist of June* the little army commenced its march up the Miami. 
 General Hull hud ai)pointed his son, Captain A. F. Hull, and Robert Wallace 
 Jr., his aids-de-camp ; Lieutenant Thomas S. Jesup, of Kentucky, his brigade major- 
 Dr. Abraham Edwards his hospital surgeon; and General James Taylor, of Ken. 
 tucky, his quartermaster general.' He proceeded to Staunton, a small village on 
 the east bank of the Miami, and thence moved on to Urbana,^ where the volunteers 
 were joined by tlie Fourth Kegiment of regulars under Lieutenant Colonel Jaines 
 Miller.^ They Avere met about a mile from the village by Colonels M'Arthur, Cass 
 and Findlay, at the head of their respective regiments, by whom they were escorted 
 into camp. They were led under a triumphal arch of evergreens, deckiil with flow- 
 ers, surmounted with an eagle, and inscribed with the words, in la ..;e letters, " Tip- 
 pecanoe — Glory."* On their arrival. General Hull issued an order comjilimentarv 
 to the regulars and congratulatory to the volunteers. "The general is persuaded" 
 he said, " that the^'e will be no other contention in this army but who will most ex- 
 cel in discipline and bravery. . . . The j)atriots of Ohio, who yield to none in spirit 
 and patriotism, will not be Avilling to yield to any in discipline and valor." 
 
 The troops were now at a frontier town. Between them and Detroit, two hund- 
 red miles distant, lay an almost unbroken wilderness, a part of it the broad morasses 
 of the watershed between the Ohio and the lakes, and beyond these the terrible 
 Black Swamp in the present counties of Henry, Wood, and Sandusky. There was no 
 pathway for the army, not even an Indian trail. They wn'e compelled to cut a road, 
 and for this purpose JM'Arthur's regiment was detached. The difficulties and laljors 
 were very great, for heavy timber had to be felled, causeways to be laid across mo- 
 rasses, and bridges to be constructed over considerable streams. They also erect- 
 ed block-houses for the protection of the sick, and of provision trains moving forward 
 with supplies for the army. Lidustry and perseverance overcame all obstacles, and, 
 on the IGtli of June, the road Avas opened to the scouts at a point in Hardin County, 
 not far from Kenton. Two block-houses were built on the south bank of that strciim, 
 stockaded, and the whole work named Fort M'Arthur. The fortifications did not in- 
 close more than half an acre. There were log huts for the garrison, and log corn- 
 cribs for the food. It was a post of great danger. Hostile Indians, and especially 
 the warlike Wyandots, filled the forest, and were watching every movement with 
 vigilant eyes and malignant hearts. 
 
 The army halted at F'ort M'Arthur on the 19th, and Colonel Findlay was detadioil 
 with his regiment to continue the road to Blanchard's Fork of the An Glaizo, a trib- 
 utary of the Mauniee. Three daj's afterward the whole army followed, e.\cei)tiii<; li 
 small garrison for Fort M'Arthur, under Captain Dill, left to keep the post and tai;i 
 care of the sick. Heavy rains now fell, and the little army was placed in a perilmis 
 position. They had reached the broad morasses of the summit, and had marckl 
 onlj'^ sixteen miles, Avhen the deep mud impelled them to halt. They could go no thi- 
 ther. The black flies and musquitoes were becoming a terrible scourge. Tiie cattle 
 were placed on short alloAvance, and preparations were made to transport the bag- 
 
 ' Geucrnl Tnylor wiis yet living, nt the nge of scvciity-iiinc, in ISIS, nt Newport, Kentnrky. 
 
 2 Urbnnn is the cnpitnl of C'hampniKn County, Ohio. It was laid out by Colonel William Ward, n Virgiiiiiui, in l'^. 
 The army of General Hull encamped in the eastern part of the vlilago. This beini; n frontier town, it was nf!cr\wr{i . 
 used as a place of rendezvous and departure for troops goin^ to the frontier. The old court-house, built in 1S07, nr | 
 used as a hospital. 
 
 3 These troops came from Vlncennes. They had come by the way of Louisville, through Kentucky, and hnd boen j 
 every where received with honors. Their services at Tippecanoe were duly appreciated. At Cincinnati the siiure n> ] 
 lined with the inhabitants waiting to receive them as tliey crossed the Ohio from Newport. A triumphal arch hnd Imcii j 
 built, over which, in large letters, were the words, "The Herokb or Tippkoanok." They were received with cti(or> I 
 and a salute of seventeen guns (the number of the states nt that time), and they, only, passed under the nrch. Foodnnd j 
 liquor in great abundance were sent to their cnmp.—Lietitenant CnUmel Miller to Inn Wife, Juuo 12, ISli—Avtmaphi 
 Ldtjr. * Lieutenant Colonel Miller to bis Wife, June 12, 1812— Autograph Letter. 
 
 Hall's March toward 
 
 ijf.ige aiul store 
 
 stances, they ca 
 
 Here Hull w 
 
 William Denny 
 
 acting Governoi 
 
 jiresent at a coi 
 
 uasorChippew 
 
 of the Wyandol 
 
 t'riendly words. 
 
 collected a consii 
 
 and well supplic 
 
 made them fast 1 
 
 the Americans. 
 
 tion; and to IIul 
 
 seemed, as it rea 
 
 forwnrcl. At len 
 
 under the guidan 
 
 ivitli wood-craft), 
 
 Colonel Findlay h 
 
 about fifty yards 
 
 «as on the south' 
 
 The fort stood at i 
 
 At Fort Findlaj 
 
 iiient directing hin 
 
 ! H-as dated on the 
 
 word concerning tl 
 
 Hull ordered all 
 
 for an immediate 
 
 open a road to tlu 
 
 arm)-, excepting de 
 
 ia.stei-n bank of tli 
 
 Kcaried troops had 
 
 nere taken across t 
 
 lap at the foot of 
 
 [ Miami, where they ( 
 
 So wearied and W( 
 
 lers connecting witi 
 
 fible. Ho accordinc 
 
 Itoga for Detroit Avit 
 
 Ike hospital stores, ii 
 
 I striictions from the "V 
 
 j The wives of three 
 
 j tliirty soldiers as pn 
 
 hoi, under the charge 
 
 [ Ciiyahoffa for the cc 
 
 Arm8rong'8AohV,,„^,^ I 
 .'Miami and Manmee mean 
 
 J* their pronunciation of , • 
 tami) that empty ,nt; 
 
 Wort Wallace, one of oen 
 I m3,andqnotedintheAnn, 
 l;o Has ..ISO an aid), in exec 
 ["'kearmy, for which he was, 
 
OF THE WAll OF 1812. 
 
 287 
 
 Hull's March toward Detroit. 
 
 Alarming Reports concerning tlie Inillans. 
 
 ,f(i(re a.id stores on pack-horses. Tliey built a fort, whicli, in allusion to the circura- 
 stiinceH, they called Fort Necessity. 
 
 Here Hull was met by two messengers from Detroit — General Robert Lucas and 
 William Denny — whom he liad sent from Dayton to that j)ost with dispatches for 
 iK'tiaj? Governor Atwater. Their report was disheartening. General Lucas had been 
 iiiescnt at a council of the chiefs of several tribes at Browiistovvn — Ottawas, Ojib- 
 wfls or Chippe waSjWyandots, and others. All but Walk-hi-thc- Water, princii)al chief 
 of the Wyandots, made j)eaceful professions. The latter spoke many bold and un- 
 friciKlly words. The British, too, were m.'iking hostile manifestations. They had 
 colli't'ted a considerable body of Lidians at Maiden, where they were fed, and armed, 
 and well supplied with blankets and ammunition. Kind and generous treatment 
 made them fast friends of the British, and eager to go out upon the war-path against 
 the Americans. Tecumtha was also wielding his great influence in the same diix'c- 
 tioii; and to Hull and his friends the situation of Detroit, with its weak defenses, 
 seemed, as it really was, in great peril. The danger made him impatient to ])ush 
 fonvanl. At length the rain ceased, the earth became more firm, the army mandied 
 under the guidance of Zane, M'Pherson, and Armstrong (three men well acquainted 
 witli Avood-craft), and at the end of three days were on Blanchard's Fork, where 
 Colonel Findlay had erected a stockade fort, which was called by his name. It was 
 about fifty yards square, Avith a block-house at each corner, and a ditch in front. It 
 was on the southwest side of the stream, where the village of Findlay now stands. 
 The fort stood at the end of the present bridge.' 
 
 At Fort Findlay General Hull received a dispatch* from the War Depart- • jnnc24, 
 mcnt directing him to hasten to Detroit, and there await farther orders. It ^^^" • 
 
 was dated on the morning of the day Avhen war was declared, but contained not a 
 word concerning that measure.^ This will be mentioned again presently. 
 
 Hull ordered all the camp equipage to be left at the fort, and made preparations 
 for an immediate advance. Colonel Cass was sent forward with his regiment to 
 open a road to the Kapids of the Miiumee;^ and a few days afterward the whole 
 army, excepting detachments left in the forts, were encamped upon a plain on the 
 eastern bank of that stream, opposite Wayne's battle-ground of 1 794. There the 
 wearied troops had the first glimpse of civilization since they left L^rbana. They 
 were taken across the stream, and marched down its left bank, through a small vil- 
 lage at the foot of the Rapids,'* to a level spot near the ruins of the old Britisli fort 
 Miami, where they encamped. 
 
 So wearied and worn were Hull's beasts of burden when he reached navigable wa- 
 ters connecting with his destination that he resolved to relieve them as much as pos- 
 sible, lie accordingly dispatched, from the foot of the Rai)ids, the schooner Cuya- ^ . ^ ^i 
 kga for Detroit with his own baggage find that of most of his officers ; also all of 
 I the hospital stores, intrenching tools, and a trunk containing his commission, his in- 
 I'tructions from the War Department, and complete muster-rolls of the whole army.* 
 The wives of three of the officers. Lieutenant Dent, and Lieutenant Goodwin, with 
 thirty soldiers as protectors of the schooner, also embarked in her. A smaller ves- 
 hel, under the charge of Surgeon's Mate James Reynolds, Avas dispatched with the 
 I (Jmjaho(ja for the conveyance of the anny invalids, and both sailed into Maumee 
 
 ' Howe's IliKtorical CoHfctions of Ohio, page 238. 
 
 ' Armetrong's Xoticea nf the War qf 1S12, i., 4S. ITiiU's Hfenwir of the Campaign of the Northwestern A mr,, page M. 
 
 'Miami and Manmee mean the same thing. The latter method of Rpeliing more nearly indicates ti.e prnniumintlon 
 J!) in English ear than the former. Thclndianc prononnced it as if spelled Me-aw-me. So the French spelt it, cccord- 
 liijlo their iironunciation of i and n, Mi-a-mi. To distingniah this stream from the two of the same name (Greut and 
 I Ijltlp Miami) that empty into the Ohio, this was frequently called the Miami of the Lakes. 
 
 •XnwMnnmee City, nearly opposite Pcrryshurg, the capital of Wyandotte County. 
 
 iRnhcrt Wallace, one of General Hull's aids-dc-camp, In a letter published in a newspaper at Covington, Kcntncky, 
 111 W'}, and quoted in the Appendix to General Hull's MiHtarii ami Civil I.ife, page 44S, says, " His son, Captain Hull 
 I 'howaa also an aid), in executing this order, unfortunately shipped a small trunk containlug the papers and reports 
 |t!tke army, for which he was afterward severely reprimanded hy his father." 
 
 K 
 
 r.^</ 
 
'^^mnp 
 
 1 1 
 
 :ii 
 
 "iilH1lir-H 
 
 «*li 
 
 
 hliiii 
 
 
 1 1,1 ' 
 
 258 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Hull Informed of the Decliiratlon of War. Oaptnre of a Schooner with his Baggage and PuperH 
 
 Bay, where Toledo now stands, on the evening of the Ist of July, On the same day 
 the army moved toward Detroit through tha beautiful open country, by the way of 
 Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, now the pleasant eity of Monroe, in Michisjan. 
 • July, When approaching Frenchtown toward the evening of the 2d,* 1 lull was 
 1812. overtaken by a courier, sent by the vigilant postmaster at Cleveland, with a 
 dispatch from the War Department, which read as follows : 
 
 " Sir, — AVar is declared against Great Tiritain. You will be on your guard. Pio- 
 ceed to your jjost Avith all j)()ssible exj)edition ; make such arrangements for tlu' du- 
 fense of the country as in your judgment may be necessary, and wait for farther 
 orders." 
 
 This dispatch was explicit and easily understood, but its date, and the time and 
 manner of its reception, perplexed the general. It bore the same date as the one re- 
 ceived a week earlier at Fort Findlay, in which there was no intimation of a declara- 
 tion of war. T/iat iiad been sent by a special courier from the seat of governiiient • 
 this had been sent by mail to Cleveland, to be there intrusted to such convoyanoe as 
 "accident might supply," through one hundred miles of wilderness. ^ The former 
 contained an important order; the latter contained information more important. 
 This fact was inexplicable to Hull, and remains unexplained to this day. The cir- 
 cumstance made him feel serious apprehensions for the safety of the schooner and her 
 consort. The question pressed heavily upon his mind whether the British connnand- 
 er at Maiden, past which the vessels must sail, might not already have lieard of the 
 declaration of war. In that event they might be seized, and valuable plunder as 
 well as valuable information would fall into his hands. Moved by these considera- 
 tions, he dispatched an officer with some men to the mouth of the Raisin to stop the 
 schooner, but their arrival Avas too late. With a fair wind she had passed that point. 
 
 A few hours afterwiu-d Hull's apprehensions were justified by events, for he learned, 
 on the morning after his arrival at Frenchtown, that the Cuyahoga had been eaji- 
 tured. While sailing past Maiden, unconscious of danger, at ten o'clock on the morn- 
 ing of the 2d, she was brought to by a gun from the shore. The British armed ves- 
 sel Hunter went alongside of her, and schooner and cargo became a prize. Tho 
 troo])S and crew were made prisoners of war. The vessel with the invalids, heini; he- 
 hind the schooner, passed up the more shallow channel on the west side of Bois Blanc 
 Island, and reached Detroit in the afternoon of the next day*" in safety.- 
 The British commander at Maiden, and those of other posts, hadhccu noti- 
 fied of the declaration of war through the vigilance of British subjects in New York. 
 Sir George Prevost, the governor general of Canada, was informed of the fact on the 
 24th of June by an express from New York to the Northwest Fur Company, which 
 left that city on the 20th, the day when intelligence of the declaration of war reached 
 there. On the 25th, Sir George sent a courier with a letter to Sir Isaac Brock, the 
 lieutenant governor at York (now Toronto), but it did not reach him until the .3d of 
 
 ' I am indebted to the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, of Ohio, late First Auditor of the United Stt.tes Trea.siiry, for tlic fol- j 
 lowing interesting acconnt of the transmission of thi.'^ dispatch from Cleveland to the camp. Mr. Walworth, the posi 
 master -it Cleveland, was requested by the postmaster general to send the dispatch by exi)ress. Charles Slialer, Esi]., a 1 
 young lawyer, then in Cleveland (brother-in-law of Commodore M'Donough), was persuaded to become the l)C!ircr, cft- 1 
 tuiuly as far as the Rai)idH of the Manmee, and possibly to Detroit. The compensation agreed upon was thirty-flve dol- : 
 Inrs. On searching the mail the dispatch could not be found. It was suggested to Mr. Walworth thai it miglitliciiij 
 tiie Detroit mail. Having been informed by letter of the declaration of war, and believing the dispatch to be of great j 
 importance, he considcnnl it his duty to open the Detroit mail. He did so, but with reluctance, and found the (lispatcli.| 
 At about noon on the 2Sth of June Mr. Shaler started from Cleveland on horsebaclc. He was obliged to swim all I 
 streams excepting the Cuyaloga at Cleveland. No relays of horses could be obtained. He reached the Kapiiln on thd 
 night of the Ist of July. There he was informed that the army was mo^Mng rapidly toward Detroit. He purracil an™ 
 overtook it not far ftom the Raisin, at two o'clock in the morning of the 2d, Just as the moon was rising. Aftorfom(g 
 formality he was ushered into the presence of Hull, who was dressing. He was requested to be silent in the prefCDCi 
 of camp listeners. A council of olBcers was immediately summoned. The army was put in motion at dawn. Ilf stfl 
 oompanicd it to Detroit, where his horse died from the effects of the rapid Journey through the wilderness. Mr.Shaleq 
 remained in Detr,-)it until he saw the flag of his country raised over the soil of Canada. lie returned to ClcvelaD| 
 partly on foot, and partly on hired and borrowed horses. » Letter of Dr. Reynolds, dated at Detroit, July 1, 1812. 
 
 ' July 3. 
 
 How British 0/llcor 
 
 July, when he 
 
 oCthc event b 
 
 (reorge, at Mai 
 
 ed Hull ; and 
 
 J()se])li, at the 
 
 The letters to 
 
 American Secrc 
 
 llir no man bell 
 
 enemy of his cc 
 
 leport that he 
 
 scheme wliicli r 
 
 who charged wii 
 
 iioiin, withheld i 
 
 it would, hj anil 
 
 icil influence oft 
 
 in the affairs of 
 
 were prevalent a 
 
 Hull's army re 
 
 ■T bridge across t 
 
 Tliey Ind passed , 
 
 en hoai'd at Male 
 
 ilians, Hull's trooj 
 
 inoraing; and at 
 
 ciinped at Spring 
 
 irich in Canada, '« 
 
 liver opposite Det 
 
 lilca.sant eminence 
 
 liiii'Ied a fi\w heavy 
 
 ' Tlie late Honorable Wi 
 
 ftrliament, was an active i 
 
 very valuable narrative of 
 
 tad.'. In that narrative 1 
 
 Inilfd States on (he 2rthc 
 
 •■*:«"'» J'-'Ils. Theexpres 
 
 •Letter of GeneralJesup 
 
 'It is said that when (as 
 
 ■ '™f . 'n n pamphlet, boldl 
 
 mhiirawn, and the whole!. 
 
 «Mofthel«te AlvanSl 
 
 Mter as follows: After not 
 
 toyhnd. Generals Wilkins., 
 
 WlDggenerals, with their I 
 
 NWng taken by the men G 
 
 to stales from Canada, if c 
 
 «nor But the South fnrnis 
 
 "i™!™"^' '■'''" Secret 
 
 >|^;M(.h.S7«i.<t,/, edited by 1 
 
 I IVe have seen that Commai, 
 
 I fcimgon city on public bt 
 
 jtordeclaredtothcformer 
 
 I !«llien> politicians (he spoke 
 
 torof Commodore Stewart 
 
 It was the intention of the 
 
 J ™ communication to the caw 
 
 l^« Hull had sent for" 
 IfcBritish commander to con. 
 
 K Speaking of this event 
 Jv /!«;,■,„,, Covington, Ken 
 
 Nappearedtohave'noCe 
 I'wa.d to prepare me for taki, 
 L^^'~"y "-as sometimes 
 l»rt^P«hed out, and these gav 
 ■aw 11 Belle Fontaine. Thes« 
 
 
 "ill 
 
THE WAR 
 
 18 12. 
 
 oHk cvont by exproHs 'Jh,,,, 'S'y" ^''^^ ^^^Snr^ frontier. Ho |,„, 
 
 ..1 "nil; u„,i c ;^ri t;r'- '' '* '^ '""-• - tiu' oth t: /""r . ^"''"-' ^'• 
 
 letters to II. ' .l^!^^ ""'-' «- "otifie.! W ^ ^ "" ^^ '''"'' '' ''■ 
 
 .f.«e|>l., at the J .■ F f T f'S '" '""""'"""J «f tJ.c J rM ' . *'"^' ^'^^"'^ '* '-^'"ch- 
 Tl.e let'ters to the - t 1 "'"""' "'"^^ '-fi«-l by tU T "' ^ ^' '■^'-'•' "^ ^t- 
 American Seo.o a^ of the T """'"' ^'""""-'^l--^ were 'o ve! "" '^" ""' "^"•^"'j'- 
 
 enemy <>f his oountr^^a^-,;::;' l'- --'^l bavo lent s.k! " , ::!:r;::' ^ '"f ^^T. 
 lenort that he wis Avili;. V "** '"* ^^'^s o|)f)ose(l to ., ^'"""'^^•^"^'' *« Hny knoAvn 
 
 seLno which .r,yV . 'on^ ^'^^'^^'^^ " 'tV- vay ^f ^o";!'"-" '^T"^'^ *« '' 
 iioiin, withheld aid fmn. IT , "ifl'ioiiee of Yirrri,,;., „,,.;,. •. ^"'; ^'«<1'son was 
 it «-o'uld, by annevaUo to"n ' "'r *• '^'' ^«"1"^«t of Ca n h nT';? ""' '^'' ^^''^ Cal- 
 
 in the affairs of the Z. *^" ""''y' «'»1 more Hpeedily snitl^l '*"'''''' '"^'"^ P"'if- 
 
 WO.V prevalent at th?td '?/'•"'" *''« ^'-ve-lab, r s ^i ''^' 'a' '"'V' oUhmLon 
 
 /M. ar.y r::t:^: t^:::^::i:z --r' ^" -^e!^^^^"^"^ ^'^^^^^ ^^"'' 
 
 .1 bridge across the Huron R; '^"^"*"" ". and sj)ent the 4th of T„i • 
 
 Tl.oy had passed a lu^^::^^'' ^''''''''^"' ^-^^^f^f^^CT''''''' 
 on board at Maiden V ^'?"''«tte vdlanre, and observerl iu '" I^^'t''oit. 
 
 'lians, Hull's tro„ns"len^^^^'''""? "" '"'^'^ W a con L ,!ecW -^^ 'Tf'' "■'^'' *'-""P« 
 ■"orning; and a7ev^! • "^^ *^''"' •''™« that ni<.ht " Thl "'"' ."* ^^'•'^'■^'^ ""^ In- 
 
 -"i-^ats,'i::^x?;'tr"7 """^ ^"^ ^^-- I^^:::t'T/^^'""-* 
 
 >nVh in Canida/whe e a R i. I' ^''''' '"'^ "^ *''« ^^otroit seSrV"'^ ^^""^^' ^"■ 
 'ivor opposite Detroi tL ''' ^''''' ''''' ^^ationed a^d noTf .' ' "^P"^''''" ^^'''^■ 
 I'loasanV eminence e^^'^g^ ^'^ ''"""'"'- "'^ ^-^iiva . ^ The'cT ""^'^' "^^ ^''^' 
 
 --"'e^;;::;::::^;:^ — — - — .____!:!!:!^^ ""'"''^'- ^^ '"'"-^wtants 
 
 tad.'. In tlmt n>M'elt^tT'i "f "'« «'«r iu^,h,,t ZlZT'" "^""^ "■''^'"> '"e 
 
 Iniled States on the 2Tth of i^,. '""/"""^^inff statement - wJ "'""">'"lpf, which his fam'i'i; V.":,",""'"- "« '«ft « 
 
 ' The late Honorable Wilila^TT"" " ______j;— — ' «! mhabitant. 
 
 Wiling general', with hi ^ '"* "a"'l)ton, then of fn, f ''''^'' General Snivth of v> ■ ^^''' '"' n"i"1e.l to this 
 
 "I'liiiigton City on n nhi. ? , "^ Stewart (now the voZllT,' J^- P"*'" *'■ 'finniM and Speeelies qfAlvan 
 
 »« communication tn .i,„ 1 »""8h to attack Hnll in «,» '^'''® ^i"ion."_Scp 
 
 pIKVpearedtohavenrjen."'";^^''"^'' "»»'«g that div it ,"'""»' "»"'« "id^ writ „!?";;'?„"" '""'"1 De- 
 
 A I 
 
 'i 
 
 ^ll 
 
 i f 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
200 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Impatience to Invade Canada. 
 
 Uull determine* to do lo. 
 
 Detroit hi m; 
 
 vory (itiick."' Tlicrc, iiiid ru'iir Kurt Dotfoit, Hull allowi'fl IiIh troops to wnsli tlicji' 
 clothes and liave tliuir arms lojtairi'd, wliilo lie was awaiting larther orders from liis 
 governincut.* 
 
 Ottieers and men, anxious to invade Canada, were impatient, and oven a niiitinons 
 spirit was manil'ested by some of the Oiiio N'olnntiers. 'lliey Imrned willi a dtsiiv 
 to cross the river and attack tiie foe. Tlie siglit of growing fortifications, tliat would 
 endanger the town and fort of Detroit, and soon become too tMimidahle to t\ur ji, 
 crossing the river, maddened them, and it was with great dittiitiliy that their otiici i 
 restrained thein.^ To quiet their tumultuous impulses, Hull called a council of tju 
 Held officers. lie assured them that he had no .-luthority to invade Canada. Tlicv 
 insisted that it was exj)edieiit to do so immediately, iind drive oft' the fort-l)ui|i|(.|j 
 "While I have ominand," he saiil, firmly, "I will obey the orders of my govern- 
 ment. I will not cross the Detroit until I hear from Washington." The VDiinir df}). 
 cers heard this iinnouncement with compressed lips, and doubtless many a rebeiliuiis 
 heart — rebellious toward the commander — beat ([iiickly, with deep emotion, for hours 
 after the council was dismissed. The general was perplexed; but, hap]»iK lor all 
 concerned, a letter came from the Secretary of Wiir that evening, din iting him to 
 "commence operatiims immediately," and that, should the force under his command 
 be ecpial to the enterprise, and "consistent with the safety of the American |iosts'' 
 he should take possession of Fort Maiden at Andierstburg, and extend his conquests 
 as circumstances might justify. ' He was also directed to give assurance to the in- 
 habitaiits of the province about to be invaded, of protection to their persons and proii. 
 erty. With such official warrant in his hands, Hull determined to cross into Canada 
 at once, to the delight of his army, both officers and privates.* 
 
 Detroit at that tinic stretched along the river at a convenient distance back, and 
 the present Jeftei Avenue was the ])rincipal street. It contained one lamdred 
 and sixty houses, aii> about eight hundred souls. The inhabitants were chiefly of 
 French descent. Only seven years before, every building but one in the villatfe wi\- 
 destroyed by fire." On the liill, in the rear, about two hundred and fifty yards finm 
 the river, stood Fort Detroit, built by the English after the conqtiest of Canada a 
 hundred years ago. It was quadrangular in form, with bastions and barracks, and 
 
 1 Ltentennnt Colonel Miller to his Wife, .Tilly 7, 1S12— Antogrnph Letter. 
 
 ■i Colonel Wllllnm Stanley Hatch, of " Kiver Homo," near Cincinnati, kindly placed In my hands n chapter of his m. 
 pnblishcd " Mfmiiin nf the War i\f 1S12 in the Xorthirext, contalnin;,' a niiiuite acconnt of events which came iinilir his ] 
 t)wu observation during the campaign of General Hull from May until the middle of August. Colonel Hutch was a I 
 volunteer in the Cincinnati Light Infantry, commanded l)y Captain .John F. Mansflcld of that city, and frnm ilie Inva- 1 
 sion of Canada to the surrender of the army he was acting assistant quartermaster general. To his nnrnitivc I nm in- 1 
 debtcd for a number of facts given In this sketch not found recorded in history. He says that on Mon<lav, tlie (lib of J 
 .July, the fourth regiment of regulars marched to the fort, and that the next day the volunteers marched thitlier,aiid| 
 took up their position near the fort, south, west, and north of it. 
 
 2 General Hull had been subjected to much annoyance from the Ohio Volunteers from the beginning of the marfh.! 
 They were militia jnst called into the Held, and had never been restricted by military discipline. They were froqiiontlC 
 qnite Insubordinate. This fact wasbroui;ht out on Hull's trial. "One evening," says Lieutenant Baron, of llio FonrtM 
 Itegiment, in his testimony at the trial of General Hull, "while at Urbima, I saw a multitude, and heard a noise, ana 
 was informed that a company of Ohio Volunteers were riding one of thnr oUlcers on a rail. In saying IhalllieOliiJ 
 Volunteers were Insubordinate, witness nif ans that they were only as much so as undisciplined militia genciall 
 Home thirty or forty of the Ohio militia refi sed to cross into Canada at one lime, and thinks he saw one hinidroil itki 
 refused to cross wlien the troops were at Urbana." — Forbes's Report nfthe Cmtrt-viartial, page 124. The same «itne< 
 testified to the manifestation of a mutinous spirit at other times. On one occasion, he says. General Hull rode iipa 
 Bald to Colonel Miller, ' ' Your regiment Is a powerful argument ; without them I could not march these men to Detroit^ 
 
 * Dispatch of William Eustis, Secretary of War, to General Hull, dated June 24, 1S12. 
 
 » On the morning of the 0th Colonel Cass was sent to Maiden with a Hag of truce, to demand the bapgnje nndpri 
 oners taken from the schooner. On his approach he was blindfolded, and in this condition was taken before t'niuat 
 St. George. He was treated courteously. The demand was unheeded, and, beiag again blindfolded, he wasledoiil^l 
 the fort. He returned to camp with Captain Burbanks, of the British army.— iW.I/i'c 
 
 « The city of Detroit Is about nine miles below Lake St. Clair. The river, or strait, between St. Clair and Lake Eil 
 gave it Its name, rfe troit being the French name of a strait. The Indians called it Wa-wa-o-te-wonij. It was n tradii 
 post of the French as early as 1020, before any of the French missionaries had penetrated the distant wilderness froj 
 Quebec and Montreal. It was established as a settlement In 1701, when Antoine de la Motte Cadillac, lord ofBoiiaa 
 Moun Desert, having received a grant of fifteen miles square from Louis XIV., reached the site of Detroit with a .M 
 missionary and one hundred men, and planted the first settlement in Michigan.— CAnrJei)o?;i!. 'I'he name of the old 1 
 dian village on its site was called by the Ottawag Tcuchea Gromlic— CoWcn, cited by Lauman in his Uintory nf Mkhii^ 
 page 01. 
 
 Silei of Fortiflcativ 
 
 I'ovcrcd about 
 
 lieigJit, whh a 
 
 outside row \\ 
 
 li.iiik, fbi-iiiin^ • 
 
 del Fort, tJiat I 
 
 li'i'soii Avenue. 
 
 |—iti()ii was or 
 
 riuf, and (•()ul( 
 
 I'loycd in thos.. 
 
 'ii;''i. wifli l,„,p. 
 
 iiiie v! (ho Jjriis 
 
 .iloug or near M 
 
 ml loIloH-ed tha 
 
 water Street, on 
 
 liad been erected 
 
 18J2.2 
 
 TJie fortiiicatioi 
 
 (tlien about three 
 
 Iwii, but serious/ 
 
 to cross and drive 
 
 -Vichigan militia, i 
 
 iHTcd about twei'it 
 
 \('ter great e.vei 
 
 ''""■ liiindred men i 
 
 '"i.v behind his brc 
 
 '''^■"<f',alltheboj 
 
 'i'ltisii, and at the i 
 
 '•""fjx'i'it. TlieJj,. 
 
 '^''l"''']'ai-edtodi.sp„ 
 
 ''iw'i" passage. Aft 
 
 ''■•>'■''■, tr()0|)s and I,,)., 
 
 I'wvcd silently in, f) 
 
 ri'crtoBJoodyBri,],,, 
 
 ■'""■'eandaJiaJfabo"i 
 
 fort Detroit, and p,, 
 
 pared to cross thei-, 
 
 l^""l"ig all silent -d 
 
 •y%' Well.s, the de 
 
 iff'vcdliritish believed 
 
 iiffhoAmericanshad 
 
 ;* .stealthily down 
 
 |,,"^'^'-t" attack 
 Jfaldci. Under thj. 
 h'rcssion, they loft 
 Mwwh, and in the 
 fornmg the Ameri- 
 h^iiadnoonetoop- 
 
 J;AUh,t,l„,e the Americans h, 
 ['mniewl„fr",^«?^^i"""eir 
 ^"eW, R,:;™™,"'' bridge t 
 
NilCH 1 
 
 OF THE Wau nr. . 
 ♦>AK OP 1812. 
 
 .eight, «ith u (loot) ,lrv (li,,.)? '^'"' ''"'I'ankmonfN u .... , ~ 
 
 ■— •-' • ' *'"' ''• "'"I «"•-" "■•" " " '"' "•■'■"-ly t^v,.,.(y feet in 
 
 height, «ith u (loot) ,lrv (li,,.)? '^'"' ''"'I'ankmonfN u .... ^ ^ 
 
 'lei t">-<, tliat Htoo,I on ; ' '"! '"y .^'•ill^-.l a/>v,,W, ^1.,.,., I"-"J<'«-><.I from the 
 
 lerson Avenue. I'ill,!,'' .:f ' "'/''^' I>--„t A... r,',;.;?*; -"•'^, -11..,! ,heCut 
 
 river, an,l ronUl not ,la,„a„, !uf ^ '' '""' ""'"'"•tunatelv i. ^ ""' "'^'"- 'tM 
 
 ;-'• «t.eet, on thn.!:^^ ™- ..^'i •^^"«'-.. A.':::: i^t'i^i^r^^"" ^ '- '^"-; 
 
 l:a.l iH-on erected as de/en«c. ' TT" ^''*^'« ^^^''e I'l. ce,] T, "'.'"""^ "" ^t- 
 "^'2.= "^"'^^■^ •'o''-""«t Indian inonrsion' • . f, \''*"" J''^'^*''^, which 
 
 ^ The fortifioation.s wi.ioh the «..;.= . ^' "■^'" l"-"^""-^>J i" 
 
 
 ?' ""''■•^" the boa «;;.';; ;;f 'r --'-t-l to .tra e^; "?: "' ^ '^«^- of the en- 
 
 --"' point. The Brit- " ^'"'""^'' ^^^'A>'thnr, with Ju'h.el ' '' '" '"^' ^''"v of the- 
 '*M"'q>ared to di,s,,„te .--- ^ ^. '^m^^^-.r.-.r~Jl^ ' marched to the 
 
 ?poi 
 
 i*'i|"'q'aredtodi,sp7ire 
 liity passage. After 
 
 ^ *ire, troops and l,oats 
 "loved silently „p the 
 
 nvertoBloodvBrid.re 
 
 .'inileandalialfabnve 
 hn Detroit, and j,re- 
 parod to ci-oss there 
 M""Ii"g all silent at" 
 hpnn- Wells, the <le- 
 Imvcd British believed 
 I'k'iftlicAmericanshad 
 \m stealthily down 
 JJ;;"'e.-to attack 
 |*l(len. Under this 
 
 ipression, they lefY, ' 
 |\i«'!H-icli, and in the 
 foniinir the Ameri- 
 |*^iiadnoonetoop. 
 
 I - Is 
 
\\l 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ^ftiilj 
 
 262 
 
 riCTOKIAL FIELD-nOOK 
 
 Flrvi IiivmIud uf Cauad*. 
 
 Ilnir* UMd-qaarteri. 
 
 Ilull'it PnicUmatlon to tta« CniiiKlinnii 
 
 UOLU.NKI. UAUIEH BKblUKHUli, 
 
 •July 1'.', l""**' •Ik'''' liiiiilin;;^. At (luwii" the roiiiilar troops iiiid tlic Oliio Voluiiictrs 
 inI'2. i^nmHi'd to tlu' C'lmiutian hIioi-o to ii point opposite the lower ciul of lid.; \^\. 
 and. Tlioy looked with suspieioiis eye upon ii ntone wind-mill on the Hhoro, forit aii- 
 peni I'd like an excellent place for a coneealiMl lialtery.' I$nt tliere was no resintaiuc,- 
 aiul the little army first touched Canada Jnst above tiie present town of Windhur, 
 It waH a bright and lovely Sahhatli morning, with ii gentle breeze from the siMitJi. 
 west. The American (lag was immediately hoisted by Colonel Cass and a sulialtcnr 
 over Canadian soil, and was greeted by cheers from the invaders, the spectators oi 
 the passage of the Detroit at IJlocxIy IJridgo, and from the fort and town. Tlioy 
 were also cot^liaily received by the French Canadians. The Americans en';nii|i('l 
 
 on the farm of Colonel Francis Hahic,' a 
 French Canadian and British otticer, witl 
 his fine 1)rick mansion (then unfinislud, 
 iind yet standing in Windsor) n tlic 
 centre of the camp. This was taken pos- 
 session of hy (}eneral FInll, and used ;h 
 head-<iuarters i'or himself and priiic.pal dl- 
 ficers. The little village of S«*:.tiwi(ii, a 
 short distance below, gave its naiiic l< 
 this locality, and Hull's dispatches fidm 
 his head-cpiarters were always dated at 
 "Samlwicli." 
 
 On the day of tlio invasion,^ the commanding general issued a stiniiii,' 
 proclamation to the inhahitants of Canada, whioli Avas written hy Colonel 
 Lewis Cass. "After thirty years of pe.'tce and ])rosperity," he said, "the T'liitnl 
 States have heen driven to arms; The injuries and aggressions, the insults and in- 
 diginties of Great Britain, have once more left them no alteniative but manly resist- 
 ance or unconditional submission." lie then declared that he cauie as a friend, anil 
 as their liberator from British tyranny, and not as an eneniy or mere con([ueriMi; in- 
 vader. " I tender you," ho said, " the invaluable blessings of civil, political, and re- 
 ligious liberty, and their necessary results, iiuiividual and general jtrosperifv. . . , 
 Kemain at your homes ; pursue your peaceful and accustomed avocations ; raise ndt 
 your hands against your brethren." He assured them that the persons and propcitv 
 of all peaceful citizens should be perfectly secure. lie did not ask them to jciiii lii» 
 army. "I come prepared," he said, "for any contingency. Ihave a force wliicli will 
 look down all opposition, and that force is but the vanguard of a much greater." All 
 that he asked of them was to remain ])eacefully at their homes. At tlie same time, I 
 knowing that the British had in their service hordes of merciless savages, whose 
 mode of warfare was indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children, or the j 
 
 ' " ExiHJcting, of cdiiri'e, that the ciu-my would contest our laiidiiij,', we were thinkliii, na we left the Kliorc nf i. 
 aniUBiug fact that we chould doubtlcxH coinnicnce our active campaign hy attacking a wind-mill."— Oidiinf Ihilrh'' Vnr- 
 lative. The invasion proved to be about a« ridiculous and bootless as Quixottc's attack on the wlud-nillls. This buili!- 1 
 ing was yet standing when I visited the spot In the autumn of ISttO. 
 
 2 " As wo wcie crossing the rlvc vc saw two British ofllccrs ride up very fast ojiposite where we Intended Inndiu!;, 
 lint they went back faster than they came. They were Colonel St. Oeorge, the commanding ofHccr at Maiden, aud onti 
 of his captains."— Lieutenant Colonel Miller to his Wife, ,Iuly 14, 1S12— Autograph Letter. 
 
 5 " Tell our mnch-beloved Father Flint that his son .Tames had the honor and gratlflcatlon, as commandliii.' offlfor.li^ 
 ))lant, with his own hands, assisted l)y Colonel Cass, the first Tnited Stales standard on the pleasant bank iif Ilidlt 
 trolt River, in King George's province of Upper Canada."— Lieutenant Colonel Miller to his Wife, July 14, 1611!-Aiil* 
 graph Letter. ' 
 
 * Pronou.iced as if siieltBawbee. The house was abont eight rods back from Sandwich Street, Windsor, with shod 
 and mean buildings in front of it. It was a brick house, stuccoed In front, and made to represent blocks of stiiuf. Ba 
 fore it was a garden, the remnant of a more spacious and beautiful one, that extended to the river bank. Tlio honil 
 belonged to a son of t!olonel Babie. W'hen Hull took possession of if. the floors were laid and the windows wire ii 
 but the partitions wore not built. These were immediately made of rough boards. The general and his aids, nccordirf 
 to Colonel Hatch's narrative, occupied the north half of the house, or the porUon seen over the heads o'the twoflirarf 
 In the picture. The councils of war were held in the second story, over the rooms occupied by the ccnornl. C.emA 
 .lames Taylor, of Kentucky, the quartermaster general, occupied a part of the house m biB head-quarters, bill, bfi| 
 unwell, he lodged in Detroit. 
 
 t.nnt ..fllilllV I' 
 
 (orfure of ])i 
 ilieiii if fount 
 (lie first atte 
 critiiiiiate got 
 (li.'ui will he t 
 TliJM proel,, 
 ic'iii flag flyln 
 (lie Canadian 
 otlicis retiiriie 
 liritish orti(;ers 
 I'omts. Tlies( 
 teetion, and re( 
 Ou file morn 
 .Valdcii, at tilt- 
 '|ii.irter.s, a .sp„t 
 lifdeoiis in tJie a 
 "f'tlie .savages i 
 'iirty, and oflu.| 
 llie rocomioitrin 
 went upon duty 
 t:eiice tli;it at 'I'u 
 'i'"mt two Juindr 
 Ijing in ambush 
 forest was full of 
 (ii'ilon the land t 
 "Ctlie river, fbi- y. 
 lip to co-operate 
 '■"lie of Indians n 
 iliiettion. TJu-y 
 •iirlit o'clock tile 
 I'l'i'^^i'it. The cha; 
 rarofthe fugitiv( 
 ■ilioiit to retuni, « 1 
 •''•'•■'' to j.ush fbrwa 
 iii.stantly obeyed, . 
 '"oi'tli, near w'hici, 
 '"'"*» and ciiltiva 
 "IP lioines near its 
 wiier had fl(.,]. ry 
 ''i*'innc(l and ,,,i,,>l, 
 kmningsofthpov)., 
 'no Iiiindred barrels 
 niilitiiry stores. TIk 
 
 ■i'-Uiidcn,andyot I 
 -"^foiiiwhile small t 
 
 'Hull sent a copy of his „. 
 
 Imnmit." Such l« h.„ 
 I I,.! Ik '* "'f record 
 
 »» the proclamation was „ 
 
 I;«»s been always cited ,1,' 
 
 t. seduce, he Canad':; 
 
 If; "^proclamation... As Bra 
 
 -•■■beenreffardednsaueloq.q 
 
J^H': »VAU OF ,8,2. 
 torturo at imnouvTH, ho warned th., i . , • ^-- '"^''^^^iktVU^ 
 
 ••H".i"^.r.' Hc J of . IZC'k''^':'''" ''« «"i<«, " will., t ; • '" ' •'. ••"""'""^•k. 
 . ^'";i.-v "atiol.;r :;.. ;;:!';;;f;':--i in ufHX:^ ''' ^""^ "'•-» ^"■ 
 
 'l"«'-'^-H, a spot assonatJ r „ /,, ^"""'r"""''^'' '•i'<l'«'o.. mil' -,,7, , *""' ■■^'■'^. 
 ''''''•">'« i" the annals of '''. '"""'^ "'" tl'o .ro.,,,!,. of , u '"' ''*'"'- '"'• 
 
 "TMt upon .l.n^wh^; '''';''''•/ -'I't'''" '^""-y irh.'v of T:- '"^'"'f'vs; ,.n, 
 
 ^"-t tu-o h 1... 1. , : ^:;;;;' "^!- '-h.; tho ca,;. , i;".;;^;-""^ -'th i„,.,„i: 
 
 Ivi",? i" an.l.nsh at the s ,.; ■'" ^*'''""'""i (tluM. in I |I, " '" *"''"■""''' ''"'t 
 
 '-o.st ,vas fnJI <.f pnu ,i, '""■" '"'^ "^" ^''" '"-''.- < v , • f ""■^''^'">' ''''"' ''^'-^ 
 
 '" "'^- rivor, Im- va,n, . n „ ,' f ^•""","" ^'*' '""' to l.o pi, , /'''"'i' ^" >'- to.-ti- 
 
 "P to co-o,„.rato wlh a ,V ''""•'''"* ''"' '''"'•^'' »■ ' o • .. '""'T *"' ^''^' ''•'"'k 
 
 •"'•-•'-"• Thoy o . Vo , V""l '. •'^■^••"•'""-'^' <>t'S loa ", ''"■■""'• ^^-''^ns also 
 «>l<t o'clock tlio s. „ \ ■'' *''*■'* f''*'V ''«'l .lisc<.v ...I ''' '""'^ ««"<^ '» tliat 
 
 -.•ofthe ; ,h ;: X7«--.-"lat Knl 'i^:^.r '"""'-' ."-; w^.t t 
 
 »^o«ttorot„n,;S. Cn, ;r'T-V"' ^" ^''« "'.^ Is a^a r"'T^" /^'" "1"'" *'»- 
 ''•■■•.^ to push /b -H-. \: A *"'' '^""^''' "ftl.c Detroit DAtn ^' -""^' ^^^'^'-tln.r was ' 
 
 ;«^''' "-• whici/tho iiu ,' ,^, ;v^ ''" ''"'^^^-" *:;; ^ ^; ;':;;;;:rr- "^' 
 
 I «'s and cuhivatod fi,.M . ^'"""^■'* oecurred h. isi^ ',/ ''' ^'■""' 'ts 
 
 '"^ '-n,cs nca.. t l.u ll. T/' *'"' '''^^"'--1" CI s ',^'h "''• ' '""'>' ^-•'»- 
 "«m>r had fled Tl, . '' ^''■'»* «f Isaac If,, 1 o . *'''" '■''■^''- A-none 
 
 »•'"»>>'-« of the ov ■•.• *^*' ''*"^^' tho sti-oani «•, 1 • "'•^''''■*'- T''^' .'ere 
 
 '« L-d:;!. t m!;r ; T ^ ^f -> ^'- ^ ^th m^i,^: : .:;;:::'' -^ ^-<^od ,,, «;: 
 
 ' '""* '^ "» doubt that it would 
 
 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i 
 
264 
 
 msmm 
 
 mmm 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Affair ou the Tn-ron-tee. 
 
 First Battle of the War. 
 
 The "Here of Ta-rou-tee." 
 
 two hundred and eighty men, accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel Miller, of the rce- 
 ulars, pushed forward to the Ta-ron-tee, as the Wyandots called it, or liiv'-ire Aiix 
 Canards, as it was named by the French, a wide and deep stream that passes throutrh 
 
 Lil^E^^^^^ 
 
 viK»v AT luii itiviiati: Ai:x i A-SAUnt^. 
 
 broad marshes into the Detroit Riv^r, about four miles above Maiden. On the soiuli- 
 ern side of this stream, at the end of abridge, was a British picket, composed of some 
 of the Forty-first regiment, Canadian militia, and Indians under Tecumtha.' Leav- 
 ing a rifle company of forty men in ambush, Cass marched three or four miles up tlie 
 stream to a ford, came down on the south side, waduig across streams aiinpit deep, 
 and confronted the enemy at sunset. There he was checked by a deep tributary of 
 the Aiix Canards, and compelled to make a circuit of more than a mile to gain tin 
 shore next to the enemy. Tiiis was soon accomplished. Forming witli his riHeim n 
 on each Aving, Cass dashed upon tiie foe will gn at impetuosity, avIio fled at the II 
 fire. He had been re-enforced; and three t,nies he rallied, changed front, and tii.-i 
 upon the pursuers. Cass chased tlie fugiti\ os about half a mile, the drums beutiiii; 
 Yankee Doodle ; when night fell, the jnirsuit was relinquished, and the attackinif jjai- 
 ty returned to the bridge. A courier was sent to head-quarters to ask permission to 
 hold the bridge, as it would be of great importance in the march of the army toward 
 Maiden. Hull refused to grant it. It was too near the enemy, ho said, to be Iiclil 
 with safety by a small detaelunent ; and, not having received his heavy cannon I'nmi 
 Detroit, he was not prejjared to attack strong Fort Maiden at Amherstburg.'- Tlu' 
 impatient oflicers and soldiers were irritated by the refusal, and murmured lomlly. 
 but Hull was unyielding. This was the first battle and victory in the second \v:ii 
 for independence. It was hailed tliroughout the L^^nited States as an omen ot'sia- 
 cess, and Colonel Cass was called the "Hero of Ta-ron-tee." He took two prisoners; 
 and fi'om deserters he learned that some of the cifemy were killed, and nine oi ten 
 wounded, while he did not lose a man. 
 
 That the Americuus might have takc'n Maiden with the means at their cemniaml 
 when tiiey first cnissed into rmiada there can be no doubt. Why Hull did not at] 
 terapt it is a question not easily answered to-day, unless we look for a solution k thid 
 fact that the Americans had no roiiable information conceniing the real strength!'! 
 
 ' On thp mnrnlncr of the ITtli n re-enfnrd racnt of trnoii- arrived at the IvHdiii', coneistlng of the rcmaim!'' M-W 
 Konrth United St tps regiineut, and ii piece of artillery, u'ut.'r Captain Bnstman. A council of ofBcers was coiivciieL J 
 A majority of them ii>!'ted on leaving the hrldge, while Colonel Cass and t;aptaiu Snelliiig luHinled on holding it,«> 
 wo"k! be of the utmost importance in niarchinu; upon Maiden. The ovorriilln}? of 'heir oplrion, and the rofiif.il oflliilll 
 to allow the hrldRe to he held, cauBed its ahiHMionment. Tl'ls was one of the nio«t fat*! of the del.iys of Hull iu th^ 
 early moveriir-nls of this Canadian invasion. 
 
 » " This rlriprmination," says Wallace (f/iVJfJw I'allfii iteqi»ler. 1S4'3), " orcasloned a df lay ot'n^Mrly thue weeks, wbiclj 
 proved in -! fm.:! to the result? of the Cflnipniirn. Hid we been prepared for an Inimertiaie attack on Maldtu, ouicam 
 paign w- ' have l)een a» glorions as It was other* < dlsnstroii ■, aud the name of Oenerul Hull would have been t^ 
 alted to Ui> ikies." 
 
 il'eakaess of Port 
 
 the fort and ^ 
 
 iiiiJitia and I 
 
 flanking a dr' 
 
 liole.s for n^;;.< 
 
 slielLs would J 
 
 liiindred men 
 
 lain Muir; a i 
 
 •■iilwlteni com 
 
 "fhidiaiis thei 
 
 tlic j)o.st, was S( 
 
 iliat orders we; 
 
 ivorks. He p,.£ 
 
 -ieo-e in a fortifi 
 
 Hiit Hull did 
 
 strengthened. ] 
 
 none were so im 
 
 '''''«]> 'ift', while 
 cprs .said. "lea 
 scrihe the event 
 sajs/'fi-om this 
 •^ijiinion of his abj] 
 A report reach 
 Ohartotte, a Hritig] 
 "'« "ver, and com 
 """"''''■•II<''V detae] 
 toKhhophmksoi 
 ^'""'' «'<Io of the < 
 ",".'"■" t^asy Ruppo,: 
 '«™g possession d 
 \ W^J, under Capfii 
 !i?'it of the whole r 
 implied assurance of 
 "fflmt order, Colon 
 Imormnoofthe lOth 
 ;";1 joined Captain", 
 I ''''I'li^e. 
 
 -^'Arthur ivas i,i,r 
 
 J^";-iotrogo,vithin 
 H a <ew riflemen I,. 
 
 r^"ver,toreconnoi, 
 
 r?™ ^^"« «"n'orted 
 r «'f."'y-five <lrao.o, 
 rf'"l'an.s,,vhoh.;, , 
 r»; and Colonel M' A 
 >■'• f '-e bank of tho 
 rff • no also ca, 
 f ''^' <^ tachmont e,m 
 «»'''^rei-e^ommandtCi 
 
 t^ '■'" rtixtnnce no ih . t> 
 
fmimmsi^iSSii. 
 
 Heakaeag of Fort Maiden. 
 
 JEffect« of Delay? 
 
 the fort and garrison Th^ f - -— — __ Swounou^Zr — 
 
 "'"'■"■■•I "'Hi Indians ;orIn""'^^'^^«'' ^eT^^Tl — "'-'— .nt..„i.„ 
 
 lioliM for n.u3ketry A ,t '''"^.^ '"t^*"or de<i.„8e of f '""■'^'*'»'^^<i of fo,„. i,.J/" 
 
 "l"'l^;eci. men of the f5,..st baf ,;i '^ 'f ^- ^e ^^^riso . « a ' '^' •'^'""-''^«- A fe^ 
 taiiiMiur; a very ^vo.i- , "^"™ "^ thf- F.>rtv-««.. i:^ <^0'nj>osc'd of nl,n„* * 
 
 'V'°* ■ "»■' «> well convinced , . '.''"»»" C„l„„„| ,<,'(.'':„ ?^^ '' '''•'«'« '"""be,- 
 
 ^^^.t „.e,...d .lie's; ^'^-llf-toconren;:^ "^^ ^"^ ^--'> and U^j^ 
 
 «^'"g possession of tL ii ' ^'"^^ ^''^^t advanta-^^^o ^'^"'«""> of t}.e ri ' ■ 
 m, "nder (',,„,,•„ s ^ „ »'" '^'•"^ '"^^''-Jv lost ?f f, *^""'^''^ ''.V Colon^.I Cnsl 7 
 
 ''^"-* orde, Cl ; V-:-^-te n,arel. on ^^d ^ "TTT""^"'^-^^ ^- ^ 
 
 '""™"'S o^'the inth J;;, ■,''"'■' *^« senior offi,!, "' Vf ' *^'" '^''-^'^fon ""^"'^W- 
 
 MArtlun- was instrn,-ed fn ' '* '•" '""'^^ a'>ove tjfe' 
 
 , '^ '"I'- to reconnoitiv If,. ., ?^* "^ a ridge, abonf t!„ , '"' '"■'* :^>VviUmt 
 
 , ' n, ,..,„., — ^'"^ ammunition of *i,„ „ ^''■^* ^^'t" 
 
•^^f^^^-rmBimp^ mmmmmi^ mmf 
 
 'M 
 
 f I !^ H! 
 
 t 
 
 200 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Ui?tni?t of Oeneral Mull. 
 
 M 'Arthur in Command. 
 
 iiig scarce, they fell back, and 
 M'AiUmr sent an expressi Xu 
 ciiinp for rL'-euforcomciits. On 
 tho arrival of the incssenra'r, 
 Colonel Cuss hiisteued down 
 with one hundred and fifty 
 men and a ' six-poundcr. He 
 met the retreating detachment 
 at Turkey Creek Bridge, wncn 
 the nnited forces pusshed on to 
 I Petit Cote, and tlierc ei;campetl 
 lor tiie night. Tlie enemy had 
 ]ieen re-enforced in tlie mt'sn 
 time with both men and artil- 
 lery. Cass was anxicas t at- 
 tack them, and, at his request, 
 M'Art uir ordered the whole 
 force toward tlie bridge-. A 
 few shots of the six-|)(iiin(kr 
 i were excbanged with the artil- 
 ,1 lery of the e-iemy, but with lit- 
 tle effect ; and toward cveni: 
 the whole detachment nunclu 
 liaek to can<p liitig'.ied ;iml ili>- 
 piriied, and bereft of all conli- 
 dence in tlie commaiiding gen- 
 eral. All accused liini of in- 
 capacity ; many of them di- 
 nounced him in j)rivatc coiivo 
 sation as a coward, and a liw 
 ex])ressed the bclieflhat he wii'^ 
 
 treacherous. Tlv'se suspicions were confii-med to their minds by his leaving his aiiny j 
 
 on the 21st of July, and remaining at Detroit four days, without, as they alle!.'ed,j 
 
 any but frivc^loiis pretexts.' 
 
 i)uring the absence of J lull, tlie command of the troops in Canada devolved nn| 
 
 Colonel M'Arthur,^ who resolved to make an effort to attack Maiden, lie dispatelud, 
 
 » M'Afee, pseen fi« to (Vs. 
 
 ' A bloj:nii)hical iskctcli of M'Arlhur will be found In anotber part of tbls work. See Index. 
 
 gy ^^^i ii e-iUji^ P ^ J^ 
 
 Skirmishes with t 
 
 tcT^ 
 
 crossed the bridi 
 
 fiarty returned t. 
 
 the FiitsT hlooj) • 
 
 Wliile tlie litth 
 
 1'} (li'cadful siisp 
 
 i-imefi-om the hdi 
 
 was considered th 
 
 nalers of tlie 8tr; 
 
 Icngtli and four 
 
 breadth — stands 
 
 limestone rock, ali 
 
 ^^cven nules in cire, 
 
 ft'i'eiiee, rising in 
 
 tt'iitre to an'altifii 
 
 of nearly thiw Ji;„ 
 
 r^'I ft'ct, an.l cover 
 
 «'t'i a rough a I 
 
 Mierous soil,' out ( 
 
 »'"cli (<pi-ing,s Iie'n 
 
 "'"'''^•'•- The Indian 
 
 r';'|<">.i,' tlie Alg,„„, 
 
 "'"'<"li signifies Th( 
 
 ■Britisliaull.oritlesf.aytl, 
 ■laclilnlock, page r,2 
 
 * V General nr,„.I<,:; , 
 
 fmr Thf.vleu-I, fi,„„„„| 
 |'^«l>.nevi,|,e(,s,.^,ui„,!;;,: 
 
Skirmishes with the Intllnns. 
 
 ^^-^ ^^^ u4€i/i^:.. 
 
 267 
 
 _, , _______Michilllni,,ckhii;^ 
 
 Captain JVrCuIIoucjh .yuu t. 
 
 i;a.^Hai,'o for a.tillefy ; 'ro^ "'^f'^' ^ '^^^ - 
 tlio bridire, so -IS to n, , , ^ axarcls above 
 
 rnfonnccl tl^at tt 'lU ri^^'r""^ ™"^'^- 
 twoen the Auv Ton ., i , '''^" ■''^^^'" ^P" 
 ^^I'Arthur ^^^"^^ '^"^^ ^"'■'^•T Crook, 
 
 ^v}.e.•e he capturod o F. , *' ^fttlouiont, 
 
 «»;';3 for t.-„ ,nile.s a„^ ., 
 JaIU)ythoT,Kl.ia„,s.' Kear 
 
 ^'^'ulth- stands a ^*'''»t <«rty nulos m 
 
 '"'K'stone rock, about 
 
 weinniloH hi circuni- 
 fcreiico, risinij in its 
 w'ntre to airaltitiido 
 of nearly tliroo Iiund- 
 rc;l foot, an.l oo^erod - 
 «'fli a roush and 
 ?>'n<'ro,is soil, out of 
 "'"*■'' •'^J^-iii.iTs hoavv 
 
 '""''^■•- Thol„,ii.,„; ^m^mmm^^^^mmr 
 
 ■i;;';-"",!? tho Alo-o,„j,;i„ . --0.^.,,,,, ,„,„ „,.^^^„ .„..,„;. — - ■- 
 
 wliioli siirnifies Tl.n n "-"f^' "nprossod Avitli iis .),., 
 
 ^hejrih^f,,,, ,,„,,j^ ^^^^ ^j^^ ^ o h Cr'r i' ^^'^■''■"--^•kinaok, 
 
 '^« M. l<i :: ' , i,;; ;;; ,""; l>''*<''i". .';L ■.,.„..,, «..„„ . „ ■ ' "''■""S^''""«"on I. „ general onUr 
 
 "•■i.iiil, aiullsproiiomicHibyii,,:. 
 
 
^i'lM 
 
 M 
 
 
 -BiO K 
 
 Pontine'* Confederacy. 
 
 Trt*iii»ftM' 
 
 A Masmicie. 
 
 Scenery at Mackiuaw 
 
 • June 4. 
 
 eriy pmnt of the peninstik fjf lftl«M5gM^, Ab- FBearfi Jesuit niisHionaries planted the 
 Hymfeol of" Christianity as i-^fiy nn /'WJ. aaJ-eafci tike Hei^land Point of lonatins. 
 La .Sa4i«». the discoverer of liv ' ^ ,1, "ithtT Hennepin and otluis, m, n 
 
 there in 1479; and by tl>e side sif ]*Vince of Peace they eivitcd a 
 
 strong-hold of war, an<l called it Fo|^ Micliilliit kinack. The name was abbrev inted 
 to Mnekinack ^pronounced Mackinaw), and that '//''oj^raphj we Mill adopt. 
 
 When, on tlic con(niest of Canada from the Fi'<'iich, thi?. post fell into the bands of 
 the Enu'lish, the savages that filled the country ^' juained ^-r le to their new mas- 
 ters. " Vou have w^jquered the French," they said, "but you have not coiujuered 
 us." Tlie mighty Porftiac, the Ottawa chief, was then forming his giant contederacv 
 in the Xorthwi'st I'or the extermination of the English westward of the Kias>ara, 
 The jjrincipal tribes of that region M^ere the Ottawas and Ojibwas, or Chippcwas. 
 The latter were the most jx>werful. Tlieir most important village was upon tli( 
 baok of Miclalliraackinack,The Great Turtle, in the strait, where a hundred warriors 
 resided. 
 
 On the morning of the king's birthday,* 1763, the forests and Fort Mack- 
 inack was tilled Avith the Ojibwas. They professed warm friendship for the 
 English, and invited the garrison out to see their great game of ball, the favonto 
 amuwment of th* Indians. It was a gay and exciting scene. At lengtli a ball wont 
 mp frot; i ',<■ inid«€ if>f the players in a h>fty curve, and fell near the pickets of the fort. 
 It was '4 yrrconceri^'A signal. The warriors ruslu;d toward the fort as if in quest of 
 the hull. J .' ir liands were soon filled with gleaming hatchets, whicli the squjifls 
 hft'1 /'()/i''eale(J beneath ^jt ManketB. A bloody massacie ensued. After a satur- 
 IIKJhi //f'p(<v('l'((l dnys, the liid'lans, alarmed by rumors of the approach of a stroiirr En- 
 glish force, took Hl'iiit(- on the island — three hundred and fifty warriors, with tluii 
 Ihniilies and household elii ■ / /'/IW)"(f with (hem Alexander Henry, an English 
 triider, who had been saved from the nm m fi> by (he hands of friendly Indians. The 
 flilhiHing year I'orl Mackinack was garrisonetl by (he Iflii/jllpli, The Iri(||iiiiH had 
 I|(mI from the island, and ; i iiji ments upon it immediately comn](ii('( d ll H \\ \\\m\ 
 delightful spot. As seen from (lie water, it presents a most striking ])ietiii(' ofwliili 
 ell "s, contrasting beautifully w((h the green foliagi' lliat hall' covt is them, hi (he 
 centi'e the land rises in wooded heights, in some jihiees (liree liiindretl feet above iIk. 
 lake. The rocks tbriii fantaslie shapes. Here may be seen a ease, there a (iiwcriiirr 
 
 ])innacle, and in other jilaces gorges are sjjan- 
 ned by natural l)ridges. One of the nuM 
 noted of tliese is the Arch Hock, seceinl (ii;h 
 in ])icturesqueness (o the fainnus Natural 
 ISridge in Virginia. The crown is over nm 
 hundred feet above the 'water, and aliiuM 
 forty above the ground. It Avas Coiiikm] liy 
 the falling out of great masses of stone. The 
 l{iibbi;V T'eakjthe Sugardoaf, Plutonic Cave. 
 lieviPs Kitchen, Ciant's Causeway, a'ni the 
 !jo\er's I, cap, are ail faiiious jdaees, ami clus- 
 tered with stirring legends connected iviili 
 the French and English occnp., 'ion. or run- 
 ning back to the dim old I radii ions efiln' 
 Children of the Forest. But J wid not ocni- 
 )iy more space in describing this now famous 
 summer resort for Ineiists and sportsmen— a^ 
 place T have never visited. I was .about to 
 take passage at Chicago for the strait in the autumn of 1800, when I heard that sno«s| 
 had tidkii there, and that the sceptre of Boreas was omnipotent over all those Dorth| 
 
 AliUll KI><!K, MAOKKNAOK. 
 
 Fort Macklunw ni 
 
 British; and in : 
 looking the fine 
 command of Liei 
 was a very impoi 
 'lians. The fort i 
 in extent, with ai 
 y\W\trmi on the 
 "•'I',"" u'Jiich H-flft 
 six-jjonndi r h,im u 
 '"'"ifwTs, and a b 
 I'liu (imgrt«)/«j Yftin 
 '.'f \var.= 
 
 ''^"'■li " (IH the An 
 ''ivilized life more i 
 "Cs'iiages re.'idy tc 
 
 ^''■"""■'''- I'.'i'-fy, and 
 'Iwiis (i'om Fort 81 
 ''■'"» -^hickinack, in 
 t.ichnieiit of (Jio 'J'en 
 liccn erected in tj,e 
 ' circrmstance Jiad gi 
 «i hostilities had Ilr 
 
 tliiit he received of tl 
 tlio morning of the 1 
 R'^ulars, two Jiiuidre. 
 flwns, chiefly of the t 
 
 I Fwas), and demands 
 Captain Roberta w- 
 
 I «^as apprised, at Port 
 
 'N'amcdin honor of LIPntPn; 
 IJ-'Ma,ul„fK„rt Miami on 
 
 Kwamnotrarotr,„,,,rd"t^ 
 
"OBT MAcasiNACK. 
 
 A coveted Prhe. 
 face home^yava, content to 
 {"I-nfonnat,on. At Detroit 
 antviewofMaekinacklsI- 
 
 foomCon,panionII.avecop- 
 "'^I tJ»? Arol. Kock, and^a 
 
 ;'oarviewofMackh;a„. -il 
 %o and fort, sketched I>v- an 
 ;j- of the United Stit^ 
 
 Mackinack came into the 
 P"-o.ss,o„ of the United 
 
 ^^LJ" .!?«' -^'-^ the 
 
 British; and in 1812 For. TT T"' fi„anv'"""""*''""-'^J*"^^=^ ^^•"'•^' 
 
 lookin. the fine hrrLf"' ''"''''' "" *''« '"'.'^^'^ «o„thwe "bl J'"J!r^''r^'^ ^>' the 
 
 «as a very imnort-mf / 'lanckH, of the United *<f../ a *''^'' "'"^er the 
 
 :>-». T,fo sr;.:: :;;;,r„",;!;"'""« r '"« ««™itt* :,\^'rr ™? >•« 
 
 i" ovtont, with an nnJnf '''"^ "verlookino- the fine LJt ■ . "''^" the In- 
 
 ^Mn,nn on t , v^ ' ir^'' ^'^^^ "'*« Lake u';: ZZ""'': ''''''''-^ ^ '""'' 
 
 '•''«'v'. which ^Lrickl, ;\''''*"'^^^ 
 
 -pounder wn^ 0,^,0, 'T'"^ ''^ *-> '''ook-Ion^e LS""/''?""'^ "^ t'.e 
 ■'■''" 'm>U„u ,v„W.o „ ' r'';".""^'''- '^ • commanded tJef '""^T""'^^'''^^' ^^^o 
 
 tr „ „„, ' ^^^ '"'-" ■■- «-»• -r;;::: i;'.ts 
 
 !«'.. orocted in the .''">'•■» Veteran Battah-on fort J ' ■^'''^"■'«oned with a de- 
 -nnstaJ^ ad "iv "'^ "' ^'^^ "^y -'^^ oJ^^'^^^^,"' "'""'^-^ This fort Z 
 
 "'"^''^^ '•"^•^•ivod of th i r,''''"'^^^^''^ to J.im hv tr dei . ; .,"'""'•" "^ ^xpeet- 
 "'^ morning of Mo ntujf ;l^'c'aratio„ of war m .s fiom^ "'' ''^;^''«t kno„ I.d.„ 
 
 •Named In honor of LlPutonnnt 17 i " — ^ (IPfkratlon of war he 
 
-«^^HI|HBSs 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ;i ■ ■ 
 
 Kxpedition ognlust Mackluack. 
 
 ]<Mrgt Intimation of Danger. 
 
 Demand fur the Surrender of the i in 
 
 " June 28. 
 
 •Juno 20, flispjvtchcfl .111 cxprpss" to Captain Kobeils Avith the important intelligonpo. 
 
 I"*'-- A Ifttor from anotlicr liaiul, as we liavc observed, liad already given tliat 
 information to Koberts. Urock ordered liim to attack Maekinack inimediatelv if 
 [)ructicable ; or, in tiie event ofliis being attacked by the Americans, to defend his 
 post to the last extremity. Another order, issned two days hiter,'' direpttd 
 liini to summon to his assistance the neigliboring Indian tribes, IJritish ;iiii| 
 American, and to solicit the co-operation of the emph)yes of tlie Nortliwest Fm- 
 Company in tliut vicinity. Still another was issued, giving Captain Koberts discre- 
 tionary j)owers. 
 
 Mr. Pothier, tlie agent of the Northwest Company, was then at St. Josepli's, nml 
 Roberts laid before him his plan of operations. Pothier ajiproved of them, and jilucid 
 all the resources of the comj)any at that j)oint at his disposal ; and lie oH^ered to com- 
 mand in person one hundred and fifty Canadian voyayeurs, then employed in tlio 
 company's service, .and within call. 
 
 On the niorning of the 10th of July — a bright and beautiful morning — the wind 
 blowing gently from the northwest. Captain Roberts embarked with his whole force 
 civilized, semi-civilized, and savage, for ]Mackinack, in boats, bateaux, and canoes 
 accompanied by two six-pounders, and convoyed by the brig Caledonia, beloiifjini.' 
 to the Northwest Fur Company, which was laden with provisions and stores. Jloan- 
 while the doomed garrison at Maekinack was ignorant of the declaration of war aivl 
 the impending blow. Lieutenant Ilaiicks had observed Avith some uneasiness tlie 
 sudden coolness of Ottawa and Ojibwa chiefs, who had j)rofessed great friend^lm, 
 only a few days before; and on the morning Avhen Roberts sailed from St. Josepli's, 
 the Indian interpreter at Maekinack told Ilam^ks that he had been assured tliat llic 
 Indians, Avho had just assembled in great numbers at St. Joseph's, Averc about to at- 
 tack Fort Holmes. Ilancks immediately summoned the American gentlemen on the 
 island to a conference. It Avas thought by them expedient to send a coiifitlential 
 agent to St. Joseph's to ascertain, if possible, the temper of the commandant of the 
 garrison, and to Avatch the movements of the Indians. Captain Danruian Avas soiit 
 on that errand. lie embarked at about sunset on the 16th. '^ Tlic moon was 
 at its full, and Avhen night fell upon the Avaters thoy Avere softly illuniiiiated 
 by its dim effulgence. 
 
 Captain Daurman had accomplished fifteen miles of his voyage Avhen he met tlio 
 hostile tltitilla, rtud Avas made a prisoner. He Avas paroled on the condition tliat lie 
 should land on Mackinaw in advance of the invaders, summon the inhabitants toils 
 Avest side to receive the protection of a British guard for their persons and ])roportv, 
 and not to give any information to Ilancks of tlie ai)proach of the expedition, lie 
 Avas also instructed to Avarn the inhabitants that all Avho should go to the fort would 
 be subject to a general massacre ! 
 
 Daurman Avas landed just at daA,-n, and fulfilled the provisions of his parole to the 
 very letter. But, Avhile the inhabitants Avere flying from the village to seek Hiiiish 
 ])rotection from the blood-thirsty savages. Dr. Day, an American gentlenian, more | 
 courageous than the rest, hastened to the fort and gave the alarm. This was the ; 
 first intimation that reached Ilancks of the ajiproach of an enemy. That enemy liadj 
 already landed, and taken one of his two heavy guns, in the gray morning twili<;htl 
 of the 1 7th, to the croAvn of the island, in the rear of the fort, and placed it in uat- 
 tery so as to command the American Avorks at their Aveakest point. It was too latel 
 i'rr Ilancks to prepare tor defense. By nine o'clock in the morning Roberts had |ins-J 
 session of the heights, and the Avoods back of the fort seemed to be sAvarniiiig wiilil 
 painted savages. At half past eleven a summons Avas made for the immediate sur- 
 render of the foit, garrison, and island "to the forces of his liritannie niajesiy."" 
 "This," said Ilancks, in his report to the government, " Avas the first intimation 
 hatt of the declaration of Avar," Ilajicks held a consultation Avith liis officers ainlili^ 
 
 .Surremler of Mnc 
 
 .Aiiierican ge\ 
 
 the cliaractei 
 
 Here allowed 
 
 ami those oft 
 
 the lionors of 
 
 Mackinaw we 
 
 H-aniing all tJi 
 
 IJriti.sli govern 
 
 lati(m. All j.i' 
 
 strained. " It 
 
 Bntish Store-kc 
 
 "tliat the fort i 
 
 helieve not a so 
 
 hVitisIi officer C( 
 
 'iglifyofthe sa 
 
 eil siicJi instrun: 
 
 iiii'iitly denounci 
 
 (iiro.^ 
 
 The capture o: 
 
 immediate and p 
 
 Jlirs Avere among 
 
 jiiacod in tlie pos 
 
 rj)l)er Lakes, wit 
 
 prison bar that ke 
 
 ||ra«-n, ai'd Detro 
 
 «il(lernes.', irhose 
 
 iw settlements shi 
 
 Such Ava.s anotJi 
 
 |>C the Secretary o 
 
 liostilities nearly u 
 
 instead of British 
 fwve hmi a British 
 
 '"frcrwh of the enemy t 
 
 '^'foi-r officers; Canadian 
 , ™ and 0l(an-a,, 57-2 r", 
 
 Briiish two day. afte; „,„',;' 
 I /.'""■e course of a debate 
 
 p' (Earl of Chatham) S, 
 host aI)onii„al,le avowal", 
 
 mi,ei-(.ho,.,,tho :;:;[,,. 
 
 "*, am. to vindicate tie 
 . employment Of, he «av,a, 
 
 ';.^'^'Wis,d„^rhe^rn1h:/;r;^ 
 ''t^fthelndmmr '^ 
 
AiiuTican crent cmo,. {TTi Z ~~ ^mpioyi 
 
 * ""' 1" the fort iiwl :* — — s^—""''"yinoBrh. 
 
 a-Kl tl.oso of Great Jrita '; '' '"' !"''-'^^'=*" the A,„er can -fw H-nornhl, terms 
 (lie Lonons of ^vav T "^ ^"'* '" their niaee T I, "^'"■' ^^'^''-^ taken d,nv„ 
 
 uann,,,. all those „»o„ M, l'.„^^V''^'' ''^''^'^ to Detroit. aT ^ 1'" ^^^'''^'^"'1 »<> I<-avo 
 
 '■^ffi: ! 
 
 l.tion. All |„-i,,„, ,,m'". , ° "'»"'l "•"liin •■> .i,„„.|? ," ' "* """Siancc to tho 
 
 believe not a sonl nfih *^'f"o'it firin.r a sin<rlo ,v„. .- , ''^ -f oi t Geor.re, isi2. 
 
 B.i.w, ow c,;;l,, 5„ ritt';!'' ""- '■~" •-• * ™: r-''"'^ """"» ' «""iy 
 
 ""•s were among the s„oi Kof I ' '''''' ''^"'^ «« ven uL " " ^T''^' '"t<^>-ests, 
 
 I" ' > the possessio . of tllTj'-' '^'"' '^'^'^^ ^^ tl e L t"! of^'^" ^^^-tly' 
 I J'Fr Lakes, ,vith all its IZT"" "' ^''^ ^^"'tecl State Th ' '''* '■'"'"" ^^'«^ 
 i;n.o„ bar that kept back t},l ^^^^^'^'"tages, was transferal t .'i '"°"'''*'"^ ^^ the 
 -l'-.i«-n, ai'd T)(>f j' ^"^ "'e .savages of that recrfon '^' ^ ''"'^^'' to that ene.nv Tho 
 
 'r':r!!!^,"''''-- >vi.u:r"°"'>-'' ''-'-•:n.t;\S^^^^^^ 
 
 "ftl» Secretary of War V, °'™"""' ■"..issue, „.|llfi I , 
 
 ke*e„,„. of the e"!'"'/!"!"^"; "■"" ""ere mson,ZrZZ~~~~ ■ 
 
 ll,1 
 
I! 
 
 Illl 
 
 272 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 AlarmlDK RnmorH nnc) FactK, 
 
 A mntliiong Spirit In Hnir» Array. 
 
 CIIAPTER XIV. 
 
 "They who hnvc nothing more to fenr may well 
 Iiululfic a cmile at that Avhich once apiiiiU'd, 
 A» chilUrcu at diucovereU bugbcuiH," 
 
 Bybon: Sardanapalm. 
 
 ISASTIIOUS in the highest degree to the American cause 'vas 
 the fill! of Mackinack, aiul tlie prospect whieli it presented lo 
 Hull Avas justly appallhig. Ilis uneasiness was increasetl by in- 
 telligence that came almost hourly of the web of extreme ditti- 
 culties fast weaving around him. He liad sent to the (iovern- 
 ors of Ohio and Kentucky for re-enforcements and 8up])lies, but 
 ' he had, as yet, no positive tidings of their approach. Fnim the 
 '"•^-^^ " north came sounds of dreadful import to a handful of isoiatod 
 soldiers. The savage chiefs in alliance Avith the British at Mackhiack had sent cou- 
 riers to all the villages south as far as the Maumee, informing their warriors of that 
 alliance, of the fall of Mackinack, of the investment of Chicago, and of their activi 
 preparations to proceed to Maiden in great force, to join other warriors there, and 
 attack Detroit. From the east came a rumor that the Canadians and savages in that 
 direction Avere also hasting toward Maiden, and that a detachment of iJritish sol- 
 diers, with artillery, under the command of Major Chambers, had landed at th( 
 Avest end of Lake Ontario, penetrated in the direction of Detroit as far as the Kivor 
 Trench, or Thames, and Avere receiving great accessions of militia and Indians on 
 • their march. The alarm created by those facts and rumors Avas hnmediately intcusi- 
 • AnKn8t4, fit'd by farther reports* that Colonel Proctor, of the British army, had ai- 
 1S12. vived at Maiden Irom Fort Erie Avith re-enforcements.' Then caniu over 
 from SandAvich an intercepted letter from a member of the NorthAvest Company ai 
 Fort William, dated two days after the fall of Mackinack, saying that, on the recfiiit 
 of the declaration of Avar, their agents ordered a general muster of their forces, wiiidi 
 amounted to tAvelve hundred men, exclusive of several hundreds of the natives. "We 
 are equal, in all," ho said, " to sixteen or seventeen hundred strong. One of our gtn- 
 tlemen started on the 17th Avith several light canoes for the interior country to ioum 
 the natives to activity, Avhich is not ha rd to do on the present occasion. We liki- 
 Avise dispatched messengers in all directions Avith the ncAvs. I have not the least 
 doubt but our force tAvo days hence Avill amount to iive thousand eftective men, 
 Our young gentlemen aiid engagees offered most handsomely to march imnKHliatciy 
 for ]\Iichillimackinark. Our chief, Mr. SIuxaa', exnressed his gratitude, and uraftod one 
 hundred. They are to proceed this evening for St. Joseph's. lie takes about as 
 many Indians. Coidd the vessel contain them, he might have had four thousaitd 
 more. It noAV dejjcnds on Avhat acct.nnts we receive from St. Josej)h's, Avhether these 
 numerous tribes from the interior Avill proceed to St. Joseph's or not."^ 
 
 In addition to these causes for alarm, Hull discovered a spirii, of mutiny in his owiij 
 camp Avhich gave him more uneasiness still — a spirit, he said, " Avhich before hadj 
 manifested itself in Avhispers, increased and became more open. It Avas evident it| 
 Avas now fostered and encouraged bj-^ the principal officers of the miliiia, and wn* 
 
 ' Hnll's Cavipnign qf 1S12, page 6S. 
 
 « Letter of Mr. M'Kenjsle, of the Northwest Company, at Fort William, to Mr. M'lutosh, of SaucU. ;ch, July W, ISl^ 
 cited by Hull in hid Campahjn vf ISI'2, page 5;>. 
 
 Ibtrgy and Vlglla 
 
 fast rising in 
 jire.sently. 
 
 Such was t 
 
 ueek in .Viiirti 
 
 Ijriisli, of Cliii 
 
 Ix'cf cattle am 
 
 .sin, thirty-five 
 
 The eiiei'gy ; 
 
 at this time in 
 
 a 111 ia hie Sir Ge 
 
 Quebec in ahso] 
 
 K"i»n,haa 
 
 iiient of ITpjjor 
 moment of his f 
 ai'cordingly. Jj, 
 Ill's inadequate n 
 
 "|'|»O.S.'(I to tliQ , 
 
 •House tJieir resei 
 
 "ly cumjjclied hi 
 
 iiioto military pos 
 
 ply of ordnance ai 
 
 ter post early i„ j 
 
 Forty-fii-st IJegimt 
 
 -is late as his deuj 
 
 ties to be near, rec 
 
 ''vpenditiire, and tc 
 
 Jilculty of raising 
 
 ^^'lien intelJigcrK 
 
 Toronto, the capita 
 
 '«' sons, v.'ith tJieir 
 
 !ii>nHoIcroft,oftJ,e 
 
 mnmmj when the 
 
 Inordinary session < 
 
 '"■wand his aid-,h 
 
 ••?.™ frontier, and t) 
 
 to cross the Niagara 
 
 P»t}'e shrank from t 
 
 :ln'ctio„s,atthesam( 
 
 I oiuid necessary, in ],. 
 
 |6r offensive or defend 
 l»f the peninsula betw 
 m hundred men re 
 I'Pon.tJie Indians on th 
 
 f™?";g promise of th 
 /.' f'le 3d of Jujy t, 
 
 pJ-^ considerable for 
 
 I)r 
 i Ini 
 
 I 
 
«"*MM 
 
 ^^'TilE WAH OF .8,3. 
 
 «;ch was the situation of Go„en, ir M "'''"* ^' "^'"^ ^^"^^^^^'r 
 
 Mc.ttl. and other' .Soli's. '^'^ '"'"^''•''^^I an 1 th ■ v ''," '''"* ^"«Ptain IW 
 
 >iMi.iny-fivo n.i,e:;,cr"' ^"'^ ^ -^'' -- - ^"c.;s::^v^T ^'"""'^ 
 
 Quebec i„ absoJutt unl S 'f ' ^^''"'■"'"- g^'»^''-al wi^ ?''""" '"^'''^i"' • The 
 K" 1«11. had boon "^if .f^;.;"|-^"d'ng -a!-, whil^ B .:ek'";;f "^ ^;r''«"« thno a 
 met of Upp,r CanadI" H ^''''^''''"t ai,d administra or' 7 /'' "' ^^''^^■ 
 moment of his ardval aM^* '' *" ''^y- ^i-tena t ' ^ *''"' S*^^'^''-"- '°'"""'"'- 
 
 opFsecl to the employment of fiT "."''"" «"!""• From "'^- ''^' '»««t of 
 
 arou«e their resentnfonf a^ ,;/,^ ,J"^^"^««. and discount,"! :':^;«'"""'g ''« ^v^as 
 ^'ty -mpcHed him to ac«^ 1*^ '^ ^ before wa' was do ,*'"', ""^''"l'^« to 
 
 motennJito When L '"■''^''^•' He end, omW "''"'' '^"^ ''oces- 
 
 ply of ordnance and store o^rf'"" °J^"^"^ *« the sorh ' ", f '■^'"^'*'^<^" the re- 
 '"•Post early i„ June tili,, ^ " f^^^'Ph's and to Ami « ^ ""^ T^'^'' «^'''t a sun- 
 Forty.fir.st l^™,,;^ ^^^J "|^ -th „,, , re-enforce!; r':;;^ , ^'^^ visited the ll 
 -i^l«te as his departure for In ^"l "^«vements he wa tt ' '"f '"' "'^'^ "^ the 
 fe« to be near, reoommemLf " 'T'^"'"^'' ^'' «^'o'-ge iwl !'?^ '"'^ «"l'^->ior. 
 ^vpenditure, and to avo dall . *^ '''"l^^^^ the molt ,S ' ""* ^^'''^'V'""g I'ostili: 
 
 ^'Jnlty of raising „,;"' "^^ ^^'l^'-^^ not absolutely efarrr'""^ '' ^^'" P"*'^^ 
 IVhen intelliironce of th', 1 , '*'*' ^' '^^''^ause of the great 
 
 Toronto, the capitaTofV '^""'''*™tioi, of war reaob„ , t. , 
 
 »"y<"-. and his aid-de-camn r "'■'' ^^as summoned • " ' i ^"^^'^'Pted. An ev- 
 ^- th>ntier, and t^^^^fe'" ^''^^^ f- '-s;^:^,'^f jj^lfi^-ns, his briga^ ^ 
 !» cross the Niitrnvo i>- ^""^'^""shed his militn,.,r h / ^'t Gcoi-ge. on th.T\r- 
 
 •<•"<■">•", .« ti,c .1" tirr'*'"'^ <"■ ""<"« d. t tr"'""" '"" ■"■"■»' '.»mr 
 
 PMf^. on mt fl^, ^.^r^" '^ovos,, wrUte^ n'' ^T ^*"' "'"''"s work ^ — 
 
 s 
 
 'I'-iHMt 
 
 r: 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 ^HRBlii 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 

 w 
 
 II 
 
 A i 
 
 274 
 
 PICTORIAL FI£LD-BO£)K 
 
 Alarm cauied by IIull'i Invnalon. 
 
 Brock before the CaaadUn LoKUIatnre, 
 
 That HiMly (i(.f|, ,||,i,,|„^ 
 
 ''^■^■^sr^sse^.ip* 
 
 FORT NIAUAIIA, lilMM I OUl (il.ulU.L. 
 
 along a line of tliirty miles from Buffalo to Fort Niagara, and estimated by Gcncial 
 Brock to be twelve hundred strong.' 
 
 On the 20th of July Brock received intelligence of Hull's invasion; also a coiiv of 
 his proclamation, with hints of its effect. Those hints, and a knowledge of tlie wiak- 
 ness of Fort Maiden, alarmed hun.^ The Legislature, about to meet at York, wouM 
 require his presence, and he could not leave for the field in the West, as he disircil 
 to do. Divided duties perplexed him. He instantly recalled a portion oftliu iiiilitiu 
 whom he had permitted to go home to gather in the grain harvest, and they mm- 
 mured. lie dispatched Colonel Proctor, of the J'orty-first Regiment, Avith suoli iv- 
 enforcements as he coidd spare, to assume command at Amherstburg, and the iiilial- 
 •July 22, itants of the Niagara border felt themselves abandoned. He issued a eoun- 
 1812. ter-proclamation" to neutralize the effect of Hull's, and hope revived. 
 
 Leaving the military along the Niagara frontier in charge of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Myers, Brock hastened to York, and, with much parade, opened the Legislature in 
 person. His address was cordially responded to ; but he soon found that tiie Legis- 
 lature partook, in a large degree, of the despondency of a great portion of the pcojik' 
 of Upper Canada, which Hull's menacing proclamation and actual invasion had pro- 
 duced. Five hundred militia in the Western District had already sought Hull's pro- 
 tection ; the Norfolk militia, most of tliem connected by blood with the inhabitant-ij 
 of the United States, peremptorily refused to take up arms; and the Luliaiis on tlii'f 
 Grand River, in t] le heart of the province, after some 'of their chiefs returned from A 
 visit to Hull, refused, with few exceptions, to join the British standard, declariug tliiirl 
 intention to remain neutral. With such promises of failure and disaster before then 
 if resistance should be made, a majority of the Assembly were more disposed to sub 
 
 1 Brock wns very anxious to cnpture Fort Niagnrn, but was restrained by l\is superior. Sir George Prcvost IjoIIcvm 
 it to be a party war, and was unwilling to do that which might rouse the national spirit of the American?, and nnid 
 both parties against the British. Ue believed that tho war party could not carry on hostilities long. He thereforj 
 commanded Brock t<i net strictly on the defensive. 
 
 ' Hull, as we have seei.v invaded Canada and issued his proclamation on the 12th of July, but It was not until the IS 
 that Lieutenant Colonel St. George wrote to General Brock on the subject. "It is strange," said the latter, "thij 
 three days should be allowed to elajjse before sending to acquaint me of this important fact. Hull's insidloHB procii] 
 mati(Mi,"*he continued, "herewith Inclosed, has already been productive of considerable effect on the minds of the p 
 pie. In fact, a general sentiment prevails that, with the present force, resistance Is unavailing. 1 shall continue ^ 
 exert myself to the utmost to overcome every difficulty. "—Brock to Prevost, Fort George, July 20, 1812. 
 
 • The editor of the Li/e and Correspondence of Sir Tmac Urock, speaking of the invasion, says, "Brigadier Oene^ 
 Hull Issued on that day the following insidious but able proclamation, which was doubtless written at Washington.l 
 See Life, etc., page 186. 
 
 Symptoms of DIalc 
 
 mit, and to c< 
 
 (li'lr province 
 
 iif a leading \\ 
 
 li/i illy oviTaw 
 
 use uf ins jicn j 
 
 ,:/tpr\vard j,,i,„ 
 
 JvVie. Vvv,, ivi 
 
 iliiin good ivnm 
 
 "Ctlie people^ jj 
 
 '"\'\^\y hills.' ] 
 
 ./'■/or to declar 
 
 III, Brock resolv 
 
 Brock's couhM 
 
 spirit and power 
 
 ury sjiuodily, th, 
 
 III' became know 
 
 '"■■'''''•'' to write 
 
 lieie voluntccri'd 
 
 in'tliout the U-mi 
 
 'lirected to procoe 
 
 fertile wAu'i' of A 
 
 asmayherequiret 
 
 H'e have observe 
 
 k "le apj)roach o< 
 
 i '"■'>', •ill sent forwai 
 I H'liijer soon bore ih 
 
 .;";''_"■• Tecumtha, an 
 -'LiMeii, ai„l wore ly 
 
 pie miles belon- Fo 
 
 ,'%Oeor;fe Prevost seen,! 
 
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 tan. " Ar„ „,' " "" ''''n;:c 
 
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 '-WcI to write to S r G oo ' zV'"^"" «-"tin..„t "s ?o ''" "" *''^' ^'''^'•"it fro,.": 
 Iircctcd to moon^A ,...., '"• 1 i'avo scJeofprl ^„„ / I'- 't of tJio Movii.f.,. _ 
 
 « . have „,,.„„e J ,h,. ,|,„ ^_ . '^ ' " """' '"""""d by a8 ^n^ 
 
 kr martin, ufu . rnj-^-;,,^--'". a.ul r^,!:, ^, ~ ^■'om yo/r ^ - = " <« thereforet ^o , '[7:™'''?" 
 
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 h^' liberality of their » ',''^"' '"yn'ty, not „ . '' ""' ""Irty yea« h!^,''"''' "' ">« ^vorld a „ .!7v. ^ «''^''"'- 
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 h«"^« Britain .,1 ■ ""^ "'on Wnrnll ,h "" " ^'"P^'tv wdV" '"'"P'" '« '«> he Tmrnllu ^""^ "'<=''• for- 
 
 ' "f Coniinen „, F '^"""'« <>f Canada to hlr " ""'" «trn»,„.,| ^ ''" f "^'^ff a Territory of 
 " kins'8 ,.p„, ,"' ^"™P« «'(th a rod Jul^^'t""' vvim„„ „„„.^' ' fr^-n the protection of nl". 
 
 •",c uiuain, the ^ip,,.„„, "■araed them nf.i ,' "•' ""d meana r.V » • " "" '"'"Hi wl 
 
 ^["ited States, ^nd llu , """-'"me natio,!°^n L '* '""nen«o adva ?1 ""J^y^fnt s'lpcrior t 
 
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 27« 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Re^nforcementa and Hupplien «t the River Raliln. 
 
 Defeat of X^)or Van Uorne at Browattawn. 
 
 Brush, 80 precious to the littlo army. Brush was unwilling to dsk those treasures 
 and his small force without an escort, and he appealed to Hull to send him a detaeh- 
 mont of men for that purpose. The general hesitated, and, when the Ohio colonels 
 joined in a reipiest that an escort should be sent, ho flatly refused compliance. At 
 length better counsels prevailed, and, after much persuasion, ho ordered Major Thom- 
 as H. Van Home, of Colonel Findlay's Ohio regiment, to proceed to the Raisin witli 
 a detachment of two hundred men from that corps, to join Brush, and aft'ord a safe 
 convoy for the cattle, provisions, and mail. The major obeyed with alacrity. He 
 crossed the Detroit with his command on the 4ih of August, and encamped that 
 night on the banks of the Ecorces Kiver, where ♦Jie soldiers slept on their amis. 
 Tljey resumed their march early on the following mornnig, A light fog veiled the 
 flat country along the borders of the river. The air was still and sultry. Four 
 spies, under Captain William M'CuUougli, preceded the troops, to watch for the en- 
 emy. They lost their way, and, while passing around a corn-field in bloom, tliev 
 were fired upon by a dozen Indians who lay in ambush there. M'Cullough fell from 
 his horse severely icounded, and, before the detachment could reach the spot, tlic 
 savages had scalped him and bore away his shining locks in triumph. His coimtrv 
 Avas thus bereaved of one of the bravest and most devoted of its defenders, and the 
 whole army sincereiy mourned a real loss. 
 
 The d(!tachment was moving very cautiously half an hour after this sad occiii- 
 rence, when it was joined by some mounted militia, and a few gentlemen who had 
 taken this opi)ortunity to travel in safety to the Raisin. These, with ]\[ajor Van 
 Home, stopped at the house of a Frencliman for water, and were informed by iiim 
 that several hundred Indians and British soldiers were Ij ing in ambush, near Browns- 
 town, for the purpose of intercepting the party. Van Ilorne had become accustoineil 
 to aiai-mists, and did not credit the story. He marched on in fancied security, his 
 
 front guard of twenty- 
 four men in two col- 
 umns, each column pre- 
 ceded by three dra- 
 goons, and the main 
 body in the same or 
 der. The mail, with a 
 mounted escort, was 
 placed in the centre. 
 Where the ground 
 would permit, the col- 
 umns marched a hund- 
 red yards apart. As 
 they approached 
 Brownstown the road 
 passed through a nar- 
 row prairie skirted with 
 thick woods, and a 
 creek on the right. 
 Tlie woods on the creek 
 came to a point toward 
 the town, through 
 
 THOMAS B. Vj^ UOBNK. 
 
 which the road passe,! 
 to the ford. On the 
 left were corn-fields ami 
 thickets of thorn biisli- 
 es ; and near the creek 
 the columns were com- 
 pelled to approacii eacli 
 other on account of i 
 narrowness of the wa 
 Just as they readied its 
 margin, and were en- 
 tering upon the open 
 ground around the vil- 
 lage, near the house of 
 Adam Brown, a heavy 
 firo, at only fifty yards' 
 distance, was openeil 
 upon them from hotli 
 sides by a large body of 
 Indians who lay in am- 
 bush in the thickets and 
 the woods. The attack 
 
 was sudden, sharp, and deadly, and the troops were thrown into confusion. Appre- 
 hensive that he might be surrounded, Major Van Home immediately ordered a re- 
 treat. This movement was conducted with much confusion. The Indians pursued, 
 and a ninning fight was kept up for a considerable distance, the retreating Americans 
 frequently turning upon the savage foe, and giving hira deadly volleys. The retreat 
 
 PerlboraSnpptj 
 
 continued to 
 
 followed abo 
 
 the Hntisli a 
 
 and disaffect: 
 
 written freely 
 
 seventeen kil 
 
 Hull was g 
 
 colonel.H urgci 
 
 liegged him t 
 
 tween Detroit 
 
 the suj)])lies ii 
 
 and no time a 
 
 men at once," 
 
 red men," wai 
 
 terprise was a 
 
 and his savairi 
 
 niinent peril. 
 
 The inutinoi 
 
 ed. There wfi 
 
 eral, and cause 
 
 was an agreen 
 
 sued for the ir 
 
 field ; for the s 
 
 officer at Sand v 
 
 and planks for 
 
 of the 8tli, by t 
 
 "all artificers, i 
 
 diately. 
 
 This order d 
 for energetic a- 
 summer's day w 
 eral east a clone 
 night tliat spee( 
 Detroit/— an or 
 iniment the inh 
 to take up arm 
 'liicnceofintellii 
 litia, and Indiani 
 lii'ock. 
 
 Hut Canada v 
 aiul thirty convf 
 li'ft " to hold pr 
 to the well-disp 
 ''wn stockaded, 
 ;;^(ling in Sam 
 
 ' For his gallnutry In 
 wHalaeTweuty-slxt 
 
 •Thebatrle-gronndv 
 
 Amoni; the killed w 
 
 'want Jacob Pentz, nn, 
 
 i"yofWar,,iatortSnn<I 
 
 'Tlil,lmlldliitMvn8e 
 '""noflSflfl. Itoccnnl 
 
 l^";'ni as Spring Wells 
 tJlnmns of smoke arc ri 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 277 
 
 m 
 
 pcrlte of a Hnpplf-trntii. Lund Complalnta aK»in«t Hall. Cheerinfc Ordorn. A grievouii Dirappolntment. 
 
 continued to the Eeorces, but the Indians, restrained by the pnident Teen mtha, only 
 followed about half that distance.' The mail was lost, and passed into the hands of 
 the Hiitisli authorities, by which most valuable information eonceniin:; the wer.knets 
 and disafiection of Hull's army was made manifest, for the officers and soldiers liad 
 written freely to their friends at hotne on the subjecf Tlie deiaciiment also lost 
 seventeen killed and several wounded, who wore left behind.^ 
 
 Hull was greatly disconcerted by the news of Van Home's repulse and loss. Ilis 
 colonelH urged the emph-yment of immediate and efficient measures for retrieval, and 
 lioiiireil liiin to send a sufficient force to overcome any obstacles likely to be met be- 
 tween Detroit and the Raisin, lirush was iti danger, and the army would soon need 
 tlie supplies in his charge. The way between the army and Ohio must be kept open, 
 and no time was to be lost in securing these imi)ortant ends. "Send five hundred 
 men at once," they said, "to escort Brush to Detroit." "I can spare only one hund- 
 red men," was the genei.d's disheartening reply. These were too few, and the en- 
 terprise was abandoned for the moment. Brush was left to the mercy of Tecumtha 
 and his savage followers, and the needed supplies for the army were placed in im- 
 minent peril. Indignation and alarm stirred the blood of the officers. 
 
 The mutinous spirit, of v.'hich Hull afterward Avrote, was now vehemently exhibit- 
 ed. There was plain and loud talk at head-quarters — talk which startled the gen- 
 crftl, and caused him to cull a council of field officers," the result of which ■ AntmeiT. 
 was an agreement to march immediately upon Maiden. Orders were is- '****• 
 stied for the medical and surgical departments to pn-pare for active duties in the 
 field; for the securing of boats at Detroit; for leaving the convalescents under an 
 officer at Sandwich, with means for crossing the river, if desired ; for a raft of timber 
 and planks for a bridge to be floated down the river ; for drawing, on the morning 
 of the 8th, by the whole army, cooked rations for three days ; and for the retuin of 
 "all artificei-8, and all men on any kind of extra duty," to their regiments imme- 
 diately. 
 
 This order diffused joy throughout the little army. Tliey believed that the hour 
 for energetic action had come. Every man was busy in preparation; and a long 
 summer's day was drawing to a close, when another order from the commanding gen- 
 eral cast a cloud of disappointment over the camp more sombre than the curtain of 
 night that speedily fell upon it. It was an order for the ai-my to reco'oss the river to 
 Detroit! — an order to abandon Canada, and leave to the vengeance of their own gov- 
 irnment the inhabitants who, confiding in Hull's promises of protection, had refused 
 to take up arms in defense of their invaded tcrntory. This order was in conse- 
 quence of intelligence just received that a considerajle force of British regulars, mi- 
 litia, and Indians were coming to attack the Americans in the rear, under General 
 lirock. 
 
 But Canada was not to be wholly abandoned. Major Denny, with one hundred 
 and thirty convalescents and a coi-ps of artillerists, under Lieutenant Anderson, Avas 
 left " to hold possession of that part of Canada, and aftbrd all possible protection 
 to the well-disposed inhabitants." A strong house, belonging to one Gowris, had 
 been stockaded, and called Fort Gowris. In this, and in a long stone building yet 
 standing in Sandwich,* which the American soldiers had used as barracks, the con- 
 
 ' For hi8 gallniitry In this campniprn, Miyjor Van Home, while n prisoner on pnrole, was promoted to Lieutenant Col- 
 onel In tae Twenty-slxth Regular Infantry, and was transferred to the Nineteenth in 1814.- Ho was disbanded In June, 
 
 1<15. 
 
 ' The battte-gronnd was about Ave miles below the present village of Trenton, In Michigan. 
 
 ' Among the killed were Captains William M'Culloi'gh, Robert Gilchrist, Henry Ulcry, and Jacob Boerstler ; Lieu- 
 tenant Jacob Pcntz, and Surgeons Edward Roby and Andrew Allison.— M'Afee, page T4. HnH's Letter to the Secre- 
 laryofWar, dated Sandwich, Angnst 7, 1812. 
 
 ' This bnllding was erected for a school In 1R07 or 180S. It was in a dilapidated state when I sketched it in ths nu- 
 liimn of 18(Mi. It occupies an open space In the village nf Sandwich. Several poor families occupied It, The place 
 known as Spring WeUs Is opposite, and indicated |p our little sketch by the bnlldlngs with tall chimneys, from whic>; 
 cjlumus of smoke are rising. These compose the copper smelting-works at Spring Wells. A long wharf on the Sand- 
 
 
 I! 
 
 ' I 
 
 .i;: 
 
,:mm 
 
 m 
 
 ii: ill 
 
 278 
 
 PICTORIAL F^ELD-BOOK 
 
 The Arm; racroMed to Detroit. 
 
 Expedition to Buccor the Sapply-tralu. 
 
 Colonel Miller and hl« iioi. 
 
 HABBAOKB AT HAMDWIOII. 
 
 valescents were placed, and Denny was ordered to defend the post to the last ex- 
 tremity against musketry, but to leave it in the event of artillery being brought 
 against it so powerfully as to make it untenable.' 
 
 Sullenly that humiliated army obeyed their overcautious commander, and (liirinij 
 • Augngt, the night of the 7th and morning of the 8th* they crossed the deep, dark 
 
 ^"*- rapidly-flowing river in sadness, and encamped upon the rolling plain be- 
 hind Fort Detroit. Hull's reason for this mortifying termination of his invasion of 
 Canada was the receipt of intelligence, as we have observed, that General Brock Mas 
 hasting toward Amherstburg with re-enforcements, and the necessity of securing a 
 permanent communication between his army and the sources of its supplies in the 
 Ohio settlements. He accordingly dispatched six hundred men, under Lieutenant 
 Colonel James Miller, on the afternoon of the 8th, to open a communication witli the 
 Raisin and escort Brush to Detroit. The detachment consisted of the Fourth Regi- 
 ment of regulars ; two small corps of the First Regiment, under Lieutenant Dixon 
 Stansbury and Ensign Robert A. M'Cabe ; detachments from the Ohio and Micliigan 
 volunteei-s — the latter, sixty in number, from the "Michigan Legion,"^ mostly French, 
 under Captain Antoine Doquindre ; a corps of Captain Dyson's artillerists, then sta- 
 tioned at the fort with a six-pounder, under Lieutenant John L. Eastman (who was 
 Miller's brigade major on this occasion), and a howitzer, under Lieutenant James 
 Daliba ; and a part of Captains Smith and Sloan's cavalry, under the latter. Majoi's 
 Van Home and Morrison were associated with Lieutenant Colonel Miller as field 
 officei"8. " Commodore" Brevoort, who was a captain of infantry, and appointed com- 
 mander of any government vessels that might be placed on the lakes, and Captain 
 A. F. Hull, the general's son, who was afterward killed at the Battle of Niagara Falls, 
 volunteered as aids to Lieutenant Colonel Miller.^ 
 
 The troops paraded on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, in Detroit, nearly op- 
 posite where the Exchange now stands. When placed in marching order, Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Miller rode up in front of them, and in his clear, loud voice, said to the 
 volunteers and militia, " Soldiers, we are now going to meet the enemy, and to btat 
 them. The reverse of the 6 th (Van Home's) must be repaired. The blood of our 
 brethren, spilt by the savages, must be avenged. I shall lead you. You shall not 
 disgrace yourselves nor me. Every man who shall leave the ranks or fall back with- 
 out orders will be instantly put to death. I charge the officers to execute this or- 
 der," Then, turning to the veteran Fourth Regiment of regulars, he said, " 51y 
 brave soldiers, you will add another victory to that of Tippecanoe — another laurel to 
 that gained on the Wabash last fall. If there is now any man in the ranks of the 
 detachment who fears to meet the enemy, let him fall out and stay behind." A loud 
 
 \vich Bide of the river is seen toward the right of the position. The British picketed this bnilding, and used it for bir- 
 racks in 1818. > M'Afee, page 77. 
 
 » This " Legion" had been organized daring the winter of 1811-'12, as a home guard against the Indians, who were 
 then mouacing the Mici<igan settlers. They were mustered into the volunteer service under the act of FcbninryC, 151S. 
 The " Legion" was composed of one company of dragoons, commanded by Captain Richard Smythe, and thrct compa- 
 nies of infantry, commanded respectively by Captains Antoine Deqnindre, Stephen Mack, and Hubert In Croix. 
 
 ' Hnll'B letter to the Secretary of War, August 13, 1812 ; Judge Wlthereil's paper on the Battle of Mouguagen, read 
 before the Michigan Historical Society in the spring of 180S. 
 
 Kircd toward th 
 
 I', 
 
 Mw 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 279 
 
 jltKi toward the Rililn. 
 
 Indian Bconta. 
 
 Brltlab and Indloo Force. 
 
 Wa)k-ln-the-W«ter. 
 
 hiiwa went up from the entire corps, and "I'U not stay! I'll iiot stay!" broke from 
 
 every lip.' 
 
 Miller led his detachment to the River Rouge that night, crossed it in two scows, 
 ami bivouacked on its southern shore. The march was resumed early in tho morn- 
 ing. Major Thompson Maxwell,* with the spies, led the way, followed by a vanguard 
 cf forty-men, under the high-souled Captain Snelling, of the Fourth Regulars. The 
 infantry marched in two columns, about two hundred yards apart. The cavalry kept 
 the road in the centre in double tile. Tho artillery followed, and flank-guards of 
 rifli'tiien marched at proper distances. In this order a line of battle might be in- 
 stantly formed. The march was very slow, owing to the difficulty of moving cannon 
 over marshy ground. 
 
 At about nine in the morning — a sultry Sabbath moniing — the sky overcast with 
 clouds, and not a leaf stirring upon the trees, \t became evident that an enemy was 
 near. Several Indians, fleet of foot, were seen flying in the distance. But nothing 
 of much interest occurred until, in the afternoon, they approached the Indian village 
 of Magui'ffa, fourteen miles below Detroit, where a man named White, who, with his 
 young V "companied the expedition as an amateur soldier, and in his eagerness 
 had ouist'';^ped the spies, was shot from his horse near the cabin of the chief Walk- 
 in-the-Water, behind which some Indians wei,^ concealed.^ Ho was scalped before 
 the advance-guard could reach the spot. 
 
 It was between three and four o'clock in the afternoon when Snelling and his men 
 reached the Oak Woods, near Maguaga. They had just entered % clearing, surround- 
 ed with an oak forest and thick bushes, near the bank of the DeU'oit River, when 
 they received a terrible volley from a line of British and Indians, the former under 
 Major Muir, of the Forty-first Regiment, and the latter under Tecumtha. This Avas 
 jTdetachment which Proctor had sent over from Fort Maiden, at Amherstburg, to 
 Brownstown, to repeat tho tragedy of the 5th (Van Home's defeat), cut off" commu- 
 nication between the Raisin and Detroit, and cajiture the stores in charge of Captain 
 Brush. The party consisted of about one hundred of the Forty-first Regiment, as 
 many Canadian militia, and between two and three hundred Indians. Among the 
 leaders of the latter were Tecumtha, Walk-in-the- Water, Lame-Hand, and Split-Log 
 —all chiefs of note. 
 
 The flying savages, seen by the Americans in the morning, and who had been scout- 
 ing for Muir, had entered the little British camp at Brownstown in hot haste, utter- 
 ing the peculiar news-cry, and warning the soldiers that the enemy, strong in num- 
 bers, was advancing upon them. The camp was immediately broken up, and Muir 
 and Tecumtha, with their followers, pressed forward to Maguaga, and formed an am- 
 bush in the Oak Woods. There they lay for several hours, awaiting the slowly-ap- 
 proaching Americans, and were joined by a fresh detachment from Maiden, under 
 Lieutenant Bullock, of the Forty-first Grenadiers, who had btcn sent by General 
 
 1 Jndge Wltherell. 
 
 ' Major Maxwell was well known in Detroit. He had been a BoUller in the French and Indian War, and was one of 
 the "urvivors of the battle at Bloody Bridge, juet abo.e Detroit, in " Poutiac's War." He was a brave soldier In the 
 ReTolutlon. He was with Wayne on his carapaigns, and followed Miller upon the heights at the battle of Niagara Falls 
 (Lr'ndv's Lane^ when he took the British battery on the crown. He died on the Hlvcr Bonge about the year 1S.')4.— 
 Mx Witherell. 
 
 ' Wiilk-in-tho-Water's residence at Magnaga was on the land afterward owned by Major Bidd^c, and on which he 
 built his farm-houses. Judge Witherell says, " I knew 1 Im well in my Imyhood. He was then a man past middle age, 
 with a line, commanding person, near six feet in helj'ht and well-proportioned, and as straight as an arrow. He was 
 mild and pleasant in his deportment." Tho chief was . 'lendly to the United States, and desired to join them at the 
 bf^innlng of tho war ; but the Instructions of his govcn ment not to employ savages and his own hnmane impnlses 
 would not allow Hull to accept his services. They were f.wn cxpoccd to the attacks of the British and their savage 
 allies; and as the United States could give them no protection, Walk-in-the-Watcr and his band of Wyandots joined 
 the BritiBh at Maiden . Their hands were in that servic -, but tho heart of the chief was not there. Walk-in-tho-Water 
 died abont the year 1S17. His totem or arms was a t' i-tU. 
 
 Walk-in-the-Water was a Huron, of the Wynndr t tribe. His Indian name was My-ee-rah, and he was among the 
 most active of the chiefs with Tecumtha in t i^ Wt, • of 1812. Far-he, or King Crane, the grand chief of the Wyandots, 
 resided at Sandusky. We shall meet Waik-in-the-A 'ater again, at the Kiver Raisin and the Thames. 
 
 5=gi|ii«iwiii:HSim.i. « 
 
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 1 I > 
 
 Ml 
 
 
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 m 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 1:.^^ 
 
280 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle of the Oak W<K)d«, or Magnaga. The BritlBh and their Kavage Allleg defeated. Appearance of the Savaecs 
 
 Brock from Fort George.' He had reached Mjikleu the previous day, and Avas w ., 
 over to assist Muir and liis savage allies. lie took with him twenty of his <rrxnu. 
 diers, twenty light infantry, and tAventy battalion-men. The Lidians occupi-'d the 
 left of the line.* 
 
 A single shot on the left of the foo, then the terrible yells of scores of savages, and 
 then a lieavy volley of musketry from the whole British line, were the first intima- 
 tion's given to Snelling of the presence of the concealed enemy. He received and re- 
 Umied the fire gallantly, and maintained his position until joined by the main body. 
 Miller's quick ear eavight the first sound of battle, and, ordering hiti men forward at 
 double (piick, lie rode at full speed toward the field of conflict. As his troops came 
 up and formed in battle order, he waved his sword aloft, and cried, " Charge ! boys 
 cbarge !"^ The order was instantly, gallantly, and effectually obeyed ; and, at the 
 same time, a six-pounder poured in a storm of grape-shot that made sad haA oc. A 
 body of Indians, that liad been detached to the left of the foe, and near the river, Ayas 
 driven back by an impetuous charge by Major Dequindre and his Michigan and Oliio 
 Volunteers,'' and fled. Tlreir white auxiliaries, who performed but little fightinj; in 
 this engagement, mistaking them for Indian allies of the Americans, fired upon tliem. 
 The savages returned it with si)irit, and for r. few moments these fr nd' in the same 
 service seemed determined to annihilate each other. 
 
 Tlie battle had now become general. This sudden blow '-pon the right wing, and 
 tlie c6rifu8i«in produced by the mistake just mentioned, iilarined the centre, and tlic 
 whole Britiih line, civilized and savage, Avave.'cd. Closely pressed in IV. t, and ex- 
 pecting an attack in the rear, the British regulars and Canadians broke and fled in 
 confusion, leaving Tecumtha and his savages to bear the brunt of the battle, which 
 they did with great) obstinacy.* Muir rallied his men, in a good position, a quarter 
 of a mile in rear of the battle-ground, when, becoming alarmed by firing in the woods 
 on the left, they retreated " at the double-quick," as Major Richardson said, gained 
 their boats as speedily as possible, and sped across the river to Maiden as fast as strong 
 arms and stout oars could take them. The savages finally broke and fled, and ]\niler 
 ordered Sloan to pursue them with his cavalry. That officer's courage seemed to 
 
 Kebuko uf a bee 
 
 
 
 if! 
 
 fi' 1 
 
 ' The entire BritiBh fore at Mongnaga, Including the Indians, has been dififerently estimated by different writers. It 
 was probably about equal to tha* of the Americaus. 
 
 ' Major Richardson, of the Forty-first, gives the following description of the appearance of the Indian warriors on the 
 march from Brownstown to Mongniiga: "No o'her sound than the measured step of the troops interrui)tcd the soli- 
 tude of the scene, rendered more imposing by the wild appearance of the warriors, whose bodies, stained i id pnlincd 
 In the most iVIghtful manner for the occasion, glided by us with almost noiseless velocity, wlth(mt order and •.vltlioiit « 
 chief; some painted wiiite, some black, others half black and half red, half black and half white ; all with their hair 
 plastered ii: such a way as to resemble the bristling quills of the porcupine, with no other covering than n cloth around 
 their loins, yet armed to the teeth with rifles, tomahawks, war-clubs, spears, bows and arrows, and scalping-knlvcs. i'l- 
 tering no sound, and intent on reaching tlic enemy unperceived, they might have passed for the spectres of those wilds 
 —the ruthless demons which war had unchained for the punishment and oppression of men." Major Richardson, per- 
 ceiving the necessity of r.n apology for betng found fighting Christian men side by side with these savage pagans as 
 brethren in arms, says, but without warrant, " The natives must have been our friends or our foes. Had we not em- 
 ployed them the Americans would ; and, although humanity must deplore the necessity imposed by the very invader 
 himself of counting them am<mg onr allies, and combating at their sides, the law of self-preservation was our guide, aud 
 scnipulous, indeed, must be the power that would have hesitated at snch a moment in Its choice."— Il'ar 0/I8I2. Firil 
 Series, containing a full and detailed Narrative of the Operation of the Right Dimmm of tite Canadian Army, by Mi\jor Rich- 
 ardson, K. S. F.— Pamphlet, page 52. 
 
 Anchinleck, withcmt the shadow of justification, says (page BB), that "every possible exertion was employed by ngente 
 of the United States government to detach the Indians from us, and to effect an alliance with them on the part otibt 
 States." Kvery honorable exertion was used by the United States to detach the Indians from the British huerest a„il 
 persuade them" to remain neutrat, but th b (-ovemment never consented to an alliance with the savages until the praclico 
 of the British made it necessary, as in the old struggle for independence, when Washington said "we must fight Indians 
 with Indians." 
 
 ' Miller was thrown from his hori-e. He was supposed to be shot, and the savages mshed forward to scalp lilm. 
 They were driven back, and in a few momints he rvas remounted.— .Judge WIthercli. M'Afee ciys he remained on foot 
 through the remainder of the battle, and that the most active part devolved upon Ma.|or8 Van (Icrr<! and Morrison. 
 
 * Among those who performed gallant service In this charge was Sergeant Nathan Champe. aon of Sergeant Champe, 
 famous in the Revolution as the one employed by Washington to seize Ani-^'.C In the city of New York. Llentenant 
 Oeorge .i'ohnston, who died at Orecn Bay in 1S50, commanded the Michigan Cavalry on this occasion, and was ailed 
 the Murat of that corps.— Judge Witherell. 
 
 5 For his services on this occasion Tecumtha was rewarded by the British government with the commission of a brig- 
 adier general. 
 
 i-tii. 
 
OF THE WAH OF 1812. 
 
 281 
 
 Rebuke of a heeltatiug -oldler. 
 
 Maguaga Dattle-groand. 
 
 The Wounded saved ftoin Capture. 
 
 UAtlUAUA UAni.K-UUllUNI).' 
 
 have been paralyzed for the 
 moment. He stood still. 
 The impetuous Snelling 
 jiprccived it, and, rushing 
 up to liim, peremptorily or- 
 ikTod him to dismount, 
 leaped upon the horse him- 
 sclt; and, at the head of his 
 troops, bareheaded (his hat 
 iiavinji been shot away in 
 the battle), his red hair 
 streaming in the wind, he 
 (lashed at\er the fugitives, 
 and pursued them more 
 than two miles, when the 
 (lanwr of an ambuscade, 
 the necessary care of the 
 wounded, and the approach 
 of nisjht, induced Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Miller to order 
 a suspension of the chase. 
 The rout and victoiy Avere 
 complete. According to 
 the British account, the 
 loss of their regulars was 
 twenty-four, only one of whom was killed.'* That of the militia and Indians were 
 never reported. Our troops tbund forty of the latter dead on the field. The loss of 
 the Americans was eighteen killed and fifty-seven wounded.' 
 
 Miller was anxious to follow up his advantage gained, and push on to the Raisin ; 
 and at sunset he dispatched a messenger to Hull reporting his success, and asking for 
 a supply of provisions. Hull ordered Colonel M'Arthur to take one hundred men of 
 his regiment, and six hundred rations, and go down the river in boats for the relief 
 of Miller. M'Arthur embarked at a little past two in the morning,* in nine • Anpnstio, 
 boats, and, under the cover of darkness and a drenching rain, he passed the ^"^^^ 
 Queen Charlotte and the Hunter, and reached his destination in safety. The wound- 
 od Mere immediately conveyed to the boats, but, in attempting to return by day- 
 littht, M'Arthur found himself intercepted by the British vessels. He hastened to 
 the shore, left the boats, conveyed the wounded through the woods to the road, and 
 sent them to Detroit in wagons, which, with proper forecast, he had ordered down, 
 liecause he anticipated this very difficulty. Colonel Cass had come down in the 
 mean time, and attempted to secure the boats, but before he reached the shore they 
 were seized by the British and lost. 
 
 Sliller was injured by the fall from his horse at the beginning of the battle, and was 
 so ill that he could not proceed toward the Raisin immediately. He sent to Hull 
 for more provisions. His messenger met Cass below the River Aux Ecorcei, and 
 
 ' This is from a pencil sketch made by an of.lcor of the United States Army in 1R16. Beyond the opening ont of the 
 Oult Woods, mentioned In the text, Is Heen the Detroit River, with Grosne Isle in the distance. The Indi:.n villayc near 
 which this battle was fought is spelled sometimes Maguaga, according to the orthography of the offlcial dispatches ; 
 JfrajCTiafW, according to Melllsh's Military Atlas, from which our map on page 280 was copied ; and Mongiiagon, accord- 
 Ini; ti) Judge Witherell and other local writers. I have adopted the orthography of the dispatches. The battle-ground 
 was at or near the present village of Trenton, In Michigan. 
 
 ' Hull's Letter to the Secretary of War, August 13, 1812 ; Major Richardson, quoted by Anchlnleck, pages 63 and 5* •, 
 M'Afce, pages 78 and 79 j Judge Wlthercll's Paper, read before the Michigan Historical Society In the Spring of 1867 ; 
 I'eiilcnant Colonel Miller to his Wife, August 27, 1812— Autograph Letter. 
 
 ' Mnjor a: iiir and Lieutenant Sutherland were the only British officers wounded. Tecumtha wm also slightly wound- 
 ed in the neck by a buck-shot. 
 
 t* 
 
 i I 
 
 t f 
 
/ 
 
 r . 
 
 
 j 
 
 :!lff 
 
 m\i 
 
 i i 
 
 ;1 
 
 ! I 
 
 ;u 
 
 I 
 
 r 1 
 
 mm* 
 
 282 
 
 ■v^m" 
 
 ^mm 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 DIsappointmeut of the Troops. 
 
 Uigpositlon to deprive Hull of Command. 
 
 The Brltlih before Detroit. 
 
 acqnair.tod liim with the delay. Cass knew tliat time was precious, for Proctor re- 
 lieved of all apprehensions of an attack ujjon IVIalden, would doubtless send ov(>r a 
 larger force of Europeans and savages to bar the way to the Raisin, and attack Hrush 
 there. He therefore cent this laconic disj)atch to Hull : "Siu, — Colonel Miller is Kick- 
 may I relieve him? — L. Cass." Receiving no reply, he returned to Detroit, meeting 
 on his way an express bearing to Miller positive orders for the whole detachment to 
 return to head-quarters. Thus another favorable moment for achieving great food 
 was lost by what seemed the timidity and instability of the commanding genorai. 
 Miller was oidy twenty-two miles from the Raisin. Dispirited in the extreme, he 
 and his troops left their camp at noon on the day after the battle, and made their 
 way slowly back to Detroit. 
 
 Hull's shortcomings were freely spoken of, and the belief was inculcated among 
 the troops that he was either traitorously inclined, or had become an imbecile. At 
 times he would be shut up in his room' for hours, inaccessible to all but his son, who 
 was bin aid-de-camp; at others he appeared abstracted and confused — "sullen in de- 
 portment, and wavering in his orders. "^ His incompetency to meet the crisis at hand 
 was felt by all, and his officers of every grade, after consultation, oame to the conclu- 
 sion that the salvation of the little army would only be found in depriving him of 
 the command and giving it to another.^ Lieutenant Colonel Miller was invited to 
 accept it. He declined, but expressed his willingness to unite with them in giving 
 the command to M'Arthur, the senior officer of the volunteers, and one of the most 
 vigilant and active soldiers in the army. J*, would be a bold step for subordinates 
 to strip a commanding general of his sword and epaulets while at the head of his 
 army, and, when they were ready to act, they naturally hesitated. Relief might 
 speedily come from Ohio. Governor Meigs, it was suggested, might accompany it 
 in person, and upon him the honor might properly be laid. Colonel Cass acted 
 • AuRHPtiz, promptly on this suggestion, and wrote* an energetic letter to the gov- 
 
 ^'*^''^' ernor, urging him to press forward with re-enforcements and supplies. 
 He informed him that the army had been reduced to a critical situation " from causes 
 not fit to be put on paper." He told him that the golden opportunity for success 
 had passed by, and mildly remarked that, unfortunately, the general and the princi- 
 pal officers could not view the situation and prospect of aifairs in the same light. 
 "That Maiden," he said, "might easily have been reduced, I have no doubt. . . . 
 But instead of looking back, we must now look forward. . . . Our supplies must 
 come from our state." He called for two thousand men at least, and added, " It is 
 the unanimous wish of the army that you should accompany them." 
 
 Before this letter was shown to the other officers a change in affairs had taken 
 place. The British were congregating in force at Sandwich, and, in view of this men- 
 ace, the following postscript was ad'ied to the letter : " Since the other side of this 
 letter was written, new circumstances have arisen. The British force is opposite, and 
 our situation has nearly reached its crisis. Believe all the bearer will tell you. 
 Believe it, however it may astonish you, as much as if told by one of us. Even a 
 c**** is talked of by the ***** The bearer will supply the vacancy.* On you wc 
 
 1 " In my boyhood," says Judge Witherell, "I knew him well. His appearance was venerable and digiiifled ; his heart 
 was the scat of l^indnesb ; he was unquestionably an honest man. TJie general had a n.ost excellent family. Mrs. 
 Hull, a portly, flne-looking woman, made It the principal business of her life to visit the sick and provide for tlic desti- 
 tute poor." ' M'Afee, page S2. 
 
 > Colonel Hatch says, "On a private conenltation on the 12th of August with those known to be the most active of 
 the subordinate officers and men of the volunteer regiments, it was decided to get up a Round Robin* (so callcii), ad- 
 dressed to the three colonels, requesting the arrest or displacement of the general ffgm his command, and vesting, by 
 common consent, the eldest colonel, M'Arthur, with all the powers incidental to chief command. 
 
 * " The donbtfiii fate of this letter rendered it necessary to use circumspection in its details, and therefore the blank! 
 were left. The word ' capitulation' will All the first, and ' commanding general' the other."— Colonel Cass to the Sec- 
 retary of War, Washington City, Septembe r 10, 1812. 
 
 • A phrase (rond mban) originally derived ftom a custom of the French officers, who, on sigrning a remonstrance or 
 petition to their enperiors, wrote their names in a circular form, so that it might be impossible to ascertain who lud 
 beaded the list. 
 
 raeunliry Aid 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 288 
 
 r«conl»ry Aid for Brock. 
 
 Be proceeds to Fort Maiden. 
 
 Coolbrence with IndUni. 
 
 depend." This was signed by CasB, Findlay, M'Arthur, Taylor, and Colond Elijah 
 Bnisii, of the Michigan militia. 
 
 General Brock joined Proctor at Amhersthurg or Maiden on the night of the 
 ISth." Relieved from civil duties on the 0th, he procured pecuniary aid .AjiRnBt, 
 from an association of gentlemen, and, with two hundred volunteers, he ''*'''• 
 sailed from York for Burlington Bay, at the west end of Lake Ontario. lie had been 
 called upon to repel a formidable invasion with few troops, and witho\it a money- 
 chest, provisions, blankets, or even shoes for the militia whom ho exj)ected to muster 
 into the 'service. Those gentlemen known as "The Niagara and Queenston Associ- 
 ation" supplied him with several thousand pounds sterling in the form of ban? -notes, 
 which were afterward redeemed v/ith army bills. He had sent forty of the Forty- 
 firet Uegimcnt to Long Point, on Lake Erie, to gather the militia there, and fifty more 
 of the same regiment were sent to the Lidians in the interior, to induce them to en- 
 gage in the expedition. On his way across the country he held a coun- 
 cil^ at the Mohawk settlement on the Grand River, and sixty warriors °^"' 
 promised to join him on the 10th. 
 
 With his few regulars and three hundred militia. Brock embarked in boats, bat* 
 teaux,and canoes (sup- 
 plied by the neighbor- 
 ing fanners) at Long 
 
 Point," a u d, 
 
 ' Angnot 8, ^ , 
 
 alter a rough 
 voyage of five days 
 and nights, nearly two 
 hundred miles in ex- 
 tent, he reached Am- 
 herstburg a little be- 
 fore midnight of the 
 13th. The patient en- 
 durance of his troops 
 (klightedhim. He was 
 welcomed by a feu de 
 joie of musketry from 
 Teoumtha and his band 
 on Buis Blanc Island, 
 before Amherstburg. 
 Half an hour after- 
 ward that warrior was 
 
 brought over by Colo- 
 nel Elliot, the Indian 
 agent whom we have 
 already spoken of (who 
 lived near Amherst- 
 burg), and Brock Avas 
 introduced to the great 
 chief of the Shawno- 
 ese.^ It being late, the 
 conference was snort, 
 and they parted with 
 the understanding that 
 a council would be call- 
 ed immediately. 
 
 Brock held a confer- 
 ence with the Indians 
 on the morning of the 
 1 4th. About one thou- 
 sand were present. The 
 general opened the in- 
 terview by informing 
 
 1 Coptain J. B. Olcgg, Brock's aid-de-camp, hes left on record tlie following description of Tecnmtha at that inter- 
 view: "Tecumieh's appearance was very prepossessing: his figure liglit, and finely proportioned ; ilia age I imagined 
 to lie about f. .e-imd-thirty [he was aI)out forty] ; \u height, five feet nine or ten inches ; his complexion light copper ; 
 countennnco oval, with bright hazel eyes, bearing cheer(\ilnes8, energy, and decision. Three small silver crosses or 
 
 coronets were suspended from the lower lartilagc of his nqalline nose, and 
 a large silver medallion of George the Third, which 1 believe his ancestor 
 had received from Lord Dorchester when Governor General of Canada, was 
 attached to a mixed-colored warapnm string and hung r"und his neck. His 
 dress consisted of n plain, neat uniform, tanned" deer-skin jacket, with long 
 trowsers of the same material, the seams of both being covered with neatly- 
 cut fringe, and he had on his feet leather moccasins, much ornamented with 
 work mode from the dyed quills of the porcupine." 
 
 The portrait of Tecuratha above given is from a pencil sketch try Pierre le Dm, mentioned in note 1, page 189. In 
 Ibis I have given only the head by Le Dm. The cap was red, the bond ornamented with colored porcupines' quills, and 
 m front was a single eagle's feather, black, with a white tip. The sketch of his dress (and the medal above described), 
 in which he appears as a brigadier general of the British army, is from a rough drawing which I saw in Montreal in the 
 .'nmmer of 1868, made at Maiden soon after the surrender of Detroit, where the Indians celebrated that ..vent by a grand 
 fei\«t It was only on gala occasions that Tecnmtha was seen in flill dress. The sketch did not pretend to give a trae 
 liliencss of the chief, and wa:< valuable only as a delineation of his costume. Prom the two we are enabled to give a 
 pretty faithful picture of the creat Sbawnoese warrior and statesman as he appeared in his best mood. When in frill 
 (itess he wore a cocked hat iinil plume, but would not give up his blno breech-cloth, ted legglns firinged with buckskin, 
 sod backskiu moccaains. 
 
 TEOUMTHA. 
 
 ^ .K 
 
 

 m 
 
 m' 
 
 VilBI 
 
 284 
 
 nsnoMpi 
 
 PICTOr.IAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Amneitjr oflfered and accepted. 
 
 Preparationa for attacking Detroit. 
 
 Its Snrrender prcdetemloed. 
 
 them that he had come to assist them in driving the Americans from Detroit and 
 their rightful liunting-grounds north of tlie Oliio. His speech was highly aj)pliiu(l((l 
 by Tecumtha, who replied in an elocpient and sagacious manner, and gave Brock a 
 higlkopinion of his genius.' Not deeming it j)rudent to reveal too much of his plan 
 of operations to the assembled savages, the latter invited Tecumtha, with a few old 
 chiefs, to Colonel Elliott's quarters, and there he laid the whole matter before tlu'ui. 
 The chiefs listened with great attention, and assured lirock that he should liave their 
 cordial co-operation. In reply to his question whether the warriors could be re- 
 strained from drinking whisky, Tecumtha re))lied that, before leaving their country 
 on the Wabash, they had i)romised liim that they would not taste a drop of the fire- 
 water until they had humbled the biff-knives — the Americans — and that they might 
 be relied on.'^ 
 
 Brock had issued a general order early in the morning of the 14th, in which he 
 calmed the fears of those inhabitants who had deserted from the British army, or liad 
 taken protections from Hull, by expressing his willingness to believe that their con- 
 duct proceeded more from their anxiety to get in their harvests than from " any pre- 
 dilection for the principles and government of the United States." This ingrnlous 
 offer of amnesty by implication was sent out upon the roads northward, and was ac- 
 cepted by the great body of the inhabitants, who were alarmed and exasperated l>v 
 Hull's desertion of them ; and when, en the same day, Brock marched from Maiden 
 to Sandwich, he passed through a country of friends. 
 • AuRust 11, Major Denny had already evacuated Fort Gowris,* and, with the con- 
 
 1S12. valescents and troops under his command, had crossed the river to De- 
 troit. The American camp at Sandwich and vicinity was immediately taken pos- 
 session of by British troops, under Captain Dixon, of the Uoyal Engineers (whcmi we 
 shall meet at Fort Stephenson), and a battery was planted so as to command Detroit. 
 The American artillerists begged permission to open upon them from the fort with 
 twenty-four pounders,^ but Hull would not grant it, and the enemy was allowed to 
 complete his preparations for reducing the fort without molestation. The brave 
 Captain Snelling asked pel-mission to go over in the night and take the works, hut 
 Hull would listen to no propositions of the kind. He seemed unwilling to injure or 
 exasperate the enemy. 
 
 That General Hull had determined to surrender Detroit, under certain contingen- 
 cies, rather than risk an engagement with, or a protracted siege by the British and 
 Indians, at least two or three days before that deed was accomplished, the careful 
 student of the history of that affair can not doubt. All of his movements indicate 
 this, according to the positive testimony given by M'Afee, and of Colonel Stanley 
 Hatch's narrative, already cited. Hatch was Hull's assistant qnartennaster general. 
 Hull seemed convinced that, under all the circumstances, the post would be untenahle 
 against such a force as the enemy might bring to bear upon it, unless his communi- 
 cation with Ohio might be kept up. Dearborn had failed to make any diversions in 
 his favor on the Niagara or at Kingston, as he had been directed to do.* His com- 
 munication with Ohio (his only source of supply), lyhig beyond a trackless wilder- 
 
 > Brock wrote of Tccnmthn as follows : " A more eagacions or a more gallant warrior does not, 1 beHeve, exist. He 
 was the admiration of every one who conversed with him. From a life of dissipation he has not only become, In evpry 
 respect, abstemious, but he has IlkewlL;e prevoiled on all his native, and many of the other tribes, to follow his ex- 
 ample." " Tapper's Life of Brock, paj;c t». 
 
 ' The execution of heavy giius at long distances at that time was feeble when compared to that of the rifled cannon 
 and conical balls used at the present day. In the year 1812, the late Ichabod Price, of New York (who died in that city 
 on the 1st of March, 1862, at the age of eighty-one years), suggested to the War Department both rifled cannon and con- 
 ical balls. He was then a sergeant of an artillery corps of tlie State of New York, who volimteered for the defense of 
 the state. The department would not listen to Price's proposition ; but his genius was so well attested in the presence 
 of President Madison that be commissioned htm a lieutenant in the regular army of the United States. 
 
 * Letter of the Secretary of Wor to Qeueral Dearborn, Aagnst 1, 1812. Of the position of affaire on the Ningnra front- 
 ier at this time much will be said hereafter. Suffice it to say now that Qcneral Dearborn agreed to a conditiounl nr- 
 mistice ^vith Sir Oeorge Prerost, an arrangement which the government of the United States subsequently repudiated. 
 
 Hi 'I deceived 
 
 noss two h 
 ing too soi 
 from Proof 
 from that i 
 a|)|iointmer 
 old ,'ige, ma 
 at 3Iahlen 1 
 kiMw that i 
 the militia ( 
 Ho was too 
 tioiis of thit 
 inated by th 
 of another n 
 uniphed ovei 
 sistance of a 
 mayed antag 
 On the lit 
 sufficient det; 
 directing Jiim 
 attempt a for 
 with Colonel . 
 evening of th< 
 to escort Bru! 
 Cas.s, Avho not 
 permitted to ( 
 3rArthur, as 8( 
 without a suffi 
 et» for repose i 
 between the lli 
 remonstrated b 
 • promised to sei 
 al with him to 
 provisions recei 
 The detachmt 
 ing," and the nc 
 head waters of 
 tangled in a sw 
 tigued by their i 
 when, just as tin 
 nions from Hull i 
 
 'I was informed by tl 
 m de British army In < 
 W8 cnusldorable, and tl 
 
 lions, was Intercepted, a 
 flown upon his rear, whi 
 
 » I visited the Long Pr 
 «s Informed, from the I 
 nelghoorhood were dres. 
 raw recruits were mixed 
 
 »a« deceived into the bel 
 «e soon won ,^g 
 
 'hfromAmherstburg: 
 ftlls, take his place. As 
 "jcnmstancetoshowhov 
 
 Hul'sjfr,^,.^^^^^ 
 
 'teller of Colonel Cass 
 
OF THE WAK OF 18 12. 
 
 28S 
 
 III 'I deceived by M»e Keporta nud Appearancef. 
 
 Ktcort Rent for Bruiih. 
 
 lu Fate. 
 
 iiess two hundred miles away, was cut off. His provisions, lie thought, were becom- 
 iiii' too scarce to warrant the risk of a I'rotractcd siege, and an intercepted letter 
 from Procfor to Roberts at Mackinack tiireatened a descent of live thousand Indians 
 from that region. Ilenmied in on every side, and his force- wasting Avith disease, dis- 
 appointnu'Ut, and death, his kindness of heart, and the growing caution incii' it to 
 ol(l age, made him timid and fearful. He diil not know that the letter from 1 octor 
 at Maiden had been sent for the purpose of interception to alarm him.' He did not 
 know that a large portion of Brock's troops, reported to him as regulars, were only 
 till- militia of Long Point and vicinity, dressed in scarlet uniforms to deceive him.^ 
 IL' was too honest (whatever may be said of his military sagacity) to suspect decep- 
 tions of this kind, and he sincerely believed that his little army would bo exterm- 
 inated by the savages should he exasperate them by shedding their blood. " A man 
 of another mould, full of resolution and resource," says Ingersoll, " might have tri- 
 umplied over the time-serving negligence of his own government, and the bold re- 
 sistance of an enemy who could not fail to perceive that he had a feeble and dis- 
 mayed antagonist to deal with."' 
 
 On the 14th General Hull sent a message to Captain Brush informing him that a 
 gufficient detachment to escort him to head-quarters could not then be spared, and 
 directing him to remain where he was until farther orders, or, if ho thought best, to 
 attempt a forward movement by a circuitous and more inland route, after •suiting 
 with Colonel Anderson and Captain Jobard, the bearers of the letter. ' ^Toward the 
 evening of the same day, he changed his mind, and concluded to send a detaclwnent 
 to escort Brush to Detroit. ^ He communicated his plan to Colonels M'Ai-thur and 
 Cass, who not only approved of it, but volunteered to perform the duty, ^hey were 
 permitted to choose three hundred and fifty men from their respective regimentb. , 
 jr Arthur, as senior officer, took the command ; and they left in haste in the e^^ening 
 without a sufficient supply o*^ provisions for a protracted absence, or even of blank- 
 ci» for repose in resting, for they were assured that they would doubtless meet Brush 
 between the Rouge and Huron, and not more than twelve miles distant. When they 
 remonstrated because they were dispatched with a scanty supply of provisions, Hull 
 , promised to send more after them on pack-horses. But Brush's orders left it option- 
 al with him to remain or move forward. He was not found on the way, nor were 
 provisions received from Hull as promised. 
 
 The detachment under M'Arthur and Cass crossed the Rouge that even- • August 14, 
 ing," and the next day pushed forward by a circuitous route toward the *'^**' 
 head waters of the Huron, twenty-four miles from Detroit, when they became en- 
 tangled in a swamp, and could proceed no farther. Half famished and greatly fa- 
 tigued by their march through the forest, they had prepared to bivouac for the night, 
 when, just as the evening twilight was fading away, a courier arrived with a sum- 
 mons from Hull to return immediately to Detroit.* The order was obeyed, and they 
 
 1 1 was inrortned by the venernble Robert Reynolds, of Amherstbnrg, who was a deputy assistant coramtssnry general 
 in the British army In Canada dnrlng the war, that Proctor sent a letter to Cnj/tain Roberts telling him that his force 
 was considerable, and that he need not send down more than five thousand Indians. This letter, according to instruc- 
 tiong, was intercepted, and placed in the hands of Hull, who had visions immediately of an overwhelming force coming 
 dowB upon his rear, while a superior army should attaclt him in fi'ont. 
 
 ' I visited the Long Point region at NorwichviUe in the autumn of ISCO, where early settlers were yet living. There I 
 was Informed, ftom the lips of Adam Yelgh, of Bnrford, who was one of the volunteers, that all of the recruits ttom hig 
 neighborhood were dressed in scarlet uniform at the public expense. When they approached Sandwich he said these 
 raw recruits were mixed with the regulars, each volunteer being placed between two regulars. By this stratagem Hall 
 mw deceived into the belief that a large British force was mnrcliing against him. Yeigh was an energetic young man, 
 and soon won the confidence of Brock, who gave him the following directions on the day that they marched upon Sand- 
 wich IVom Amherstburg : If your lieutenant falls, take his place : if your captain falls, take his place ; if your colonel 
 falls, hike his place. As no blood was shed on the occasion, and nobody fell, Yelgh failed of promotion. He cited this 
 circnmstance to show how nearly he came to being a Britisli colonel. 
 
 > HMorinil Sketehe* qf the Second War, etc., 1., 81. 
 
 < Hull's Memoir oif 1M Campaisfn i\f 1812, page 73. 
 
 ' l.etter of Colonel Cass to the Secretary of War, September 10, 1812. 
 
 
 i 
 
in 
 
 '11 
 
 li! 
 
 
 (1 
 
 1 ' i ; I cf 
 
 111 ill ^ 
 
 m 1^ 
 
 is :| 
 
 286 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dtuuuid tot tb« Bnmnder of Detroit. 
 
 Tb« Oarrlioii tbrMtaned with Mmmck. 
 
 Th« Demand rarii>«<|. 
 
 M 
 
 tan- 
 
 111 
 
 approachod )i(>it(l-<itiartcrs tho next day at about ten o'clock i i the morning, 
 wliilo artairs at Detroit had readied a eriwiH. 
 
 On the morning of the ITith of AnguHt, (loneral Hull pitched hin marquee in tho 
 centre of hiH camp, near the fort. It wau the HrHt time Hincc the 4th of .Inly that it 
 had made its a)>pearanee, and nineh attention and rema<'k waH elicited by it, < Hpcciiij- 
 ly heeauHc itH top was ornamented with red and bhie HtripeH, which made it coiiHiiic. 
 W0U9 among the tents.' The Ih'itiuh iiad been in coimidera'de force on the ojjpositc 
 shore Mince tlie l'M\\, and liad been j)ermitted to throw uj) intrenchnuMitH, and to plant 
 a baMiiy for two eigiilcon-pounchTH and an eiglit-inch howitzer in a position to com- 
 mand the town and fort, notwithstanding the latter wan armed with twenty-eij^ht 
 pieces of heavy ordnance, whicli the artillerists were anxious to use in drivini,' the 
 enemy from his works. When hi.s preparations for attack were comi»let« 1, (n-ncral 
 Brook, at little past meridian on the Ifith, sent Lieutenant Colonel M'DontU and^Iu- 
 jor Olcgg from Sandwich, with a flag, to bear to General Hull a fuimm.mH for tlii' 
 unconditional surrender of the post. "Tiic force at my disposal," said Jirock, "au- 
 thorizes me to require of you the surrender of Detroit. It is far from my inclination 
 to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the nimierous bodydf 
 Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will bo beyond my control the 
 moment tho contest commences."* 
 
 This covert threat of letting loose the blood-thirsty savages upon tho town and 
 garrison of Detroit deeply impressed the comnninding general with contending emo- 
 tions. His pride of character, and his patriotism, for which all venerated him, hmh 
 him figlit ; his fear of the consequences to the army and the inhabitants under liis 
 charge bade him surrender. His whole eflectivc force then at liis disposal did net 
 exceed one thousand men,' and the fort was thronged with trembling women, and 
 children, and decrepit old men of the town and surrounding countiy, who had fled 
 tliither to escaj)o the blow of the tomahawk and the keen blade of the scalping-knil'e. 
 For full two hours he kept the flag waiting while revolving in his mind what to do. 
 His troops wera confident in their ability to successfully confront the enemy, and 
 were eager to measure strength with him; and at length Hull mustered resolution 
 Buflicient to say to Brock, " I have no other reply to make than to inform you that I 
 am ready to meet any force which may be at yotir disposal, and any consequencos 
 which may result from its execution in any way you may think proper to use it." 
 He added, apologetically, that a certain flag of truce, sent to Maiden at about the 
 time Colonel Cass fell upon the British and Indians at the Aux Canards, proceeded 
 contrary to his orders; and that the destruction of Gowris's house at Sandwich was 
 also contrary to his orders.* 
 
 Hull's response to Brock, when made known, was welcomed by the troops with the 
 most liv(dy satisfaction ; and when the flag touched the Canada shore, the bearere 
 were staitled by a loud huzza from the fort at Detroit and the adjacent camp. The 
 time for trial, and, as Hull's little army believed, of victory for them, was at hand, and 
 the most active preparations to meet the foe was seen on every side. Major Jcsup 
 rode dow u to Spring Wells to reconnoitre the onemy at Sandwich. He was satisfied, 
 from the position which the Queen Charlotte had taken, that the British intended to 
 land ai tliat place under cover of her guns. Having selected a commanding point 
 for a battery from which that vessel might possibly be driven away, he hastened 
 back to head-quarters, and requested Hull to send down a twenty-pounder for the 
 puqjose. Hull refused. Jesup returned to Sjjring Wells, where he found Captain 
 
 1 M'Afee, page 86. a Brock to Hull, dated Sandwich, Angnst 15, 1812. 
 
 ' Hull, In hlB report to the Secretary of War, Augmt 26, 1S12, said It " did not exceed eight hundred men." Colonel 
 Can, In a letter to the mme Cabinet minister, on the Iftth orSeptemher, said that the momlDg report of the 15tb " made 
 onr effectWe men present fit for dnty 1060." Mnior Jesup estimated them nt 980. 
 
 « When Major Denny evacuated Fort Qowrls he set Are to the picket and other works used for strengthening It, when 
 the flames accidentally seized the house and destroyed it. 
 
OF THE VVAIl OF 1812. 
 
 287 
 
 BombinlmtntonrortDrtroU. 
 
 ItrltUh «nd In<l!ut croii the Klver. 
 
 They moT« agnlnit Uu. Fori. 
 
 Siit'll'"Ki w"^^' "* ^^'^ ""'" "^'"^ " Hix-pounder, oo<Mipyiiii( tl»> pliico ho iiiul Hclcctt'd for 
 liJH buttery. Tlii'y jKTtviv.'d tiii. t tin* ^^roiiter juirt ot'tlu' J5i ilJHli fon'o.s wt-rc iit SuikI- 
 ^'ii'li and bot!i liUHtenod to lu-ti l-<|iiarti>rM. Jchii|) now aHktMl for oiio luindrcd mid 
 fifty iiH'ii to K" "^■*''' "'"' •♦p^ko t!u ciu'iny'H guns oppoMito Detroit. Hull said he eould 
 not spiire ho niiiny. "(Jive mo one hundred, then," Hiiid llie hnive Jewup. "Only 
 one hundred," wild SnelHng. iniph rhigly. " 1 will think of it," wuh llulPs reply; and 
 so(m iiHerwiird he c,.t»k refuge in tiui fort, for iit four o'eloek in the afternoon tlie 
 IJrilicli buttery of five g\inH opposite, under t)ie direction of t'uptain Dixon, of the 
 Koyiil EngineerH, opened upon the town, the fort, and the eanip, with Hhot and shell. 
 AH the troojJH, except Findlay's rei^inient, which was Ht:itioned three hundred yards 
 northwest oi'tho fort, wero ordoretl witlii-i the walls, crowding the work tin beyond 
 iU capacity.^ 
 
 The Hritisl'. kept up their cannonade and bombardment nntil toward n\idnight.* 
 Tiie lire was returned with great spirit, and two of ihe enemy's guns were silenced 
 ;iiul disabled.' At evening twiliglt it was suggested to Hull that as tlie fort diil 
 not command the river, a strong buttery might be placed near the margin of the 
 stream, so as to destroy the enemy as liist as they should attemj)t to land. An 
 clisjihle point for the purpose, in the direction of Spring Wells, was selected, but the 
 oeiieral, whose mind seemed to have been bcnuml)ed from the moment the enemy's 
 battery was opened, would listen to no suggestions of the kind; and when that ene- 
 my, in full force, crossed the river during the early morning of the 10th — a calm and 
 beautiful Sabbath morning — completing the passage in the nnuin twilight, they 
 wiTC allowed to land witliout the least molestation from ball or bu'let. Colonels 
 Elliott and M'Kee, with Tecumtha, had crossed during tlie night two miles be- 
 low, with six hundred Indians, and taken position in the woods to attack the 
 Americans on flank and rear, should they attempt to dispute the debarkation of the 
 rcifulars and militia, who numbered seven hundred and seventy men, with live pieces 
 of light artillery.* When all had 1 reakfasted, the invaders moved toward the fort; 
 the white troops in a single column, their left flank covered by the Indians, who kopt 
 ill the woods a mile and a half distant. Their right rested on the Detroit River, and 
 was covered by th" guns of tjie Queen Charlotte. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Miller, with the 4th Regiment, was now in ,o fort; and the 
 Ohio Volunteers and part of the Michigan militia were jiosted behind the town pali- 
 eailes, so as to annoy the enemy's whole left flank. The remainder of the militia 
 were stationed in the upper part of the town, to resist the incursions of the Indians, 
 
 I nittorical Sketches of the late War, by John Lewis Thomson, page 30. 
 
 ' Durhig the evening a larj^c shell was thrown from a battery opposite where Woodward Avenue now is. It passed 
 over the present Jefferson Avenue, then the principal street of the town, and fell upon the roof of Aufjustus Langdon, 
 irhlcli stood on what is now the southerly c • of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street. Coming down through 
 Ihe bonne, which was two stories in l.cight, it i upon a table around which the family were seated, and went through 
 to tlie cellar. The family had just time to flee im tiie house, when the shell exploded, almost wrecking the building. 
 -Mije WilherfU. , 
 
 ' Tlie battery that did the greatest execution was placed, according to Judge WItherell, in the rear of the spot where 
 tbe'Jnlted States Court-house now stands. It was commanded by tieutenant Dullba, of Dyson s Artillery Corps. He 
 wu a brave soldier. Daring the cannonade ho stood in the ramparts, and when he saw the smoke or flash of the enc- 
 my'i cannon, he would call (jut to his men "Down 1" when they would drop behind the parapet until the shot had struck. 
 k large pear-tree stood near the battery and was somewhat in the way. Colonel Mack, of the Michigan militia, or- 
 dered a young volunteer named John Miller to cnt it down. John obeyed with alacrity Seizing an axe, he hewed 
 ma; diligently until be had about half severed the trunk, when a cannon bail fi-om the enemy cut away nearly all of 
 the remainder. The young man coolly turned toward the enemy and called ont, " Send us another, John Bull : you can 
 cil faster than I can." 
 
 It ig related that a negro was seen, on the morning of the lAth. when the shot were striking thick and fast around the 
 tiirt, behind a chimney on the roof of one of the barracks in the fort. lie watched the smoke of the cannon across the 
 tiier, and would then dodge behind the chimney. At length an eight-pound ball struck the chimney Just over his head, 
 iemollehed it, and coverea the skulker with brick and mortar. Clearing himself from the rubbish, and scratching his 
 woollf bead, he exclaimed, " What de debble you doin up dar I" He fled to a saflsr place. 
 
 i ■ According to Brock's official account, the number of troops which he marched against the fort was a little over thir- 
 I Iten hnndrcd, as follows ; 30 artillery ; 200 of the 4l8t Regiment ; 50 Royal Newfoundland Regiment : 400 militia, and 
 
 iboat 600 Indians. His artillery consisted of three 6-pounders and two 3-poundera.— Tapper's Life of Brock, page 260. 
 I Tie number of Indians was probably greater than here stated, as 1000 warriors attended a cooucil a few days before. 
 
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 288 
 
 PlCTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Ilttll'ii Troopn rimtrnincd ttnm Action. 
 
 All ordered Into tbo Fort. 
 
 8ceue« within the Port. 
 
 whoHQ chiof motive in joining the Ih'itiHh Htandanl wa» plunder, and tlio free and safe 
 indulufenco of their foroeity. Two twenty-tbur-j)()uiitierH had Ix-en placed in brttlcry 
 on ill) eniinenee from which they couki sweep the advaiif ing eoliimn.' Tiie Anu'iiciin 
 force was eoiiKiderabiy k>ss tiian tiiat of the Britisli, white and red eombinvil, but 
 tlieir position was nmeh Huperior. They had four iiundred rounds of twemv-four. 
 pound nliot fixed ; about one hundred tiiouwtnd eartridgen prepared ; ample provisions 
 ibr tilU'en diiyw and more approaehing, and no lack of arms and hume animunition.''! 
 
 The invaders advanced cautiously, and had reached a point within live lunuliod 
 yards of the American line, near the site of (Jovernor VVoodl)ri<lge's residence, ul tiiu 
 crossing of the (\Mitral Railroad, when General Hull sent a ))eremptory onlr for his 
 soldiers to retreat into tlie fort. The troops v«'ero nstounded and bewildered. Con- 
 iidi'iit in their ability to repulse and ]<robably ca])ture the invaders, they were vai^Qv 
 for the order to liegin the contest. "Not a sign of discontent broke ii])oii the oar- 
 not a look of cowardice met the eye. Every man expected a proud day for his coun- 
 try, and each was anxious that his individual exertion should contribute to the gciicriil 
 result.'"^ Like true sildiei-s they obeyed, but not witiiout loud and fearless expression 
 of their indignation, ami their C(mtemptfor the coinniandiiig general. Many of them 
 high-spirited yt>ung men from the best families in Ohio, showed syinpioins of positive 
 mutiny at first ; and the twenly-four-])oiinder would have j)oured a ilestructive stoini 
 of grape-shot upmi the advancing column, notwithstanding the humiliating order, had 
 hot Lieutenant Anderson, who commanded the guns, acting under the general's di- 
 rection, forcibly restrained them, lie was anxious to reserve liis fire untii the a|i- 
 proachiiig column should be in the best j)osition to receive the most destructive 
 volleys. The guns were heavily chr.rgeil with grape-sliot, and would have wnt 
 terrible messengers to many of the "red-coats," as the scarlet-dressed British weiv 
 generally termed. The eager artillerists were about to apply' the niatch too soon, 
 when Anderson sprang forward, with drawn sword, and thruatem;d to out down the 
 first man who should disobey his on ers. 
 
 The infuriated soldiers entered the already over-crowded fort, vhile the enemy, 
 afler reconnoitring the fort und discovering tlie weakness of the fortification on the 
 land si le, prepared to storm it. Hut, before they could form for the purpose, the oc- 
 casion iiad ceased. The fire from the battery on the Canada shore, kept up slowly 
 since dawn, had become very vigorous. I']) to this time no casualty had resulted 
 from it witliM. the fort. Now a ball came bounding over the fort wall, dealing death 
 in its passage. A group standing at the door of cme of tlie ofticers' quarters were 
 almost annihilati'd. Captain Hancks, of Mackinaw, Lieutenant Sibley, and Dr. Rey- 
 nolds, who accoin])anied lluirs invalids from the Maumee to Detroit, were iimtaiuly 
 killed, and Dr. Blood wr..: severely winnided. Two other soldiers were killed almost 
 immediately afterward by another bail; ai\d still two others on the outside of the 
 fort were slain. 
 
 Many women and cliildrcn were in the Iiousp where the ofKeers were slain. Among 
 them were Genc'-al Hull's daughter and her children. Some of the v.-omen were j.ot- 
 rifled with affriglit, and were carried senseless to the bomb-proof vault for safety. 
 Several of them were bespattered with blood; and the general, who sav; the effects 
 of the ball from a distance, knew not whether his own child was slain or not. These 
 casualties, tlic precui-sors of future calamities, almost unmanned him, and he paced 
 the parude backward and forward in the most anxious frame of mind. At that mo 
 ment an officer from the Michigan militia in the town, who had observed the steady 
 approach of the enemy without a gun being fired from the fort or the twenty-four 
 
 ' This WHS In .TelTerson Avenue, in front of the C'sbd farm, before the hill was cU down. The elevation was then aliont 
 the same as It Is lowat the Intersection of Wtioiiward Avenae. These giins were placed there by Mcntcniint Andersoo, 
 of the United Slates Kniflneera. Althoufih the landlnif-placu of the enemy at Sprinf; Wells was about three milts olTf 
 Aadcraou o|)eued npon the foe while they were crosslm;, but wlthont dolDg much damage. 
 
 » Colonel Care to the Secretary of War, September 10th, 18H. ' The same to the eome- 
 
 DgrrtuderofDetrul 
 
 pounders outs 
 cral to allow t 
 ish and Indian 
 |)ly, Imt, stej)pi 
 to liiK son, ('aj: 
 the Willis of th( 
 n» (> me. Th 
 [lectcdly seen 
 ;i boat, with a 
 shore. 
 
 Captain Ifiil) 
 
 Lieutenant (^ol 
 
 negotiate the ti 
 
 ful suspicions ; 
 
 lison. Hull ha( 
 
 render.' His a^ 
 
 Not a shot had 
 
 inade. For a m 
 
 dier of the Itevr 
 
 his incensed peo 
 
 disappointment. 
 
 The terms of 
 
 sued a general o 
 
 to the North »vee 
 
 to auicles of ea 
 
 ' "Leonard IlarrlBoii 
 ilandlii); near (Joloniil i 
 Undliiy finid, ' Colonel 
 Fiiidlay f nni a soldier 
 imy lie would obey lili 
 oflhom would luive Ink 
 Miller's true soldierly 
 bcvfroloc(iiiceriilii({ lli 
 «(terl, wlUi six huudiT 
 took Fort Detroit, mul i 
 liuin KoliiR on below i 
 "Valiistiisisyotunknc 
 «l it. But Ocncrul Hi 
 Braih and I miule the b 
 ' The white " ttnn" « 
 ment, by order of Oeiiei 
 ' In his iMspntch to I 
 wll know the IiIkIi ros| 
 Mil a fiill conviction of 
 lifTond any former exni 
 Eumpe do !s not furnlsli 
 brave an IgBllniit omicr 
 l*iidod and the baydiiot 
 kncwitwna imposslb;,. 
 bm been fHrnishcd wit 
 iwk-horses, ihronuh a i 
 little army, worn down l 
 raliectal force of all ihc 
 lion consists of more thi 
 o'the regnlar forces of | 
 among the Indians, w:,!,, 
 Afler alludluR to Coloi 
 Piaradurinfjtheearapaii 
 sti should be dlsapprov 
 J«%atlonofhl8condu 
 ■ ™ll«oflhe brave me 
 ' It was stipulated tha 
 "at..'MlohipinTorritor 
 l^liPoommuudofCaptai 
 "I'll, iwhuled In the car 
 iliatlney should return! 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 2H9 
 
 gorrtmieroflJotrolt. 
 
 Indignation of the Troop*. 
 
 Hull Bii^w.-naii all Rfliiponttblltty. 
 
 pounder 
 
 LTS outside, cam« in haato to inquire whether it wivh tlie intention of the gon- 
 orul to uUow thut b(<(ly iih)iie to deiciid tlie placv ; aluu to iiiiorm hiiii tliat tlie lirit- 
 ishaud Indians were at tlu) tan-yard, clocc upon tiio town. Th», general inado no re- 
 ply, lmt,8to|>iting into a room in tlie barrickH, he pr(!j»arod a note iiastily, lianded it 
 10 liJK rton, C'aptain Hull, and directed him to diHplay a whitt flag immediately I'roni 
 tlio wallH of the fort,' where it might he Keen by Caj)tain Dixon ov(m- the river.- This 
 was (iwe. The liring hooii ceaHed, and in a <vw minuteH C'aptaiii Hull was " luusx- 
 ni'ctedly Heen emerging from the fort"^ with a flag of truce. At the Hame time, 
 iibout, with a Hag, was diMputchud to the commander of the battery on the Canada 
 shore. 
 
 Captain Ifull bore proposals for an immediate capitulation. He noon retui'iUMJ with 
 Limitenar.t C'olonel M'Doiiell and Major (Jlegg, who were authoriwd by liro'^k to 
 iK'gotiute the teriuH of Hurrender. The; white Hag upon the walls iiad awakeiuid pain- 
 liil Hiispieions ; the arrival of tiicnc officer>' announced the virtual betrayal of the gar- 
 rison. Hull had asked no man's advice, nor suggested to an^ the possibility of a sur- 
 render.* His act was quick, and as unexpected as a thinulerbolt from a (;lear sky. 
 Not a shot had been lired upon the emuny — not an effort to stay Ids course had been 
 iiiiulo. For a moment nothing hut reverence for gray hairSj and veneration for a sol- 
 dier of the Revolution, saved the commander from ))eisonal violence at tlie hands of 
 his incensed people. Many of the soldiers, it is said, shed tears of mortification and 
 diMppointment, 
 
 The terms of capitulation wore soon agreed to,* and the American commander is- 
 sued a general order saying that it was " with pain and anxiety" that lu! announced 
 to the North \vest Army that he had been compelled, from a sen.ie of duty, to agree 
 to ftuides of capitulation. M'hicli were appended to the averment. He tlien sent a 
 
 > " Leonard Ilarrion, iif Dearborn, told lao that Hoon nttcr n will e Unit whh luilHled nt the fort ho hap|>«ned to be 
 Minding near Ooluiiol Findlay, of the Ohio VohiiitccrH, and Li«utcnai\t Ooloiivl Mllltir, of thu Fourth Infantry. Colonel 
 Vlmlliiy said, ' Coloiiol Mlllur, the giiiicral tulks of u aiirrouder ; let ut put hlin under nrreBt." Miller rejilled, ' Colonel 
 Fiiidln.v I am u soldier ; I (shall obey my .'•upcrior ofHrcr,' Intimating that if Fiudlay would aeiumo the command of the 
 arm; \\« would obey him. U d the eterii old M'Arthnr, or the younger and moru impetuous Cass been priiiient, either 
 ottliom would have taken the reaponslbllity."— Jim/i/o U'ltherett. 
 
 MIller'K true" ooUllerly ipialitleH of obedience and ucquio'iccnco la aaown lu the carcftil manner In which, to hli wife, 
 hewnito conremluK tlie nurronder, from his prison at Fort Oeorgc, on the '27th day of Auguat, 1H12. " Only one week 
 niter I, with nix huiulred men, ooranietely conquered nlnmat the whole force which they then had, they came onttand 
 tiKik Fnrt Detroit, ntui made nearly two thousand of um priaouerH, on Sunday, the 10th inatant. There beliiK no opera- 
 tii)ii« i;ulii); on below uh I meaning Nlacura frontier] ga\<i them an opportuuily to re-enforco. The number brought 
 .i;almt us is yet unknown ; hut my iiumble opinion Is we could have defeated them, without a doubt, had wo attempt- 
 ed It. Knt (leneral Hull thought diflereutly, and surrendered without making any terms of capitulation. Colonel 
 Brash iinil I uuidc the bcHt terms wo coiild after lue Burrondoi', whicli wore but i)Oor."-~Manuiinript Letter. 
 
 ' The while " flag" was a table-cloth. It was waved from one of the bastions by Captain Burton, of the Fourth Regi- 
 ment, liy 01 (icr of Oenerai Hull. ' Tiippcr's Llfb of Hrock, page 282. 
 
 ' In his iliitpateh to the Secretary of War, dated ut Fort Oeorgc, August 20, 1S12, General Hull generous'y said : " I 
 lellknow the liigh responflblllty of the measure, and take the whole tif it onmynrlf. It was dictated by asenae of duty, 
 and n flill (•onvlclUni of its i!!ciiedieiicy. The bauds of savages which had then Joined the British force were numerona 
 beyond miy former example. Their numbers have since liiciuased ; and the history of the barbarians of the north of 
 Enropc do w not furnish examples of more greedy ■lolence than these savages have exhibited. A large portion of the 
 brare an l gallant oOicers and men I commanded would clieerfuliy have contested until the last cartridge had been ex- 
 peuded and the bayonets worn to the sockets. 1 could not consent to the Ufceiess sacrifice of such brave men when I 
 knew It was impossible for me to sustain my situation. It was impossible, In the nature of things, that an army could 
 have hcen fnrnlshcd with the necessary suppllcH of provisions, military stores, clothing, and comforts for t.ie sick, on 
 pack-horces, through a wilderness of two hundred miles, fled with hostile savages. It was impossible, sir, that thla 
 lillle army, worn down by flxtigne, by sickness, by wounds, and deatus, could have supported Itself not only against the 
 rollecteti force of all the Northern nations of Indians, but against the united strength of Upper Canada, whose popula- 
 tion consists of more than twenty times the number contained In the Territory of Michigan, aided by the principal part 
 ortho regular forces of the province, and the wealth and iulluenco of the Northwest and other trading establishments 
 among the Indians, wuich have in their employment mor" than two thousand white men." 
 
 After alluding to Colonels M'Arthur, Findlay, Cass, and Miller In commendatory terms, he said : " If anght hag token 
 plate during the campaign whicti Is honorable to the army, theso ofBcers are entitled to a large share of it. If the last 
 art should be disapproved, no part of tlie censure belongs to them." He closed his dispatch by soliciting an iearly in- 
 Tc«lli.'allou of his conduct, ai.d requesting the govemme.it not to hi unmindful of his associates in captivity, and of the 
 families of llie brave men who hatl fallen in the contest. 
 
 ' It was stipulated that the fort at Detroit, with all Its de,.cn ""encies, an.1 the troops there, excepting such of the mlll- 
 liacfMlchlgan Territory who had not Joined the army, shoul be surrendered, with all public prope-ty of every kind. 
 The command of Captain Brush at the River Ra'sin, fd M'Arthur's then away from Detroit, were, at the request <-f 
 Hall, liichulcd in the capltnlation, while the Ohio militia, who had not yet Joined the army, were paroled on condltloD 
 iliat they should return home, and not serve daring the war. 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
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 \(i 
 
 if 
 
 li 
 
 'i 
 
 ii 
 
 990 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Posltlou i/f M'Arthur and Caas. 
 
 Escape of Captain Brush aud his Command. 
 
 Kesuit cf 'he Surrcndci 
 
 messenger with a note to Colonel M'Arthur (who, Avith Colonel Cass and the detach- 
 ment sent toward the Raisin, were, as we have seen, hastening hack to Detroit) in- 
 forming him of the surrender, and that he and his command were included in tlie ca- 
 pitulation as prisoners of war.' They had arrived in sight of Detroit at about tlic 
 time when the American white flags had silenced the British cannon,^ thorotii;iilv 
 exhausted by rapid and tatiguing marches and lack of food, for they had tasted noth- 
 ing for more than forty-eight hours, excepting some green pumpkins and jKitatocsi 
 found in the fields. They had observed the enemy, and the ease with which, in con- 
 nection with the army at Detroit, they might capture him by falling upon his rear 
 But all was silent. That fact was a sealed enigma. There were two arniius withhi 
 half cannon-shot <5f each other, and yet, to the ears of these listeners, they-botli seem- 
 ed as silent as the grave. Had there been firing, or any signs of resistance, M'Artliar 
 would have fallen upon the rear of the invaders even Avithout orders. But all was 
 mystery until the nrrival of Hull's courier Avith the uuAvelcome tidings. 
 
 M'Ai'thur attem])ted to communicate Avith Hull, but failed. He sent a message t(i 
 •Captain Brush Avith Hull's note, saying, "By the Avithin leltc' you Avill see that the 
 army under General Hull has been surrendered. By .the articles you Avill see that 
 provision has been made for the detachment under your command ; you Avill there- 
 fore, I hope, return to Ohio Avith us."^ 
 
 At sunset Colonel Elliott came to M'Arthur from the fort Avith the articles of capit- 
 ulation, and Avitli authority from Brock to receive tokens of the submission of tin 
 detachment. The dark, lusti-ous eyes of M'Arthur flashed with indignation at the 
 demand. As they fled Avith tears of deepest mortification, he thrust his sword into 
 the ground, and broke it in pieces, and then tore his epaulettes from his slioul(lei>. 
 This paroxysm of feeling was soon succeeded by dignifi>^d calmness; and in the dim 
 tAvilight M'Arthur and Cass, Avith their Avhole detachment, Avere marched into tlie 
 fort, Avhere the arms of the soldiers Avere stacked. Befoi-e the curtain of night had 
 been fairly di-aAvn over the humiliating scene the act of capitulation and sunendii 
 Avas completed — an act Avhich produced universal mortification and intense indiirna- 
 tion throughout the counii*y.* In less than tAvo months after war Avas declared, ami 
 the favorite scheme of an invasion of the enemy's provinces had been set in inotioi, 
 a strong military post, a spirited army, and a magnificent territory, Avitli all its in- 
 habitants,* had been given up Avithout an eflfbrt to save them, or a moment's Avaitiiig 
 lor the arrival of powerful re-enforcem(;nts and ample supplies, then on their way 
 from the southAvard. About two thousand men in all® became prisoner of nar, 
 
 ' "Such part of the Ohio militia," he said, "as have not joined tl e army [meaning Brush's detachment at t! e RaUim 
 will be permitted to return to their hemes, on condition that they will not serve duriiij; the war. Their arras, tow- 
 ever, will be delivered up, if belonging to the public." 
 
 ' They had been discovered by Broclt's scoutB, and their presence in the rear caused the British general to move \« 
 the attack sooner than he intended to. "Hearing," says Brocii, in his ufflclal dispatch, " that bis [M'Artliur'B] cavalry 
 had been sean that morning three miles in our rear, I lieclded on an immediate attack." 
 
 ' On the evening of the 17th, Captain Elliott, son of Colonel Elliott, with a Frenchman and Wyandot Indian, ap- 
 proached Brush's encampment at the Raisin bearing a flag of truce, a copy of the capitulation at Detroit, and nuthoritv 
 to receive tlie surrender of Brush an 1 his command. Lieutenant Couthler, of the Kaisiu, the officer of the day, blind- 
 folded Elliott, and led him to the block-house. Brush was not satisfied that his visit was by autliority, or thai the ilw 
 ument was genuine, so he ordered Elliott's arrest and confinement. M'Arthur's letter testified to the gomiincncfs of 
 Blliott'B document and authority, when Brush hastily packed up the public property at the Kaisin, and, with hla wlidlo 
 command and his cattle, started for Ohio, directing Elliott to be released the next day. The angry Elliott scut for Te- 
 cunitha to pursue Brush. It was too late.— Statement of Peter Navarre (who was an eye-witness) to the Author in S«p- 
 tember, 1S60 ; Letter to the Author from the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, of Ohio. 
 
 ♦ Among other demonftrations in dlflfercnt i)artt of the couptry, the newspapera of the day noticed that at Grceni'- 
 borongh, North 'Jarolina, General Hull was hung and burat in cfllgy, " in accordance with the prescription of a public 
 meeting." 
 
 The whole white population of Michigan at that time was between four and five thousand. The greater part wfrt 
 Canadians. Tlielr settlements were chiefly on the Maumcc, Raisin, Ecorce, Rouge, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, aoii 
 the island of Mackinack. They paid very little attention to agricuUnre, being engaged chiefly in hunting, fljihins;, anit 
 trading with the Indians. They did not produ''e siifllcient from the earth to give tliemseiveg sustenance ; and their beef. 
 pork, corn, and flour were brought from a distance. 
 
 < Estimates of the number actually included in the capitulation vary from 1800 to 8000. I have examined all, and 
 think the number was not far trom 2000. 
 
 Effect of the Surrei 
 
 These con,3i8ti 
 
 .States Keginu 
 
 teera, and one 
 
 Illation (for it 
 
 of wliich, espei 
 
 to the provin 
 
 .iiiother invad 
 
 time for prej); 
 
 ivho, as usual, 
 
 and safest as a 
 
 The formal s 
 
 At the same h 
 
 with other ofHc 
 
 from the esplai; 
 
 capituLition. 1 
 
 OK OcfOItEU, 1 7 
 
 some of tlieni g 
 tliein reniai'ked 
 liicts, " Ave must 
 TEOIT AuousT ] 
 Canada shore, a 
 the river from ti 
 rcctiy in front o) 
 It Avas on thi 
 lie took off his o 
 the chief Teem 
 ill? day Jie appei 
 ll'.'ise had been gi 
 modesty and Avitl 
 liody of Round I 
 not wan? to weai 
 myself is present. 
 The volunteer 
 officers, wefe pei 
 c!ia:-ed at Detr( 
 «liich point they 
 •IS prisoners of a»- 
 cmharkcd on boa 
 veycd to Fort Er 
 ('corgc, Aviiere thi 
 post they were es 
 General Hull ai 
 ^'6th of August, 
 siiiTeiider and att 
 •Hal at Montrea 
 
 ' The spoils were 2Nio 
 
 po'lier, a stand of colors 
 
 f "• She was immedlai 
 
 lerherenfte^ln til" Brit' ' 
 
 'Tbegnnisoniiagsurr 
 
 loi" cannon was retal 
 
 «««l Frankfort, Kentuck 
 
 '"yb. It ha, the Brit 
 
 "er the surrender, O 
 
 »>» then (X'cupicd by Mr 
 
 ' II WMUnll'g Intention 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 291 
 
 Effect of the Surrender. 
 
 IncideiiU. 
 
 DlnpoBnl of the Prisoners. 
 
 These con.?i8ted of two squadrons of cavalry, one company of artillery, the 4th United 
 States lii'giiiient, and detaclinients from the 1st and 'Ml ; three regiments of Ohio Volun- 
 teers, and one regiment of the Michigan militia. The British obtained by this capit- 
 ulation (for it was not a victory) a large amount of arms, ammunition, and stores, all 
 of wliieli, especially arms, were greatly needed in I'pper Canada.' It was a godsend 
 to the provinces in every aspect. The surrender caused months of delay before 
 another invading army could be brought into the fieid, and thus gave the British. 
 time for prejjaration ; and it secured the friendshij) and alliance of savage tribes, 
 who, as usual, were ready to join whatever side seemed to be the stronger party, 
 iind safest as an ally. 
 
 The formal suri-ender of the fort and garrison took place at meridian, on the 16th.* 
 At the same hour the next day (Monday, the 1 7th) General Brock and his statt", 
 with other officers, ai)peared in full uniform, and in their presence a salute was fired 
 I'roin tiic esplanade in front of the fort, with one of the brass cannon included in the 
 capitulation. It bore the following inscription: "Taken at Sakatoga on the 17tii 
 OF OcrroKEK, 1777." When the British officers saw this, they were so delighted that 
 some of them greeted the old British captive, now released, with kisses ; and one of 
 them remarked to Colonel Hatch, from whose raannscript narrative I have gained the 
 facts, " we must have an addition put to that inscription, namely, ' Retaken at De- 
 troit August 16,1812.'"^ The salute was ansAvered by Di.von's battery on the 
 Canada shore, and by the Queen Charlotte, which came sweeping up the middle of 
 thi' liver from tlie waters between Spring Wells and Sand^vich, and took position di- 
 rectly in front of the town.* 
 
 It was on this occasion that General Brock paid marked respect to Tecnmtha. 
 He took off his own rich crimson silk sash and publicly placed it round the waist of 
 the chief. Tecumtha received it with dignity and great satisfaction ; but the follow- 
 ing day he appeared without the badge of lionor. Brock apprehended that r.ome ol- 
 fnse had been given to the chief, but, on inquiry, he found that Tecumiha, with great 
 modesty and v/ith the most delicate exhibition of prai**e, had placed tho sash upon the 
 Iwdy of Round Head, a celebrated and remarkable Wyandot warrior, saying, " I do 
 not want to wear such a mark of distinction, when an older and abler warrior than 
 myself is present." 
 
 The volunteers and militia who were made prisoners, and some minor regular 
 otiieers, wei'e permitted to return home on parole. Those of Michigan were dis- 
 cliarged at Detroit, and the Ohio Volunteers ^vere borne in vessels to Cleveland, from 
 which point they made their way home General Hull and the regulars were hold 
 as prisoners of war, and sent to Montreal.^ They M'cro taken to Maiden, and there 
 eml)arked on board the Queeti Charlotte, Jlitntcr, and other public vessels, and con- 
 veyed to Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. From that point they were marched to Fort 
 George, where they were agtiin placed in vessels and sent to Kingston. From that 
 post they were escorted by ?and to Montreal. 
 
 General Hull and his fellow-prisoners reached Fort George, on the Niagara, on the 
 ■Ml of August, when the commander immediately wrote a lengthy report of the 
 surrender and attendant events, but was not pennitted to forward it, until his ar- 
 rival at Montreal.^ Information of the disaster bad already reached General Van 
 
 ' The spoils were 2P0O stand of arms ; twcnty-flve Iron, and eight brass pieces of ordnance ; forty barrels of gnn- 
 pos'der, a stand of co'ors, and a great quantity and variety of military stores. The armed brig Aitnmii also became n 
 priif. She was immediately put in complete order, and her name changed to Detroit, under which title we sliall meet 
 ter hereiifter, in th" Brit'fh service. 
 
 ' The gun ison il»g surrendered on that occasion was taken to Montreal by 'Captain Glegg, Brock's aid-de-csrop. 
 
 ' This cauuon was retaken ftom the British at the battle of the Thames, in October, 1S13. I saw it in the state arse- 
 Mlat t^riuikfort, Kentucky, when I visited that city In April, 1S«1. It Is a .imall three-pounder, three feet four Inches 
 in length. It has the British mark of the broad arrow upon It, and the date of " ITTS." 
 
 '.\nerlhe furrenrter. General Hull returned to his own house, where he haci resided as Governor of Hicbigan, It 
 nr then wcupicd by Mr. Hickman, his son-in-law. A British guard at. -nded hii.n.— Wallace. 
 
 ' U was Unll's intention to forward his dispatch from Fort George by Mi-jor Wltherell, of the Michigan Volnr.teers ;. 
 
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 w 
 
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 1 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Courier's remnrkable Ride. 
 
 British Occnpatton uf Detroit and Michigan. 
 
 General Brock knighted. 
 
 /2i'J^ 
 
 * Angnst 16, 
 1812. 
 
 ReriS8ela«r, at Lowiston, and he had 
 promptly sent the news by express to 
 General Dearborn, the senior comnmnd- 
 er in the army, whose heafl-quarters at 
 that time were at Greenbush, opposite 
 iMbany, on the Hudson River. For 
 th.s important errand Van Rensselaer 
 emj)loyed Captain Darby Noon tiie 
 leader of a fine company of A]l)anv 
 Volunteers, who were then stationed at 
 or near Fort Niagara, Captain Noon 
 was a man of great energy, and lie ne,-. 
 formed the service in an incredibly 
 short space of time. He rode express 
 all the way, changing his horses by ira- 
 pressing them when necessary, assur- 
 ing the owners of remuneration from 
 the government. He neither slept on 
 the way. nor tasted food, exceptinf 
 what he ate on horseback. When he 
 arrived at Greenbush, he was so much 
 exhausted that he had to be lifted from 
 his horse, and he Avas compelled to re. 
 main in his bed for several days. ' 
 On the djiy of the surrender,* General Brock issued a proclamation to 
 the inhabitants of Michigan, in which they were assured of protection in 
 life, property, and religious observances, and were called upon to give up all public 
 property in the Territory. Having made arrangements for the civil and military oc- 
 cupation of the Territory, and leaving Colonel Proctor in command of a garrison of 
 two hundred and fifty men at Detroit, he hastened back to York, where he arrived 
 on the 27th,'' and was received with the greatest enthusiasm by the peo])le, 
 who regarded him as the savior of the province. In the short space of 
 nineteen days he had met the Legislature, arranged the public afiairs of the prov- 
 ince, traveled about three hundred miles to confront an invader, and returned the 
 possessor of that invader's whole army and a vast territory, about equal in area to 
 Upper Canada. Henceforth, during his brief career, he was the idol of the Canadi- 
 ans, and the Prince Regent, representing the majesty of Great Britain, cre- 
 ated him a baronet.'^'* 
 Wliile General Hull was on his way toward Montreal, Colonel Cass, at the request i 
 of Colonel M' Arthur, was hasting to Washington City, " for the purpose," as he said, 
 " of communicating to the government such particulars respecting the expedition j 
 lately commanded by Brigadier General Hull, and its disas*''ous results, as might en- 
 able them correctly to appreciate the conduct of the officers and men, and to devclopi 
 the causes which produced so foul a stain upon the national character."^ This coni-i 
 
 but Brock having gone directly to York, the commander of the post wonld not take the responsibility of nllowiii!; hiil 
 prisoner to correspond with his trovernment. Fi „m Montreal he sent bis dispatch, dated August 'iflth, by LlfuloDantl 
 Anderson, of the Artillery, to the Secretarj of War.— Hull's Ijttter to the Seeretar;/ of War, Montreal, September S, WIS. J 
 
 ' Darby Noon was a native of Ireland, and a man of great personal worth. He raised and equipped a volunteer com-l 
 pany at Albany, almost entirely at his own expepse, and In ISIS was commissioned a majoi In the 41st Regiment or] 
 New York State Mlll'ila. His wife was Caroline Broome, daughter of Lieutenant Governor Broome, of New York. MiJ 
 Jor Noon survived the war only eight years, dying in September, 1823. Prom his widow, who died In 1S01, 1 recelvei 
 the above portrait of the g<illant officer. 
 
 ' General Brock's dispatches and the colors of the United States 4th Regiment reached London on the 0th of 0cl*j 
 iKir, tiie anniversary of his birth, where. In honor of his achievement at Detroit, the Park and "Town guns were Hrei 
 Only a week later, and the gallant general was no more. 
 
 3 Kx-GoTeruor Samuel Huntington was at Cleveland, a volunteer, when Colonel Cass arrived there on his war lo thd 
 
 ^ August 
 
 = October 10. 
 
 Colonel Cass's Sta 
 
 miinication v 
 
 outline histor 
 
 It exiiibited i 
 
 lie mind agaii 
 
 ligence of the 
 
 oral. It also 
 
 of the War E 
 
 General Dearl 
 
 onel Cass's opi 
 
 veritable liisto 
 
 when they reac 
 
 colonel's letter 
 
 eagerly awaitij 
 
 less, and despoi 
 
 lowed to meet i 
 
 tions which no 
 
 will never agaii 
 
 Conficft 
 
 to the spirit an( 
 cessfiil as it is d 
 General Hull , 
 6th of Septembe 
 file, three hundre 
 thirty men, unde 
 opposite St. Reg] 
 meiit, who took fi 
 
 li 
 
 ml of government, ,, 
 iritbin two days ride of 
 Ibe (Irst to give positive 
 lie arrival of Cass. "T 
 r ifter hira In a carrlag 
 parene the journey."— i) 
 12,1812. 
 
 ' Secretary Eustig seet 
 He (Icclaratlou of war, b, 
 hare been saved, that, at 
 hit Ijcllef that public op 
 of (hat date, he said : < 
 lotha Secretary of War, 
 not be regarded." Qover 
 rtole blame Is laid at t 
 president, the campaign v 
 iflSloiiuas |)ence."— Auto; 
 ' General Dearborn, enl 
 ressatlonofhostilitiemnt 
 propositions for peace on 
 iwDcd positive Instnictlor 
 Ml a notice of it by expr 
 for It would have reached 
 rented Brock's acting on 
 «n<l made him strong em 
 notice of the armistice to 
 inlnisted his letter to th( 
 I ™l™»"on of an armistice 
 ' Lewis Cass was bo.-n 
 (rawed the Alleghany Mot 
 iwdmgB against Aaron Bn 
 lili in the West, and, late 
 Urn position till 1S31, whe 
 to France «8 American Ml 
 Senator by the Legislatnre 
 tMlimed that position at n 
 jdriwrs, who, he was satis 
 Detroit oiuhel^th of June 
 
rlnglil>| 
 
 |ntCD3llt| 
 
 B,1SU. 
 rer comj 
 Imcnt otj 
 Ik. «>■! 
 |recelve< 
 
 lofOcloi 
 IretedJ 
 
 kytotbl 
 
 OF THE WAIt OP 181?. 
 
 203 
 
 ColoDcl Caas'B Stateineut about fhe Surreuder of Detroit. 
 
 Public ludlguation. 
 
 A mlHcliievons Arinlatice. 
 
 raunication was made in writing on the 10th of September, in wliich was given an 
 outline history of events near Detroit, from the landing in Canada nntil the surrender. 
 It exl>il)ited mucli warmth of feeling, and its cii'culation in print prijudiced the pub- 
 lic mind against Hull, and intensified tb j indignant reproaches which the first intel- 
 ligence of the surrender liad caused to oe hurled at the head of the unfortunate gen- 
 eral. It also diverted public attention for the moment from the palpable inefliciency 
 of the War Department,' the effects of the armistice, and the injurious delays of 
 General Dearborn,^ to Avhich much of the disaster should properly be charged. Col- 
 onel Cass's opinions, as well as facts, were eagerly accepted by the excited public as 
 veritable history, and few had words of palliation to offer for the captive veteran 
 when they read the following glowing, dogmatic words at the conclusion of the young 
 colonel's letter : " To see the whole of our men, flushed with the hope of victory, 
 eagerly awaiting the approaching contest — to see them after\)fard dispirited, hope- 
 less, and desponding, at least five hundred shedding tears, because they were not al- 
 lowed to meet their country's foe and to fight their country's battles, excited sensa- 
 tions wliich no American has ever before had cause to feel, and which, I trust in God, 
 will never again be felt wliile our men remain to defend the standard of the Union. 
 
 Confitftnt I am that, had the courage and conduct of the general been equal 
 
 to the spirit and zeal of the troops, the event would have been as brilliant and suc- 
 cessful as it is disastrous and dishonorable.^ 
 
 General Hull and his fellow-captives amved at Montreal on Sunday afternoon, the 
 6th of September, and attracted much attention. The prisoners numbered, rank and 
 file, three hundred and fifly. They were escoi-ted from Kingston by one hundred and 
 thirty men, under Major Heathcote, of the Newfoundland Regiment. At Cornwall, 
 opposite St. Regis, they were met by Captain Gray, of the Quarter-master's depart- 
 ment, who took formal charge of the prisoners. They had other escoi of troops until 
 
 iUt of government, Huntington accompanied him to Washington, at the roqueat of General Wadsworth. When 
 fflthln two days ride of the national capital, Cass was prostrated by sickness. Huntington pressed forward, and was 
 ihe llrst to give positive information of Hull's surrender, to the Sesretary of War. This made Dr. Enstls impatient for 
 the arrival of Cass. " The Secretary at War," wrote Huntington, " was very desirous to see him, and requested me to 
 (" ifter hlra in a carriage. X met '..im the first day, about thirty-flve miles from this. He had recovered sufflciently to 
 parsne the journey."— Autograph Letter of Governor Huntington to Oeueral Meigs, Washington City, September 
 12,1S12. 
 
 1 Secretary Kustie seems to have been so conscious of his fatal mistaiie in not sending his letter to Hull, announcing 
 the declaration of war, by which his vessel and its precious contents, captured at Maiden at the beginning of July, jnlght 
 hire been saved, that, as late as the 16th of December, four months after the surrender of Detroit, he gave evidence of 
 hi! belief that public opiulon would lay the responsibility of the disaster upon him. In a letter to General Dearborn 
 of that date, he said : " Fortunately for yon, the want of success which has attended the campaign will be attributed 
 to the Secretary of War. So long as you enjoy the confidence of the government, the clamor of the discontented should 
 Dotbe regarded." Governor Huntington, in his letter to Governor Meigs, mentioned in the preceding note, sold : " The 
 ithole blame is laid at the dooi' of the present administration, and we are told that if De Witt Clinton had been our 
 president, the campaign would have been short and glorious— it would have been short, no doubt, and terminated by an 
 ingloriuns i)eace."— Autograph Letter, Washington City, September 12, 1812. 
 
 > General Dearborn, early In August, signed an armistice, entered Into between himself and Sir George Prevoat, for a 
 cessation of hostilitie.i until the will of the United States government 3hould be known, there then being, it was supposed, 
 propositions for peace on the part of Great Brltniu before the Cabinet at Washington. On this account Sir George had 
 issued positive instnictlons for a cessation of hostilities. Dearborn signed the armistice on the nth of August. Had he 
 HDt a notice of It by express to Hull, as that ofllccr did of his surrender to Dearborn, Detroit might have been saved, 
 tir it would have reached Hull before the 16th of August, and the imperative commands of Provost would have pre- 
 vented Brock's acting on the oflfenslve. Meanwhile Hull's supplies and re-enforcements would have arrived from Ohio, 
 udmadc him strong enough to invade Canada again at )hc conclusion of the armistice. But instead of sending ii 
 notice of the armistice to Hull by express, Dearborn, like the Secretary of War with his more Important dispatches, 
 iitniBted his letter to the Irregular malls, and It wa^ actually nine days going from Albany to Buffalo 1 The first 
 Mmatlon of an armistice which Hull received was while on his way toward the Niagara as a prisoner of war. 
 
 ' Lewis Cass was bo.-n at Exeter, New Hampshire, on the nth of October, 1782. At the age of seventeen years ho 
 dossed the Alleghany Mountains on foot, and settled in Marietta, Ohio, where he studied law, and was active in pro- 
 (Ndiogs against Aaron Burr. JeflTerson appointed him Marshal of Ohio in 180T. He took an active part in the war of 
 ISIiintheWest, and, late in 1813, President Madison appointed him Governor of the Territory of Michigan. He held 
 that position till 1831, when he was called to the Cabinet of President .Jackson as Secretary of War. In 18i«( he wenl 
 to France as American Minister at the Court of St. Cloud. He returned home in 1842. He was elected United States 
 Senator by the Legislature of Michigan in 1846, and he held that position until called to Buchanan's Cabinet in 1867. He 
 nsiinied that position at near the close of 1860, because he could not remain associated with the President's confidential 
 I idtisers, who, he was satisfied, were plotting treason ngainst bis country. He retired froiu public life, and died at 
 
 Detrult OP the ITth of June, 1S66, at the age of elghty-fuur ye«rb. 
 
 \Y^ 
 
 ^K— 1 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
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 ill! 
 
 Ill I 
 
 I 'l^liii 
 
 ! I 
 
 204 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Hull In Captivity. 
 
 A Court-martial callei* to Try bim. 
 
 Its Cuniposltiou and DeclnloD. 
 
 they reached the vicinity of Montreal 
 when they were left in cliargo of tin' 
 militia until preparations coukl be made 
 for the formal entrance into tlic citv. 
 This was not accomplished until quite 
 late in the evening, when they were 
 marched in in the presence of a great 
 concourse of rejoicing people, who had 
 illuminated the streets through which 
 the triumphal procession passed, (ien- 
 oral Hull was received M'ith great jxilite- 
 ness by Sir George Prevost, the Gov- 
 ernor General and Commander-iii-chief 
 and invited to make his residence at his 
 mansion during his stay in Montreal, 
 On Tliursdav following," .„ . , 
 General Hull and eight of I812. 
 
 his officers set out for tm3 United States 
 on tlieir parole. 
 
 General Hull retired to his farm at 
 Newton, Massachr setts, from wliieh ho 
 was summoned to appear before a court- 
 martial at Philadelphia on the 2oth of 
 February, 1813, of which General Wade 
 Hampton was appointed president. The members appointed consisted of three 
 brigadier generals, nine colonels, and three lieutenant colonels ; and the eminent A. J. 
 Dallas, of Pennsylvania, was judge advocate. This court was dissolved by the Presi- 
 dent without giving a reason for the act ; and, almost a year afterward, Hull wa? 
 summoned to appear before another, to convene at Albany, New York. It met on 
 the 3d of January, 1814. General Dearborn was the president, and he was assisted 
 by three brigadier generals, four colonels, and five lieutenar<t colonels. ^ Again Mr. 
 Dallas was judge advocate. As Hull blamed Dearborn for his negligence, and as his 
 own acquittal would condemn that officer, he might very properly have objected to 
 the appointed president of the court ; but he was anxious for a trial, and he waived 
 all feeling. He was charged with treason, cowardice, and neglect of duty and iiiiof- 
 ficer-Iike conduct from the 9th of April to the 16th of August, 181 2.^ General Hull 
 objected to the jurisdiction of the court on the first charge — treason — as a matter 
 of civil cognizance only. The court concurred in this view, and he was tried only on 
 
 the other charges. After a session of eitrhtv days, the court decided'' that 
 ** March 20, o j ./ ' 
 
 he was not guilty of treason,^ but found him guilty of the second and third 
 
 charges, namely, cowardice, and neglect of duty and unofficer-like conduct. He was 
 
 sentenced to be shot dead, and his name to be struck from the rolls of the army.^ 
 
 ' QeneralB Bloomflclrt, Parker, and Covington ; Colonels Fenwlck, Carberry, Little, and Irvine ; and LicnteDant 
 Colonels Dennis, Connor, Davis, Scott, and Stewart. 
 
 » The speclflcatlons tinder the charge of Treason were, Ist. " Hiring the vescel to transport his sick men nnd bap- 
 gage from the Miami to Detroit." 2d. " Not attacking the enemy's fort at Maiden, and retreating to Detroit." 3d. 
 "Not strengthening the fort of Detroit, and surrendering." 
 
 The specifications nnder the charge of Cowart):oe were, Ist. " Not attacking Maiden, and retreating to Detroit." 2(1. 
 "Appearances of alarm during the cannonade." 3d. " Appearances of alarm on the day of the surrender." 4th. "Sur- 
 rendering of Detroit." The speclflcatlons under the third charge were similar to those under the second. 
 
 ' It is perhaps not technically true that the court, decided that he was not guilty of treason. They determined that \ 
 they conld not try him on that charge, but said " the evidence on the subject having been publicly given, the court doera j 
 It proper, in Justice to the accused, to say that they dn not believe, (him any thing that has appeared before them, tbat | 
 General William Hull has coinmitted treason against the TTn'lteu States." I 
 
 < The President approved the seuten je on the 25tb of April, and on the game day the foUowlog general order iraa i 
 issued: 
 
 Hall pardoned by 
 
 The court sti 
 
 his age and 1 
 
 to his farm, tt 
 
 proacli, for nh 
 
 paiarn of 1 8 1 2. 
 
 in Uoston,' an 
 
 dier and a ma 
 
 hLs death, a gr 
 
 lirojjhesied of i 
 
 I have givei 
 
 Ihill's camj)aio 
 
 temporancous i 
 
 I'd what I belie 
 
 hy analysis, cor 
 
 (■amj)!iign in soi 
 
 iial coward, but 
 
 after Aveigliing j 
 
 cumstaiices to \\ 
 
 of the coiirt-mai 
 
 cased, and the ti 
 
 Hull wa.s actuate 
 
 iiumanity. Tha 
 
 lieve. His weak 
 
 but of e.vcessive 
 
 licart. These, in 
 
 physical vigor. ^ 
 
 more than acf. ' 
 
 affected him, and 
 
 liis judgment. T 
 
 iii't understand ; 
 
 dierishing him. 
 
 lion, he bravely d 
 
 lie iaced the taiin 
 
 thill, fill the >eauf 
 
 ill?- 
 
 Ihill had warne 
 
 "The rolls of the army 
 tail- The general court-: 
 
 I ' These were published 
 "tfrn Army of the United 
 liml in the vessel in whic 
 
 I iraliong he vainly applied 
 
 I MlnnHlJohn C.Calhoun I 
 wed copies to bo made r 
 j»rt mentioned. 
 
 I ' "» ''"s 'ilways calm, tr 
 liistary wonid nt last do hi 
 
 ifcerarrender of Detroit, ai 
 
 *romp«,v,no/lsi2Kvhi8 
 
 I ?*'' «"h the general at 
 
 i Too retnrn to your family 
 
 h»e™j-ed the Inhabitant^ 
 
 ""tVnllace.oueofHul 
 
 W me that he thought the. 
 
 "terans who took the field 
 
 pulages. Oursuperaununi 
 
 j! 
 
 liK'tt 
 
 lis 
 
 
 \> 
 
 liH'li -'''" 
 
 ^\'^' 
 
 
 iill 
 
 
 ilH^B 
 
 
 fl 1 
 
 „Md 
 
 (Iwira 
 
 
 1 1 
 
O F T 11 E WA U OP 18 1 2. 
 
 295 
 
 Uoll pardoned by the Pre»tdeDt. 
 
 A Conaideratluu of Hull's public Character. 
 
 tlla uwu Uofeuse. 
 
 The court strongly recommended him to tlie mercy of the President, on account of 
 his nfi;e and his revohitionary services. Mr. Mudison pardoned him, and lie retired 
 to liis fiirm, to live in comparative obscurity, under a cloud of almost universal re- 
 proach, for iibout twelve years. He wrote a vindication of his conduct in the cam- 
 naiiju of 1812, in a scries of letters, jjublished in the American Statesnian newspaper 
 ill Boston,' and on his dying bed he declared his belief that he was right, as a sol- 
 ilier and n, man, in surrendering Detroit. lie had the consolation of feeling, before 
 his death, a growing sympathy for him in the partially disabused public mind, which 
 urophesied of future vindication and just appreciation.^ 
 
 I have given, in tills and the preceding chapter, as faithful a general history of 
 Iliiii's campaign as a careful and dispassionate study of documentary and other con- 
 ti'inporaneous narratives, written and verbal, have enabled me to do, I have record- 
 ed what I believe to be undoubted facts. As they stand in the narrative, unattended 
 hy analysis, comparison, or argument, they present General Hull in his conduct of the 
 campaign in some instances in an unfavorable iight : not as a traitor — not as an act- 
 ual coward, but as bearing to the su[)erficial reader the semblance of both. But, 
 after weighing and estimating the value of these facts in connection with current cir- 
 cumstances to which they bore positive relationship — after observing the composition 
 of the court-martial, the peculiar relations of the court and the witnesses to the ac- 
 cused, and the testimony in detail, the writer is constrained to believe that General 
 Hull was actuated throughout the campaign by the purest impulses of patriotism and 
 humanity. That he was loeak, we may allow ; that he was wicked, we can not be- 
 lieve. His weakness, evinced at times by vacillation, was not the child of cowardice, 
 but of excessive prudence and caution, born of thi noblest sentiments of the human 
 heart. These, in his case, were doubtless enhanced by the disabilities of waning 
 physical vigor.' He was thus far down the westem slope of lif ,when men counsel 
 more than act. The ]><rils and fatigues of the journey from Dayton to Detroit had 
 affected him, and the anxieties arising from his responsibilities bore heavily uj)on 
 ills judgment. These difficulties his young, vigorous, ambitious, daring officers could 
 imt understand ; and while they were cursi ig him, they should have been kindly 
 cherisliing him. When he could perceive nc alternative but surrender or destruc- 
 tion, he bravely determined to choose the most courageous and humane course ; so 
 he faced the taunts of his soldiers, and the expected scorn of his countrymen, rather 
 thai, fill the V eautiful land of the Ohio, and the settlements of Michigan, with mourn- 
 iiij;. 
 
 Hull had Avamed the govemmor* of the folly of attempting the conquest of Can- 
 
 " WnshfnKton City, April 2B, 1S14. 
 
 "The rolls of the nrmy are to be no lonjrer dlsgrnced by having upon them the name of Brigadier General W^illiam 
 Ilnll. The general court-martial, of which General Dearborn is president, is hereby disHolved. 
 
 " By order, ".I. B. Wai.haoii, Adjutant General." 
 
 1 These were published in a volume of three hundred and ten pages, entitled, Mmnnirs of the Camjmiijn of the Sorth- 
 nttern Army nf the Vniteit St<Ueii. A.D. 1S12. General Hull's long silence was owing to the fact that his papers were 
 tarat in the vessel in which they were sent from Detroit to Buffalo, after the surrender, and that during two adrainis- 
 Iralions he vninly ajjplied to the War Department at Washington for copies of papers necessr.ry for his defense. It was 
 nolnntllJohnCCalhcmn became Secretary of War that any notice was taken of his application. That ofBcer promptly 
 'M!ed copies to be made of all papers that General Hull desired, when he commenced his vindicat'.on in his memoir 
 inrt mentioned. 
 
 > He was always calm, tranquil, ond happy. He knew that his country would one day also understand him, and thnt 
 hLMarjr wonld at last do him justice. He was asked, on his death-bed, whether he still believed he had done right in 
 theinrrender of Detroit, and he replied that he did, and was thankfiil that he had been enabled to do it.— HMory of 
 fcromjKiii/nn/lSlZ, by his grandson, James Freeman Clark, page B(i6. Mr. Wallace, one of his aids, says that when he 
 pirted with the general at Detroit to return home, the white-haired veteran said, " God bless you, my young friend 1 
 Ton return to your family without a stain ; as for myself, I have sacrificed a reputation dearer to me than life, but I 
 ksve saved the inhabitants of Detroit, and my heart approves the act." 
 
 ' Mr. Wallace, one of Hull's aids, whose testimony we have before alluded to, sayg : " General Cass has since declared 
 
 I » me that he thought the main defect of General Hull was the ' imbecility of age,' and it was the defect of all the old 
 
 «leran8 who took the field In the late war. A peaceftil government like ours must always labor under similar diaad- 
 
 Tutages. Our Bupcraunuated officers must be culled Into gervlce, or men without experience must command our nrrn- 
 
 ift" 
 
 "i. 
 
 n 
 
 ! \ 
 
 :l 
 
! ;l 
 
 i ( 
 
 i! >. 
 
 U' 
 
 296 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Government more to H'.me than Hall. 
 
 A Bcape-Kont wanted und found. 
 
 BlogrBpblcal Sketch of Hull. 
 
 aila without better preparation. But the yottng hot-bloods of the administration- 
 Clay, and others — coultl not wait ; and the President and his Cabinet, lacking all tin- 
 essential knowledge for planning a campaign, had sent him on an errand of vast im- 
 portance and difficulty without seeming to comprehend its vastness, or estimating the 
 means necessary for its accomplishment. The conception of the campaign was a huge 
 blunder, and Hull saw it ; and the failure to put in vigorous motion for his sniiport 
 auxiliary and co-operative forces, was criminal neglect. Wlien the result was foinid 
 to be failure and humiliation, the administration perceived this, and sought a rcfujrp. 
 Public indignation nmst be appeased — the lightning of the j)ublic wrath must be 
 averted. General Hull was made the chosen victim for the peace-offering — the sin- 
 bearing scaj)e-goat ; and on his head the fiery thunderbolts were hurled. The grass 
 has grown greenly upon his grave for more than forty years. Let his faults (for, like 
 all men, he was not immaculate) also be covered with the verdure of bliad Charity.' 
 Two generations have passed away since the dark cloud first brooded over his fair 
 fiime. We may all see, if we will, with eyes unfilmed by prejudice, the silver edglnf; 
 which tells of the brightness of good hitentions behind it, and prophesies of evanish- 
 ment and a clear sky. Let History be just, in spite of the clamors of hoary Error. 
 
 " ' TIs Btrnnge how many nnimagincd charges 
 Can Bwarm upon a man, when once the lid 
 Of the Pandora-box of contumely 
 Ib <ipen'd o'er his head."— SiiAKsrEASK. 
 
 • William Hull was bom in Derby, Connecticut, on the 24th of June, 1768. He was graduated with honor at Yale Col- 
 lege when he was nineteen years of age. He first studied divinity, but left it for the law. He was a meritorious soldier 
 lind officer throughout the Revolution, and participated in nine battles. He went to Canada on an Indian commlfsioii 
 in 1702. He held judicial and representative offices In Massachusetts, and, as we have seen, was placed in a responsible 
 military and civil station at the beginning of the War of 1S12. He died at Newton, MassachusettB, in November, 1SJ6. 
 I am indebted to General Hull's granddaughter. Miss Sarah A. Clarke, of Newport, Rhode Island, for a copy of his por- 
 trait, painted by Stuart, from which our engraving was made. The signature is copied from a letter in my possession, 
 written at White Plains, New York, in the autumn of 177S. 
 
 Jonniey ftum Chli 
 
 mart of commer 
 
 H'pstemhalfofti 
 
 ofwater, mills, n 
 
 harrly people, set 
 
 claimed general 
 
 tlieday were tht 
 
 in its crooked c| 
 
 (Lansing is the c 
 
 traveled over tha 
 
 ed Detroit, and ft 
 
 sojourn in tliat ni 
 
 The folio win <>• 
 drizzling rain moi 
 » We listened 
 in the afternoon f 
 the prospect of fin 
 the aflernoon, but 
 At nine o'clock a 
 rain until past mi( 
 morning — 
 
 Tiie sky was clou( 
 liad felt since the 
 fame from the far- 
 ' the hills. 
 
 jUan^arly houi 
 
 !*n above tide water Is! 
 I The residence of the lal 
 
 tteooraorofFortandCaB. 
 
 "wtorled building, wlthl 
 
 •fSecond Street. 
 
OF THE VVAK OF 18 12. 
 
 207 
 
 Journey from Chicago to Detroit 
 
 A BabbBth in Dttrott. 
 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 "And '.vlio Hupplies the murderous mcol / 
 
 And who preparcH the ba8o rowurd 
 
 Thnt wiikcs to ileedB of desperate zeal 
 
 The fliry of each Hlumbcrin); horde f 
 
 From Britain conien each fatjil blow ; 
 
 From Britain, still our deadliest foe." 
 
 TiiK Kentucky Voi.itntiiib ; ut a Ladt, 
 
 [T was a beautiful, clear breezy morning, early in October, 1800, when 
 /-^ t' T writer left Chicago, with his family, to visit tlie theatre 
 Oi events described in the two preceding chapters. We took 
 the Michigan Central train for Detroit, and soon lost sight of 
 the marvelous metropolis of Illinois, and Lake Michigan, on 
 which it stands.* We swept rapidly around the magnificent 
 curve of the head of the lake, and after leaving the sand dunes 
 of Michigan City, and the withered bud of a prospective great 
 mart of commerce at New Buffalo, traversed a beautiful and fertile country in the 
 western half of the lower part of the peninsula and State of Michigan. Large streams 
 of water, mills, neat villages, broad fields covered with ripe corn, spacious barns, and 
 hurdy people, seen all along the way to Marshall, where we dined, and beyond, pi'o- 
 cLiimed general prosperity. Among the most considerable sti'eams crossed during 
 the day were the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, and Huron. Over the latter, 
 in its crooked course, we passed several times when approaching the metroi)oli8 
 (Lansing is the capital) of Michigan. It was the dusk of mere starlight when we 
 traveli'd over that section of the route, and it was late in the evening when we reach- 
 ed Detroit, and found a pleasant home at the Russell House for the few days of our 
 sojourn in that neighborhood. 
 
 The following day was the Sabbath. The air was as warm as in early June. A 
 drizzling rain moistened all the streets and caused small congregations in the church- 
 es. We listened to the full, powerful voice of Bishop M'Coskry in the moniing, and 
 in the afternoon strolled with a friend far down beautiful Fort Street,'* and enjoyed 
 tlie prospect of fine residences and ornamental gardens. The sun shone brightly all 
 the afternoon, but in the evening heavy clouds came rolling up from the southwest. 
 At nine o'clock a thunder-storm burst over the city, which sent down lightning and 
 rain until past midnight. No traces of this elemental tumult were seen above in the 
 morning — 
 
 "The thunder, trfimplng deep and loud. 
 Had left no foot-marks there." 
 
 Tiic sky was cloudless, and a cool breeze from the northwest — cooler than any we 
 hi felt since the dog-days — reminded us that autumn had succeeded summer. It 
 came from the far-off region beyond Mackinack, where snow had already \> uitened 
 the hills. 
 At an earl y hour I started for Monroe, on the site of old Frenchtown, on the river 
 
 • This is the largest of the lakes that lie wholly within the United States. It is 830 miles long, and has an average 
 >idth of (io miles. It contains lt(,981 square uiiles, or 10,868,000 acres. Its average depth is about 900 feet, and its ele- 
 ntion above tide water is about .SOO feet. 
 
 ' The residence of the late General Cass was on this street. It was a spacious but very modest wooden bnildiner, on 
 He comer of Port and Cass Streets, a little westward of the site of the ..Id fort. IIIb former residence — a small, low, 
 me^torled building, with four dormer windows— was yet standing, ou the west side of Lamed Street, near the corner 
 of Second Street. 
 
 
 : ■ 
 
 - 
 
 li 
 
 Ill 
 
I I 
 
 m 
 
 i. 
 
 I. 
 
 i I] 
 
 ill ili1 
 
 >H 
 
 l^llll 
 
 3M 
 
 PICTOniAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Trip from Detroit to Amheratbnrg. 
 
 One of the " oldeit Inhuhltant'a" Recollection! of the War iit im. 
 
 Itiiisiii, to visit tlio |»Iiicoh of hintoric intcrcHt in tluit vicinity, wlicro I spent tlic day 
 lilcjisantly and profitably. Oftlii' events of tliat day I siiall write lien-after. On the 
 ■Ociobcro, fbllowiiifi niorning" I j)roeured a horse and ii^Jit wajjon, erossed tlic tiny 
 1800. to the Canada shore at Windsor, and started for Andierstbiirj^, eightoeii 
 miles down the stream toward Lake Erie. In the lower part of Windsor I sketcluMl 
 Colonel Habie's house, delineated on pajrc 202, and then rode on to Sandwich, two 
 miles below, where 1 met one of that famous class known as " the oldest inhabitaiitH" 
 in the ))erson of Mr. John H. Laufjiiton, who was born in Detroit, but who has been a 
 British subject from his early years. When, in 1700, the post of Detroit was evinu. 
 ated by the British, according to the provisions of the treaty of 17h;j, many residents 
 
 of English, Irish, and Scottish line. 
 Jige, preferring "not to be Yankees," 
 !is Mr. Laugliton said, crossed the 
 river and settled a" )ng its Canail;i 
 shore. Mr. Laughton was a num- 
 ber of the Kent militia in 1812 ; and from Sandwich he saw the white flag that |)ro- 
 claimed the surrender of Detroit. He was then a young man twenty-two yt;.rs of 
 age. He was afterward in the affair known as the V)attle of the Long Woods, in 
 Canada ; also at the battle of Chippewa, where he lost a brother killed ; and at that 
 of Niagara, where he lost his own liberty, and was sent a prisoner to Greenbush, op- 
 posite Albany. He related many interesting circumstances connected with flie sur- 
 render. He spoke of the Canadian Volunteers in the uniforms of regulars, by whioli 
 Hull was deceived ; and said that among the Indians who followed Brock into the 
 tort at Detroit were several Canadians, [)ainted and dressed like the savages, who 
 each held up a white arm to show Hull that they had defied the menace in his j)roi'- 
 lamation respecting the treatment of such offenders. 
 
 Sandwich was an exceedingly pleasant village. Around it were orchards of pear 
 and apple trees of great size, which attested the fact that it is one of the oldest settle- 
 ments in Canada. Here the disbanded French soldiers settled after the peace of 
 Paris in 1703. The houses had pleasant gardens attached to them; and as the town 
 was the capitjil of Essex County, it contained a jail and court-house, and the resi- 
 dence of the county officers. 
 
 I left Sandwich toward noon, and a little past meridian crossed Turkey Creek. 
 For i?everal miles below SandAvich the banks of Detroit are low and sandy. The 
 road, lying much of the way in sight of the river, was in excellent condition, and 
 with the picturesque and interesting scenery forms a most attractive drive in pleasant 
 weather. Passing through the Petit Cote settlement,.! arrived at a neat little tavern 
 near tlie northern bank of the Atix Canards, where I met an old French Canadian 
 who was present Avhen Cass, and Findlay, and M'Arthur, and Snelling made thoir 
 military visits there in 1812. He was loyal then, but quiet; and wiien it was safe 
 to do so, in the absence of the Americans, he furnished the Queen Charlotte with 
 vegetables. He pointed out the ridge from which JM'Arthur reconnoitred the whole 
 position, and also the spot where Colonel Cass planted his six-pounder, and " blazed 
 away" at the enemy on the southern sJiore of the stream. The bridge seen in the 
 centre of the picture on page 264 was upon the site of the old one, and, like it, was 
 reached by a causeway at both ends. I sketched the scene, then crossed the Am 
 Canards over the causeway and the bridge, and hastened on to Amherstburg, for 
 the day was rapidly wearing away. Most of the way from Aux Canards, or Ta- 
 ron-tee, to Amherstburg, the river bank is high, and the road passing along its niargin 
 was thickly settled, for the farms were narrow. Most of the houses were large, with 
 fine gardens around them. Among the most attractive of these was " Rosebank," i 
 the residence of Mr. James Dougall, an eminent horticulturist, about three miles from j 
 Amherstburg. 
 
 Tin Vicinity of Ai 
 
 It was neai 
 
 ence. I soon 
 
 on the lefl by 
 
 in heigiit, witl 
 
 hundred and t 
 
 anninited Brit 
 
 riijht of the i-c 
 
 H-as Fort Mall 
 
 |)iii-|)oses than 
 
 parent nsylurn 
 
 remained. Tii 
 
 "Patriot War,' 
 
 break in tho Cn 
 
 Anilierstburg 
 
 by the French. 
 
 irreifular stones, 
 
 ordering dinner 
 
 and other jilaces 
 
 lieet on Lake Er 
 
 n large red stone 
 
 'fnsive view of th( 
 Island on the right, 
 for wood, was precii 
 'lie ship under sail ( 
 Erie. Looking a 11 
 house, near which i 
 
 hroupofsailsat th 
 I'I'lock-liouse on th 
 
 slup-yai-fl, near the f 
 After dinner I vis 
 
 'ion, surrounded by 
 '''"'•g. From his grc 
 
|IO'f|i^ 
 
 OF THE WAH OF 1812. 
 
 200 
 
 Th« Vlclnliy of Amhoriitbiirg. 
 
 Illitorlcal LucaUtiei. 
 
 It was nearly thrco o'clock when the stoeplcH of Aniherstburg announced its preB- 
 onco. I •*""" crosHcd a beautiful open plain, whereon cattle were grazinj;, bi>uii(lc<l 
 nil till' left by Htrcets of ni-at log eotfai^es, whitewashed and embowered, each a wtory 
 ill height, with two acres of land attached. The plain was a military reserve of one 
 hiiiKlied and thirty acres, and the cottages were the dwellings of pensioners — super- 
 iiiiiiuated British soldiers — who were well cared for by their government. On the 
 rjirht of the road, in the ujtj)er pa\;t of Aniherstburg, within a high picket indosure, 
 was Kort Maiden; its chief building (barracks) were then devoted to more humane 
 imrjioses than war. It was used for the insane iii Canada West, as a branch of a 
 parent asylum for such unfortunates situated at Toronto. No j)art of the old fort 
 nmained. The new one was constructed during the excitenient incident to the 
 "Patriot War," or "Kebellion," as men of ditt'erent bias respectively call au out- 
 break in the Canailas in IK.'JB. It was constructed in 18:59. 
 
 Aiiilierstburg had an antiquated appearance, the houses having been chiefly built 
 by the French. The streets were narit)w, and the side-walks were mostly paved with 
 irregular stones. I had but little time to devote to an inspection of the jilace. After 
 onk'iing dinner at Salmoni's, I went out with an intelligent lad, and visited the fort 
 ;iml other i)Iace8 of interest along the slun-e. The ship-yard, where a part of Barclay's 
 lliet on Lake Erie was built, was a i'itw rods above Salmoni's ; and from the corner of 
 a large red stone house, overlooking the whole locality, and comnumding quite an ex- 
 
 VIKW OF MALDEN, WHERE TUB HRITISU SlllPg WEBE UVILT, 
 
 tensive view of the river southward, Avith Elliott's Point on the left and Bois Blanc 
 Island on the right, I made the accompanying sketch. The wharf, then used chiefly 
 for wood, was precisely where the British vessels were launched. In the direction of 
 the ship under sail (seen in the picture), just off Elliott's Point on the left, is seen Lake 
 Eric. Looking a little farther to the right, on Bois Blanc Island, is seen the light- 
 house, near which was a block-house and battery in 1812 ; and on each side of the 
 
 j jroiip of sails at the wharf is seen a block-house, both erected in 18.38. There was 
 a block-house on the right of Salmoni's Hotel, and another at the upper end of the 
 
 I ship-yard, near the fort, in 1812. 
 After dinner I visited the venerable Robert Reynolds, living ?n a fine brick man- 
 
 [sion, surrounded by charming grounds, on the bank of the river, just below Amherst- 
 bnrg. From his grounds there is a view of Elliott's Point, where Colonel Elliott, al- 
 
 : 1' 
 
 I 
 
 
 
;i < 
 
 m I 
 
 III 
 
 ;■ ( 
 
 iMtii 
 
 .100 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-nOOK 
 
 A vctMnn BritUb Ofleer. 
 
 Ratani to Detroit. 
 
 Bqoliie Xot«i1»tiiiMnt at '*WlaA|WClM||i^« 
 
 1-t'iKly iiu'iitioiiril f'ri'<|iuiiilly, reHidml. Jiint Itolow it, .'lirco or four luiluH from Am- 
 hi'islburj^, i» Hiirtluy'M I'oint, whcri- (Joiiorul IlurriHoii liiiulcd wlu'ii lie iiivailcd ('ann. 
 da in 1H1;{. Mr. Kfyimlils wuh in tlut fif^lilii-tli year of his iigi^ wIumi I viHiU'd l,i,n 
 IliH Hintcr, but little liiii junior, lived willi him. Thoy were burn in Dutruit. Kc 
 
 hi'h'h on the duy of 
 thi- biitllo of tlic 
 Thami'H. From tluil 
 tiiin' until the pcncu 
 ho was stationed at 
 Hurlingtoiilltijriiis, 
 lit thti wi'st t'lid of 
 
 was d('|iiity assist- 
 ant coniinissaryj^t'ii- 
 cral in the Hritish 
 anny in the War of 
 1HI2, and was at the 
 takintj of Detroit. 
 He was also at Dol- 
 
 Lake Ontario. His sister told me that she distinctly beard the firinjj; betweou tiif 
 fleets of Perry and Harelay in the memorable battle of Ijiike Krie, in September, 1H13; 
 and that she also saw from her residence the vesselB conveyinfj; Harrison's army from 
 the Raisin to the Canada shore. Mr. Reynolds knew Proctor and Teeumtha well, and 
 seemed to have a very unfavorable opinion of the former as a comnumder. lie spoke 
 of his conduct at the Thames as " shameful," and justitied the strictures of Te- 
 oumtha. 
 
 It was sunset when I left Amherstburp for Detroit. In the western sky, as I looked 
 over the fields where Van Hornc and Miller had wrestled with the mongrel foe, wlieii 
 the country was almost a wilderness, were seen gorgeous eloud-burs of (Mimsoii and 
 gold. These faded into dull lead; and just as daylight yielded the scei)tro to -tar- 
 light, I crossed the sluggish Ta-ron-tee. It was a summer-like evening, and before I 
 reached the slope of the highway leading up to Sandwich, the lights of Detroit gave 
 pleasant indications that the end of the journey was near. It was nine o'clock when 
 I entered Windsor, and on incpiiring of a iiuin, standing on the ))iazza of a huge 
 wooden building, for the proper turn to the Ferry, I was told that the boat had 
 ceased running for the night. For a moment I was perplexed. I did not wish to re- 
 main all night in Windsor when Detroit was so near. " Where can I leave my Ik i-se 
 and wagon in sai'ety," I inquired. "At this house," the man rej)lied. " What is the 
 name of it ?" I asked. " Windsor Castle," he ansAvercd. The name and the buildiiii,' 
 were in ludicrous contrast. But my business was not to criticise ; bo I left the horse 
 in care of the groom of the stables of Windsor Castle, crossed the dark and swift- 
 flowing wa'ers to Detroit in a light skifl* hired for the occasion, and wondered all the 
 way at my confidence in a stranger whose face I could not see in the darkness. But 
 horse and wagon were found the next morning well cared for at " Windsor Castle." 
 I spent Wednesday, the 7th of October, in visiting places of interest in Detroit 
 under the kind guidance of Mr. Moore, of that city, ^^o first went to the wharves in 
 rear of the warehouses of Messrs. Mooney and Foote, and Sheldon, to see three iron 
 camion that were captured from the British in the naval battle on Lake Erie, where 
 Perry was victorious. They were then put to the more commendable use of jjosts 
 
 for fastening vessels to the wharves. One of them was 
 a long twenty-four-pounder, and the other two were 
 thirty-two-pound carronades. After visiting the riMnns 
 of the Michigan Historical Society, where I found luitli- 
 ing of hiterest connected Avith the subject of my re- 
 searches, we rode out on the noble Jefferson Avenue to 
 Bloody Run, stopping on the way for a brief inter\iew 
 with the late Honorable B. F. H. Witherell, from whose 
 local sketches quotations have been made in preceding 
 chapters. Judge Witherell kindly placed in my hands 
 much valuable historical material, the fruit of his own 
 researches. 
 
 BBITI6H OAllHOIf AT DE'.'KOIT. 
 
 gligVorOttrolt 
 
 RIoody R 
 
 iM'aiitifyhig 
 
 hidifui wars. 
 
 rarent's Cn 
 
 (•piracy of I' 
 
 toM you befi 
 
 your good. 
 
 of Lite comni 
 
 h' their eneiii 
 
 to the Knglisl 
 
 out them, and 
 
 hi July, I7l 
 
 the fort at D( 
 
 New York, an 
 
 ohtained perm 
 
 nailiaii, possess 
 
 attack. 
 
 At a little pj 
 nesH, owing to 
 warriors all alo 
 ears were listei 
 riors were lurki 
 whieli Parent's 
 terrific^ ytdls in i 
 of the wily foe. 
 I'aok aj)palled. 
 ley, wluin the vo 
 pushed across th 
 enemy could not 
 Woi'd now rej 
 his comnninicatj 
 toward Detroit, c 
 fojr enveloping j 
 were obtained, 
 (ienly disappearec 
 tain Dalyell whil 
 ment finally reac 
 wounded. Most 
 railed, from that < 
 Bloody Bridge. 
 troit than Jeffersc 
 stands a huge wl 
 scarred by the bul 
 red years ago. 
 
 On leaving Bloo 
 of those hallowed 
 have produced on 
 which our country 
 returned to the ci 
 
 'This name Ig freqnentl 
 «f Royal Americans In m 
 'fPoot. He was a brave 
 
 vat. 
 
i 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1 8 1 «. 
 
 aoi 
 
 g|«^ of Detroit by PoatlM. 
 
 right M Bloody Ran. 
 
 Origin of the Mama. 
 
 KImwood C'amatary, 
 
 Bloody Run, M ft littlo fitrciim that comoH down Roiitly to tho jtront nvoiuu', nfior 
 bi'aiitit'yiiig Klimvood ('ciiiotcry, is ctillcd, IioMm a eoiiHpiciiouH |)la<'(' in tlio uiiiijiIh of 
 Imliiiii wars. Tho ovi'iit wliicli j»avo it its pn'wiit name (it wnH foriMcriy known aH 
 I'art'iit'rt Creek) may he tlniH briefly Htated : We have already alluded to the eon- 
 siiiriiey ofPontiae in ITtlH. He had naid to rtonie ("anadians in eouneil : "I have 
 told yon before, and I now tell you a^ain, that when I took up the hatehet it wax for 
 your <,'<iod. This year the Kiij^lish nuiHt all perish throughout ('anada. The Master 
 of Life conunandH it." ITe then told them that they must act with him, or he wouUl 
 bt' their enemy. They cited the capitulation at Montreal, whieli transferred Canada 
 to tlie Knj^lish, and refused to join him. He pressed forward in his conspiracy with- 
 out theni, and finally invested Detroit with a formidable force. 
 
 In July, 170;J, Pontiao was encamped behind a swamp, about two miles north of 
 tilt! fort at Detroit. Captain Dalyell,' who had ran>,'ed with Putnam in Nortliem 
 New York, arrived with re-enforcements for the fort at the chisc of tiie montli, aixl 
 obtiiined permission of the comnmndant to attack Pontiac at once. A perti<lious Ca- 
 nadian, possessed of tlio fact, communicated it to Pontiac, and he made ready for an 
 attack. 
 
 At a little past midniglit," Dalyell marched to Parent's Creek. The dark- • jniym, 
 iiiw, owinj; to ft storm, was intense. Pontiac, forewarned, had posted his "'^' 
 warriors all ftlong the route for a mile iii front of liis eamp, so that a thousand eager 
 ears were listening for the approach of tho white men. Five hundred dusky war- 
 riors were lurking near the rmle log bridge, at tho mouth of the wild ravine, through 
 which Parent's Creek flowed. Dalyell's advance Avas jnst crossing the biidge when 
 terrific yells in front, and a blaze of nmsketry on the lefl flank, revealed the presence 
 ofthc wily foe. One half of the advanced i)arty were slain, and tlie remainder shrank 
 liack ai)palled. The main body advancing also recoiled. Then came another vol- 
 ley, when the voice of Dalyell in the van inspirited his men. With his followers ho 
 pushed across the bridge, and charged up the hill ; but in the blackness tlie skulking 
 enemy could not be seen, and his presence was known only by the flash of his guns. 
 
 Word now reached Dalyell tliat the Indians, in large numbers, had gone to cut off 
 Ills coinm\mication with the fort. He sounded a retreat, and in good order pressed 
 toward Detroit, exposed to a most perilous enfilading tire. Day dawned with a thick 
 fog enveloping all objects, and now, for the first time, dim f:flimpse8 of the enemy 
 were obtained. They came darting through the .aist on flank and rear, and as sud- 
 denly disappeared after firing deadly shots upon the English. One of tliese slew Cap- 
 tain Dalyell while he was attempting to bear off a wounded sergeant. The detach- 
 ment fiiuilly reached tho fw'-t, having lost sixty-one of their number in killed and 
 wounded. Most of tho slain fell at the bridge. Parent's Creek has ever since been 
 called, from that circumstance, Bloody Rtm, and tho old structure was always called 
 Bloody Bridge. That bridge, as we have before remarked, was much nearer the De- 
 troit than Jefferson Avenue. At tho culvert where that avenue crosses Bloody Hun 
 stands a huge whitewood tree, delineated on page 261, yet, as we have observed, 
 scarred by the bullets that were fired in that sanguinary encounter more than a Imnd- 
 rcd years ago. ' 
 
 On leaving Bloody Run we rode up to the Elmwood Cemetery, and made the tour 
 nf those hallowed grounds, wliere taste and industry, aided by natural advantages, 
 have produced one of the most charming places for the repose of mortality with 
 which our country begins to abound. We lingered there for more than an houi', and 
 returned to the city in time for a late dinner, and a visit to the grave of Colonel 
 
 1 This name Is frequently written Dnlzell. James Dalyell had been appointed a llentenant In the Sixtieth Reittment 
 otKoyal Americans In 1768, and obtained the command of a compair; in the second liattnlion of the First Reiriment 
 if Foot. He was a brave and efficient offlcer, and bad performed importiint services during the French and Indian 
 
 
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 302 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Interricwa with Cltizeuc of Detroit. 
 
 ChlcBBO, ite Manie, Settlement, and Piwldou, 
 
 ITavitrainck, with Mr. II. M. Lyon,' to wliose kind attentions while in Detroit I was 
 much indebted. The monument that covered that brave soldier's grave is del'vieated 
 on page 50. 
 
 At twilight I called upon the Hon. C. Moran, who, though only a lad of sixteen 
 
 years, Mas performing ^ ^ said he saw Gonoial 
 
 sentinel duty in tiie ^ ^^ Hull during the heavy 
 
 fort at Detroit Avhen it ^-^^^^^^^'^^ ^f^^,^^^^ ciinnonading, just he- 
 wns surrendered. He *^ ^^rf-^ «-^ fore the white flag was 
 
 run up, sitting upon the gras> within the fort api)arently unmoved by Ww tenors of 
 the scene. He related many interesting particulars of occurrences within the fort at 
 that time, and i., was with real regret that I felt compelled to make the interview 
 short, for I had made an engagement to call on Mr. Robert M. Eberts, a native of De- 
 troit, and a resident of that place since his birth in 1804. Mr. Eberts Mas full of in- 
 teresting remmiscences, and the half hour passed M'ith him M'as one of real pleasure 
 and protit.^ Late in the evening I returned to the RasBpll House, copied the ])itture 
 of Mackinack on page 207, and early the following morning — a cold, blustering, <fenii- 
 iuc late-November kind of morning — crossed the Detroit, and proceeded by railway 
 along the borders of Lake St. Clair to Chatham, for the purjwse of visiting the battle- 
 ground of the Thames or Moravian Towns. Of that visit I shall M'rite hereafter. 
 
 I have said that Me Avent from Chicago to Detroit. These cities bear an intimate re- 
 
 • Anaii8t IB, lition in the history of the period we are considering, for on the very flay" 
 
 W12. Avhen Brock demanded the surrender of Detroit, the little garrison of Fort 
 
 Dearborn, at Chicago, compelled to leave that post, set out upon their fatal march 
 
 toward Fort Wayne. 
 
 The site of Chicago (spelt by the early settlers Chigagua, Chikakou, and Chikako) 
 M'as first visited by a yvhitc man in 1674, M'hen Father Marquette, a French Jesuit 
 priest, built a cabin there, i)lanted a missionary station, and deposited the seed of tiie 
 present great city, it lay in the path of explorations by commercial and religious 
 adventurers, one seeking trade, the oiiier desiring to give the light of the Gospel to 
 tiie heathen of the New World. It Mas visited hv turn by Marquette, Aliouez, La 
 Salle, Durantayo, La IIontan,De St. Come, Gravier, Charlevoix, and others of less note. 
 In 1085 Durantaye built a fort where, eleven years before, Marquette erected his cabin. 
 How long it remained a missionary station it is difficult noM' to determine.^ 
 
 "The first M'hite man mIio settled here M'as a negro," the Indians of Chicago said, 
 M'ith great simplicity. He Avas a mulatto from P*^ Domingo, named Jean Baptiste 
 Point au Sable, M'ho found h.is May to that far-off M'dderness in the year 1 700. lie 
 dill not remain long, and the improvements M'h'ch he had commenced fell into the 
 hands of John Kinzie, a native of Quebec, and for nearly twenty years the only white 
 inhabitant of Northern Illinois, -vith the exception of a few American soldiers. He 
 Avas an enterprising trader Avith the Indians, and in 1804 made Chicago his honu. 
 
 1 Mr. Lyon v.ns n Pension and Boiinis- Lnnd A?ent In Detroit. Ho informed me that he hnd In his possession com- 
 plete copies of nil army rolls of the AVar of ISI'2 for lliehij^an, Ohio, New York, and other states, besides other record 
 evidci'ce of service. He had also In his possession muster r)lls of the Black Hawk, Patriot, and Mexican wars, lie 
 was probably better i)rcparcd, by the amount of positive information in his possession, and the devotion of uuilividcd 
 attention lo 'he subject, to serve claimants for peusions and bounties than nuy other man west of Litke Eric. 
 
 2 Positive statements made to mc by Mr. Eberts and Jadpc Moran, when combined, form a curious subject for spocn- 
 lation. Mr Eberts assured ntc that General Brock sent n hollow silver bullet (repciitlne Sir Henry Clinlon's fumoos 
 net in 1T77) from Port Qcors;e to Major JInir at Fort Maiden, containing a massaste, and that the major sent It by Kich- 
 ard Eberts (whom I saw at Chatham), brother of my luformant, to Colonel Askin, a British officer rcsidini; at Sirnhiiii 
 in Canada. Askin's son-in-law, Colonel Brush, was then one ot" Ocnornl KuII'k aids-dc .mp, and it was believed, nficr 
 the surren.ler, that the bullet containei! a communication from Brock to Brush. Judge Moran told mo that on one oc- 
 casion his uncle was aent by Colonel Brush to Askin, his father-in-law, with ft package, and that he wns made n pris- 
 oner, and detained In Canada for some time. The bnllel and the package seem to have some connection in 1! . matter. 
 
 ' Chicagou was the ludlan name of the Hlinois River, at the month of which the city stands. In the language of the 
 Pottawatomies, who Ir.habitcd that region, the name slgniflcs a skunk or pole-cat— some say the wild onion, both of 
 which emit unpleasant odors, and were abundant there. It Is said that the Pottawatumtea wore garters cf the dried 
 akunk'8 skin Sketch qfthe Karly Ilitlunj «f Chicago, by John Giluiurtin Shea. 
 
 Fort Dearborn. 
 
Iil 
 
 ' OF THE WAS OF 1812. 
 
 303 
 
 Fort Dearborn. 
 
 Kinzie'8 Residence. 
 
 The Oarrl on at Chicago. 
 
 Duriii"' the two previous years the United States government had erectcti a stockade 
 there, and on the 4th of July of that year it was formally named P'ort Dearborn, in 
 honor of the then Secretary of War. It had a block-house at each of two angles on 
 the southern side, a sally-port and covered way on the north side, that led down to 
 tlio river, for the double purpose of providing a means of escape and for receiving 
 water during a siege, and was strongly picketed.' It stood upon a little rise of 
 
 XINXIC IIAK8I0N AND FORT DEABUOBN, 
 
 ground on the south bank of the Chicago River, about half a mile from its mouth. 
 On the north bank of that stream, directly opposite the fort, Mr. Kinzie enlarged 
 into a spacious but very modest mansion +he house built by Jean Baptiste and his 
 immediate successor, Le Mai. Within an incloned green in front he planted some 
 Lonibardy poplars, and in the rear was a fine garden and growing orchard. There 
 ho lived with his young family for eight years, isolated from society excej)ting that 
 of the military, but enjoying great peace, with every necessary and many of the lux- 
 uries of life, and possessing the confidence and esteem of the surrounding Indians. 
 
 Tiie i)iacefulness of the current of life at Chicago was interrupted in the spring of 
 1812. The garrison was commanded by Captain Nathan Ileald,^ assisted by Lieu- 
 tenant Linai T. Ilelm,^ a son-in-law of Mrs. Kinzie, and Ensign George Ronan. The 
 surgeon was Dr. Van Voorhees. Tlio garrison consisted of fifty-four men. The only 
 other residents of the post, at the time of the events we are about to consider, were 
 Mr. Kinzie and his family, the wives of Captahi Heald and Lieutenant Helm and of 
 some of the soliliers, and a few Canadian voyageura, with their Avives and children. 
 The officers and their troops, like Mr. Kinzie, av ere on the most friendly terms Avith 
 
 ' Fort Deartiorn wnp erected nnder the Rnperinfcndcnce of Major John AVhIstler, who was alno the overcecr of the 
 cimstrnclion of Fort Wiync, at the forks of the Manmec. Major Whistler was an Englishman. He was taken prisoner 
 »llh Burnoyne at Saratoga in 1777, and remained in the United States. He settled in Maryland, and in 1700-91 Joined 
 ihe troops under General St. Clair, and was with him at his defeat on the Miami in November, 1791, where ho was act- 
 ing as adjutant and ivas wounded. He was commissioned an cnsipn of the First Infantry in the sprinft of 1702, and in 
 Ihc autnmn was made a lientennnt in the lirst snb-lej»lon. He passed throngh other grades of service until, on the 10th 
 'if July, Kl'2, he was breveted a major. He was disbanded in 1818, and three years afterward became military store- 
 keeper at St. Louis. He died at Belle Fontaine, MissonrI, in 1827. 
 
 In buiUling Fort Dearborn. Maxtor Wliistler had no oxen, and the timber was all dragged to the spot by the soldiert. 
 Ill' worked so ecommically that the fort. Colonel Johnston, of Oayton (\,ho fiiniishcd him with some materials from 
 Fort Wayne), told i ,e, did not coat the government over fifty dollars. For a while the garrison conld get no corn, and 
 Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns, 
 
 ' ITeald, wh.) was a native of Massaclinsetts, joined the army as ensign In the spring of 1790. He became a first llen- 
 lenant in Noveml)er of the same year. In .lannary, 1807, he was commissioned a captain, and held that offlce until the 
 iilth of Augt\st, 1812, when, on account of his good conduct at Chicago, he was promoted to major. He was disband'id 
 in HI5. 
 
 ' Helm, of Kentucky, entered the army as ensign in December, 1807, and became second lieutenant the following year. 
 lie was promoted to first lieutenant In January, 1813, and to captain in April, 1814. He resigned in September following. 
 
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 MIlllMHiilWrt 
 
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 804 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 IH;' 
 
 Stggg of Trouble with the Indians. 
 
 An Indian Baid. 
 
 Maeeacre of White People. 
 
 the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, the pi-incipal tribes in that neighborhood ; yet 
 they could not win thenx from their decided attachment to the British, from whom 
 at Fort Maiden, they annually received large presenls as bribes to secure their alli- 
 • November, 'i^"ce. After the battle of Tippecanoe, the previous autumn," in which poi- 
 
 ^"- tions of their tribes were engaged, it had been observed that the leadinw 
 chiefs became sullen, and suspicions of contemplated hostility sometimes clouded the 
 minds of Heald and his command. One day in the spring of 1812, Nau-non-gee and 
 a companion, both of the Calumet band, were at Fort Dearborn. When passing 
 through the quarters, they observed Mrs. Heald' and Mrs. Helm^ playing at battle- 
 dore. Turning to Mr. Griffith, the interpreter, Nau-non-gee said : " The white chiefs' 
 wives are amusing themselves very much ; it will not be long before they are living 
 in our corn-fields." The terrible significance of these words, then hidden, v/as made 
 apparent a few weeks later. 
 
 On the evening of the 7th of April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie's children weie dancing before 
 the fire to the music of their father's violin, when their mother came rushing wildly 
 in, pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians !" " What ? where ?" 
 exclaimed Mr. Kinzie, in response. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping !" gasped the 
 affrighted mother. It seems that the alarm had been given by a man and boy,^ wiio 
 liad been fleeing from destruction down the opposite side of the river, and had shout- 
 ed tlie terrible fact to the family of Mr. Burns, half a mile above the fort, where Mrs. 
 Kinzie was in attendance upon a newly-made mother. Not a moment was to be lost. 
 Mr. Kinzie immediately hurried his family into two old pirogues* moored in front of 
 his house, and conveyed them across the river to the fort. At the same time the in- 
 trepid Ensign Ronan, with six men, started up the river in a scow to save the Bums 
 family ; and a cannon was fired to give notice of danger to a party of soldiers wlio 
 had gone up the river to catch fish. Mrs. Burns, with an infant not a day old,' and 
 the rest of her family, w^ere taken in safety to the fort ; and the absent soldiers, who 
 were two miles above Lee's, made their way back in the darkness, discovering on 
 their way the bodies of murdered and scalped persons at Lee's Place. These were 
 obtained the next day, and were buried near the fort. It was afterward ascertained 
 that the savage scalping-party were Winnebagoes, from Rock River, who had come 
 with the intention of destroying every white person outside of the fort. The noise 
 of the cannon frightened them, and they fled back to their homes. 
 
 ' Rebecca Hcald wan a daughter of General Samnel Wells, of Kentucky (one of the heroes of Tippecanoe), niid niece 
 of Captain William Wells, who will appear prominently in our narrative. She was with her uncle at Fort Wayne two 
 or three years before the war, ivhere Captain Ueald became acquainted with her. Their acquaintance ripened into mu- 
 tual attachment. He taught her the nse of the rifle, in which she became very expert. They were married In 1810 or 
 1811, and she accompanied her husband to Fort Dearborn. 
 
 » Mrs. Helm was a daughter of Colonel M'Killup, a British officer attached to one of the companies who were station- 
 ed at Fort Miami, on the Maumee, at the time of Wayne's appearance there in 1794. While reconnoitring one iilKhltlie 
 was mistaken for an enemy, and mortally wounded. His widow married Mr. Kinzie, with whom, and this daughter, ebe 
 removed to Chicago in 1803. Here the daughter, nt the age of eighteen years, married Lieutenant Helm, of Kentucky, 
 In 1811. She died suddenly at Watcrvllle, in Michigan, in IHH.—Pinyteer Wovien of the West, by Mrs. E. F. Ellet. 
 
 3 These were a discharged soldier and a son of Mr. Lee, who lived near the fort, and cultivated a fann about three 
 miles up the south branch of the Chicago River, in the vicinity of the point where Halslead Street now crosses that 
 stream. See map on page 280. This was known as Lee's Place Lee and oil his family, except Mrs. Lee and her Infanl, 
 perished in the massacre at Chicago on the 16th of August. 
 
 • Pirag^ie, or piragua, originally meant a canoe formed out of the tnink of a tree, or two canoes united. A \esrel 
 used in this country as a narrow ferry-boat, carrying two mtists and a lee-board, is called piVnf;«a. 
 
 ' The main facts of this narrative of affairs at Chicago, in 1812, are derived from a most interesting account from 
 the pen of Mrs. John H. Kin/.ie, of Chicago, published in pamphlet form In 1844, and repeated substantially In « 
 charming Wstory of personal adventures on the northwestern fro;itier, by the same accomplished lady, in a vnliimf 
 published in 1860, entitled, Wan-hun, the " Earhj Day" in the Xorthtient. Mrs. Kinzie is a danghter-in-law of Mr. John 
 Kinzie, the trader Just mentioned, and much of the narrative of the events which we are considering she received from 
 Mrs. Helm, on actor In the events. Of this infant of Mrs. Bums she gives a few words of interesting narrative. The 
 mother and child were made prisoners at Chicago by a chief, and carried to his vil'.ige. His attentions to them aroufoJ 
 the Jealousy of his spouse, and one day she spitefully struck the infant with a tomahawk with the intention of killing 
 It The blow took off some of the scalp. " Thirty-two years after this," says Mrs". KlnzIc, " as I was on a Journey to 
 Chicago In the steamer Uncle Sam, a young woman, hearing my name, introduced herself to me, and, raising tin 
 hair bom her forehead, showed me the mnrlc of the tomahawk which had so nearly been fatol to her."— Ifav-litni, 
 page 244. 
 
 Order for the Era 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 305 
 
 Older tor the Bracustlon of Chicago. 
 
 Danger In the Movement. 
 
 The Commandant warned againat It. 
 
 All of the inhabitants of Chicago not belonging to the garrison now took refuge in 
 the Agency House, which stood upon the esplanade, about twenty rods west from 
 the fort, on the site of the present light-house, and there intrenched themselves. This 
 waa an old-fashioned log house, with a passage running through the centre, and piaz- 
 zas extending the whole length of the building, front and rear. These were planked 
 up. Port-holes were cut in the barricade, and sentinels were posted there ftvery 
 nisfht. For some time hostile Indians hovered around the post and committed dep- 
 redations ; but at last they disappeared, and for several weeks the dwellers at Chi- 
 cago experienced no alarm. 
 
 Toward the evening of the 7th of August," Win-ne-meg, or Tlie Catfish, a , 
 friendly Pottawatomie chief, who was intimate with Mr. Kinzie, came to Chi- 
 cago from Fort Wayne as the bearer of a dispatch from General Hull to Captain Heald, 
 in which the former announced hia arrival at Detroit with an army, the declaration of 
 war, the invasion of Canada, and the loss of Mackinack. It also conveyed an order 
 to Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, if practicable, and to distribute, in that 
 event, "all the United States prm . ity contained in the fort, and in the government 
 tactory or agency, among the Indians in the neighborhood." This was doubtless in- 
 tended to be a peace-offering to the savages, to prevent their joining the British, then 
 menacing Detroit. 
 
 Win-ne-meg, who knew the purport of the order, begged Mr. Ki^i!le to advise Cap- 
 tain Ileald not to evacuate the fort, or the movement would be difficult and dangerous. 
 Tiie Indians had already received information from Tecumtha of the disasters to tlie 
 American arms, and the withdrawal of Hull's army from Cav.ada, and were becoming 
 daily more restless and insolent. Heald had an ample supply of ammunition and pro- 
 visions for six months ; why not hold out until relief could be sent from the south- 
 ward? Win-ne-meg farther ui-ged that, if Captain Heald should resolve to evacuate, 
 it should be done immediately, before the Inaians should be infonned of the order, ov 
 could prepare for formidable resistance. " Leave the fort and stores as they are," he 
 said, "and let them make distributions for themselves; and while the Indians are en- 
 iiazed in that business, the white people may make their way in safety to Fort 
 Wayne." 
 
 Mr. Kinzie readily perceived the wisdom of Win-ne-meg's advice, and so did Cap- 
 tain Heald's officers, but the commander resolved to obey Hull's order Etrictly as to 
 ivacuation and the distribution of the public property. He caused that order to be 
 ,ead to the troops on the morning of the 8th,'' and then assumed the whole 
 responsibility. His officers expected to be summoned to a council, but were 
 disappointed. Toward evening they called upon the commander, and, when informed 
 of his determination, they remonstrated with him. The march, they said, must neces- 
 sarily be slow, on account of the women and children and infirm persons, and there- 
 fore, under the circumstances, extremely perilous. Hull's order, they said, left it to 
 tiie discretion of the commander to go or to stay; and tliey thought it much better 
 to strengthen the fort, defy the savages, and endure a siege until relief should reach 
 tiiem. Heald argued in reply that special orders had been issued by the War De- 
 partment that no post should be surrendered without battle having been given by 
 tlie assailed, and that his force was totally inadequate to an engagement with the 
 Indians. He should expect the censure of his government, he said, if he remained ; 
 I and having full confidence in the professions of friendship of many of the chiefs about 
 Mm, he should call them together, make the required distribution, and take up his 
 march for Fort Wayne. After that his officers had no more communications with him 
 on the subject. The Indians became more unruly every hour, and yet Heald, with 
 fatal procrastination, postponed the assembling of the savages for two or three days. 
 They finally met near the fort on the afternoon of the 12th,*^ and there the 
 I commander held a farewell council with them. 
 
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 " Angiut.. 
 
 i;ii 
 
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 ma 
 
 lilt I 
 
 306 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 4 Treaty with the Indians. 
 
 Their Faithleuneu known. 
 
 Solemn Warnings unheeded. 
 
 Heald invited the officers to join liim in the council, but they refused. Tliey tiad re- 
 ceived intimations that treachery was designed — that the Indians intended to murder 
 them in the council-circle, and then destroy the inmates of the fort. The officers re- 
 mained within the pickets, and, opening the port of one of the block-houses so as to 
 expose the cannon pointed directly upon the group in council, they secured the safety 
 of Captain Heald. The Indians were intimidated by the menacing monster, and ac- 
 cepted Ileald's oifers with many protestations of friendship. He agreed to distribute 
 among them not only the goods in the public store — blankets, broadcloths, calicoes 
 paints, etc. — but also the arms, ammunition, and provisions not necessary for the use 
 of the garrison on its march. It was stipulated that the distribution should take 
 place the next day, soon after which the garrison and white inhabitants would leave 
 the works. The Pottawatomies agreed, on their part, to furnish a proper escort for 
 them through the wilderness to Fort Wayne, or condition of being liberally reward- 
 ed on their arrival there. 
 
 When the result of the council was made known, Mr. Kinzie warmly remonstrated 
 with Captain Heald. He knew the Indians well, and their weakness in the presence 
 of gi'eat temptations to do wrong. He begged the commander not to confide in their 
 promises at a moment so inauspicious for faithfulness to treaties. He especially en- 
 treated him not to place in their hands arms and ammunition, for it would feaifiiliy 
 increase their power to carry on those murderous raids which for months had spread 
 terror throughout the frontier settlements. Heald perceived liis folly, and resolved 
 to violate the treaty so far as anns and ammunition were concerned. 
 
 On that very evening, when the chiefs of the council seemed most friendly, a cir- 
 cumstance occurred which should have made Captain Heald shut his gates to hi^ 
 dusky neighbors, and resolve not to leave the fort. Black Partridge, a hitherto friend- 
 ly chief, and a man of much influence, c .me quietly to the commander and said : " Fa- 
 ther, I come to deliver to you the medal I wear. It was given me by the Americans. 
 
 mi BLAOK partbidoe's medal. 
 
 and I have long worn it in token of our mutual friendship. But our young men are 
 resolved to imbrue their hands in the blood of the white people. I can not restrain 
 them, and I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an ene- ^ 
 my.'" This solemn and authentic warning was strangely unheeded. 
 
 ' This medal, as I have been Informed, was received by the Black Partridge at the treaty of Fort Wayne, on the 9 
 of September, 1800, mentioned on pnpe 190. It wan of silver. The enRrnvlnjt Is the exact size of the original. It w«i j 
 copied from one In the pooeeseion of the widow of Qeneral Jacob Brown, of Brownsville, New York, where I saw it In 
 
 Another Warninj 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 307 
 
 Another Warning. 
 
 Arms, Powder, and Whisky destroyed. 
 
 Arrival of Re-enforcements. 
 
 Too Iste. 
 
 The morning of the 13th was bright and cool. The Indians aHsembled in great 
 numbers to receive their presents. Nothing bnt the goods in the store were distrib- 
 ated that day ; and in the evening the Black Partridge said to Mr. Griffith, the in- 
 terpreter, " Linden birds have been singing in my eara to-day ; be careful on the 
 march you are going to take," This was another solemn warung, and it was com- 
 municated to Captain Heald. It, too, was unheeded ; and at midnight, when the 
 sentinels were all posted and the Indians were in their camps, a portion of the pow- 
 der and liquor in the fort war cast into a well near the sally-port, and the remainder 
 into a canal that came up from the river far under the covered way. The muskets 
 not reserved for the garrison were broken up, and these, with shot, bullets, flints, 
 ffun-screws, and every thing else pertaining to fire-arms, were also thrown into the 
 ffell. A large quantity of alcohol belonging to Mr. Kinzie was poured into the river, 
 and before morning the destruction w^as complete. But the work had not been done 
 in secret. The night was dark, and vigilant Indians had crept to the fort as noise- 
 lessly as serpents, and their quick senses had perceived the destruction of what, un- 
 der the treaty, they claimed as their own. In the morning the work of the night 
 was made more manifest. Tlie powder was seen floating upon the surface of the 
 river, and the sluggish water had been converted by the whisky and the alcohol into 
 "strong grog," as an eye-witness remarked. Complaints and threatenings were loud 
 among the savages because of this breach of faith ;i and the dwellers in the fcrt were 
 impressed with a dreadful sense of impending destruction, when the brave Captain 
 Wells, Mrs. Heald's uncle, and adopted son of the Little Turtle, was discovered upon 
 the Indian trail near the Sand Hills, on the border of the lake not far distant, with a 
 band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was a chief.'^ He had heard at Fort 
 Wayne of the orders of Hull to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and, being fully aware of 
 the hostilities of the Pottawatomies, he had made a rapid march across the country 
 to re-enforce Captain Heald, assist in defending the fort, or prevent his exposure to 
 certain destruction by an attempt to reach the head of the Maumee. But he was too 
 late. All means for maintaining a siege had been destroyed a few hours before, and 
 every preparation had been made for leaving the post the next day. 
 
 When the morning of the 15th arrived, there were positive indications that the In- 
 dians intended to massacre all the white people. TJiey were overwhelming in num- 
 I bers, and held the fate of the devoted band in their grasp. When, at nine o'clock, 
 the appointed hour, the gate was thrown open, and the march commenced, it was like 
 a funeral procession. The band struck up the Dead March in Saul. Captain Wells, 
 
 the snmir jr of 1860. She also had a smaller medal of the same kind, struck for the same occasion. These were dlstrlb- 
 oled among the inferior chiefs. 
 ' The celebrated chiefBlack Hawk, who was among the Indians nt the time of the massacre at Chicago, declared that, 
 bid the treaty been fUlly carried out, the white people would not have been attacked. And such has been the general 
 impretsion of students. But the conduct of Black Partridge before the powder and liquor were destroyed disproves 
 ihia. No doubt the massacre had been determined on as soon as the order for the evacuation was made known to the 
 Indians. 
 
 ' When in Toledo, Ohio, in the autumn of 1860, 1 spent an hour pleasantly and profitably with General John E. Hunt, 
 « brother-in-law of General Cass, whose early life was spent among the stirring scenes of the frontier. He was in the 
 tort at Detroit when it was surrendered. He knew Captain William Wells, and ft'om his lips the substance of the fol- 
 lowing brief notice was commimtcated : When n child. Wells was living with his relative, Hon. Nathaniel Pope, of Een- 
 incliy, where he was stolen by a band of Miami Indians and taken to the Haumee country. He was adopted by Little 
 Turtle, the eminent Miami chief. He was rescued by his relatives, but had become so attached to his Indian (Wends and 
 their mode of life that he returned to them. He was compelled to go upon the war-path when Harrison invaded that 
 region, and was with the Indians who defeated St. Clair. No doubt he swayed the mind of Little Turtle when Wayne 
 ippeared in that region, for that chief was favorable to peace with the great Blacksnake, as they called him. Wells 
 »w clearly the wealcness of the Indiana ; and one day, while in the woods, he suddenly informed bis fottter-father tbat 
 be rtonld leave him, to join the army of Wayne. "I now leave your nation for my own people," said Wells. "We 
 j km long been (Hends. We are friends yet, until the sim reaches there," pointing to a place in the heavens. " From 
 thit time we are enemies. Then, if you wish to kill me, you may ; if I want to kill yon, I may." At the hour named. 
 We"' itteA the Mau.neo, and, asking the direction toward Wayne's army, disappeared In the forest. In Wajnie's army 
 be commanded a company of the spies. When peace was restored, after the treaty of Qreenvllle, in 1T08, he and the 
 Little Turtle became good friendo. He married the Little Turtle's sister, a Miami girl, and became a chief of that na- 
 tion, One of his daughters was the wife of Judge Woicott, of Maumee City, Ohio. Wells wm Indian Agent at Fort 
 Wtfne when the War of ISlti broke out. He had lived there since 1S04. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 %r^ 
 
 i ^i ■ . f 
 
iliffi 
 
 |:?| i I Vi 
 
 W 
 
 i 
 
 
 III 
 
 ■ 
 
 it- 
 ■ ^ 
 
 : (1- 
 
 ^^^^a 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 808 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A solemn March out of the Kurt. 
 
 Treachery of the IndlaoB. 
 
 HadiBcre of the White People 
 
 with his face blackened with wet gunpowder in token of his impending fate, took the 
 lead with his friendly Miamis^ followed by Captain Heakl, and his heroic wife by hia 
 bide. Mr. Kinzie accompanied them, hoping, by his personal influence, to soften, if he 
 could not avert, the impending blow. His family were left in a boat, in charge of u 
 friendly Indian, to b^ conveyed around the head of the lake to Kinzie's trading sta- 
 tion, on the site of tro present village of Niles, in Michigan. 
 
 Slowly the procession moved along the lake shore until tLcy came to the Sand 
 Hills, between the prairie and the beach, when the escort of Pottawatomii s, about 
 five hundred^ in number, under The Black-bird, filed to the right, and placed those hills 
 between tliemselves and the white people. Wells and his Miamis had kept in the 
 advance ; suddenly they came dashing back, the leader shouting, " They are about to 
 attack us : form, instantly !" These startling words were scarcely uttered when a 
 stom? of bullets came from the Sand Hills, but without serious effect. The treacher- 
 ous and cowardly Pottawatomies had made those hillocks their cover for a murder- 
 ous attack. The troops, hastily brought into line, charged up the bank, when one of 
 •;heir number, a white-haired man of seventy years, fell dead from his horse, the first 
 Yictira. The Indians were driven back, and the battle was waged on the open prai- 
 rie between fifty-four soldiers, twelve civilians, and three or four women, against about 
 five hundred Indian warriors. Of course, the conflict was hopeless on the part of the 
 white people ; but they resolved to make the butchers pay dearly for every life which 
 they destroyed.' 
 
 The cowardly Miamis fled at the first onset. Their chief rode up to the Pottawat- 
 omies, charged them with perfidy, and, brandishing his glittering tomahawk, dociarcd 
 that he would be the first to lead Americans to punish them. He then wheeled and 
 dashed after his fugitive companions, who were scurrying over the prairie as if the 
 Evil Spirit was at their heels. 
 
 HITS OP UUIOAOO AND Or BVEMT8 TUEBE IN 1812. 
 
 The conflict was short, d«sperate, and bloody. Two thirds of the white people 
 ■were slain or wounded, and all the horses, provisions, and baggage were lost. Only 
 twenty-eight strong men remained to brave the fury of about five hundred Indians, 
 who had lost but fifteen in the conflict. The devoted band had succeeded in break- 
 ing through the ranks of the ass.issins, who gave way in front and rallied on the flank, 
 
 > The place of confllctat the Sand Tlills wnH on the site of a lot (vacant when I visited It in 1860) in the rear of the 
 honro of the late Widow Clark, between Indiana and Michigan Avenuea, .'lut south of North Street, and about flily rudi 
 frjm the lalie. . 
 
 Incidents of the 
 
"^^ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 809 
 
 Incidents of tbe Conflict with the Savaf;e8. 
 
 Death of Captain Wells. 
 
 Bravery of Women. 
 
 and gained a sliglit eminence on tlie prairie near a grovo called Tlie Oak Woods. 
 The savagea did not ])ur8iie. They gathered upon the Sand IlillH in consultation, and 
 cave signs of willingness to parley. Farther conflict with them would be rashness ; 
 so Taptain Ileald, ac<!ompanied by Perish Le Clerc, a halt-breed boy in IVIr. Kinzie's 
 service, went forward, met Black-bird on the open prairie, and arranged terms for a 
 surrender. It was agreed that all the arms should be given up to Black-bird, and 
 that the survivors should become prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as 
 soon as practicable. With t'lis understanding, captured and captors all started for 
 the Indian encampment near the fort.' 
 
 , So overwhelming was the savage force at the Sand Hills, that the conflict, after the 
 first despei'ate charge, became an exhibition of individual i)rowes8 — a life-and-death 
 struggle, in which no one could render any assistance to his neighbor, for all were 
 principals. In this conflict women bore a conspicuous part. All fought gallantly so 
 lone; as strength permitted them. . The bravs Ensign llonan wielded his weapon even 
 when falling upon his knees because of loss of blood.'' Captain Wells displayed the 
 iireatcst coolness and gallantry. He was by the side of his niece when the conflict 
 beoan. "We have not the slightest chance for life," he said. "We must part, to 
 meet no more in this world ; God bless you." With these words, he dashed forward 
 with the rest. In the midst of the tight he saw a young warrior, painted like a de- 
 mon, climb into a wagon in which Avere twelve children of the white people, and tom- 
 ahawk them all! Forgetting his own immediate danger. Wells exclaimed, "If that 
 istheir game, butchering women and children, I'll kill too." He instantly dashed to- 
 ward the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and little ones, hotly pur- 
 sued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent many a rifle ball after liim. lie lay 
 close to his horse's neck, and turned and flred occasionally upon his pursuers. When 
 he had got almost beyond the range of their rifles, a ball killed his horse and wound- 
 ed himself severely in the leg. The young savages rushed forward with a demoniac 
 veil to make him a prisoner and reserve him for the torture, for he wjs to them an 
 arch ottender. His friends Win-ne-meg and Wau-ban-see vainly attempted to save 
 liim from his flite. He knew the temper and the practices of the savages well, and 
 resolved not to be made a captive. He taunted them with the most insulting epi- 
 thets to provoke them to kill him instantly. At length he called one of the fiery 
 young warriors (Per-so-tum) a squaw, which so enraged him that be killed Wells in- 
 stantly with a tomahawk, jumped upon his body, ctit out his heart, and ate a portion 
 of the warm and half-palpitating morsel with savage delight.^ 
 
 The wife of Captain Heald, who was expert with the rifle and an excellent eques- 
 trian, deported herself bravely. She received severe wounds. Faint and bleeding, 
 she managed to keep the saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when 
 she looked him full in the face, and, with a sweet, melancholy smile, said, in the Indian 
 tongne, " Surely you will not kill a squaw !" The appeal was effectual. The arm 
 of the savage fell, and the life of the heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm, the step- 
 daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had a severe personal encounter with a stalwart young 
 Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. She sprang on one side, and received the 
 blow intended for her head upon her shoulder, and at the same instant she seized the 
 savage around the neck, and endeavored to get hold of his scalping-knife, which hung 
 ill a sheath upon his breast. While thus struggling, she was dragged from her antag- 
 
 ' Captain Heald's dispatch to Adjutant General Cushing, October 28, 1812. 
 
 ' Mrs. Helm epeaks of the terror of Dr. Van Voorhccs at that time. He was badly wonnded. His horse had been shot 
 mder him. " Do yon think," he said to Mrs. Helm, " they will take onr lives f " and then talked of offering a large ran- 
 som for existence. She advised him not to think of life, but of inevitable death. " Oh !" he exclaimed, " I can not die. 
 lam not fit to die. If I had only a short time to prepare for it— death is awftil I" She pointed to the falling Bonan, 
 mi said, " Look at that man 1 at least he dies like a soldier." " Yes," gasped the terrified snrgeon, "bnt he has no ter- 
 ror of the fntnre— he Is an nnbellcver !" At that moment Mrs. Helm had a deadly straggle with a young Indian, and a 
 moment afterward she ■<n\r the dead body of the snrgeon. He had been jlatn by a tomahawk. 
 
 ' Statement of Colonel John Johnston, of Dayton, to the author. 
 
/ , 
 
 1 
 
 no 
 
 riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Act of • friendly Indian. The Wounded bntchered for their Scalps. Scalp* purobaied hj th* Britlah Commander 
 
 oniHt by another Indian, who bore licr, spito of her desperate resistance, to the 
 margin of the lake, and plunged her in, at the same time, to her astonishment hold- 
 ing her so that she would not drown. She soon perceived that she was held by a 
 friendly hand. It was that of the Black Partridge who had saved her. When tlio 
 firing ceased and the capitulation was concluded, ho conducted her to the prairie 
 where she met her father, and heard that her husband was safe. Bleeding and huI- 
 fering, she was conducted to the Indian camp by the Black Partridge and I'er-so-tmn 
 the latter carrying in his hand a scalp which she knew to be that of Captain Wells 
 by the black ribbon that bound the queue. 
 
 The wife of a soldier named Corbord, believing that all prisoners were reserved 
 for torture, fought desperately, and suiTered herself to be literally cut in pieces rather 
 than surrender. The wife of Sergeant Holt, who was badly wounded in his neck at 
 the beginning of the engagement, received from him his sword, and behaved as 
 bravely as an Amazon. She was a large and powerful woman, and rode a fine, liijrh- 
 spirited horse, which the Indians coveted. Several of them attacked her with tlic 
 butts of their guns, for the purpose of dismounting her, but she used her sworj so 
 skillfully that she foiled them. She suddenly wheeled her horse and dashed over the 
 prairie, followed by a large number, who shouted, " The bravo woman ! the brave 
 woman ! don't hurt her !" They finally overtook her, and, while two or three were 
 engaging Jier in front, a powerful savage seized her by her neck, and dragged her 
 backward to the ground. The horse and woman became prizes. Tlie latter was 
 afterward ransomed. 
 
 When the captives were taken to the Indian camp a new scene of horrors was 
 opened. The wounded, according to the Indians' interpretation of the capitulation 
 were not iircluded in the terms of the surrender. Proctor had offered a liberal sum 
 for scalps delivered at Maiden ; so, nearly all the wounded men were killed, and the 
 value of British bounty, such as is sometimes offered for the destruction of wolves 
 was taken frojn each head.' In this tragedy Mrs. Ileald played a part, but fortunate- 
 ly escaped scalping. Li order to save her fine horse, the Indians had aimed at tlie 
 rider. Seven bullets took effect upon her person. Her captor, who was about to slay 
 her upon the battle-field, as we have seen, left her in the saddle, and led the horse to 
 ward the camp. When in sight of the fort his acvjuisitiveness overpowered his gal- 
 lantry, and he was taking her bonnet from her head in order to scalp her, when she 
 was discovered by Mrs. Kinzie, who was yet sitting in the boat, and M'ho had heard 
 the tumult of the conflict, but without any intimation of the result until she saw the 
 wounded woman in the hands of her savage captive. " Run ! run, Chaudoniiai !" 
 exclaimed Mrs. Kinzie to one of her husband's clerks, who was standing on the beach. 
 " That is Mrs. Heald. He is going to kill her ! Take that mule, and offer it as a 
 ransom." Chandonnai promptly obeyed, and increased the bribe by offering in ad- 
 dition two bottles of whisky. These were worth more than Proctor's bounty, and 
 Mrs. Ileald was released. She was placed in Mrs. Kinzie's boat, and there concealed 
 from the prying eyes of other scalp-hunters. 
 
 Toward evening the family of Mr. Kinzie* were allowed to return to their own 
 
 > A writer, signing his communication "An Officer," under date of "Buffalo, March 8, 1818," speaks of the nrrlvsl 
 there of Mrs. Helm, and her narrative of sufferings at and after the massacre at Chicago. "She knows the fact," be 
 says, " that Colonel Proctor, the British commander at Maiden, bought the scalps of our mnrdered garrison at Chicago, 
 and, thanks to her noble spirit, eh'! boldly charged him with the Infamy In his own house." This independence was 
 probably the cause of the cruel treatment which she and her husband received at the h>f'« of Proctor. She and her 
 husband, after several weeks of captivity among the Indians, were united at Detroit, whviv. i .. -tor caused them both 
 to be arrested, and sent on horseback, in the dead of a Canadian winter, across the wilderness to Fort George, on tbe 
 Niagara frontier. The writer farther says concerning the statements of Mrs. Heald, " She knows, f^om the tribe with 
 whom she was a prisoner, and who were the perpetrators of those murders, that they intended to remain true, bnt that 
 they reixived orders bom the British to cut off our garrison whom they were to escort."— NUes's Weekly RegitUr, April 3, 
 1818. 
 
 . > John Kinzie, who bore so conspicnouB a part in the events we are considering, was bom in Quebec, in 1763, tml 
 was the only offspring of his mother's second marriage. His father died while he was an infant, and bis mother mar- 
 ried a third time, and with her husband (Mr. Forsythe) removed to the city of New York. At the age of ten yean 
 
 guvlrors of thi 
 
OF THE WAlt OF 1812. 
 
 811 
 
 gurlvora oflhs Manaor* at Chicago, 
 
 Sketch of Mr. Klnxle. 
 
 Remain! of the Fort. 
 
 house, where they were greeted by the friendly lilack Partridge. Mrs. Helm was 
 placed in the house of Ouilmette, a Frenchman, by the same friendly hand. But these 
 and all the other prisoners were exposed to great jeopardy by tlie arrival of a band 
 of fierce Pottawatomies from the Wabash, who yearned for blood and plunder. They 
 scarelied the houses for prisoners with keen vision, and when no farther concealment 
 and safety seemed possible, some friendly Indians arrived, and so turned the tide of 
 affairs that the Wabash savages were ashamed to owu their blood-thirsty iuten- 
 tlons.' 
 
 In this terrible tragedy in the wildeniess fifty-five years ago, twelve children, all 
 the masculine civilians but Mr, Kinzie and his sons. Captain Wells, Surgeon Van V'wr- 
 heeo^Knsign Ronaii, uiid twcnly-six private soldiers, were murdered. The prison- 
 ers were divided among the captors,^ and were finally reunited, vr restored to their 
 friends and families. A few of them have survived until our day. Mrs. Rebecca 
 IleaUl died at the St. Charles Mission, in yissouri, in the year 1800. Major John II. 
 Kinzie, of Chicago (husband of the writer of " Wau-bun"), his brother Major Robert 
 A. Kinzie, and Mre. Hunter, wife of General David Hunter, of the National Army, arc 
 [1867] surviving children of Mr. Kinzie, and were with their mother in the boat. 
 The brothers were both oflicers of Volunteers during the late Civil War; and a most 
 promising sou of John Kinzie became a martyr for his cou? try in that war, Paul do 
 Ganno, another survivor, was living at Maumee City, Ohio, when I visited that place 
 in 1860, but I was not aware of the fact until after I had left. Jack Smith, a . '*ilor 
 on the lakes, who was a drummer-boy at tlie time, was alive within the last two or 
 three yeai'S. It is believed that no other survivors of the massacre are now [1807] 
 living. 
 
 On the morning after the massacre the- fort was burned by the Indians, and Chi- 
 cago remained a desolation for about four years. In 1810 the Pottawatomies ceded 
 to the United States all the land on which Chicago now stands, when the fort was 
 rebuilt on a somewhat more extended scale, and the bones of the massacred were col- 
 lected and buried. One of the block-houses of the new fort remained, near the bank 
 of the river, until 1850, when it was demolished. The view here given (by whom 
 
 joang Ktnzie was placed In a school in Wtlllamsbnrg, near Long Island. One day he made his way to the North River, 
 got ou board of an Albany sloop, and started for Quebec. Fortunately for him, he found a passenger who was on his 
 way to that city, who took charge of him. At Quebec the boy apprenticed himself to a silversmith. Three years after- 
 ward, his family, having returned to Canada for the purpose of moving to Detroit, discovered him. They hud supposed 
 him lost forever. When he grew up he loved the wilds. He became a trader, and lived most of the time on the ft-ontler 
 and among the Indians. He eBtabllshed trading-houses. He married the widow of a British officer in ISOO, and settled 
 at Chicago iu 1804. There ho became a captain in 1812, and In January, 1813, Joined his family at Detroit. There he 
 was badly treated by General Proctor, who cast him into prison at Maiden. Ho was Anally sent to Quebec, to be for- 
 warded to England, for what purpose was never known. The vessel In which he sailed was compelled to put back, 
 when he was released and returned to Detroit, where he fonnd General Harris In possession. He and his family re- 
 turned to Chicago in 'i810, when the fort was rebuilt. Mr. Kinzie died there on the 6th of Jonuary, 182S, at the age of 
 slity-llve years. This was two years before the town of Chicago was laid out into lots by commissioners appointed by 
 the state. 
 
 ' The leader of the friendly party was Billy Caldwell, a half-breed and a chief. The Black Partridge told him of the 
 etldent intentions of the Wabash Indians. They had blackened their faces, and were then seated sullenly In Mr. 
 Kinzle'B parlor, preparatory to a general massacre of all the remaining white people. Billy went In, took off his ac- 
 coutrements, and said, iu a careless way, " How now, my friends 1 A good day to you. I was told there were enemies 
 here, but I am glad to And only friends. Why have you blackened your faces f Is It that you are mourning for your 
 friends lost in battle f Or Is it that yon are fhsting t If so, ask our friend here (Mr. Kinzie), and he will give you to 
 eaL He is the Indian's fl-iend, and never yet refused them what they had need of." The hostile savages were sur- 
 priaed and overwhelmed with shame.— Mrs. KInzte's Wmt-fmn, page 238. 
 
 ' John Cooper, M.D., of Poaghkeepsie, New York, was the Immediate predecessor of Doctor Van Voorhees at Fort 
 Dearborn. They were natives of the same town (Flshkill, Dutchess County, New York) and class-mates. Van Voor- 
 hees was a yonng man of great powers. Dr. Cooper left the fort in 1811, tendered his resignation, and left the army. 
 He died at Poughkeepsle in 1863, where he had been for many years the oldest medical practitioner in the place. 
 
 ' Captain Heald was quite severely wounded and made a prisoner by an Indian from the Kankakee, who had a strong 
 personal regard for him, but who, on seeing the feeble state of Mrs. Heald, released him and allowed him to accompany 
 her to the month of the St. Joseph's, in Michigan. On returning to bis village, the Indian found himself an objeot of 
 great dlsBatisfaction because he had released his prisoner ; so he resolved to go to St. Joseph and reclaim him. Friend- 
 ly Indians gave Heald warning, and he and his wife went to far-off Mackinack iu an open boat, and surrendered them- 
 selves tn the British commander there as prisoners of war. This kept them out of the hands of the savages.— Wai»-buu, 
 page 243. 
 
 ^— 
 
Ilill 
 
 liii 
 
 813 
 
 nCTOUiAL klELD-BOOK 
 
 Block-hoDM at GUcago. 
 
 Tb* Aatlicw of RDiN-ltm. 
 
 Amariag Omwth of Chlctgo. 
 
 ULOUK-IIUUHE AT UUIUAdO, 
 
 sketched I know not) was drawn not long before the demolition. On the left of tlio 
 picture is seen the light-house and a steam-boat in the Chicago River, above theHusli 
 Street bridge, at the terniiiiation and junction of Wabash Avenue and River Street. 
 On the right, across the river, not far from the site of the Kinzie mansion, is seen tlie 
 hotel called the lake House, and in the foreground, on the right, is seen two vener- 
 able trees, one of which was standing on the vacant lot where the block-house was 
 when I visited Chicago in 1860. At that time I had the pleasure of meeting Mrs, 
 John II. Kinzie, the author of Wmtrbim, at her own house, and heard from her own 
 lips interesting reminiscences of Chicago in 1831, the year after state commissioners 
 laid it out into town lots. To Mrs. Kinzie's skillful pencil we are indebted for the 
 sketch of Fort Dearborn and the Kinzie mansion printed on page 303 ; also for tlie 
 map on page 308. Although she was a woman of about middle age, she and her Ims- 
 band were the " oldest inhabitants" of Chicago. They are the only persons now [1867] 
 living there who were residents of Chicago in 1831, within the present city limits. 
 Tliere were two settlers living without the city limits in 1860 who resided on the 
 same spot in 1831. These were Archie Clybourn and John Clack, the latter generally 
 known as " Old Hunter Clack." They were originally from the Kanawha Valley, in 
 Virginia. These had been witnesses of its marvelous growth from a stockade fort 
 in the wilderness, and a few rude houses, to a city of almost two hundred thousand 
 inhabitants in the course of only thirty-six years I Chicago is now the great en- 
 trepot for the grain of the teeming Northwest — the central point to which about a 
 dozen important railways converge' — and yet there, only thirty-six years ago, Mm 
 Kinzie and her family, during a whole winter, were compelled to use the greates* 
 economy for fear they might exhaust their slender stock of flour and meal before it 
 could be replenished from " below !" At the same time, the Indians of that neigh- 
 borhood were famishing — " dying in companies from mere destitution Soap 
 
 made from the bark of the slippery elm, or stewed acorns, was the only food that 
 many had subsisted on for weeks. "^ 
 
 ' The Hichigan Centrat ; the Michtgan Sonthern and Northern Indiana ; the Pittsbnrg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago ; tbe 
 Chicago branch of the Illinois Central ; the St. Lonie, Alton, and Chicago ; the Chicago and Kock Island ; the Xllinolt 
 Grand Tmnk : the Chicago, Falton, and Iowa ; the Oalena, Chicago, and Union ; the Chicago and Northwestern ; ud 
 tbe Chicago and Milwaukee, with nnmerons tribntaries. 
 
 ' For a fall description of Chicago bfi 1S31, the reader is referred to the seventeenth chapter of Mrs. Eeuzie'a ITau-hiit. 
 
 Cklcigo a Ueoei 
 
 I lii 
 
OF THE WAR OF IBIS. 
 
 619 
 
 I- 
 
 CUetfO • Gtanwatlou •tfu. Iti blilortoal Loctlltlw. Tccamtha'i Uop«s rerlvad. Oetlgni *Ktinit Tort Wsjnw. 
 
 The city of Chicago now covcrH the entire theatre of the eventH just described. 
 The ohi channel of the river, froai the fort to its mouth, has been filled or (lovered, 
 iind the present harbor constructed. The Sand Hills have been leveled ; and where 
 the battle on the prairit — the struggles of brave warriors, an<l the cliuse and murder 
 of Wells — occurred, populated streets now lie. It was while passing along one of 
 theae (Mi jhigan Avenue) — tho finest in point of beauty, taste, and prospect in all the 
 West, •.viien on our way out to the j)leasant suburban village of Hyde Park, on the 
 lake shore, to visit some old friends, that we were directed to tlic site of the Sand 
 Hills, the Oak Woods, and Leo's Place, Very near the spot where the Kinzie man- 
 sion stood — where food was so scarce only thirty years ago. iinmense " elevators" — 
 the Iiirgei't in the world — receive, weigh, and send ott'anmially millions of bushels of 
 the fli/y^M-' grain of tho Northwest! This transformation is tho work of a jingle 
 generation. It seems like a magic product evolved by tho attrition of Aladdin's 
 
 lamp.' 
 
 When tho work of destruction, and the final disposition of tho prisoners at Chi- 
 cago were completed. The IMack-bird and his savjige horde pressed toward Fort 
 Wayne. The fall of Mackinack and Detroit, and the destruction of the military post 
 .it Chicago, BO completoly broke tho power of the United States in the Northwest for 
 ilie moment, that tho Indians, believing that there wotild be perfect safety in openly 
 joining the Uritish, did bo. Tecumtha's Iiojjcs of establishing a confederacy of the 
 iudians to drive the white people from the country north of tho Ohio revived. The 
 prospect of success seemed brighter than ever, and, with the energy of a patriot and 
 enthusiast, he sent emissaries among all the tribes to invite them to take the war- 
 path, with the solo intent of complete expulsion or utter extermination. The Win- 
 iiebagoes, Pottawatomies, Kickapoos, Ottawas, Shawnoese, and less ])owerful tribes, 
 ffladly listened ; and all over the region south of Lake Erie, far toward the Ohio, the 
 young men were speedily engaged in the war-dance. 
 
 Proctor and Tecumtha resolved to reduce Forts Wayne and Harrison immediately. 
 Tlie former, as Vi^e have seen, was at the head of the Maumee,* and the latter on the 
 Wabash.' Major Muir, with British regulars and Indians, were to proceed from Mai- 
 den up the Maumeo Valley to co-operate Avith tho Indians ; and the 1 st of September 
 was appointed as the day wlien Fort Wayne should bo invested by them. The gar- 
 rison consisted of only seventy men, under Captain James Ithea,^ with four small 
 field-pieces. The savages were there as early as the 28th of August," and at 
 about the same time hostile bands, for the purpose of diverting attention from 
 Forts Wayne and Harrison, and preventing their garrisons being re-enforced, were 
 directed to prosecute warfare at distant points in their usual mode — murdering iso- 
 lated settlers, with their women and children. Pursuant to these instructions, a- 
 scalping-party of Shawnoese fell upon " The Pigeon Roost Settlement," on a tribu- 
 
 1 1 am indebted to the accurate knowledge and kind conrte»y of Mrs. Kinzle for the following information reepectlng 
 the localities of acts in the Bvcnts we have Jast recorded, as Indicated by plnces to-day : 
 
 The"Kinxie raausion" was on the north side of the Chicago River, at the intersection of Pine and North Water 
 Street*, as they now are in " Kinzie's addition," and aboat eighty feet east of the Lake House. 
 
 The bonse of Outlmette was between what are now Rash and Cass Streets, on North Water Street. Bnms'e was near 
 the foot of Wolcott Street, on the bank of the river. The east end of the Chicago and Galena Freight D^'pAt covers the 
 spot. 
 
 The place where the fight commenced was between the Widow Clarke's and the lake. The trees are still standing 
 which stood there at that day. 
 
 "Lee's Place" was about a fourth of a mile above where Halstead Street crosses the Soath Branch. 
 
 Captain Wells was killed near the foot of Twelfth Street, on the Lake Shore path. 
 
 The "Oak Woods" were. In 1802, "Camp Douglas," Just beyond the southern limits of the city, on the Lake Shore. 
 "Chicago University" and the grave of the late Stepiten A. Douglas, who owned the property, occnpy a portion of the 
 irjct. 
 
 The place of the parley was aboat at the Intersection of the Archer Ro^d and Clarke Street. 
 
 > See page 66. ' See page 19T. 
 
 •James Rhea was a native of New Jersey, and was lieutenant and adjutant of "Rhea's levies" in 17B1. He was en- 
 tii-n and second lieutenant of infantry in 1T99, and was promoted to first lientenant In 1800. He was commissioned a 
 uptaUi in July, ISOT, and resigned at Fort Wayne at the close of 1818.— Gardner's JXetionar}/ qf the Army, page STT. 
 
 • 1812. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 HI, 
 
 :t' ^ I 
 
114 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 1 I 
 
 \ 
 
 •fBttUwi. 
 
 ▲tUck on Fort Wajm*. 
 
 ••QnUMrGaiM.'' 
 
 TtasUwrUoaiia, 
 
 • 1819. 
 
 tary of the Whito River, within tho limitH of tho prcHt'iit Scott County, in Hoiithem 
 Indianii, on the Hd of tcptemher.'' They tirMt kiUod two bee-hunterH of the Het- 
 tienient ;' and between BunHet and diirit tliey murdered one iniin, five woiiit'ii 
 an<l Hixtoen eliihlren.^ Only two men imd five (;hihlren eHciiped.' These nia<U> tliuir 
 wiiy, under tho cover of the night, to the houHc of ii settler hix nul<« diHtiiiil. Om, 
 hundred and fifly mounted ritlemen, under Major John M'Coy, gave (^hawe to the 
 •> September 4. niurdererH tho next day.** They followed them twenty milcH, but they 
 OHcaped during tho night. Tho militia of Scott, JefliTson, Clarke, and 
 • SeptcmiHir T. Knox Counties were Hoon aHHombled, and wore joined'^ by about three 
 hundred and titty volunteerH from Kentucky, under Colonel Geiger, for tho imrpone 
 ofdoHtroying the towns of tho Dela wares, on the White liiver, wlio were Huspccleil 
 of boijig the nmrderors. Evidence of tho inLocence and even friendlinesH of those In- 
 dians was not wanting, and they wore spared. From that time until the close r" 
 tho war, the settlers in that region lived in a continual Ktato of fear and excitement.' 
 
 For several days the Indians, in large numbers, liad been seen hovering in tho woods 
 around Fort Wayne, and on the night of the 5th of September thoy commenced a sc- 
 ries of attacks by tiring upon tho sentinels, without effect. Up to tluit time, the Mi- 
 amis in tho neighborhood, who had resolved to join the British, had made great pro- 
 fessions of friendship, hoj)ing, no doubt, to gain possession of the fort by a surprise. 
 This hypocrisy availed them nothing, so they cast oft' all disp uise and opened liostili- 
 ties. On the nioniing of the 0th they were invisible, and some of the soldiers ven- 
 tured out of the fort. They had not proceeded seventy yards when bullets from a 
 concealed foe killed two of their number. Their companions hastened back, currying 
 tho bodies of their comrades with them. 
 
 On the niglit of the 6th the wliole body of Indians, 8uj)posed to have been six hund- 
 red strong, attacked tho fort. They attempted to scale tho palisades, but so vigilani 
 and skillful were the garrison tliat the savages were not permitted to do the least 
 damage. Perceiving such assaults to be useless, they resolved to employ strategy in 
 the morning. Two logs were formed into the Blia])e of cannon, and placed in battery 
 before the fort. A half-breed, with a flag, ajjproached and informed tho commandant 
 that the British, then on their march, had sent them two battery cannon, and that il' 
 a surrender Avas not immediately made, the fort would be battered down. lie also 
 threatened a general massacre of the garrison within three days, as a re-enforcemenl 
 of seven hundred Indian warriors were expected the next day. The troops were not 
 frightened by tho " Quaker guns." They were aware that friends were on the way 
 to relieve them,* and resolved to hold out while their provisions lasted. For nearly 
 three days after the menace there was quiet. Then the savages renewed the at- 
 
 > Jereminh Pajme and Fiederick Kaupftnan. 
 
 ' These wcrp Henry CiillingB and his wife ; the wife of Jeremiah Payne and eight of her children ; Mrs. Richard Col- 
 llngg and seven of her children ; Mrs. John Morris and her only child, and Mrs. Morris, the mother of her husband. 
 
 ' Mrs. Jane Biggs and her three children, and the aged William Collings and Captain John Morris, with two oftht 
 children (John and Lydla) of Urs. Collings who was murdered. They all escaped to the house of Zebalon Collings.- 
 Dlllon's HUtory of [ndiaim, page 402. 
 
 • Mr. Zebulon Collings, to whose honse the fugitives from The Pigeon Roost escaped, has left on record the foUowlD!; 
 vivid account of the sense of peril felt by the settlers during those dark days between the summer of 1812 and 1$15: 
 " The niauuer In which I used to work was as follows : on all occasions I carried my rifle, tomahawk, and butcher-knifr. 
 with a loaded pistol In my belt. When I went to plow, I laid my gun on the plowed ground, and stuck up a slicli by 
 it for a mark, so that I could get It quick In case It was wanted. I bad two good dogs. I took one Into the bouse, leav- 
 ing the other out. The one outside was expected to give the alarm, which would cause the one Inside to bark, by vhlcli 
 I would be awakened, having my arms always loaded. I kept my horses in a stable close to the house, having a pon- 
 hole so that I could shoot to the stable-door. During two years I never went from home with a certainty of returaliij;, 
 not knowing the minute I might i jceive a hall from an unknown hund ; but. In the midst of all these dangers, tbat GoJ 
 who never sleeps nor slumbers has kept me."— Dillon's Hintorj/ of Indiana, page 498. 
 
 » Qeneral Harrison, then at Piqua In command of Kentucky troops, sent M^or WillUm Oliver, a gallant officer, with 
 
 four Shawnoese, to Fort Wayne to assure the garrrison of speedy re-enforcement. Tbeypushed through the wildemc!! 
 
 for about slzty miles. Oliver was In Indian costume. When they approached the fort they came upon the ont-piards 
 
 of the savages. With great skill they evaded them, made tlielr way through the lines of the besiegers, and, with fleei 
 
 •^ot, gained the fort. Oliver and his companions remained there until the close of the siege. —Early Hiiiory c/thtMati- 
 
 .tnee KoUeyi by H. L.Ho8mer, page 88. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1 8 H. 
 
 Mf 
 
 I of Fort Wcyne raited. 
 
 HaTiR*! of the Indlanii, 
 
 Th« any of Little ToHto. 
 
 t»ok,* and kept np ii Hre at, intorvnlM for twelve hount. Oi. tliw tollow!::^ •H«ipt«'mbor», 
 jjiy tlit'y raiHod a trt^iiitMuIoiiH wiir-wlioop, to tVi^litcn tlie jj;arriHon, uixl '^"'' 
 
 airain i-otnini'iiccd an UHHuiilt, with um little hiiik^ohh an on previoiiH oc^c-aHioiiH. Tlio 
 patii'iit little xarriHon reiiiaiiieil iiiiharnied ; and on the 12th, the heHJej^erM tletl preeip- 
 itiitely, havinji heanl of the approach of a larji;e re-eiiforceincut for the fort. '''••"* 
 evening the delivererH arrived, and Fort Wayne was Haved.' 
 
 That 
 
 run WAYNK IN MVi. 
 
 Before they left, the Indians destroyed every thing outside the fort — live-stock, 
 crops, and dwellings. Among the latter was the house of Captain Wells, who was 
 killed at Chicago. It was on his reservation of rich bottom lands on the north side 
 of tiie St. Mary's River, opposite the present city of Fort Wayne, and not more than 
 half a mile distant from it. When I visited the spot in/ the autumn of 1860, in com- 
 pany with the venerable Mr. Hedges, already mentioned,'* and the Hon. I. D. G. Nel- 
 son, more than twenty apple-trees of an orchard planted by Captain Wells — the old- 
 est iti Northern Indiana, having been set out in 1804 or 1805 — were yet standing, 
 
 sketch of that group "" ""■•' '"'"■''"'« "^'''"'- es was at his funeral. 
 
 ' Thomson's Skelehe* of the War, page 60 ; M'Afee, page 12T. ' See page 44. 
 
 > Ur. Drake, iu his Book of Ihe Indian*, qnotea.the following notice of the Little Tortle'a death from one of the pnbllc 
 prints of the day : " Fo vt Wayne, 81 July, 1812.— On the 14th instant the celebrated Miami chief, the Little Turtle, dl?d 
 It this place, at the age of slzty-flve years. Perhaps there Is not left on this continent one of his color so dlsthignished 
 itcooncilandln war. Hla disorder was the goat. He died in a camp, becaose he chose to be in the opeu air. He met 
 
 _ - *- -T 
 
!l 
 
 ■'} 1 fill 
 
 » 
 
 M I 
 
 r 
 
 iJ'llilii^ll 
 
 tfff 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-ROOK 
 
 ForU Wayne and MinniL 
 
 Treachery of the Indiana, 
 
 Site of Port Wayne. 
 
 By tho side of liis romains reposed those of his sister, tlio wife of Captain WcIIh, 
 Tlioir graves were tiiiiioiiore<l, btit I was informed that tlie kinsfolk of the noted 
 man were about to c veet a neat monument to mark tlie jtlaee of tlieir sepidturc. 
 
 Fort Wayne, delineated on |»aLje ;{ir), was built, as we have seen (pag'.i />(!), in the 
 autumn of 1 794. It was not on the site of the old Freneli stoekade, known as Koit 
 ^liami ;' nor on that of tiie t)iu' 'vhich was oeeuj)ied by an Enjflisli tfanison, consist- 
 inu;of a (•a|>tain's eommand, at tin lime ofl'ontiae's eonspin.ey in 17(i;t. At liialtiiiie 
 tiie old Fori, ISIiami was a ruin, and the stockade to which reference is here made was 
 in perfect order. It was about half a mile from the |)resent bridge across the Man- 
 nu'c, on the east bank of the St. Joseph. The eoiMinander was a surgeon, and liis ino- 
 fession was the cause of his own deatli .and the capture of the jjarrison by the Indiiuis 
 at that time. He was asked by an Indian gir! to ljo out of the fort to see a sick sav- 
 au[e at the Miami village near by, where a young woman of the tribe, eliosen for the 
 purpose, to show the contempt of the savages for the English, murdered him. The 
 garrison became prisoners to the I\Iiamis.~ When, three years later, (leorge Crofrlimi 
 visited the spot, tlie fort was "somewhat ruinous." He foiintl forty or fifty Indian 
 cabins at the village across the Mauinc;' (that " stood on both sides of the St. Josciih"), 
 besides " nine or ten French houses." yVmong the latter was that of Dronet de Hich- 
 urdville, a French trader, and fiither of Chid' Hichardville, already mentioned as ijie 
 successor of the Little Turtle.^ Tlie tort of 1794-1812 stood on the bank of the Man- 
 
 IIUIIKIE AT TUK UBAU OK TlIK MAUMKK, AT FOllT H AV.NE. 
 
 mee (see map on ])age '208), at the junction of the present Main and Clay Streets, 
 Fort Wayne. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through a portion of it. It was a 
 
 l\is dfiith with pn at flrmucPB. Ttie Ajient for Indian Affairs liad hlni burled witli tho honorn of war, and other m«rk» 
 of distinction suited to liis ch .. icter." A writer, quoted hy Mr. Dralje, says that he saw the Little Turtle, soon iiftcr St. 
 Clair's defeat, iit Montreal, anil describeil him as ab(mt «U feet in height, sour and morose, and apparently crafty and 
 subtle. Kt! wore Indian moccasins, a blue petticoat that came half way down his thighs, and a Kumpean walstcuiil auJ 
 surtout. On his bead was a cap that hnii); tialf way down his back, hespaBcled with alxint two hundred silver brndclio. 
 In eatii oar wore two rlnirs, the upper parts of each bearlti); tl.ree silver medals about the ri/.f of a dollar, and lliv liuvcr 
 parts quarters of a dollar. They fell more than twelve iuilies from hi« cars. One from ejich ear fell over his lircast, 
 the others over his back. He also had three larjie nose Jewels of silver, cunningly painted. Little Turtle was of niixiii 
 blood -half Mohican and half Miami. Colonel .Johnston, who knew him well, called him " the geiitlcman of his rncr." 
 
 ' The French governor of Louisiana mentioned this stockade In a letter in 1761. It was situated near tlic St. MnryX 
 probably in the vicinity li'Mic canal aqueduct. The dim outlines of this fort were traced by Wayne in IT'.W, uud by 
 Colonel .lohnston in 18(10.— Lecture by J. L. Williams before the congregation of the First Presbyterian Chiirdi of Fort 
 Wayne, March ith, 1800. 
 
 ' Oral statement of Colonel John .Tohnaton, of Tlayton, Ohio, to the writer, who knew the murderess, she bcini; a red- 
 dent of the Miami village when he went to Fort Wayne In the year IHOO. Colonel .Johnston gave nie the nanu's of Iho 
 United States commandcs of the fort in regular succceslon, as follows; Colonels. J. F. Hamtramck, and Thomas Hunt; 
 MaJorsiJohn Whistler, Thomas Pasteaur, andZebuIon M. PIrie; Captains Nathan lleald, .James Khea, and Hugh Mitorc; 
 and Colonel Joseph H. Vose. The fort was iibandonedln iSlS. Captain Vose was a citizen of ManclieBter, andliadbecn 
 commissioned a captain in the Twenty-flrst Infantry In April, 1812. Colonel .Tohuston, in a letter written in 1S6!>, eaid 
 that Captain Vose was the only army offlcer within his knowlcnge. In 1812, who publicly professed Chrlstlaiiit). He 
 was in the constant habit of assemoling his men on the Sabbath and reading the Scriptures to them, and coiiversiof 
 with them on religious subjects.— Wllliama's Lectu'e, p. 12. Captain Vose was promoted to major during the War of 
 1812. In 1842 he received the commiesiou of colonel. He died at the NewOrlean8barrack8,Just below the city, on the 
 15th of July, 1840. 3 Dillon's auturi/ nf Indiaixa, p. 403. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 911 
 
 Fort Harrison beoleged. 
 
 PorilB (if the Garrison. 
 
 Firmness and Conrngo nfCnplain Taylor. 
 
 ilnry f. 
 laiitl liy 
 lot Fori 
 
 I; a rpfi- 
 < (it tlic 
 lUmiU 
 btlourc ; 
 tdbftn 
 
 |). Be 
 
 Versing 
 Varot 
 I, on itie 
 1.403. 
 
 «'ell-l»'iilt Htockade, with two blook-housos and comfortable barmcks, anrl ofHufficient 
 jitrenfjlli to defy tlie IiuliaiiH, but not the Ib'itiHh witli cannon. A largo and Mubstan- 
 tiiil bridfje now wpanw the Maiiinuo from near the site of Fori Wayne to the plains on 
 wliioli the Miami village stood. The sketch on page 310 was taken from near the 
 liiii' of the eastern side of the fort. At the centre of the picture is seen the j>oint of 
 confluence of the St. Mary's and the St. Joseph's rivers, which form the Maumee. 
 
 Willie these demoiist'-ations against Fort Wayne were in progress, similar ciForts 
 were made against F'ort Harrison, on tlu^ Wabash. At sunset on the day of the 
 Piireon Roost massacre," two young iiaymakcrs near Fort Harrison were . September s, 
 kiiled and scal])ed by a [)arty of IndianK, The crat^k of the murderers' "*'■'■ 
 
 imiski'ts was heard at the fort, and excited the vigilance of Captain Zachary Taylor, 
 the coiumaiider of the garrison, who was just recovering from an attack of bilious 
 fever. On the following ni(,riiiiig the bodies of the young men were taken to the fort 
 ami buried. Late that evening'' old Joseph Lenar came to the fort with i. September 4. 
 a llivj?, followed by about forty Indians, one fourth of them women. The 
 men were chiefs of the several tribes — Winnebagoes, Kickapoos,Pottawntomie8, Shaw- 
 noese, and some Miarais — who still adhered to the fortunes of the Prophet. They 
 came from his town near Tip])ecanoe, on the Wabash, wliere he was still busy in stir- 
 rini; up the Indians against the white pefjplc. One of Lenar's party, a Shawnoese 
 w ho could speak English, told Taylor that their leader would speak to him in the 
 morning about food for his company. Friendly Miarais had warned Taylor of the 
 Iiostile disposition of all the nv '"hboring tribes, and he was perfectly on his guard. 
 
 The garrison consisted of oo!^ bout fifty men, of whom, on account of the prevail- 
 ing fevers, not much more than a dozen were free from the care of Dr. Clark, the sur- 
 geon. Only six privates and two non-C(nnniissioned officers could mount guard at a 
 time. Yet now, hi tlie presence of impending danger, some of the convalescents went 
 freely upon duty. The arms of the garrison were examined with great care that 
 evening ; and, when every thing necessary for watchfulness and security bad been 
 arranged, the commander, weak and exhausted, lay down and fell asleep. His slum- 
 bers were short. Toward midnight he was aroused by the firing of his sentinels. 
 Springing from his couch, he hastened to the parade and ordered every man to his 
 l)ost. It was soon ascertained that the lower block-house (on the left of the picture 
 of the fort on page 315), had been set on fire by the savrtges. It was the most im- 
 iinportant point in the fort excepting the magazine, for there were the contractor's 
 stores — the supplies for the garrison. The guns, at this time, had " begun to fire 
 pretty smartly" on botli sides, and the attack and defense were fairly begun at a 
 little past eleveti, with great vigor. 
 
 The chief efforts of the commander were directed to the extinguishment of the fire. 
 General contusion reigned, and efforts for the safety of the fort were, for a while, put 
 forth feebly. The entire garrison Avcre either sick or faint with fatigue, and for a 
 time the utter destruction of the whole fortification seemed inevitable. The block- 
 iiouse was consumed, and the fort was thus opened to tlie savage foe. This exposure 
 and their horrid yells dismayed the little garrison, and for a moment they regarded 
 all as lost, and gave n\, in despair. Two of the stoutest and most trusted of the sol- 
 diers leaped the palisades, and attempted to escape, leaving their companions to their 
 fate. Nothing saved the fort and garrison but the presence of mind, courage, pru- 
 dence, and energy of the commander. The fire was about to communicate to the 
 barracks, when he shouted, "Pull off the roofs nearest the block-house, pour on wa- 
 ter, and all will be well !" His voice gave new courage to his troops. Water was 
 brought in buckets, and several of the men, led by Dr. Clark, climbed to the roof, cut 
 off the boards, and by great exertions, in the face of bullets and arrows, they sub- 
 dued the flames, and saved the menaced buildings. Only eighteen or twenty feet of 
 tiie fort was opened by the fire, and up to this time oiily one man had been killed 
 
f!l! 
 
 '! 
 
 i 
 
 818 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Indiana driven from Fort Harrison. Relief sent to the Garrison. Character and Services of Captain Taylor 
 
 and two wounclcd. Before daylight the breach was covered by a b'-eastwork as hifth 
 as a man's head, in spite of the incessant firing of the foe, and only one man was 
 killed (none wounded) in the fort. At six o'clock in the morning, when the garrison 
 returned the fire more briskly, afler a conflict of almost eight liours, the savages re- 
 tired beyond the reach of the guns of the fort, and then proceeded to destroy or drive 
 off the live-stock — horses, hogs, and cattle — found in the neighborhood. Fortunately 
 for the garrison, the standing corn around the fort was left unharmed. Their food 
 having been destroyed with the block-house that contained it, and their cattle being 
 driven away, they were compelled to subsist for several days on that delicious and 
 nourishmg green corn. 
 
 One of the men who leaped the pickets and fled from the fort returned toward 
 morning badly wounded. He approached the gate, and begged, " for God's sake " 
 to be let in. Captain Taylor was near, but, not recogr izing the voice, and believinir 
 it to be a trick of the Indians to get the gate open, he ordered the soldiers near to 
 shoot the man. Fortunately for him, he had run to the other bastion with the same 
 supplication, where liis voice was recognized, and he was told to lie quietly behind 
 some empty barrels at the foot of the pickets until morning. He did so, and was 
 saved. His companion had been hterally cut in pieces by the savages within a few- 
 yards of the fort. The entire loss of the garrison was only three men killed and tlirce 
 wounded, and all but two of the latter met with disaster because of disobedience of 
 orders.* 
 
 On the 5th» Captain Tay- . September, 
 Ic^ effectually repaired the ^*''^' 
 \r. '> m the fort made by the fire by 
 pluoing in the opening strong pickets 
 made of the logs of the guard - lionse ; 
 and he furnished a messenger with dis- 
 patches for Vincennes, asking for relief. 
 This was a difficult task, for the Indians 
 hovered about the fort for several days. 
 At length the messenger made his way 
 through their circumvallating line, dur- 
 ing a dark night, and soon afterward 
 General Hopkins, with Kentucky Volun- 
 teers, marched up the valley on an ex- 
 pedition against the Indians on the head 
 waters of the Wabash, and gave amjile 
 relief to the sick, weary, and worn sol- 
 diers at Fn '■ ■ u-rison. 
 
 The so' ■' 'ualities display?'^ by 
 Captain T > ',> t.lie defense of his post 
 against cuc i*^' ^ odds won for him 
 promotion to .. (laior by brevet, and 
 from that time until his death, nearly 
 forty years afterward, whicli occurred 
 while he was President of the Unitnl 
 States, he was one of the most reliable, 
 
 useful, and modest of public officers.'^ 
 
 ' Captain Taylor's Dispatch to Governor Harrison, dated "Fort Harrison, September 10, 1812." 
 » Zachary Taylor was bom in OranRe County, Virginia, on the 24th of "• itcmbor, 1784. His father removed with hii 
 family to Kentucky the following year, and settled near the site of the , ent city of Louisville, then known ae The 
 Palis of the Ohio. Zachary entered the army when about twenty-five yw r. of age as first lieutenant of Infiiutry. Two 
 years afterward (May, 181(1) he was promoted to captain, and at about i L ; i i time he was married to Margaret Smith, 
 a young ludy of good family iu Maryland. When war was declared he :v u cuLimand of Furt Harrison, and fur hli 
 
 Attack on Fori 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 319^ 
 
 AtUck on Fort Madison. 
 
 Repulse of the Savages. 
 
 Biography ofZachary Taylon 
 
 Simultaneous with the attack on Fort Harrison, an attempt was made hy a party 
 of the British allies to fiapti'ie a small military post a short distance from the site of 
 the present city of St. Louis, on the bank of the Mississippi River, The place was 
 called Bellevue, and the stockade Fort Madison. The poist was very ineligibly situ- 
 ated, and totally unfitted for defense. The savages appeared before it on the afternoon 
 ofthe 5th of September." They were fierce Winnebagoes, two hundred strong. 
 The garrison, under Lieutenants Hamilton and Vasques, consisted of a small 
 party of the First Regiment of United States Light Infantry. The approach of the foe 
 was heralded by the shooting and scalping of one of the garrison within thirty yards 
 of the fort. For three days the Indians kept up the assault, with frequent attempts 
 to fire the block-houses and barracks. Buildings outside were burnt, and all the live- 
 stock were slaughtered. The gallant little garrison defended the imperiled fort, with 
 irreat spirit and perseverance, until ten o'clock on the night of the 8th, when the 
 enemy withdrew. With the exception of the man murdered at the commencement 
 of the attack, not one of the garrison was seriously injured. One of the men was 
 slightly wounded in the nose. 
 
 services there In defending it, in September, 1812, he was breveted n major. He was an active and useful officer in the 
 ffett during the remainder of the war. When the army was reduced at the close of the contest, he was deprived of his 
 commission of major, and recommlssloned a captain, iu consequence of which he resigned. He was soon afterward 
 called back to the service by President Madison, and commissioned a major in the Third Infantry, and placed In com- 
 mand of a post at Green Bay. In 1810 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in that position he remained until 
 1S32, when President Jackson commissioned him a colonel. He served with distinction in the " Black Hawk War" that 
 year, and remained in command of Fort Crawford, at Prairie du Chien, until 1830, when he was sent to Florida to op- 
 erate against the Seminole Indians. His services there were of great importance, and at the close of 1837 he was bre- 
 veted brigadier general. He remained In charge of all the troops in Florida until 1840, when he was appointed to the 
 command of the southwestern division of the army. Fort Gibson was made his head-quarters in 1841, and the same 
 year he purchased an estate near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and placed his family there. When, in 1846, war with Mext- 
 
 OKNEHAI. TAYLOB'b KEglDENOR AT HATON BOUQB. 
 
 CO was imminent, he was ordered to take post in Texas with an army of observation, as it was called. It soon became 
 au army of Invasion. In the war that ensued he gained, in quick succession, several brilliant battles; and when the 
 conflict was ended, and he returned home, he was greeted with the wildest enthusiasm. Congress honored him with 
 tlie commission, by brevet, of major general, its thanks, and also with a ponderous gold medal, "In the name of the re- 
 public, as a tribute due to his gallant conduct, valor, and generosity to the vanquished." The " Whig" party nominated 
 him for the presidency of the grateful republic, and ho was elected to that high office in November, 1848. He entered 
 upon the exalted duties of his office on the 4th of March, 1840, and died at the presidential mansion, in Washington 
 City, on the 9th of Jnly, 188fl, at the age of slxty-flve ye-ars. 
 
 The portrait of General Taylor, glvin on page 318, is from a daguerreotype taken after his return from Mexico. The 
 picture of his residence is a fac-simile of a pencil-skitch made by the venerated hero himself for the author. In Novem- 
 ber, It*. In his letter covering the drawing, he says, I he sketch, you will perceive. Is rude, but the best I can offer to 
 you at this time. Indeed, the building Is rude iu itself, and scarcely worthy of being sketched. I hope, however, that 
 this may be suited to your purposes." It was the residence of Colonel Dixon, the English commander at Baton Roage, 
 when the furt there was tnkcn by the Spaniards, under Don Bernardo de Galvez, In 1TT9, and that commander then made 
 it hia residence. It was demolished iu ISCB. 
 
 u 
 
r^ijttitfilWwWKWhiM^tfi 
 
 nSSSSBR 
 
 N't 
 
 320 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Nation aroused. 
 
 Eutliusiasm of the People. 
 
 Volunteers In Aliiindance. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 "They rise, by stream and yellow shore, 
 
 By mountniu, moor, and fen ; 
 By weedy rock and torrent hoar. 
 
 And lonesome forest glen I 
 From many a moody, moss-grown monnd, 
 
 Start forth a war-worn baud. 
 As when, of old, they caught the sound 
 Of hostile arms, and closed around. 
 
 To guard their native land." 
 
 J. M'Lki.lan, Je. 
 
 TE have observed tliat troops, in ample numbers, were sent to tlie 
 relief of Forts Harrison and Wayne. Whence came they? 
 What spirit animated them when pushing eagerly into the 
 wilderness among hostile Indians, after the disasters in the 
 Northwest — the utter failure of Hull's campaign, which had 
 created such great expectations on the part of both govern- 
 ment and people ? Let us consult contemporary records and 
 traditions for an answer. 
 Those sad disasters on the Northwestern frontier, aroused, as we have before ob- 
 served, the most intense feelings of indignation and mortified pride throughout the 
 whole country, and especially in the region west of the Alleghany Mountains and 
 beyond the Ohio River, Avhich was thereby exposed to Indian raids and British inva- 
 sion. When intelligence of those disasters spread over that region, a burning desire 
 to wipe out the disgrace was universal ; and there was a general uprising of senti- 
 ment and action for the recovery of all that had been lost, the extermination of the 
 brutal savages, and the expulsion of their British allies from the soil of the Re- 
 public' 
 
 Even before the formal declaration of war Kentucky had made military prepara- 
 tions for the event. Her quota of the one hundred thousand detached militia which 
 the President w.^s authorized to summon to the field was almost ready when the fiat 
 went forth. Early in May, Governor Scott,^ in obedience to instructions from the 
 War Department, had organized ten regiments (the quota of his state), and filled 
 
 1 " The War," a weekly paper, published in the City of New York, by Snmnci Woodworth, the poet, gives the follow- 
 ine glimpses of the spirit of the people at that time In its issue of September 19, 1812: "The citizens of Albany, im- 
 mediately on hearing of the surrender of General Hull, commenced a subscription for raising a regiment of voliinloor« 
 Very lil)ernl subscriptions were made for the comfort and convenience of those who might offer their services. A rtf- 
 ment of volunteers is also raising in the City of Baltimore, and $lS,Oflfl have already been subscribed for the purpose 
 of furnishing the men with every thing necessary for their comfort. Fifteen hundred men are immediately to mnrcb 
 from Virginia, to rendezvous at Point Pleasant, on the Ohio. Theladieg of Richmond volunteered their services to 
 malie tents, knapsacks, etc., for the soldiers, and in Ave days all things were ready. When the news of the fall of 
 Detroit reached Lexington, in Kentucky, Instead of deploring the loss, the citizens Immediately set about repairing it 
 An immense number of volunteers immediately came forward, among whom were several members of Congress, ami 
 shouldered their muskets in their country's cause. The greatest enthusiasm prevails throughont ihe whole Western 
 conntry ; almost every man has volunteered his services, and, if we may Judge from appearances, it will not be long 1k^ 
 fore onr Western brethren will wipe away the stain upon the American arms by the Ignomlnloii surrender of Detroit 
 and the American army under General Hull. 
 
 " The citizens of New York are forming patriotic associations for the purpose of raising ftands to assist the faisiiies 
 of volunteers and drafts detached for the defense of the borders, who may be in want during their absence on duty. 
 Large supplies of vegetables, coffee, tea, chocolate, sugar, etc., have also been sent to the troops stationed in and about 
 the harbor. This conduct Is worthy of imitation." 
 
 ' Charles Scott was a native of Cumberland County, Virginia. He was a corporal In a militia company under Brad- 
 dock in the campaign of 1T6P, and was a distlngnished officer in the Revolution. Bee Lossing's FieU-Book qf the Retxiltt- 
 Uon. For a brief biographical sketch of hira and tils signature, sec the same, Note 3, li., 147. 
 
 Goveruors M( 
 
 U if .it il. . ! 
 
 flifiil! 
 
Ifnr.iiios 
 Ton duty. 
 |]d about 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 8^1 
 
 GoTernorB Meigs and Harrison active. 
 
 Harrison In Kentucky. 
 
 Volunteers (lc\;'-Jng to the Camp. 
 
 them without difficulty with volunteers, making an eftective force of five thousand 
 live hundred men. 
 
 Governor Meiga, of Ohio, was equally active and vigilant. He promptly responded 
 to the call for troops to accompany IIull to Detroit, as we have seen ; and when he 
 was informed of the danger that menaced Hull's command, he immediately ordered 
 out the remaining portion of the quota of detached militia, twelve hundred in nv.m- 
 ber, to rendezvous at Urbana, on the border of the wilderness, under Brigadier Gen- 
 eral Tupper. And when the fall of Detroit was known, he sent expresses in every 
 direction to the militia generals of the frontier, Avith orders to adopt eneigetic meas- 
 ures for defense within their respective commands, and to advise the inhabitants on 
 the borders of the wilderness to associate and erect block-houses for the defense and 
 accommodation of families. He also sent arms and ammunition to different parts 
 from the public stores at Urbana,' 
 
 Governor Harrison, of Indiana, with his usual vigilance, promptness, and forecast, 
 had already caused block-houses and stockades to be erected in various parts of his 
 territory as defenses against the hostile Indians, and the militia were placed in a 
 state of preparation for immediate action when called upon. He had been a.uthorized 
 ]}\ the national government to take command of all the troops of the territories of 
 Indiana and Illinois in prosecuting the war against the Indians commenced in the 
 autumn of 1811, and to call on the Governor of Kentucky for any portion of the con- 
 tnifcnt of that state which was not in service. Under that authority he went to 
 Kentucky, by invitation of Governor Scott, to confer respecting the troops of that 
 state. Kentucky was forever freed from apprehensions of Indian incursions, and her 
 sons, Avho had suffered, were eager to assist their neighbors over the Ohio in their 
 efforts to drive the murderous hordes back into the wilderness. 
 
 Harrison repaired to Frankfort, Avhere the military, were paraded and he was hon- 
 ored with a public reception. He remained there several days, and met many of the 
 most eminent military men and civilians in the state. He comprehended in all its 
 length and breadth the difficulties and dangers to which Hull was exposed, and ex- 
 pressed his opinions freely at a dinner-party in Lexington, whereat Henry Clay was 
 one of the guests. That gentleman and others urged him to present his views to the 
 government.^ He did so in a letter, dated the 10th of August, in which he suggested 
 a system of military operations in the Northwest. He expressed his fears of the re- 
 sult of the fall of Mackinack, by which the Indian tribes might bp let loose upon De- 
 troit, and "meet, and perhaps overpoAver, the convoys and re-enforcements" which 
 liad been, or might be, sent to Hull. After speaking of those re-enforcements, he said : 
 " I rely greatly upon the valor of these troops ; but it is possible that the event may 
 be adverse to us, and if it i?,, Detroit must fall, and with it every hope of re-establish- 
 ing our affairs in that quarter until the next year." 
 
 Before this letter reached the War Department, Detroit had fallen, and Chicago 
 too, and the worst fcara of the people of tJie West were realized. But these disas- 
 ters, instead of depressing them, gave them increased elasticity and strength. The 
 whole total of society bordering upon the Oliio Ri'-er heaved, like a storm-smitten 
 iiccan in its wrath, with patriotic emotions. The murders by the Indians which soon 
 tbllowed, and the alliance of the British with such fierce barbarians, excited a vehe- 
 ment cry for retributive justice. Christian civili 'in, national pride, and an enlight- 
 ened patriotism, all pleaded for vindication, and nobly was that plea responded to. 
 \Vhen a call for troops was made, men of every -class and condition of life — farmers, 
 merchants, lawyers, physicians, and young men innumerable — flocked to tlio recruiting 
 stations and offei'ed their services. Tenfold more men than Avcrc needed might have 
 
 ' Reply of Governor Meigs to the memorial of the citizens of Chllllcothe, Ohio, on the subject of protecting the fron- 
 1 cr.-NlleB'B We^lji Reni»ltv, 8ci)teml)er 2fl, 1812. 
 = Wemuirs (>fthe Public Services </ ll'ittiojii HPnry Uarriaon, by James Hall, p. 160. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 
 ) i 
 ; 1 
 
 :: ii:|-i-'; 
 
wmi 
 
 i I 
 
 823 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Oorernor Shelby and his BecommenilationB. 
 
 Oovernor Harrigon at the Head of Kentucky Troop; 
 
 been mustered in Kentucky alone. Nor was Ohio, in proportion to its population, be- 
 hind its elder sister state in practical enthusiasm. Governor Meigs was indelatigablo 
 in his efforts ; and the people every where responded to the call of local officers, as 
 well as of the chief magistrate, with the greatest alacrity, to form an ample army for 
 both protection and conquest. It was resolved to recover all that had been lost witli- 
 ill the territory of the United States, and to take Maiden, the focus of the Eritisli-In- 
 dian power in the Northwest. 
 
 At this moment the venerable Isaac Shelby, one of the heroes of King's Mountain, 
 appears upo)i the stirring scene as the successor of General Scott in the executive 
 chair of the State of Kentucky. With his usual sagacity, he surveyed the field of 
 operations determined upon, and strongly recommended the government to appoint a 
 Board of War for the region west ofthe Allcghanies, to prevent the delays caused by 
 toe operations of what is termed, in our day, " red-tape policy" — in other words, the 
 absolute control, by a central power hundreds of miles away, of minor movements 
 which the exigency of the hour might demand as of vast importance. " If such a 
 board," he said, " was now organized, and I had the control of the present armament, 
 I would pledge myself the Indians would have cause to lament this campaign, and 
 their temerity in joining the British and deserting the friendship ofthe United States." 
 Governor Shelby's advice was not utterly disregarded ; but no practical results fol- 
 lowed. The War Department promised to " think about it," and no conclusion seems 
 ever to have been reached. 
 
 Governor Harrison was very popular, and it was the general desire of the vohin- 
 teers and militia of the West, who had been gathering at dift'erent points since tlic 
 declaration of war was made, that he who had shown such soldierly qualities in tho 
 little campaign that ended at Tippecanoe the previous year, should now be their lead- 
 er against the British and Indians. Governor Scott, Harrison's warm personal friend, 
 was anxious to place hira in chief command of all the Kentucky troops, but he could 
 not do so legally, for the Governor of Indiana was not a citizen of that state. But 
 Scott was not a man to allow technicalities to interfere with great concerns in time 
 of danger ; so he invited several prominent men, among whom were Shelby (the gov- 
 ernor elect), Henry Clay (the Speaker ofthe National House of Representatives), and 
 Thomas Todd, Judge of the United States District Court, to meet him and consult 
 upon the subject. They unanimously requested the governor to make the appoint- 
 • Augnet 25, ment ; and accordingly he issued a commission" to Harrison, by which he 
 
 1812. ^^g invested with the title of " Major General of the Militia of Kentucky" 
 by brevet. By a commission dated three days earlier. President Madison appointed 
 him a brigadier general in the Army of the United States. 
 
 On the 27th of August Harrison was at Cincinnati, and in a letter of that date to 
 Governor Meigs, afler mentioning his appointment, he said ; " It remains for your ex- 
 cellency to determine what assistance I shall derive from your state. The Kentucky 
 troops which are placed at my disposal are two regiments of infantry and one of rifle- 
 men, now at this place ; three regiments of infantry, one of dragoons, and one of 
 mounted riflemen, in full march to join me, and making in the aggregate upward of 
 four thousand men. The three regiments which are now here will march immediate- 
 ly for Urbana ; and should the report of the capture of General Hull's army prove 
 untrue, I shall join them either at that place or before they reach it, and proceed to 
 Detroit without waiting for the regiments in my rear."' 
 
 In addition to the Kentucky troops here referred to, others were dispatched for the 
 protection ofthe Territories of Illinois and Indiana.^ Some of those destined for the 
 
 I Aatograph letter, Angnat 27, 1812. 
 
 a " The regiment commanded by Colonel Barboar," says M'Afee, " when ordered Into eervtce at the call of Oovemor 
 Harrison, was directed to rendezvona at the Bed Barracks, with a view of marching to the aid of Oovemor Sdwards, at 
 Raskin's, in the Tllinois Territory. The regiments of Colonels Wilcox and Miller were ordered to rendezvous at Louis- 
 
 Gathering of T 
 
 t 
 
 11 ill 
 
mm 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 SS8 
 
 Gathering of Troop*. 
 
 Departnre for the Wlldemess. 
 
 Harrieon commiistoned a Brigadier OeueroL 
 
 latter region having been called, by the exigencies of current events, to Ohio, Harrison 
 thought it desirable to raise an additional force for Indiana. In compliance with his 
 request, Governor Shelby issued a proclamation early in September for the raising 
 of a large corpn of mounted volunteers, to repair immediately to Vincennes ; and all 
 of the Kentucky troops destined for that post were placed under the command of 
 the venerable soldier of the Revolution, Brigadier General Samuel Hopkins. That 
 proclamation brought hundreds of Kentuckians, from all parts of the state, to the 
 standard of the Union. Every body seemed willing to march for the defense of the 
 frontiers; and the question was not. Who will go? but. Who shall stay?' Before 
 the 1st of October, Kentucky had more than seven thousand of her sons in the lield. 
 At about the same time, in obedience to an order from the Secretary of War, two 
 thousand troops under General Robert Crooks, from Western Pennsylvania, and fifteen 
 hundred under General Joel Leftwich,^ from Western Virginia, proceeded to join the 
 Army of the Northwest. 
 
 Before leaving Frankfort, General Harrison had issued an address to the people of 
 Kentucky, accompanied by another from General Scott, calling for five hundred 
 mounted volunteers. The Honorable Richard M. Johnson, who had distinguished 
 liimself in Congress, also issued an address for the same purpose ; and they had the 
 desired effect. The latter gentleman, and John Logan, and William S. Hunter, Esqs., 
 were appointed aids to the general ; and when he departed for Cincinnati, Johnson 
 was left to lead on such mounted troops as might be raised by the 1 st of September. 
 
 On the 28th of August Harrison issued a general order from his head-quarters at 
 Cincinnati, directing all the troops under his command to continue their march to- 
 ward Dayton on the following morning, and prescribing in detail the discipline and 
 tactics to be observed.^ The troops marched early; and on the morning of the 3l8t, 
 when they had passed Lebanon a short distance, forty miles from Cincinnati, Harrison 
 overtook them, and was received with the most hearty cheers of welcome from the 
 whole line. They reached Dayton on Tuesday, the 1st of September, and while on 
 his march toward Piqua the following day the commanding general Avas overtaken 
 by an express bearing to him the commission of brigadier general from the President, 
 with instructions to take command of all the forces in the Territories of Indiana and 
 Illinois, and to co-operate with General Hull, and with Governor Howard of the Mis- 
 souri Territory. 
 
 Harrison was embarrassed by the instructions which accompanied the appointment, 
 and he refrained from accepting it until he should have definite information from the 
 War Department as to his relations to General Winchester, of the Regulars, to whom 
 
 Tille and on the Ohio below, for the purpose of marchlDg to Vincennes to protect the Indiana Territory. Colonels Barhee 
 »Dd Jennings were at first ordered to the same place ; but, in consequence of the perilous situation of the Northwestern 
 Amy, they were now directed, by express, to rendezvous at Georgetown on the let of September, and pursue the other 
 regiments, by the way of Newport and Cincinnati, for the Northwestern frontiers. The regiment of Colonel Poagne 
 uM called to rendezvous at Newport, on its way to the Northwestern Army ; and a regiment of dragoons, under Colonel 
 Simrall, was likewise directed to proceed for the same destination."— Hi«torj/ ({/ the Late War in the Western Country, 
 page 109. 1 M'Afee, page 111. » Died April 20, 1846. 
 
 ' On the same day General Ilarrlgon, who had heard of the fall of Detroit and Chicago, and knew the danger to 
 Khich Fort Wayne would be exposed, wrote as follows to the Secretary of War: " I shall march to-raorrow morning 
 with the troops I have here, taking the route of Dayton and Plqna. The relief of Port Wayne will be my first object, 
 and my after operations will be guided by circumstances until I receive your instructions. Considering ray command 
 »s merely provisional, I shall cheerfully conform to any other arrangements which the government may think proper 
 10 make. The troops which I have with me, and those which are coi..tiig fVom Kentucky, are perhaps the best ma- 
 leriala for forming an army that the world has produced. But no equal number of men was ever collected who knew 
 jO little of military discipline, nor have I any assistants that can give me the least aid, if there was even time for it, 
 ill Captain Adams, of the 4th Regiment, who was left here sick, and whotn I have appointed deputy adjutant general 
 mill the pleasure of the President can be known. No arms for cavalry have yet arrived at Newport, and I shall be 
 fined to put muskets in the hands of all the dragoons. I have written to the quarter-master at Pittsburg to request 
 Mm to forward all supplies of arms, equipments, and quarter-master's stores as soon as possible. I have also requested 
 Mm to rend do»T. a few pieces of artillery without waiting your order, and wait your instrnctlon as to a farther number. 
 There It but one piece of artillery, one Iron four-pounder, any where that I can hear of in the country. If it is intended 
 10 retake the posts that we have lost, and reduce Maiden this season, the artillery must be sent on as soon as possible." 
 I He al»o com|;lniued of a want of facility for getting money on drafts. Such were the Inadequate preparations made by 
 the government for the promctlon of the war In the Northwest, when It was first commenced. 
 
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 i ,ii 
 
 H t| 
 
 it 
 
 Hi 
 
 324 
 
 PICTOIUAL FIELD-nOOK 
 
 A divided Command deprecated. Winchester and Ilarriaon. Crowds of Volunteers. Harrison's Iiifluencf 
 
 had been assigned the cliief command of tlio Army of the Nortliwest. The orijrinai 
 object in the ibrmation of that army having been co-operation with Hull in the tat)- 
 ture of Maiden, and the reduction and occupation of Canada West, the whole asptrt 
 of affairs had been changed by the loss of Hull and his army. Harrison sugjrcsti'd 
 to the Department the impoitanco of having one military head in the Nortliwest' 
 and, with the justification of pressing necessity, ho laid aside his usual modesty, and 
 preferred his own claim to that distinction, on the ground of his superior knowUdfro 
 of the country and the savages with whom they had to contend, and the universallv 
 expressed desire of the troops that he should be their chief leader. Having made 
 this response to the government by the express who brought his commission and in- 
 .structions, Harrison pressed forward in the path of duty to Piqua, on the bank of 
 the Great Miami, with the intention of there resigning his command into the hands 
 of General Winchester. He had two thousand troops with him, and two thousand 
 were on their way to join him. 
 
 Piqua was reached on the 3d of September, and there Harrison was informed of the 
 critical situation of Fort Wayne, and of the rumored marching from Maiden, on tlie 
 18th of August, of a large force of British and Indians under Major Muir, with tlie in- 
 tention of joining the savages in the siege of that place. Winchester, to whom Har- 
 rison had written, had not arrived. There would be great danger in delay, and Har- 
 rison resolved not to wait for his superior, but, retaining command, send detachments 
 immediately forward to the relief of the menaced garrison. For this purpose he de- 
 tached Lieutenant Colonel John Allen's regiment of Regulars, with two companies 
 from Lewis's and one from Scott's regiments, with instructions to make forced marolips 
 until their object should be accom])lished.i At the same time he dispatched a mes- 
 senger, as we have seen, to assure the garrison of Fort Wayne of approaching relief 
 Already seven hundred mounted men, nnder Colonel Adams, had advanced to Siiaw's 
 Crossing of the St. Mary's River, not far from Fort Wayne. The troop was composed 
 of citizens of Ohio of all ages and conditions, who, in hearing of the disasters north- 
 ward, and the perils of Fort Wayne, had hastened to the field. " Such, indeed, was 
 the ardor of the citizens," says a contemporary, " that every road leading to the 
 frontiers was invaded with unsolicited volunteers."^ The exasperation in the West 
 against the British and Indians was intense. 
 
 Harrison had observed some restlessness among the troops nnder the restraints 
 • September, of discipline. On the morning of the 6th* he addressed them briefly, read 
 
 **^^- the Articles of War, endeavored to impress their minds with the import- 
 
 ance of discipline and obedience, told them that the danger to which Fort Wayne 
 was then exposed demanded an immediate forced march for its relief, and request- 
 ed those who could not endure the life of a true soldier to leave the ranks. Only one 
 man did so, when his companions, thinking him too feeble to walk, carried him on a 
 rail to the banks of the Great Miami, and gave him a "plunge bath," not, perhaps, in 
 strict accordance with the fashion prescribed by Priessnitz. Tlie effect was salutary, 
 and murmurings ceased. Such discipline, exercised by the soldiers themselves, was 
 a hopeful sign for the commander. 
 
 Colonel John Jolmston, the Indian agent, was residing at Piqua.* At the request 
 of Harrison, he sent some Shawnoesc to old Fort Defiance, at the mouth of the An 
 Glaize River, to ascertain whether any British troops had gone up the Maumee Val- 
 ley. Logan, a poAverful half-breed, was sent to Fort Wayne for information. Both 
 parties were successful, and returned with important messages. No British troops 
 had passed up the Maumee, and Fort Wayne was closely besieged by the savages. 
 
 ' M'Afee, papc I'il. ' See note B, page 314. ' M'Afce, pogc 121. 
 
 * For the purpose of nentrnlizinf;, If possible, the eflTccts of British inflnence over the tribes of Ohio, a conncll had 
 been held at I'iqim on the IBth of August. Governor Meigs, Thomas Worthington, and Jeremiah Morrow were the 
 commissioners on the part of the United States. Every thing promised snccess ; but while the conncll was in progress 
 news of the fall of Detroit and Chicago reached Piqua, and frustrated the plans of the white people. 
 
 Itij Army In the \ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 825 
 
 n« Army In the WllderueR*. Preparatlonn for nattle. Fort Wnyne relieved. Destruction of Indian Tuwui, 
 
 Harrison was compelled to wait at the Piqua until the morning of the 6th* • Sept., 
 for flints. At dawn of that day his forces were under motion, and before **"' 
 eiijht o'clock they had fairly plunged into the great wilderness beyond the borders 
 of civilization. In order to march rapidly and easily, the troops had left most of their 
 clothing and baggage at Piqua; and on the afternoon of the 8th, they overtook Al- 
 len's regiment at St. Mary, sometimes called " Girty's Town,"' or the First Cross- 
 ing of the St. Mary lliver. There they were joined by Major R. M. Jolinson, with a 
 coq)8 of mounted volunteers. The army in the wilderness numbered two thousand 
 two hundred men. Indian spies were seen hovering around the camp that night, 
 who, it was afterward said, reported that " Kentuck was crossing as numerous as 
 the trees." 
 
 The morning of the 9th was dark and lowering, but the troops were in good spir- 
 its, and reached Shane's, or the Second Crossing of the St. Miiry, before sunset, where 
 tiicv found Colonel Adams, with his mounted Ohio Volunteers. Being now in the 
 vicinity of Fort Wayne, the army marched in battle order on the following day, ex- 
 pecting an attack. They move<l slowly and cautiously. Scouts were out eontinu- 
 aliv, and Logan and another Shawnoe acted as guides. On the night of the 11th 
 tliev fortified their camp in expectation of an attack, and many alarms occurred dur- 
 ing the darkness, caused by the discovery of Indian spies who were lurking around 
 the verge of the pickets. 
 
 Tlie march was resumed at a very early hour on the morning of the 12th in battle 
 order. An encounter was expected at a swamp five miles from Fort Wayne. Hut 
 no foe was visible there. The savages had all fled, as we have before observed,'* and 
 Fort Wayne, on that warm, bright September day, was the scene of great rejoicing. 
 Tlie liberating army encamped aroimd the fort that night, excepting a party of horse- 
 men, who made an unsuccessful pursuit of the savages; and on the folloAving morn- 
 ing, reconnoitring parties were sent out in every direction, but did not discover the 
 dusky foe. 
 
 Harrison now called a council of officers, to whom he submitted a plan of ojjcra- 
 lions, which was adopted. He had determined to strike the neighboring Indians 
 with terror by a display of power. He accordingly divided his army, and sent out 
 detachments to destroy whatever of Indian possessions might be found. One detach- 
 ment, under Colonel Simrall (who arrived in camp with three hundred and twenty 
 dragoons on the I7th), laid waste the Little Turtle's town, on the Eel Run,'' 
 
 . . . . ' b Sept 19 
 
 excepting the buildings erected by the United States for the now deceased 
 chief, on account of his friendship since the treaty of Greenville in 1704.3 Another 
 detachment, under Colonel Samuel Wells, w*- " sent to the Elk Hart River, a tribu- 
 tary of the St. Joseph, of Michigan (sometimes called the St. Joseph of the Lake), 
 sixty miles distant, to destroy the town of the Pottawatomie chief O-nox-see, or 
 Five Medals,* which was accomplished;" and Colonel Payne, with an- «8eptemberi6. 
 other detachment, to the forks of the Wabash, and laid in ashes'" a Mi- ■■ September ib. 
 ami vilK-tge there, and several others lower down.* Around all of these villages were 
 corn-fields and gardens, but no living thing was seen. The Indians had deserted 
 
 ' Now the vtllaRe of St. Mnry, In Mercer County, Ohio, on the site of Fort St. Mary, erected by Wayne, and command- 
 ed by Cnptnin John Whistler before he built Fort Dearborn at Chicago. Tho'notorious Simon Qirty occupied a cabin 
 nt that place for some time. a See page 31B. 
 
 » While the Little Turtle lived most of the Mlamis remained faithful to the Americans, bnt soon after his death, In the 
 rammer of 1812, the great body of them Joined the hostile savages. 
 
 •This village, like all the others, was deserted. Before the door of the chief, upon a pole, hnng a red flae, with a 
 broom lied above It : and at the tent of an old warrior a white flag *as flying fl'om a pole. The body of the old warrior 
 was In a olttlug posture, the face toward the east, and a bucket containing trinkets by Its side. In one of the huts was 
 fonnd A Cincinnati newspaper containing an account of General Harrison's army. The troops found a large quantity of 
 drleii corn, beans, and potatoes, which fiirniished them and their horses with food. 
 
 * In one of the.«e was found the tomb of a chief, built of logs and daub' 1 with clay. His body was laid on a blanket, 
 with his gun and his pipe by his side, a small tin pan on bis breast containing a wooden spoon, and a number of ear- 
 rings and brooches. 
 
 '1 
 
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 Nlii 
 
 i:ii:|i 
 
 326 
 
 PICTOltlAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 September, 
 
 1812. 
 
 Qeneral Wlncheiter. Attachment of Troupa to Harrlaoo. Uarrtion In cblef Command of the ITorthwcittni Army 
 
 them. The Bcvercst l>1ow that a fiavago can receive, especially at that Hcason of the 
 year, is to deprive him of food and shelter. So, when the torch was applied to the 
 cabins, the knife destroyed the corn and the vegetables. 
 
 GeneralJames Winchester arrived at Fort Wayne on the 18th of Sepii,...'„,T and 
 on the following day General Harrison formally resigned all command into his lianils. 
 The change produced almost a mutiny among the soldiers. They were greatly at- 
 tached to Harrison. Winchester was a wealtliy citizen of Tennessee, and had not for 
 many years had any military experience. He had Ijeen a subordinate officer in the 
 army of the Revolution, but for thirty years had lived in ease and opulence in Ten- 
 nessee. His deportment was too aristocratic to please the great mass of the troops 
 and this, added to their expectations of more severe discipline from an officer of the 
 Regulars, caused a large number of them to positively refuse at first to serve under 
 the new commander. It required all the address of Harrison (popular as he was and 
 as ready as were his followers to comply with all his wishes), together with tlic i)er- 
 Huasions of the other officers, to reconcile them to the change. It was effected Imt 
 only when they were allowed to indulge the hope that their beloved general miirht 
 be reinstated in command.' 
 
 Harrison left Fort Wayne on the evening of the 19th,* and returned to 
 St. Mary, where he intended to collect the mounted men from Kentucky, 
 and prepare for an expedition against Detroit. "From Fort Wayne," he wrote 
 " there is a path, which has been sometimes used by the Indians, leading up the St. 
 Joseph's, and from thence, by the head watera of the River Rezin [Raisin], to Detroit. 
 By this route it appears to me very practicable to effect a coup-de-main upon ti it 
 place, and if I can collect a few hundred more mounted men, I shall attempt it."^ To 
 the accomplishment of this design he prepared to lend all his energies. Already there 
 was a respectable force of mounted men at St. Mary, and others were on the marcli 
 to that place. 
 
 Harrison went to Piqua to perfect his arrangements. There, on the 24th/' 
 he received a dispatch from the Secretary of War in reference to his let- 
 ter concerning the acceptance of a brigadier's commission, which opened thus : 
 
 " The President is pleased to assign to you the command of the Northwestern 
 Arniy, which, in addition to the regular troops and rangers in that quarter, will con- 
 sist of the volunteers and milif ia of Kentucky, Ohio, and three tliousand from Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania, making your whole force ten thousand men." It then went on to 
 instruct him to first provide for the defense of the frontiers, and then to retake De- 
 troit with a view to the conquest of Canada. He was assured that every exertion 
 would be made to send him a train of artillery from Pittsburg, in charge of Captain 
 Gratiot, of the Engineers, who would report to him as soon as some of the pieces could 
 be got ready. He was also informed that Major Ball, of the 2d Regiment of Dracfoons, 
 would join him ; and that such staff officers as he might legally appoint would be ap- 
 proved by the President. " Colonel Buford, deputy commissioner at Lexington," he 
 said, "is furnished with fxinds, and is subject to your orders." More ample powers 
 than had ever been given to any officer of the American army since Washington was 
 invested with the authority of a military dictator were intrusted to him in the fol- 
 lowing closing sentence in the dispatch : " You Avill command such means as may l)i' 
 
 ' At St. Mary's, Harrison wrote to Governor Shelby as foUows: "My sitnation here is very embarrassing, so ranch 
 BO that I have determined within the two honrspast to propose to General Winchester to recognize me as commander- 
 in-chief, or to relinqnlsh all command whatever, unless it is of the mounted forces which I have prepared, and with which 
 I shall strike a strolce somewhere. Ton will hear fi:om another qnarter t'.ie very aerions difficulty which was to be en- 
 countered before the men of Scott's, Allen's, and Lewis's regiments could be reconciled to the command of General 
 Winchester. I fear that the other three regiments will prove still more refractory."— Autograph Letter, Seplembet 
 22d, 1S12. 
 
 » Autograph Letter to General Shelby, dated "St. Mnry, 22d September, 1S12." I have before me an autograph note 
 ft-om General Harrison to Governor Meigs, of similar purport, dated at St. Mary, the 20th of September. " Bnt it muiit 
 be kept profoundly secret," he wrote. 
 
 " September. 
 
 Winchester's Man 
 
 
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OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 til 
 
 Wlnchenter'a March thniuKh tha WildemeM. Confruuted by Brltlih and Indlani. Sadden Flight of the latter. 
 
 practicable. Kterciae your own discretion, and act in all cases according to your ovm 
 juihjinent," With Huch ample powers inveHted in a commander-in-chief, Shelby's 
 "Hoard of War" would have been (jiiite iiHelesH. Harrison had reason to be proud 
 (if the honor conferred, and the "special trust and confidence" reposed in him; wiiilo 
 his soldiers, rejoicing in tho fact, appeared ready and eager to follow whithersoever 
 he might lead. 
 
 General Winchester, with al)out two thousand men, left Fort Wayne on the mom- 
 iiij» of the 22d of September (each soldier carrying six days' provisions) for tho Mau- 
 inee Uapids. He moved cautiously down the left bank of that river, to avoid a sur- 
 uiise, in three divisions, his baggage hi the centre, and a volunteer company of spies, 
 under Captain Ballard, supported by (iarrard's dragoons, moving abet two miles 
 ill advance. Winchester intended to halt at Fort Defiance, at tho confluence of 
 the Mauinee and Au Glaizo Rivers, fiily miles from Fort Wayne, and there await 
 rc-enforcemonta from Harrison at St. Mary. They encountered Indians on the way. 
 Some of the spies were killed ; among them Ensign Leggott, of the Sevonteenth 
 United States Infantry, who, with four otiicrs of a Woodford (Kentucky) company, 
 had been permitted to push forward to reconnoitre the vicinity of Fort Defiance. 
 They were all killed and scalped. When their fate was made known in the camp. 
 Captain liallard' was ordered out with his spies and forty of Garrard's dragoons 
 to bury the bodies. This sad oftice they undertook on the morning of the 27th, and 
 when within two miles of the place of the massacre they discovered an Indian am- 
 buscade. A conflict ensued. Garrard's troops charged upon the wavages, when they 
 fled in dismay, closely pursued for some distance, and found refuge in the swamps, 
 where cavalry could not penetrate. 
 
 Tliose Indians were tho advance of a heavy force — heavy by comparison only — 
 under Major Muir, consisting of two hundred British regulars, one thousand savages, 
 under Colonel Elliott, and four pieces of cannon. They were making their way up 
 tiie Mauinee on its southern side to attack Fort Wayne. Their artillery and bag- 
 gage had been brought to Defiance in boats from Maiden, and with them they were 
 marching by land to Fort Wayne. Fortunately for the little army under Winches- 
 tor, a Hhrewd subaltern of Scott's regiment (Sergeant M'Coy) had been captured and 
 taken before Muir, who was then twelve miles above Fort Defiance. He was ques- 
 tioned closely, and in his answer he magnified Winchester's army fourfold. He also 
 told Muir that another army equally large was coming down the Au Glaizo to join 
 Winchester. The exaggerated facts given to the British commander by his own 
 credulous and excited scouts made him believe the stories of M'Coy ; and when he 
 heard of the defeat of his advance by Ballard and Garrard, he ordered a retreat to 
 Fort Defiance, where he re-embarked his artillery and baggage. 
 
 Relying upon his boats for facility in retreating, in the event of a defeat, Muir re- 
 solved to give battle about four miles above Fort Defiance, at the ford of a creek on 
 the north side of the Maumee, where Wayne crossed in 1794 ; but when, on the morn- 
 ing of the 28th, he attempted to form his line of battle there, he found, to his great 
 nortification and alarm, that about three fourths of his Indian allies had deserted 
 h m. They had heard of IVL'Coy's stories, and, asscciating them with Muir's retro- 
 gvade movement, and the re-embarkation of liis arti llery and baggage, they became 
 greatly alarmed, and abandoned the expedition. Thus weakened, Muir conceived 
 himself to be in great danger. He hastened back to Defiance, and fled twenty miles 
 
 I Captain Bland Ballard was a dlgtlnifnished citizen of Kentncky. He was bom in Fredericksburg, Virginia, October 
 10, 1701, and at this time was just past fifty years of age. He had been in Kentncky since 17T9. He was with General 
 Clark when ho invaded the Ohio country in 1781, where he was severely wounded. In all that service, as a spy and 
 olherwijc, Ballard was exceedingly active. He was with Wayne in his campaigns. He Joined Allen's regiment in 
 M2, and, as we have seen in the text, was wounded at the Raisin and taken prisoner. He frequently represented 
 Shelby County in the Kentncky Legislature. Ballard Connty, Kentucky, was so called in his honor, and Blandvllle, 
 the connty seat, bears the Christian name of Captain Ballard. He was living, at the age of eighty-seven years, in 184T. 
 For a fuller account of him, see Collins's Historical Sketches of Kentuchj, page 171. 
 
 
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 PICTORIAL 
 
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 WlnchMter arrival at Fort Deflanca. 
 
 Rfr«nft>reau.v>^ gatlMriDc. 
 
 Th ilr lUwh towatJ Fo rt DaiUnt*, 
 
 down the Mauraeo belbro ho haltc<1, U'aviiij5 soino luithful inoiinted IikUuhh bfliii,,) 
 to watch the inovcmoiitH of the AiiioricaiiH. 
 
 Wiiiehi'Hter, in tlie mean time, waH inoviiifif caittioiiHly forward. ITo could recoive 
 no certain intolligoncc concerning the force and ponition of the enemy. Two Rcouts 
 (Hickman and Uidtlle) had gone completely around the invaders on tlio 20tli wilh 
 • Seutombcr, t'"* Hceing them,' and otiiers were ecjually unwucceHHful on the 27lh aiicl 
 
 "'*• 28th.' When the army approached the creek where Muir expected to 
 
 make a stand, Winchester was informed of its advantageous position for the cneinv 
 and crossed to the southeast side of tlie Maumee to avoid him. There they (Uncov- 
 ered the trail of the invader, with Ids artillery. Ignorant of the alarm of Muir, tluy 
 encamped on a rise of ground and fontified their position. Then a council of war 
 was held. Some officers were in favor of sending a detachment in pursuit of tlie rt- 
 treating foe, but the general and a majority determined otherwise. Their provisions 
 were almost exhausted, and the unknown force of the enemy caused pnidence to ask 
 for strength in re-enforcements.^ Several mounted parties were sent out to recon- 
 noitre, and expresses were detached to General Harrison at St. Mary, asking for re- 
 lief by sending mer> and food. It was aoon ascertained that the enemy Jiad left Fort 
 Defiance, and on the 30th Winchester moved down tho river to a high bank of the 
 Maumee, within a mile of the fort, and again fonned a fortified camp. On the Ist of 
 October Colonel Lewis made a reconnoissanco in force, and ascertained that the ene- 
 my was entirely gone.^ 
 
 While Winchester was making his way toward Fort Defiance, the troops that were 
 gathering in the rear of the army had mostly arrived at St. Mary. These consisted of 
 three regiments from Kentucky, commanded respectively by Colonels Joshua IJaibee, 
 Robert Poague, and William Jennings (the latter riflemen), and three comj)anic8 of 
 mounted riflemen, from the same state, under Captains Roper, Bacon, and Clark. 
 Also a corps of mounted "'en from Ohio, under Colonel Findlay, who, as we have 
 seen, had been active wi' 'neral Hull. These had been raised pursuant to a call 
 of Governor Meigs and ( ' Harrison, at the beginning of September, and rendez- 
 
 voused as early as the 15tn at Dayton. They were intended to operate against some 
 of tho hostile Indian towns. 
 
 On the 2l8t of September, Hai-rison ordered Colonel Jennings to proceed with his 
 regiment down the Au Glaize to establish an intermediate post between St. Mary and 
 Fort Defiance, and to escort provisions to the latter place for the use of Winchester 
 on his routs to the Rapids of the Maumee. Wlien Jennings had marched between 
 thirty and lb'"ty miles, he found the Indians hovering round his camp at night, and 
 his scouts brought intelligence that they were in considerable force toward Fort De- 
 fiance ; so he halted and constructed a stockade on the bank of the Ottawa River, a 
 tributary of the Au Glaize, not far from the present Kalida (the Greek for beantifiil), 
 the capital of Putnam County, 'Ohio. It was named Fort Jennings, in honor of the 
 commander of the detachment. At the same time Colonel Findlay was ordered to 
 attack some Ottawa towns* farther eastward, on Blanchard's Fork, below Fort Find- 
 lay, in the same county.' 
 
 ' September Winchester was informed of the march of Jennings with provisions, and 
 on the 29th,'' his army being half famished, he sent Captain Garrard 
 
 ' They crogsed the Hanmeo to the south side, and took as direct a route as they could to the Au Glaize. They 
 croseed that atream, and descended It along its eastern shore to Us month at Defiance. Two miles below the conflu- 
 ence of the streams they crossed the Maumee, and returned uji the north side to the army. 
 
 » At about this time Peter Navarre (whom we shall meet hereafter), who had piloted the British as far as the Rap- 
 ids, deserted them, and pushed on to meet Winches' &nd Inform him of the approach of the enemy.— Hosmer's Earln 
 History of the Maumte Valley, page 34. 
 
 » M'Afee, pages 10?-138, inclusive ; Thomson's Sketetui of the Late War, ch. iv. ; Perkins's History, etc., of the Utt 
 War ; Brackenridge's HUtorii of tl\/e Late War, pages NS-68, Inclusive. 
 
 4 The emphasis in the word Ottawa being In the middle syllable, these were called 'Tawa towns. The Lower 'Tawa 
 town was on Blanchard's Fork, on the site of the present village of Ottawa, two miles below the Upper 'Tawa town. 
 
 • See page 2B7. 
 
 Birrlioa'i Aatan 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 889 
 
 Hirrlion't Antamn C'ainp^l|n> nmnged. Patrlutlim of the Women of Kentucky. Troopi rendjr for an Advaaw. 
 
 with (IragoonH to aHsist in escortinpf to his camp n brip;n(lo of pack-horBPH with 
 siiiii)li«'H. (tiirrard wiih HucccHsful, aiul roturiu-d, allor a tour of thirty-six hours, in a 
 ilrent'hiug ruin. WinchcHter was still in his fortified can)|» near Fort Defiance, and 
 Oarrard was received at tliat beautiful spot in the wilderness with the lively satis- 
 faction of the famislied when fed. 
 
 During the few days of suspenso concerning tlio extent of his command General 
 Harrison formed projects for the immediate future, whieli incxorabh? circuinstanoes 
 conipi'lled him to abandon, to 8(mie extent. He had now, as commander-in-chief, at- 
 ranged with caro the plan for an autumn canij)aign, which contemplated the seizure 
 ami occupation of the strategic position at the foot of the Maumec Rapids, and pos- 
 sibly the captnro of Detroit and Maiden. His base of military operations, having the 
 Rapids as the first object to b<^ possessed, was a line drawn along the margin of tlic 
 swaiiipy region from St. Mary to Upper Sandusky, the former to bo tin principal de- 
 nnsit ior provisions, and tlie latter for artillery and military stores. Ho intended to 
 march his anny in three divisions: the right column to bo composed of tlie Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania troops, to rendezvous at Wooster, the capital of the present Wayne 
 County, Ohio, and proceed from thence, by Upper Sandusky, to the Rapids. The 
 centre column, to consist of twelve hundred Ohio militia, to march from Urbana, 
 where they were then collected, to Fort M'Arthur, and follow Hull's road to the 
 Rapids. The left column, to be composed of the regulars under Colonel Wells and 
 tour regiments of Kentucky volunteers, to proceed down the Au (ilai/e to the Mau- 
 mec from St. Mary, and from their confluence pass on toward the Rapids. He designed 
 to send the mounted horsemen, by way of the St. Joseph of the Lake, to make the 
 mip-de-main on Detroit, already alluded to ; but this project was abandoned, for, 
 should they take that post without the support of infantry, they might be compelled 
 to ah' "Ion it, and would thereby expose the inhabitants to the fury of the Indians, 
 who ist be exasperated by the movement. Harrison therefore determined to em- 
 ploy ihera in making destructive forays upon Indian towns, and sweep the savages 
 from the line of march from the Rapids to Detroit, when the troops should all be 
 ready to move. 
 
 Harrison now made urgent appeals for supplies of every kind. He sent an express 
 to Pittsburg to hurry forward the cannon and ordnance stores to Wooster ; and, as 
 the troops were nearly destitute of winter clothing, he and Governor Shelby appealed 
 to the inhabitants of Kentuckj' for voluntary contributions. It was generously re- 
 sponded to. A thousand needles were speedily put in motion in fair hands ; and 
 many a poor soldier, as he stood sentry on the banks of the Maumee or the Raisin a 
 few weeks later, had reason to feel grateful to the patriotic women of Kentucky. 
 
 On the 1st of October there were nearly three thousand troops at St. Mary. Har- 
 rison resolved to employ the portion of the left wing, under Winchester, at Defiance, 
 as a corps of observation, and to make that place an important deposit for provisions, 
 preparatory to the advance of that corps upon the Rapids. This movement was to 
 commence as soon as the artillery should arrive at Upper Sandusky, and the other 
 supplies had accumulated along the base of operation. A corps of observation was 
 also to be placed at Lower Sandusky, which, with Defiance, would form the extremi- 
 ties of a second base when the Rapids should be occupied. These arrangements for 
 operations were exceedingly judicious for an economical use of supplies, and a per- 
 fect defense of the frontier while the troops were concentrating at the Rapids. 
 
 The mounted men, consisting of the companies of Roper, Clark, and Bacon, and the 
 volunteers under Major Richard M. Johnson, were formed into a regiment. They 
 elected Johnson their colonel ; and these, with the Ohio mounted men under Find- 
 lay, formed a small brigade, which Harrison placed in charge of General Edward W. 
 Tupper, of Gallia County, Ohio, a gentleman about fifty years of age, who had, by his 
 own exertions, raised about a thousand men for the service. This brigade was des- 
 
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 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A great Stir in Camp. 
 
 Rapid forward Muvement. 
 
 Harrigou at Fort Defiance. 
 
 tined for the expedition against Detroit, by Avay of the St. Joseph, which the general 
 hoped to set in motion soon. A few hours after it was organized, an express from 
 Winchester reached Harrison with the intelligence of his encounter with the invad- 
 ing force under Muir. At almost the same moment, an express arrived from Gov- 
 ernor Meigs, with a letter to him from General Kelso, who was in command of some 
 Pennsylvania troops on the shore of Lake Erie, informing him that, as late as the 
 16 th of September, some British regulars, Canadian militia, and two thousand In- 
 dians, had left Maiden with two pieces of artillery for Fort Wayne. 
 
 These dispatches created a great stir in camp. Three days' cooked provisions, with 
 ammunition and other military stores, were immediately issued to the troops, and a 
 command for a forced march was given. Three hours afterward General Ilarrison 
 was in the saddle, and his whole corps were following him toward the wilderness in 
 a drenching rain, and the road filled with deep mud. They reached the camp of Col- 
 onel Jennings at twilight, and officers and men, from the general down, slept in the 
 cold, damp air, without tents, and nothing between them and the water-pools on the 
 surface of the flat ground but brush from the beech-trees. There Ilarrison was met 
 by anotlier express from Winchester, notifying him of the flight of the enemy down 
 the Maumee. The rapid march was stayed. Barbee's regiment was ordered back 
 to St. Miiry, and Poague's was directed to cut a road to Fort Defiance from Camp 
 
 Jennings. The mounted men, more than a thou- 
 sand in number, pressed forward in five lines, mak- 
 ing an imposing appearance in the stately forest, 
 Avhere tlie leaves were just assuming the gorgeous 
 autumnal hues. Tlie troops were disappointed and 
 depressed because of the flight of the enemy ; and 
 the commanding general was vexed when he dis- 
 covered that Winchester's alarm was quite unnec- 
 essary. He reached that officer's camp at sunset. 
 His soldiers bivouacked three miles in tlic rear. 
 Eaidy the next morning they marched down to tlie 
 confluence of the Maumee and An Gk izc, and en- 
 camped there around the ruined intrcnchmeuts of 
 old Fort Defiance. 
 
 Harrison found the troops under Winchester in 
 a deplorable condition, and one regiment in a state 
 of open mutiny. He ordered the " alarm" instead 
 of the "reveille" to be beaten on the followinij 
 morning. This brought all the troops to arms;. 
 They were drawn up in a hollow square, when, to 
 the surprise and delight of the soldiers, Harrison, 
 their beloved general, appeared among them. It 
 was with difficulty that they restrained their 
 voices, for shouts of welcome were ready to hurst 
 fi-om their lips. He addressed them as a kind fa- 
 ther would talk to his children. He shamed the 
 malcontents by saying tliat while he lamented the fact of their mutiny, and was mor- 
 
 INDIAN CAMP 
 
 FOBT DEHANOK.' 
 
 1 This fort was constructed of earth and logs, with a ditch extending around It, except on tl^e An O'aize eldc. At 
 cact angle was a block house, connected by a line of pickets at their nearest angles. Ontside the fort there was a uhdn. 
 or sloping wall of en th, eight feet thick, and outside of this the ditch, fifteen feet wide and eight feet deep. The i/taw 
 next to the ditch was supported by a log wall, and hyfamtwx, or fagots, on the side next to the Au Glaiio. Plckol?, 
 eleven feet long and ona foot apart proJccteTl from the wall diagonally over the ditch, forming a. /"raw of forniidaWe 
 api earance. The diagram, showing the relative position of the ft rt t.. the two rivers at their conliuence, a'ul to n new 
 fon aflerw.->.dl)ulltby Winchester, ma he explained as follows: A, officers' quarters; B, store-houses ; CCCC.f^e 
 ditch ; E E, gateways ; F, a dry ditch, cljnt feet deep, used for the safe procurement of water from the river, witli pick- 
 ets {a a) guarding It; G, draw-bridge. 
 
 Harrison's Addresi 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 331 
 
 liarrisun's Addresii to his Troops. 
 
 Erection of new Forts ordered. 
 
 Troubles among Leaders. 
 
 tified on their account, it was of no consequence to the government, as he had now 
 more troops than he needed, and was in expectation daily of receiving large re-en- 
 forcements from Pennsylvania and Virginia, As they had come to the woods ex- 
 pecting to find all the comforts and luxuries of home, they must be disappointed, and 
 he gave them liberty to return. But be could not refrain from alluding to the mor- 
 tification which he anticipated they would experience from the reception they would 
 meet from the old and the young, who had greeted them on their march to the scene 
 of war as their gallant neighbors. Then he appealed to their pride ^s soldiers and 
 their patriotism as citizens. He told them that his government had made him com- 
 mander-in-chief of tlio army in which they were serving, and assured them that am- 
 ple supplies of provisions and other stores were on the way. When he had con- 
 cluded, and the veteran Scott addressed them, saying, " You, my boys, will prove 
 your attachment for the service of your country and your general by giving him 
 three cheers," the wilderness instantly rang with shouts of applause, and before 
 the sun went down perfect harmony and good feeling prevailed in the camp. 
 
 General Harrison selected a site for a new fort on the bank of the Au Glaize, about 
 eighty yards above Old Fort Defiance, and ordered the immediate assignment of 
 fatigue parties to construct it. General Winchester at the same time moved his camp 
 from the Maumee to the Au Glaize, about half a mile above the site of the new fort. 
 This movement was made on the 4th of October. That evening Harrison, accom- 
 panied by Colonel Johnson and his original battalion (composed of Johnson's, Ward's, 
 and Ellison's companies), turned their faces toward St. Mary, Avhere, three days after- 
 ward, their i;erm of enlistment having expired, they were discharged. Poague's regi- 
 ment was directed to return to the old Ottawa towns, twelve miles from St. Marj% 
 after the road to Defiance should be completed, and erect a stockade there. They 
 did so, and Poague named it Fort Amanda, in honor, of a loved one in Kentucky. 
 General Winchester was left in command of the left wing of the army, with instruc- 
 tions to facilitate the transportation of supplies to Fort Defiance, and to occupy a 
 position at the Maumee Rapids as speedily as possible. When he left Winchester, 
 Ilarrison expected to have all necessary supplies for advancing against Detroit within 
 a fortnight. 
 
 Before leaving Fort Defiance Harrison ordered General Tupper to lead the mounted 
 men, then over nine hundred in number, down the Maumee to the Rapids, and beyond 
 if desirable, to (Jisperse any detachments of the enemy, civilized or savage, that might 
 be found, and to return to St. Mary by the " 'Tawa" or Ottawa towns on Blanchard's 
 Fork of the Au Glaize. But this order was not executed on account of several dis- 
 turbins, causes, namely, extensive damage to powder and scarcity of food, which 
 made it difficult to provide adequate supplies for an expedition that might occupy a 
 week or ten days; the sudden appearance of hostile Indians, who menaced Winchester's 
 camp; dissatisfaction of some of the Kentr.cky troops with Tupper and his command; 
 misunderstanding between Winchester and Tupper, and the unfriendly conduct of the 
 former toward the latter; the weakening of Tupper's forces by the withdrawal of Ken- 
 tucky troops and Simrall's dragoojis ; iid finally the dismissal of Tupper from the 
 command of the expeditici by WinchesK r. v!.o gave it to Colonel Allen, of the reg- 
 ulars, and which caused the Ohio troops to cross the Au Glaize, and positively refuse 
 to march under any other than their own chosen leader.' The chief difliculty seen .i 
 to have arisen from conflict between regular officers and volunteers ; and thus termin- 
 ated the expedition, said Tupper, " at one time capable of tearing the British flag from 
 the walls of Detroit."''* 
 
 ' H' Afeo, pages 14^ Ufl ; Tupper's Letter to General narrlson from Urbana, October 12, 1812 ; Brackcnridge, page 59 ; 
 Perkins, pope 97. 
 
 ' Uttor to Gonerf 1 Harrison f.-om Urbana, dated October 12th, 1S12. M'Afeo, who gives a more detailed acconnt 
 of this affair than any other writer, says, " Some of the Eevtackiaus were not inclined to march under Tupper unless 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 1j 
 
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 iilliii 
 
 til 
 
 882 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Conduct of Colonel Tapper. 
 
 Expeditions against tlie Indians. 
 
 Harrison in Central Ohio, 
 
 Instead of returning to St. Mary, Tupper took the most direct route to Urbaiia by 
 way of Hull's road, from near the present town of Kenton, where he immediately piv- 
 pared for another and independent expedition to the Kapids. Winchester pi-efened 
 charges against him for alleged misconduct at Defiance, and Harrison ordered his ar- 
 rest, but the accused being far on his way toward the Rapids, as we shall observe 
 presently, when the order was given, the prosecution was stayed. At Tupper's re- 
 quest a court of inquiry afterward investigated the matter, and he was honorabiv 
 acquitted. 
 
 While on his way from Defiance to St. Mary, General Harrison was infonncd, by ex- 
 press from P"'ort Wayne, that the Indians were again menacing that post. At St. ilaiy 
 he found Colonel vVllen Trimble at the lioad of five hundred mounted men of Ohio, wliii 
 came to join Tupper in the expedition against Detroit. These were immediately dis- 
 patched to the relief of Fort Wayne, with instructions to proceed to the St. Joseph of 
 the Lake, about sixty miles distant, and destroy the town of the hostile Pottawatomie 
 chief White Pigeon. The troops were disappointed, and at Fort Wayne about one 
 half of Trimble's command refused to go farther. The gallant colonel pushed on with 
 the remainder, destroyed two Pottawatomie villages, and Avould have killed or oa]i- 
 tured the inhabitants had not a treacherous guide given them timely warning of 
 danger. 
 
 At St. Mary Harrison found some penHent Miami chiefs who had joined the enemv. 
 They had come at the summons of messengers, and were prepared to deny their guilti- 
 ness, or to palliate it, as circumstances might dictate. They found Harrison well in- 
 formed concei-ning their bad conduct, and they cast themselves upon the meiTy of 
 the government. As proof of their sincerity, they sent five chiefs to Piqua as iiost- 
 ages until the decision of the President should be made known. Thither General 
 Harrison repaired, where he found some of T. pper's troops. He passed over to Urba- 
 na, and then southeastward to Franklinton, on the west bank of the Scioto, opposite 
 the present city of Columbus, the capital of Ohio, whose site was then covered by 
 the primeval forest. There, in the heart of Ohio, and at a convenient point for the 
 concenti-ation of troops and supplies from a distance, Harrison established his head- 
 quarters, and occupied much of the remainder of the autumn and early winter in 
 laborious preparations for an advance on Detroit and Canada — collecting troo]is and 
 creating depots for supplies, building stockades and block-houses, cutting roads, and 
 dispersing or overawing the hostile Indians, who might be excessively mischievous 
 on the flank and rear. Poague speedily completed Fort Amanda on the Au Glaize. 
 Colonel Barbee ei-ected another at St. Mary, which was called Fort Barbee, and he- 
 fore the 1st of November the new stockade at Defiance, built chiefly of logs, was 
 completed and named Fort Winchester. 
 
 I visited the ruins of Fort Defiance on a wanii «unny day late in September, 1860. 
 I came up the Maumee Valley by railway from Toledo on the previous evening, and 
 arrived at Defiance Station at midnight. The tillage of Defiance,^ lying mostly on 
 the Maumee, upon the beautiful plain at the confluence of that river and Au Glaize, 
 was shrouded in a chilling fog. Warned of the danger of the night air in that valley 
 
 accompanied by some field officer from Winchester's command. Colonel Allen therefore tendered his services to ac- 
 company General Tnpper in any capacity he might choopc to receive him. The offer was accepted. But Oeiiprnl Win- 
 chester, havhiix niisundcrstoo'' ihc nature of the arranRcment between them, issued an order directing Culoncl .\lloiiio 
 taltc the command and march toward the Rapids. This caused a serious misunderstanding between the two general^. 
 Colonel Allen, however, having infirnied General Winchester correctly on the subject, the order was immodinld.v rf- 
 Bcindcd, The greater part of the men having by this time refiised to proceed directly to the Rapids, Ocncriil Tiipixr 
 marched them over the Au Olalzc, and proceeded to the Ottawa towns, wliere he professed to expect re-en fore enicnt* 
 ftom Ohio," This account agrees siihstantlnlly with that of Tupper in his letter to Harrison, in which he says, " It is a 
 duty I owe to Colonel Allen to gay that I have not the smallest reason to believe be was privy to the orders uf Qeneral 
 Winchester." 
 
 ' Defiance Is the connty seat of Defiance County, about fifty miles northeastward from Fort Wa.vne. It was laid oul 
 In 1822, and from its eligible situation and fertility of the country around— the rich Black Swamp region— seems denlincd 
 to become a jdace of much importance. 
 
 Bemains of Forti 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 838 
 
 Kemaius of Forts Uetlaucu aud Wluchester. 
 
 Their Locatiun and Appearance. 
 
 Au antienl Apple-tree. 
 
 at that Beason of the year, I fclt as if fever and ague were inhaled at every inspira- 
 tion Avhile walking a long distance to a hotel. There all was darkness. A slumber- 
 in<' attendant was finally aroused, and I was directed by the feeble light of a small 
 candle to a most cheerless bedroom at one o'clock in the morning. After an early 
 breakfast I went out to find the historical localities of tlie place, and was fortunate 
 enough to be introduced to Mr. E. H. Leland and Doctor John Paul, who kindly ac- 
 companied me to them. We first visited the interesting remains of Fort Wayne on 
 tlic point of land where the two ruins meet. We found the form of the glacis and 
 ditch very distinctly marked, the remains of the former rising six or eight feet above 
 the botto'u of the latter. The shape of the fort was perfectly delineated by those 
 momuls and the ditch. Some large honey-locust-trees were growing among the 
 ruins. These have appeared since the fort was abandoned in 1795. One of them, 
 with a trip'e stem, standing in the southeastern angle of the fort, measured fifteen 
 iect in circumference. These ruins are likely to be preserved. The banks were 
 covered with a fine sward, and they were within an inclosurc containhig about two 
 acres of land, which the heirs of the late Curtis Holgate presented to the town. 
 
 We visited the site of Fort Winchester, a little above Defiance, on the bank of the 
 An Glaize, and found the remains of many of the pickets Drotruduig from the ground. 
 Across a ravine, just above the fort, was the garrison burying-ground. We returned 
 to the village, crossed the long bridge which spans the JMaumee, and from the heights 
 (if Fail's Grove, on the eastern side of the river, obtained a comprehensive view of the 
 two streams at their confluence, the site of the fort, and the village of Defiance. The 
 - sketch there made is here 
 
 " given. The meeting of the 
 
 waters is seen toward the 
 le/l, those of the Maumee 
 flowing in from the right 
 to meet those of the Au 
 Glaize, over which, in the 
 distance, a bridge is seen. 
 The group of trees (the hon- 
 ey-locusts spoken of) seen 
 near the centre of the pic- 
 ture mark the site of Fort 
 )efiance. In the foreground 
 s seen a garden ext' uding 
 from the hiL'hway at the 
 foot of the liei-hts of Fail's 
 (irove to t!;i' bank of 
 the Maumee, with waving 
 broom corn then ripe and 
 
 BUB OF rOBI DEFlA>'aK. 
 
 ready for the knife. 
 
 On our return to the village we visited ■ the way, near the margin of the ]\raumee, 
 :m aged and gigantic apple-tree, coeval, no doubt, with the one near Fort Wayne.' 
 We found it carefully guarded, as a sort of " lion'' 'f the place, by a high board fence, 
 the ground around it, within the inclosurc, tlr ' oovered with burr-bearing weeds. 
 It was upon the Southworth estate, and . to it might be had only through a 
 
 Ismail house near. That tree was a living nioniauent of the French occupation of the 
 <pot, as a trading station, long before any other Europeans had jjenetrated that re- 
 mote wilderness. It measured about fitYeen feet in circumference eighteen inches 
 t'roiu the ground. The figure standuig by it aflbrds a fair criterion for judging of 
 
 ' See page 334. 
 
 *i^ 
 
 i ..- 
 
 1' 
 
 f. 
 
 I 
 
 ' m 
 
 i 
 
 '■\ 
 
 
'^^fmmm 
 
 vm 
 
 BBS 
 
 KM 
 
 1 
 
 884 
 
 PICTOttlAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Events neare" the Mlesissippi. 
 
 The Indians generally hootile. 
 
 Shelby's Appeal to the Kentacklaiu. 
 
 Ari>LE-TBEE AT DEriANOE. 
 
 its size, by comparison with the body of a stout man. 
 We returned to Defiance in time for dinner, and left 
 with the early train for Fort Wayne.^ 
 
 Let us resume the naiTative of events in the North- 
 west in the autumn of 1812. 
 
 We left General Harrison nt Franklinton, General 
 Tupper at Urbana, and General Winchester at Fort De- 
 fiance, all engaged in preparations to move forward 
 to the Rapids of the Maumee, and thence to Detroit. 
 While the movement of the troops in Western Ohio and 
 Eastern Indiana, just related, were in progress, stirring 
 events of a like nature occurred in the region nearer 
 the Mississippi River. 
 We have already noticed the departure of troops from Kentucky for Vincennes, 
 and the messengers sent to that post by Captain Taylor, asking immediate aid for 
 Fort Harrison on the Wabash.^ This call was immediately responded to. Colonel 
 William Russell, of the Seventh United States Regiment of Infantry, just arrived at 
 Vincennes, departed at once for Fort Harrison with about twelve hundred n '» con- 
 sisting of three companies of Rangers, two regiments of Indiana militia, under c'olo- 
 nels Jordan and Evans, and Colonel Wilcox's regiment of Kentucky Volunteers. 
 Lieutenant Richardson, of the regulars, was 'lirected to follow with eleven men as 
 an escort for provisions. By a forced marcli Russell and his party reached Fort Har- 
 rison on the 16th, much to the joy of Captain Taylor, without encountering the foe. 
 Not so the provision escort. That was attacked by the savages on the 16th, wjio 
 killed more than one half of the detachment and captured all of the provisions. An- 
 other provision train that followed immediately afterward was more fortunate. Tlu 
 savages were not seen. The great body of the Indians seemed to have fled from the 
 vichiity, and Russell and his troops, except Wilcox's regiment, returned to Vincennes. 
 At about this time the Indians of Illinois ar.d Northern Indiana, persuaded, like 
 the rest of the savages under the influence of Teonmtha, after the fall of Mackinaw. 
 Detroit, and Chicago, that the time was at hand when the white people might be 
 driven beyond the Ohio River, every where showed signs of hostilities. Tliest' 
 were so menacing that Nini.on Edwards, the GoveiTior of the Illinois Territory, called 
 on the executive of Kentucky for aid. That aid was on its way in the person of 
 Colonel Barbour and his ct ramand, when it was diverted to Vincennes, on acconnt 
 of the dangers impending over Fort Harrison. Edwards had sent out spies, and was 
 persuaded that no time was to be lost in making preparations for ofl!ensive and de- 
 fensive operations againft the savages, He combined the scattered militia of his 
 Territory, and caused se ^-eral companies of Rangei-s to be encamped on the Missis- 
 sippi, above St. Louis, and in the Illinois River. Tliese served to keep the Indians in 
 •Septembers, check for a tiiae. Meanwhile Governor Shelby had made the stirring 
 ''^^'^' appeal* to the Ki^ntuckians already alluded to.^ He told them of tlic 
 
 "extensivd combination of the K-'vages, aided by the British from Canada," who were 
 momentarily expected on the frontier settlements of Illinois and Indiana. Twenty- 
 one persons, he said, had already becr^ murdered not more than twenty miles north 
 of the Ohio ! " It is hoped," he remarked, " that it will rouse the spirit and indigna- 
 tion of the freemen of Kentucky, and induce a sufficient number of them to give their 
 services to their country for a short period." He asked them to rendezvous at Louis- 
 ville on the 1 8th of the month, with thirty days' provisions. " Kentuckians," lit 
 said, " ever pre-eniuient for their patriotism, bravery, and good conduct, will, I am 
 persuaded, on this occasion, give to the world a new evidence of their love of conn- 
 
 1 See page 43. 
 
 ' See page KIT. 
 
 J page 323. 
 
 H'ealth and Fatr 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 335 
 
 Wenltb and Patriutism of Kentacky illuRtrated. Hopkins's £xpedition against Illinois Indians. Insubordination. 
 
 try, and a determination, at every liazard, to rescue their fellow-men from the mur- 
 ders and devastations of a cruel and barbarous enemy."' 
 
 This address, as we have seen, was responded to with wonderful alacrity. Hund- 
 reds more than were needed were at Louisville on the appointed day, and were turned 
 back with feelings of the keenest disappointment. One old veteran, who had suf- 
 fered from savage cruelty, and had fought the dusky foe in the early days of Ken- 
 tucky settlement, although greatly chagrined when he found his company rejected, 
 said, " Well, well, Kentucky has often glutted the market with hemp, flour, and to- 
 bacco, and now she has done so with volunteers." This was a truthful exposition, 
 in few words, of the wealth and patriotism of Kentucky. 
 
 General Samuel Hopkins, under whom the Kentucky Volunteer^ were placed, made 
 his head-quarters at Vincennes. Tlie troops continued to arrive and were mustered 
 into the service from the 21st of September until the 2d of October, when Hopkins, 
 then convalescing after a severe attack of fever, found himself at the head of almost 
 four thousand men, about two thousand of them expert riflemen, on horseback. His 
 little army was speedily organized,^ and on the 10th of September he started with 
 the mounted riflemen for the Indian country by the way of Fort Harrison. The chief 
 design of the expedition was to march an annihilating force upon the principal Kick- 
 ; poo and Peoria Indian villages on the waters of the Illinois River, the former sup- 
 |)Osed to be about eighty miles distant, and the latter one hundred and twenty miles. 
 
 Hopkins ai^d his two thousand horsemen crossed the Wabash on the afternoon of 
 the 14th,* and iijade their first encampment that night three miles from Fort •October, 
 Harrison. Before them lay magnificent level prairies, covered with tall ^^^^' 
 ijrass, both dry ard green. The guides passed a satisfactory examination as to their 
 knowledge of the route, and the plans of the general were unanimously approved by 
 a council of oflicei's. On resuming the second day's march, every thing promised 
 well excepting the lack of discipline and evident restlessness under restraint manifest- 
 ed by the troops. Indeed, so far as military discipline was concerned, they constituted 
 little more than a vast mob, and it was soon found that every man was disposed to 
 he a law unto himself Every hour of the march revealed to the commanding gen- 
 eral evidences of the fact that his army was as combustible as the dry grass around 
 them, The symptoms of discontent, seen even at Vincennes, now assumed the posi- 
 tive forms of complaint and murmuring. The guides were suspected of ignorance or 
 disloyalty; and food and forage, it was alleged, Avere becoming alarmingly scarce. 
 Finally, while halting on the fourth day's march, a major, whose name is withheld, 
 rode up to the commanding general, and in an insolent manner peremptorily ordered 
 liim to march the troops back to Fort Harrison. Not long afterward a violent wind 
 arose that blew directly toward them, and very soon it Avas discovered that the 
 prairie was on fire at the windward. They saved themselves by burning the grass 
 around their camp. It was believed that this was the work of tlie Indians, and it 
 gave the finishing blow to the expedition. The troops would not march farther. 
 Hopkins called a council of oflicers,'' when it was decided by them to re- 
 turn, as tiieir men were utterly unmanageable. The mortified commander 
 then called for five hundred volunteers to follow hira to the Illinois. Not one re- 
 sponded to his summons. His authority had vanished. They even refused to sub- 
 
 " October 20. 
 
 1 Address of Governor Shelby, issned at Prarkfort September S, 1812. 
 
 ' Four regiments were at first formed, to be commanded respectively by Colonels Samnel Catdw«11, John Thomas, 
 James Allen, and Yountf Kwlng. ^hese const tnted two brigades, the first to be commanded by General James Ray, 
 M early advcuturer In Kentucky and experienced India: fighter," and the other by General Jonathan Ramsey. After 
 Ibis arrangement was made, another, under r<ilonel Sumnel South, was organized. George Wnlker was appointed 
 judge advocate of the little army. Pierce IJutlar adjutant general. Majors William Trigg and William A. Lee aids to 
 (i«iieral Hopkins, William Blair and Josepli Wetstger volnnteer aids, and John C. Breckinridge the general's secretary. 
 
 ' For an account of the early adventures of General Rny, see Colllns's Kentuehj, its Uialorn, AiUiquitiet, and Diogra- 
 P%, page «8. 
 
mssBm 
 
 |! 
 
 ill 
 
 \ I 
 
 336 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Rtusell's co-operating £xpeditiun in liilnoig. Hopkins's Expedition to tlie Wiiboeli Ueglon. Big new Trnopi 
 
 rait to his leadership on their return, and hcfollotced his army back to Fort Harrison 
 where they arrived on the 25th.> Thus ended an apparently formidable and promis- 
 ing expedition. Yet it was not unfniitful of good. It alarmed the Indians <fave 
 them a sense of the real power of the white people, and made them more cautious 
 and circumspect. That imposing force had marched eighty or ninety miles in tlic In- 
 dian country without show of opposition any where. 
 
 While Hopkins's expedition was in motion, another, under Colonel Russell, coin- 
 ■ October 11, posed of two Small companies of United States Rangers, marched from 
 1812. Vincennes" to unite with a small body of mounted militia under Gover- 
 
 nor Edwards (who assumed the chief command), for the purpose of penetrating the 
 region toward which General Hopkins was marching, and to co-operate with him. 
 Tlieir combined force numbered nearly four hundred men, raiik and file. Tlioy pen- 
 etrated deeply into the Indian country, but, hearing nothing of Hojjkins, and heinc 
 too few to attempt mucli, they contented themselves with some minor cxj)ioits. 
 They fell suddenly and furiously upon the principal Kickapoo town, twenty miles 
 above Peoria, at the head of Peoria Lake, and drove the Indian inhabitants into a 
 swamp, through which for tiirec miles they Avere vigorously pursued, tlie invaders 
 finding themselves frequently waist-deep in mud and water. The fugitives fled in 
 dismay across the Illinois River. Many of the pursuers passed over, and brought 
 back canoes with dead Indians in them. Twenty lifeless warriors lay prone in tiie 
 path of the returning victors. Doubtless many more perished in the morass and the 
 stream. The town, Avith a large quantity of corn and other property, was destroyed. 
 The spoils brought away were eighty horses, and the dried scalps of several white 
 persons who had been murdered by tlie savages.^ The expedition returned, after an 
 absence of thirteen days, with no other serious casualty than four men wounded, not 
 One of them mortally. 
 
 General Hopkins discharged the mutinous mounted men, and organized another 
 expedition against the Indians. This force, twelve hundi-ed and fifty strong, Avas 
 composed chiefly of foot soldiers, and the object of the expedition Avas the destruc- 
 tion of the Prophet's toAvn, and other Indian villages on the Upper Wabash. His 
 troops consisted of three regiments of Kentucky militia, commanded respectively hy 
 Colonels Barbour, Miller, and Wilcox ; a small company of regulars, under Captain 
 Zachary Taylor ; a company of Rangers, commanded by Captain Beckers ; and a com- 
 pany of scouts or spies, led by Captain Washburnc. The greater portion of tliein 
 rendezvoused at Vincenncs, and moved up the Wabash Valley to Fort Harrison, 
 Avhere they arrived on the 5th of November. Six days afterward they marched fioni 
 the fort up the road made by Harrison a year before, and, at the same time, seven 
 boats, filled with provisions, forage, and military stores, Avtll guarded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Barbour Avith a battalion of his regiment, moved up the river. The Indians 
 Avere supposed to be on the alert, and the march was cautiously pursued. Tlu' 
 streams Avere full of Avater, and the passage of swamps and Ioav lands vvas extremoly 
 diflicult and fiitiguing. They did not cross the Wabash as Harrison did, but, for suf- 
 ficient reasons, marched up the east side of that stream. 
 
 So difficult Avas the march that the expedition did not reach the Prophet's town 
 until the 19th, when IIo])kin8 dispatched Adjutant General Butler, Avith three hund- 
 red men, to surprise a Winnebago village of about forty houses on the present Wild 
 Cat Creek, a mile from the Wabash, and about four miles below the Prophet's town. 
 The village A^as deserted. Flames soon laid it in ashes. Tii^ Prophet's town, ahout 
 equal in size, and a large Kickapoo village just beloAV it, containing about one huml- 
 
 ' Hopltlns'B Report to Governor Slielby, dated Port Harrison, October 20, 1812 ; Dillon's History of Indiana, ptgc 
 49T ; M'Afee, page 158 
 
 > I 'olouel William liassuU'a Letter to Qenaral Qibsou, the acting governor of Indiana, dated "Camp Russell, October 
 81,1812." 
 
 Tbe Indians atti 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 337 
 
 Xhe Indiuua attack a Bnrlal Party. Sufferings of the Kentucky Soldiera. Close of Hopkins's military Career. 
 
 red and sixty huts, with all their winter provision of corn and beans, were utterly 
 destroyed. 
 
 It was not until the 21 st that any Indians were discovered. On that day they 
 Bred upon a small party of soldiers, and killed one man. On the following morning 
 sixty horsemen, under Colonels Miller and Wilcox, went out to bury the dead, when 
 they were suddenly attacked by Indians in ambush, and lost eighteen men, killed, 
 ffouiuled, and missing, in the skirmish that ensued.' The rendezvous of the savages, 
 in a strong position on the Wild Cat, was soon discovered, and preparations were 
 made for dislodging tnem, when they decamped and disappeared. The season was 
 far advanced, the cold was increasing, and ice was beginning to form in the river. 
 These circumstances, and the fact that many of the troops, especially the Kentuck- 
 ians were " shoeless and shirtless" — clad in the remnants of their summer clothes, 
 caused an order to be issued on the 25th for a return to Fort Harrison and Vincennes.^ 
 "We all suffered very much," said Pierre La P.'antc, of Vincennes, who was one of 
 the troops, " but I pitied the poor Kentuckians. They were almost naked and bare- 
 foot—only their linen hunting-shirts — the ground covered with snow, and the Wabash 
 freezing up."^ 
 
 With this more successful expedition ended General Hopkins's military career. In 
 general orders, issued at Vincennes on the 1 8th of December following, he said : "The 
 commander-in-chief now closes his command, and, in all probability, liis military serv- 
 ices forever." Most of the volunteei-s were now discharged, and Illinois and Indiana 
 experienced a season of comparative repose. 
 
 1 This detachment was composed of Captain Beckcrs's company of Rangers, a small number of mounted mllltlo, and 
 sfTornl nrmy officers. 
 ! Genernl Hopkins's Lptter to Oovcrnor Shelby, November 27, 1S12. 
 ! Dillon's Uiatory vf Indiana, Note, page 602. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■'\i 
 
 ;l 
 
I 
 
 lii 
 
 m y 
 
 338 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Impatience oftlie People. 
 
 Harriaon'8 Difflcultles. 
 
 He Ik UopcfUl and Chcertni. 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 "How dread was the conflict, how bloody the fray, 
 Told the banks of the liuiKlu at the dawn of the day ; 
 While the gush from the wounds of the dying and dead 
 Uad thaw'd for the warrior a suow-shecled bod. 
 
 "But where is the pride that a soldier can feel, 
 To temper with mercy the wrath of the steel, 
 Willie Proctor, victorious, denies to the brave 
 Who had fallen iu battle, the gift of a grave t" 
 
 LL through the months of October, November, and De- 
 cember,* General Harrison labored incessantly and in- '^''" 
 tensely in making preparations for a winter campaign in the 
 Northwest. The nation was feverish and impatient. I<'iio- 
 rauce of military necessities allowed unjust and injurious cen- 
 sures and criticisms to be made — unjust to the officers and sol- 
 diers in the field, and hijurious to the cause. The desire of the 
 people to recover all that Hull had lost would brook no n- 
 straint, nor listen to any excuse for delay. A winter campaign was demanded, ami 
 Harrison was not a man to shrink from any required duty. He knew that miuli 
 was expected of him ; and day and night his head and hands were at work, with 
 only the intermissions required by the necessity for taking food, indulging in sleep, 
 and tlie observance of the Sabbath. Taking all things into consideration, his task 
 was Herculean, and to some men would have been appalling. He was compelled to 
 create an army out of good but exceedingly crude materials. He was compelled to 
 reconcile many differences and difficulties in order to insure the harmony arisins 
 from perfect discipline. He was compelled to concentrate forces and supplies at 
 some eligible point, like the Rapids of the Maumee, while perplexed with the great- 
 est impediments. His operations were necessarily threefold in character — prepara- 
 tive, offensive, and defensive, in a wilderness filled with hostile savages controlled 
 and supported by British regulars. A frontier, hundreds of miles in extent, must be 
 protected at all hazards from the hatchet and the knife. The season was bceoming 
 more and more inclement. From the fortieth degree of latitude northward (the di- 
 rection of his projected march) was a region of dark forests and black swamps. The 
 autumnal rams had commenced, filling every stream, and making eveiy morass brim- 
 ful of water. Through these, roads and causeways for wagons and pack-horses must 
 be cut and constructed, over which supplies of every kind, with men and artillery, 
 must be conveyed. Block-houses were to be built, magazines of provisions estab- 
 lished, and a vigilant watch kept upon the savages who might prowl upon flanks and 
 rear. All this had to be done with undiscij)lined troops prone to self-reliance and 
 independence, with great uncertainty whether volunteers would swell his army for 
 invasion to the promised dimensions of ten thousand men. 
 
 Yet, in view of all these labors and difficulties, Harrison was cheerful and hopeful. 
 " 1 am fully sensible of the responsibility invested in me," he wrote to the Secretar)- 
 of War on the 13th of October. "I accepted it Avith full confidence of being able to 
 effect the wishes of the President, or to show unequivocally their impracticability. 
 If ^Be fall should be very dry, ^ will take Detroit before the winter sets in ; but if wo 
 should have much rain, it will be necessary to wait at the Rapids until the Mi- 
 
 OUectiou fo I 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 sao 
 
 OhJectioDS to & Winter Campaign. 
 
 DMBcuUles of TrauBportatlon. 
 
 Ooneral Simon Perklna. 
 
 nmi of the Lake [Maumee, or Miniiii of the Lakes] is sufficiently frozen over to bear 
 tho nriuy and its bagj^age," 
 
 Nine (lays later Harrison wrote, "I am not able to fix any period for the advance 
 of the troops to Detroit. It is pretty evident tliat it can not be done upon proper 
 iiriiiciples until ihe frost shall become so severe as to enable us to use the rivers and 
 till' margin of the lake for transjxjrtation of the baggage and artillery upon the ice. 
 To i?t't them forward through a swampy wilderness of near two hundred miles, in 
 wagons or on pack-horses, which are to carry their own provisions, is absolutely im- 
 itossible." lie then referred to a suggestion of a Congressman that the possession 
 of Detroit by the enemy would probably be the most effectual bar to the attainment 
 of peace, then hoped for, and observed, " If this were really the case, I would under- 
 t;iljp to recover it with a detachment of the army at any time. A few hundred pack- 
 horses, with a drove of beeves (without artillery or heavy baggage), would subsist 
 the fifteen hundred or two thousand men which I would select for the purpose until 
 the residue of the urmy could arrive. But, having in view offensive operations /ro»t 
 Detroit, an advance of this sort would be premature, and ultimately disadvantageous. 
 No species of supplies are calculated on being foun<l in the Michigan Territory. The 
 tiirins upon the Raisin, which might have afforded a quantity of forage, are nearly all 
 broken up and destroyed. This article, then, as well as the provisions for the men, 
 is to be taken from this state — a circumstance which must at once put to rest every 
 idea for a land conveyance at this season, since it would require at least two wagons 
 with forage for each one that is loaded with provisions and other articles. My 
 present plan is," he continued, "to occupy Upper Sandusky, and accumulate at that 
 place as much provision and forage as possible, to be taken from thence upon sleds to 
 the Kiver Kaisin. At Defiance, Fort Jennings, and St. Mary, boats and sleds are pre- 
 paring to take advantage of a rise of water or a fall «)fsiioAV." 
 
 At this time, the troops moving on the line of oi)eration8 which passed from Frank- 
 liiiton (head-quarters) and Delaware, by Upper to Lower Sandusky, composed of tho 
 brigades from Virginia and Pennsylvania, and one of Ohio, under General Simon 
 Perkins,' were designated in general orders, and known as the right wing of the army ; 
 
 ' Simon Perkins was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on the 17th of September, 17T1. HU father was a captain in the 
 army of the Revolution, and died in camp. He emigrated to Oswego, New-Yoric, in 1706, where he spent three years lu 
 extensive laud operations. A portion of the " Western Kescrvc," in Ohio, having t>een sold by the State of Connectl- 
 int, the now proprietors Invited Mr. Perliins to explore the domain, and report a plan for the sale and settlement of the 
 lands. He went to Ohio for that purpose in the sjiring of 1708. lie spent the summer there in the performance of the 
 duties of his agency, and returned to Connecticut in the autumn. This excursion and these duties were repeated by 
 liim for several successive summers. He Unaily married in 1804, and settled on tlie "Reserve" at Warren. So ex- 
 tensive were the land agencies intrusted to him, that in 1S16 the state land-tax paid by him into the public treasury 
 was one seventh of the entire revenue of the state. Mr. Perkins was the first post-master on the "ReserN-e," and to 
 him the post-master general intrusted the arrangement of post-offlces In that region. For twenty-eight j-ears he re- 
 ceived and merited the confidence of the department and the people. At the request of the govcrnmcut, in 1S07 he 
 established expresses through the Indian country to Detroit. His efforts led to the treaty of Brownsville lu tho autumn 
 01 ISOS, wheu the Indians ceded lands for a road from the " Reserve" to the Maumee, or Miami of the Lukes. In May 
 otlliat year he was commissioned a brigadier general of militia, in the division commanded by Major Ocneral Wads- 
 worth. On hearing of the disaster to Hull's army at Detroit, be Issued orders to his colonels to prepare tbclr regiments 
 foracllve duty. To him was assigned the duty of protecting a large portion of the Northwestern frontier. "To the 
 ore of Brigadier General Simon Perkins I commit yon," said Wadsworth on parting with the troops of the Renerve, 
 '■ wli(/wlll be your commander and your friend. In his integrity, skill, and courage, we all have the utmost confidence." 
 He was exceedingly active. His scouts were out, far and near, continually. His public accounts were kept with the 
 greatest clean ess and accuracy for more than forty years. " No two officers In the public service at that time," testifies 
 the Honorab'.'Ellsha Whittlesey, "were more energetic or economical than Generals Harrison andPerkins." When, 
 In IS13, General Harrison was sufflclently re-enforced to dispense with Perkins's command, he left the service [February 
 iS, 1SI3], bearing the highest encomiums of the commander-in-chief of the Army of the Northwest. President Madl- 
 nn, at the miggestlon of Harrison and others, sent him the commission of colonel In the regular army, but duty to his 
 ramil; and the demands of a greatly increasing business caused him to decline it. 
 
 General Perkins was Inirusted with the arrangement and execution, at the head of a commission, of the extensive ca- 
 nal system of Ohio. From 18311 nntlll33S he was an active member of the " Board of Canal Fund Commissioners." They 
 were under no bonds and received no pecuniary reward. In the course of about seven years they issued and sold state 
 bonds for the public improvements to the amonnt of four and a half millions of dollars. Among the remnrkailte'men 
 who settled the " Western Reserve," Qeueral Simon Perkins ever held ontf of the most conspicuous places, and his in- 
 fhience in social and moral life Is felt In that region to this day. He died at Warren, Ghlo, on the 19th of Nbvember, 
 19H. His widow long survi>ed him. She died at the same place In April, 1862. To their son, Joseph Perkins, Esq., 
 of Cleveland, I am Indebted for the materials for this brief sketch, and the llkeue^u of the patriot on the uest page. 
 
 1 
 
^^^■m 
 
 ::f| 
 
 jll 
 
 N I 
 
 i ■ I li'i 
 
 
 ii;!-, 
 
 i 
 
 J^A 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 840 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 DlTiiloDS of the Army of tbe Northwest. 
 
 Employment of the Troop*. 
 
 The Weiteru ReMrri, 
 
 Tuppcr's brigade, that wan to move on 
 Iliiirs road, by Fort M'Arthur, waH called 
 the centre ; and the KentuckianH under 
 Winehester were styled the left wing. 
 Tlie Virginia and Pennsylvania troops 
 were emj)loyed in escorting the artillery 
 and military stores toward Ujjper San- 
 dusky; the Ohio troops conveyed pro- 
 visions from Alanary's IJlock-housc, near 
 the liead of the Great Miami, twenty miles 
 north of Urbana, to Forts M'Arthur and 
 Findlay, on IIulPs road; while the Ken- 
 tuckians were traversing the swamps of 
 the St. Mary and the An Glaize, and de- 
 scending those rivers in small craft, lo 
 carry provisions to Fort Winchester (De- 
 fiance) on the left wing.^ 
 
 Northwestern Ohio, particularly the 
 settlements on the WcaterTi liescrve,^ had 
 been alive with excitement and patriotic 
 zeal during all the autumn, 
 and General Wadsworth, com- ,^5k- — 
 mander of the 4th Division of f/VV^ * 
 the Ohio jNIilitia (the boundaries sT^^/^^^^^-ytn 
 
 of which comprised the counties 
 
 of Jefferson and Turnbull, thus 
 embracing at least one third of the state) was continually, vigilantly, and efficiently 
 employed in the i)romotion of measures for the defense of the frontier from the Maumee 
 to Erie, and for the recovery of Michigan. In politics General Wadsworth was a 
 Democrat of the Jefferson school. He had watched with interest and indignation 
 the course of Great Britain for many years, and when the Congress of the nation de- 
 clared war against her, hC' rejoiced in the act as a righteous and necessary one. He 
 had been an active soldier of the Revolution,^ and now, when his country needed his 
 
 ' M'Afce, pages 103, 104. 
 
 » The charter of Conncctlcnt, granted In 1602, covered the country ft-om Rhode Island, or, as expressed, " Nnmiffan- 
 set River," on the east, to the Pacific on the west. When NowYorlc, New Jersey, and PcniiBylvania claimed dominion 
 above the line of the southern boundary of the province, difflculties appeared. These were disposed of. \\\ nso tlic 
 State of Connecticut ceded to the United States all tiic lands within tlie charter limits westward of Pennsylvania, ex- 
 cepting a tract one hundred and twenty miles in lengtli westward, adjoining that state. The cession was accepted. 
 This was called the CmvnaAimt, or HVjitern Reserve ; and many settlers went tlierc from the State of Connecticut. A p.irt 
 of the Reserve, containing half a million of acres, was granted by the state to the Inhabitants of New London, Fnir- 
 field, and Norwalk, whose property had been burnt by the British during tbe Revolr.tion. This was known as Tlie. firt 
 Landu. The remainder of the Reserve was sold in 1T06, and the proceeds of the sale were devoted to the formation of 
 the present school fhud of Connecticut. 
 
 ' Elijah Wadsworth was boru in Hartford, Connecticut, on the 4th of November, 1T4T, and became a resident of Litcb- 
 
 field before the Revolution. After the battle of Bunker's Hill he volunteered to go to Boston, but his purpose was 
 frustrated, when he eugaged heartily in raising Colonel Elisha Sheldon's troop of light-horsemen. He was commis- 
 sioned a lieutenant of the company of which Benjamin Tallmadge was captain. He served with zeal during the entire 
 war. He commanded tbe guard in whose custody Major Andrd was placed immediately after his arrest. 
 
 Wadsworth was a man of great energy. He went early to Ohio, ard was part owner of the " Western Reserve." He 
 made his residence at Canfleld, Ohio, iii 1802, and was always a leading man in that section of tbe new state, and waa 
 
 Ell<b« Whittle 
 
■MFH^jgiCRi^ 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 341 
 
 EliilM Whlttlwey. 
 
 AlarmlDg Rnmora aboot Uull'i Bnrrender. 
 
 PreparUloni agalntt InTulon. 
 
 fiervici'H, ho cheerfully offered them. 
 Althouj^h ho waH sixty-five yearn of 
 age, he entered upon active military 
 duties with energy with the late 
 veiierahle Klisha WhittleHoy, of Can- 
 field ' and the late llonorahle IJen- 
 * ' 
 
 jamin Tappen, of Steubenville, Ohio, 
 aH Ills aid-de-camp. The former ac- 
 comj)anied him to Cleveland from 
 Canfield,'^ and the latter soon joined 
 him there. 
 
 C4eneral Wadsworth was at his 
 house in Caiifield when intelligence 
 of tlu^ surrender ofllull reached liim.^ 
 The alarming rumors that j)ic vailed 
 concerning the imminence of an in- 
 vasioii called for immediate and en- 
 ergetic a(!tion. Wadsworth at once 
 issued orders to the several brigadier 
 generals of his division to muster the 
 militia for the ])rotection of the fron- 
 
 ] ^Jb /^y ^T^LyTZ!yt^^fy(-^C'^^ *''^'' ^'■""^ t'le immediate incursions 
 
 of the F>ritisli and their savage allies. 
 Alread . citizens of the region adja- 
 cent to Canfield had formed a corps 
 of (IragnoTia, under Captain James Dowd. This company was ordered into the serv- 
 ice; and so pronii)tly did it respond to the call, that by noon the following day (Sun- 
 (lav, August 23d, 1812), it was on its march toward Cleveland as an honorary escort 
 
 V. vient In the organization of the crude material of pioneer life Into well-balanced Boclcty, the eetabllohment of 
 
 HU aid wac CHdcntlal In the cstabllBhmcnt of the state Kovcnimcnt, and when the milltln waB enrolled he 
 
 .1 major general of the 4th nivlslon. In that office he was found when war broke out In 1812. IUb ncrvlces 
 
 ,ir are recorded In the text. On his tomb-stone at Cinnflcld are the following words : " Major General Elijah 
 
 ,, „i-H()rth moved Into Caufleld In October A.D. 1802, and died Deccmbtr 30, 1817, aged 70 years, 1 month, and 17 days." 
 
 1 Elislia Whittlesey was born In LltchHeld County, Connecticut, on the IHth of October, 1783. Ills father, a practical 
 farmer, was a member of the Connecticut Legislature seventeen consecutive sessions, and was a member of the Htaie 
 I'oiivenllDn that ratiflcd the Constitution of the I'nited States. The subject of this brief memoir was a pupil of Rev. 
 Thomiii! Robbins, of Daubury, Connecticut, who died only a few years ago, and also of the eminent Moses Stnart, of 
 .Andovcr. He studied law, and was admitted to practice at Fairfield in the winter of 1805. He commenced practice at 
 NewMilford, but in June, iwx!, he emigrated to Ohio, and settled at Canfield, Tumbull County, which place was his 
 liiime when in private life. In the autumn of that year he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Ohio, and 
 .It the llrst session of the Court of Common Pleas thereafter he was appointed prosecuting attorney, which office he held 
 fistcen years. When the war broke out he was appointed aid to General Wadsworth. On the retirement of General 
 Wadsworth from the service, Mr. Whittlesey was appointed brigade major in General Simon Perkins's corps, and was 
 viith lli:it officer during the remainder of his campaign in Northern Ohio in 1S1'2-'1.1. He was sent by General Harrison 
 from the Rupids of the Maumcc, after the defeat of General Winchester at the Raisin, to ask the Legislature of Ohio 
 to pass a law providing for the payment of Buch Ohio troops as should remaiu in service after their time of cullstnieut 
 (houlrt expire. He was successful. 
 
 Mr. Whittlesey resumed his profession after the v.-aii He served as a member of the Ohio Legislattire from 1S20 to 
 hit incluBlve, when he was elected to Congress, in which he served fourteen consecutive years. During all that time he 
 Kss a member of the Committee on Claims, ftiU one half of that time its chairman, and was never absent, excepting on 
 public busiuess, but for one day, for which, in the settlement of his accounts, he deducted the sum of eight dollars— a 
 (laj'a salary ! President Harrison appointed him auditor of the treasury of the Post-office Department iu March, 1S41. 
 lie resigned it iu 1S43. President Taylor appointed him comptroller of the tirasury in .Tune, 1849. He oflbred his re- 
 (isQiition tu President Pierce, but that gentleman, knowing the value of an honest man in that responsible station, 
 would not accept it. In March, 18,^7, he tendered his resignation to President Buchanan. He accepted it In May, flay- 
 in?, "The Lord knows I do not wish yon to resign at all." On the 10th of April, ISdl, President Lincoin called him 
 from his home to occupy the same responsible position. He cheerfully responded to the call of his country, although 
 MTeaty-eight years of age, and faithfully discharged the duties of his office until a few days before his death, which 
 occurred on Wcduesday, the 7th day of .January, 1863, when in the eightieth year of his age. 
 
 ' Canfield, the capital of Mahoning County, Ohio, was then the residence of General Wadsworth, and also of Hr. 
 ^Vhittlcsey. 
 
 'Itcimelnthe form of aletterwrlttenby AlfredKclley, and slgnedby twelveothercitiiens ofClevelsnd. B.Fitch, 
 o( Ellsworth, was the bearer of It. 
 
 
 i 
 
 V ■ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 'I 
 
II 
 
 .142 
 
 riCTOIlIAL FIKLD-nOOK 
 
 Troop* welcomed to C'levelnnd. 
 
 KnerKjr ofUnnaml Wadiwortb. 
 
 DlitrcM on the Halilo HWtr. 
 
 for the commanding general. Thoy marclu'd by the wny of IIiidBon,' twcnty-fivo milon 
 •AtiBUit, from iMovoliind, ami hn'aktiiNtoil t lion*, at ()viatt'H,on tlio morning of t lie 'j uli.» 
 
 ""''• Soon afliT n'Huming tlicir marcli tlioy met Homo of IIuII'h paroii'd arniy, wlm 
 had boon iandod from UritiNli boats at Clovoland. Tiioir HtorioH incroaHod the hinii,. 
 oauHod by Htartling rumorH, and many of tlio iiiliabitantH along thu laku were t|(.(.. 
 ing from tlioir liomos eastward or toward tiie Ohio, to avoid the ap|»relien(h'(l (in- 
 coming ovilH. Wadsworth tried to allay the excitement, but it was rolling over tlic 
 frontier in an almost resistless flood. When tho cavalcade entered (!levelniid thai 
 afternoon at four o'clock, it created great joy atnong tlie few inhabitants there. Two 
 or three hours later Cohmel Cass arrived at Cleveland from Detroit on his way tu 
 Washington City, and at tho request of (Jenoral Wadsworth lie was accompanied tu 
 tho seat of government by ex-govemor Samuel Huntington, then at Cleveland," ns 
 bearer of an important letter to the Se<'retary of War. Jn that lettiir Wadsworlli 
 informed the secretary that he had cidle<l out about three tho\isand of the niilitja dt 
 his division, to rendezvous at Clevelind, but was compelled to acknowledge tlicni 
 destitute of arms, ammunition, and pro|)er e(|uipments for a campaign, as w(dl as tin 
 diftioilty of feeding them. Properly 'stiniating tho value of the great Northwest to 
 the Uni(m, and the importance of these troops for its protection, as well as in the ct 
 forts to be made for tho recovery of Michigan, "so dishonorably given up to tho en- 
 emy," bo urged the government to extend its iinniediate and unceasing aid in siiii- 
 plying the wants of this little army then hastening to the field. "The fate of the 
 Western country," he said, "is suspended on the decision the government shall make 
 to this application."^ 
 
 General Wadsworth did not wait for a reply. Necessity demanded instant action. 
 lie took the respoiisiV)ility of appointing (iommissioners of supplies, and giviiijr re- 
 ceipts to those who furnished them in the name of tho government.* The iieople, 
 with equal faith in the wisdom of the general and the justice of the governnieiit, re- 
 sponded without hesitation to the call for provisions and forage. Nor was that liiith 
 disappointed. ]iy a letter dated the oth of September, W^idsworth's course was 
 sanctioned by the War Department, and he was invested with full ])ower to take 
 measures for supplying his troops and giving efficiency to their service. 
 
 Intelligence came to Wadsworth almost hourly of the distress of the inhabitants 
 on the Itaisin, and along tho lake shore eastward as far as the Huron River, who, in 
 violation of the agreements of the capitulations at Detroit, were being ))lun(lered iiy 
 the Indians even of their boots and shoes. Their homes were broken up by the ma- 
 rauders, and many of tho inhabitants were fleeing for tlieir lives. Tlie benevolent 
 Wadsworth was exceedingly anxious to send them relief, and it was with real jov 
 that he welcomed tho arrival at Cleveland, on the 26th of August, of General Simon 
 Perkins with a large body of troops. lie resolved to send him forward to the Huron 
 immediately with a thousand men, to erect block-houses and protect the inhabitants. 
 
 < The capital of the prceciit Snmmit Connty, Ohio. It wna the iirat pettlemcnt made In the county. In the division 
 of the Western Reserve amou); the piirchaecrH from Connecticut, thin section fell to the lot of David Iludsuu, who com- 
 menced a eettlemcnt In the year ISOO. Mr. Hudson died In Maah, 18.1B, aged seventy-llvo years. 
 
 ' Huntington was governor of Ohio from 1808 to 1810. In the latter part of his life he resided at Palncsvllle, in Lake 
 County, where he died In 1817. lie lived In Cleveland for a while l)cfore making his residence nt Palnesvillp. As an 
 illustration of the wondcrftil growth of American cities, and the rapid settlement and clearing of the coinitry wcstwarii 
 of the Alleghany Mountains, I mention the fact that Governor nuntington, when approaching Cleveland from the eaci 
 <me night, and only two miles from it, was attacked hy a pack of wolves. He beat them off with his umbrella, ami 
 made Ills escape to the town through the fleetness of hU horse. That waa only about llfty years ago. Cleveland uon 
 (1867) contains more than 60,000 inhabitants. 
 
 ' MS. Letter of General Wadsworth to the Secretary of War, dated Cleveland, August 26, 1812. 
 
 « The commissioners appointed were Aaron Norton, Eleazer Ilicock, and Gbenewr Murray. The people sold to 
 them on the terms offered, as cheaply as if paid in gold and silver. They gave a ccrtitlcate In writing stating the arli- 
 cle ftirnlshed, its qnantity and value, with a promise to pay for it when the government should remit funds for the 
 purpose. Property abandoned by fUghtcned Inhabitants was taken, appraised, and inventoried. A faligne parly 
 would harvest a field of grain, while an olScer kept an exact account of the whole matter, and the owners were afler- 
 ■ward remunerated. In the flnal eettlement hardly a single coiie of dissatisfaction occurred.— Statement of Uon. E\bb» 
 Whittlesey to the author. 
 
 Si > . . 
 
 I" 
 
. 1 5 ul 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1818. 
 
 848 
 
 KMnAirccmcnti for 
 
 lUrtk to Dttrolt nspradad. Atunpttd Lodgmant at thu Miiuiikm' KhiiUIk 
 
 (iencral Hfiizin Hciill' wiih uIho <lir«cti<(l to go wontwitrd on a Himilar (>rraii<i ; ami 
 prciiiiriitioim lor tlu-ir dcpartun' w(>rc nearly cdniplcttMl, wlion WatlMworlh received 
 ilihuatclu'H from tlic Sccn-tary of War Haying that tho IVowidont intended t<> adopt 
 tho moHt vigorouH int'UMunfS "to rt'pair tlio diHaHtcrH ut Detroit," and to proHccuto 
 with inereaHed ardor tlu' important ohjeetH of tlie eanii)ai},'n. WadHwortli waw di- 
 recti'd to forward litloen hundred men to the frontier an (piiei<ly aw poHnible, with 
 (lirt'Ctions to " report to (Jeiieral Winehestpr, or officer cominandin>^" there, at the 
 name time promiHing an a*le<|iiato mipply of arniH and ammunition. Arrani^ementH 
 for the movement w«'re npeetlily nuuU', and Perkins and Heail, wlio liad i)een em- 
 ployed l»y (lovernor MeijjH in openinjj a road from Manntiehl, in the interior of Ohio 
 (now capital of liieldand ('ounty), to Lower SanduHky, were onh'red toward the lat- 
 ter plaoe. Some* elanhinn of authority between Wadu worth and Aleij^H, and Hoin(* 
 compliiiiits concerning afi'airH in tlie region bordering on F.ake Erie, cauHcd IlarriHon, 
 will) (iiH we Iiave Heen) was made commander-in-chief of the NorthwcHtern Army, to 
 niiiko a jK'rHonal examination of matterw there toward the cIohc of ()<!tober. He found 
 Genoral Wadsworth near the mouth of the Huron River, at the head of eight hund- 
 red men, Heall, witli about live hundred, waH at ManHtield. The two corpH were 
 conHoiidated and placed under (Jeneral I'erkinH, with orderH to proceed to Lower 
 SanduHky, and open a road thence to tlie Itapids of the Maumeo ; a Hcvcre tawk, for 
 it WHS neccHHary to causeway it about filVeen milcH. This waH acconi[)IiHhed. Har- 
 rJKOii returned to hiH head-(iuartor« at Franklinton early in November, and on tho 
 !5tli of that moiitli was compelled to inform the War Department that he doubted 
 lliu propriety of attemjiting to penetrate t'anada, or to proceed farther than the 
 Hapids during the winter, owing to tho insurmountable ditKculties in the way of 
 transporting forage and supplies. "I know it will be mortifying to Kentucky," 
 Harrison wrote to Governor Shelby, "for this army to return without doing any 
 thiiip;; but it is better to do that than to attempt imposHibilities. I wish to (jod the 
 public mind were informed of our difticulties, and gradually prepared for this course. 
 In my o])inion, we should in this quarter disband all but those sufficient for a strong 
 frontier guard, convoys, etc., and prepare for the next season." 
 
 (iciieral Tupj)er had maihf another unsuccessful attempt to establish a permanent 
 lodgment at the Maumee Iiaj)ids, and this failure doubtless gave nerve to Harrison's 
 convictions. We left Tnppcr at Trbana, after his difficulties with Winchester at 
 Detiance. He pushed forward along Hull's road to Fort M'Artbur, and there he 
 speedily prepared an expedition to the Rapids, consisting of six hundred and fifty 
 mounted men who volunteered for the service. He had sent Captain Hinkson, at 
 the head of a company of spies, to reconnoitre at the Rapids, who returned with a 
 British captain, named Clarke, as his prisoner. The result of the reconnoissance was 
 information that there were three or four hundred Indians, and aV)out seventy-five 
 British regulars at the Rapids, who were there for the purpose of carrying off a quan- 
 tity of corn at that post. Tapper immediately notified General Winchester of his 
 intended expedition, and, on the lOth," moved forward with his command .November, 
 lilonti; Hull's road toward the Rapids, taking with him a light aix-pounder, '***• 
 and live days' provisions in the knapsacks of the men. 
 
 The roads were wretched, and Tupper was compelled to leave his little cannon at 
 a block-house on the way. From Portage River, twenty miles from the Rapids, he 
 sent forward a reconnoitring party, following slowly with his whole command. 
 Within a few miles of the Rapids he met his spies returning with information that 
 the enemy were still there. Halting until twilight, he marched forward to a ford 
 
 ' Reniln Menll, of Pennsylvnnia, was nn enfign In the United States Infantr; in 17fl9, and was In tlie third gnl)-1e|;ion 
 ibe snme year. He was ndjntant and qnartermaster the followinK year. He served under Wayne Tor a while, and re- 
 ^Ipicd at the bep^inninir of UM. From tho 8th of September till the 3d of November, 1812, he was a brigadier Reneral 
 iif Ohio Tolnnlecrs. He represented Ohio In Congress from 1813 till 1816. He died on the 20th of February, 1842 — 
 Gardner's Dictionary of the Army, page 60. 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
Ill, ■ll!Hll,ili 
 
 344 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 * 111: 
 
 MM 
 
 il!i 
 
 a .JitiiHUiJHiiaiiJ-BLi 
 
 ■ IHIipillr'i 
 
 ■-■1 
 
 ^^^^^^^^_^ 
 
 Sti' 'ng EvrinU at the Uaplds. 
 
 Fight with Indians. 
 
 Belief for Ohio Troops. 
 
 A Meoice. 
 
 about two miles above t* 3 llapids. Thenci- spies were again sent forward, and re- 
 turned, saying, "They are clo.sely encamped, and are singing and dancing." Tupper 
 resolved to attack them at dawn, and orders were given to cross the river imino- 
 diately. The sky was clear, and the weather intensely cold. The men were much 
 fatigued, yet the excitement gave tliem strength. Tupper dashed into the icy flood 
 at the head of his men, and crossed with tlie first section in safety ; but the water 
 waist-deep at times, and flowing in a swift current, confused and swept from tlieii- 
 fpet many of the next division. The^^ were exposed to great perils, but none were 
 lo.st. After ineifectuiil attempts to accomplish the undertaking, those who had cross- 
 ed » ere recalled, and the whole body retired to the woods and encamped. 
 
 Early the nert morning Tupper sent to Winchester for re-enforcements and food ; 
 and some spies Avent down the river, showed themselves opposite the enemy's camp, 
 and tried to entice them across. They failed, when Tupper moved down with his 
 whole body, and displayed the heads of his columns in the open space between tlie 
 river and the woods. This frightened the enemy. " The squaws," said a contem- 
 j)orary writer,' " ran to the woods ; the British ran to their boats, and escaped. The 
 Indians, more brave than their allies, paraded, and fired across the river, but witliom 
 eflect." They used muskets and a four-pound cannon. Tnj)per then fell back, hon- 
 ing the savages I a body would venture across the Mauraee, but they did not. 
 Some mounted India'is were seen to go up the stream, and at the same time some of 
 Tuppor's men, contrary to orders, entered a field to pull corn, while othei-s pursued ii 
 drove of h^'gs in the same direction. The latter were suddenly assailed by a partv 
 of mounted savages who had crossed imperceived, and four of Tupj)er's men were 
 killed. The Indians, excited by the shedding of blood, fell upon the left flank of the 
 white army, but were repulsed. Almost at the same moment, a large body of the 
 savages, um^or the notable chief Split-Log, whi» rode a fine white horse, crossed the 
 river above the advance of Tupper's column. They were driven back by Ik'ntiey's 
 battalion with some loss, and the Ohio troops were not again annoyed by them. 
 Late in the evening Tupper and his men turned their faces toward Foit M'Artlmr, 
 for their provisions were almost exhausted, and their nearest point of sure siipj)lv 
 was forty miles distant. 
 
 Winchester, in the mean time, having received Tupper's first message, had sent a 
 iletachment, u;ider Colonel Lewis, of four hundred and fifty men, to co-operate iwitli 
 the Ohio troops. Tupper's appeal for men and food, wliich reached him later, was 
 forwarded to Lewis as soon as it Avas received by Winchester, and the former ])ushe(l 
 forward by a forced march tp the relief of the imperiled ones. Finding Tappers 
 camp deserted, apparently with haste, and in it two dead men scalped, Lewis sup- 
 posed he had been defeated. Under this impression, h(! retreated to Winciicster's 
 camp. Thus ended this bold attempt to take position at the Rapids. The inten- 
 tions of the projector failed, but the expedition had the effect to fi'ighten the Ihitish 
 and Indians away before they had gathered up the corn ; and averted, for tiie time, 
 a contemplated blow by the savages upon the alarmed French settlements on the 
 Raisin, at the instigation of their British allies.'^ 
 
 ' M'Afcc, pigo 170. See also Brackenridpe, pnpe 01. 
 
 » Just 'oefore the approach of Tupper the following note (of course, written by one of the British allies) fr^m the In- 
 dians was sent to the inhabitants on the Raisin : 
 
 " The IlvrmiJi ami other tribi'K of [niliaiin, aKxe^ibM at thf Miami liapidn, tn the inhaMtant« nf tlw liivn HaiMn. 
 " FRiKNnd,— Listen : you have al waj's told us that you would give ns any aHsistance In your power. We tliiircfore, as 
 the enemy is approaching us, within tweuty-llve miles, call uptui you all to rise up and come hero immcdiatelv, brin; 
 Ing your arms along with yon. Should you fall at this time, we will not consider you in fiiliire as friends, and the cou- 
 sequences may be very unpleasant. Wa arc well couvlnced that you have no writing fbrblddiug you to assist us. 
 
 his 
 " We are your friends at present. " Roiran + Hkah, 
 
 niarlc. 
 his 
 
 "WaLK-IK- + THK-WAm." 
 
 mark. 
 
 Services of Capta 
 
 At about 
 It was the si 
 there were o 
 Ohio. Thert 
 tha (son of li 
 gaii, of Kentii 
 Ibid also beer 
 tacl'iueiit to 
 and son of C( 
 other. Loga; 
 asked for emj 
 have been ma 
 active as a sc 
 Fort Wayne. 
 Soon after 
 sent toward t 
 save themseh 
 (Captains Joh 
 lated their ad\ 
 to he a spy. 
 the suspicion, 
 vrords. He st 
 termination to 
 they were mac 
 among whom 
 Hull's dispatch 
 He knew Loga 
 resolved to ma 
 derstand sigiiij 
 Logan shot W 
 Logan was bad 
 horses of the t 
 the next morn 
 I'ully vindicate( 
 suffered great ; 
 Proctor had ofl 
 never taken fro 
 Hardin and otl 
 
 ' Sec page MS. 
 ' Tlji« Is a small vil 
 ShaKnocse were (lrh( 
 ko-nctta, in lioiior of i 
 tic had a club-foot, an 
 ko-netta for some tini 
 home of Blue Jacket,, 
 resided there ; also tb( 
 remembered the reriid 
 the defeat of Bradiloc 
 lireetivllle In 17(15, be 
 Ileivan a i)arty to llio 
 iliice him, and he ivas i^ 
 A few iveoks after the 
 filiiii!.' by the Are willi 
 lliMiishthciogsof tin 
 in his neck. He would 
 "f his wrongs. Colon, 
 nation of one hundred 
 M« naturally cheerful 
 his eyesight remained 
 
. III ' ." ' Hi >«'■»"" •'" 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 345 
 
 SerTic«« of Captain Logan. 
 
 UiB Death, 
 
 Wa-pagli-ko-nettu and its notable Indiana. 
 
 At about this ti' le the American service in the Northwest lost a valuable friend. 
 It was the settled policy of the government not to employ the Indians in war, but 
 there were occasions when exceptions to the rule became a necessity. It was so in 
 Ohio. There was an active, intelligent, and influential cliief, a nephew of Tecum- 
 tha (son of his sister), who, when a boy, having been captured by General John Lo- 
 ffan of Kentucky, receivetl that gentleman's nam.c, and bore it through life. His wife 
 iiad also been a captive to a Kentuckian (Colonel Hardin), and both felt a warm at- 
 tachment to the white people. Major Hardin (then in tlio Army of the Northwest, 
 and son of Colonel Hiirdin) and Logan were true friends, and highly esteemed each 
 otiier. Logan had iiiuch influence with liis tribe, and when the war broke out he 
 asked for employment in the American service. It was granted, because he might 
 have been made an enemy. He accompanied Hull to Detroit, .ind was exceedingly 
 active as a scout. We have also §een that Harrison employed liim on a mission to 
 Fort Wayne. 
 
 Soon after the return of Tupper from the Kapids, Logan and his followers were 
 sent toward that post to reconnoitre. They met a strong opposing party, and, to 
 save themselves, scattered in every direction. Captain Logan, with two friends 
 (Captains John and Bright Horn), made liis way to Winchester's camp, whore he re- 
 lated their adventures. His fidelity was ungenerously suspected, and ue was believed 
 to be a spy. His pride and every sentiment of manliood were deeply wounded by 
 the suspicion, and he resolved to vindicate his character by actions rather tlian by 
 words. He started" with his two friends for the Kapids, with the de- 'November 22, 
 termination to bring in a prisoner or a scalp. They had not gone far wlien ^^^^" 
 
 tliev were made prisoners themselves by a son of Colonel Elliott and some Indians, 
 among whom was Win-ne-meg, or Win-ne-mac — the Pottawatomie chief who bore 
 Hull's dispatch from Fort Wayne to Chicago.' He was now an ally of the British. 
 He knew Logan well, and rejoiced in being the captor of an old enemy. The latter 
 resolved to m.ake a desperate effbrt for liberty. His companions were made to un- 
 derstand significant signs, and at a concerted signal they attacked their captors. 
 Logan shot Win-ne-meg dead. Elliott and a young Ottawa chief were also slain. 
 Logan was badly wounded, so was Bright Horn ; but they leaped upon the backs of 
 horses of the enemy and cscai)ed to Winchester's camp. Captain Jolin followed 
 tiic next morning with the scalp of the Ottuwa. Logan's honor and fidelity were 
 fully vindicated, but at the cost of Ids life — his wound was mortal. After he had 
 siittered great agony for two days, his spirit returned to the Great ]\Iaster of Life. 
 I'luctor had oftered, it is said, one hundred and fifty dollars for his scalp. It was 
 never taken from his head. His body was carried in mournful procession, by Major 
 Hardin and others, to Wa-pagh-ko-netta,^ where liis family resided, and was buried 
 
 ' Sec page B05. 
 
 > This is n Bninll villngo in Allen County, Ohio, on the An Glaize Blver, abont ten miles from St. Mary. After the 
 Shawnoc?e were driven from Piqun by General Clark in USO, they cetabllshed a village here, and named it Wa-pagh- 
 lio-Dctta, in honor of a chief of that name. Colonel ,Iohn Johnston informed me that he knew the chief well. Ue said 
 ho hart a club-foot, and thinks the name had some relation to that deformity. Colonel .Johnston resided at Wa-pngh- 
 lio-iietta for some time. The Society of Friends, or (Jnakers, had u mission there for a nnmber of years. It was the 
 home of Blue Jacket, spoken of in onr account of the invasi(m of the country by Wayne, in 17'.)4. Buckongahelos also 
 ro'iiloil there ; also the ceiohrated Black Hoof, who was a native of Florida, whose birthplace was on the Suwancc. He 
 rcmcml)ered the removal of that tribe from their southern liome to the fofosts of Pennsylvania and Ohio. He was at 
 the defeat of Braddock in ITRB. In all the wars with the white people in his region, from that time until the treaty of 
 Greenville in 1706, he was a popular leader, and could always command as many men for the war-path as he desired, 
 lie WHS a party to the treaty at Oreenvllle, and was ever faithful to his pledges there made. Tccnmtho could not se- 
 duce liim, and ho was the faithful friend of the Americans in the war with Great Britain which we are now considering. 
 A few weeks after the burial of Logan (January, 1S131, lie visited General Tuiiper's camp at Fort M'Arthur. While 
 fiitiiii,' by the tiro with the general, a scoundrel militia-man, Colonel Johnston informed me, flred a i)i9tol ball at him 
 iliM«;;h the l()i;s of the block-house, which entered his check, passed through his mouth, cut off his palate, and lodged 
 in his nock. lie would never have the ball removed, but would call the children to feel of It, and then wonid tell them 
 "f his wrongs. Colonel Johnston gave him a healing plaster for his wound in the form of a bank-note of the denomi- 
 nation of one hundred dollars. Colonel Johnston says he was one of the most jwrfectly formed men he ever saw. Ue 
 «a« naturnlly clieerfnl and good-natured. Ue lived with hla wife faithfully for forty years. Hie statnre was amall, and 
 Ills eyesight remained perfect during his whole life. 
 
 \ t. 
 
if! 
 
 346 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 liiWil 
 
 M 
 
 i I 
 
 Expedition nKainxt Hiamia and Delawarea. 
 
 FricndB to be spared. 
 
 Campbell on the MiBslseiniwa. 
 
 there with mingled savage rites and military honors. The scalp of the slain Ottawa 
 raised upon a pole, was carried in the funeral procession and then taken to the coun- 
 cil-house. Logan's death was mourned as a public calamity, for he Avas one of the 
 most intelligent, active, and trustworthy of Harrison's scouts. 
 
 At this time the Miamis, nearly all of whom had become wedded to the interests 
 of the British, were assembled, with some Delawares from White River, in towns on 
 the Mississiniwa, a tributary of the Wabash, fifteen or twenty miles from its conflu- 
 euce with the latter stream, near the boundary-line between the present Wabash and 
 Grant Counties, Indiana. They were evidently there for hostile purposes, and (ivn- 
 cral Harrison resolved to destroy or disperse them. He detached for the purpose 
 Lieutenant Colonel John B. Campbell, of the Nineteenth Regiment of L^nited States 
 Infantry,' composed mainly of Colonel Simrall's regiment of Kentucky dragoons ; a 
 squadron of United States volimteer dragoons, commanded by Major James V. Bail' 
 and a corps of infantry, consisting of Captain Elliott's company of the Nineteenth 
 United States Regiment, Butler's Pittsburg Blues, and Alexander's Pennsylvania 
 Riflemen. A small company of spies and guides were attached to the expedition, 
 
 Campbell left Franklinton, the head-quarters of the Army of the Northwest on 
 the 25th of Novembei", with his troops, instructed by Harrison to march for the Jlis- 
 sissiniwa by way of Springfield, Xenia, Dayton, Eaton, and Greenville, so as to avoid 
 the Delaware towns. He was also instructed to save, if he could do so without risk 
 to the expedition, Chiefs Richardville (then second chief of the Miamis), Silver Heels 
 and the White Lion, all of which, with Pecan, the principal chief of the Miamis, and 
 Charley, the leader of the Eel River tribe, were known to be friendly to the white 
 people. The son and brother of Little Turtle were also to be saved, if possible; also 
 old Godfroy and his wife, who were true friends of the Americans. 
 
 It was the middle of December before the expedition left Dayton, on account of 
 delay in procuring horses. Their destination was eighty miles distant. Each sol- 
 dier was required to carry twelve days' rations, and a bushel of corn for foraste, 
 The ground was hard frozen and covered with snow, and the weather was intensely 
 cold, yet they marched forty miles the first two days. On the third they made a 
 forced march, and during that day and night they advanced another forty miles. 
 when they reached the Mississiniwa, and fell upon a town inhabited by a number of 
 Miamis and Delawares. Eight warriors were slain, and eight others, with thirty- 
 two women and children, were made prisoners. The town was laid in ashes with 
 the exception of two houses, which were left for the shelter of the captives. Cattle 
 and other stock were slaughtered. 
 
 Campbell left the ])ri8oners in charge of a sufficient guard, and pushed on down the 
 river three miles to Silver Ileels's village with Simrall's and Ball's dragoons. It was 
 deserted ; so also were two other towns near. These were destroyed, with many 
 cattle. They captured several horses, and with these and a very small quantity of 
 corn they returned to the scene of their first victory, and encamj)ed for the night on 
 the shore of the Mississiniwa. The camp was about two hundred yards square, and 
 fortified with a small redoubt at each angle. The infan<^ry and rifiemen v/ere posted 
 in front, on the bank of the river. Captain Elliott's company on the right, Butler's in 
 the centre, and Alexander's on the left. Major Ball's squadron occupied the right 
 
 BIacIc Hoof was often nolicd to sing the sonpB of the wornhlp of hlfl people, but notliinj; couM Induce him to do w. 
 He wonld not even repeat the words to the white man. Hie was like the refusal of the Hebrew niptlvc lo riii;; llic 
 Bongs of Zion on the hanks of the rivers of Babylon. Black Hoof was the principal chief of the Shawnoese for many 
 years before his death, which occurred at Wa-pagh-ko-netta about the year 1>-:I0, at the age, it was believed, of ooe 
 hundred and ten years. 
 
 ' John B. Oampbcil was a native of Virginia, and nephew of Colonel CampbcM, who was dlslingnished at the bntlle 
 of King's Mountain in 1780. He was commissioned jleutenaiit colonel of the Nlnelecnth Regiment of Infantry in 
 March, 1*^12. For his good conduct In the e!t)ieditlon mentioned above he was breveted a colonel. In April, IS14, hf 
 was commissioned a colonel in the Eleventh Infantry, and was dlstinguihhed and severely wounded in Ihe bnlllf nt 
 Chippewa on the 5th of Jaly following. He died of bis wounds on the 38th of August, 1814. 
 
 Attack on Campb 
 
 and one half 
 the rear line. 
 ing. Major 
 At inidnig 
 doTVTi the riv 
 at four o'cloc 
 officers to a 
 going on twe 
 there. Whih 
 the camp wf 
 furious attack 
 of the river, 
 formed, and t 
 upon the angl 
 right of Capta 
 manded at tlu 
 the lines. Th 
 rear. The Pii 
 kept the sava: 
 terminated, be 
 burg cor])s, an 
 Johnson, when 
 the field. Can 
 latter aflerwar 
 killed. What 
 supposed that 1 
 .leld. Little T 
 lormed great s 
 gallant deeds. ; 
 their army on t 
 the prisoners 
 young warriors 
 Rumors reac 
 nr six hundred 
 nut calling a c( 
 lie sent a mess 
 expected to be 
 was a dreadful 
 They moved si 
 the camp was 
 they met provi 
 was timely and 
 three hundred i 
 Ureenville. Mc 
 wilderness were 
 I'rrand, but at a 
 
 I Joeeph Markic, aft 
 ' Lieiiteiiant Cohmei 
 mo US: Dillon's //|-« 
 "fll wilt a brief dlsp, 
 ISlh, and addressed frc 
 ' "I have on thisoc( 
 'il. Among the fornif 
 »ai> from Zanesville • 
 itrough the head. On 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 347 
 
 Attack on Campbell's Camp. 
 
 A desperate Fight. 
 
 DistressiDg Retreat to QreenriUe. 
 
 Slid one half of the rear line, and Colonel Simrall's regiment the left and other half of 
 tk rear line. Hetween Ball's right and Simrall's left there was a considerable open- 
 iii(r. Major Ball was the officer of the day. 
 
 At midnight the sentinels reported the presence of Indians, and a fire was seen 
 down the river. The greatest vigilance was exercised, and the reveille was beaten 
 at four o'clock in the morning. Adjutant Payne immediately summoned the Held 
 officers to a council at the fire of the commander to consult upon the propriety of 
 (Toinf on twelve miles farther down the river, to attack one of the principal towns 
 there. While the officers were in council, half an hour befo>'e dawn,* . December is 
 the camp was startled by terrific yells, followed immediately by a i**^- 
 
 furious attack of a large body of savages who had crept stealthily along the margin 
 of the river. Every officer flew to his post, antl in a few moments the lines were 
 formed, and the Indians were confronted with a heavy fire. The attack was made 
 upon the angle of the camp, formed by the left of Captain Hopkins's troops and the 
 liffht of Captain Garrard's dragoons of Simrall's regiment. Captain Pierce, who com- 
 manded at the redoubt there, was shot and tomahawked, and his guard retreated to 
 the lines. The conflict soon became general along the right flank and part of the 
 rear. The Pittsburg Blues promptly re-enforced the point assailed, and gallantly 
 kept tlie savages at bay. For an hour the battle raged furiously. It was finally 
 terminated, between dawn and sunrise, by a well-directed fire from Butler's Pitts- 
 Imr" corps, and desperate charges of cavalry under Captains Trotter, Markle,' and 
 Jolinson, when the Indians fled in dismay, leaving fifteen of their warriors dead on 
 the field. Campbell had lost eight killed and forty-two wounded. Several of the 
 latter afterward died of their wounds.^ Campbell had one hundred and seven horses 
 killed. What the whole loss of the Indians was could not be ascertained, but it is 
 supposed that they carried away as many mortally wounded as they left dead on the 
 .ieki. Little Thunder, a nephew of Little Turtle, Avas in the engagement, and per- 
 formed great service in inspiring his people with confidence by stirring Avords and 
 gallant deeds. Although Silver Heels, a friend of the Americans (and who was with 
 their army on the Niagara frontier the following year), was not present, nearly all of 
 the prisoners were of his band. He did every thing in his power to persuade his 
 young warriors to remain neutral, but in vain. 
 
 Rumors reached Campbell immediately after the battle that Tecumlha, with five 
 or six hundred warriors, was on the Mississiniwa, only eighteen miles below. With- 
 out calling a council, the commander immediately ordered a retreat for Greenville. 
 He sent a messenger (Captain Ilite) thither for re-enforeements and supplies, for he 
 expected to be attacked on the way. Fortunately the savages did not pursue. It 
 was a dreadful journey, especially for the sick and wounded, in that keen winter air. 
 They moved slowly, for seventeen men had to be conveyed on litters. Every night 
 the cnmp Avas fortified by a breastwork. At length, wearied and with little food, 
 they met provisions with an escort of ninety men under Major Adams. The relief 
 was timely and most grateful. All moved forward together, and on the 26th, with 
 three hnndred men so frostbitten as to be unfit for duty, the expedition arrived at 
 Greenville. More than one half the corps that a month before had gone gayly to the 
 wilderness were now lost to the service for a while. They had accomplished their 
 errand, but at a great cost.^ The commander-in-chief of the army of the Northwest, 
 
 ' Joseph Markle, afterward a dlRtlnpnlshed citizen of Pennsylvania. He died In IMT. 
 
 = Ueiiteimnt ODlonel CnmpbellV official report U) General Harrison, dated at Greenville, Decemher«6th, 1R12 : M'Afee, 
 paco lis : Dillon's Ujntnqi i}f Imliava, page BIO ; Thompson's Sketches f{f the War, page fi-2. Llciilennnt Colonel Camp- 
 iiell eciit a brief dispatch to Harrison on the momlnpj after the battle, misdated December 12th instead of December 
 ISlh, and addressed from " Two miles above Silver Heels." 
 
 ' " I have on this occasion," wrote ( 'ainpbell to Harrison, " to lament the loss of several brave men and many wound- 
 fit. Amnns the former are Captain PIcrcp, of the Ohio Volnntcers, and Lientenanl Walt/,, of Markle's troops. Pierce 
 was fmm Znnesvllle ; I.ienlcnant Waltz was of the Pennsylvania corps. He was first shot throiich the arm, and then 
 ihroisjih the head. Captain Trotter was wounded in the head." Lieutenant Colonel Campholl hlp^hly commended these 
 
 mt^*- 
 
 .|, ,! 
 
^'^f^'^mm^g^ 
 
 348 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Qood Effects of th« Chastisement of the Indians. Safferings and Difflcultles of Harrison's Army. Waste of norees 
 
 in a general order, congratulated Lieutenant Colonel Campbell on his success and 
 commended him for his obedience to orders, his gallantry, and his magnanimity.' 
 
 Tiiose e-Ypeditions against tlie savages produced salutary effects, and smoothed the 
 way for the final recovery of Michigan. They separated the friends and enemies of 
 the Americans effectually. The line between them was distinctly drawn. 'I'liere 
 were no middle-men left. The Delawares on the White River, and others who de- 
 sired to be friendly, and who had been invit(!d to settle on the Au Glaize in Ohio 
 now accepted the invitation.^ The other tribes, who had cast their lot with the li\\[. 
 ish, were made to feel the miseries of war, and to repent of their folly. So Kcvere 
 had been the chastisement, and so alarmed were the tribes farther nortli, who re- 
 ceived the fugitives from tlie desolated villages on the Wabash and the Illinois at 
 the close of 1812, that Tecumtha's* dream of a confederacy of Indians that should 
 drive the white man across the Ohio was rapidly fading as he awoke to the reality 
 of an unsuspected power before him, and the folly of putting his trust in princes— in 
 other words, relying upon tiie promises of the representatives of the sovereignty of 
 * England to aid liim in his patriotic schemes. Before the war was fairly commenced 
 the spirits of the Indians, so buoyant because of the recent misfortunes of the Amer- 
 icans in the Nortinvest, were broken, and doubt and dismay filled the minds of all 
 excepthig those who were under the immediate command and influence of tiie threat 
 Shawnoese leader. 
 
 As winter came on the suffering;? and difficulties of Harrison's invading army were 
 terrible, especially that of the left wing imder Winchester, which was the most ad- 
 vanced, and the most remote from su])plies. Early in November typhus fever was 
 slaying three or four of hi- small command daily, and thi-ee hundred were upon the 
 sick-list at one time. So discouraging became the prospect at the begiiming of De- 
 cember of reaching even the Rapids, that, having proceeded abnut six miles below 
 the Au Glaize, Winchester, partly from necessity and partly to deceive the eiiemv, 
 ordered huts to be built for the winter shelter of the troops. Clothing was seantv, 
 and at times the whole corps Avould be Avithout flour for several days. These pri- 
 vations were owing chiefly to the difficulty of transportation. The roads were 
 wretched beyond the conception of those who have not been in that region at the 
 same season of the year. It was swamp, swamp, swamp, with only here and there a 
 strip of terra Anna in plight almost as wretched. The pack-horses sank to their 
 knees, and wagon-wheels to their hubs in the mud. Wasting weariness fell upon 
 man and beast in the struggle, and the destruction of horses Avas prodigious. "The 
 fine teams which arrived on the 10th at Sandusky with the artillery," wrote Ilarri- 
 Bon to the Secretary of War on the 12tli of December, " are entirely Avorn down; and 
 two trips from M'Arthur's block-house, our nearest deposit to the Rapids, will com- 
 pletely destroy a brigade of pack-horses." It was sometimes found imj)ossible to get 
 even empty wagons through the mire, and they were abandoned, the teamsters heins 
 glad to get out with their horses alive; and sometimes tlie quarter-master, tnkini; 
 advantage of suddenly frozen mud, would send off a quantity of provisions, which 
 
 offlcerp, also Lieutenant Colonel Slmrall, Mijor M'Donnell, Cnptnlns Ilite and Smith, and Captains Markle, M'Clolland, 
 Garrard, nud IIopkliiH. Lieutenants Hedges, Bnsyp, and Hlikman were amon^; the wounded. 
 • ' " It is with the slncerest pleasure," said General Uarrison, in a general order, " that the general has heard thattht 
 most punctual obedience was paid to his orders in not only saving all the women and children, but in sparing all Hie 
 warriors who ccised to resist, and that, even when vigorously attacked by the enemy, the claims of mercy prcvnilrd 
 over every sense of their own danger, and this heroic band respected the lives of their ])risonere. Let im account of 
 murdered innocence he opened in the records of Ileavcn against our enemies aioue. The American soldier will follow 
 the example of his government, and the sword of the one will not be raised against the fallen and tlie hclplesf, nor the 
 gold of the other be paid for the scalps of a massacred enemy." 
 
 ' The Delawares had emlgrnted from Pennsylvania about fifty years before, wiiere they had had an acquaintance 
 with the white people for as long a period under the most favorable circumstjinces. They had experienced the justice 
 and kindness of William Penn and his immediate successors. They were settled on the Au OInize, about half Hvy Ix"- 
 tweeji Pirinii and Wa-pagh-ko-nctta. Some of them went farther east, and settled on the banks of the Scioto, within 
 the limits of the present Delaw.ire country, whoso name is derived from these Indiana. Buckiiiigahelos, already meu- 
 tioned, and an eminent chief named Kill-buck, were of this tribe. 
 
 Tmosportatlon In I 
 
 i'iW' 
 
"W» 
 
 OF THE WAE OF 1812. 
 
 849 
 
 jnunportatlon In the Wilderiiess. 
 
 HariiHOD's Instractiuns. 
 
 The effective Force in the Northwent. 
 
 would be swamped and lost by a sudden thaw. Water transportation was quite as 
 diflicult. Sometimes the streams would be too low for loaded boats to navigate ; 
 then they would be found crooked, narrow, and obstructed by logs ; and again sud- 
 den cold would produce so much ice that it would be almost impossible to move for- 
 ward. Then sleds would be resorted to until a thaw would drive the precious freight 
 to floating vessels again, Such is a glimpse of the difficulties encountered in that 
 wilderness of Northern Ohio; but it affoi'ds a faint idea of the hardships of the little 
 invading army trying to make its way toward Detroit. All this was endured by the 
 patriotic soldiers without scarcely a murmur. 
 
 Ill view of all these difficulties, the enormous expense of transportation, and the 
 advantages wliieh dishonest contractors were continually taking, Harrison suggested 
 to the War Department, at about the middle of December, that if there existed no 
 urcent political necessity for the recovering of Michigan and the invasion of Canada 
 during the winter, the amount of increased expenditure of transportation at that sea- 
 son of the year might be better applied to the construction of a small fleet that should 
 command the waters of Lake Erie — a suggestion made by Hull, but little heeded, ear- 
 ly in the year.' The response came from the pen of a new head of the War Depart- 
 ment. Dr. Eustis* had resigned, and James Monroe, the only man in the cabinet who 
 had experienced actual military service, had succeeded him. With a more perfect 
 knowledge of military affiiirs, he better comprehended the character of the campaign ; 
 and, having perfect confidence in the commander-in-chief of the Northwestern Army, 
 he reiterated the instructions of his predecessor to Harrison, directing him to conduct 
 the campaign according to his own judgment, promising, at the same time, that the 
 toverument would take immediate measures for securing the command of Lake Eiie. 
 Only on two points were positive instructions given : First, in the event of penetrat- 
 iiisr Canada, not to promise the inhabitants any thing but the protection of life, lib- 
 Ht V, and property ; and, secondly, not to make any temporary acquisitions, but to pro- 
 aid 80 surely that any position which he might obtain would be absolutely permanent. 
 
 Early in December a detachment of General Perkins's brigade reached Lower San- 
 dusky (now Fremont, Ohio), and repaired an old stockade there which had protected 
 ;in Indian store. The remainder of the brigade arrived soon afterward. On the 10th 
 a l)attalion of Pennsylvania troops made their appearance there, Avith twenty-one 
 pieces of artillery, which had been escorted from Pittsburg by Lieutenant Hukill. 
 Very soon a*"terward a regiment of the same troops and part of a Virginia brigade 
 arrived, speedily followed by General Hai-rison, who made his head-quarters there on 
 the 20th. He remained but a little while. There he received the second dispatch 
 [Deceraher 25th] from Lieutenant Colonel Campbell, givuig a more detailed account 
 ofiiis expedition to the Mississiniwa. Harrison at once repaired to Chillicothe to 
 consult with Governor Meigs on the propriety of fitting out another expedition in 
 the same direction, to complete the work begun by destroying the lower Mississini- 
 wa towns. The project was abandoned. 
 
 The whole effective force in the Northwest did not exceed six thousand three 
 hundred infantry,' am' a small artillery and cavalry force; yet Harrison determined 
 
 1 See page 251. 
 
 ' William Enstis was bom in Cambridge, MiiBflachusetts, on the lOtli of June, 1T63. 
 
 College at the af;c of nineteen, and 
 chose the practice of medicine for 
 hi! profession . He entered the Con- 
 tlneolal Army of the Revoiution as 
 irfgimental snrReon, and served in 
 llist capacity dnring the war. lie 
 
 He was graduated at Ilartard 
 
 r^.jhj. 
 
 was at the Robinson HouHe, oppo- 
 site West Point, while Arnold occu- 
 pied it as his head -quarters. He 
 commenced the practice of his pro- 
 fession at Boston at the close of the 
 lie was an ardent iiolitician, 
 
 imd was a representative of Massachnsetts in the National Conjrress, of tlie Repnblicnn party, f^om ISOl till Iso.'S. Presl- 
 tal Madison appointed him Secretary of War in 1809, and he retained the offlce until the autumn of ISliJ, when he re- 
 i tisnei). He was appointed minister In Holland in 1R14. After his return he was chosen to a seat in Congress ai;ain, 
 which he held for nearly two terms from 1820. In 1823 he was chosen governor of Massachusetta. He was then sev- 
 nlj years nfaice. He died in 1826, while holding that office, in the geventy-eecond year of bis age. 
 ' Harrison's Letter to the Secretary of War, January 4, 1S13. 
 
 m 
 
I 4" l"lf!-,JII 
 
 350 
 
 PICTORIAL* FIELD-BOOK 
 
 H r 
 
 t' iiW 
 
 PMIt 
 
 HovemenU ordered. 
 
 Tbu Minion and SufTeriuga of Captain Combs. 
 
 The Army at the Maumce Hapld,. 
 
 to press forward to the Kapids, and beyond if possible. From Lower Sandusky he 
 dispatched Ensign Cliarles S. Todd, tlien division judge advocate of the Kintuckv 
 troops, to communicate instructions to Wincliester. He was accompanied by twii 
 wliite men and three Wyandottes. He bore oral instructions from General Har- 
 rison to General Winchester, directing the latter to advance toward the Ilaijids 
 when he should have accumulated twenty days' provisions, and there conniuncf 
 building huts, to deceive the enemy into the belief that he intended to winter tiiere- 
 at the same time to prepare sleds for an advance toward Maiden, but to conceal from 
 his troopd their intended use. He was also to inform Winchester that the difftTcnl 
 lines of the army would be concentrated at the Kapids, and all would proceed from 
 thence toward Maiden, if the ice on the Detroit Riv< • should be found strong enoiich 
 to bear them. Young Todd performed this danfious and didicate duty with such 
 success that he received the highest commendatiniis of his general. 
 
 Meanwhile Leslie Combs, another Kentuckian, a brave and spirited young man of 
 scarcely nineteen years, who had joined Winchester's army as a volunteer on its 
 march from Fort Wayne to Defiance, had been sent by Winchester to Harrison on 
 an errand fraught with equal peril. He bore a dispatch to Harrison comniunicatin" 
 the fact that tlie left wing had moved toward tlie Kapids on the 30th of DecoinlKr. 
 Combs traversed the pathless wilderness on foot, accompanied by a single guide 
 (A. Ruddle), through snow and water, for at least one hundred miles, enduring iiri- 
 vations which almost destroyed him. He, too, performed his mission so gallantly and 
 satisfactorily that his general thanked him. These two messengers, who passed each 
 other in the mazes of the great Black Swamp fifty years ago — young, ambitious, m- 
 triotic, and daring — performed other excellent service during the war, as we shall 
 have occasion to observe. Combs and Todd are still [1867] living; both residents 
 of Kentucky, enjoying a green old age, and wearing the honors of their countrvV 
 gratitude. I had the pleasure of meeting them both during 1861, and listening to 
 interesting narrations of their experiences in that war. Portraits and biograj)hical 
 sketches of these heroes may be found in future pages of this w^ork.* 
 
 While on his march toward the Kapids, Winchester received a letter from Ilani- 
 son recommending him to abandon the movement, because, if, as Lieutenant Colonel 
 Campbell, in his second dispatch," had been informed, Tecumtha was on 
 the Wabash with five or six hundred followers, he might advance rapid- 
 ly and capture or destroy all the provisions in Winchester's rear. It was this sec- 
 ond disj)atch of Campbell, as we have seen, that sent Harrison in such haste back to 
 Chillicothe, to consult with Governor Meigs. 
 
 W^inchester did not heed the cautious suggestions of his superior, but pressed on 
 toward the Kaj)ids. General Payne, with six hundred and seventy men, was sent 
 forward to clear the way. Payne went down the Maumce several miles below old 
 Fort Miami, but saw no signs of an enemy. The remainder of the army arrived at 
 the liapids on the 10th of January, 1813, and estiiblished a fortified camp on a pleas- 
 ant eminence of an oval form, covered with trees and having a prairie in the rear. 
 This was a little above Wayne's battle-ground in 1794, opposite the camp-ground of 
 Hull at the close of June, 1812, and known as Pi-esque Isle Hill.^ On the day of 
 their arrival, an Indian camp, lately deserted, was discovered. Captain Williams, 
 with a small detachment, gave chase to the fugitives, whom he overtook and routed. 
 
 ' Combs'B enfferlngs were very Revere. He carried a heavy mnsltet and accoutrements, a blanket, and font diiyi' 
 provisions. The snow commenced falling on the morning after his departure, and continued without intermission for , 
 two days and nights. On the third day of their march Combs and his companion found the snow over two feet detp | 
 in the dense forest. Ruddle had been a captive among the Indians In this region and knew the way, and the nielbod i 
 of encountering such hardships us they were now called npou to confront. The storm detained them, their pruvifioni 
 became scarce, and for several nights they could find no place to He down, and sat up and slept. Hunger came to bolk J 
 on the sixth day of their journey, and illnew to young Combs. Nothing but his ever uufliching resolution kept him | 
 up. On the ninth evening they reached Fort M'Arthur, and were well cared for by General Tupper. Combs Iny pros- j 
 trated with sickness for several days. > See page 26T, and map of the Maumee in this vicinity, page U. 
 
 Troops re-enlistei 
 
 The enlist! 
 had requeste 
 8i.x months 1 
 was so much 
 their strengtl 
 en them into 
 he would moi 
 and confidenc 
 Winchester 
 raon him to t 
 want of suocei 
 to move upon 
 tioii from Ohi( 
 seiigors from ] 
 traveling, bi'inj 
 tered had passt 
 tion of the inl 
 ed,'' deeply agi 
 the shield of m 
 moved by the 
 fense of the aU 
 dusky,' sixty-fi' 
 council of office 
 between thirty- 
 ion was appi-ov( 
 ingof the 17th 
 rection. A few 
 men. Lewis's i 
 -ion of Freiichtc 
 Isle, a point on J 
 twenty miles fro 
 British Indians 
 ment from Maid 
 was sent by ex] 
 iiig with a messii 
 Ilaisin, and sugg 
 wing. 
 
 Colonel Lewis 
 cold, and strong 
 tering bridge the 
 and were within 
 scouts of the ene 
 little army calml 
 'ii'iJs to an open 
 ni<^iient. The ric 
 
 ' Tpper Sandusky, th< 
 mafky" made famous 
 Tom (so called from an 
 «« vlllsge of Upper 8ai 
 ste of the modem Upper 
 01(1 Upper Sanduskv w 
 Wyandot Indiana, and n 
 »«s murdered by flre nr 
 «"n(s In this vicinity mt 
 OeneramarrlBon built 
 Smdiuky. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 361 
 
 Xroopi ro-enlluted. 
 
 The Settlement of FrenchtowD tbreuteued. 
 
 Wiuchester Hends them Defender*. 
 
 The enlistments of the Kentucky troops would expire in February, and Harrison 
 had requested Winchester to endeavor to raise a new regiment among them to serve 
 six months longer. Inaction and suffering had greatly demoralized thera. There 
 was so much insubordination among them that Winchester had little confidence in 
 their strength. Harrison, on the contrary, believed that active service would quick- 
 en them into good soldiers, and did not hesitate to include thera in those on whom 
 he would most rely iu his ex^ieditiou against Maiden. Events justified that faith 
 aud confidence. 
 
 Winchester was now satisfied that the pleadings of humanity would speedily sum- 
 mon him to the Raisin. First came rumors that the enemy, exasperated by their 
 want of success in their recent movements, were preparing at Maiden an expedition 
 to move upon Frenchtown, on the Raisin, for the purpose of intercepting the expedi- 
 tion from Ohio on its way to Detroit. These rumors were speedily followed by mes- 
 sengers from Frenchtown," made almost breathless by alarm and rapid •January 13, 
 traveling, bringing intelligence that the Indians whom Williams had scat- ^^^^' 
 
 tercd had passed them on their way to Maiden, uttering threats of a sweeping destruc- 
 tion of the inhabitants and their habitations on the Raisin. Others soon follow- 
 ed,'' deeply agitated by alarm, and, like the first, earnestly pleaded for "January 
 the sliield of military power to avert the impending blow. The troops, ""^ "'"^ '""'• 
 moved by the most generous impulses, were anxious to march instantly to the de- 
 fense of the alarmed people. Harrison, the commander-in-chief, was at Upper San- 
 dusky,' sixty-five miles distant, and could not be consulted. Winchester called a 
 council of officers. The majority advised an immediate march toward the Raisin, 
 between thirty-five and forty miles distant by the route to be traveled. This decis- 
 ion was approved by W^inchcster's judgment and humane impulses, and on the morn- 
 ing of the 17th he detailed Colonel Lewis and five hundred aud fifty men in that di- 
 rection. A few hours afterward Colonel Allen was sent Avith one hundred and ten 
 men, Lewis's instructions were " to attack the enemy, beat them, and take posses- 
 sion of Frenchtown and hold it." Tiiese overtook Lewis and his party at Presque 
 Isle, a point on Maumee Bay a little below, opposite the present city of Toledo, about 
 twenty miles from the Rapids. There Lewis was told that there were four hundred 
 British Indians at the Raisin, and that Colonel Elliott was expected with a detach- 
 ment from Maiden to attack Winchester's camp at the Rapids. This information 
 was sent by express to General Winchester, Avhose courier was on the point of start- 
 in? with a message to General Hai-rison, informing him of the movement toward the 
 Raisin, aud suggesting the probable necessity of a co-operating force from the right 
 wing. 
 
 Colonel Lewis remained all night at Presque Isle. The weather was intensely 
 cold, and strong ice covered Maumee Bay and the shore of Lake Erie. On that glit- 
 tering bridge the Americans moved early and rapidly on the morning of the 18th, 
 and were within six miles of their destination before they were discovered by the 
 scouts of the enemy. On the shore of the lake, in snow several inches in depth, the 
 little army calmly breakfasted, and then marched steadily forward through timber 
 lands to an open savanna in three lines, so arranged as to fall into battle order in a 
 moment. The right, composed of the com,janie8 of M'Cracken, Bledsoe, and Matson, 
 
 'Upper Snndnsky, the present capital of Wyandot County, Ohio, Is not the j/lace above alluded to. The "Upper 
 Smdnfiky" made famous during the Indian wars, and as the rendezvous of Anerlcnns in the war of 1812, was at Crane 
 Tom (90 called from an eminent chief named Tarhe or Crane), four miles liortheast from the court-house in the pres- 
 ent Tillage of Upper Saiidnsky. After the death of Tarhe in 1818, the Indians transferred their council-hoase to the 
 lileof the modem Upper Sandusky, ^ave It its present name, and called the old ))lace Crane Town. 
 
 Old Upper Sandusky was a place of much note iu the early history of the country. It was a favorite residence of the 
 Wyandot Indians, and near it Colonel Crawford had a battle with them and was defeated in June, 1782. Crawford 
 was mardcred by fire and other slow tortures which the savuijes inflicted on leading prisoners. A full account of 
 mm In this vicinity may be found in Howe's Hx»tmical Cnlleetinng 0/ Ohio. 
 
 General Uarrtson built Fort Pcrree, a stockade about fifty rods northeast of the court-house in the present Upper 
 Samluslty. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
■•"^^ 
 
 352 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-EOOK 
 
 I 
 
 tfreochtown and Its rofTeriiiK iDhabitantR. 
 
 Arrival of Winchester's relief Party. 
 
 Battle and Monaacrt. 
 
 was commanded by Colonel Allen ; the left, led by Major Green, Avaa composed of 
 the companies of Hamilton, Williams, and Kelley; and the centre, under Major Madi- 
 son, contained the corps of Captains Ilightown, Collier, and Sebrees. The advanced 
 guard was composed of the companies of Captains Hickman, Glaives, and Janus and 
 were under the command of Captain Ballard, acting as major. The chief of the lit- 
 tle army was Colonel Lewis. 
 
 Frenchtown,' at the time in question, was a flourishing settlement containing thir- 
 ty-three families, twenty-two of whom resiiled on the north side of the Raisin. (lar- 
 dens and orchards were attached to their houses, and these were incUwed with heavy 
 pickets, called " puncheons," made of sapling logs split in two, driven in the ground 
 and sometimes sharpened at top. The houses were built of logs of good size and 
 furnished with most of the conveniences of domestic life. Two days after the su;- 
 render of Detroit, as we have seen, this j)Iace was taken possession of by Coloiiei 
 Elliott, who came from Maiden for the purpose with authority from General Brock. 
 The weaptnis and horses of the inhabitants were left on parole, and protection to lifo 
 and property was promised. The protection was not given, and for a long time the 
 inhabitants were plundered not only by the Indians, but by Canadians, French, and 
 British,'' and were kept in a state of almost continual alarm by their threats. In the 
 autumn two companies of the Essc.v (Canadian) militia, two hundred in number, un- 
 der Major Reynolds, and about four hundred Indians, led by Round-head and Walk- 
 in-the-water,3 were stationed there, and these composed the force that confronted 
 Colonel Lewis when he approached Frenchtown on the 18th of January, 1813, and 
 formed a line of battle on the south side of the Raisin, within a quarter of a mile of 
 the village. Lewis's force numbered less than seven hundred men, armed only with 
 muskets and other light weapons. The enemy had a howitzer* in position, directed 
 by bonibardier Kitson, of the Royal Artillery. 
 
 When within three miles of Frenchtown Colonel Lewis was informed that the ene- 
 my was on the alert and ready to receive him ; and as the Americans approached the 
 village on the south side, the howitzer of the foe was opened upon the advancing 
 column, but without (ffect. Lewis's line of battle was instantly formed, and the 
 whole detachment moved steadily forward to the river, which was hard frozen, and 
 in many places very slippery. They crossed it in the face of blazing muskets, and 
 then the long roll was beaten, and a general charge was executed.' The Americans 
 rushed gallantly up the bank, leaped the garden pickets, dislodged the enemy, and 
 drove him back toward the forests. Majors Graves and Madison attempted to cap- 
 ture the howitzer, but failed. Meanwhile tlie allies were retreating in a line inclin- 
 ing eastward, when they were attacked on their left by Colonel Allen, who pursued 
 them more than half a mile to the woods. There they made a stand with their 
 howitzer and small-arms, covered by a chain of inclosed lots and groups of houses, 
 and having in their rear a thick, brushy wood, full of fallen timber. While in this 
 position Majors Graves and Madison moved upon the enemy's right, while Allen was 
 sorely pressing his left. The enemy fell back into the wood, closely pursued, and 
 the conflict became extremely hot on the right wing of the Americans, where both 
 whites and Indians were concentrated. The contest lasted from three o'clock until 
 dark, the enemy all .the while slowly retreating over a space of not less than two 
 miles, gallantly contesting every foot of the ground. The detachments returned to 
 the village in the evening, and encamped for the night on the ground which the ene- 
 
 ' The Rnliiln, on which Frenchtown was sitnated, was called Sturgeon River by the Indians, because of the abund- 
 ance of that floh In its waters. It flowed throngh a fertile and attractive region, and late In the last century a niimhcr 
 of French rnmllles settled upon Its banks, and engaged In farming, and trading with the Indians. Becauee of the 
 abundance of grapes on the borders of the stream tliey called It Rivirre mix llainins, and on account of the nationality 
 of the settlers the village was called Frenchtown. It is now Monroe, Michigan. 
 
 ' Statement to the anthor by the Hon. Laarent Durochcr, of Monroe (Frenchtown), who was an actor In the ?c«nes 
 there during the war of 1S12. » See nots 8, page 279. 
 
 * A hoiciu or homtzcr Is a kind of moftar or short gun, mounted on a carriage, and used for throwing bomb-shellfi. 
 
 freacbtown to bo 
 
 my had occu 
 
 ish officers ht 
 
 ease of delim 
 
 iif Americans 
 
 (•ral Harrison. 
 
 the latter wa: 
 
 Captains Past 
 
 l)een much gr 
 
 guinary j)orti( 
 
 ed their dead 
 
 inhabitants an 
 
 As soon as 1 
 
 strong " j)uncl 
 
 of the battle," ( 
 
 a brief report c 
 
 camp before di 
 
 with the tiding 
 
 Lewis called 
 
 place and wait 
 
 From the mom 
 
 ohcKter's camp, 
 
 ward, not doub 
 
 siiecess until D( 
 
 was also appare 
 
 jirincipal rendes 
 
 iiiiies from Fren 
 
 to recover what 
 
 on the evening 
 
 Samuel Wells, 
 
 Frenchtown wit 
 
 from the camp ai 
 
 noon of the next 
 
 liie right of Lew 
 
 licliind as a rear- 
 
 re-enfoi-cements. 
 
 Ills staif, recross 
 
 Colonel Francis 
 
 from the Americ 
 
 ' Captain Bland W. . 
 Khen ho was wounded. 
 
 ' Hickman led n part; 
 
 ' Mateon was afterwa 
 
 < Colonel Lewis's full 
 January 20, 1813, on the 
 
 s It is asserted that C'( 
 there being plenty of ro 
 military rule would not 
 Biischlcvous. 
 
 ' The view of Colonel 
 lioared in 1813, with a 
 ilwr. The room was a 
 ^replace. In this room 
 * of the house are ntl 
 'i.f the early settlers. T 
 Ike owner in 1813, Ilcni 
 llie structure of 18,10 was 
 Tlie log-house of 1830 hi 
 Monroe, It stood back i 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 353 
 
 FrcnctHown to be held. 
 
 Winchester arrives with lle-oiifdrcemuntii. 
 
 Position of Troops there. 
 
 my hail occupied. American officers occupied the Hamo buildiiigH in which the Brit- 
 ish officers had lived. The troops had behaved nobly. There had not been a Hingle 
 (•(180 of (lelinqiienoy. " This amply supported," as was said, " the double character 
 iif Americans and Kcntuckians," and fully vindicated the faith and judgment of Gen- 
 eral Hufison., Twelve of the Americans were killed and iifty-five wounded. Among 
 the latter was Capttin IJ. W. Ballard,' who gallantly led the van in the fight ; also 
 Captains Paschal, Hickman,'' and llichard JMatson.^ The loss of the enemy must have 
 Iweii much greater, for they left fifteen dead in the open field, while the most san- 
 (minary ])ortion of the conflict occurred in the wood. That night the Indians gather- 
 ed their dead and .vounded, and, on their retreat toward Maiden, killed some of the 
 inhabitants and pillaged their liouses. 
 
 As soon as his little army was safely encamped in the village gardens, behind the 
 stronc; " puncheon" pickets, and his wounded men comfortably housed, on the night 
 of the battle," Colonel Lewis sent a messenger to General Winchester with i jannnry is, 
 a brief report of the action and his situation.^ lie arrived at Winchester's ^'**''' 
 camp before dawn, and an express was immediately dispatched to General Harrison 
 ^nth the tiduigs. 
 
 Lewis called a council of officers in the morning, when it Avas resolved to hold the 
 place and wait for re-enforcements from the I{ai)ids. They were not long waiting. 
 From the moment when intelligence of the aff"air at P^enchtown was known in Win- 
 ohcF.tcr's camp, the troops were in a perfect i'erment. All wore eager to ])ress north- 
 «arcl, not doubting that the victory at the Kaishi was the harbinger of continued 
 success until Detroit and Maiden should be in the possession of the Americans. It 
 was also apparent that Lewis's detachment was in a critical situation ; for Maiden, the 
 principal rendezvous of the British and Indians in the Northwest, was only eighteen 
 miles from FrenchtoAvn, and that every possible method would be instantly put forth 
 to recover what had been lost, and bar farther progress toward Detroit. Accordingly, 
 on the evening of the 1 0th,'' General Winchester, accompanied by Colonel 
 Samuel Wells, of Tippecanoe fame, marched from the Maumee toward 
 Krcnchtown Avith less than three htmdred men, it being unsafe to withdraw more 
 from the camp at the Rapids. Ho an-ived at Frenchtown at three o'clock in the after- 
 noon of the next day, crossed the river, and encamped the troops hi an open field on 
 the right of Lewis's forces,'' excepting a small detachment under Ca])tain Morris, left 
 licliind as a rear-guard with the baggage. I^eaving Colonel Wells in command of the 
 re-enforcements, after suggesting the propriety of a fortified camp, Winchester, with 
 ills staff, recrossed the liaisin, and established his head-quarters at the house of 
 Colonel Francis Navarre, on the south side of the river, and more than half a mile 
 from the American lines.* 
 
 1 Captnin Bland W. Bnllnrd was a son of Captain Ballard, of Winchester's army. He was acting mivjor at the time 
 when he was wounded. 
 
 i lUckmiiu led n party of opics under Wayne from December, 17i)4, until June, 1796. 
 
 > Matson was afterward with Colonel R. M. .Johnson In the bnltle of the Thames. 
 
 ' Ciiloiiel Lewis's fn'.l report to Oeneral Winchester was written two days afterward, dated "Camp at Frenchtown, 
 January 20, 1S13, on the River Kaislu." The facts In our narrative of the battle were drawn chiefly from this report. 
 
 i It is asserted that Colonel Lewis recommended the encamping of the re-enforcements within the picketed gnrdeng, 
 [here beinj; plenty of room on his left. Wells being of the regular army, precedence gave him the right of Lewis, and 
 military rule would not allow him to take position on his left. This observance of etiquette proved to be exceedingly 
 uiisohievonB. 
 
 ' The view of Colonel Navarre's house, the head-quarters of Winchester, given on page 364, represents it as it ap- 
 peared in 1813, with a "puncheon" fence in front. General Winchester occupied the room on the left of the cntrance- 
 Joor. The room was a long one, fronting east (we are looking at the house in a southeast direction), and had a large 
 fireplace. In this room the Indians who came to trade with Navarre rested and slept. The trees seen on the west 
 indc of the honse arc utill there— venerable pear-trees (originally brought from Normandy), which were planted there 
 livthe early pcttlers. Those which remain Btill bear fruit. In 1S30 the old Navarre House was altered by the son of 
 ibeowner in 1813. lie made additions to It, and raised the roof so as to make it two stories in height. Like the origin.il, 
 ibe structure of 1S30 was a log edifice. When I visited the spot in the autumn of 1800, it had undergone another change 
 The log-houBC of 1830 had been clap-boarded, and it was then the residence of the rector of the Kpiscopal church In 
 Monroe. It stood back a little from Front Street, witliin the square bordered by Front, Murray, Hamphrcy, and Wads- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
354 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 w 
 
 Wlncheitor'ti I^ck of ViKilauce. 
 
 W«iiilii|{a of Oaotcer unheeded bjr Wincbeitor. 
 
 Other OffloWi on tti« Alert 
 
 WIMUIIKBTKItH llKAI>-<ttIAHTl:ilh. 
 
 According to the testimony of ail otficcr 
 of the exi)e(lition, very little vigilance 
 WU8 exercised by (Jenerul Wiiulicsttp. 
 Spies were not Kent out to recoiuKtitrc 
 nor any ineasnres adopted for Htrenijth- 
 eninj^ the eainp. A large tpiantity t,( 
 fixed aniniiinition, sent to VVineliestci's 
 quarters i'r<>\\\ the UapidH, was not (lin- 
 triliuted, altiidUgh the rc-enforociiii'iits 
 iiad only ten rounds of cartridnes each' 
 and the urLicnt reconiniendation of 
 Colonel Wells that the quarters of the 
 comnuinder-in-chief and the priiuijiul 
 officers should bo with the troops was 
 unhec' (1.' 
 
 On I lie morning of the 21st Winchester 
 rt'iuested Peter Navarre and his four 
 brothers to gn on a scout toward the mouth of the Detroit liiver. Peter was still 
 living when I visited the IMaumee Valley in the aiiluinn of 1800, and aceonipaniod 
 me from Toledo to the liapids. He was a young man at the time in (piestitm, full 
 of courage and pliysical strengtli. He and his brothers (■(>nij)lied with Windiest it's 
 request with alacrity. They saw a man, far distant, coming toward them on llic m'. 
 He proved to be Joseph Bordeau, whose daughter Peter atlerward married, lie had 
 escaped from Maiden, and was bringing the news that the British would be at the 
 Raisin, with a large body of Indians, that night. Peter hastened back to Winchester 
 with this intelligence. Jacques La Salle, a resident of Frenchtown, in the interest of 
 the British, was jiresent, and asserted, in the most positive language, that it must lie 
 a mistake. Winchester's fears were allayed. Peter was dismissed with a laugh, and 
 no precautions to insure safety were taken by the general.^ Another scout confirmed 
 this intelligence during the afternoon. The general was still incredulous. Late in 
 the evening news came to Lewis's camp that a very largo force of Briti-^li and In- 
 dians, with several pieces of heavy artillery, were at Stony Creek, only a lew miles 
 distant, and would be at Frenehtown before morning. The picket-guard was im- 
 mediately doubled, and word was sent to the commanding general. lie did not be- 
 lieve a word of it; but Colonel Wells, wiio did believe the tirst rumor brought hy 
 Bordc.au, had meanwhile hastened to the Bapids with Captain Lauham for re-enforce- 
 ments, leaving his detachment in charge of Major M'Clanahan. 
 
 When the late evening rumors had been communicated to Winchester, the field 
 oflicers remained up, expecting every moment to receive a summons to attend a 
 council at head-quarters. They were disappointed. The general disbelieved the 
 alarming rumors ; and before midnight a deep repose rested upon the camp, as if 
 some trusted power had guaranteed perfect security. The sentinels, as wo have ob- 
 served, were well posted, but, owing to the severity of the weather, no pickets were 
 sent out upon the roads leading to the town. All but the chief officers in Lewis's 
 camp and some better-informed inhabitants seemed perfectly free from apprehension. 
 At head-quarters the night was passed by the general and his staff in sweet slumber; 
 but just as the reveille was beaten, between four and five o'clock in the moniing, and 
 the drummer-boy was pkyiug the Three Camps, the sharp crack of the sentinels" 
 
 worth Streets. I nm indebted to the khid courtesy of MrH. Sarah A. Noble, of Monroe (Frenehtown), Michigan, for (he 
 foregoing facts, and fur the -bove sicetch of VVinchesterV ((iiarters as it appeared in 1S13. 
 
 ' Major Elijah M'ClaualiMM to General Uarrlson, dated "(amp on Carrying River, January 26, 1818." Carryin? River 
 wns eighteen miles fi'om Vv'inchester's camp, on the Maumce, on the way toward the Raisin. 
 
 ' Oral statement of Peter Navarre to the author. 
 
 Aiuck on n«M 
 
 MiiiBketH firi 
 iiediateiy h 
 "nliiance, ac 
 ilif terrible 
 amp with c 
 terri'dc fulfil 
 vet yielded 
 ucri' iinknoM 
 iiolhing else i 
 I'latioua of di 
 tory. 
 
 'Hie expose 
 I'll i-.iiMji, aflei 
 (foneral U'inc 
 ■|iiiiic'heon" fi 
 iiijlil, and find 
 their savage ai 
 .1 large body o 
 I'outiision, and 
 liiindred men \ 
 .Allen joined \^ 
 I'enees on the 8( 
 •V.'ijors Graves 
 viiiii. The Iixli 
 Hoofis on the li 
 l;uie leading fror 
 by the savages 
 ftoods hoping tJ 
 i'very turn by f 
 :i liundred yards 
 tlie hatchets of 
 after^vard bore t 
 preeious article i 
 irliethor in High 
 irinisoned with 
 allies of the Briti 
 
 ' 'Never, dear motlii 
 
 wmelj-painted Indians 
 
 »iiok», and yet covered 
 
 "Urw, who, I was told, \ 
 
 PfocturwasadlRgrace t 
 
 -l^llerofA.O. Tuftin, 
 
 = .No rule of civilized ■ 
 
 iTiCfwemed disposed n. 
 
 i»sabontamllo,wcre pi 
 
 I W' of forty men, wer 
 
 mandedln the thigh in 
 
 telionoftheManmee, 
 
 tW, who, perceiving his 
 
 |ta Mmc moment two ot 
 
 W one of them dead np 
 
 7 "■-;;, of "hooting on. 
 
 K™ti,ckyiniTso,«nd, 
 
 tie family removed to am 
 
 [ftelvcilhlDcdiiration. II 
 
 ieDlacky.lniTiw. He wi 
 
 J "tflment of riflemen fo 
 
 |Wii,onthe22dof Jan 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 8S9 
 
 Aiuck on Frenrhtown bjr Proctor and hli Pellow-MviKM. 
 
 A ttrrtble Htrnfrgld. 
 
 A Panic and Mamscre. 
 
 muskcl'^ firing an alann wuh lu-nnl by Ktill <1ull oars. These were followed im- 
 iiiodiaU'lv l>y a shower ol'bonihslit'Hs ami eiini«ter-Hhot hurled from Heveral j)ie('es of 
 iinlniiiH'*') acconipunied by a furious charge of aliuoHt iaviMible Hritish regularH, and 
 till' terrible yellw of painted HavageH. The BoiindH and missileH fell upon tlie startled 
 ,amp with apjmlling HuddenneHS, giving fearful 8ignili( anee to the warniiigH, and a 
 terrilile fultillnient of the predictions uttered th« previous evening. Night had not 
 vet yielded its gloomy sceptre to Day. The eharaetcr and number of assailants 
 were unknown. All was mystery, terribhi and profound ; and the Amerieiiiis had 
 nothing else to do but to oppose force to force, as gallantly as possible, until tlio rev- 
 elations of daylight should point to strategy, skill, or prowess for safety and vic- 
 tory. 
 
 The exposed re<'nforccments in the open field were driven in toward Lewis's pieket- 
 wl camp, arter bravely maintaining a severe eontlict for sonic time. At this moment 
 (renerai Winchester arrived, and endeavored to rally the retreating troops behind a 
 
 imiicheon" fence and second bank of the Haisin, so that they might incline to the 
 rijjiii,aiid find shelter behind Lewis's cam|). His efforts were vain. The Hritish and 
 thi'ir savage allies were pressing too heavily njioii the fugitives; and when at length 
 iiliirpe body of Indians gained their right flank, they were thrown into the greatest 
 I'onfiision, and fled pell-mell across the river, earrying with them a detachincnt of one 
 hiuidrc'd men which Lewis ha<l sent out for their support. Seeing this, Lewis aud 
 Allen joined Winchester in his attempt to rally the troops behind the houses and 
 I'eiui'H on the soutli sicU; of the Raisin, leaving the camp in the gardens in charge of 
 Majors Graves and Madison. IJut all eftbrts to stop the flight of tlie soldiers were 
 vain. The Indians, more tleet than they, had gained their flank, and swarmed in the 
 woods on the line of their retreat, Awhile those who made their way along a narrow 
 huif leading from the village to the road from the Hapids were shot down and scalped 
 by the savages skulking behind the trees atid fences. Others, who rushed into the 
 woods hoping to find shelter there from the fury of the terrible storm, were met at 
 t'vory turn by the bloody butchers, and scarcely one escaped. Within the s])ace ot 
 ;i hundred yards,ii( ;ir Plum or Mill Creek, nearly one hundred Kentuekians fell under 
 the hatchets of liiiod saxages, who snatched the " scal|)-locks" from their heads, and 
 al'terAvard bore them in triumpii to Fort Maiden to receive the market jirice for that 
 jirocious article of commerce.' Death and mutilation met the fugitives on every side, 
 whether in flight or in submission, and all about that little village the snow was 
 (Timsoned with human blood. On that dreadful morning it was on the part of the 
 allies of the British a war of cxtennination." 
 
 < " Never, dear mother, if I fihould live n tbonBiind yearo, can I forget the frightrbl ei^ht of this morning, when band- 
 [omely-painted Indians cnmc into the fort, some of them carrying hiilf a dozen ncnlps of my countrymen fastened npon 
 •iicki>, niid yet covered with blood, and wore congratulated by Colonel Proctor for their t/raveri/.' I heard ii liritieh 
 (ilUctr, who, I was told, wbh Lientenaut Colonel 8t. George, tell another offlrtT, who, I believe, was Colonel Vincent, that 
 Prattor was a dlc^race to the British army— that snch encouragements to devils was a blot upon the British character." 
 -Letter of A. 0. Tuetin, of BardstDwii, Kcntncky, to bis mother, dated Fort Maiden, .lanuary 28, 1818. 
 ' No rule of civilized warfare >vaii observed. Blood and scalps were the chief objects for which the Indians fought. 
 They seemed disposed not to take any prisoners. A party of flflecn or twenty, nnder Lleatenant Garrett, after rctreat- 
 lORibont a mile, were compelled to surrender, when all but the y ng commander were killed and scalped. Another 
 [•uly, of forty men, were more than one half murdered under similar clrcnmstanccs. Colonel Allen, who hud been 
 touidedin the thigh in the nttrmpt to rally the troojis, after abandoning all hope, and escaping about two miles In the 
 dirptlion of the Mauinee, was compelled, by sheer exhaustion, to sit down npon a log. He wa^' -ibserved by an Indian 
 riief.wlio, perceiving his rank, promised him his protection If he would surrender without resi-ianco. He did so. At 
 ihe ssmo moment two other savages approached with murderous intent, when, with a single blow of his sword, Allen 
 lild one of them dead upon the ground. His companion instantly shot the colonel dead. "He had the honor," says 
 
 [ M .Uce, " of shooting one of the first and greatest citizens of Kentucky." 
 Jiihn Allen was bom in Rockbridge County, Virginia, on the .'5nth of December, 1TT2. His father emigrated with him 
 
 I M Kentucky In 17S0, and settled about a mile and a half below the present town of Danville, in Boyle County. In 1784 
 the family removed to auother part, five miles from Bardstown, and in a school in that then rndo village young Allen 
 received hl« education. He studied law in Staunton, Virginia, forfonr years, and commenced its practice In Shelbyvllle, 
 Ktnlucky, in Hits. He was following his profenslon successfully there when the war broke out in 1S12, when he raised 
 I r»):lmcnt of riflemen for service under Harrison. He was killed, as we have seen, at the massacre on the River 
 RaifiD, on the i!2d of January, 1813, at the age of forty-one years. Allen Cotinty, Kentucky, was so named in bis 
 
 "I, 
 
 i I 
 
3Ae 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 I I 
 
 Wlncbaater made Priionar. Proctor rapuUed. Wluchntsr A)r(')!d to lurrendar bla Armjr. U»iat Madlton 
 
 Ooncittl WinchcHtor and Colonel I^ewia woro made priBonen by Round-heail > at a 
 bridge about tlirco fourtlm ot'ii rniK' from tlio village, stripped of their clotlicH oxvk'm 
 shin, ]»antalo<)nH, and V)ootB, and in thiw pliglii, were taken to the quartern of the Uritisli 
 commander, who proved to be I'olonel I're -lor, tlie unworthy HucceHnor of tlic worthy 
 Brouk in tho command at Detroit and AndicrHthurg, He waw in Fort Mahh i>, at the 
 latter place, when intellififonee of Lewis's occupation of Frone.htown reached m and 
 he nmde immediate preparations to drive the AmericaiiH buck. The Hritisli and In- 
 dians expelled from Frenchtown on the 18th ha<l fallen back with their howitzer tn 
 Hrownstown, where Proctor Joined them, on tho Ctcning of the 20th, with a detach- 
 ment of tile 4l8t Regiment, onj hundred and forty in number, under liimilciiuiit Vo]- 
 onel St. George; the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, under Colonil Vincent; luid a 
 part of the 10th Veteran Rattalicm and some seamen. These, with Reynolds's militi;, 
 and a party of the Royal Artillery, with three three-jiounders and the howitzer alrcidv 
 mentioned, made a white force about five hundred strong. The Indians, under HduiiJ. 
 head and Walk-in-the- Water, ntimbered about six hundred. With these Proctor ad. 
 vanced from lirownstown on tho morning of tl e 21st, and halted at Swan Crock 
 twelve miles on the way. There ho remained .intil dusk, when the march was ro- 
 sumed. So great was the lack of vigilan",. on the part of tho Americans tliat IVoc 
 tor's troops and guns were made ready for assault before their presence was positivclv 
 known. Then followed the attack just recorded. 
 
 While the right wing of Lewis's army and Winchester's re-enforcements were suf- 
 fering destruction, the lell and centre, under Majors Graves and Madison, were nobly 
 defending themselves in the garden j)icketed camp. They maintained tlieir position 
 manfully against the powerful assault of the enemy. The British had planted tluir 
 howitzer within two hundred yards of the camp (and eastward of it), behind a small 
 house about forty rods from the river, upon the road to Detroit. It was a I'ormidablc 
 assailant, but it was soon silenced by the Kentucky sharp-shooters behind the piokits, 
 who lirst killed the horse and driver of the sleigh that conveyed amnmnition, and 
 then picked oft" thirteen of the sixteen men in charge of the gun. It was soon dram 
 back so far that itii shot had no effect on the " puncheon ;" and at ten o'clock, pen;* ii 
 ing all efforts of iiis white troops to dislodge the Americans to be fruitless, Prod di 
 withdrew his forces to the woods, with the intention of either abandoning the contest, 
 or awaiting the return of his savage allies, who were having their feast of blood 
 beyond I'le Raisin. When the assailants withdrew, the Americans quietly break- 
 fasted. 
 
 While the troops were eating, a white flag was seen approaching from the Britisli 
 line. Major Madison, believing it to be a token of truce while the British miubt bun 
 their dead, went out to meet it. It was borne by Major Overton, one of General Win- 
 chester's staff, who was a(rcompanied by Colonel Proctor. lie brought an order from 
 (ireneral Winchester directing the uncondition;il surrender of all the troops as jjrisoncrs 
 of w^ar. This was the first intelligence received by the gallant left wing tiiat their 
 chief was a cp.ptive. Proctor liad dishonorably taken advantage of his situation lo 
 extort that order from him. He assured Winchester that as soon as the Indirn , fresh 
 from the massacre from Avhich he had escaped, should join his camp, the remabider 
 of the Americans would be easily captured, concealing from him the fact that they 
 had already driven the British back to the woods. He represented to the general 
 that, in such an event, " nothing would save the Americans from an indiscriminate 
 massacre by the Indians." Totally ignorant of the condition of the remnant of his 
 little army, and horrified by the butchery of which he had just been a witness, Win- 
 chester yielded, and sent Major Overton with the orders just mentioned. 
 
 Madison, surprised and mortified, refused to obey the order except on conditions. 
 
 1 See page 201. It wag witb («reat difficnlty that Proctor pereaadcd Koand-bead to release biB priaoner, or to gtre ap 
 tbc military salt be bad ntripped fl-oni bim. 
 
OF THE WAI{ OF 1812. 
 
 Ml 
 
 pnclor qiuUi txAir* • tnM Mu. HI* Perfidy, Cowardice, and (Dhumanity. A fearfUl NtKbt at Vrunchtuwn. 
 
 "It has been cuHtonmry for the In<liaiiH," hu obHiTved, " to inuHsaero the woumkd and 
 niisoiii'iM ntU'i- a sunvnclur; 1 shall tlit'ix'fbro not agrco to any capitulation whicli (Jt'ii- 
 iral WinthrMtor may diroct, unU'ss tlio nafoty anil prott^-tion of all the piiHoiuTs nhall 
 Ipc stipiilatfd." Till) haughty I'roctor Mtaniped Iuh foot, and Haiti, with a Hupfi<iliou8 
 nir "Sir, do i/ou mean to diotato to tne!" "I nu-an to dictate for myself," Madison 
 replied, with Hrmni'SM. " Wo prefer Helling our lives as dearly as possible rather Ihua 
 lu' massaored in cold blood." Proctor, who was scorned by Jhock for his jealouHy 
 ;iiiil innate nieanneHS, and Ih remembered with dislike by the C'anadiaiiH, who kii.-w 
 jiiiu as innately cruel and cowardly,' (ju.iiled before the honcHt, manly bravery of 
 MiulinoM, and solemnly agreed that all private property hIiouUI be renpected ; that 
 >k'<]s fihould be sent the ne.vt morning to remove the sick and wounded to Amherst- 
 Imrf; that the diHabled Hhonld be protected by a proper guard; and that the side- 
 anus of the officers should be returned when the captives should reach Maiden. 
 I'nictor refused to commit thcHc conditions to writing, I ut i)ledged his honor as a 
 Mildier and a gentleman that they Hhonld be observed. Madison was ignorant of 
 I'lootor's poverty in all that constituted a soldier and man of honor, and trusted to 
 IiIk promises. On the conditions named, he and his otKcers agreed to surrender them- 
 M'lves and their men prisoners of war. 
 
 Before .the surrender was fairly completed the Indians began to plunder, when 
 Major 3Iadison ordered his men to resist them, even with ball and 1)ayonet. The 
 cowardly savages quailed before the courage of the white captives, and none of the 
 prisoners were again molested by them while on their way to Maiden. Quite ililfer- 
 eut was the fate of the poor wounded men who were left behind. Having secured 
 Ills oliject, Proctor violated his word of honor, and left them exposed to savage cruelty, 
 liiiiiiors came that Harrison was ap])roaching, and the British commander, more intent 
 m securing personal salt'ty than the fultillmcnt of solemn promises, left for Maiden 
 witli most of his savage allies, within an hour after the surrender, leaving as a "guan!" 
 aitly Major lieynolds and two or three interpreters. Proctor did not even name : 
 .'iiard, nor spoke of conveyances for the wounded after leaving Frenclitown ; and 
 vlieu both Winchester and .Madison reminded him of his promises and the ])eril of 
 111' wounded, he refused to hear them. It is evident that from the first that inhuninii 
 nicer uitended to almndon the wounded prisoners to their fate. Among them was 
 I'aptain Hart, brother-in-lav,' 'if Henry Clay, and inspector general of the Army of 
 ilic Northwest. He was anxious to accompany the prisoners to Maiden, but Captaii. 
 Elliott, son of the notorious Colonel Elliott, who had known Hart intimately in Ken- 
 tucky, assured him of perfect safety at Frenclitown, and promised to send his own 
 conveyance for him the next morning. Elliott assured all the wounded that they 
 need not apprehend danger, and that sleds from Maiden would come for them in the 
 morning. 
 
 The wounded Avere taken into the houee ' \;he kind-liearted villagers, and cared 
 for by Drs. Todd and Jiowers, of the Keni :kj v olunteers, who were left behind for 
 the purpose. In every mind there tvas an indefinable dread when Proctor and his 
 motley crew departed ; and Avhen it Avas known that he had promised his savage 
 allies a " frolic" at Stony Creek, only about six miles from the Raisin, lot only the 
 wounded soldiers, but the villagers, and Major lieynolds himself, felt a th ill of horror, 
 for there could be no doubt that the drunken Indians, after their deba; icii, would re- 
 turn to Freuchtown to glut their appetites" for blood and plunder. Even those who 
 remained Avent from house to house, after Proctor's departure, in search of plunder. 
 
 The night following the battle Avas a fearful one at Frenchtown. .January as. 
 Day dawned with hope, but the sun at his rising* found the inhabitants **^-- 
 
 * 
 
 ■ Tecnmthn, ns we Bliall observe herenfler, resardeil Proctor as a coward, and by threats compelled him to make a 
 'tand on the Thames ; and the venerable Robert Heynolds, of Amheretburg, and other survivors of tbo British army in 
 Cauaila with whom I have converBt'd, spoke of him vplth contempt as a boasting coward. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^. 
 
 
■I -mmmkif^ 
 
 MHiai 
 
 ifliltS: 
 
 358 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Magsiicre aud Scalping of wounded Prisoners allowed by Proctor. 
 
 Incidents of tiie liorrlble Evem. 
 
 and prisoners in despair. Instead of the promised sleds from Madden, about two hiiiul- 
 rcd half-drunken savages, with their faces painted red and black in token of their 
 
 fiendish purposes, came into 
 the village. The chiefs held a 
 brief council, and determined 
 to kill and scalp all the woiuid- 
 ed who were unable to ti'avcl 
 in revenge for the many com- 
 rades they had lost in the fisxht. 
 This decision was announced by 
 horrid yells, and the savages 
 went out upon their bloody 
 errand. They first i)lundereti 
 the village; then they broke 
 into the houses wlicre the 
 wounded lay, stripped them 
 of every thing, and then toma- 
 hawked and scalped them. Thi 
 houses of Joan B. Jereaumo ami 
 Gabriel Godfrey, that stood 
 near the present dwcllina; of 
 Matthew (liibson, sheltered a 
 large number of prisoners. In 
 the cellar of Jereaiimo's lionso 
 wiiH stored a large (luaiitity nl 
 whisky. This the savages took 
 in sufficient quantities to mad- 
 den thciu, when they set both 
 dwellings on fire. A number of 
 the w^ounded, unable to nioyc, 
 were consumed. Others, at- 
 tempting to escape by the doors 
 and windows, were tomahawk- 
 ed and scalped. Others, ou*- 
 side, were scalped and cast intu 
 the flames, and the remaiiidov, 
 who could walk, were man lied 
 ofi" toward Maiden. When any 
 of them sank from exhaustion, 
 they were killed and scalped. 
 Doctor Todd, who had ocen tied and carried to Stony Creek, informed Elliott ol 
 what was g()i:>g on at the Raisin, and begged him to send conveyances for ihf 
 wounded, espet lally for Captoin Hart ; but that young officer coolJv rej)lied, "Charity 
 begins at home ; my o kU wounded must bo carried to Maiden first." He well knew 
 that an hour more would be too late for re.'scue.' 
 
 M.ajor Graves was never 1 I'ard of after tlie Maumee. Captain Hickman was mur- 
 dered in Jereaurae's house. Captain Hart was removed from that house by Di^ctor 
 
 ' This Is from ft eketcli xcnt to Colonel Wi I llnm II. Winder by Lieut': iiantCotone" Bocretlcr, in a letter dated "Buffiilr 
 ITIh February, ISlil. I nenrt you," ho rniyp, "a hnstysket^ li of the H.uatlon of the troops at Frcnchtowu ' Fie ohtniiicil 
 It from some subordinat'- officer amone; the prisoiiern from the Rrli>tn, who weic paroled, and passed t'lrough llnffalu 
 He says. "The prisoners liave passed throuKh to tlic number of four huiulrod nud sliiy-two. The K''iieral anil llcl 
 ofllcprs are not yot sent across.'' '.utngraph Jjelltr. 
 
 » Klllott had been in Le-Tington, where lie W'\s very 111 of fever for a lonp time in tlie fiinillv of Colonel Thomm Ha;' 
 the f»t!ier of Captain Hart. During that lltnesh tie h»A lecelvcd mwy attentions from t!»< young man whom Ijo cm 
 ba«e1y deserted 1p his hour of greatei<t need. ''•" ' ~ 
 
 MOVEllEMB 
 
 KllENOnTOWN.l 
 
 The Death of 
 
 Todd, heft 
 a mile up 
 Pottawatc 
 to Muhlen, 
 through tl 
 
 5-t: 
 
 .^ 
 
 them were s( 
 l)y way of t 
 l/ii'l trcadru' 
 ilitioti that t 
 war, or until 
 The officer a 
 majesty's all 
 son,' were sc 
 the spring of 
 
 • Inm indebted 
 front oflhp. ford, 
 known some lime 
 ' .\nthanlel G. 1 
 In Loiinfjton. Ca 
 ninrried James It 
 purflts when Ih 
 Laiiifftmi r.irjlit hi 
 US'. Under Its I' 
 w nt the hfiiii o 
 commander of ihe 
 Ills pds.sesi'ioii, wh: 
 Court of St. Peters 
 il! fls!,' was the rej 
 fomiiiuiy (now call, 
 in behalf of the do 
 incky, performed tl 
 from 17«» to isiil, V 
 Thomas Smith, of t 
 "to was Jl.irfs Riic 
 ' A few diivs aft< 
 move to Detroit, 
 "onvcyanTB were 
 massacred were un 
 ' William Lewis 
 'He fame position I 
 i^iBi^nned t.leutena 
 WM n native of Vlrj 
 * Oeorfw Madisoi 
 w was ni,|p ,<i lad c 
 liMd uf ai.,flij,n,,j. 
 
 
m 
 
 mmtmttllimillKUSt' 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 350 
 
 The Death of Captain Uart. 
 
 Sketch of hiiiUrc. 
 
 The Britinb Mbwned to call the tiiiH— Hwll Allies. 
 
 Todd, before the massacre was !.oraint»n«*d, to the dwelling ofJaoqucH Navarre, about 
 a mile up the river (now tht- Waifawwlii brick house), uiuler the « liartje of a friendly 
 Pdttiuvatoinie chief. Hurt ofltaed hi» one hundred dollars to com y him in safety 
 to Miilden. The chief att ciptai it. Hart was placed on a horse, and when pa^^sing 
 tlii'oii'di the village, near the houitt; of Fran9ois La Salle' (who was suspected of com- 
 plicity with the IJiitish), a Wyandot 
 ■ravage came out, and claimed the cap- 
 tain as his prisoner. A dispute arose, and 
 they finally settled it by agreeing to kill 
 the prisoner, and dividing his money and 
 clothes between them. So says the most 
 reliable recorded history.^ Local trudi- 
 tion declares that the Pottawatomie at- 
 tempted to defend Captain Hart when 
 the Wyandot shot and scalped him. 
 There are many versions of the tragedy. 
 lie was buried near the place of his 
 murder, but the exact spot is not known. 
 J'roctor arrived with his prisoners at 
 Ainherstburg on the morning of the 23d 
 of January, and on the '20th proceeded 
 to Sandwich and Detroit.^ Some of 
 them were sent to Detroit, and others were forwarded to Fort George, on the Niagara, 
 by way of the Thames. These suffered much from the severity of the weather and 
 \,:\i\ Ileal inent of their guards. At Fort George they were mostly paroled, on con- 
 dition that they should not "bear arms against his majesty or his allies during the 
 war, or until exchanged." "Who are his majesty's allies?" inquired Major Madison. 
 Tlio officer addressed, doubtless ashamed to own the disgrace in words, said, " Ilis 
 majesty's allies are known." General Winchester, Colonel Lewis,'' and Major Madi- 
 son,^ were sent to Quebec, and at Beauport, near that city, they were confined until 
 the spring of 1814, when a general exchange of prisoners took place. 
 
 BESIDENCK or LA BAl.LE. 
 
 1 I nm Indelited to Mrs. Sarah A. Noble for this ekotch of La Salle's house, as it appeared at the time. It stood in 
 front of the ford, was Imilt of logs, and between it and the river was a "puuolieon" fence. The " Laselle Farm" was 
 Iviimvii some time as the " Mnrnphrey Farm." It is now tlSOl] the property of the lIi)noral)le D. A. Noble. 
 
 " Nathaniel O. T. Hart was a sou of Colonel Thomas Hart, who emi>:r«ted to Kentucky from Maryland, and settled 
 in LcxiiiKton. Captain Hart was born at Ilagcrstowu, in Maryland. One of his sisters married Henry Clay, another 
 ninrricd James llnnvn, lon^ the United States minister at the French Court. Hart was making a fortune in mercantile 
 imr.'iis when the war of ISl'i broke out, when (at the age of about twenty-se> on years) he was in command of the 
 l.rx'iifitan Liijht Infantry, ii company which was organized by Cicucral .Jamrj .Wilkinson, who was Itn first captain, in 
 IM. Vndcr its fourth captain (Beatty) It was with Wayne In the campaign of Ui)4. Hart was its seventh captain, and 
 wns at the head of it in the expedition to the Raisin. When I visited Lcxinuton in April, ISdl, I i-alled on the then 
 commander of the company, Cajitam Samuel 1). M'Cullough, who showed me the crimson silk sash of Captain Hart In 
 ills possesHioii, which was torn and had blood-stains upon it. C^ssius M. ('lay, now [ISliTl America!' minister to the 
 Court of St. Petersburg, commanded this company In the United States army In Mexico. In the battle of Buenn Vista 
 its flaj was the regimental color of the ivenlucky cavalry. On the ISth of .Tanuary, ISOl, a flag was jircsonted to this 
 rompnny (now called the " Lextuaton Old Infantry") at the Odd Fellows Hall in Lexington, by General Leslie Combs, 
 ill liehalf of the donor, David A. Sayre. On that occasion the United States band from the barracks at Newport, Ken- 
 lacky, performed the mu.^lcal part of the ccemonles. The Star-npantjled llaniier was sung, aiid the roil of all the captains, 
 from llWto isiil, was called. The only survivors of the company when Il'irt was captain, who were pre«eiit. were, 
 ThomasSmith, of Loul'/llle: Lawrence Paly, of Fayette ('ouiity: andJudgo Levi L. Todd, of Inuianapolis. The latter, 
 ivtn wftK Hart's successor as captain, gave the opening address. 
 
 • A few divs affer tho massacre at the Hiiisin Prctor irdered all th" Inhabitants there to leave their houeee and 
 move to Detroit. It wnf mid-winter and severely cold. Tho snow was vcr^ ,1eep, and they suffered dreadfu'Iy. Borne 
 
 onveyan'-i-s were sent down from Detroit for tbem. For a while Freochtown was a desolation, and the remains of the 
 nmi'Siicred were unbarled. 
 
 ' William Lewis was in Gaithor's iiattnllon itt St. Clart's defeat In ITSl. He was then captain, and was appointed to 
 •he mme position In tht M Retriment of Infa..try the following year. Ho resigned In 1T9T. In August, iSl'i, he was com- 
 ™b"Ioiici1 Lieutenant C.-lonel of Kfiiiuckv A'olunteers, and, as we have seen, behaved gallantly at Frenchtown. He 
 wM a 'inilve of Virginia. His death occu red nei'i- T.ittlc Rock, arl-ansas, on the 17th of Janiary, 1'<25. 
 
 ' Ociirf!*! Madison wis a native of Virginia, where he was born in 17(13. He was a soldier In the Revolution, although 
 lie KM oiilv ,1 lad of twelve years when it broke out. He was with General Clarke In the Nort'^vest, and was at the 
 toad uf a cmpaay lu at. Clair's defeat In ITOl, \vhere he was wounded. Uo was also wounded In an attack by the Id- 
 
i^mmmm 
 
 i-' 
 
 360 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 . i; 
 
 Wnr-cry of the Kcntuckiuns. Iluuur couferred on Proctor. Shamefulnesis of the Act. " GunrrtlauH of Civllizatiou " 
 
 The loss of the Americans in the affair at the Raisin was nine hundred and thirty- 
 four. Of these, one liundriMl and ninety-seven were killed and missing ; the romaiixlor 
 were made prisoners. Of the whole army of about a thousand men, only thirty-tliroc 
 escaped. Tiie loss of the British, according to Proctor's report, was twenty-t'tiur 
 killed, and one hundred and fifty-eight wounded. The loss of their Indian allies is 
 not known. The event was a terrible blow to Kentucky. It caused mourning in al- 
 most every family. The first shock of grief was succeeded by intense exasperation 
 and the war-cry of Kentucky soldiers after that was, Hemember the River Raisin! 
 •Jnnnnry20, At Sandwicli Proctor \yrote his dispatch* to Sir George Prevost, the 
 ^^^" commander-in-chief in Canada, giving an account of his expedition to 
 Frenclitown, and highly commending the conduct of his savage allies.' His privato 
 representations were such that the evidently deceived Assembly of Lower Canada 
 passed a vote of thanks to him and his men, and the equally duped Sir Geortrc 
 promoted him to the rank of brigadier general " until the pleasure of the Prince Re- 
 gent should be known.'"'- That " jileasure" was to confirm the apjiointment, and there- 
 by the British government indorsed his conduct. 
 
 I visited Frenclitown (now Monroe), in Michigan, early in October, 18G0. I wont 
 down from Detroit by railway early in the morning, after a night of tempest — min- 
 gled lightning, wind, and rain. The air was cool and pure, and the firmament was 
 overhung witii beautiful cloud-pictures. I bore a letter of introduction to the Honor- 
 able D. S. Bacon, a resident of the plaj30 for almost forty yeai'!*^ Avho kindly spent the 
 day with me in visiting persons and places of interest on that memorable spot. 
 
 Crossing the bridge to the north side of the stream, we passed down "Water Street 
 toward the site of La Salle's, the camp of Colonel Lewis, and other places connected 
 with the battle and massacre already described. We met the venerable Judge Du- 
 
 dians in the camp of Major John Adair the following year. For more than twenty years he was ai:ditor of pnlilic ac- 
 counts in Kentucky. When Kentncky was asked for troops in ISIii he took the ticld. Ho was kept a prisoner at (Jucboc 
 for siiue tinio. In ISltt lie was nominated for the office of governor of Kentucky, ile was sobelced and pupuliir Iha: 
 hi', opponent vvltlidrew in the l\cat of the canvass, declaring that nobody could resist ' at popularity. He was electeil, 
 but died on the U'li of October the same year. 
 
 ' "The zeal and couraj^o of the Indian Department," he eali, "were never more conspicuous than ou this occa.«ioD, 
 and the Indian warriors I'ougnt with their usual bravery." 
 
 5 It seems hardly possible that the Canadian Assembly or Sir George Prevost cou'k' have known the facts nf the hor- 
 rors of Frcnchtown, and Proctor's inhunuiu abandonment of He prisoners, or (hey would have punished rather than 
 rewarded the commander ou that occasion. Sir George, in his general order .^nnoHncing the promotion of Proctor, ai- 
 tually said, " On this occasion the gallantry of Colonel Proctor was most nobly displayed in his humane and unmarird 
 I'Xfrtions, ichich mineeeded m rexming the ranqtiiahot from tlie re'>e)uje nf the Indian warriors !" 
 
 British writers, unable to offer the shadow of an excuse for Proctor's coudnct, either avoid all mention of the n,assn- 
 ere, or endCiivor to shield him from the si-ourge of just criticism by affecting to disbelieve the fact that he agreed to 
 give protection to the wounded, or accepted the surrender on any condilions whatever. " Indeed," says .Tames, with 
 an air of trinmpii lii discussioi., " General Wiuchestcr was not in a condition to dictate term."," because he wn« "strip- 
 ped to his shirt and trowsers, and suffering exceedingly from the cold."— ^Icfoi"!^ af the MUitarn Ocetirrenees of the. Wt 
 Hiir, etc., 1., ISS. But the testimi>ny of eye and ear ■, itiiesses to the fact are too iibundaut for any honest-niindcd man 
 to dontit. Before all his men, iu the presence of Colonel Proctor, not tweiUy rods from the house of Francois Lasallo, 
 Major Madison declared the conditions that had been agreed upon. The late Judge Durocher. who was iircscnt, in- 
 formed mi- that he heard these conditions announced, and that Proctor assented to them by his silence. This is in con- 
 firmation of Winchester's statement in his report, written at Maiden on the 23dof .lannary, the day after the (•jm uler, 
 
 II gives the writer no pleasure to record the cruelties of savages and the unchristian conduct of British coininanilcrs 
 who employed them. He would prefer to Imry the knowledge of these thingb in oblivion, and let the aniaioslties which 
 they engender die w lib the generation of men who were actors In the scenes ; but when a Pharisee, affecting to be the 
 "guardian of civilization," preaches censorious homilies to an equal in virtue and dignity, it is sometimes a wholesome 
 service to prick the bubble of his pride with the bodkin of just exposure. When the Briti!<h government, in its pride 
 01 blindness, lectures that of the riiited States on lust for power, barbarity In warfare, and kindred subjects, as it did 
 diir'ng the late civil war In the I'nlted States, an occasional lifting of the veil ttimi the records of the censor's own 
 sl'irtcomlngs may be productive of a wholesome hnmlllty and a practical desire for reform. Posterity will point the 
 finger of scorn toward the ccnduct of the government of that einoirc, aid the journalists and publicists In Its Intcrci, 
 during the trials of the government and loyal people o.'tho fnltcd States In their late struggles against foul conspiracy 
 and frigluful rebellion, as unworthy of an enlightened and Christian nation. That conduct— the manifestation of the 
 intense selflshness of the arist.u racy of rank and wealth which have ever ruled England— will always appear iiarklv In 
 the history of nations as a crime against humanity, and a libel upon the character of the overwhelming majority of the 
 English people. The emp'oyrncnt of bloody savages to butcher their relatives in America ; the deiuoiiiac trcatnuMit of 
 captive Sepoys in India ; the encouragement of f-lglitfiil atrocities In China, and the open sympathy with conspirators 
 against a beneficent governiiient for the avowwl purpose of establishing a despotism whose corner-stmie should he 
 HUMAN Bi.wiiiiv, she ild forever close the lips of tho Kngllsh government when it attempts to kicturo ethers ou human 
 ity, or cltttms to be, par excelleiift, the "guardian of clvilizatluD." 
 
 Visit to the Kn 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 set 
 
 Viilt to the Haisin. 
 
 The historical Localltioe there. 
 
 Survivors of the War. 
 
 rochcr, already mentioned in the narrative as one of tlie actors in the scenes there — 
 a siiort, dark-complexioned man of French descent — who pointed out the spot, in an 
 open lot between Water Street and the river, not far from where we were standing, 
 a little westward of La Salle's honse, where Captain Hart was murdered by the In- 
 dians. Promising me another and longer interview at his office, we left Judge Du- 
 loclier, and passed on to the site of La Salle's dwelling, then the property of lion. D. 
 S. Nohle, delineated on page 359, a part of which yet remains, with a j»ear-tree plant- 
 ed there during tlie last century. Not far below this we came to the railway and 
 tlie common road leading from the Raisin to Detroit. On the cotner of the latter, 
 not far from the site of the houses of Godfrey and Jereaume, where the wounded 
 were burned and massacred, was a large brick house, the residence of Matthew Gib- 
 son. Very near it, in an orchard, might be seen the remains of the cellars of thost 
 buildings. From that point, around which the battle was fought, and near which the 
 
 MU.MIDK, rUC.M Tin: llATTLK-liBOfNll. 
 
 .Vmericans were driven across the Raisin just before the massacre on tlie south side 
 ■>t'the stream, I made the above sketch (looking Avestward) of the river, the railway 
 liiiilgo, and the distant town. Gibson's house is seen in the foreground, on the right; 
 t!ie railv.ay bridge, on four piers in the water, with the town beyond it, is seen in 
 the centre ; and by the distant trees, seen immediately beyond the jtoiut on the left, 
 is indicated the spot near which Winchester was captured. Returning to the village, 
 1 called upon .I'udge Durocher, who, in the course of a ])leasant interview of an hour, 
 .rave nic many items of information conccniing the events we have been considering, 
 lie spoke of Winchester as a "fussy man,'" quite heavy in person, and illy fitted for 
 tlie peculiar service in which he was engaged. He also assured me that atler the de- 
 flat of tlie AuKM-icans at Frenchtown, Prcctor endeavored to persuade the Indians to 
 destroy the French settlements there, because lie believed the inhabitants to hv lii\ or- 
 ;ilile to the United States. It was even proposed to the Indians in council, and an- 
 I'tlier cold-blooded massacre, not by the permission, but at the instig;;'-ion of Proctor, 
 irasonly ])revented by tlu! Hrmness of the friendship which the Pottawatomies bore 
 to the inhabitants on the Raisin. Judge Durocher was seventy-four years jf :iv 
 when I visited hitn, A little less than a year afterward he was borne to tlic grave.' 
 
 ' Lniircnt Durocher wat, the con of a FrtMiii; Caniiillnii, aiiil wan born at St. Oomn-ieve Mlwtoii, In MIbbou: ., in 1786. 
 His talhor ilicil when he was young, i\U(l lila uuclc sent him to o college In Montreal to be cdactttcd. At the oloke of his 
 
ii 
 
 itii 
 
 3«2 
 
 riAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The vslUnt im 
 
 r Kmiy 
 
 I public Career. 
 
 Ills RelatioDB with the ludiaus. 
 
 Our next %'^ wan to <ij» Iw lil niiwiterB of Winchester, delineated on page 354 
 wliicli waH occu]/-**^ l>y th*' <i*5«ter'rfti» Protestant Episcopal church in Monroe. It 
 was too unlike the vi^i/inal (// /^^nin Ae «orvice of the pencil, and we proceecU'd to 
 tbe house of James K(V*j(ii;s, on' -*' •''" oldest inhabitants of tiiat region, and a iv- 
 atarkablc character, who, as an ' -Lfhter and A-oliinteer soldier, performed c-ood 
 
 service during the war of 18] 2. jli- liad just returned from some toil at a distance 
 and, octogenarian as he was, he rn'OnnA vigr" u- \n miml and body. He was a stout- 
 built man, about eighty years of age. His buih-place was at Uoche de Bout, on tlio 
 Mauniee, a little above the present village of Waterville. His father Avas an Ensrjisii. 
 iiian, and his mother a Mohawk Valley Dutch woman.' From early life he was fa- 
 miliar Avith the Indians and the woods. He had been a Avitness of the treachery and 
 (♦ruelty of tlw savages, and his family had sufl'cred severely at their hands. AVheii 
 speaking of the Indians and his personal contests with them, his vengeful feolinirs 
 could hardly be repressed, and he talked Avith almost savage delight of the maniKr 
 in which he had disposed of some of them. ^ 
 
 Soon .jfter Wayne's campaign Knaggs settled at FrenchtOAvn, and became a flirnicr. 
 In 1811 he established a regular ferry at the Huron River, on the road to Detroit 
 wtfh only Indians as companions and neighbors. These, excited against all Aiiieri- 
 vAun by British emissaries, were Aery troublesome, and Knaggs liad frequent conflicts 
 with them in some form. When Hull was on his Avay tOAvard Detroit, Knaggs joined 
 the army as a private* in Captain Lee's company of dragoons — "River Raisin men 
 f he best trX'ps in the world," as Harrison said^ — and became very expert and efficient 
 Ui \\H' «py, scout, or ranger service. He was engaged in the A'arious conflicts near 
 the DclioW /fiver, already described, and in 1813 Ava> in the battle of the Thames, 
 under Colonel Hi lull il kf. Johnson. While Avith Hull at Sandwich, iittaelicd to Col- 
 i,.iel ]\I' Arthur's regiment, /((( fiiil'l'iiruim] iipportant scout service. On on(: occofiion, 
 aceoiiipfinicd l)y four men. he peiu'tradd (he iiiHliliy lis ihr nn the site of (lie preKcnt 
 village of Chatliam, on the Thames, and there capluied (I C(t||(//('l i>f'filiegor, a burly 
 British officer, iifid a Jew natned Jacobs, and carried them to Jlull's ('(i(n|». Ilif (Im) 
 M viregor to a horse, and thus took him to the head-quarters of his chief After (Ik 
 surrender IM'Gregor offered five hundred dollars i'lir the capture of Knaggs, deail 
 or alive. The Indians Averc constantly on the watch for him, and he hml many 
 
 studies, in 1^06, he settled nt Fronchtown 
 rcgl(Mi, joined tlic nrniy of General 
 null for a year. They were at the 
 Raisin when Hull surrendered, and 
 gave tlicinselves up to Captain Kl- 
 liott. Dniingthe remainder of the 
 war he wan cliarged hy the Ainer- 
 racmber of the Territorial Council ofMldii; 
 
 At the beginni np of the var of 1S12, he, with other young Frenchmen of Hint 
 
 icn .! commander with Kovcrnl im- 
 portant trusts. When, in ISh. 
 Monroe County was orgnnized. 
 I)urocherwasclio.«en ilsriprk, Ilf 
 held that offloe for about Iwiiil; 
 years. ITc was for six years a 
 and in 1S.1B was a member of the Convention that framed the ptateCon- 
 
 't:^n<yz^ 
 
 stitnlion. lie was n member of the state Legislature, a justice of the peace, judge of proba' c, and circuit Judge, and ai 
 the time of his death, on the 21st of September, ISUl, was clcriv of the city of Monroe. Tho funeral services at tlic time 
 of his burial were held hi St. Anne's Catholic church of Monroe, where Father ./oos ofBciatcd. 
 
 ' Knaggs's motluT lived at or near Frcnchtown nt the time of tlie battle there, and was one of those whom Proctor 
 ordered to Ilelrolt. She was ihen eighty years of age. Thinly clad (having been robl)ed i)y the Indians), she proreciW 
 in an o|)en Intiiicau, and reached Detroit in safety. AA'hen asked how it liappened that she didnf* perish, she replied, 
 " My spunk kept mo warm." 
 
 » On one occasion, as he Informed me, while ho kept the ferry on the Huron, he flogged a troublesome Indian very 
 severely. That night a brother of the savage came to Knaggs's cabin at a 'ilc hour to avenge the insult. Ilourlni;.! 
 summons, but not knowing the visitor, Knaggs went out, when the glean. ».." a knife-l)lade in the starliL'ht warned 
 him of danger lie ran to a spot wliere heliad a large clul), pursued by a savage, who. In striking at him wltli his kuite, 
 cut off tlic skirt of the only garment that Knag','S had on. The latter seized the club, turned npon his nssailnnt, fdlcd 
 lilm to the ground, and beat him until evry bono in his ixidy was broken. Although nearly flfly years ' art elapsed 
 since tlie occurrence, Mr. Knaggs becninc much excited while relating it. 
 
 ' I am indebted to Mr. hyon, of Detroit, for the following copy of the first mnster-roll of the "Raisin men," under 
 Cornet Isaac Lee : 
 
 firrnfl, Isaac Lee. Scrr.miit, James Tlentley. Cnrjmrtil. .T'lhn Rulanrt. Piimtm, .Tames Knaggs, Louis f)roulllard, 
 Orrlii Rhodes, Michael M'Dcnnot, Scott Ifolle, Sntnaci Dililile, Robert Glass, Cyrus Hunter, .lames Rolle, Silas Lewis, 
 Samuel Yonngs, John Murphy, Thomas Noble, Francis Moffatt, Daniel Hull, John Reddull, John Creamer. 
 
 From October, 1S13, to April, 1^)4, Captain I^oe commanded a liuge comimny of dragoons. His lieutenants wen' 
 George Johnson and John Ruland. The late Judge Laurent Durochcr was cornet. Johnson was a very bravo olBeer, 
 and In the Iiattle of Maguaga lie actually commauiied Smyth's dragoons. 
 
 The patriotic 
 
 cmhcr, 1 800. 
 I letiinied 
 events of the c 
 iifliw win: ] 
 son t'ov /lot pr 
 I HO, when H 
 lii.-i alleged 
 services, on av 
 .'ind the avcII-si 
 tiit' Noi'tliAvesl 
 Fort £rie,2 fu 
 'III tli/it oceasit 
 iiies.sciiger that 
 «ard moveinei 
 'ion to push 
 Nix'ty miles fro 
 Lower Sandus 
 Portage, with 
 fie J)ressed foi- 
 "liere one reg 
 IVrkins. This 
 i'liil Harrison (' 
 
 ' I nm indebted to , 
 from lite Ly that gent 
 
 ' I-ii'iilonaiit Colont 
 "it""« within the com 
 iMi'y looked upon as 
 "wps to succor him 
 "iMIon, and General 11 
 "M .;,e,,, and „ |„^^,^ 
 
 "'"Icrjiich a pressure 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 363 
 
 The patriotic Knaggs Family. Ilurrlaon unjustly censured. 
 
 His Efforts to relieve Winchester at the Kalsln. 
 
 narrow escapes. This made him feci bit- 
 terly toward them. 
 
 At the battle of tlic Thames, Knaggs 
 identified the body of Tecuintha, it is said, 
 he liaving beeu long acquainted with the 
 great Shawnoe. He was absent in Ohio 
 on his parole when the battle of the Raisin 
 occurred. lie \vas the youngest of five 
 brothers, all of whom were active in mili- 
 tary service. His four brothers served 
 as spies with Captain Wells, who Avas 
 killed at Chicago. One of them was 
 captured in the war of 1812, and carried 
 a prisoner to Halifax. They were all men 
 of strong convictions, and each, until the 
 day of his death, hated both the British 
 and their Indian allies, for they had all 
 suftered at their hands, 
 
 Mv. Knaggs seemed in fine 
 health and spirits when I 
 visited him ; but, a little more 
 tlian three months afterward, 
 he died suddenly. His death 
 occurred on the 23d of De- 
 eeinlwr, 18C0.1 
 
 I Rtmiied to Detroit by the evening train, filled wiMi reflections concerning the 
 I vents of the day, and those which made the Kaisin terribly conspicuous in the annals 
 iCiIk' whi; I remembered that some of the newspapers of the day censured Ilani- 
 >oii for not promptly s ortiiig Winchester; and that in the political campaign of 
 18)0, when Harrison a, elected President of the United States, his enemies cited 
 his alleged shortcomings on this occasion as evidence that his military genius and 
 service!*, on Avhich his liinie mostly rested, were myths. But contemporary history, 
 iiid the well-settled con\ ictions of his surviving companions in arms whom I met in 
 lilt' Northwest, as well as the gallant engineer, Colonel Wood, Avho afterward fell at 
 Fort Erie,^ fully accjuit General Harrison of all blame or lack of soldierly qualities 
 111 tluit occasion. It was not until the night of the 16th that he was hiformed by a 
 messenger that General Winchester had arrived at the Iin\' Is, and meditated a for- 
 ward movement. The latter intimation alarmed Harrison, and lie made every exer- 
 tion to push troops forward from Upper Sandusky, where he was then quartered, 
 sixty miles from the Kapids by way of the Portage River, and seventy-six miles by 
 Lower Sandusky. He immediately ordered his tutillery to advance by way of the 
 Poi'tao;e, with an escort of three hundred men, under Major Orr, with provisions ; and 
 lie pressed forward himself, as speedily as possible, by the way of Lower Sandusky, 
 where one regiment and a battalion were stationed, under the command of General 
 Perkins. This battalion Avas ordered to march immediately, under Major Cotgrove, 
 ami Ilarrisou determined to follow it the next morning. He was just rising from hia 
 
 ' lam inilebtcd to Mr. WilUnni H. Ttowlsby, n i>hotographer In Monroe, for the likeness of Mr. KnniiKS. It wis taken 
 from life \,y Unit gentlemiui. The Bignntiirc wan written in my noto-book by Mr. Knaggs when I \ Uited him. 
 
 : lieulouiiiit Colonel Woixl, then Ilanlnon's chief engineer, with the rank of ciiptaln, afterward said, " What humaii 
 iiioana wilhiu the control ofOcneral Harrison rould prevent the anticipated disaster, and save that corps which wa-s al- 
 ipaily lijoked upon as lost, as doomed to Inevitable destrnctlon f Certainly none, because neither orders to halt nor 
 roops to succor him LWinchesler] could be received in time, or at least that was iho expectation. He was already in 
 iiintion, and General Harrison still at I'pper Sandusky, seventy miles in his rear. The weather was Inclement, the snow 
 1 IS i;.t'|), and a large portion of the Black Swamp was yet open. What would a TareuDe or a Eugiuo have doaei 
 KMkr «uch a pressure of embarrassing circumstances, more tUau Harrison did ?' 
 
364 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Harrison at the Maamce Knpids. He asoigtB the Fugitives from tlic Raisin. His Aniiy at the Mattnicc Kapidg 
 
 bed when a messenger ctiine with the tidings of tlio advance of Lewis upon Froiicli- 
 town. Perkins was immediately ordered to press forward to the Hapids the remain- 
 ing troops under his command. After hastily breakfasting, he and Perkins procetilcd 
 in a sleigh. They were met on the way by an express with intelligence of Lewis's 
 victory at the Haisin. This nerved Harrison to greater exertions. He pushed I'oi'- 
 ward alone and on horseback, through the swamps filled with snow, in daylight and 
 in darkness, and, after almost superhuman eflbrts, he reached the Rapids early on tia. 
 morning of the 20th. Wiu,chester had dejiarted for the Raisin the previous evonini;, 
 and Harrison could do nothing better than wait for his oncoming troops, under Poikins 
 and Cotgrove, and the artillery by the Portage. What remained at the Rajjids of 
 Winchester's army, under Colonel Payne, were sent forward toward the Raisin, and 
 Captain Hart, the inspector general, was sent to inform Winchester of the supportiii<> 
 movements in his rear. 
 
 Alas ! the roads were so almost impassable tliat the troops moved very slowlv, 
 After the utmost exertions they were too late. News came to Harrison, at tvn 
 o'clock on the morning of the 22d, of the attack of the British and Indians on tiic 
 Americans at Frenchtown. The fraction of Perkins's brigade which liad arrived at 
 the Rapids was sent forward, and Harrison himself hastened toward the Raisin. He 
 met the affrighted fugitives, who told doleful stories of the scenes of the morninff 
 and assured the commander that the British and Indians were in pursuit of the 
 broken army of Winchester toward the Rapids. This intelligence spurred on the 
 re-enforcements. Other fugitives were soon met, who declared thai the defeat of 
 Winchester was total and irretrievable, and that no aid in Harrison's power could 
 Aviu back the victory of the enemy. A council of officers Avas held at Ilai-rison's 
 head-quarters in the saddle, when it was decided that a farther advance would be 
 useless and imprudent. A few active men v/ere sent forward to assist the fujfitives 
 in escaping, Avliile the main body returned t(- the Rajdds. There anotlier couiieil «aj 
 held, which resulted in an order for the trocps, ntimbering not more than nine hund- 
 red men, to fall back to the Portage (pbou eigliteon miles), establish there a forti- 
 fied camp, wait for the arrival of the at i!! "y and accompanying troops, and tlien tu 
 push forward to the Rapids again. 
 
 The latter movement was delayed on account of heavy rains. On the 30th of Jan- 
 uary Colonel Leftwitch arrived with Ids brigade, a regiment of Pennsylvania troops, 
 and a greater part of the artillery, and on the 1st of February General Harrison 
 moved toward the Rapids with seventeen hundred men. He took post on the rii;lit 
 bank of the river, upon high ami commanding ground, at the foot of the Raj)ids, and 
 there established a fortified camp, to which Avas afterward given, in honor of the gov- 
 enior of Oiiio, the name of Fort Meigs. All the troops that could be spared from 
 other posts Avere crdered there, Avith the design of pressing on toAvard Maiden before 
 the middle of February ; but circumstances caused delay, and the Array of the Xorth- 
 west tarried for some time on the bank of the Maumec before opening the campaign 
 of 1813 in that region. 
 
 Events on tb 
 
 We will 
 
 paign of 181 
 St. LaAvrenc 
 ill |)oint of t 
 initiated the 
 oflhitish vi 
 mh of the 
 wh'wh lay a 
 miles, were £ 
 When wai 
 eru li-ontier 
 'he construe 
 iind Henry F 
 Tnited State 
 She was inte 
 iin the fronti 
 of intimtry a 
 of Lake Onta 
 m the south 
 .u'ling. Til is 
 and viiidicarii 
 iinlil the sprii 
 The LegisI; 
 government, t 
 that commoin 
 arms to be dt 
 lowing year a 
 
 ' The Indians ga> 
 fireat River." It rt 
 l'^«, and in isu it 
 fronlier. Millioua . 
 foraif not to have b 
 
 ' The cnjuhvint; o 
 Wftod at a cost of i 
 l»mbiii) Street, betw 
 II was sold. 
 
 I'll II 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 305 
 
 E/ents on the Northt-rn Frontier. 
 
 First wnrlike Menaurefi there. 
 
 Enforcement of the Keveuue Law). 
 
 CHAPTER XVra. 
 
 "Oh 1 now the time hns come, my boys, to cross the Yankee line. 
 We remember they were rebels once, and conquered John Unrgoyne; 
 We'll 8iil)due those mighty Democratc, and pull their dwelliufjs down, 
 And we'll have the States inhabited with subjects to the crown." 
 
 SoNu— TuE NouLB Lads of Ci.i(Adjl. 
 
 iX j)rece(lint? chapters the military events in the Northwest, 
 w here the Avar was first commenced in earnest, have heen con- 
 sidered in a group, as forming a distinct episode in tlie history. 
 By such grou[)ing, in proper order, the reader may obtain a 
 comprehensive view of the entire campaign of 1812 in that re- 
 gion, wJiich ended with the establishment of Generalllarrison's 
 head-quarters on the banks of the Maumee early in February, 
 1813. 
 
 We will now consider the next series of events, in the order of time, in the cam- 
 paign of 1812, which occurred on the Northern frontier, from Lake Erie to the River 
 St. Lawrence. The movements in the Northwest already recorded claim precedence, 
 in point of time, over those on the Northern frontier of only seven days, Hull liaving 
 initiated the former by the invasion of Canada on the 12th of July, and a squadron 
 oflhitish vessels having opened the latter by an attack on Sackett's Harbor on the 
 19th of the same month. The parties hi these movements, between the scenes of 
 wjiit'h lay an almost unbroken wilderness of wood and water of several hundred 
 miles, were absolutely independent of each other in immediate impulse and action. 
 
 When M'ar was declared the United States possessed small means on the north- 
 ern frontier for offensive or defensive operations. The first warlike measure was 
 tlie construction,, at Oswego, on Lake Ontario, of the brig Oneidu, by Christian Berg 
 ,111(1 Henry Eckford, under the direction of Lieutenant Melancthon Woolsey, of the 
 Tnitod States Navy. She was commenced in 1808, and was launched early in 180f). 
 She was intended chiefly ibr employment in the enforcement of the revenue laws 
 (Ml the frontier, under the early embargo acts. For a shnilar purpose, a company 
 (if inf'iiiitry and some artillery were pooted at Sackett's Harbor, at the eastern end 
 ut'Lake Ontario,' in 1808; and in March, 1809, militia detachments were stationed 
 (111 tlie southern shores of the St. Lawrence, opposite Kingston, to prevent smug- 
 (.'iinc;. Tliis duty gave rise to many stirring scenes on the frontier hi the violation 
 mill vindication of the revenue laws, which were generally evaded or openly defied 
 until the spring of 1812, when a more stringent embargo act was passed." -April 4, 
 
 Till' Legislature of the State of New York, as vigilant as the national ^'*''^- 
 .'Dveniinent, took measures early for enforcing the laws on the Canada frontier of 
 tlmt commonwealth. In February, 1808, the governor ordered five hundred stand of 
 linns to be deposited at Chamjiion, in the ])resent county of Jefferson ; and the fol- 
 lowing year an arsenal was built at Watertown,* on the Black River, twelve miles 
 
 s 
 
 1 The Indians ijave this an almost unpronounceable and interminable name, which sipnlfled "Fort at the month of 
 Groat River." It received its name from Augustus Saokett, the first se'tler. It was constituted an election district in 
 I^iVI, and in 1?I14 it was incorporated a village. Unring the war of 1812 It was the chief military post on th'5 Northern 
 froiilicr. Millions of dollars have been expended there for fortifications and war vessels, yet prosperity as a village 
 fOPniB not to have been its lot. It contains loss than one thousand inhabitflnts. 
 
 ' Tlic cngrnving of the Arsenal lliilldtn!; on the following page Is from n sketch made by the writer in 18.1(5. It wa« 
 jrcctod at a cost of about two thousand dollars. Il is still [ISfiT] standing, on the south side of Arsenal (formerly Co- 
 lumbliO Street, between Benedict and Madison Streets. It was maintained by the state as an arsenal until 1S50, when 
 Il was sold. 
 
 # 
 
r 
 
 306 
 
 riCTOItlAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 War Uateriali at Wutertown. The Militia there in Commuud of General Brown. The detached Militia of the 8Ut«. 
 
 eastward of Sackett's Harbor, under tho di- 
 rection of Hart Massey,' where arms, llxid 
 iuninunition, aceoutri'inents, and otlicr war 
 sujiplieH were Hpoedily gathered for use on 
 tJie Northern frontier. In May, 1 ftl 2, a ri'ir. 
 iincnt of militia, under Colonel Ciiristdplur 
 I', liellinger, was stationed at Saekett's Ilai- 
 bor, a part of which was kept on duty at 
 Cai)e Vincent. Jacob Brown, an entcrjiris- 
 int; farmer from I'eniifiylviinia, who hud set- 
 tled on the borders of the Black Hiver about 
 four miles from Watertown, and had bocii 
 appointed a brigadier general of militia in 
 1811, was then in command of the first de- 
 tachment of New York's quota of the one liundred thousand militia which the Presi- 
 ' April 10, dent was authorized to call out by act of Congress.* When war was do- 
 dared he was charged with the defense of the frontier from Oswego to Laki' 
 
 ABUKNAL Ul'ILUl.NU, WATKUTUW.N. 
 
 Api 
 18 
 
 812. 
 
 St. Francis, a distance of two hundred miles.* 
 
 ' Mr. Maosey was one of the earlier settlers of Watertown. The first religious mcetlnp; there was held in his honKp 
 He wascollector of the port of Sackett's Harbor at the time in question, and held that office all lliroui;h what was call- 
 ed " Embargo times" and the War. He died at Watertown in March, 1S63, at the age of eighty-two year;?. 
 
 ' By a General Order Issued from the War Department on the 'Jlst of April, 1S12, the detached militia of the State of 
 New York were arranged in two divisions iiud eight brigades. STr.rnEN Van Uenpsei.aek, of Albany, was appolnlcil 
 major general, and assigned to the command of the First Division ; and Benjamin Mooeus, of Plattsburg, was ii|i. 
 pointed to the same office, and placed in command of the Second Division. 
 
 The eight brigadiers commissioned for the service were assigned to the several brigades as follows: Ist brlsado. 
 OEEAai) STEniiiFORP, of the city of New York ; 2d, Reuiikn Hoi-kinb, of Goshen, OraBge County; 8d, Micajah PETiif. 
 of Queensbury, Washington County ; 4th, Kiohako Dodue, of .lohnstown, Montgomery County ; BIh, Jaooii linowN, of 
 Bro^'nsville, Jefferson County; fltli, Daniel Mii.i.er, of Homer, Cortland County; 7th, Wii.liah Wadswoutii, ofOeu- 
 cseo, ')ntarlo County; 8th, Geoboe M'Clube, of Bath, Steuben County. 
 
 This force was farther subdivided Into twenty regiments, and to the command of each a lieutenant colonel was aj- 
 signed, ac follows: 
 
 First Brigade : tst regiment, Beehman M. Van liuren, of the city of New York; 2d, Jonas Mapeii, of the city of New 
 York ; 3d, John IHtmiu, of Jamaica, Queens County. 
 
 Second Frigade: 4tli regiment, Abraham J. Iltirdenherc/h, of Shawangnnk, Ulster Connty; 6th, Martin Ileermamt, o( 
 Rhlneheck, Duche.ss County; fith, Abraham Van Wi/ck, of Fishkiil, Duchess County. 
 
 Third Brigade : 7th regiment, Jameti Green, of Argyle. Waslilngton County ; 8th, Thoman Miller, of Plattsburg, Clin- 
 ton Connty ; nth, Peter I. Voittmrgh, of KInderhook, Clolumbia Connty. 
 
 Fourth Brigade : 10th regiment, John Prior, of CJreenfleld, Saratoga Connty, and llth, Calviri llich, of Sharon, Scho- 
 harie County, to be attached to the regiments from General Veedcr's division ; 12th, JuAn T. Vaji Dal/sm, o( Cmymati't. 
 Albany County, and 13th, Putnam Farrington, of Delhi, Delaware Connty, to be attached to the regiments from Gen- 
 eral Todd's division. 
 
 Fifth Brigade : 14th regiment, Willitr'n Stone, of Whltestown, Oneida Connty ; IBth, Thmnas B. Benedict, of Dc Kalb, 
 St. Lawrence County. 
 
 Sixth Brigade : 10th regiment, Farrand Stranahan, of Cooperstown, Otiiego Connty ; ITth, Thmnas Mead, of Norwich, 
 Chenango County. 
 
 Seventh Brigade : !9th regiment, Htuih W. Dobbin, of Juntas, Seneca Connty ; 19th, Uenr^ Bloom, of Geneva, Cayu- 
 ga Connty ; 20th, Peter Allen, of Bloomileld, Ontario Connty. 
 
 To tho Eighth Brigade was assigned the regiment of light Infantry under Colonel ieremlah Johnson, of Brooklyn, 
 Kings County, and the regiment of riflemen under Colonel Francis M'Clure, of the c .y of New York. 
 
 General Van Rensselaer assigned to the several brigades the following staff officers : 
 
 RrigwlM. 
 
 BriKade MiljoM amt Innprrlom. 
 
 Drigoilp QiiarVminAtcn. 
 
 nrigadea. 
 
 Bl^ade Mnjora and Inflpectora. 
 
 nrlgaile QuBrtiirniiutcrf 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 Theophilns Pierce. 
 John Dill. 
 
 Michael S. Van der Cock. 
 Moses S. Cantine. 
 
 Charles Graham. 
 Robert Heart. 
 Dean Edson. 
 Leon'd H. Oansevoort. 
 
 S 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Robert Shoemaker. 
 Thomas Greenley. 
 Julius Keyes. 
 Joseph Lad. 
 
 Henry Seymour. 
 Nathaniel R. Packard. 
 Henry Wells. 
 Jeremiah Anderson. 
 
 I have compiled the above statement from Ocnen.l Vcji Rensselaer's first General Order, Issned from hie head-quar 
 ters at Albany on the 19th of June, 1S12." The following paragraph fW)m his second General Order, issued on the IStli 
 of Jnly, indicates the special field of operations to which General Van Rensselaer was assigned : " Major General Ste- 
 phen Van Rensselaer having been requested to repair to the command of the militia heretofore ordered into the service. 
 and to be hereafter ordered Into the service of the United States for the defcT?e of the Northern and Western IVoiiti'-'f 
 of thir state between St. Regis and Pennsylvania, enters upon his command tnla day." In the same Order General Van 
 Rcnsselaet declared that all the militia comprehended in the brigades organized by his General Order of the ISth of 
 June, " together with the corps commanded by Lieutenant Colonels SwlP, Flemmlng, and Bellinger, were subject to 
 his division orders." 
 
 • General Van Rensselaer's MS. Order Book ffom June 18th to October let, 1812. 
 
 SelznreofBritlsl 
 
 In 3Iay, ] 
 Canada, and 
 Sliu was foil 
 mandiiig \V( 
 Act. Aboul 
 tiired at St. ^ 
 same time, st 
 of a violatior 
 iiition. Wh( 
 leuce, eiglit - 
 ored to escaj: 
 effects. An f 
 present villaj 
 gave chase in 
 Islands,' a lit 
 Packet), and 
 It was beli( 
 tensive ones, 
 Thousand Ish 
 boats were tc 
 General I3ro\\ 
 measures to r 
 to the former, 
 laration of wa 
 militia of Jeff 
 if necessary, f 
 Grosse River. 
 St. Lawrence, 
 the frontier fi-c 
 Piogis. Measii 
 and Cape Vin 
 Kingston in a 
 built vessels ft 
 On the llth 
 Comraander V> 
 squ.idron of Bi 
 Xekon and dc 
 Harbor. Tlie 
 similar form. 
 ;it early dau i 
 ward the Ilarh 
 -4; Frince lie^ 
 command of Ci 
 returning from 
 to Ce'linger, tl 
 
 ' Tils group of Isla 
 seven miles along its 
 most of them arc me 
 mter'sedgc. Some i_ 
 miles. Cauoesandsi 
 other large vessels, w 
 from two to nine mil 
 fus determined in 181 
 Md WelU's, belonging 
 daring two centuries i 
 
 ' lili'ory (if St. iMwr 
 
 1*1 i'l iiij' it it 
 
ngmmmmi^' 
 
 1 V 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 867 
 
 Stinre of British Veeeela on Lalce Ontario, 
 
 Retaliation expected. 
 
 Nortliem Militia called oat. 
 
 In May, 1812, tho schooner Lord Nelson, owned by parties at Niagara, Upper 
 Camilla, and laden witli flour and merciiandiHo, sailed from that jjort for Kingston. 
 She waH found in American waters, captured l)y the Oneid'i, under Lieutenant C.'om- 
 maiKliiig Woolsey, ami condemned as a lawful jirizo for a violation of the Embiirgo. 
 jU't. About a month later," anotlier British schooner, the Ontario, was ca[»- • june i4, 
 tared at St. Vincent, but was soon afterward dischargwl; and at about the *^'*" 
 same time, still another British schooner, named Niagara, was seized, and sold because 
 of a violation of tho revenue laws. These events, as v/as expected, soon led to retal- 
 iation. When news of tlie declaration of war reached Ogdensburg, on tiic St. Law- 
 rence, eight American schooners — trading vessels — lay in its harbor. They endeav- 
 ored to escape'' to Lake Ontario, bearing away aft'riglited families and their „ 
 effects. An active Canadian partisan named Jones, living not far from tl;c 
 present village of Maitland, had raised a company of volunteers to capture tliem. He 
 i;ave chase in boats, overtook the fugitive unarmed flotillii at the foot of the Thousand 
 islands,' a little above IJrockville, captured two of the schooners [Sophia and Island 
 Packet), and emptied and burned tliem. The remainder retreated to Ogdeusburg.'- 
 
 It was believed that this movement was only the beginninfj of more active and ex- 
 tensive ones, oftensive and defensive, on the part of the Tiritish — that several of the 
 Thousand Islands were about to be fortified, and that expeditions of armed men in 
 boats were to be sent over to dt vastate the country along the northern frontier. 
 General Brown and Commander Woolsey, vested with full authority, took active 
 measures to repel invasion and protect the lake coast and river shores. In a letter 
 to tlie former, Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, informed him of the dec- 
 laration of war, and directed him to call out re-enforcements for Bellinger from the 
 militia of Jcfierson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence Counties, and to arm and equip them, 
 if necessary, from the arsenals at Watertown, and at Russel, farther north on the 
 Grosse River. Colonel Benedict, of ^ ^ ^^ y 
 
 St. Lawrence, was ordered to guard €^^^^tc^(^, S^ c^^^t^^t/t^^^^' 
 
 the frontier from Ogdensburg to St. 
 
 Regis. Measures were also taken to concentrate a considerable force at Ogdensburg 
 and Cape Vincent, for the twofold purpose of guarding the frontier and keeping 
 Kingston in a state of alarm, that being the chief naval station where the British 
 built vessels for service on Lake Ontario. 
 
 On the 11th of July the inhabitants on the frontier were alarmed by a rumor that 
 Comraander Woolsey and his Oneida had been captured by the enemy, and that a 
 squadron of British vessels were on their way from Kingston to recapture the Lord 
 XelsoH and destroy Sackett's Harbor. General Brown immediately repaired to tlu- 
 Harbor. The rumor was a false one, but a part of it was the precursor of truth in a 
 similar form. Eighteen days afterward Commander Woolsey saw from his mast-head, 
 lit early dau n, a squadron of five British vessels of war olF Stony Island, beating to- 
 ward the Harbor with the wind dead ahead. These proved to be the Royal George, 
 24; Prince Regent, 22; Earl of Moira, 20; Siincoe, 12; and Seneca, 4, under the 
 command of Commodore Earle, a Canadian. On the way up they captured a boat 
 returning from Cape Vincent ; and by the crew (who were released), they sent word 
 to lie'Unger, the commandant at Sackett's Harbor, that all they wanted was the 
 
 ' This group of islonds, lying in the St. Lawrence River, jnst below the foot of Lake Ontario, (ill that river for twenty- 
 seven mi]c9 along its course, and number more than flflcen hiinrtred. A few of them are large and cultivated, but the 
 most of them arc mere rocky islet?, covered generally with stunted hemlocks and cedar-trees, which extend to the 
 water's edge. Sonie of them contain an area of only a few square yards, while others present many supeiUcial square 
 miles. Cauoes and small boats may pass in safety among all of thcra, and there is a deef) channel for steamboats and 
 iither large vessels, which never varies in depth or position, the bottom being rocky. The St. Lawrence here varies 
 trom two to nine miles In width. The boundary-line between the United States and Canadu passes among them. It 
 ns determined In 1818. The largest of the islands ore Orand and //ow,-, belonging to Canada, and Carlcton, CfritulHtnne, 
 iiid VriMe, belonging to the tJullcd States. They have been the theatre of many historic scones aud legendary tales 
 daring two centuries and a half. 
 
 ' Uli'ory of St. .'Mwrence ond Franklin Countie*, by Franklin Hough, M.D., pages 020, 021. 
 
 1 ( 
 
 .::i. 
 
 . : 1 
 
Ill 'I 
 
 ;iC8 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-UOOK 
 
 PropiiratiiiiiH for Ivnttle. 
 
 Approach of the Krltlali S(|niidr»ii. 
 
 A brief Bklrmlib. 
 
 Captiiln VaughM, 
 
 Oneida and the Lord Nelson, at tlie sami! time warning the inhabitants that if the 
 wqnadron whould he tired upon, i\\v town Hhould be bnniud. 
 
 l'('r<!eiviiig the jx'iil to whieh the Oneida was cx|t()S('d, Woolscy wt icjliod aiiclidr 
 and attenijitc'd to gain tiie lalie. lie failed, retnrned, and moored liis mmniI just out- 
 side of Navy Point, on wliicii the ship-honso now [1867] stands, in such position tlmt 
 her broadside of nine gnns niigiit be broufj;lit (o bear on the enemy. Tlio renmimloi' 
 of lier guns wen^ taken out, to be placed in battery on land. An iron tliirtv-two- 
 pounder, designe<l for tiie Oneida, but found to be too heavy, had already been i.Jaced 
 on a battery of tliree nine-pounders upon the bluft" at the foot of tlie main street f 
 •the village, on whieli (he dwelling of tlie eoinmander of the naval station there now 
 stands. Tliat lieavy gun had been lying near tlio shore, partly ind)eddeil in the niml 
 for some time, and from tliat cireumstanee had ae(|uired the name of 77/e Olil Sow. 
 These cannon, with two brass nine-pounders in charge of an artillery eoinpany uiidtT 
 the command of C'ajttain Elisha C-amp, and two sixes fished out of the laki^ from the 
 wreck of an English ship near Duck Island, composed the lieavy metal with wliidi 
 to combat the ai)j)roaehing Uritish s(juadron. The soldiers for the same juniioso 
 eomi)rised only a part of l>ellinger's regiment. Camp's Sackett's Harbor .Vrtiikiv, 
 which proni])tly volunteered for thirty days' service, the crew of the 07ii'ida, ;iiiil 
 three hundred militia. At the first appearance of the enemy alarm-guns were ijitil, 
 and couriers were sent into the country in all directions to arouse tlie militia. At 
 sunset nearly three thousand had arrived or were near, but they were too late. Vic- 
 tory had been lost and won earlj' in the day. 
 Woolsey, the best engineer otticer present, left his brig in charge of his lieutenant, 
 
 it at eight o'clock liy 
 a shot from the liii; 
 gun, which was harm- 
 less, and drew from 
 the peojile on tlio 
 lioi/al George a re- 
 sponse of derisive 
 laughter, which could 
 be plainly heard on 
 the shore. This was 
 followed by some shots 
 from those two vessels 
 in the advance at the 
 distance of a mile, 
 which were quickly 
 answered by Vauirhan, 
 The firing was kept up 
 for about two hours, 
 the scpiadrou standiiij; 
 off" and on, out of ran!j;e 
 of the smaller guns. 
 
 and took the general 
 command on shore. He 
 placed the 32-pounder 
 in charge of Captain 
 William ^ auglian, a 
 sailing-master of emi- 
 nence then living at 
 Sackett's Harbor,' and 
 directed Cajjtain Camp 
 to manage the others 
 in battery. Meanwhile 
 the enemy Avere slowly 
 drawing near; and by 
 the time Woolsey was 
 pre])ared to receive 
 them, the British flag- 
 ship Iloyal Georf/e, 
 closely followed by the 
 Prince liefjent, were 
 close enough for ac- 
 tion. Vaughan opened 
 
 0« 
 
 WIU.IAM VACailAN. 
 
 ' From tlic widow of Captain Vnudlian, yet [1807] living nt Sacltott's Ilarlior, I received tlie foilowiiiB l)ri('f sktii li 
 of his life : Ho was borii in the middle of Antmst, 17T0, nt Will{ea-Bnrri\ in the Valley of Wyoming, Penn«ylvuiiiii. llf 
 was two years old wlicn the maBPacre took place there, and his inotlier fled with him over the mountains. At tlii' :li- 
 of eighteen years he visited Canada. The posts of Oswego, Fort Carloton, and Presentation, or Oswegatchie, \ww \\\n\ 
 held T>-j the British, and ho was comi)elled to have a passport to go from post to post on the soil of the United Siates. 
 He returned to Canada in 1797, after these posts were given up, and engaged In lake navigation. Ho was a pilot on 
 Lake Ontario for many years, and when the war broke out he was appointed a sailing-master. He served with Rrcul 
 activity during the war. Wo shall meet him occasionally in the course of our narrative. After the war he rctiinicd tc 
 the occupation of mariner, and was master, at different times, of six steamboats on Lake Ontario. Alimit the year iswi 
 his Rj>inc received an Injury by his falling on the ice while rescuing a man and two women from destruction ammig 
 floating ice agitated by liigh winds. He never recovered. He died at Sackctt'e Harbor ou the 10th of Doccmber, WT, 
 aged eighty-one years. 
 
 FaUl R«t>oand 
 
 'flip most 
 
 ! I tliirty-tw 
 
 man.Hion (fl 
 
 iloor-yard. ' 
 
 ('a|)taiii Va 
 
 (•aii!,'lit 'em 
 
 liu>inl Geon 
 
 captive ball 
 
 plctely, sent 
 
 HiHiiided eir 
 
 licr sides, ain 
 
 to|»irallaiit-iii 
 
 li.id lieeii cliii 
 
 ^iirnal of reti 
 
 passage thro 
 
 wliile the ha 
 
 L't'eeted their 
 
 ha<l lii'cn inj'ii 
 
 serene .Sahhat 
 
 inarkable hiid 
 
 The coniin.'i 
 
 Mwc to both ] 
 
 of iirined a'css 
 
 one. The onl 
 
 their ability t< 
 
 vaiyiug in hIz, 
 
 I'liangcd into a 
 
 burg when ^va 
 
 rapture a. } (k 
 
 ilieni w!is a nu 
 
 Milt, tlu. Hriti.sl 
 
 Lawrence to V 
 
 "I'ls. To accon 
 
 lion, consisting 
 
 of Oswego, ant 
 
 and two long > 
 
 tenant 11. \\. ^ 
 
 ride corps luide 
 
 Harbor on tJie 
 
 'iiemy. "Our n 
 
 kins on that d; 
 
 ' One of Captain Va 
 
 Kad- Julius. He eerv 
 
 laall-iimis, moHtofth( 
 
 • -^iilioiigh tlie gnn V 
 
 'w II lhlrty-two.poun( 
 
 ' I ii'I'.v wrapping then 
 
 ('.*"tu.«cdonthator( 
 
 'On iny way to Sack 
 
 ""wrd, who was at S,i 
 
 »nt concerning the n 
 
 'Mhorlty of James But 
 
 n-iiiior that the Ameri( 
 
 "i™ of being a spy. ti 
 
 Briilsh and returned to 
 
 7*'H-'"-,l.,S2;Coo 
 
 "Hi Hatcments to the 
 
 Ilonard. 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 noo 
 
 PiKlBtbouiA of* Brttlib Hhot. 
 
 The 8<|uailrnn repuli'cil. 
 
 Preparntlonii fur War on Lake Ontario. 
 
 The inoHt of tlio t'tu'iny's wliot foil n<j;iunHf tlio rocks lit-low the liattcry. Oiio of tliesc 
 (i fIiirty-tW(i-i»oun(l hsill) oaino ovt-r the bluff, nt ruck tfu' ciirtli not thr from SackettV 
 iiiaiisiou (tlicri ()cc»pi('<l by ViiugluiirH fuiiiily), ami plowed a deep furrow into tlie 
 door-Viird. ' It was immediately caugiit n\> liy Sergeant Spier, wlio ran witii it to 
 Captiii" Vaughan, exelaiining, "I've been playing ball witli the red-coats, and liave 
 cftui;lit Via <iu( See if the British can eatch back again." At that moment the 
 Bm/al Oeor</e was wearing to give a broadside, when Vanghan's gun sent back tlie 
 captive ball with such force and precision'^ that it struck her stern, raked her com- 
 iilctflv, sent splint'M's as high as her mizzen top-sail yard, killed fourteen men, and 
 wounded eighteen !' The tlag-ship had already received a sliot that went through 
 litT sides, and another between wind and water. 'I'lie Ih-ince licyoit had lost her fore- 
 to|)i;allaiit-mast, and \]w Itkirlof MoirahwA hceii hulled. The laughter of the enemy 
 ha(i hoen changed into wailing. J^isaster suggested the exercise of discretion, and a 
 sjciiiil of retreat was sjjeetlily given after the returned ball had nuide its di'struetive 
 imsnasji' through tlie ship. The sfpnidron put about an<l sailed out of the harbor, 
 M-hilo the band on shore jtlayed Yankee Doodle, and the troops and the citizens 
 ijiwtod their departure with loud cheers. Nothing, animate or inanimate, on shore 
 had been injured in the least by the cannonading of two hours' duration.'' It was a 
 scivnc Sabbath morning, and the village at evening was as quiet as if nothing re- 
 markable had happened. 
 
 Till' oiiuunand of the waters of Lake Ontario was now an object of groat import- 
 iincp to both parties. To obtain this advantage recpiired the s])eediest pre])aration 
 iif armed vessels. The British had several afloat already; the Americans had but 
 one, Tlie oidy hope of the latter of securing the supremacy of the lake rested upon 
 ihi'ir ability to convert merchant vessels afloat into warriors. These were schooners 
 viirviiiii in size from thirty to one liundred tons burden, and susceptible of being 
 I liaii'.,'i'd into active gun-boats. Eight of them, as we have observed, were at Ogdens- 
 liuri; wilt"" war yas declared. Two had been destroyed, and six now remained. To 
 caiiture ;>. } destroy them was an important object to the British ; to save and arm 
 tlu'iii "its a more important object to the Americans. To accomi)lish the former re- 
 Milt, ti . Ihitish sent the l^Jorl of Moirii^ 14, and Duke of Gloucester, 10, down the St. 
 l,awri'iice to Prescott, opposite Ogdcnsburg, to Avatch or seize the imprisoned ves- 
 H'is. To accomplisli the latter, the Americans sent a small force in the same direc- 
 lioii, consisting of the schooner Julia (built by the late venerable IVIatthew M'Nair, 
 (if Oswego, and named in honor of his daughter), armed with a long thirty -two 
 ami two long sixes, bearing about sixty volunteers, under the command of Lieu- 
 tenant II. W. Wells, from the Oneida, -with Captains Vaughan and Dixon ; also a 
 rifle corps under Noadiah Hubbard, in a Durham boat. These sailed from Saekett's 
 Harbor on the evening of the 30th of July, unmindful of the superior force of the 
 nK'iuy. " Our means are humble," General Brown wrote to Governor Tomp- . j„iy gy^ 
 kins on that day," "but, with the blessing of Heaven, this republican gun- 
 
 1812. 
 
 I One of Cnptnln Vnughan's gunners wns .Inlius Torrey, ft negro, who wns a great favorite, and known In camp ne 
 Bhfk Julius. He served at hie post with the greatest courage and activity. As the enemy was heyond the reach of 
 smll-arms, most of the troops were Inactive spectators of the scene.— Hough's Ilitttorii nf Jeffermn Cimiit]/, page 404. 
 
 = .Mthough the gini was well managed, the range of the shot had hccn a little wild hecause of their size. The gun 
 it» n ihlrty-lwo-pounder, bnt the largest balls to be found i.t Saekett's Ilsrbor were twenty-fours. These were made 
 ;iii! by wra|)plng Uiem In pieces of carpet. The British thirty-two wsif just the shot needed for precision. The small- 
 trflii.t used on that occasion were brought from the Taherg Work.-^, Di.ir Rome, or.ly a week before. 
 
 ' On my way to Saekett's Harbor in the summer of ISflO, I saw at Big Sandy Creek an old seaman named .Ichaziel 
 Howard, who was at Saekett's Harbor at this time, and fVom him I learned some of the facts al)ov<! stated. His state- 
 nioiit concerning the number of killed and wounded by that last shot from the thlrty-two-pounder was made on the 
 inihiirily of James Dutton, who deserted to the British a few days before the battle. Dntton told the British com- 
 in".ii(ier thnt the Americans were very weak, and hail no cannon. Their experience in the action made them suspect 
 tiiin of being a spy. They threatened to have him tried as such. Taking counsel of his fears, ho deserted from the 
 British and returned to the American camp. He was on the llot/al Gnmir at the time of the action. 
 
 ' Thr War, I., S2 ; Cooper's Naval UUtorii of the United Statcn, li ., 320, SI' ; Hough's IlixUmi nfji'ffermn Cuunty, 402-404 ; 
 m\ Matcmenta to the author by Captain (now Colonel) Camp, the late Amasa Trowbridge, M.D., and Jehazlel 
 iloward. 
 
 A A 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET {MT-3) 
 
 10 [rl^ I 
 
 I.I 
 
 2.5 
 
 ^ |3£ 
 
 12.2 
 
 t li£ 12.0 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1.25 ]j. .4 ,,.6 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 » 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 "'i^ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
i^>i 
 
 '^llflifiil 
 
 i i . „i 
 
 liiif, 
 
 § h 
 
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 hi. » 
 
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 S* ■ I 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 3T0 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Fight on the St. Lawrence. Riflemen at Sacke.t'e Harbor. Channcey chief Commander on Lake Ontario 
 
 boat muy give a good account of the Duke and the Earl; and a successful termina- 
 tion of this enterprise will give us an equal chance for the command of the lake." 
 
 The Julia and her Durham consort went to the St. Lawrence that night. Although 
 it was very dark, they arrived in safety at Cape Vincent. At early dawn, under a 
 deeply-clouded sky, they pressed forward among the Thousand Islands, the wind 
 •July 31, blowing down the river, and, at three o'clock in the afternoon," met the two 
 
 1812. British vessels off Morristown, eleven miles above Ogdensburg. They an- 
 chored at once, and opened fire upon each other. The action lasted more than three 
 hours, during which the cannonading was almost incessant, and yet the Julia was 
 only slightly injured by a single shot, and not one of the Americans was killed or 
 wounded. Tlie Earl of Moira was hulled several times, and both of the British ves- 
 sels withdrew toward the Canada shore. Night came with intense darkness, but fre- 
 quent flashes of lightning in the southern horizon reveaUMl surrounding objects for a 
 moment. With the aid of the Durham and her own yawl, the Julia made her way 
 to Ogdensburg before morning,*^ when Lieutenant Wells left her in charge 
 
 "^°* ' of Captain Vaughan, and returned to Sackett's Harbor. The armistice 
 
 tliat soon followed' enabled the Julia, with the six schooners in her wake, to make 
 
 her Avay to the lake." Meanwhile the guns of the Earl and Duke were 
 
 landed at Elizabethtown (new Brockville), and placed in battery there,^ 
 
 Early in Atigust Captain Benjamin Forsyth arrived at Sackett's Harbor with a 
 well-drilled company of riflemen. These were the first regular troops seen on tliat 
 frontier, and were welcomed with much satisfaction. General Brown urged Forsyth 
 to open a recruiting station at once, hoping to enlist two full companies of the sharp- 
 shooters. At the same time, the national government was putting for^h vigorous ef- 
 forts for acquiring the supremacy of the lakes. The appointment of a proper com- 
 . mander-in-chief of the navy to be created on them, who might properly superintend 
 its fonnation, was the first and most important measure. Fortunately for the service, 
 Captain Isaac Channcey was chosen for this responsible and arduous duty. He was 
 then at the head of the navy yard at Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the best 
 practical seamen of his time, possessed a thorough knowledge of ships in whole and 
 in detail, and was in the constant exercise of energy and industry of the highest or- 
 der. On the 31st of August he was commissioned for that special service, and on the 
 following day, Paul Hamilton, the then Secretary of the Navy, sent him a ciplier 
 alphabet and numerals, by which he might make secret communications to the De- 
 partment.' 
 
 :i 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 d\*>]A\s\C i-o-dl 
 
 I 2/| 'to' 
 
 rshifitiimnrMi^. 
 
 OIPIISB ALPHADET ANIl NUMEBALS. 
 
 ' See note 2, page 293. 
 
 ' Letter of General Brown to Governor Tompitins, August 4, 1812. Hough's nistory ofJeferaon CouttUj, pnge 4f..''>, 4C(!. 
 Hough's History of St. Laureruse and Franklin Counties, page 022. Written Statement to the Author by the lute Amaea 
 Trowbridge, M.D. 
 
 3 " After your arrival upon the lakes," wrote Mr. Hamilton, "yon may experience some difflcnlty and risk in sending 
 ^_^ I your dispatches to me ; and you may find It necesnary lo 
 
 /^f jy >» yf y ^ employacipher in yonr communications, esppcla'lyeucb 
 
 ^ /Jc/jtf^ ^^fjLyt/^..^^t.>C^'''CO't,AJ ofthem as might do the service an injury by falling into 
 •■^'^ ' i««.-'#'i''V- --U' the hands of the enemy. Under such circumstiinces, yon 
 
 will communicate to me in cipher by the following alphabet whenever yon may Judge It expedient." Here follows the 
 cipher alphabet and numerals, of which a fac-similo Is above given. The original la In the possession of the New York 
 Historical Society. It was presented by the Ilev. Mr. Cbauucey, a sou of the commodore, on the litb of February, ISIil 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 371 
 
 American and British Squadrons on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Elliott sent to Lake Erie. 
 
 Cbauncey's first Cruise. 
 
 Chauncey entered upon his new duties immediately after the receipt of his orders. 
 In the first week in September he sent forward forty ship-carpenters, with Henry 
 Eckford at their head. Others soon followed ; and Commander Woolsey was direct- 
 ed to purchase some merchant vessels for the service. On the 18th of the same 
 month, one hundred officers and seamen, with guns and other munitions of war, left 
 yew York for Sackett's Harbor, and Chauncey arrived there himself on the 6th of 
 October. The schooners Genesee Packet, Meperztnent, Collector, Lord Nelson, Charles 
 and Ann, and Diana, were purchased, and manned and named respectively in the 
 same order, Conquest, Chowler, Pert, Scourge, Governor Tompkins, and Jlamilton. 
 Their armament consisted principally of long guns mounted on circles, with a few 
 lighter ones that could be of very little service. Add to these the Oneida and Jidia 
 already in the service, and the entire flotilla, exclusive of the Madison, 24 (whose 
 keel was laid before Chauncey's arrival'), mounted only forty guns, and was manned 
 l)y four hundred and thirty men, the marines included. The Oneida carried sixteen 
 ijnns, therefore there was an average of only five guns each among the remainder of 
 the squadron. The British, at the same time, had made for service, on Ijake Ontario, 
 the ships Royal George, 22, and Earl of Moira, 14; and schooners Prince Regent, 16, 
 Buke of Gloucester, 14, Simcoe, 12, and Seneca, 4. These, in weight of metal, were 
 double the power of the American, while there was a corresponding disparity in the 
 number of men.^ 
 
 Lake Erie, over which also Chauncey was appointed commander, was separated 
 from Ontario by the impassable cataract of Niagara, and vessels for use on the wa- 
 ters of the former had to be constructed on its shores, or at Detroit, where the unfin- 
 ished brig Adams, captured at the surrender of Hull, had been built. For the pur- 
 pose of creating a fleet there, Chauncey sent Lieutenant Jesse D. Elliott with orders 
 for purchasing vessels similar to those given to Commander Woolsey. We shall 
 consider some of Elliott's earlier operations presently. 
 
 Cliauncey first appeared on Lake Ontario as the commander of a squadron on the 
 8th of November, a cold, raw, blustery day, with his broad pennant fluttering over 
 the Oneida, his flag-ship, accompanied by six small vesf^els,^ and bound on an expe- 
 dition to intercept the entire British squpdrou on their return from Fort George, on 
 the Niagara River, whither they had gone from Kingston with troops and munitions 
 of war. Chauncey took his station near the False Ducks, some small islands nearly 
 di'3 west from Sackett's Harbor, on. the track to Kingston, and in the afternoon of 
 the Oth* iell in with the Royal George, Commodore Earl's flag-ship, mak- . November, 
 ing her way for the latter place. Chauncey chased her into the Bay of ^^'*' 
 Quint6, and lost sight of her in the darkness of the night that soon followed. On the 
 raoruinsT of the lOth** he captured and burnt a small schooner, and soon ^„ 
 afterward espied the Royal George headed for Kingston. He gave chase 
 with most of his squadron,'' followed her into Kingston Harbor, and there engaged 
 botli her and five land batteries' for almost an hour. These were more formidable 
 than Chauncey supposed ; and a brisk wind having arisen, and the night coming on, 
 lie withdrew and anchored. The breeze had become almoct a gale the next morn- 
 ing,' so Chauncey weighed anchor and stood out lakeward. The Tomp- ^ jf^^ember ii 
 Um, Eamilton, and Jnlia chased the Simcoe over a reef of rocks, and so 
 
 ' The Mttdimn was launched on the 26th of November, only forty-flvo days after her keel was laid. Henry Eckfurd 
 Kaa her constructor. " . 
 
 ' Cooper's .VaiiaJ Historj/ ></ the UniM Stalei, Ii-, S28. 
 
 ' The Oneida was commanded by Lieutenant Woolsey ; the C&nquest by Lieutenant Elliott ; the IlamUtm by Lieuten- 
 ant M'Phergon ; the Oovtrnor Tompkine by Lieutenant Brown ; the Pert by Mr. Arundei ; the Julia by Mr.Trant ; and 
 ilie Grouler by Mr, Mix. The last three named were sailliiB-masters. 
 
 ' In this chase Captain Elliott, in the Conqtuat, gallantly ]".a, followed by the JttUa, Pert, and GrowW. The Ondia 
 I'fonght up the rear. She allowed the smaller vehsels to make the attack. When, at half past three, she opened her 
 cirronades on the Hoyal Oeorge, that vessel was quick to cut her cables, and run up to the town. 
 
 > There was a battery on both India and Navy Points. Three others guarded the town ; and soipc movable cannon 
 were brought to bear on the Ame.icau vessels. 
 
 ■'»< 
 
 1 I' 
 
• VI — ■.!». tjm 
 
 i 
 
 'Ml 1 
 
 i 
 
 .v. I 
 
 372 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Oporatious uear Kiu;;stuii. 
 
 Cbaancey'8 Prizes. 
 
 Forsyth's Kxpcrtltlnn. 
 
 riddled her that she sank before reaching Kingston. Soon afterward the Hamilton 
 captured a large schooner from Niagara. The prize was sent past Kingston under 
 convoy of the Growler, hoping to bring out the Royal George, but tliat vessel liad 
 been so much damaged in the action that she was compelled to haul on shore to 
 keep from sinking. She had received several shots between wind and water, somo 
 of her guns were disabled, and a number of her crew had been killed 
 
 The gale continued on the 12th, and during the following night a heavy snow- 
 storm set in. Chauncey was undismayed by the fury of the elements. lie had set 
 his heart on obtaining the supremacy of the lake at all hazai'ds, and he continued his 
 cruise. Inxormed that the Earl of Moira was off the Real Ducks, he attempted to 
 capture her. She was on the alert. A schooner that she was convoying was seized 
 but the warrior escaped. During the day Chauncey saw the Jtoyal George, and two 
 schooners that he supposed to be the Prince Hegent and Duke of Gloucester, but they 
 did not seem disposed to meet him. 
 
 In this short cruise Commodore Chauncey captured three merchant vessels, destroy- 
 ed one armed schooner, and disabled the British flag-ship, and took several prisoners ' 
 w^ith a loss on his part of only one man killed and four wounded.* The loss of the 
 British is not found on record. 
 
 Leaving the Governor Tom2Mns, Conquest, Hamilton, and Growler to blockade 
 Kingston harbor until the ice should do so effectually, Chauncey sailed on the 19tli, 
 in the Oneida, for the head of the lake, accompanied by the remainder of the squad- 
 ron. " I am in great hopes," he wrote to Governor Tompkins, " that I shall fail in 
 with the Prince Regent, or some of the royal family which are cruising about Yorls. 
 Had we been one month sooner, we could have taken every town on this lake in 
 three weeks ; but the season is now so tempestuous that I am apprehensive we can 
 not do much more this Avinter." His anticipations were realized. He was driven 
 back by a gale in which the Growler was dismasted, and the ice formed so fast that 
 all the vessels were in danger. He retired to Sackett's Harbor, and early in Decem- 
 ber the lake navigation was closed by the frost.^ 
 
 While Chauncey was commencing vigorous measures for the construction of a navy 
 at the east end of Lake Ontario, the land forces there and on the St. Lawrence were 
 not idle, although no very important service was perfoi-med there during the remain- 
 der of 1812. The vigilant Captain Forsyth made a bold dash into Canada late in 
 September. Having been informed that a large quantity of ammunition and other 
 munitions of war were in a British store-house at Gananoqui, on the shores of the Lake 
 of the Thousand Islands, in Canada,* and not heavily guarded, Forsyth asked and 
 obtained permission of General Brown to make an attempt to capture them. He or- 
 ganized an expedition of one hundred and four men, consisting of seventy riflemen 
 and thirty-four militia, the latter oflicered by Captain Samuel M'Nitt, Lrieutenant 
 Brown, and Ensigns Hawkins and Johnson. They set out from Sackett's Harbor on 
 the 18tli of September, and on the night of the 20th they left Cape Vincent in boats, 
 threading their way in the dark among the upper group of the Thousand Islands, 
 They landed a s}iort distance from the village of Gananoqui, only ninety-five strong, 
 without opposition ; but as they approached the town they were confronted by a 
 party of sixty British regulars and fifty Canadian militia drawn up in battle order, 
 wlio poured heavy volleys upon them. Forsyth dashed forward Avith bis men with- 
 
 ' Among the prisoners was Captain Brock, brother of Major General Brock, who had been killed recently at Queens- 
 town. He had some of his brother's baggage with him. 
 
 a Mr. Arnndel, the commander of the Pert, wag badly Injured by the bursting of one of her guns, and a midshlpaan 
 and three seamen were slightly wonnded. Mr. Artmdel reftued to leave the deck, and was afterward knocked over- 
 board by accident and drowned. 
 
 3 Chauncey's Letter to Govercor Tompkins, November 18, 1812 ; Cooper's Saval Bittory, il., 333 to 83T inclusive. 
 
 ' Gananoqui Is pleasantly situated at the month of the Gananoqui River, where it enters the npper portion of the St. 
 Lawrence, known as the Lake of the Thousand Islands, It Is In the town of Leeds, lu Canada West, nearly opposite 
 the town of Clayton (old French Creek), New York. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 373 
 
 Spoils takou at Oananoqul. 
 
 General Brown sent to OgdenH))nrg. 
 
 Uoettle Movements there. 
 
 out firing a shot until within a hundred yards of the enemy, when the latter fle-^ pell- 
 mell to the town, closely pursued by the inv.»ders. There the lugitives rallied and 
 renewed the engagement, when they were again compelled to flee, leaving ten of 
 their number dead on the field, several wounded, and eight regulars and four militia- 
 men as prisoners. Forsyth lost only one man killed and one slightly wounded. For 
 his own safety, he broke up the bridge over which he had pursued the enemy, and 
 then returned to his boats, bearing away, as the spoils of victory, the eight regu- 
 lars sixty stand of arms, two barrels of fixed ammunition comprising three thousand 
 ball-cartridges, one barrel of gunpowder, one of flints, forty-one muskets, and some 
 other public pronerty. In the store-house were found one hundred and fifty barrels of 
 provisions, but, having no means of carrying them away. Captain Forsyth applied the 
 torch, and stoi 3-house and provisions were consumed. ' The public property secured 
 on tliis occasion was given to the soldiers of the expedition as a reward for tiieir valor. 
 While Forsyth Avas away on his expedition. Brigadier General Richard Dodge ar- 
 .s«pten.her2i, "ved at Watcitown* with a 
 'S12. detachment of Mohawk Val- 
 
 ley militia. He outranked General Brown, 
 and on his arrival he ordered that officer 
 to proceed to Ogdensburg, at the mouth 
 of the Oswegatchie River, to orarrison old Fort Presentation, or Oswegatchie, at that 
 place.^ General Brown was chagrined by this unlooked-for order, but, like a true 
 soldier, he immediate- - . ,— -^ 
 
 'October 12. 
 
 ly obeyed it. A part 
 of Captain Forsyth's 
 company went with 
 liim ; and three weeks 
 later, at the request 
 of the goveiTior. Gen 
 oral Dodge sent to 
 
 Brown'' the 
 
 remainder 
 of the riflemen, and 
 
 the artillery compa- appearanok of rom i ■.. i.jaiuuie in mvi. 
 
 iiies of Captains Brown, King, and Foot, in all one hundred and sixty men, with two 
 brass 9-pound cannon, one 4, and an ample supply of muskets and munitions of war. 
 General Brown arrived at Ogdensburg on the Ist of October. Already the militia 
 had been employed in some hostile movements. At {.bout the middle of September 
 infonnation reached Ogdensburg that some British bateaux, laden with stores, were 
 ascending the St. Lawrence. It was resolved to capture them. A gun-boat, with a 
 brass six-pounder and eighteen men, under Adjutant I'aniol W. Church, accompanied 
 by a party under Captain Griffin, in a Durhaji boat, went down the river in the 
 niglit, and encountered the enemy near Toussaint Island. The Durham boat was lost 
 in the aftray, and the gun-boat was in great peril at one time. It was caved, how- 
 ever. The expedition was a failure. Five of Church's men were wounded, and one 
 was killed. The British lost several in killed and wounded. They were led by Ad- 
 jutant Fit'.gibbon.' 
 
 On the day after General Brown's arrival at Ogdensburg,<= about forty 
 British bateaux, escort (d by a gun-boat, were seen aoproaching Prescott ' ^'^'°''*' ^' 
 tVom below, and as the/ neared the town a battery at that place opened upon Og- 
 
 'Letter of General Brown to Covemor Torapkine, September 23, 1812 ; Letter from Utfcn, September 29, 1812, pub- 
 luhcd In The War, page Tl. Th.- same letter appears In Niles'ti Weekli/ PegiOer, October 10, 1812. 
 ' A partirular account of t>.i8 fort will be given hereafter. 
 ' Hough's Jlistory ttf St. I xtvrenee and Franklin Counties, page 024. 
 
 " li 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
ni 
 
 374 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A British Bxpedltion on the St. Lawrence. 
 
 It attacka Ogdeuaburg. 
 
 The British repulecd. 
 
 densburg to cover tlie flotilla.^ The heavy guns at the latter place consistecl of a 
 brass six-pounder under the charge of Adjutant Church, and ai; .on twelve-prmndor 
 managed by Joseph York, sherift' of the county, and a volunteer citizen. These re- 
 plied to the British battery for a while. On the following day the firing from IVs- 
 • October <^ott was renewed, but was not answered; and on Sunday mommg, the 4tli ' 
 
 1812, t^yo gun-boats and twenty-five bateaux, filled with about seven hundred 
 and fifty armed men, under Colonels Lethbridge a.id Breckinridge, went up the river 
 almost a mile, and then turned their prows toward Ogdensburg, with the evident 
 intention of attacking it. Forsyth's riflemen were encamped at the time nc ar tiie 
 old fort on the west side of the Oswegatchie, and General Brown, with regulars and 
 militia, were stationed in the town.* The whole American force amounted to about 
 twelve hundred eflective men. These were immediately drawn up in battle order to 
 receive the invaders. When the latter had approached to within a quarter of a mile 
 of the town, nearly in mid-channel, the Americans opened such a severe fire from 
 their two cannon that the enemy retreated in confusion and precipitation, witli the 
 loss of three men killed and four wounded.' About thirty rounds were fired from 
 each of the tAVO cannon, and the action lasted two hours.* Not one of the Ameri- 
 cans was injured in the action, but some damage was done to the town by the can- 
 non-shot of the British. " This enterprise," says Christie, a Biitish author, " under- 
 taken without the sanction of the commander of the forces, was censured by him, and 
 the public opinion condemned it as rash and premature."* 
 
 Eighteen days after the repulse of the British at Ogdensburg, Major Guilford Dud- 
 ley Young, and a small detachment of militia, who were chiefly from Troy, New- 
 York, performed a gallant cxjjloit at St. Regis, an Indian Village lying upon the 
 boundary-line between the United States and Canada. The dusky inhabitants of 
 that settlement were placed in a very embarrassing position when war was declared. 
 Tlieir village lay within the boundaries of both governments, and up to that time 
 the administration of their internal affairs, managed by twelve chiefs, had been nom- 
 inally independent of both. The annuities and presents fi-om both governments were 
 equally divided among them, and in all matters of business and profits every thintr 
 was in common. That this relation should not be disturbed, commissioners, appoint- 
 ed by the two governments, agreed that the Indians should remain neutral, and tiiat 
 the troops of both parties should avoid intrusion of their reservation. But they be- 
 came objects of suspicion and dread. The settlers in that region had been horrified 
 with tales of Indian massacres remotely and recently. And t^e8e people could not pass 
 the boundaries of their domain without being regarded as possible enemies. So vig- 
 ilant was this general fear that the Indians were compelled, when they went abroad, 
 to carry a pass from some well-known white inhabitant, among the most prominent 
 of whom, appointed by the chiefs, was Captain Policy, late of Massena Springs.* 
 
 1 William K. Gnest, Esq., whom I met atOgdenebnrg in the snmmer of 1860, In some of his published " Recollections" 
 of that place, speaking of the affair, says, " The villagers came out in large numbers, and stood In Washington Street, near 
 the residence of Mr. Parish. Among them were a number of indies, who felt safe, as no balls had as yei come into the 
 village. While all were intently ivatching, with great excitement, the movements of the contending parties, a 12-poMii 
 shot, with its clear, singing, hnrnming sound, passed over our heads, in the line of State Street, as near as we could judge, 
 and fell in the rear of the village. A sudden change came over the scene. It became an Intimate matter to all, and ibe 
 •* ladles heat ;i rapid retreat." When I was in Ogdensburg in 1SS5, and made a sketch of the old Conn- 
 house, printed In a note In Chapter XXVII. of this work, I was Informed '.hat that ball passed tbrongh 
 the building, and a hole made by it was pointed out to me. 
 
 ' The subordinate commanders on this occasion were Colonel Benedict, Mnj.- DImock, Adjutant 
 Uoskiu, and Captains Forsyth, Orlffln, Hnbbard, Benedict, and M'Nitt. — Ogdenstntrff Palladmrn, Oc- 
 tober 0, qaoted in The War, I., T8. 
 
 ' One account says that one of their gun-boats wrd disabled, and another that " two of their boats 
 were so knocked to pieces as to render it necessary to a*>andon them." 
 
 * Hough's HMnni of St. Laurenee and Franklin rountie*, page 626. Letter iVom PlaMsburg, dated 
 October 9, In Niles's Wetklij Heiiiatet , :' ;., 196. Christie's Military Operatiom in Canada, page SI. 
 ' Christie's Militanj Operation* in Canada, page 81. 
 
 « These passes stated that the bearer was n quiet, peaceable person. It was their custom to liold 
 these passes up on approaching a white person that they might not be alarmed. On the other hand. 
 
M 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 875 
 
 Tbe British violate a Neatrnllty Agreemeut. British Troops occupy St. BeglB. Its Capture by the Amcrlcaus. 
 
 These restrictions curtailed their hunting and fishing, and they were reduced to such 
 great extremities that they were compelled to apply to Governor Tompkins for re- 
 lief.' The governor listened to their request, and during the war they received about 
 five hundred rations daily from the United States government stores at French Mills,'' 
 now Fort Covington, on the Salmon River. 
 
 The neutrality agreement was violated by Sir George Prevost, the British cora- 
 maiulcr-in-chief in Canada, who placed Captam M'Donell and a party of armed Cana- 
 dian voyageurs in the village of St. Regis " for the security of that post," to " guard 
 .".ciiinst any predatory incursions of the enemy, to inspire confidence in the Indians," 
 and to give " support and countenance" to " Monsieur de Montigny, captain and res- 
 ident agent at the village."^ The real object appears to have been the seduction of 
 the hulians • from their neutrality by persuading them to join the British standard. 
 In this they were successful, as the presence of more than eighty St. Regis warriors 
 in the British army at different places on the frontiers subsequently fully proves.'' 
 
 Major Young was stationed at French Mills when M'Donell took post at St. Regis, 
 and he wished to attempt the capture of the whole party at about the Ist of October. 
 William L. Gray, an Indian interpreter, was then running a mill on the site of the 
 present village ofllogansburg, two miU d above St. Regis, and consented to be Young's 
 ffiiide. He took him and his command along an unfrequented way, that brought 
 them out suddenly upon the eastern banks of the St. Regis, opposite the village. The 
 stream was too deep to ford, and, having no boats. Major Young was compelled to 
 abandon the project at that time. The British intruders were alarmed ; but as day 
 after day wore away without farther molestation, M'Donell settled doAvn into a feel- 
 ing of absolute security. From that state he was soon aroused. Young left French 
 Mills, with about two hundred men, on the night of the 21st of October, at eleven 
 o'clock, crossed the St. Regis, at Gray's Mills, at half past three in the . October 22, 
 morning,* in a boat and canoe and a hastily-constructed raft, and before ^*''^' 
 aawn arrived within half a mile of St. Regis, where they concealed themselves, while 
 taking some rest and refreshment, beliind a gentle hill westward of the village. Hav- 
 ins carefully reconnoitred the position, the little party moved in three columns to- 
 ward the British part of the village, at the northern extremity of which, not far from 
 the ancient and famous church, stood the houses of Montigny and M'Donell, in which 
 the officers and many of the men of the British detachment were stationed. Caj)tain 
 Lyon, editor of the Troy Jimlget, moved with his company along the road upon the 
 bank of the St. Regis, so as to gain the rear of Montigny's house and a small block- 
 house, while Captain Tilden and his company made a detour westward, partly in 
 rear of M'Donell's, for the purpose of reaching the St. Lawrence and securing the boats 
 of the enemy. Major Young, with the companies of Captains Higbie and M'Neil, 
 moved through the village in front. Thus the enemy was surrounded. Lyon was 
 first discovered by the British sentinel and attacked. Young was then within one 
 hundred and fifty yards of Montigny's house. At that instant an ensign of the enemy, 
 attempting to pass in front after being ordered to stand, was shot dead ; and a few 
 minutes afterward complete success crowned the enterprise of the gallant major. 
 Forty prisoners (exclusive of the commander and the Catholic priest), with their arms 
 and accoutrements, thirty-eight muskets, two bateaux, a flag, and a quantity of bag- 
 
 the Indians requlrcil persons traveHng acrosi; their domain to exhibit passes. As few of these Indians conld read, a dc- 
 rice (see preceding page) was adopted to obviate the difBcultles which that deficiency might give rlBe to. If a person 
 was going through to French Mills, a simple bow was drawn on the paper; If he was Intending to visit St. Regis vil- 
 lage, an arrow was added to the bow. 
 
 ' The letter written to Tompkins for that purpose was signed by the mark and name of Lewis Cook, one of the chleft 
 of the St. Regis Indians, and a colcnel In the service of the Uulted States. 
 
 ' Hongh's Hwtjrj; q/ St. Laterencf and Franklin Countien, page 166. 
 
 ' Letter of Adjutant Baynes to Captain H'Donell. 
 
 ' Le Clerc, who succeeded Montigny as agent, raised a company of warriors there, and crossed over to Cornwall. 
 These participated In several engagements during the war.— Hongh's St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, page 1B6. 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 i\ 
 
i 
 
 376 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 First Trophy-Bag of the War taken on Land. Its public Reception at Albany. Sketch of Colonel O. D. Youi.1. 
 
 gage, including eight hundred blankets found at the Indian agent's house, were the 
 fruits of the victory. The British had seven men killed, including a lieutenant en- 
 sign, and sergeant, while the Americans were all unhurt. The late distintniislu'd 
 civilian, William L. Marcy,' who was a lieutenant hi Lyon's company, and assailc(! 
 the block-house, was the captor of the flag that waved over it. He bore it in triuiniili 
 back to French Mills, where Young and his party arrived the same day, at clovoii 
 o'clock, witii the prisoners and spoils — the latter in the captured bateaux, bv way 
 
 of Salmon River,^ 
 Tiie prisoners were 
 sent to Bloomfield's 
 head - quarters at 
 Plattsburg. Early 
 ill January Major 
 
 Young and lii.s de- 
 tachment retiiini'd 
 to Troy, and witli 
 his own hand pre- 
 sented that Ihitisli 
 flag — t:ie first tro- 
 
 phy of the kind that had ever been taken on land^to the people of the State of New 
 York in the capital at Albany.^ 
 
 Soon after the affair at St. Regis the British retaliated by an expedition to Frencli 
 Mills, which captured the company of Captain Tilden stationed there. Le Clerc also 
 captured Mr. Gray, the interpreter, and sent him to Quebec, where he died in the 
 hospital. 
 
 During a brief sojourn at the Masscna Springs, on the Racquetto River, in the sum- 
 mer of 1855, I visited St. Regis, or Ak-ioia-sas-ne, the place "where the partrideo 
 drums," as the Indians called it.* I rode out to Hogansburg, ten miles eastward of 
 
 ' The pnbllc career of Mr. Marcy is too well known to require more than a passing notice here. Ho was then tweulv- 
 six years of age, and had studied law, and was practicing it in Troy. He served with credit in the New York State mi- 
 litia during a greater part of the war. In 1821 he we.s appointed adjutant general of the state. In 1S29 he wns majo 
 a Justice of the Supreme Court of the state. In 1831 he was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, and In 1>33 
 governor of the State of New York, which office he held, by re-election, six years. In 1846 President Polk called hini 
 to his cabinet as Secretary of War, and in 1863 he became one of President Pierce's constitutional advisers as Sccrelarv 
 of State. On the 4th of March, 1867, he retired to private life, and jnst four mouths afterward he died suddenly at Balls- 
 ton, New York, while reading in his bed, at the age of seventy years. 
 
 2 Major Young's dispatch to General Bloomfield, October 24, 1812 ; Thomson's Historical Sketchet, etc. ; Hongh's 
 Hnhmj of St. Lavrrmce and Franklin Counties ; statement of Rev. Elcnzcr Williams to the author. 
 
 3 That ceremony took place ou the 6th of Januarj-, 1S13, at one o'clock in the afternoon. Major Young, with a de- 
 tachment of his Troy volunteers, entered Albany. The soldiers bore two fine living eagles in the centre of the detach- 
 ment, and the trophy-colors In the re.ir, while a band played y'ankce. Doodle. They passed through Market Street (near 
 Broadway), and up State Street, *,o the Capitol, where they were greeted by an immense crowd who thronged the liuild- 
 ing. The governor was too ill to be present, and Colonels Lamb and Lusk acted as his representatives. Mnjoi Yoiin<;, 
 after an appropriate speech, delivered the trophy to those gentlemen, and received from Colonel Lnsk a complimentary 
 response. 
 
 Guilford Dudley Young was bom at Lebanon, Connecticut, in June, 1T70, and in 1798 married Miss Betsey Huntington, 
 of Norwich. In 1805 no settled in Troy, New York, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He raised a corps of 
 volunteers in the summer of 1812, and joined the service on the St. Lawrence frontier under Colonel Benedict. Be- 
 cause of his exploit at St. Regis he was promotefl to major in the 20th Regular Infantry in February, 1813, and was 
 raised to the rank of lieutenant colonel two months afterward. Ho was disbanded in 1818, and soon afterward j<i!neil 
 Miranda's Mexican expedition. He left New York for that purpose in July, 1810. In August, the following year, he was 
 in Fort Sombrero, with two hundred and sixty-nine men, when it was encircled by three thousand five hundred Boyal- 
 ists. While standing exposed on the ramparts ou the 18th of August, 1818, a cannon-shot fi'om the enemy took off his 
 head. 
 
 ♦ During the colonial period, when the northern fi-ontiers of New England were harassed by savafees, three children, 
 were carried off by them ft-om Groton, Massachusetts. They consisted of two boys and a girl named Tarbell. The girl 
 escaped and returned home, bnt the boys were taken to Canada and adopted into the families of their cnptors-romc 
 Caughnawaga Indians, near Montreal. In the course of time they married daughters of chiefs. Their intercourse with 
 the savages was not very pleasant, and the village priest advised them to seek new homes. They, with their wives and 
 wives' parents (four families) departed in a bark canoe, went up the St. Lawrence, and landed upon the beautiful point 
 on which St. Regis stands. There they resolved to remain. They called the place, on account of the abundance of par- 
 tridges, as above noticed. In 1760, when they had made themselves comfortable houses, with cultivated fields around 
 them, they were joined by Father Anthony Gordon, a Jesuit priest, and a colony from Caughnawaga. Gordon named 
 the place St. Regis. Gordon erected a church of logs and covered it with bark. This was burned two years afterward, 
 when a small wooden church was erected in its place, and the first bell ever heard in St. Regis was hung in its tower. 
 The common belief has been that this was the bell carried off ft-om Deerflold by the Indians, after the destruction of that 
 village by Are in 1704 ; and with that belief Mrs. Slgourney wrote her beautiful poem entitled Tue Bell of St. Reuib, in 
 which occnrs these stirring lines : 
 
 "Then down ftom the burning cbnrch they tore 
 The bell of tuneful sound ; 
 And on with their captive train they bore 
 That wonderful thing toward their native shore, 
 The rude Canadian bound. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 377 
 
 A Btruuije SCury. 
 
 The Dell at Ht. KcKiii. 
 
 A Vlalt to Ht. KegU. 
 
 Masseiia, with some 
 friends, over a new- 
 ly cleared but i)lea8- 
 aut country, with the 
 .rreat Wilderness of 
 Northern New York 
 lyinsj on our riglit, 
 and far in the south- 
 fast tlie bhie sum- 
 mits of the Green 
 Mountains bounding 
 the horizon. We 
 dined at Ilogans- 
 burg in company 
 vfith the late llev. 
 Eleazer Williams, 
 the reputed " Lost 
 Prince" of the house 
 
 Jiy^ 4Vt^/c.ix/*-^''\j 
 
 place of worship had 
 juHt been erected in a 
 pleasant pine grove 
 on the borders of 
 that village of two 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 Mr. Williams was 
 connected with the 
 Indians in that re- 
 gion during the War 
 of 1812. He was 
 with Major Young 
 in his tirst attempt 
 to surprise the lirit- 
 ish at St. Regis, and 
 was afterward in 
 military service at 
 Plattsliurg,in a com- 
 pany of volunteer 
 liangers. lie gave 
 me some useful in- 
 formation concem- 
 
 of Bourbon, who wa.^ 
 then pastor of a lit- —^/' 
 tie congregation of V C'^^^ 
 Episcopalians, whose 
 
 ing vhe events of the war in that region, and showed me a portrait of himself, painted 
 in water-colors in 1814, in which he ai)pears in military costume, und his features and 
 complexion not exhibiting the least indication of Indian blood. Mr. Williams s biog- 
 raphy, written by the Rev. Mr. Hanson, and published under the title of Tim Lost 
 Prince, is a remarkable book. It contains a most strange story.' 
 
 From Hogansburg we rode up to St. Regis, a poor-looking village situated upon a 
 (Tcntly elevated plain at the head of Lake St. Francis, just below the foot of the Long 
 Saiit Rapid, on a point between the mouths of the St. Regis and Racquette Rivers. 
 It is surrounded by broad commons, used as a public pasture, with small gardens 
 near the houses. In front of the village, in the St. Lawrence, lie some beautiful and 
 fertile islands, upon 'vhich is raised the grain for the subsistence of the villagers ; 
 and on the opposite shore of the great river is uio Canadian village of Cornwall. We 
 tiist visited the remains of the cellar of Morclgny's house, where Captain M'Donell 
 and some of the British soldiers were captured by Young, at the mouth of the St. 
 
 It spake no more till St. Regtg'e tower 
 In northern skies appeared ; 
 
 And their legends extol that pow-wow's power, 
 
 Which lulled that knell like a poppy-flower, 
 
 As conscience now slumbereth a little hour 
 In the cell of a heart that's seared." 
 The bell carried IVom Deerfleld was taken to Cangbnawaga, and hung in the church of St. Lonis there, where it stlU 
 remains. 
 
 1 A dark mystery has ever brooded over the fate of the eldest son of Lonis the Sixteenth, King of France, who was 
 ten years of age at the time of his father's murder by the Jacobins. The Revolutionists, after the downfall of Robes- 
 pieire and his fellows, declared that he died iu prison, while the Royalists believed that he was sent to America. Cu- 
 tiiras facts and circumstances pointed to the Rev. Mr. Williams, a reputed half-breed Indian of the Caughnawaga tribe, 
 as the ettrviving prince, who for almost sixty years had been hidden from the world in that disguise. The claim that 
 he was the Dauphin— the " Lost Prince"— was set np for him, and the fact that he was not possessed of Indian blood 
 TO!" fairly established by physiological proofs. Scars produced by scrofula and inoculation for the small-pox, described 
 u marking the person of the Dauphin, marked the person of Mr. Williams with remarkable exactness. The book in 
 qnestion brings all of these proofs of identity to view. But the world was incredulous. The word of the Prince de Joln- 
 vllle, an iutercstod son of Louis Philippe, was put in the balance against ihat of a poor missionary of the Episcopal 
 fhnrch in America, and the latter was outweighed. Mr. Williams died in 1860, in that obscurity iu which his life had 
 been passed. The question that so excited the American public a few years ago—" Have we a Bourbon among us f"— 
 hss not been asked for a long time. The remains of the reputed "Lost Prince" rest in peace near the banks of ths 
 8l.Kegl8. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ft ii 
 
8^8 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A ParUh Priect at a Ilurae-race. 
 
 The old Church in St. Utgii. 
 
 Pleasant Hemorlei of las vittt. 
 
 0. 
 
 KogiH. We then oivUchI at tlic hotiHc of tho parish priest (Katlicr Francis Marcoux) 
 but had not the phmsure oi' weeing him, lie liaving gone over to Cornwall, his servant 
 said, to attend a horse-raee. The gray old church, built of massive stone, it» walls 
 iSve feet thick, its roof covered with shingles and its belfry with glittering tin-iilato 
 stood near. Its portal was invitingly open, and we entered. Wc found it cjuite iilain 
 in general construction, but the altar and its vicinity were highly crnamcnted and 
 gilded. U])on the walls hung some rude pictures. Across the end over tho entrance 
 was a gallery for the use of strangers. Tlie Indian worshipers usually kneel or sit on 
 the floor during tho service. The full liturgy of tho Roman Catholi«T Church was used 
 there, and the preaching was in the Mohawk language.' The present church edifice 
 was erected in 1792. The dilapidated spire had lately been taken down, and the kl- 
 fry was covered with a cupola Kurmountcd by a glittering cross. Near the vestry- 
 room, within the indosurc, was a frame-work on which hung tarec bells; tlie two 
 upper ones made of the first one ever heard in St. Rogis, mentioned in note 4, pane 
 376.* The lower and larger one Avas cast in Troy in 1852, and had not yet been 
 placed in the toAvcr. 
 
 h:t 
 
 OLU OUl'BOU IN ST. BEQ18. 
 
 While sketching the old church^ I was surrounded by the Indian children, all ca- 
 rious to know what I was about ; while an old Indian woman stood in the door of a 
 miserable log house near by, looking so intently with mute wonder, apparently, that 
 I think she did not move during the half hour I was engaged with the pencil. The 
 children kept up a continual conversation, intermingled with laughter, all of which 
 came to the ear in sweet, low, musical cadences, like the murmuring of brooks. Tliis 
 is in the British portion of the town. 
 
 Just afler leaving the church we met the venerable Captain Le Clerc, already men- 
 tioned, who had lived in St. Regis fifty-seven years. He accompanied us to the house 
 of Fran9oi8 Dupuy, one of the two merchanta then in St. Regis. Dupuy's store and 
 
 ' A ftill and Interesting account of St. Regis may be found in Hough's History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Co-intim. 
 
 ' This bell became cracked more than thirty years ago, and it was recast in two email ones. The Indians, enspiciom 
 that some of the (to them) sacred metal might be abstracted at the bell-foonder's, sent a deputation to watch the pro- 
 cess, and see that every particle of the old bell went into the cmcible. 
 
 ^ In this view Is seen the old church on the right, a specimen of many of the houses in the village on the left, and in 
 the extreme distance, near the centre, the dwelling of the parish priest. A tall flag-scaff stands near the Inclosurc. The 
 bells mentioned In the text are just behind the two Lombardy poplars on the right. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 avo 
 
 The Boundnry Line between the United SUtet anrt t'tnad*. 
 
 Captain Polljr. 
 
 nuAilo In IHia. 
 
 dwelling were on tho forty-fifth ]iarnllel of north latitude, which is the dividing-line 
 lieii" In'tweon tho United tStates and Canathi. That line passed through his' house; 
 ami wliilu an attendant was preparing some lemonade for us within the dominions of 
 Uiiceii Victoria, wo were sitting ^^ twilight I \yalked leisurely down 
 
 in the United States, but in the ^| to the spritigs on the margin of 
 
 mue room, waiting to 1)e served, ^M tho swirt-flowhig I?ae(iuette, and 
 
 On tlie margin of tho street oj)- ^| under 'he pavilion that covers 
 
 iiOBitc Du])uy's stood one of tho ^^ tho pi icipal fountain of health I 
 
 last-iron obelisks, three feet and ^H met a venerable man, who in- 
 
 alialf in height, which are placed ^H formed . .u that ho was one of 
 
 at certain intervals along that BB:, *■''" ^^^^ settlers in that region. 
 
 tVonticr line as boundary monu- JSV'l^^feww. ^lo was in tho War of 1812 as a 
 meats. Upon its f(mr sides were JDHL ^H||Kk Ho'.dier, and fought in some of the 
 cast appropriate inscriptions, in ^^^ S^^Br ^''*^^*-''* "" tlie Niagara frontier, 
 raised letters.^ ^hBI^BP^ ^^^ ^^^ badly Avounded at lilack 
 
 We left St. Regis toward the ^SaflL^Hsr Rock by tho explosion of a boinb- 
 evcniiig of a delightful day, and jj^SSjmSS^, **''^'' ^'"^* came from a battery 
 reached Massena just as the "^BBJ^P^ on the Canada side. "I was 
 guests of the hotel were assem- "^^?^3W^'' knocked down," ho said, " had 
 bliiig at tho supper -table. At "ocnuary monument, niy breast -bone stove in, and 
 three ribs broken." He was at Fort Erie at the time of the sanguinary sortie, but 
 wa.s unable to walk on account of his wounds. That vetenan was Captain John Policy, 
 already mentioned. He w as then seventy-two years of age. He had seen all the 
 country around him bloom out of the wilderness, and had outlived most of the com- 
 panions of his youth. 
 
 Let us resume the historical naiTative : 
 
 While active operations -were in progress at the eastern end of Lake Ontario and 
 along the St. I^wrence River, important events were transpiring toward the Avestem 
 end 01 tho lake and on the Niagara frontier. That frontier, extending along the Ni- 
 agara River from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of thirty-five miles, was the 
 theatre of many stirring scenes during the war we are considering. The Niagara 
 River is the grand outlet of the waters of the upper lakes into Ontario, and divides 
 a portion of the State of New York from that of Canada. Half way between the two 
 lakes that immense body of water pours over a limestone precipice in two mighty 
 cataracts, unequaled in sublimity by any others on the surface of the globe. 
 
 At the time we are considering that frontier was sparsely settled. Bufialo^ Avas a 
 little scattered village of about one hundred houses and stores, and a military post 
 of sufficient consequence to invite the torch of British incendiaries at the close of 
 1813, when all but two dwellings Avere laid in ashea It was only about sixty 
 years ago that the tiny seed Avas planted of that now immense mart of inland com- 
 merce, containing one hundred thousand inhabitants. Where noAv are long lines of 
 wharves, Avith forests of masts and stately Avarehouses, was seen a sinuous creek, nav- 
 igable for small vessels only, Avinding its way through marshy ground uito the lake, 
 its low banks fringed with trees and tangled shrubbery. In 1814 it Avas a desola- 
 tion, and the harbor presented the appearance delineated in the engraving on the fol- 
 lowing page. 
 
 A little south of Buffalo, stretching along Buffalo Creek, were the villages of the 
 Seneca Indians, on a reservation of one hundred and sixty tliousand acres of land, 
 and then inh. ; i:ed by about seven hundred souls. Two miles beloAv Buffalo Avas 
 Black Rock, a hamlet at the foot of Lake Erie and of powerful rapids, where there 
 
 'On the west fnco, " Bouni.aby, Atiocsx 0, 1842." On the east, " Tbkaty op WABmNOTos." On tbe north, "Liecten- 
 iJT Coi.osEi. I. B. B. EsTooDRT, H. B.M. CoMMtsBioNKR." On the sonth, "Aijirbt Smith, U. 8. Commibsioneb." 
 ' Baffalo was laid out by the Holland Land Company in 1801, and was called New Amsterdam. 
 
 
 k 
 
 pi'i^f^ ...^^^^^^1 
 
r 
 
 81; 
 
 If !'l!!mii 
 
 ? 
 
 ! 
 
 
 :Hli 
 
 
 jH 
 
 i 
 
 8S0 
 
 riCTOIUAL i'lKLD-UOOK 
 
 MtttmiMnU tUtug tb« Miok'O'* yrontlar In 191S. Remnlnii of Fort BcbluMer. Oeitrnetlon of the fltwincr Carr^in, 
 
 r imi'i'Ai.ii IN IHlil. 
 
 wns a fi'rry ; and almost opjjowiti! was Fort Erio, a UritiHli poht of ootiHidcralil,. 
 Htrcncjth. Nino imk'H lu-low, at the Kalln of Elliott'H (Jrwk, was tlii! villaj,'n ot'Wil- 
 lianisvilK'; and at tlio hoad ( f tliu rapids, abovo Niaj^ara Kallw, were the reniiiiiiH of 
 
 old Fort SeliloHWT, ahont a mile Ixilow Sclilds- 
 Ht-r Landinj/, near which is yet Htaiidintf an 
 immenHo chimney that helonp'd to tlic Kri- 
 i^lish " ineHH-houHe," or dininc;-4iall of tlic <,'ar- 
 rison that wen; stationed tht-re several years 
 before the Revolntion.' Opposite ScliloHscr, 
 at the montli of the ()hii)])e\va ('reek, uas the 
 small villa<,'e of C!liippewa, inhabited hy Cana- 
 dians and Indians. At the Falls, on the Amer- 
 ican side, was the hamlet of Manchester; ami 
 seven miles below, at the foot of the Lower 
 Hapids, was Lcwiston, a little village, with a 
 convenient landing at the base of a bhifl'. Op- 
 posite Lewiston was (Jneenston, overlonked 
 from the south by lolly heiglits, soiiu'times 
 called The Mountain. It was the lainlini,'- 
 placc for goods brought over Lake Ontario 
 for the inhabitants above. At the mouth of 
 
 BEAIAIMH AT roUT HOIII.onHKII. 
 
 ^ 
 
 The EiiBlinh built » itockndn here In the year 1700, and named It Fort Schlosflor.ln honor of the morltorlonn officer 
 who wne lu command there at the time. It was about a mile from the Niagara Klver. The frame of Uie inc»s-liiin« 
 wnfl prepared at Fort Nla(,'ar.i, I't the month of the rivor, while the French were In possession there. It was liitcndcrl 
 for a Cut hollc church at that pla. i. The Enjflleh took 11 to the site of the new fort, and put it up there. It dlMpponm) 
 In the course of time, leaving m ■ hlng but the hnge chimney ^Around It a small bnlldtng was erected, lu which Jmlce 
 Porter resided for several yearf after his removal to the Niagara frontier. The bnlldliig was consumed when the Brit- 
 ish devastated that shore In ISf Slight traces of old French works on the bank of the river, and of Fort Schlosrer, 
 more in the Interior, may now he ecn. lam Indebted to the luto Colonel P. A.Porter, of Niagara Falls village (wlinivan 
 killed in battle during the late Chi War), for the above sketch of the great chimney and the little building altnchcd to It 
 Schlosser Landing was made fumoqs at the close of 188T by the destruction there of the American steamer Cfl.oliiKby 
 a party of nritlsh from C8i,.idtt. At that time a portion of both Canadian provinces were In Insurrection against tiie 
 Britlsli government. Novy Island, on the Niogara River, Just above Schlosser, was made a rendezvous for ttic Ineur- 
 gents of that neighborhood ond their American sympathizers, and the steamboat Carnline was brought down from Buf- 
 falo to be used ab a ferry-boat between the Island and Schlosser Landing. On the night of the 2»th of December, 1?3T, 
 she was moored at Porter's store-honse, Schloster's Landing, having croased the ferry several times dnrlng the day. 
 
OF TIIK WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Wi'/ikiifSM fif ilir NlnKmn Kronller. 
 
 881 
 
 a«Mral Dmrbom'i laMrmlloBa. 
 
 N'iftL'nrft River, on the Aimi irun hmIc, wiih (mul Htill Ik) Fort Nia^ftrn, n utrong pout, 
 cit'cUtl ''y '''^' roiiiltincii hkill iiml liilior of tlr.! Krcrioh aii<l Kiij^I'imIi ciii^iiuMTH luxl 
 trooiiH lit (lifVondit tiiin-M.' Just aho\i' llic foit wiih tlic litlld villam' of V(>iiri^,'Mlown ; 
 ami oppo^'it"' thin, on the ('aiimlii hIioic, wiih Koit (Jcorj^c. Hclwccn lli«! fort mid the 
 liiko WIIH tlio villiiKu of Newark, now Niajjara. Alon>^ both baiikH of tli« rivor, Iv 
 wlioli l<'ii.Uth, a faiiiiiiii,' popiihition wiih McatH-nd. Siicli wan tho Niat^ani frontier 
 at tlu' oiieniiij!; of tho war of I HI 2. Th(! reader will huve occuHiou freijuent-ly to re- 
 fi.r to tlie map of it on tli(! foNowinjj; page. 
 
 Major <'eneral Stepiu'ii Van llenHHeiaer, appointed l»j (lovermir Tonipkiim the 
 (,(„n„"intiilcr-iii-<'liit!f of the (h^tiu^lied militia of tlu? Htate, with S(,lonion Van KciiHHe- 
 laiT the adjutant general of New York, iih hin aid and military adviHor,* and John 
 Lovctt, of Troy, iiK Win nectretary, arrived at Kort Niagara on tlie l.'lth of y\ut;nht,' 
 and nKHinned eommand of the forecH on tiiat frontier. On tlie follow ii.}^ ilay he made 
 hJH lu'iid-qiiartorH at LowiHton, Heven miles fartlun- up the river. General Aiiioh Hail, 
 ,.„miiminler of the militia of Western New V.trk, was tln-n at the littlc! hamlet of 
 Maiicliester, at Niaf^ara Falls, with a thw troopw; and «l(!taehmentH of the saino kind 
 were Hoattored along tho whole lino of tho rivur, a distance of ihirty-flve niik-H. Uiit 
 ilic wliolo for(!e in tlie field, to guard that frontier from u threate.ied invaHion of the 
 (•iii'iiiy, did not amount to mo'-e than a thoiisand men.* TheHo were Hcantiiy '•li>tlied, 
 iiidifll'iently fed, and wore elamorouH for pay. There waH not a Hingle pieec! of heavy 
 ordiiiiiK'e along the entire frontier, nor artillerists to man th(^ light field-pieces in their 
 i)09»i!8sion. Of ammunition there were not ten rounds for eaeh man. Tluy hacl no 
 tents. The meilieal department was in a most doHtituto condition, and insuhordina- 
 tion wftH tho rul(! and not the (ixeeption.* 
 
 General Dearborn had been instructed^ to make Huoii dcnioimtratioiiK on •jtmeM, 
 tliP frontier as whould jC^/y^ *'"' '^'■'''**''» "■* ''*'*' 
 
 nrcvtiit re-enforcom(!nt« y^y ~y) ^ ^^^^ >f^L.^^.^a^^ their makii.g a forniida- 
 tdiig wilt to Maiden by // ^ oc/ ^C^t^i^^^ ^^e-^^C^ 1,1,, „,„v(,,nent against 
 Hiili at Detrjit. This duty was wholly neglected, and, as lato as tho 8th of Au- 
 ijusl, the commanding general wrote to the Secretary of War, Haying, "Till now 
 i did not consider tlu; Niiigara frontier as coming within the limits of my com- 
 mand." This extraordinary aHBortion was made in the face of no loss th:*n five dis- 
 jjatohcs from tho War Department, in which ' h alluRions wore made to that frontier 
 as to expressly, or by implication, give him to understand that the entire line of the 
 Niagara Uivcr and the lakes v/ere under his juriRdiction.* And on the very next 
 
 The tavern there liciiiu crowded, nevcriil ikthoiih wont on the boat to lodyc for the night. At midnight B body of 
 annd mon from the (!nnnda Hhorc ciimc In ii Ixiat, riiBhed on bonrd, cxcluimin); " Cut them down ! give no quarter !" nnil 
 chased the inmrmcd occiipantB OBtem. Homo were Bcvcrely Injured, one man wan «hot dead on the wharf, and twelve 
 more were never hoard of afterward. The boat was towed out Into tho river, net on Arc, and left to the current above 
 the cAlnract. It Hunk near IrU Inland, and on the following morning charred rvmaliiH of the veHBol we 'j eecn below 
 the Fallt. It wnB HUpimBed that more than one of the mlMlng men perished In the flamcH or the tiirbnlcut waters. At 
 (IDC lime tl lomatic cnrrcspmidencc bctwekn tho two governmcnta concerning this outrage threatened a war, 
 
 I A pnrtlct . account of the fort will be given hereafter. 
 
 'General 81 ^en Van HenBselacr was nolo military man. lie wag posscssod of great wealth, extensive social Infln- 
 eiice,an(l was a leading Federalist. Ills appointment was a stroke of policy to secure friends to the war among that 
 party. It was only on condition that Solomon Van Rensselaer, who had been In military Kcrvlce, should accompany 
 bin), that ho consented to take the post. It was well understood that Colonel Van Rensselaer would be the general, In 
 1 practical military point of view. 
 
 1 On reaching Utica, on his way westward, Ocneral Van Rensselaer was called to Sackett's narl)or by rnmors of hfic- 
 lile tnovcmcnlH In that quarter, Frora there he went on o tour of inspection along tho frontier to Ogdensbnrg, to lean 
 ihc condition of troops, and the msans foroffoDslvo or dcf.'nslve operations along tho St. Lawrence frontier. 
 
 t See note 2, page 3fl«. 
 
 i .Varrn/(iM of the Affair at Qtufrutmcn in the War qf 1S12, by Solomon Van Rensselaer, page 10. 
 
 • On the Mth of .lune tho Secretary of War wrote to Ocneral Dearborn, then nt Albany ; " Yonr preparations. It Is pre- 
 inmed, will be made to move In a direction for Sia.jara, Kingston, and Montreal." On July IBth he wrote : " On your 
 irrival at Albany yonr attention will bo directed to the sernrity of the northern frontier ftj/ the laken." On the 20tl. be 
 wrote more explicitly, saylntf: "Yon will make such arrangements with Govenior Tompkins M will place the mllltia 
 iibehri by him for the Siafiara atui other pnntn on the lake under ymir control:' .Inly 29th he wrote : " Should It be ad- 
 TlsaMe to make any other disposition of these restless people [tho warriors of the Sflneca Indlansl, you will give orders 
 to Mr. Granger and tho ammuinilino officer at Xiaiiara." On tho 1st of August tho sanae functionary wrote i "Yon will 
 wit<iiiver»imiinfavort\fhin), [General Hull] at S'iagara and Kingnton as soon as may be practicable." Yet, with these 
 
 I 
 It 
 
 ^ ', 
 
 
 
 i * 
 
 If r 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ; s 
 
m 
 
 iff 
 
 382 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The i^iagara r'rontler. 
 
 "^ 
 
 loltore in Ms ponECSBton, General T)eRrborn, on the 8th of Auf^nst, dccliiRd that until then he did " not couelder the Ni 
 agnra ftroutler 88 coming ^it'iln the limits of his commnud 1" 
 
 •^ don j to tX ^u t. i^l\ !■■ 
 
 ■ Van Rensselaer 
 
 'OntheMthof 
 
 oipress bearing th( 
 
 Me.Lettor of Colon 
 
 ' Dearborn to the 
 
 < This was on the 
 
 M prisoneia. 
 
 ' As soon as Van 
 
 1)3% ordering thosi 
 
 ' Stephen Van Re 
 
 "f the American /»(i« 
 
 o?the eldest son, h 
 
 11 Princeton Collegt 
 
 JD .wllve politician, 
 
 iifntmant governor 
 
 file, when the over 
 
 m ihe war in lsl2, v 
 
 areithUheariysn; 
 
 mllltla was a stroke 
 
 tererrice. He was 
 
 Vork he gave the pre 
 
 »ork». 'I'he"Ben6e 
 
 mrked and nsefnl. 
 
 'iilieUmeofLlsdea 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 383 
 
 IthcNl 
 
 /.r| 
 
 gifect of the Armistlco. Solomon Van Reusseluer'i Diplomacy. Service expected of the Army on the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 dav' he signed an armistice agreting to a cessation of hostilities along that • Angnsto, 
 entire' dividing line between the two countries. That ai-mistico still fir- ^^*'■'• 
 ther delayed preparations for oflonsive or defensive operations on th. part of the 
 Americans, and, on the Ist of September, the entire effective force under General Van 
 Piensae'aer on the Niagara frontier was only six hundred and ninety-one men, instead 
 of five thousand, as he had been promised !' Notwithstanding Dearborn had been 
 ordered peremptorily to put an end to the armistice, he continued it until the 29th 
 of August,* for the purpose, as he alleged,^ of forwarding stores to Sackett's Harbor 
 —a matter of small moment compared with the accruing disadvantages. Within the 
 period of the armistice, Brock was enabled, after the capture of Hull and the Terri- 
 tory of Michigan, to return leisurely with his troops and prisoners to the Niagara 
 frontier. Wlien the armistice was ended, and Van Rensselaer was so weak in men 
 and munitions of war, the British confronted him, on the opposite side of a narroAV 
 river, with a well-appointed and disciplined, though small army, commanded by skill- 
 ful and experienced oflScers, while every important point from Lake Ontario to Lake 
 Erie along the British side of the Niagara, was carefully guarded or had been mate- 
 rially strengthened. 
 
 Some of the most disastrous effects of the aimistice were parried by a successful 
 effort at diplomacy on the part of Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, the commanding 
 (ycneral's aid, who wcs sent to Fort George to confer with the British general, Sheaffe, 
 on the details of the operations of that agreement. Van Rensselaer insisted upon the 
 unrestricted navigation of Lake Ontario for both parties, and this point was unex- 
 pectedly yielded,* restrictions upon the movements of troops, stores, etc., being con- 
 fined to the country above Fort Erie. This was of vital importance to the Ameri- 
 cans ; for the much-needed supplies for the army, ordnance, and other munitions of 
 war collected at Oswego coull only be taken to the Niagara by water, the roads 
 were in such a wretched condition. By this arrangement, the vessels at Ogdensburg, 
 already mentioned, were releaf>ed,'.to be converted into warriors; and Colonel Fen- 
 wick, at Oswego, moved forwa-'d over the lake to Niagara with a large quantity of 
 gupplios. 
 
 (Jeneral Van Rensselaer* was charged with the duty of not only defending the 
 frontier from invasion, but of an actual invasion of Canada himself. This was a part 
 of the original plan of the campaign. While Hull invaded the province from De- 
 troit, iu was to be penetrated on the Niagara and St. Lawrence frontiers. But Van 
 Rensselaer found himself in a most critical situation, and doubtful Avhether he could 
 even protect the soil of his own state from the foot of the invader. The arrival of 
 
 • Van Renseolaer's Karratiiv, etc., p. 10. 
 
 i On the 29th of Augnst General Dearborn Issued an ordei' in which he declared the armistice at an end, and yet tho 
 fipress bearing the order to the Niagara fi-ontler did not reach General Van Beusselaer until the 12th of September.— 
 SS. Lettiir of Colonel Solomon Van Kensselaer to his Wife, dated Lewiston, September 12, 1812. 
 
 1 Dearborn to the Secretary of War, Angnst 27, 1812. 
 
 • This was on the 2lBt of Aagust. Pour days afterward General Brock arrived wiih Hull and the regulars of his army 
 liprisoneis. 
 
 > As soon as Van Rensselaer obtained the conce88i(j.i, an express was sent to Oswego, Sackett'a Harbor, and Ogdens- 
 burg, ordering those vossels up. 
 
 ' Stephen Van Rensselaer was the fifth in lineal descent from Killian Van Rensselaer, the earliest and I est known 
 «;tlie American Patroorit. He was bom at the manor-honse in Albany, New York, on the first of November, 1 iM. Be- 
 ,d; tbe eldest son, he inherited the Immense estate of his father, and was the last of tt? Patroone. He was educated first 
 It Princeton College and chen at Harvard University. He was graduated at the latter institution In 1782. He became 
 in active politician, and was a warm supporter of Washington and the national ConstHution. In 1795 he was elected 
 Menant governor of his native state, and held the office six consecutive years. He was a rising man in the political 
 Kile, when the overthrowi of the Federal party In 1800 impeded his advancement. Although a Federalist and opposed 
 to tlie war in 1S12, when his country was committed to the measure he patriotically laid aside all party feelings and 
 smt It bis hearty support He was not a military man, and his appointment to the major generalship of the dcMched 
 militia was a stroke of pollpy rather than the deliberate choice of a good military leader. He did not l&ne remain In 
 the ffirrlce. He was In Congress during several consecutive sessions, and by his casting vote in the delegation of New 
 York bo tcave the presidency to John Qulncy Adams in 1824. Then hie political life closed. He was foremost in good 
 works, ilie "Keneselaer School" >. Troy, New York, attests his liberality, and his activity in religious societies waii 
 larked and useful. For many years b was President of the Board of Canul Commissioners. That was his position 
 It tbe time of bis death, which occurrea on the 26th of January, 1840, In the sovonty-flfth year of hia age. 
 
 •"W 
 
384 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 Van Renseelaer calls for Re-cnforcements. They come. Proposition to Invade Canada! Van Reasselaer'a LeiiT 
 
 Colonel Fcnwick, on tho 4th of September, with ordnance and stores gave gome re- 
 lief, hut the evidence of preparations for invasion on the purt of the Britioh became 
 daily more and more positive and alarming. 
 
 At the middle of September Van 
 Rensselaer informed both Govornor 
 Tompkins and General Dearborn of 
 the gloomy prospects before him, and 
 pleaded for re-enforcements, sayiii-r,"A 
 retrograde movement of this army iif^ 
 on the back of that disaster which has 
 befallen the one at Detroit would stamii 
 a stigma upon the national character 
 which time would never wipe away. 
 I shall therefore try to hold out against 
 superior force and every disadvantafe 
 until I shall be re-enforced.'" But as 
 late as the 26th of September General 
 Dearborn could give him no sure prom- 
 ises of timely re-enforcements, while in 
 the same letter that officer expressed 
 a hope that Van Rensselaer would not 
 only be able to meet the enemy, hut 
 to carry the war into Canada. " At all 
 events," he said, " we must colculate 
 on possessing Upper Canada he- 
 fore winter sets in."'' 
 
 Soon after this regular troops. 
 and militia began to arrive m 
 the Niagara frontier. The for- 
 mer assembled at Bufi'alo and its 
 vicinity, the latter at Lewiston ; 
 "Octoiers, and when, in the first Meek of October,'* General Van Rensselaer invited 
 ^®^*' Major General Hall, of the militia of Western New Y ork. Brigadier Gen- 
 eral Smythe, of the regular army and tnen inspector general, and the commandants 
 of the United States regiments to meet him in council, he proposed a speedy invasion 
 of Canada. " I propose," he said, '• that we inimediately concentrate the regular 
 force in the neighborhood of Niagara and the militia here [Lewiston], make the hest 
 possible dispositiona, and at the same time the regulars shall pass from Four-mile 
 Creek to a point in tho rear of the works of Fort George and take it by storm ; I will 
 pass the river here, and carry the heights of Queenstown. Should we succeed, wo 
 shall effect a great discomfiture of the enemy by breaking their line of communica- 
 tion, driving their shipping from the mouth of this [Niagara] river, leaving them no 
 rallying-j)oiiit in this part of tho country, appalling the minds of the Canadians, and 
 opening a wide and safe communication for our supplies. We shall save our land. 
 wipe away part of tho score of our past disgrace, get excellent barracks and winter 
 quarters, and at least be prepared for an early campaign another year."^ This pro- 
 posed council was not held, owing to the failure of General Smyth to comply witli 
 the request of General Van Rensselaer,* and the latter was left wholly to the re- 
 sources of himself and his military funiiiy in forming hii3 plans. They were delHi- 
 erately matured, and preparations for invading Canada went vigorously on. To- 
 
 ' Letter to Oovfmor Tompkln ,, Septcmhor 17. ISIS. > Denrliorn to Van Rensselaer, September 20, 1812. 
 
 ' Letter of (icneral Van KcnrKclaer t.i Oeiieral Dearbnra, LewljtoD, October 8, 18U. 
 * This will be noticed In tbe nei^c chapter. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 385 
 
 LienWnant Enilott on Lake Erie. 
 
 Preparations for captnring Brtti.ih Vesgels. 
 
 Cooperation of the Military. 
 
 ward the middle of October the American forces on the frontier were considered suf- 
 iioient to warrant the undertaking. 
 
 While these preparations were in progress, a daring and successful exploit was per- 
 formed near Buffalo, that won great applause for the actors and infused new spirit 
 into the troops. We have already observed that Lieutenant Je^se D. Elliott, of the 
 United States Navy, v/as sent by Commodore Chauncey to superintend the erection 
 of a fleet on Lake Erie. By a letter from the commander, dated the 7th of September, 
 he was instructed to report himself to General Van Rensselaer, on the Niagara frontier, 
 consult with him as to " the best position to build, repair, and fit for service" such 
 vessels as might be required to retain the command of Lake Erie, and, after selecting 
 Buc' place, to " purchase any number of merchant vessels or boats that might be con- 
 verted into vessels of war or giin-boats," with the advice of General Van Rensselaer, 
 r.nd to commence their equipment Immediately. He was also instructed to take 
 measures for the construction of two vessels of three hundred tons each, six boats of 
 considerable size, and quarters for three hundred men. These, and a variety of other 
 relevant duties, were committed to the charge of Lieutenant Elliott by Chauncey, 
 who said, " Knowing your zeal for the servic^ and your discretion as an oflScer, I feel 
 every confidence in your industry and exertions to accomplish the object of your mis- 
 sion in the shortest time possible.'" Elliott was then twenty -.even years of age. 
 
 Black Rock, two miles below Buffalo, was selected as the place for Lake Erie's first 
 (lock-yard in fitting out a navy. While busily engaged there, early in October, in the 
 (lutips of his office, Elliott was informed that two British armed vessels had come 
 down the lake, and anchored under the guns of Fort Erie. These were the brigs 
 Adams, Lieutenant Rolette commander, and Caledonia, commanded by Mr. Irvine, the 
 fomer a prize captured when Hull surrendered, and its name was changed to Detroit, 
 the latter a vessel OAvned and ernployed by the Northwestern Fur Company on the 
 Upper Lakes.* They were both Avell armed and manned,^ and it was uriderstood 
 tliat the Caledonia bore a valuable, cargo of skins from the forest. They appeared in 
 front of Fort Erie on the morning of the 8th of October, and the zealous Elliott, em- 
 ulous of distinction, immediately conceived a plan for their capture. Timely aid 
 offered. On that very day a detacnment of seamen for service under him arrived 
 from New York. They were unarmed, and Elliott turned to the military authorities 
 for assistance. Lieutenant Colonel Winfield Scott was at Black Rock. He entered 
 warmly into Elliott's plans, and readily obtained the consent of General Smyth, his 
 lommanding oflScer, to lend his aid. Captain Towson, of the Engineers' Corps (2d 
 liegiraeiit of Artillery), was detailed, with fifty men, for the service, and the cordial 
 acquiescence of General Smy th was evinced by a note, marked " confidential," to Col- 
 onel Winder, of the 14th Regiment, then encamped near Buffalo, in which he said, 
 ''15c pleased to turn out the hardy sailors in your regiment, and let them appear, 
 under the care of a non-commissioned officer, in front of my quarters, precisely at three 
 o'clock this evening. Send also all the pistols, swords, and sabres you can borrow at 
 the risk of the lenders, and such public swords as you hav'e."* 
 
 Towson joined Elliott Avith anns and ammunition for the seamen, and botli were 
 accompanied by citizens. The combined force, rank and file, was one hundred and 
 
 twenty-four men.* All the preparations for the enterprise were completed by four 
 
 1 Letter of Chauncey to EHIott, " Navy Yard, New York, September T, lRt2." ' See page 2T0. 
 
 ' The Mroit mounted six O-ponnders and mustered flfty-sir men, besides thirty American prisoners. The taledo- 
 nia mounted two small gtins and mustered twelve men, bes'dcs ten American prisoners. 
 
 < Mniinscrtpt Letter of General Smyth to Colonel Winder, October 8, 1S12. It Is proper here to remark that, throngh 
 tetlud offices of Mrs. Aurella Winder Towusend, of Oyster Bay, Long Island, danghter of General Winder, the papers 
 olthat gallant officer were placed In my possession. Free use has been made of ihem In the conrse of this work. 
 
 ' Ucntenant Elliott, In his offlcli>l report to the 8ecr°tary of the Navy, October 9, 1«12, says there were one hundred 
 I" r ! expedition— fifty in each boat. The list furnished by him, and here given In fttll, makes the number one hund- 
 ltd dud twenty-four, as follows : 
 
 flmmatujira, Jesse D. Elliott, Isaac Chauncey. 
 
 Siif!iii(M>i(wiJfr«, Qeorge Watts, Alexander SIsson. 
 
 B3 
 
 1 
 
 W^ 
 
<>( flu 
 
 ■1 > 
 
 ijfL 
 
 'V :i 
 
 * 
 
 a. 
 
 386 
 
 PICTOBI'.L FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Captnre of the Adamt and Caledonia. 
 
 Names of the Captora. 
 
 Excitement at Buffalo. 
 
 Isaac Roach. 
 
 o'clock in the afternoon. Two large boats had been fitted up at Shogeoquady' Creek 
 just below Black Rock, and then were taken to the mouth of Buffalo Creek in the 
 evening. The expedition embarked at midnight, and at one o'clock in the mom- 
 • October 9, ing* it left the creek silently, while scores of people on shore, who knew 
 ^*"- that an^important movement was on foot, waited with anxiety in the 
 gloom. At three o'clock the sharp crack of a pistol, followed by the flash and roll 
 of a volley of musketry, a dead silence, and the moving of two dark objects down the 
 river, proclaimed that the -enterprise had been successful. A shout of joy ran^ out 
 upon the night air.from the shore between Buflalo and Black Rock, and lanterns and 
 torches in abundance flashed light across the stream to illuminate the way of the 
 victors.' The surprise and success were complete. The vessels were captured and 
 the men in them made prisoners, " In less than ten minutes," wrote Elliott, " I had 
 the prisonei-s all seized, the topsails sheeted home, and the vessels under weich."' 
 The DHroit was taken by the boat conducted by Elliott in person, assisted by Lieu- 
 tenant Roach,* of the Engineers, and the Caledonia by the other boat conducted bv 
 Sailing-master Watts,* assisted by the military under Captain Towson. The first 
 was taken with scarcely any opposition, the second after very brief resistance. The 
 wind was light — too light to allow the vessels thereby to stem the current and reach 
 the open lake ; so they ran down the stream in the darkness, but not without annov- 
 ance. The turmoil of the capture, the shouts of the citizens at Black Rock and Buf- 
 falo, and the display of lights along the American shore, called every British officer 
 and soldier to his post. The guns of Fort Erie, of two or three batteries, and of fly- 
 
 Captain o/ Engineers mui Marines,^!. Towson. 
 
 Lieuterianto/ Engineers and Marines, Isaac Roach. 
 
 Master's Jfateo, William Peckham,.]. E. M'Donald, John S. Cammings, Edward Wilcox. 
 
 Ensiffn,Vfi]]\am Presman. 
 
 Boatswain's Mates, Lawrence Hanson, John Rack, James Horrell. 
 
 Quarter Ounners, Benjamin Tallmau, Bird, Hawk, Noiand, Vincent, Osbom, H'Cobbin, John Wheeler. 
 
 Seamen, Edward Police, James Williams, Robert Craig, John H'Intire, Elisha Atwood, William Edward, Mlchncl S. 
 Brooks, William Roe, Henry Anderson. Christopher Bailey, John Exon, John Lewis.Wllliam Barker, Peter Davis, Peler 
 Deist, Lemuel Smith, Abraham Patch, Benjamin Myrick, Robert Peterson, Benjamin Fleming, Gardiner Gaskill, An- 
 thony De Kmse, William Dickson, Thomas Hill, John Reynolds, Abraham Pish, Jerome Sardie, John Tockum, William 
 Anderson, John Jockings, Thomas Bradley, Hatten Armstrong. 
 
 Soldiers, Jacob Webber, Jesse Green, Henry Thomas, George Gladden, James Murray, Samuel Ba' iwin, John nen- 
 drick, Peter Evans, William Fortune, Daniel Martin, John M'Guard, Samuel Fortune, John Gnrlinp, Zacuariah Wise, John 
 Kearns, Thomas Wnllager, ""homas Honragna, Peter Peroe, Edward Mahoney, Daniel Holland, Mathias Wineman, Mo- 
 ses Goodwin, I/ishnrway Lewis, William Fisher, John Fritch, James Roy, James U'Gee, James M'Crossan, AMlliam Wei- 
 raer, Thomas Leister, Joseph Davis, Benjamin Thomas, James M'Donald, Thomas Ruark, J. Wicklin, W. Richard*, 
 James Tomlin, James Boyd, James Neal, John Gidlemau,Wllllam Knight, M. Parish, Jnmes M'Coy, Daniel Fraser, John 
 House, Jacob Stewart, William Kemp, Hugh Robb, Anson Crossweil. Charles Lewis, John Shields, Charles Lc Forge, 
 John Joseph, Henry Berthold, James Lee, Isaac Murrows, George Eaton, Thomas C. Leader, William Cowenboven, 
 John J. Lord, Charles Le Fraud, Elisha Cook, John Tolenson, John Q. Stewart, William Fryer, Cyrenns Chapin, Alei- 
 ander M'Comb, Thomas Davis, Peter Orenstock, William C.Johnson. 
 
 I am indebted to Colonel Gleason F. Lewis, of Cleveland, for the above " Roll of Honor," and I take pleasure in here 
 acknowledging my Indebtedness to that gentleman for many kind services in aid of my labors. His attention to the 
 business of procuring pensions and boimties for the soldiers of the War of 1812 and their families for many years, gives 
 him, probably, a mor^ thoror'gh knowledge of that subject, as relates to the Army of the Northwest, than any other 
 man In the country. 
 
 > This is an Indian word, and is variously spelled Shogeoqiiady, Shojeoqnady, Seajaqnady, and Skajoekuda. 
 
 » Reminiseenees o/ Buffalo, by Henry Lovejoy . ^ I^etter to the Secretary of the Nai^y, October 9, 1S12. 
 
 ♦ Isaac Roach was bom in the District of Sonthwark, Philadelphia, on the 24th of Fehmary; 1780. After the atlacli 
 on the Chemptakt In ISOT [see page 167], Roach, then twentv.one years of age, organized an artillery company in Phil- 
 adelphia. In 1812 he obtained the appointment of second lieutenant In the Second Regiment U. S. Artillery, and joined 
 that regiment nnder Lieutenant Colonel Scott In July. He volunteered to accompany the expedition against the Bril 
 Ish brigs, ttnd led fifty of his a.ssoclat«8 in the attAck. He was then adjutant of the regiment ; and so anxious were the 
 men to accompany him, that when he passed along the line to select them, his ears were saluted with the exclamation.', 
 " Can't I go, sir f "— " Tfke me. Adjutant"—" Don't forget M'Gee"— " I'm a Philadelphia boy," etc. Roach was wound- 
 ed in the battle at Qncenstown soon aderward, and he returned home. He soon afterward joined the staff of Gcnerai 
 Izard. He was made a prisoner at the Beaver Dams the next year. He had many adventures In attempts to escape, 
 and was Anally successful. He was about to take the fleld under General Scott as assistant adjutant general, when 
 peace came. Ho commanded successively Forts M'Hcury, i^olumbus, ard Mifflin, until 1828, when he was commissioned 
 m^or by brevet. He retired from the army In \><'H. In 1838 i.e was elected Mayor of Philadelphia, and was appointed 
 Tresanrer of the Mint soon afterward. He died Dc'cemher 29, IMS. 
 
 • Watts was killed on the 28th nf No.smWr following, while assisting Lieutenant Holdup and others In spiking Mice 
 cannon at the little village of WaterlDo. on the Canada side of the Niagara, a short distance below Fort Erie, lite ball 
 that killed Watts paised tbroogh Holdup's hand. The former died lii the arms of the latter. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 887 
 
 A Struggle fov the Poeeesslon of a Vessel. 
 
 Gallantry of the Combatants. 
 
 liosses of Hen In the Conflict. 
 
 ing artillery, all guided by the lights that gleamed over the waters, were brought 
 to bear upon the vessels.' The Detroit was compelled to anchor within reach of the 
 enemy's guns, while the Caledonia ran ashore, and was beached under the protection 
 of the guns of an American battei-y between BuflTalo and Black Rock.^ The guns of 
 the Detroit were all removed to her larboard side, and a mutual cannonading was 
 kept up for some time.^ Efforts were made by tow-line and warps to haul her to the 
 American shore. These failed ; and, regarding the destruction of the Detroit as cer- 
 tain in her exposed position, Elliott cut her cable and set her adrift. At that mo- 
 ment he discovered that his pilot had left. For ten minutes she went blindly down 
 the swift cv''pnt, and then brought up on the west side of Squaw Island, near the 
 American shore, but still exposed to the guns of the enemy.* The prisoners, forty- 
 six in number, were immediately landed below Squaw Island, but the current was so 
 stron" that the boats could not return to the vessel. She was soon boarded by a 
 party of the British Forty-ninth Regiment, then etationed at Fort Erie, but they were 
 driven off by some citizen soldiera of Buffalo, who, with a six-pound field-piece, crossed 
 over to Squaw Island in a scow and boldly attacked them.* She was then placed 
 in charge of Lieutenant Colonel Scott, at Black Rock, who gallantly defended her. 
 Each party resolved that the other should not possess her, and the cannons of both 
 wore brought to bear upon the doomed vossel during the remainder of the day. At 
 a little after sunset Sir Isaac Brock arrived, and made preparations to renew the at- 
 tempt to recover the Detroit, with the aid of the crew of the Lady Prevoat ; but be- 
 fore these were perfected a party of the Fifth United States Infantry set her on fire 
 and she was consumed.* The Caledonia was saved, and afterward performed good 
 i^ervice in Perry's fleet on Lake Erie. 
 
 In this really brilliant affair the Americans lost only two killed and five wounded. 
 Tlie loss of the British is not known.' The Cah ' >Hia was a rich prize, her cargo 
 
 I The movements on the Canadian shore were under the direction of the gallant Hivjor Ormsby, the British com" 
 
 mandant there. The first shot from the flying artil- y. 
 
 lery crossed the river and Instantly killed the brave 'V\^a.« a 
 
 Major William Howe Cuyler, of Ontario, General JTM^^ /^ 
 
 Hall's ald-de-camp, who had taken a deep interest ^^ ,^ ,^\/3 
 
 in the expedition. He had been In the saddle all ^^"-^ ' 
 
 night, and hai just left a warehouse where rigging 
 
 was procured for warping in the Detroit, and was 
 
 jTjIdlugthe vessels with a lantern In his hand, when 
 
 the fatal ball struck him and he fell dead. His 
 
 bodf was carried by Captain Bei\|amln Bidwell and others to the honse of Nathaniel Sill. The death of the gallant and 
 
 accomplished Cnyler was widely mourned. Obituary notices appeared in the newspapers ; and " The War," printed in 
 
 ^°ew York, pablUhed a poem "To the Memory of Major Cuyler," in six stanzas, in which the following lines occnr : 
 " In Freedom's virtuous cause alert he rose. 
 In Freedom's virtuous cause undaunted bled; 
 He died for Freedom 'midst a host of foes, 
 And found on Erie's beach an honored bed." 
 I She was grounded a little above what is now the foot of Albany Street. The Injured on board the Caledonia were 
 branght on shore in a boat. It could not quite reach the land on account of shoal water, when Doctor Josiah Trow- 
 bridge, yet [18873 a resident of Buffalo, waded in and bore some of them to dry land on his back. They were taken to 
 the house of Orange Dean, at the old ferry (now foot of Fort Street, opposite the angle la Niagara Street), and well 
 tired for. While Doctor Trowbridge was taking a mnsket-ball from the neck of a wounded man, a twenty- four-pound 
 (hot entered the honse, struck a chimney Just over their heads, and covered them with bricks, mortar, and splinters. 
 Aaother shpt of the same weight demolished a trunk on the deck of the Caledonia, scattered its contents, consisting of 
 Indies' wearing npparel, among the rigging, passed on, and was buried in the banks of the river. Two small boys (Cyrus 
 K. St. John and Henry Lovejoy), who came down from Buffalo to see the fight, exhumed the shot and carried It home 
 1! a trophy of their valor.— Sarrative of Henry Lovejoy. 
 
 ■ Elliott, who was on board the Detroit, hailed the British commander, and threatened to place his prisoners on the 
 decks If he did not cease firing. The enemy disregarded the menace. "One single moment's reflection," said Elliott 
 in his official dispatch, "determined me not to commit an act that would subject me to the imputation of barbarity." 
 
 'Her position was nearly opposite Pratt's Iron Works. 
 
 ' These were principally members of an Independent volunteer company of Buffalo, of which the lato Ebeneier Wal- 
 detwas commander. They flrst brought their six-ponuder to bear upon the enemy at the point where the Black Rock 
 Ice-house stood in 1860, Doctor Trowbridge acting as gunner. When the regular gunner came they crossed over to 
 SuMw Island.— Statement of Doctor Trowbridge to the Author. 
 
 ' Throng'ii the intrepidity of Sailing-master Watts, some of her guns were taken out of her during the cannonade, and 
 Mred to do excellent duty in n land-battery between Black Rock and Buffalo. 
 
 ■ Elliott's ofilciat Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, October », 1812 ; Cooper's Saval Hintorj/, 11., 831 ; Letter of Gen- 
 end Sir Isaac Brock to Sir Geor),« Prevoat, October 11, 181S, quoted iu Tapper's Lifi qf Brock, page 818. 
 
 (nv^^. 
 
 
 ■ 1. 
 
 i 
 
 ^l^l^Hb 
 
 
 fj^^^Hlf 
 
 
 ^^^^1!^ 
 
 
 
 
 i^^^^B'' 
 
 
 l^^H- 
 
 
 ^^^^^K'^ ' 
 
 
 if^^^^^^^^v) ' 
 
 
 ^^^^H> ' 
 
 
 HBI 
 
 
 'M, 
 
 
 ;;:il 
 
 % 
 
 K. I 
 
888 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Elliott and bli Companions. 
 
 Eipression of the aratitnde of the Nation by t'ou(;resj 
 
 being valued at tvo hundred thousand dollars, 
 and British — on this 
 occasion was highly 
 commendable. El- 
 liott' made special 
 mention of several of 
 his companions,'* and 
 
 •Jan. 20, Congress," 
 1818. ijy. jj yotj,^ 
 
 awarded to that offi- 
 cer their thanks, and 
 a sword, with suita- 
 ble emblems and de- 
 vices.' The exploit 
 sent a thrill of joy 
 throughout the Unit- 
 ed States, because it 
 promised speedy suc- 
 cess in efforts to ob- 
 tain the laastery of 
 
 JSBSK 1). KI.1.10TT. 
 
 The gallantry of all— Americans 
 Lake Eric, while it 
 produced a corre- 
 sponding depression 
 on the other side, for 
 a similar reason. 
 
 yr-:x " Tlie event is partic- 
 
 ularly unfortunate," 
 wrote General Brock, 
 " and may rednce us 
 to incalculable dis- 
 tress. The enemy is 
 making every exer- 
 tion to gain a naval 
 superiority on both 
 lakes, which, if thev 
 accomplish it, I do 
 not see how we can 
 possibly retain tlie 
 country."* 
 
 > Jesse Dnucnn Elliott was born in Maryland in 1785. He entered the naval service of the United States as mideliip- 
 man in April, 1800, and in 1810 v/as promoted to lieutenant. After hi.i gallant exploit near Bnffnio he Joined ChnuncoT 
 at Sackett's Harbor. In Jnly, 1813, he was promoted to master commandant over thirty lieutenants, and appointed to 
 the command of the brig Xiagara, 20, built on Lake Eric. He was second in command in Perry's engagement on the 
 10th of September, 1813, ^^ employed until Novem- 
 and for his conduct on (I, C\, i / /) /7 * '""" '*'* """" '''"''i ''''"' 
 that occasion Congress I ^ /9 /^ ^ /lJ t r A^^ ^i^~^ he was assigned the coin- 
 voted him a gold medal. ^-'^^^^,'^*-J/'^^"^— /\/ ^/^L'Cx-'V-'V'C'lv mandoftheeloop-of-war 
 After that battle he re- V. -^ //L^ J Ontario, then just corn- 
 turned to Lake Ontario, U^^~- — ■ — ■ ) -^ plated at Baltimore. This 
 
 and was there actively * — -^ vessel was one of Deca- 
 
 tur's squadron that performed good service in the Mediterranean Seo in 1916. Elliott was promoted to the rank of cap- 
 tain in 1818, and subsequently had command of squadroub on several stations, as well as of the navy yards nt Boston 
 and Philadelphia. On account of alleged misconduct In the Mediterranean, he was tried by a court-martial In 1S40. Tho 
 result was a sentence of four years' suspension from tha service. In 1843 the President remitted the remainder of his 
 suspension. He died on the 18th of December, 1846. Commodore Elliott became involved In a controversy concern- 
 ing his conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie, which ceased only with his death. That controversy, and the excitement 
 growing out of his placing an image of President Ja(!kson on the Constitution frigate as n flgnre-head, will be noticed 
 hereafter. 
 
 » He specially commended for their gallant services Captain Towson and Lieutenant Roach, of the Second Eegimeni 
 of Artillery ; Ensign Prestman, of the Infantry : Captain Chapin, and Messrs. John Macomb, John Town, Thomas Dab, 
 Peter Overstocks, and James Sloan, residents of Baffalo. He also particularly noticed Sailing-master Watts, who com- 
 mnndcd the boat that boarded the CaUdcnia. 
 
 ' Journal of Congress, January 26, 1818. ■• 
 
 * Letter of Qeueral Brock to Sir George Prevost, October 11, 1812. 
 
 I- 1 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 389 
 
 Impatience of the People nnd the Troopii. Bad Conduct of General Smyth. Ills Letter to General Van Rcnuelaer. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 " September the thtrtceuth, at midnight so dark, 
 Oar troops on the Kiver Niagara embark'd ; 
 The standard of Britain resolved to pull down, 
 And drivo the proud foes f^om the heights of Queeustown." 
 
 Old Somo — TuK Hecois or Qceemstown. 
 
 fOR several weeks General Van Rensselaer had felt the presoure 
 of public impatience, nianifested by letters and the press. It 
 had been engendered by the extreme tardiness displayed in the 
 collection of troops on the frontier for the invasion of Canada, 
 about which much had been said and written menacingly, boast- 
 fully, and deprecatory. That impatience had begun to be seri- 
 ously manifested by his troops early in October.' Homesick- 
 ness, domestic claims, idleness in the camp, and bodily sufferings 
 and frowing inclemency of the season, combined to affect the temper of the men 
 most injuriously. Their calls to be led to battle became daily more and more urgent 
 and imperious, unvil the volcanic fires of mutiny completely undermined the camp, 
 and threatened a total overthro'y of the general's authority. He perceived the ne- 
 cessity of striking the enemy at once at some point, or allow his army to dissolve, and 
 all the toils and expenses of tue campaign to be lost. He formed his plans, and, as 
 we have observed, endeavored to counsel w'th the field oflicers under his command, 
 liiit failed. General Alexander Smyth, his second in command, had lately arrived. 
 
 pirant for the 
 chief command 
 on the frontier. 
 Unlike the true 
 soldier and pat- 
 riot, he could 
 
 lie was a proud 
 Virginian, an 
 officer of the 
 regular army 
 (inspector gen- 
 eral), and an as- 
 
 iiot bend to the necessity of obedience to a militia general, especially one of Northern 
 birth and a leu.iing Federalist, who, for the time, was made his superior in rank and 
 position. H":; temper was exhibited in his letter to Van Rensselaer* . September 29, 
 announcing his arrival on the frontier.'^ It was supercilious, dictatorial, 
 
 Cg-2^S-Cor Z^^^^oA^y 
 
 1812. 
 
 ' General Van Rensselaer was placed In a most delicate situation. It was well known that, politically, both he and 
 hi« aid, Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, had been opposed to the war, and the unavoidable delays were construed by 
 vsm. into intentional immobility in order to !i'ustrate the designs of the government. These suspicions were unjust 
 nnd ungenerous in the extreme, for no purer patriot and conscientious and truthful man than Stephen Van Rensselaer 
 ever lived. "A flood of circumstances," wrote Lovett, Van Rensselaer's secretary, "such as a great desire for forage, 
 for provisions, for every thing to make man comfortable ; the mo!^ t inclement storm which I ever experienced at this 
 eeuon of the year ; indeed, innumerable circumstances had ronvinced the general, as early as the beginning of the 
 montb,that a blow must be struck, or the army would break up in confusion, with intolerable imputations on his own 
 characccr."— Manuscript Letter to Abraham Van Vechten, Buinilo, Octo'jer, 21, 1812. 
 
 ' The following is a copy of General Smyth's letter : 
 
 "1 hove been ordered by Major General Dearborn to Niagara, to take command of a brigade of United States troops, 
 and directed, on my arrival in the vicinity of vonr nnorters, to report myself to yon, which I now do. I intended to have 
 tcporicd myself personally, but the conclusions I have drawn as to the interests of the service have determined me to 
 Hop at this place for the present. Prom the description I t nve had of the river below the Fails, the view of the shore 
 Wow Fort Erie, and the information received as to the preparations of the enemy, I am of opinion that our crossing 
 »honld be effected between Fort Erie and Chippewa. It has, therefore, seemed to me proper to encamp the United 
 States troops near BulTalo, there to prepare (or ufliensiTe operations. Yonr Instructions or better information moy decide 
 Tou to give me different orders, which I will await." 
 
 TliiB letter was offensive, first, because the subordinate officer not only failed to report himself in person, as he was 
 bound in duty to do, but assumed perfect independence by choosing his own theatre of action ; and, secondly, because 
 tbe writer, an entire stranger to the country, Just arrived, went out of his way to Intrude his opinions upon his com- 
 numding general as to military operations, when he knew that that general had been there for weeks, and was neces- 
 
 Ma. I 
 
 1 1 
 
 ) 
 
 1 . 
 

 n 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 890 • 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-SOOK 
 
 Broyth'R loinburdlnatlon. 
 
 Von Renuelaar prepares to attack Qneentton. 
 
 UisefllNthnll^ 
 
 and impertinent, and gave ample assurance that he would not cordially co-operate 
 with tlie chief in command. So iindutiful was his conduct that many were of opinion 
 that coercive nieasurcH should be used to bring him to a sense of duty.' When iioliti- 
 ly requested by Van Uentsclaer to name a day for a council of officers, he ncgiccKd 
 to do so. Day after day passed, and Smyth made no definite reply, when the com- 
 manding general resolved to act upon his own responsibility, and " gratify his own 
 inclinations and that of his army" by commencing offensive operations at once. On 
 the 10th of October he prepared to attack the JBritish at Queenston, opposite Lewis- 
 ton, before dawn the next morning.^ 
 
 qt'KENSTUN IN ISl'J. 
 
 Van Rensselaer congidered his forces ample to assure him of success. They num- 
 bered more than six thousand. Sixteen hundred and fifty regulars, under General 
 Smyth, were between Black Rock and BuflTalo, commanded by Colonels Winder, Park- 
 er, and Milton, and Lieutenant Colonel Scott. In the vicinity were three hundred 
 and eighty-six militia, under Lieutenant Colonels Swift and Hopkins. At Lewiston, 
 where Van Rensselaer had his head-quarters, Brigadier General Wadsworth com- 
 
 earily famlUir with every rood of the gronnd and every disposition of the enemy. Van Bensselaer, tree gentleman as 
 he V/&8, quietly .-chnked the impertinence by informing General Smyth that for many years he had had " a general 
 knowledge of the banks of the Niagara River and of the adjacent country on the Canad.i shore," and that be had non 
 " attentively explored the American side with the view of military operations." " However willing I may be," he ealil, 
 "asaciti/en soidicr, to surrender my opinion to a professional one, I commonly make such surrender to an opinion de- 
 liberately formed upon a view of the whole ground All my past measures have been calculated for one point. 
 
 and I now only wait for a competent force. As the season of the year an-J every consideration urges mc to act will] 
 promptness, I can not hastily listen to a change of position, n-alnly conntcted with a new system of measures and Ibe 
 very great inconvenience of the troops."— Fan Reruielaer to Smyth, 30th September, 1812. 
 
 Speaking of the conduct of General Smyth on this occasion, a contemporary officer says, " It is presumed this temper 
 produced a spirit of insubordination destructive to the harmony and concert which is essential to cordial co-operallon. 
 and that the public service was sacrificed to personal eensibllity."— ITfUrfnsou's Memoir, I., BC6. " Was I to hazard au 
 opinion," says Wilkinson in another place, " it should be that his designs were patriotic, but that his ardor obscured 
 his Judgment, and that he was more indiscreet than culpable."— Jfemmr*, I., 681. 
 
 ' A A'arrcUive qf the Affair at Qmemtown in the War qf 1812, by Solomon Van Rensselaer, page 19. 
 
 ' Queenston (originally Queen's Town) was at this time a thriving little village, and one of the principal iipdii for 
 merchandise and grain in that region. Its prosperity was paralyzed by the Welland Canal, which cut off most of ii? 
 trade. The view here given is ffom a sketch made in 1812, from the north part of the village, looking sonthwani 
 up the Niagara River. On the right arc seen the Heights of Queenston, and on the left the heights of Lewiston. Tbe 
 river is here about six hundred feet in width. The village was upon a plain of uneven surface at the foot of the Height!. 
 This plain at Queenston is seventy feet above the river, and slopes gradually to the lake, where the bank is oaly a feiv 
 feet above the water. The Helghta rise two hundred and thirty feet above the river. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1819. 
 
 391 
 
 Xbe British Force on the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 Van ReniMlaer-s KnowltdgavfttoMtUliOk 
 
 man<li'<l a corps of inilitin almost Bcvcnteen hundred strong, and near him was the 
 camp of BrigiuUtT General JSIiller, with almost six hundred men. Five hundred 
 and fifty regulars imdcr ^ ___--5 under Major Mulliiny, 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Fen- /\^ yr^J^^^ * /f ^'^*" '" garrison at Fort 
 
 wick, and eight hundred yt^n^L^/fT'yC't^ i^ t<//^ Niagara. Tiiere were, 
 ofthe same class of troops ^' in tlie aggregate, three 
 
 tlimisand six hundred and fifty regulars, and two thousand six hundred and fifty 
 
 militia- 
 
 The British force on the western bank of the Niagara River, regular militia and In- 
 dians, numbered about fifteen hundred. Their Indian allies, under Johii IJrant, were 
 about two hundred and fifty strong. Small garrisons held Fort Erie, at the foot of 
 Laiie Erie, and two or three batteries, on rising ground, opposite Black Koc... The 
 erection of Fort Erie had then just been commenced, but for want of funds had been 
 loft unfinished. Major Anuand commanded there. A small detachment ofthe 4l8t 
 Uegiment, under «Japtain Bullock, and tlie fiank companies ofthe 2d Kegiment ofthe 
 Lncoln Militia, under Captai.is Hamilton and Koe, was at Chi])pewa, where there was 
 !'. dilapidated old block-house called Fort Welland. The fiank companies of the 49th 
 Kegiment, under Captains Dennis and Williams, and a considerable body of militia, 
 were at Queenston, and, with the exception of detached parties of militia alcyig the 
 whole line of the river to watch the movements of the Americans, the remainder were 
 
 , at Fort George, the 
 
 head-quarters of Ma- 
 jorGeneral Brock,ui.'- 
 der Gineral Sheafie. 
 At every mile be- 
 tween Fort (ieorge 
 and Queenston, bat- 
 teries were thrown 
 up. On Queenston 
 1 [eights, south of 
 the village, and half 
 way up the mount- 
 ain, was a redan bat- 
 tery, mounting some 
 18-pounder8 and two 
 howitiiers ; and on 
 Vrooman ' 8 Point,^ 
 about a mile below, 
 was another battery, 
 on which was mount- 
 ed a twenty - four - 
 pound carronade en 
 
 VIEW FBOll THE BITE OF TBOOMAN'B BATTEBY. 
 
 barbette. This gun commanded both Lewiston and Queenston Landing. 
 
 Van Rensselaer had made himself thoroughly acquainted witli the condition of the 
 enemy. His oflicers, while on oflicial visits to the various posts, had been vigilant 
 and observmg,'* and he was so well satisfied that a fa^'orable time for an invasion of 
 
 ' The picture represents a view of the Niagara River and shores from Vroomau'g Point. In the foreground are 
 the remains of the battery. On the right ia seen Queenston and the Heights, with Brock's monument ; on the left, 
 Lewiston and its heights ; and in the centre, Niagara River and the Lewiston Suspension Bridge. We are looking 
 eomhward, np the Niagara River. 
 
 ' Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, who visited the British heod-qnarters on business several times, says that on 
 the last occasion be saw two beautiful brass howitzers, of small size, calculated to be carried on pack-horses, the 
 vheels about the size of a wheel-barrow. He remarked to Colonel M'Donell and other British officers who accompanied 
 him, " These, at all events, are old acquaintances of mine. I feel partial to them, and must try to take them back." He 
 recognized them as formerly belonging to Wayne's army 'vhen be was in service imder him. They were among the 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
N 1 
 
 lis 
 
 f ! 
 
 302 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PraparatloM to crowi the River. Treuon or Cowardice of Lieutenant Siru. The Kxpeditlon delnjred. A Council 
 
 Canada hud arrived that he made arrangements on the 10th of October to assail 
 Qucenston at tlirec o'clock the next morning.' During that evening thirteen iarco 
 boats, capable of bearing three hundred and forty full-armed and equipped men wore 
 brought down on wagons from Gill's Creek, two miles above the Falls, and placed in 
 the river at Lewiston Landing, under cover of intense darkness. The flying artillery 
 under Lieutenant Colonel Fenwick, and a detachment of regulars under his coniiiiaii(i 
 were ordered up from Fort Niagara, and General Smyth was directed to send down 
 detachments from his brigade at Bufialo to support the movement. Colonel Solomon 
 Van Itensselaer vas appointed to the command of the invading force,^ an airaiifo. 
 ment which seems to have given umbrage to some of the officers of the regular army 
 on the frontier. 
 
 The river at Lewiston, at the foot of the lower rapids, is always a sheet of violent 
 eddies, the middle current running about four miles an hour. To prevent confusion 
 and disaster, experienced boatmen were procui jd, and the command of the flotilla 
 was intrusted to Lieutenant Sims, who was considered " the man of the greatest skill 
 for the service."^ Before midnight every thing was in readiness. Clouds had been 
 gathering in immense masses all the evening, and at one In the morning a furious 
 northeast storm of wind and rain was sweeping over the country. But the zeal of 
 the troops was not cooled by the drrnching rain. At the appointed hour they were 
 all at the place of debarkation, with Van Rensselaer at their head. Lieutenant Sims 
 entered the foremost boat, and soon disappeared in the gloom. The others could not 
 follow, for he had taken nearly all the oars with him ! They waited for him to dis- 
 cover and correct his mistake, but in vain. He went far above the intended crossing- 
 place, moored his boat to the shore, and fled as fast as the legs of a traito, jv oowanl 
 could carry hira. The soldiers endured the fierce blasts and the falling flood until 
 almost daylight, when they were marched to their respective cantonments, and the 
 enterprise was for a moment abandoned. The storm continued unabated twenty- 
 eight hours, and during that time all the soldiers remained in their deluged camps. 
 The general-in-chief again detennined to seek the council of his brother officers, 
 hoping the patience of his troops would brook farther delay. He was mistaken. The 
 miscarriage and the desertion of Sims increased their ardor, and Van Rensselaer 
 found himself compelled to renew the attempt at invasion immediately. He was 
 willing, for valuable re-enforcements were near. Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie hail 
 
 arrived at Four-mile Creek 
 late in the evening of the 
 10th,Avith three hundred ami 
 fifty newly - enlisted regu- 
 lars, a part of the Thirteenth 
 Regiment of Infantry, com- 
 manded respectively by Captains Wool, Ogilvie, Malcolm, Lawrence, and Annstiong, 
 with thirty boats and military stores. Chrystie had hastened to head-quarters, and 
 offered the services of himself and men in the execution of the enteqjrise in hand, but 
 he was too late. Every arrangement was completed. Colonel Van Rensselaer was 
 
 ^^^^^yJ^^J 
 
 Britieh trophies of victory taken at Detroit, and were brought down to be sent to England. Nicholas Gray, who was 
 Inspector general of New York the following year, with the rank of colonel, and who was then acting engineer, made 
 a valuable reconnoissance of the whole frontier. His mannscript report to General Van Rensselaer is before me. His 
 outline map, accompanying the report, I found useful in constmcting tlie Map of the Ifiaijara Frontier on page 382. 
 
 ' Van Rensselaer was deceived by an erroneous report of a spy whom he had scut across the river on the momlDg of 
 the 10th to gain information. He returned with the false report that General Brock, with all his disposable force, had 
 moved off In the direction of Detroit. 
 
 » General Van Rensselaer's Letter to the Secretary of War, October 14, 1812. 
 
 ' On that evening Colonel Van Rensselaer wrote to his wife : " I go to storm an important post of the enemy. Yonng 
 Lush and Gansevoort attend me. I must succeed, or yon, my dear Harriet, will never see me again. If so, let me en- 
 treat you to meet my fall with fortitude ; and be assured, my dear, lovely, bnt unfortunate wife, that my last prayer 
 will be for you and my dear children."— MS. Letter, Lewiston, October 10, 1S12. This letter is before me. It is mnch 
 blotted by the tears of the soldier's wife, as I was informed by her daughter. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 303 
 
 S«cond Attempt to Invade Canada. 
 
 Military Ktiqnetto. 
 
 ColuucI Scutt at ScbloiMr. 
 
 moving with hin men to the landing-place, where only boats onoiigh for the transpor- 
 tation of the trooj)S appointed for the perilous serviee had been provided. 
 
 When the storm abated immediate preparations were muihs for the second attempt 
 at invasion. IJrock was watching the Americans with the eye of a vigilant and skill- 
 ful commander. The river that divided tlie belligerents was narrow, and every open 
 movement by each party might be observed by the other. Preparations were f hero- 
 t'nie made with great caution. Brock was deceived. The strong force at Fort Ni- 
 airam and the detention of Chrystie's troops at Four-mile Creek, made him suspect 
 that on attack, if made soon, would bo upon Fort George. 
 
 Three o'clock in the morning of tlio 13th was the ai)pointed hour for the expedi- 
 tion to embark from the old Ferry-house at Lowiston Landing for the base of Queens- 
 ton Heights. The command was again intrusted to Colonel Solomon Van Kensse- 
 laer. Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie was exceedingly anxious to have the honor of 
 chief in the enterprise, and pleaded liis rank and experience, as compared with that 
 of the aid-de-camp of the general-in-chief, in favor of his claim. Hut Van Rensselaer 
 would not change his general arrangements. It was agreed, however, that Colonel 
 Van Rensselaer should lead a column of three hundred militia, and Lieutenant Col- 
 nnol Chrystie should lead another composed of tlie same number of regulars, so that 
 each might share in the hazards and glory of the expedition. Chrystie refused to 
 waive his rank in favor of Van Rensselaer, but consented to receive orders from him. 
 This technical distinction between waiving of rank* and yielding obedience may bo 
 dear to military minds, but it is quite imperceptible to the common sense of a ci- 
 vilian. 
 
 At an early hour in the evening of the 12th,'' Chrystie marched with three . October, 
 handred men from Fort Niagara by an interior road, and reached Lewiston '*^'''' 
 beforo midnight. Lieutenant Colonels Strr.nahan, Mead, and Bloom, with three regi- 
 ments, marched at about the same time fi'om Niagara Falls,' and also reached Lew- 
 iston in good season. Meanwhile Lieutenant Colonel Scott had arrived at Schlosser, 
 two miles above the Falls, at the head of his regiment, where he was informed that 
 an expedition against the enemy of some kii,,l was in motion at Lewiston.' Young, 
 
 ' To avoid attracting the attent!: n of the British, these regiments icft the Falls at diflferent boars ; Stranabau's start- 
 ed at seven In the evening, Mead's at eight, and Bloom's nt nine. 
 
 I This fact was communicated to Scott by Colonel James Collier, now (ISOT) a citizen of Steubenvllle, Ohio. " Ho 
 WIS adjutant of the same regiment (Colonel Henry Bloom's) wherein I was paymaster," wrote Arad Joy, Esq., of Ovld, 
 Xew York, to the author In March, 1S62. In a letter to me, written on the 20tb of February, 1800, Colonel Collier says : 
 "Tlie regiment to which I was attached was stationed at the Falls. I had been down to head-qaarters at Lewiston, 
 jeren miles below, on the 12th of October, and the orders for the marching of tho troops at the Falls for that place were 
 confided to me. About sunset I rode up to the head of the Rapids, a mile above our camp, and was surprised to see n 
 (ietachment of troops pitching their tents. The officer In command, whoni I did not then know, but who, I thought, 
 itas the finest specimen of a man I ever saw, was standing alongside of his horse near by. His rank I knew from 
 bi! dress. I rode np to him aud Inquired If he was encamping for the uight. 'Yes,' be replied. 'Then, sir,' I said, 
 ■I tliink you can not we were to cross tho 
 
 know what la to be go- ^^ river the next morn- 
 
 ing on in the mom- Jy ^^ ^ Ing and attack the en- 
 
 inj.' 'No, sir,' he ir jr>^ ^O^O /) ^'a-^^^ emy on the Heights of 
 
 Mid, 'I have not heard ^V^ '"t-^^ir *^ ■t<7 f^^'^^-^C^'X^il^ — • Queenston; thotlhad 
 
 from head-qnartcrs for y^ f the orders for the 
 
 Mveraldays. Is there /[^ I march ing of the troops 
 
 any tiling in the wind, (y^ ^ — - to that post, but that, 
 
 sir;' 1 'emarked that of course, they did not 
 
 inclnde his command. ' I am Colonel Scott,' he said ; ' will yon allow me to look at your orders V They were band- 
 ed to blm, and the moment he bad read them he was In the saddle, his tenia were struck, and his command under 
 marching orders. The next I saw of the gallant soldier was on the Heights of Queenston In a perfect blaze of Are, and 
 then, as now, head and shoulders taller than any man in the country." 
 
 Many years afterward, when Scott, as a major general, was bearing more years and many honors. Colonel Collier met 
 him in Washington City, and the first words Scott addressed to him were, " I was Indebted to yon for my first fight. I 
 have always felt under great obligations to you. If It had not been for you, colonel, what would have been my posi- 
 tion? Seven miles fk'om the battle-field, sir, and the first battle of a campaign 1 Why, sir, I should never have got over 
 itdnring my life 1" " It is pleasant now," wrote Colonel Collier, " In the sunset of my days, to recall this little Inci- 
 dent, connected as It is with the greatest captain of the age In which he lives." A few months after receiving this let- 
 ter, 1 liad the pleasure of spending a day or two with Colonel Collier at Cleveland, on the occasion of the Inauguration 
 of the statne of Commodore Perry. He Is a hale, erect gentleman, of what is called "the old school" in manners, and 
 most delightful entertainer of company in conversation. 
 
 ' I, 
 
 :]jp.,!, 
 
J f 
 
 / ! 
 
 IM 
 
 if 
 
 «04 
 
 nCTOBIAL fIBLD.BOOX 
 
 Colonel Hcott on I/iwUton llelghU. Pttnge of the River In the Diirk. LandInK nt the Foot orQuecniton BtlaktiL 
 
 ardent, and caKor for adventure and K'^ry, ho imnu'diatcly mounted his hontc, and 
 dafthed toward lioad-(|uart('rH aH Bpi'cdily an the horrid condition of the road would 
 allow. He |)r«>H(>!iti'(l hiiiiHclf to the conimandin^ general, and earneHtly solicited the 
 l)rivilege of takinjjf a i)art in the invasion with hitt command. " The arranj,'(tn(iitti 
 for the expedition are all completed, sir," naid (leneral Van UensHelaer, "Colon,.! 
 Van KensHelaor is in chief command. Lieutenant ColonclH Chrystie and Fciuviik 
 liave waived their rank for tlie occawion, and you may join the expedition as a volun- 
 teer, if you will do the name." Van KensHclaer wisely determined not to have a di- 
 vided command. Scott was unwilling to yield his rank ; but he pressed liis suit so 
 warmly that it was agreed that he should bring on his regiment, take position on the 
 lieights of licwiston with his cannon, and co-operate in the attack as circuniHtances 
 might warrant. Scott hastened back to Sehlosser, put his regiment in motion, and 
 by a forced march through the deep mud reached Lewiston at four o'clock in flic 
 • October 13, niorning." Again he importuned for permission to participate directly in 
 the enterprise, but in vain. His rank would be equal, on the field, to that 
 
 iNii. 
 
 of Colonel Van Rensselaer, who had originated and j)lanned the whole att'air,' and 
 who the commanding general resolved should have the honor of winning the Inuiils 
 to bo obtained by leadership. 
 
 The night of the 12th was intensely dark, yet every thing was in readiness for tlip 
 invasion at a little after three o'clock in the morning.'' Mr. (!ook, a citi- 
 zen of Lewiston, had assumed the direction of the boats, and [irovidtd 
 men to man them ; Mr. Lovott,Van Kensselaer's secretary, "lad been placed in charge 
 of an eighteen-jjound gun in battery on Lewiston Heights, with instructions to cover 
 the landing of the Americans on the Canada shore ; and the six hundred men, under 
 Van Rensselaer and Chrystie, were standing in a cold storm of wind and rain at the 
 place of embarkation. It had been arranged for them to cross over and storm and 
 take possession of Quoenston Heights, when the remainder of the troops were to fol- 
 low in a body and drive the British from the town. But there were only thirteen 
 boats, and these were not siifticient to carry more than about one half of the troops 
 intended for the capture of the Heights.^ The regulars having reached the boats 
 first, the companies of Wool, Malcolm, and Armstrong were immediately embarked, 
 with forty picked men from Captain Leonard's company of artillery at Fort Niagara, 
 under Lieutenants Gansevoort and Rathbone, and about sixty militia. When ail 
 were ready, Van Rensselaer gave the word to advance, and leaped into the boat con- 
 taining tlie artillerists. Major Morrison was ordered to follow with the remainder 
 of the troops on the return of the boats. 
 
 The struggle with the eddies was brief. W^ithin ten minutes after leaving Lewis- 
 ton Landing the boats struck the Canada shore " at the identical spot aimed at," just 
 above a huge rock now seen lying in the edge of the water under the Lewiston sus- 
 pension bridge. There the militia were landed ; the regulars debarked a little be- 
 low the rock.^ Three of the thirteen boats had lost their way ; the remaining ten 
 now returned to the American shore. 
 
 The enemy were on the alert. The movements of the Americans had been discov- 
 
 ' See note 2, page 381. 
 
 ' This inadequate number of boats geemg to have been owing to remissneiis In Qaarter-master-genernl Porter's de- 
 partment. The qnarter-master, then stationed at the Falls, had written to Van Rensselaer, " I can furnish you boats 
 at two or three days' notice to carry over 1200 or 1400 men." A sufflcient number for six or seven huudred were or- 
 dered, and the matter was left in charge of Jndge Barton, the qaarter-master's agent. He had forwarded ouly thirteen 
 at the appointed honr. General Van Rensselaer has been censured for not having boats enough. }t was no fault oflilt. 
 
 ' The view of the landing-place seen on the next page I sketched flrom a point a few yards below the Canaiiiau end 
 of the Lewiston Suspension Bridge. The rock mentioned in tbe text is a prominent object in the picture. It is at tlic 
 foot of the rapids, where the river sweeps in a cnr\'c around Queenston Heights, a portion of which occupies a larpe 
 part of the sketch. Above is seeu the suflpension bridge, with Its steadying-chains attached to the shore; and oa ttp 
 side of the qpposite bank, looking up the river, the position of the railway, that lies npon a narrow shelf cut in tlie al- 
 most perpendicular shore of the river, la marked by a train of cars. The toll-house seen at the end of the bridge, on 
 the right, shows the dtrectiou of tbe road flrom the bridge to the village of Queeustoo, not an eighth of a mile distant. 
 
•orter's de- 
 yon boat* 
 i were or- 
 \y thirteen 
 aultofhlf. 
 laiUau end 
 .Jsatthc 
 les a large 
 and on the 
 it In the »1- 
 bridge, on 
 distant. 
 
 OP THE WAH OF 1812. 
 
 »06 
 
 oj)uotUli>n to the Invidert. A Hkirmlih ne»r i^ueflniton Vlltaita. American Offlccn killed Md wotuidcd. 
 
 ercd I'y tho Hentinols, uiid Ciiptnin Dennis, of tlio Forty-niutl. Uegiint'nt of Britii h 
 
 Hi'giiliii-H, Htntioiied 
 at QiHH'iiHton, with 
 sixty grc'iiutlicrs of 
 that corpH, Captain 
 Hatt'H coinimiiy of 
 York volunteer mili- 
 tia,' a unuill body of 
 ImiiaiiH, ftiid a throe- 
 pound tie Id- piece, 
 took position on the 
 j-ioping shore, a lit- 
 tle north of tho site 
 of the suspension 
 liri(l|j;o, to resist the 
 ilcbarkation. Their 
 lircneiice was first 
 laaile known by a 
 broad flash, tlicn a 
 volley of niusketiy 
 that mortally 
 wounded Lieuten- 
 ant Hathbonc, by 
 the side of Colonel 
 Van Konsselaer, be- 
 
 LAHDINU-PLAUa or TUK AUEUlVAMt AT (tUEKMItlON. 
 
 fore landing, ami 
 random shots from 
 the Held-pieco along 
 the line of the ferry 
 at the moment when 
 tho boats touehed 
 the shore. These 
 were answered by 
 Lovett's battery on 
 Lewiston Heights, 
 when tho enemy 
 turned and fled up 
 tho hill toward 
 Queenston, pursued 
 by tho regulars of 
 tho Thirteenth, un- 
 der Captain Wool, 
 the senior oflicer 
 present, in the ab- 
 sence of Lieutenant 
 Colonel Chrystie, 
 who was in one of 
 tho missing bo; x^ 
 
 On the margin of 
 
 the plateau on which Queenston Btands Wool ceased pursuit, drew his men up in 
 battle order, and was about to send to Colonel Van Rensselaer for directions, when 
 that otticer's aid, Judge Advocate Lush, came hurrying up with orders to prepare to 
 storm the Heights. "We are ready," promptly responded the gallant Wool. Lu di 
 hastened back to tho chief commander on tho shore, and in a few minutes returned 
 with orders for Wool to advance. Ho was moving rapidly over tho plateau toward 
 the foot of tho Heights, when tho order for storming was countermanded, and the 
 troops were brought to a halt near the present entrance to the village from the bridge. 
 Captain Dennis, meanwhile, had been strengthened by the arrival on the Heights of 
 the Light Infantry under Captain Williams, and a company of the York militia un- 
 der Captain Chisholm ; and just as Wool's command had taken their resting position > 
 in battle order, Dennis and his full force, already mentioned, fell hbavily on the right 
 tIauV. of tho Americans. At tho same time, Williams and Chisholm opened a severe 
 tire in their front from tho brow of the Heights. Without waiting for farther orders. 
 Wool wheeled his column to the right and confronted tho force of tho enemy on the 
 plain, where with deadly aim his men poured a very severe fire into their ranks. 
 Van Rensselaer and the militia had taken a position on the left ^ f the Thirteenth in 
 the mean time. The engagement was severe but short, and the enemy were com- 
 pelled to fall back to Queenston. Both parties BuflTorod much — the Americans most 
 severely. Of tho ten officers of the Thirteenth who were present, two were killed 
 and five were seriously wounded. The former were Lieutenant Valleau^ and En- 
 sign Morris ;* the latter were Captains Wool, Malcolm, and Armstrong, and Ensign 
 
 ' CtpUiin Samnel Halt wab one of the must esteemed and richest men In the proTlncc. He entered the service under 
 the Impulses of the purest patriotism only, and took this subordinate station. 
 
 ' The threu missing boats were commanded respectively by Lieutenant Colonel Chrystle, Captain Lawrence, and an 
 nnlmown anbaltem. ChrysHe's boat was driven by the currents and eddies upon the New York shore, and he ordcrod 
 Uvrence's back, while the third fell Into the hands of the enemy, it having struck the shore at the month of the creek, 
 just north of Queenston. 
 
 ' John Viillean was commissioned flr«i lieutenant of the Thirteenth Regiment on the 24th of March, 1812. 
 
 * Robert Morris, appointed ensign in the Thirteenth Regiment Harcli 12, 1812. 
 
 'l > 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 
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 i 
 
 1 
 
 4 ' ^ 
 
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 !f if 
 
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 I 
 
 11 
 
 
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 iffH 
 
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 36»! 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Vaa KeiiBaelaer and Wool wouuded. Van Reugeelaer borne awny. Wool tiikes the Command. Skettli of Wool 
 
 Lent.' Tlie militia suffered very little; but Colonel Van Rensselaer was so badly 
 wounded in several places that bo was compelled to jelinquish the command. A bul- 
 let passed through both of Wool's tl ighs, and both Malcolm^ and Armstrong^ y,-en 
 wounded in the left thigh. A considerable number of the Americans were made pris- 
 oners. 
 
 While Wool and his ooramand were ongaged with the enemy on the plain, those 
 upon the Heights kept rp a desultory fire upon the Americans, which the latter could 
 not well respond to. Perceiving this. Van Rensselaer ordered the whole detachment 
 to fall back to the beach below the hill, in a place of more security. They did so, but 
 were not absolutely sheltered from the fire of the enemy above. One man Avas killed 
 ftud several were wounded by their shots. 
 
 It was now broad daylight, and the storm had ceased. While the detachment was 
 forming for farther action on the margin of the river, a fourth company of the l>3tli 
 under Captain Ogilvie, crossed and joined them. No time was to be lost. Tlio 
 Heights must be stormed and taken, or the expedition would be a failure. Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Chrystie had not been heard from. Van Rensselaer was disabled. All 
 the other oflicers were young men. Not a single commission was more tlian six 
 months. old, and Captain Wool, the senior of them all in rank, was only twenty-three 
 years of age — too young. Van Rensselaer thought, to be intrusted with an undertak- 
 ing so important. He had never been under fire before that morning, and was already 
 badly wounded. True, in the fight just ended, his metal had given out the riin» oi' 
 that of a true soldier. Tlie alternative was great risk and a chance for honor, or total 
 abandonment of the enterprise and the pointings of the finger of sconi. Tlie choice 
 was soon made. Wool had ssked for orders; had been told that the capture of the 
 Heights was the great object of the expedition ; and, notwithstanding his severe flesh 
 wounds and the inexperience of himself and bis men, he had expressed his eagerness 
 to make tlie attempt. Van Rensselaer ordered him to that duty, and at the same 
 time iie directed his aid-de-canip Lush to follow the little column and shoot every 
 man who should fait.., for symptoms of weak courage had already appeared. 
 
 Elated with the order, young Wool almost forgot his bleeding wounds. He was 
 light and lithe in person, full of ambition and enthusiasm, and beloved by his com- 
 panions in arms.* All followed him cheerfully. Ordering Captain Ogilvie, with his 
 
 ' James W. Lent, Jr., appointed ensign in the Thirteenth Regiment May 1, 1812. In March, 1813, he was promoted to 
 first lleiitennnt of artillery. He wa" retained in 1816, and became active in the qnarter-master's department in ISlC. 
 Left the eerv ice in 181Y. 
 
 a Richard M. Malcolm was commissioned capt... in the Thirteenth Regiment of Infantry on the 8th of April, 1S12. 
 ' In March, ISl!*, he was promoted to major, and in .June, 1814, to lieutenant colonel of the same regiment. He wne He- 
 banded in June, 1816.— Gardner's Dictionary cf the Army, page SOT. 
 
 5 Henry B. Armstrong, yet riSOT] llvlnj;, is a son of General John Armstrong, the Secretary of War In 1814. He vm 
 commissioned a captain in the Thirteenth Regiment in April, 1812; promoted to major the following year; in Juno, 
 1S13, distinguished himself ut Ptony Creek ; became lieutenmt colonel of the First Rifle Regiment In September, 1513. 
 and was disbanded In June, 1818. Although nearly eighty years of age when the Great i'.cbc'Mon broke out in ls<il,ho 
 went to Washington City and tendered to the government the services of himself and two sons, fie then reeidedou 
 an ample estate in Red Hook, Duchess County, New Tork. 
 
 ' John Ellis Wool, now (1807) a major general in the army of the United States, is u son of n soldier of the Revola- 
 
 tlon who was with General Wayne at the 
 taking of Stony Point in the anmmer of 
 1770. He was born in Newburg, Ornpge 
 County, New York, In 1788. His father 
 died when be was only four years of age, 
 when he was taken into the family of his 
 grandfather, James Wool, five of whose 
 sons bore arms in the old war for inde- 
 |)endence. During his residence with his 
 grandfather in Rensselaer Couaty, youn,-; 
 Wool attended n common country school. 
 At the age of twelve years, with a slender 
 odncRtion, he entered the service of a 
 inc. chant In Troy, New York, as clerk. 
 At eighteen he engaged in the business of 
 gelling books and stationery in the «ame 
 
 BDSSEI.I.'S LAW orrioK. 
 
 town, and continued in that avocation un- 
 til Are swept away all his worldly goodr. 
 He then commenced the study of law with 
 John Russell, in Troy, in a small bulldlD;; 
 recently standing on Second Street, near- 
 ly opposite General Wool's present resi- 
 dence. War with Great Britain was soon 
 afterward looked upon as inevitable, and 
 young Wool, feeling the old tire of Ms 
 father stirring within him, left his boob 
 to seek usefulness and honor in the Held. 
 Vpon the recommendation of Pe Will 
 Clinton h" obtained a commission mn\- 
 tain In the 13th United States Reylmenl 
 in the spring of 1812. It is dated March 
 14, 1812. War was declared In little more 
 
 (ban ninety days afterward, and la Sepixisber hU regiment, under Lieuteof^nt Colonel Chrystie, was ordered to the 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 397 
 
 Sciill"'-' (^ueenBton IIfilj{ht«. 
 
 Oeneinl Brock at Fort Oeorge. 
 
 His Expectation of an Ir.va8ion. 
 
 ^'A^^Mf^^:i^ 
 
 fresh troops to taku the riglit of the cohimn, 
 he sprang forward and commenced the 
 perilous ascent, guided by Lieutenants 
 Gansevoort and Randolph, who were well 
 acquainted with the way. The picked ar- 
 tillerists led the column; and in many 
 places the precipice was so steep that the 
 troops were compellea to pull themselves 
 up by means of busnes. They were con- 
 cealed from the enemy by the shelter of 
 the rocks and shrubbery; and near the 
 top of the acclivity they struck a fisher- 
 man's patl, which the enemy supposed to 
 be impassable, and had neglected to guard 
 it. 
 
 While Wool and his little band were scal- 
 ing the Heights, the British were making 
 movements under great uncertainty. The 
 vigilant Sir Isaac Brock at Fort George, 
 about seven miles distant, had hoard the 
 cannonading before dawn. He aroused his 
 aid-de-camp, Major Glegg, and called for 
 Alfred, his favorite horse, presented to him 
 !)y Sir James. Craig. He had been in expectation of an invasion at aome point for sev- 
 eral days, an 1 only the night 'jefore he had given each of his staff special instructions.' 
 
 Niagara frontier. His gallant bearing there is recorded in the text. Because of his bravery at Queenston he was pro- 
 moicd to major Ir the Mth Reglmt-nt of Infantry in April, 1813. For his gallant conduct at Plattsburg, in September, 
 1S14, he was promoted to lieatenant colonel in December following. lie was retained in the army in 1S16, and on the 
 ith of Sef)t(-mber, 1810, was appointed inspector general of division, and in 1S21 inspector general of the army of the 
 rnllcd Staits, wllii the rank ol colonel. In 1820 he was made a brigadier general by brevet "for ten years' faithfiil 
 reriire." HU reports to the government on matters pertaining t.) the service were always models of their kind, and 
 •ilw'.js cllciteo encomiums. His discipline was always perfect and most efficient, and his sleepless -ilgilauce has made 
 blm on all occasions one of the most trusted officers in the service. 
 
 In 1S3J, Oenernl Wool was sent to Europe to collect information connected with military science. He re'^elved great 
 attention, especihUy in France, where, on one occasion, ho formed one of the snite of Louis Philippe at a grand review 
 ofI0,w)O men. In November of the same year he accompanied the King of Belgium at a review of 100,000 troops, 
 .ind visited the fortifications of Antwerp. In 1836, when hostilities wit'a France were anticipated, General Wool made 
 athorongh inspoctlon of all the sea-coast defenses, and submitted an admirable report to govcrbment. In is;i« lie 
 ttss ordered to tne service of removing the Cherokee Indionc to Arkansas. In that mission he displayed some of the 
 liii;hP8t traits of a soldier and statesman. In 1838, while the Canadian provinces were disturbed by insurrection, Wool 
 was sent to the 'riids of Maine to look after the defenses of the border. In the Mexican war his seiviccs as a tactician, 
 ilisciplinarlan, aid as an administrative and executive officer in the field were of incalculable benefit to the country. 
 Tliese are all recorded by the pen of the grateful histor'i'n. For his gallant conduct in that war he was breveted a 
 major general, t.nd on his return home he was every where met with the most euihnsiastic greetings. As tokens of 
 approbation, thi-*'' swords were presented tc UIiu, one by the citizens of Troy, another by the State of New York, and a 
 Ifaird by the ''uited States. 
 
 Toward th. close of 1863, when fllibnstering expeditions were fitted out on the Western coast, the command of the 
 TXfwhMnt of the I'aeific was intmsted to General Wool. It was a post of great labor and trust, involving as it did in- 
 tomntional cuestions of a delicate nature, and peculiar relations with Indian tribes. His activity, vigilance, and nu- 
 lirliig energy in that field were won4cr(\il. In the spring of 1S66 he made a tour of inspection and reconnolssancc 
 through the distant Territories of Oregon and Washington. On the breaking out of hostilities in that rrgion in the 
 fall ot 195S, Wool repaired to the scene of trouble, and was efficient in ending them. He remained In California until 
 near the close of President Pierce's administration, when he was relieved, and placed in command of the Department 
 HkiEatt, comprising the whole country eastward of the Mississippi River. He was every where received with the 
 matest enthusiasm, and especially at Troy, hia place of residence. He was there engaged in the quiet routine of his 
 ■nice when the rising tide of the great rebellion, that broke out at the close of ISOO, commanded his attention. With 
 'lis wonted energy, he warned and eLtreated the national government to prepare for a great emergency ; and when, in 
 April, ISOl, Fort Sumter was attacked, and the national capital was menaced by the rebels. General Wool conceived 
 i.ii(l oxccutcd such efficient measures at New York, that it is not too much to say that he was one of the chief instru- 
 menta In the salvation of the republic from the hand of the destroyer. In .July he entered upon active service at Fort- 
 rc8! Monroe as commander of that post, where he stood in the delicate and most important position of sentinel at the 
 portal opening between the loyal and disloyal territories of the republic. He remained there almost a year, when he 
 "as commissioned a full major general in the army of the United States, and transferred to the command at Baltimore 
 M vicinity. In 1803 be retired to private life. 
 
 ■ ' Beacons had been placed at convenient distances lictween Kingston and Fort George to give notice in the event of 
 u. Invaiiou, but in the confusion they were not lighted. The late Honorable William Hamilton Merritt, M.P., then a 
 
 ! - ■! 
 
I.= ill 
 
 398 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Brock hnflteoB toward Qneenston. 
 
 His periloas Position. 
 
 Attack on Wool. 
 
 Dcatli of Brock. 
 
 But SO confident was he that the attack would be made from Fort Niagara, that he 
 considered the demonstration above as only a feint to conceal that movement ; vet 
 as a vigilant soldier, he instantly resolved to obtain personal knowledge of the situa- 
 tion of affairs. Mounting Alfred, iie pushed toward Queenston at fu" speed, follow- 
 ed by his aids, Major Glegg and Colonel M'Donell. The journey of seven miles was 
 made in little more than halt an hour. Arriving at Queenston, Sir Isaac and his com- 
 panions rode up the Heights at full gallop, exposed to a severe enfilading fire of ar- 
 tillery from the American shore. On reaching the redan battery, half way up the 
 Heights,' they dismounted, took a general view of affairs, and pronounced them fa- 
 vorable. Suddenly the crack of musketry in their rear startled them. Wool and 
 his followers had successfully scaled the Heights, and were close tipon them. Brook 
 and his aids had not time to remount. Leading their horses at full pallop, they fled 
 down the slopo to the village, followed by the twelve men who manned the battery. 
 A few minutetj afterward the Stars and Stripes — the symbol of the Union — the in- 
 signia of the Eepublic — were waving over the captured redan, and greeting the rays 
 of the early morning sun, then struggling in fitful gleams through the breaking 
 clouds. This was the third time within three months that the standard of the United 
 Sifcates had been victoriously displayed on the soil of Canada.^ Wool's triumpli for 
 the moment was completp. 
 
 Brock immediately d'lSpatched a courier to General Sheaffe at Fort George witli 
 orders to push forward re-enforcements, and, at the same time, open fire upon Fort 
 Niagara, He then took command of Captain Williams's detachment of one hundred 
 men, and hastened up the slope toward the battery, behind which Captain Wool had 
 placed his little band, with their faces toward Queenston, to await an attack. Den- 
 nis soon joined Brock with his detachment, when a movement was made to turn tiie 
 American flank. The vigilant Wool perceived it, and immediately sent out fifty men 
 to keep the flanking party iu check, and to take possession of the " Mountain," or 
 crown of the Heights, where the monument now stands. But they were too few for 
 the purpose, and even when re-enforced they were too weak to stem the steady ad- 
 vance of the veteran enemy. The whole detachment fell back with some confusion, 
 The enemy, inspirited by this movement, pressed forward, and pushed the Americans 
 to the verge of the precipice, which overlooks the deep chasm of the swift-flowin" 
 river more than two hundred feet below. Wool's little band was in a most perilous 
 position. Death by ball, bayonet, or flood seemed inevitable, and Captain Ogihie 
 raised a white handkerchief on the point of a bayonet in token of surrender. The in- 
 censed Wool sprang forward, snatched away that token of submission, addressed a 
 few spirited words to his oflScers and soldiers, begging them to fight on so long as 
 the ammunition should last, and then resort to the bayonet. AVaving his sword, he 
 led his inspirited comrades to a renewal of the conflict with so iiiuch impetuosity that 
 the enemy broke and fled down the Heights in dismay, and took shelter in and be- 
 hind a large stone building near the edge of the river. Sir Isaac was amazed aui1 
 mortified; and to his favorite grenadiers he shouted, "This is the first time I have 
 seen the Forty-ninth turn tlieir backs !" His voice and the stinging rebuke of his 
 words checked them. At Jhe same time Lieutenant Colonel M'Donell brought uji 
 two flank companies of York Volunteers, under Captains Cameron and Howard, 
 which had just arrived from Brown's Point, three miles below. The fugitives had 
 rallied, and Sir Isaac turned to lead them up the Heights. His tall figure was a con- 
 spicuous object for the American sharp-shooters. First a bullet struck his wrist, 
 wounding it slightly. A moment afterward, as lie shouted " Push on the York Vol- 
 unteers," another bullet entered his breast, passed out through his side, and left a 
 
 miOor at the head of a corps of cavalry, called the Niagara Dragoons, immediately dispatched a conrler to Brock, He 
 reached Fort George early, bnt found Brock about ready to take the saddle. 
 
 ' A redan is a rampart in the following form, Vi having ita angle toward the enemy, and open in the rear. 
 
 > At Sandwich by Hall (see page 868) ; at Oananoqni by ForByth (see page 8T3) ; and at Qneenston by Wool. 
 
OF TUB WAR OF 1812. 
 
 399 
 
 Capture of Qoeenston Helghta. 
 
 Character of the Exploit. 
 
 Passage of the RWer by Re-enfurcemeatB. 
 
 death-wound. He fell from his horse at the foot of the slope, and lived long enough 
 to request those around hinx to conceal his death from the troops, and to send some 
 token of his remembrance to his sister in England. But his death could not be con- 
 cealed more than a few minutes. When it became known, the bitter words " Revenge 
 the general !" bnrst from the lips of the Forty-ninth. M'Donell assumed the com- 
 mand, and, at the head of them and the York Militia, one hundred and ninety strong, 
 lie charged up the hill to dispute with Wool the mastery of the Heights. The strug- 
 gle was desperate, and the Americans, doubtful of the issue, spiked the cannon in the 
 redan. Both parties were led gallantly and fought bravely. But when M'Donell 
 fell mortally wounded,' and Dennis and Williams were both severely injured, and 
 were compelled to leave the field, the British fell back in some confusion to Vroo- 
 raan's Point, a mile below, leavmg the young American commander and his little 
 band of two hundred and forty men masters of Quecnston Heights, after three dis- 
 tinct and bloody battles, fought within the space of about five hours. Taking all 
 things into consideration — the passage of the river, the nature of the ground, the raw- 
 ness of the troops (for most of the regulars were raw recruits), the absence of cannon, 
 and the youth 1 wounds of the American commander, the events of that morning 
 were, "indeed, a display of intrepidity," as Wilkinson afterward wrote, " rarely exhib- 
 ited, in which the conduct and the execution were equally conspicuous. . . . Under 
 all the circumstances, and on the scale of the oper-.tions, the impartial soldier and 
 competent judge will name this brilliant afibir p chef-cVoeuvre of the war."' 
 
 It was now about ten o'clock in the morning. Altliough bleeding and in much 
 pain, Wool would not leave the field, but kept vigorously at work in preparations to 
 defend the position he had gained. He drew his troops up in line on the Heights 
 fronting the village, ordered Gansevort and Randolph to drill out the spiked can- 
 non in the redan, and bring it to bear upon the enemy near Vrooman's, and sent out 
 scouts to watch the movements of the foe. 
 
 Meanwhile re-enforcements and supplies were slowly crossing the river. In the 
 passage they were greatly annoyed by the fire from the one-gun battery on Vroo- 
 man's Point. The first that arrived on the Heights was .i detachment of the Sixth 
 Regiment under Captain M'Chesncy ; another, of the Thirteenth, under Captain Law- 
 rence ; and a party of New York state riflemen, imder Lieutenaiit Sraith. These 
 were immediately detached as flanking parties. They were soon followed by oth- 
 ers, and before noon Major General Van 
 Rensselaer, Brigadier General Wadsworth, 
 Lieutenant Colonels Scott, Fenwick, Stran- 
 ahan, and Major MuUany, were on the 
 Heights, while a few militia were slowly 
 
 ' Lieutenant M'Donell was a brilliant and promlBlng yonng man. He was the >\ttomey general of Upper Canada, and 
 was only twenty-five years of age. He was wounded In Atb places, one bullet passing through his body, yet he survived 
 tirentv hours in great agony. During that time he constani.y lamented the fall of his commander.— Tupper's Life, etc., 
 (/Br«i,pnge322. 
 
 ' Wilkiiiton's Mimoin, i., 67T. The offlcen who participated with Captain Wool, and received from him, in his re- 
 port to Colonel Van Itensselaer, special commendation, were Captain Peter Ogllvie, and Lieutenants Kearney, Hngnnin, 
 Carr, and Sammons, of the Thirteenth, Lientenants Oansevoort and P.andolph, of the light artillery, and Major tush, 
 of the militia. Captain Ogllvie resigned in June, 1913. Lieutenant Stephen Watts Kearney, who was a native of New 
 Jerrfy, was retained in the service in 181B, having risen to the ranlt of captain. Ho was made a major by brevet in 
 K% and full mi^or in 1829. In the spring of 1833 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of dragoons, and to colonel 
 ndhe Mine In 1836. In 1840 he was promoted to brigadier general, went into the war with Mexico, and made conqnest 
 nf the province of New Mexico. For his gallant conduct there and In California ho was made m^Jor general by brevet. 
 In March, 1847, he was appointed Governor of Callfomia He died In Octol)cr, 1848. His brother, Philip Kearney, who 
 Ijrtan arm In the battles before the city of Mexico, was a brigadier general in the army raised to put down the Oreat 
 Kebelllon In 1861, and was killed In battle near Fairfax Court-house, in Virginia, September 1, 1862. Lieutenant Daniel 
 Hofninln was a representative in Congress for New York ft-om 1826 to 1827. He died in Wisconsin In 1880. Lieutenant 
 Gusevoort, who had been In the artillery service since 1806, was distinguished a little more than a month later at Fort 
 Xiapara. He became captain ot artillery In May, 1813, and left tht service In March, 1814. Lieutenant Thomas Beverly 
 Randolph was aid-de-camp to General Carrlngton and captain of infantry In the spring of 1813. He resigned in 1816. 
 He nt lieutenant colonel of Hamtramck's regiment of Virginia volunteers In Mexico In 1847. Lieutenant Stephen Lush 
 (iciing mi\|or at Qneenston) was aid to Qeueral Izard, and dangerously wounded before Chippewa In October, 1814. 
 
 i 
 
 r !;u 
 
 'M\ 
 
 ;{,|. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 \ t 
 
w 
 
 Wi 
 
 HP 
 
 400 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 :l 
 
 ■ lit 
 
 Colonel Scott on Qneenston Heights. Wadsworth'g OeneroBlty. Indiana on the Field. Influence of HcotL 
 
 passing over the river. Van Rensselaer took immediate steps for fortifying the uy 
 sition, under the direction of Lieutenant Totten, of the Engineers, and dispatched an 
 aid-de-camp to hasten the passage of the militia. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Scott, as we have observed, arrived at Lewiston with his com- 
 mand at four o'clock that morning. He placed his heavy guns in battery on tin- 
 shore under the immediate command of Captains Towson and Barker. Ilaviiif re- 
 ceived permission from Van Rensselaer to cross over as a volunteer and take com- 
 mand of the troops on the Heights, he reached the Canada shore, with his adjutant 
 Roach, just after Wadsworth, with a small detachment of volunteers, had ciossod 
 Avithout orders. He unexpectedly found that officer upon the mountain, and imme- 
 diately proposed to limit his own command to the regulars ; but the generous anil 
 patriotic Wadsworth promptly waived his rank, and said, " You, sir, know piofes- 
 sionally what ought to be done. I am here for the honor of my country ami tliat 
 of the New York militia." Scott at once assumed the general command, at the head 
 of three hundred and fifty regulars and two hundred and fifty volunteers, the latter 
 under General Wadsworth and Lieutenant Colonel Stranahan. Assisted by the skill- 
 ful Lieutenant Totten, Scott placed them in the strongest possible position to reeeive 
 the enemy and to cover the ferry, expecting to be re-enforced at once by the militia 
 from the opposite shore. He was doomed to most profound mortification and disap- 
 pointment. 
 
 W"hile Scott Avas absent for a short time, supcM-intending the unspiking of the can- 
 non in the redan, a troop of Lidians suddenly appeared on the left, led by Captain 
 Norton, a half-breed, but under the general command of Chief John Brant, a younir, 
 lithe, and graceful son of the great Mohawk warrior and British ally of that name in 
 the Revolution. Brant made his first appearance in the field on this occasion. IK 
 Avas dressed, painted, and plumed in Indian style from head to foot. His lieutenant 
 and most valued companion Avas a dark, poAverfuUy-built chief known as Captain Ja 
 cobs. Another Avas Norton, the half-breed just mentioned. Tliey and their follow- 
 ers Avere the allies of the British, and came mostly from the settlements of the !Si.\ 
 Nations, on tlie Grand Tiiver, in Canada.' 
 
 It Avas betAveen one and two o'clock in the afternoon when this cloud of duskv 
 Avan'iors swept along the broAV of the mountain in portentous fury, Avith gleaming 
 tomahaAvks and other savage Aveapons, and fell upon the American pickets, driving 
 them in upon the main line of the militia in great confusion. The fearful war-whoo)! 
 struck terror to many a Avhite man's heart, and the militia Avere about to fly ignobly. 
 Avhen Scott appeared, his tall form — head and shoulders above all others — attracting 
 every eye, anil his trumpet-voice commanding the attention of every ear. He in- 
 stantly brought order out of confusion. He suddenly changed the front of his line ; 
 and hia troops, catching inspiration from his voice and acts, raised a shout and fell 
 Avith such fury upon the Indians that they fled in dismay to the Avoods after a shai]), 
 short engagement. But they were soon rallied by the dauntless Brant,^ and contin- 
 
 1 The British found considerable difficulty in indncing these Indians to join them. The authorities of the United 
 States need every effort in their power to keep the Indians from the contest on both sides, knowing their cruel modt 
 of wurfore. Cornplanter, the venerable Seneco chief, did all in his power to keep his race neutral. At the reqnfst of 
 the United States government, he indu )d their influential chiefs, named respectively Blue Eyes, Johnson, Silver lloelf. 
 and Jacob Snow, to visit the Indians on the Grand River, talk with them about remaining neutral, and bring back ah 
 answer. In a manuscript letter before mo from Robert Hoops to Major Van Campan, is an interesting accoaiii of a 
 tncetlng at Complanter's to hear their rep<irt. Mr. Hoops, Francis King, and John Watson were the white rcpreseDla- 
 tlves present. Blue Eyes made the report. Ho sold the Indiana told him that they did not want to go to war, liul rr- 
 marked, " It is the President of the United States makes war upon us. AVc know not yonr disputes. The British tall: 
 much against the Americans, and the Americans talk much against the British. We know not which is right. The 
 British say the Americans want to take our lands. AVe do not want to flght, nor do we intend to distnrb yon; bat if 
 yon come to take our land, we are determined to defend ourselves." The three commisslonerB cant!" i the SeMM! 
 not to use strong drinks, to keep quietly at home, and refrain from engaging in the war. Had the Br.Ush been equilly 
 mindfiil of the claims of civilization, the historian would have many less atrocities to record. 
 
 • John Brants whose Indian name was Ahyouuiaighs, was a son of Joseph Brant, or Thaffendarugta, and was born «l 
 the Mohawk village, on the Grand Klver, In Canada, on 'he 2Tth of September, 1TD4, and was only eighteen years of 
 
CF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 401 
 
 Approach 
 
 of British under Sheaffe. 
 
 Chrystle taken Wool's Pliico. 
 
 Sheaffe'B Kc-enforcemeuts. 
 
 ued to annoy the Americans until Scott, 
 at the head of a considerable portion of 
 his army, made u general assault upon 
 them, and drove them from the Heights. 
 At the same time, General Sheafl'e was 
 seen cautiously approaching with re-en- 
 forccraeuts from Fort George, his troops 
 making the road near Vrooman's all 
 aglow with scarlet. Lieutenant Colonel 
 Chrystie had just arrived upon the bat- 
 tle-field for the first time. He had cross- 
 ed and recrossed the river, but did not 
 appear upon the Heights until in the af- 
 ternoon,' when he took command of the 
 Tliirtoenth Regiment, and ordered Cap- 
 tain Wool, who had endured toil and suf- 
 terin? for more than twelve hours, to 
 the American shore to have his wounds 
 dressed. 
 
 At Vrooman's, General Sheaffe, who 
 had succeeded Brock in command, join- 
 ed the fragments of the different 
 corps who had been driven from 
 the Heights when Brock was kill- 
 ed, with heavy re - enforcements. 
 
 afcwlien he appeared as leader on the battle-flcld at Qneenston. He received a good Enf^llsh edncatlon at Ancaster 
 and >'iagara, and was a diligent student of English authors. He loved nature, aud studied its |)heuomeua with dls- 
 criminatlou. He was manly and amiable, and at the time In question was in every respect an ac-omplished gentleman. 
 On the death of his father In ISOT, he became the Tekarihogea, or principal chief of the Six Nations, although he was 
 ibe fourth and youngest son. As such he took the field in 1812 in the BritLsh interest, and was engaged in most of 
 ihc military events on the Niagara flrontier during the war. At the close of the contest he and his young siatet E''-:; 
 both took up their residence at the home of their father, at the head of Lake Ontario, where they lived In the Lugllsh 
 
 style, and di-'pcnsed hospl 
 unties with a liberal hand. 
 The render will find a full 
 accountof this residence and 
 ot ihe fiimily at the time in 
 qnestion in Stone's LXil of 
 jMlih Brant. Young Brant 
 went to England In 1821 on 
 business for the Six Na- 
 ilons, and there took occa- 
 sion to defend the character 
 of his father from aspersions 
 in Campbell's Gertrude (ff 
 ITiwnini;. He was success- 
 ful In his proof, but the poet 
 bad not the generosity or 
 manliness to strike the cal- 
 umnies from his poem, and 
 there Ihey remain to this 
 da.v. On his return Brant 
 (tent to work zealously for 
 the moral improvement of 
 his people, in which he was 
 raccessfnl. In 1S27 Governor 
 Dalhoiiiie appointed htm to 
 :be rank of captain In the 
 represented in the engraving. 
 
 bsant's uondhxnt. 
 
 British army and Superin- 
 tendent of the Six Nations. 
 He was elected a member of 
 the Provincial Parliament in 
 18.12 for the county of Hal- 
 dlmand, which comprehend- 
 ed a good portion of the ter- 
 ritory originally granted to 
 the Mohawks. 'Technical dis- 
 ability gave the seat to an- 
 other, lifter he bad filled it 
 for a while. But during that 
 very summer the competitors 
 were both laid in the grave 
 by that terrible scourge, 
 A»iatif chnlera. He died at 
 the Mohawk village where 
 be was bom, at the age of 
 forty -eight years, and was 
 burled in the same vault with 
 his father, in the burying- 
 gronud of the Mohawk 
 Church, a short distance 
 from Brantford, In Canada, 
 over which has been erected 
 a substantial mansolenm. 
 
 This monument will be noticed more particnlarly presently. 
 ' The conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie on this occasion was not wholly reconcilable with our ideas of a true 
 foldier. In a manuscript letter before me, written by Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer to Oeneral Wilkinson In Janu- 
 irj, 1316, he accuses Chrystie with cowardice, aud says Captain Lawrence, %hose boat Chrystie ordered back at the 
 crossing (see note 2, page 305), openly charged him with It. Van Rensselaer gives It as his opinion that much of the 
 bad conduct of the militia In refusing to cross the river in the afternoon was owing to the example of this office'. On 
 the other hand, General Tim Rensselaer makes honorable mention of him In bl« report written the next day, and h* 
 
 Cc 
 
 ' .rt 
 
 iliii^i'i 
 
 'U 
 
T^>^mmmKm 
 
 11 \\ 
 
 lii'ii 
 
 402 
 
 . PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sheaffe'a flank Movement. 
 
 Bad Conduct of thn New York Militia. 
 
 Scott's Hgran 
 
 pit. 
 
 He moved cautiously. Near Vrooman's he left two pieces of artillery to command 
 the town, filed to the right, and crossed the country to the little village of St. Da- 
 vid's, three miles westward of Qiieenston,and by that circuitous route, after marching 
 and countermarching as if reconnoitring the American lines, he gained the rear of 
 that portion of the Heights on which they were posted, and formed in Elijah PlielpaV 
 fields on the Chippewa road.' There he was joined by the 41st Grenadiers and some 
 militia and Indians from Chippewa, when the whole British army confrontinw that 
 of the Americans was more than one thousand strong, exclusive of their dusky allios.^ 
 The Americans, according to the most careful estimate, did not exceed six liuiulied 
 in numbcM-. 
 
 When Sheaffe appeared. General Van Rensselaer was on the Heights. lie im- 
 mediately crossed the river to push forward re-enforcenients. He failed. Tlie mili- 
 tia, who had been so brave in speech and clamorous to be led against the onemv, 
 refused to cross. The smell of gunpowder, even from afar, seems to have paralyzed 
 their honor and their courage. Van Rensselaer rode up and down among tliem, 
 alternately threatening and imploring. Lieutenant Colonel Bloom, who had been 
 wounded in action and had returned, and Judge Peck, who liappened to be at Lewis- 
 ton, did the same, but without effect. Van Rensselaer appealed to their patriotism, 
 their honor, and their humanity, but in vain. They pleaded their exemption as mili- 
 tia, under the Constitution and laws, from being taken out of their own state ! and 
 under that miserable shield they hoped to find shelter from the storm of indignation 
 which their cowardice was sure to evoke. Like poltroons as they were, they stood 
 on tlie shore at Lewiston while their brave companions in arms on Queenston Heights 
 were menaced with inevitable destruction or captivity. All that Van Rensselaer 
 could do was to send over some munitions of war, with a letter to General Wads- 
 worth, ordering him to retreat if in his judgment the calvation of the troops depend- 
 ed upon such movement, and promising him a supply of boats for the purpose. But 
 this promise he could not fulfill. The boatmen on the shore were as cowardly as the 
 militia on the plain above. Many of them had fled panic-stricken, and the boats were 
 dispersed. 
 
 Wadsworth communicated Van Rensselaer's letter to the field oflicers. They per- 
 ceived no chance for re-enforceraents, no means for a retreat, and no hope of succor 
 from any human source except their own valor and vigorous arms. They resolved to 
 meet the oncoming overwhelming force like brave soldiers. Scott sprang upon a log, 
 his tall form towering conspicuous above all,^ and addressed the little army in a few 
 stirring words as the British came thundering on. " The enemy's balls," he said, be- 
 gin to thin our ranks. His numbers are overwhelming. In a moment the shock 
 must come, and there is no retreat. We are in the beginning of a national war. 
 Hull's surrender is to be redeemed. Let us, then, die arms in hand. The country de- 
 mands the sacrifice. The example will not be lost. The blood of the slain will make 
 heroes of the living. Those who follow will avenge our fall and their country's 
 wrongs. Who dare to stand?" "All! all!" was the generous response; and 
 in that spirit they received the first heavy blow of the enemy on their right wing.* 
 
 was promoted to the office of inspector general. He did not live long enough to test his mettle fnirly. He died at Fon 
 George, In Canada, on the 22d of July, 1813. > MS. Journal of Captain William Hamilton Merrill. 
 
 » Sheaffe's re-en forcements, with whom ho marched from Fort George, consisted of almost four hundred of the 4lBt Repi- 
 ment, under Captain Derenzy, and about three hnn clred militia. The latter consisted of the flank companies of the Ul 
 Regiment of Lincoln Militia, under Captains J. Crooks and M'Kwen ; the flank companies of the 4th Regiment of Lin- 
 coln Militia, under Captains Nellis and W. Crooks : Captains Hall's, Durand's, and Applegarth's companies of the 5th 
 Regiment of Lincoln Militia •, Major Merrltt's Yeomanry Corps, and a body of Swayzee's Militia Artillery under Cap- 
 tains Powell and Cameron. Those from Chippewa were commanded by Colonel Clark, and consisted of Captaia Bul- 
 lock's company of Grenadiers of the 4lBt Regiment : the flank companies of the 2d Lincoln Regiment, under Captaini 
 Hkmiltoa and Rowe, and the Volunteer Sedentary Hilitls. Brant and Jaenbs commanded the Indians. Two three- 
 pounders, under the charge of LlentenanTCrowther, of the 41st Regiment, accompanied the troops. 
 
 ' General Scott was six feel Ave inches in height. He was then slender, graceful, and commanding In form; for 
 Rereral years before his death he was ponderous, yet exceedingly dlgniflcd in his appearance. 
 
 • Scott was in full-dress uniform, and, being taller than his companions, was a conspicuous and Important mark for 
 
*' V 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 403 
 
 diedatFon 
 ton Merrill. 
 ie4lBtEepi- 
 esoftheW 
 nent of Lin- 
 of the 6tti 
 under Cap- 
 laptiin Bal- 
 er CapU'M 
 Two three- 
 
 n fonn; for 
 
 nt mark ibr 
 
 ittte on Queengtou HelKhta. 
 
 Perils of tbe American!, 
 
 Ilerues and Cowards made Prlsonera of War. 
 
 Sheaffe opened the battle at about four o'clock by directing Lieutenant M'Intyre, 
 with the Light Company of the 41st on the left of his column, supported by a body 
 of militia, Indians, and negroes under Captain Kunchey, to fall upon the American 
 right. They fired a single volley with considerable execution, and then charged with 
 a tremendous tumult, the white men shouting and the Indians ringing out the fear- 
 ful war-whoop and hideous yells. The Americans were overpowered by the onslaught 
 and gave way, for their whole available force did not much exceed throe hundred 
 mca Percei- ing this, Sheaffe ordered his entire line to charge, while the two field- 
 pieces were brought to bear upon the American ranks. The effect was powerful. 
 Tlic Americans yielded and fled in utter confusion toward the river, down the slope 
 by the redan, and along the road leading from Queenston to tlie Falls. The latter 
 were cut off by the Indians, and forced through the woods toward the precipices along 
 the hank of the river. Others, who had reached the water's edge, were also cut off 
 from farther retreat by a Irck of boats. Meanwhile the American commander had 
 sent several messengers with flags, bearing offers to capitulate. Tlie Indians shot 
 them all, and continued a murderous onslaught upon the terrified fugitives. Some 
 of them were killed in the woods, some were driven over the precipices and perished 
 on the rocks or in the rushing river below, while others escaped by letting themselves 
 down from bush to bush, and swimming the flood. At length Lieutenant Colonel 
 Soott, in the midst of the greatest peril, reached the British commanding general, and 
 otfered to surrender the whole force.* The Indians were called from their bloody 
 work, terms of capitulation were soon agreed to, and all the Americans on the British 
 side became prisoners of war. These, to the utter astonishment of their own com- 
 manders, amounted to about nine hundred, when not more than six hundred, regu- 
 lars and militia, were known to have been on the Canada shore at any time dur- 
 ing the day, and not more than half that number were engaged in the fight on the 
 ilcjchts. The mystery was soon explained. Several hundred militia had crossed 
 over during the morning. Two hundred of them, under Major Mullany, who crossed 
 (arly in the day, were forced by the current of the river under the range of Vroo- 
 iiian's battery, and were captured. Two hundred and ninety-three, who were in the 
 battle, were surrendered ; and the remainder, having seen the wounded crossing the 
 river, the painted Indians, and the " green tigers," as they called the 49th, whose 
 coats were faced with green, skulked below the banks, and had no more to do with 
 tlie battle than spectators in a balloon might have claimed. But they were a part of 
 the invading army, were found on British soil, and were properly prisoners of war. 
 Hie British soldiers, after the battle, plucked them from their hiding-places, and made 
 them a part of the triumphal procession with which General Sheaffe rot nrned to Fort 
 George.'* 
 
 tlie enemy. He was urged to change his dress. " No," he said, smiling, " I will die in my robes." As in tbe case of 
 Wuhiugton on the Held of Monongahela, the Indians took special aim at Scott, but could not hit him. 
 I Scott Hzed a white cravat on tbe point of his sword as s flag of truce, and, accompanied by Captains Totten (f^ora 
 
 whose neck the "flag was taken) 
 ind Gibson, made his way along 
 ihe rirer shore, under shelter of 
 the precipice, to a gentle slope, np 
 whicli they hastened to tbe road 
 leading Arom the village to the 
 Uelghtf, exposed to the random 
 tre of the Indians. Just B8 they 
 rttched the road they were met 
 h; tvo ludlans, who sprang upon 
 ihem like tigers. They wonid 
 not llaten to Scott's declaration 
 thit he was under tbe protec- 
 Hoi of a Sag and was going to 
 ntrender. They attempted to 
 
 '^^^^^ 
 
 wrench bis sword fl-om him, when 
 Totten and Qibsou drew theirs. 
 The Indians, who were armed with 
 rifles, instantly flred, but without 
 efiibct, and v. ere abont to use their 
 knives and tomahawks, when a 
 British sergeant, accompanied by a 
 guard, seeing the encounter, rush- 
 ed forward, crying Honor ! honor I 
 took tbe Americans under his pro- 
 tection, and conducted them to 
 tbe presence of General Sheaffe. 
 — lis* and Suniitit* <4 OeiwnA 
 WiT^MA SeoU, by Edward Uana- 
 fltld, page 44. 
 
 ■ The authorities consulted in compiling the foregoing account of events on the Niagara (Irontier, In this and the 
 preceding chapter, are as follows : Offldal Reports of Generals Van Rensselaer and Sheaffe, Lieutenant Colonel Cbrystie 
 tti Captain Wool ; oral and written statements of Captain (now Major General) Wool to the Author ; MS. Order and 
 
 V' r 
 
 t 1 I 
 
^1 i 
 
 : I i i: 
 
 
 j.. 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 404 
 
 PICTORIAL J-IELD-BOOK 
 
 Lome* In the Battle of Qneenston. The Surrender. JuRttce and Injustice to the Merltorioai. Scott at NIann 
 
 The entire loss of tJie Americans during that eventful day, according to the most 
 careful cHtiraates, was ninety killed, about one hundred wounded, and between eiiflit 
 and nine hundred made prisonerH, causing an entire loss, in rank and file, of about 
 eleven hundred men. The British loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners (the lattir 
 taken in the morning), M'as about one hundred and thirty. The number of Indians 
 engaged and their loss is not positively known.' Captain Norton was wouiulod but 
 not severely. All parties engaged in the fight on that day behaved with exemplary 
 courage, and deserved, as they received, the encomiums of their respective generals 
 and the thanks of their respective governments.^ 
 
 Brigadier General Wadsworth was in command when the army was surrendered. 
 lie delivered his sword to General Sheafie in person. The ceremony of fornml sur- 
 render occurred at near sunset, wlien the prisoners, officers, and men were inarelied 
 to the village of Newark (now Niagara), at the mouth of the Niagara River. Tiiere 
 the officers were quartered in a small tavern, and placed under guard. While wait- 
 ing for an escort to conduct them to the head-quarters of General Sheaffe, a little (jirl 
 entered the parlor and said that somebody in the hall wanted to see the " tall officer." 
 Scott, who was unarmed, immediately went out, when he was confronted by the two 
 Indians who had made such a violent assault upon liira while bearing a flag of truce. 
 Young Brant immediately stepped up to Scott and inquired how many balls had 
 passed through his clothing, as they had both fired at him incessantly, and had been 
 astonished continually at not seeing him fall. Jacobs, at the same time, seized Scott 
 rudely, and attempted to whirl him around, exclaiming, " Me shoot so often, me sure 
 
 Letter Books of General Stephen Van Rensselaer ; MS. correspondence of Colonel Solomon Van Rcnseelncr; Oral Nar- 
 ratives of Soldiers in the Battle at Queenston, living In Canada in 1800 ; Perkins's Hintory of the Late War ; Braclcen- 
 ridge's HUtory of tlie Late War ; Thornton's lJi»torieal Sketches qfthe Late War; Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer's Sar- 
 rativeofthe Afair at Queetmimi; IngeraoM's Historical Sketch of the Second War,etc.; Nlles's Weekly liegister ; theWat; 
 Stone's Life of Brant; Sketchen qfthe War, by an anonymous writer; Armstrong's Notices ufthe (Tar of 1812; ManslipM'i 
 Life atid Services of General Winjield Scott ; Baylls's Battle of Queenston ; Flics of the New York Herald, or scml-weeklv 
 Evening /"ost ; James's Military Occurrences of the Late War ; Auchinleck's Histanj of the War of 181 2 / Tiippcr's hiji 
 and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock ; Christie's Military Operations in Canada ; Jarvls's Narrative ; Manuscript Jour- 
 nal of Major Merritt ; Symonds's Battle nf Queenston Heights. 
 
 1 British writers widely disagree In their estimates concerning the Indian force on that occasion. It is known thai 
 there were some with Dennis in the morniuj,', that others accompanied Sheaffe from Fort George in the aflcrnooD, aod 
 that he was joined on the Heights by others from Chippewa. I think the Six Nations were represented on that dajbj 
 abont two hundred and fifty warriors. 
 
 » General SheaCTe named almost every commissioned officer engaged In the battle as entitled to high praise. He spe- 
 cially commended Captain Holcroft, of the Royal Artillery, for his skillfnl and judicious use of the ordnance in liis 
 charge ; also Lieutenant Crowther for similar service. He gave credit to Captain Olegg, Bi^pck's ald-de-cnmp, for great 
 assistance ; also to Lieutenant Fowler, assistant depnty quarter-master general, Lieutenant Kerr, of the (iloii^'ary Fen- 
 ciblcs. Lieutenant Colonels Butler and Clarke, and Captains Hail, Durand, Rowc, Applegarth, James Crookp, Coopf r, 
 Robert Hamilton, M'Ewen, and Duncan Cameron. Lieutenants Richardson and Thomas Butler, and Major Merrill, of 
 the Niagara Dragoons, were all highly spoken of. He added to the list of honor the names cf Volunteers Shaw, Thom- 
 son, and Jarvls. The latter (G. S. Jarvis) wrote an interesting account of the battle. He was attached to the light com- 
 pany of the Forty-ninth Regiment. Upon Major General Brock, his slain aid-de-camp (Colonel M'Donell), and Captains 
 Dennis and Williams, he bestowed special and deserved encomium for their gallantry. 
 
 In contrast with this dispatch of General Sheaffe to Sir George Prcvost, written at Fort George on the evening of the 
 day of battle. Is that ot General Van Rensselaer to General Dearborn, written at Lewlston on the followinR day. He 
 gives a general statement of Important events connected with the battle, but when he comes to distribute the honon 
 among those who are entitled to receive them, he omits the name of every officer who was engaged In storming mi 
 carrying the Heights of Qneenston, the chief object of th.) expedition. The name of Captain Wool, the hero of the day 
 until the tide of victory was turned against the Americans, is not even mentioned. Byron defined military glory as 
 "being shot through the body, and having one's name spelled wrong In the gazettes." Worse fate than that would 
 have been that of Wool and the storming-party had History confiued her investigations to Van Renseelaer's report. 
 He expresped his great obligations to General Wadsworth, Colonel Van Rensseloer, Lieutenant Colonels Scott, Chryp- 
 tle, and Fen wick, and Captain Gibson, all of whom were gallant men, and performed their duties nobly in the after part 
 of the day, but not one of them had a share in the capture of the Heights, the defeat of Major General Brock, and Iho 
 winnings of victory. Van Rensselaer was wounded anj taken to T^ewiston before daylight. Fenwick was wounded 
 while crossing the river and taken prisoner. Chrystie was not Hattle-fleld until the morning victories were ill 
 
 won under Wool. How General Van Rensselaer could have made such a report is a mystery. It is due to bis candor 
 and sense of justice to say that he was doubtless misled by the reports of interested parties, for as soon as he perceived 
 the injuallce that was done to brave officers, he did all In his power to remedy the evil. In his report to Colonel Van 
 Rensselaer, on the 83d of October, Captain Wool made special mention of the officers who acted with him on that da.v, 
 and these General Van Rensselaer took occasion to name in a special manner in a letter to Brigadier General Smyth 
 announcing his resignation, written at Buffalo on the 24th. In a letter to Captain Wool in December following, Qen- 
 eral Van Rensselaer said, " I was not sufficiently informed to do jastlce to your bravery and good conduct in the attack 
 of the enemy on the Heights of Qneenston." He then expressed the hope that the government would notice bis merit! 
 on that occtolon. 
 
ininR ol the 
 IK day. Be 
 the honors 
 ormliig and 
 ofthedaj 
 iry glory as 
 that wonld 
 er'B rcpoit. 
 cott, CbryE- 
 le after part 
 ick, and tho 
 wonnded 
 iea were all 
 I hlB candor 
 (e percelted 
 Colonel Van 
 tn that day, 
 leral Smy"" 
 ^wing, 0«n- 
 1 the attack 
 > bU merltt 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 400 
 
 9cott'» Kncouutor with Inillaii*. 
 
 Ubjectoftholr Vlalt. 
 
 A combined Triampbal and Kuiieral ProceBiion. 
 
 to have hit somewhere !" The indignant officer thrust the savage from him, ex- 
 claiming, " Hands oft", you villain! You fired like a squaw!" lioth assailants im- 
 mediately loosened their knives and tomahawks from their girdles, and were aV)out 
 to spring upon Scott, while Jacobs exclaimed, " We kill you now !'" when the assailed 
 rushed to the end of the hall, where the swords of the captured officers stood, seized 
 the first one, drew the blade from its steel scabbard as quick as lightning, and was 
 iil)out to bring the heavy weapon with deadly force upon the Indians, Avhen a British 
 officer entered, seized Jacobs by tho arms, and shouted for the guard.' Jacobs turned 
 fiercely upon tho officer, exclaiming, " I kill you," when Scott, with the heavy sabre 
 raised, called out, " If you strike I'll kill you both." For a moment the eyes of the 
 group gleamed with fury upon their antagonist, and a scene was presented equal to 
 any thing in the songs of the Troubadours or the sagas of the Norsemen. The gust 
 of passion was momentary, and then the Indians put up their weapons and slowly re- 
 tired muttering imprecations on all white men and all the laws of war." " Beyond 
 doubt," says his biographer,^ " it was no part of the young chiers design to inflict in- 
 jury upon the captive American commander. His whole cliaractcr forbids the idea, 
 for he was as generous and benevolent in his feelings as he was brave." It is be- 
 lieved that their visit to Scott was one of curiosity only, for, having tried so repeat- 
 edly to hit him with their bullets, they were anxious to know how nearly they had 
 accomplished their object. But it can not be denied that the exasperation of the In- 
 dians against Scott, because of their losses on the Heights, was very great — so great 
 tiiat while he remained at Niagara he could not move from his lodgings in safety, 
 even to visit the head-quarters of General Sheafte,* without a guard. 
 
 When General 
 Slieaffe marched in 
 triumph from 
 (Jueenston to New- 
 ink, he took with 
 him the body of 
 the slain General 
 Brock, which had 
 been concealed in a 
 house near where he 
 fell. The march had 
 a twofold aspect. It 
 was a triumphal and 
 a funeral procession. 
 At Newark the body 
 was placed in the 
 "ovemment house, 
 
 • October 10, 
 1812. 
 
 NKW HAOAZINF. AT rORT aEOBQE. 
 
 and there it lay in 
 state three days, 
 when it was bu- 
 ried" in a 
 new cav- 
 alier bastion in 
 Fort George, whose 
 erection he had su- 
 perintended with 
 great interest. By 
 the side of Brock's 
 remains were laid 
 those of his provin- 
 cial aid - de - camp, 
 Lieutenant Colonel 
 M'Donell.» The fu- 
 neral ceremonies 
 
 1 This was Colonel Coffin, who had been sent by General Shenffe, with a guard, to invite the American officers to hie 
 table at hi- quarters. > Stone's Life of Brant, ii., 614 ; Mansfield's Life (tf Scott, page 48. 
 
 > William L.Stone. At the close of his Life (if Joseph Brant, Stone gives an interesting sketch of the life of John 
 Brant 
 
 < KogerH. Sheaffe was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and was a lad living there with his widowed mother at the 
 
 ^W$^ 
 
 opening of the Revolution. Earl 
 Ptrcy'8 head-quarters were at their 
 house while the British occupied the 
 town, and his lordship became much 
 itUcbed to the boy ; so much so that, 
 <ith the consent of his mother, he 
 
 tookhimaway withhim atthe evac- '^ of meritorious service. He was sta- 
 
 tioned In Canada at the breaking out of tho war. He at once stated frankly his reluctance to serve against his native 
 mntry, and snlicited a transfer to some other flcld of duty. His request was not granted. For his gallant condnct, 
 >nd winning victory on the Heights of Queenston, he was created a baronet, and ever afterward was known as Sir 
 Roger Sheaffe. General Sheaffe was bom on the 17th of July, 1703, and entered the British army on the 1st of May, 
 
 i;;8. 
 
 'The cavalier bastion where Brock and his aid were burled is near what is known as the new magazine. In Fort 
 
 uation to provide fof him. He gave 
 him a military education, placed him 
 in the army, and procured commis- 
 sions and promotions for him as fast 
 as possible. His promotion to ma- 
 
 /// Jor general was acquired on account 
 
 ^ nf mf\r\tt\rinnn Hftrvlpft. He was Bta- 
 
 i 
 
 
^mm^ 
 
 H i 
 
 ■'■I 
 
 I r 
 
 iir 
 
 406 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bmpeet for Brock awarded bjr the American!. Brock's Fnneral. Ilooored by hli OoTemment and the CunadUoi 
 
 were arranged by his other aid, Captain Glegg ;• and when they wore over tlie 
 Americans at Fort Niagara and at Lewiston tired minute-guns, as a marie of rosiu'ct 
 due to a brave enemy, by command of Major General Van Kensselaer. An armigtice 
 for a few days had been agreed u])on by Van Rensselaer and Sheaffe, which gave the 
 
 Oeorge. That magaziue la represented In the engraving on the preceding page. Behind it are seen the earthm ram. 
 parts of the fort as they appeared when I viaited it In 1800. The place of the basttou la indicated by the hollow uH 
 opening In the fence on the right of the picture. 
 
 > The roliowiug was the order of the procession : 1. Fort-ninjor Campbell. 2. Sixty men of the Fnrty-flrst nojjImcDt. 
 commanded by a subaltern. 8. Sixty of the militia, commanded by a captain. 4. Two six-ponnders firing mlunte-irQim 
 5. Remaining corps and detachments of the garrison, with about two hundred Indians, in reverse order, forming; a i!lrc«t 
 through which the procession passed, extending n-om the government house to the garrison. 6. Band of the Kortv-flnt 
 Regiment. T. Drums, covered with black cloth and muffled. 8. Late general's horse, ftilly caparisoned, led bv ttm 
 grooms. 9. Servants of the general. 10. The general's body-servant. 11. Surgeon Mulrhead, Doctor Moore, Doctor 
 Kerr, and Staff-surgeou Thorn. 11. Rev. Mr. Addison. Then followed the body of Lieutenant Colonel M'Doncll, with 
 the following gentlemen as pall-bearers; Captain A. Cameron, Lieutenant Robinson (late chief Justice of Canada) 
 J. Edwards, Lieutenant Jarvis, Lieutenant Ridout, and Captain Crooks. The chief mourner was the brother of the 
 deceased. 
 
 The body of Oeneral Brock followed, with the following pall-bearers : Mr. James CofBn, Captains VIgorcnus, Deremy, 
 Dennis, Holcroft, and Williams, M^or Morritt, Lieutenant Colonels Clarke and Butler, and Colonel Claus, supported bv 
 Brigade Major Evans and Captain Ulegg. The chief mounicrs were Major Oeneral Shealfc, Ensign Collin, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Myers, and Lieutenant Fowler. These were followed by the civil staff, friends of the deceased, and the Inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Oeneral Brock bad become greatly endeared to the Canadians. Gentlemanly deportment, kind and concilintlog man- 
 ners, and unrestrained benevolence were his prominent characteristics. He died unmarried, precisely a week after hs 
 bad completed his forty-third year. His dignity of person has already been described. I have been unable, after dil. 
 igent efforts, to obtain his portrait or big autograph. His contemporaries gave many tokens of respect to his memurv 
 after his death. " Canadian fhrmers," says Howison, In his Sketches of Canada, " are not overburdened with ecnslbllliy, 
 yet I have seen several of them shed tears when a eulogium was pronounced upon the Immortal and generoui-mlndcd 
 deliverer of their country." The Prince Regent, in an official bulletin, spoke of his death as having been "sufflcicntto 
 have clouded a victory of much greater Importance." The muse was Invoked In expressions of sympathy and mnm. 
 Among poetical effusions which the occasion elicited was the following, written by Miss Ann Bruycres, "an extraor- 
 dinary child of thirteen years old," the daughter of the general's warm friend, Lieutenant Colonel Bruycres, of the Koy >l 
 Engineers ; 
 
 " As Fame alighted on the monntain's crest, 
 She loudly blew her trumpet's mighty blast , 
 Bre she repeated Victory's notes, she cast 
 A look around ond stopped. Of power bereft, 
 Her bosom heaved, her breath she drew with pain, 
 Her favorite Brock lay slaughtered on the plain I 
 Glory threw on his grave a laurel wreath. 
 And Fame proclaims, * A hero sleeps beneath.' " 
 Brock's biographer observes, in allnding to Fame being twice mentioned In the above lines, that it was singnlar that 
 " the mournful intelligence of Sir Isaac Brock's death was brought firom Quebec to Guernsey [his native country] by the 
 ship Fame, belonging to that Island, on the 24th of November, two days before It was known In London."— Tiipper'i 
 Li/e nf Brock, page 380. 
 
 By direction of a resolution of the Honse of Commons on the 20th of July, 1313, a military monument by Westmacott 
 was erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, at a cost of nearly eight thousand dollars. It Is In the 
 western ambulatory of the south transept, eud contains an effigy of the hero's body reclining In the arms of a British 
 soldier, while an Indian pays the last tribute of respect. The monument bears the fallowing inscription ; "Erected, at 
 
 the public expense, to the memory of Major Genebai. Sib Isaac 
 Beook, who gloriously fell on the 13th of October, MDCCCXll., in 
 resisting an attack on Queenston, In Upper Canada." In addition 
 to this, twelve thousand acres of land in Upper Canada were be- 
 stowed on the four surviving brothers of General Brock, and each 
 were allowed a pension of one thousand dollars a year for life, by 
 a vote of the British Parliament. 
 
 The Canadians could never seem to 
 honor him enough. In 1816 they struck 
 a small medal to his memory ; and soon 
 afterward steps were taken In the prov- 
 ince to erect a suitable monument on 
 Queenston Heights, not far from the spot 
 where lie fell. They raised a lofty Tuscan column, 136 feet in height from the base to the 
 summit. The diameter of the htme of the column was seventeen and a half feet. On the 
 summit was a pedestal for a statue. Within was a spiral staircase aronnd a central shaft. In 
 the base was a tomb. In which the coffins containing the remains of Brock and M'Donell 
 were deposited on the 13th of October, 1824. Their remains were conveyed from Fort George 
 to their lost resting-place in a hearse drawn by fonr black horses, followed by an immense 
 military and civic procession, while artillery fired a salute of minute-guns. This monument 
 stood, the pride of the Canadians, nntll the middle of April, 1840, when a miscreant named 
 Lett, a fligiti ve trom Canada, who had become implicated in the disturbances there in 1887 and 
 1838, attempted to destroy it with gunpowder. He succeeded in so injuring It that it became 
 necessary to pull it down. A meeting was held on the Heights In July following, at which 
 the late Sir Allan M'Nab made a stirring speech, when It was resolved to erect a new monument. It was estlmaleii 
 that eight thousand persons were present, and a salute was fired by the Royal Artillery. That meeting and the new 
 monnment will be considered in the next chapter. 
 
 IN MEHOBT OF QEHESAI, UBOOK. 
 
 BBOCK'B aONUHDIT. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1 h 1 2. 
 
 407 
 
 ntt on LewlitoD IlelgbU. TraoRfer of Colonel Van ReoiMlaer from ({aeeoiton to Albany. Uli Reception. 
 
 two commandent an opportunity for the exchange of those humane courtCHics which 
 should ncvor be loHt Hij?lit of amid the tumults of war.' 
 
 Let lu turn back and coimidcr for a moment what occurred on the American side 
 in coniu^ction with the battle of QueeiiHton. At Lewiston, Lovett,^ as we have seen, 
 was placed in charge of an eightecn-pounder in battery on the IleightH,^ where he per- 
 (ormcd good service in covering the par- 
 ty that crossed before daylight. It be- 
 ing dark, he stooped close to the gun to 
 observe its aim, when it was discharged, 
 and the concussion so injured his ears 
 that he was much deaf ever afterward. 
 Soon after this Colonel Van Rensselaer 
 ffii8 brought over from the Canada shore 
 with ti%e bleeding wounds. He had been 
 flick M'ith fever, and had left his bed to 
 attend to preparations for the invasion. 
 The disease and his wounds so prostrated 
 him that for several days his life was in 
 extreme peril.* It was not until five 
 (lays after the battle that he could bo 
 moved from Lewiston. Then a cot was 
 riiri»ed with cross-bars and side-poles, on 
 • October which he was carried, on the 
 
 1312. ' 18th,* to Schlosser by a detach- 
 ment of Major Moseby's militia riflemen. 
 On the following day he was 
 taken by the same party by land 
 and water to Buffalo.^ There lie 
 remained until the 9th of Novem- 
 ber, and was then conveyed to his home at Mount Hope, near Albany, accompanied, 
 as he had been since his removal from Lewiston, by Mr. Lovett. They were met in* 
 the suburbs of Albany by a cavalcade of citizens, and Van Rensselaer was received 
 vrith the honors of a victor.* 
 
 1 The correspondence between the generals may be fonnd in Van Reneselner's Narrativf, olready allnded to. 
 
 1 John Lovett was a resident of Albany when the war broke out, and was a leading man In the profession of the law 
 
 there. General Van Rensse- 
 laer, hie early friend, Invited 
 him to become his aid and 
 military secretary. "I am not 
 a Boldler," said Lovett. " It is 
 lot your tveord, but your pen 
 that I want," replied Van 
 Ren-selaer. Mr. Lovett was 
 elected to a seat in Congress 
 
 in ISIS, when ho renewed his 
 acquolntance with Governor 
 Meigs, and through his influ- 
 ence purchased a tract of laud 
 on ttie Maumee, and com- 
 menced a settlement which 
 he named Perryi^burg, in hon- 
 or of the gallant hero of Lake 
 Erie. There he resided, but 
 He died at Fort Meigs in August, 1818, at the early age of 
 
 he was early cut off by the prevailing fever of the country. 
 
 Hfly-two years. For a more extended sketch of Mr. Lovett's life, see Reminiscence* qf Troy, by John Woodworth. 
 
 ) This battery was called Fort Qray, in honor of Nicholas Gray, acting engineer, under whose supervision it was 
 inDged. 
 
 ' Arad Joy, Esq., who was pajrmaster of Colonel Henry Bloom's regiment, and acting quartermaster on the day of 
 the battle, wrote to me on the 16th of March, 13IS2, giving me an account of his experience on the Lewiston side of the 
 river. He had charge of the wagons that conveyed the wounded to the hospital on the ridge road, two miles from the 
 Ttllige. Of Van Rensselaer he says : " The loss of blood caused him to be chilly. He sat upon a board across the top 
 ofthe wagon-box, without a groan ; and as we met the soldiers going to the river to cross, he would call out at the top 
 of his voice, 'Go on, my brave fellows, the day Is our own.' It cheered up and encouraged them. He was taken to 
 good quarters In a private bonse. The head surgeon, ^vlth his instruments, was along. We carried him Into the house 
 sA seated him on a chair. His boots were filled with blood, which was gushing from his thigh, and plainly to be seen 
 through his pantaloons. The boots, at Van Rensselaer's request, were cut from his feet." 
 
 > At BnlTaio, on the 24th, Van Rensselaer nse-i a pen for the first time since receiving his wounds, and wrote to his 
 wife. That letter Is before me. It Is filled with expressions of gratitude toward General Van Rensselaer, and con- 
 (lodes by saying : " I congratulate you on the birth of our little boy. That this should have taken place on the same 
 Di;ht I made the attack on the British is singalar. He must be a soldier." 
 
 ' Solomon Van Rensselaer was born in Oreenbush, opposite Albany, in the old house known as the Garret mansion. 
 
 
 i ^^^ 
 
! )i 
 
 8 ' 
 
 406 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ImU at Um Mnnth of th« NURira River. 
 
 Aceoaal of fort NliKir*. 
 
 DlipoMl or tha Anwrlean PrtMMti. 
 
 Whilo tJjo Htirrinj^ ovontH nt QiironHton woro in proj^roHS in tho morning, tlicre wm 
 n lively \.'.:iw iit Forts (loorf^u iiiul Niaj^iira.' 8i) hooii uh Mrook heard tlio ntatc of 
 aftiiirH at (jneonHton, liu sent down word to lirij^adt! Major Kvaim, wlio liad liecn ||.f) 
 in charge of Fort (ieorge, to ojten a cannonade upon Fort Niaj^'ura. Me did ho ami 
 received n Hliarp reply from the Honth l>iock-hous(« of the American fortrcMM, wliich 
 wa8 in charj!;e of ('aptain M'Keon. Tliat officer turned his guim upon (he villaj{<. of 
 Newark also when cluirged with hot shot, and Hcveial IxiiidinirH were Hct on lire. Tlic 
 (cannonade continued some time, when Kvans, aided by ()oh)nel ('laus and C'liptain 
 Vigoreux, of the Royal KngincerH, oju'ned a Hevere bombardment upon Fort Ninirura 
 Already the burHting of a twelve-pounder had (b'prived the AniericanH of their lust 
 weapon. This fact, and the Q;(poHed condition of the fort under the attack of hIicIIn 
 cauHed Captain Leonard, the commandant of the garrinon, to abainlon it. The trooim 
 had not proceeded far when they observi-d liritiHli boats, filled wiMi armed men, ieiuiiKr 
 the Canada nhore for Fort Niagara, evidently with the intention of securing a lodi'. 
 ment there. M'Keon immediately returned with his little force, remained there unmo- 
 lested over night, and was joined by the remainder of the garrison the next inorniiiir. 
 
 The American militia officers and privates captured at Queenston were j)aroli'(l and 
 sent across the river, but those of the regular army were detained as ])ri8onerH of wiir 
 for exchange.* These were sent to Quebec, and from there, in a cartel,^ to Honton, ex- 
 cept twenty-three, who were claimed as I'litish subjects, and were sent to Kiiijlaiid 
 to be tried for treason.* The energetic action of Lieutenant Colonel Scott then and 
 
 In \T14. His fnthor was a brave offlcor of the Revolution (Henry Killlan Van RenMelaer), who wnt severely wonndftl 
 In the tbl|{h ill a battle near Fort Ann In ITTT. Ho waa then a colonel. The bullet, which was not extracted iiulll after 
 hlH death, forty yearn Inter, In atlll In the iiciukokhIoii of the family. It waa flattened by atrlkUiK the thluh hone. Ilia mu 
 S<ilomon Inherited IiIh military dUpoitltliiii, and at the nue of eighteen yeara entered the army under Wayne ati acuriicl 
 of cavalry in the name battalion with the late ['reiildent Harrinoii. He waa promoted to the rommand of a tniuii |,lulv 
 1, 1T0S| before he waa twenty. He waa ahot through the IniiKa In the battle at the Haplda of the Miami or Maninec in 
 AnRHi ;, iJM. In 17lt8, when war with France eeemcd inevitable, Waahington aent for Van Kensdclaer, inquired aliom 
 the state of his wounds, and aoon afterward [.lanuary, 18(H)) be waa appointed a major of cavalry. When the army wn 
 dlabandcd he went Into civil pursultH, but waa called to the reaponaible post of Adjutant General of New York hi Jang- 
 ary, IHfll. He held thai office when the war broke ont, and nt the aolicitatlim of hia uncle, General Van Kriii'aclniT.hp 
 took a position on his stalT. His xcrvlcca at Queonston have been recorded in the text. That event cloiied IiIk military 
 life, except na mi\jor general of the mlllila In 1810. Monroe appointed him post-master at Albany, and he held that po- 
 Wltlon until removed by Van Buren. Ho waa a delegate to the Whig t.'onveutloii that nominated his frieiul Ilnrrlwn 
 for the presidency in IS-TO. Harrison reinstated liini in the post-olHce at Albany, from which ho wns remcivcd by Jdhn 
 Tyler. He died at his residence at Cherry Hill, about a mile south of State Street, Albany, i n the 24th of Ajirll, ls(i2, In 
 the seventy-eighth ycnr of hIa age. Cherry Hill is a most bcaiitifiil spot, westward of the rural extension of Pearl Street. 
 It overlooks the Hudson, and commands a fine view of the country eastward of the river. I remember a vNlt .'i that 
 mansion several years ago (then occupied by hia daughters) with much pleasure. Ula residence during the war u( Kit 
 wns called Mount Hope, and is a little south of Cherry Hill. 
 
 1 Fort Niagara was commenced as early as 1071), when La Halle, a French explorer. Inclosed a small spot there wltli 
 palisades. In ItlST, DeNonville, a French commander, constructed a quadrangular fort there with four hnstliing. The 
 .Seuecas attacked, a fatal disease followed, and the fort was nbnndoned. In U'iti, the French, who still occu|)lcd tlic iipui, 
 built quite n strong fnrtiflcntlon there. It was taken from them by Sir Wllllum Johnson, with a force of DritUh and 
 Indians, In 1780. It then covered about eight acres, having been cnlnrged ond strengthened from time to time until It 
 had become a regular fort of great resisting power. It never again passed lnt<i the hands of the French. During the 
 Rev(dulion it was tlie rendezvous of the Tories and Indians, who desolated Central New York, and sent predatory partlcj 
 Into Pennsylvania. "It waa the head-quarters," says l)eveanx,"or all thntwnsbarhnrou8,unrclenllnir, and cruel. There 
 were congregated the leaden and chiefs of those bands of murderers and miscreants who carried death and dcjulallon 
 Into the remote American settlements. There civilized Europe reveled with savage Americans, and Indies of educa- 
 tion and refliienicnt mingled in the society of those whose only distinction waa to wield the bloody tomahawk and the 
 scalplni; -knife. There the squaws of the forests were raised to eminence, and the most unholy unions between them 
 and officers of highest rank smiled upon and countenanced. There, In the strong-hold, like a nest of vultures, sccnrelj 
 for some years they sallied forth and preyed upon the distant settlements of the Mohawk and Susiiueiiannn va!ley». 
 It was the dopAt of their plunder. There they planned their forays, and there they returned to fenst until tlm time of 
 action cnmo again."— Drewit/j;'/) FnllH n/Siagara. Fort Niagara remolned in possession of the British until 1780. It ».'.? 
 then commanded by Colonel Smith, who led the British In the light at Concord In 1775. It has been well observed that 
 "Colonel Smith may with propriety be said to have participated In both the opening and closing acts of the Amcrlcaii 
 revolution." 
 
 » The following Is a list of the regular officers who were surrendered : Colonel Scott, Lieutenant Colonels Chrielle and 
 Fonwick (the former slightly, the lotter badly wounded), Major Miillany, Captains Gibson, M'Chesney, and Ogllvic, Lieu- 
 tenants Randolph, Kearney, Sammons, Hugunin, Fink, Carr, Turner, Totten, Bailey, Phelps, Clarke (wounded), and 
 M'Carty, and Knsign Reeve. 
 
 ' A cartel ship is a vessel commissioned In time of war to carry prisoners for exchange, or messoges from one belllgtr- 
 ent to another. 
 
 ♦ At the beginning of the war the American prisoners were cruelly treated. Much testimony on the subject wa« col- 
 lected by a committee of Congress, appointed for the purpose, in the summer of 1813. It was In evidence that when 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 409 
 
 HrnU'i b<>l<l I'riitortlon of K«llc>w-prl«iin<ini. KuulUtlon >ulhiirlieil tiy ('onitraiM. OoneemliiK Parpatnal MUgitnet. 
 
 iitU'iWiird Hiivwl tlu'in fniiii ilcath. Wh^n t!io pi i.-;;"n*VH wt-rc iilmiit to Miiil IVom C2»o- 
 Im^c a pnrty of liritmh otll(a>rfl ciunvi on bonnl tliu ctirtel, iiiuHtt>rt>(l tliu ciiptivcH, and 
 ooniiiK'nci'ii m'puratinn from t!io r«'Ht thoHo who, by tlicir accont, were found to be 
 IriHlinuMi. 'riu'Hc th(>y inti'iidod to Hcnd to Kiiil^IuikI for trial hh traitorH in a frii;:it(> 
 lyin^ nt'ar, in lu-tjordaimc with the doc^trinu that u liritiHli Hubji;t!t can not vx]>atriatc 
 liiiiiHolf.' Hcott, who waH Ik-Iow, ht-arin}^ u tumult on dock, wont up. Ho wan Hoon 
 infKrnu'd of tho oauno, and at onco ontorod a vohomont protimt against tho pro<!ood- 
 ini(i«. lie couiniaiulo<l IiIh HoldiorH to bo abMolutoly Hilont, that their acoont mi^lit not 
 l)etray thoin. Ho wa» ropoatodi/ onb'n'd to ^o bolow, anil aH ropo.'itodiy rofuHcd. 
 fhe HoidiorH oboyod him. Tw(M>ty-throo hud already boon detected as IriHhnion, but 
 not aiiotliiT one l»ecame a victim. The twonty-thnu! Mjore taken on board the frij^ate 
 in iroiiH. Scott bohlly anHured them that if the liritiHh (rovernment dared to injure a 
 hair of their heads, hiH own fjovernment would fully avonpo the outraiije. He at the 
 Hamc time aH boKlly defied the menacing otticerH, and comforted the nnmaelod priHon- 
 crs in every poHHihIe way. Scott waH exchanged in January, 181.3, and at once Hcnt 
 a Cull report of thin atVair to the Secretary of War. lie liaHtoned to WaHhington in 
 iHTHon, and proHHod the Hubject upon the attention of CongroHH. A bill waH ititro- 
 iliici'd to voHt "the IVohidont of the United States with powers of retaliation."'* It 
 oriijinated in tlie Senate, and would have paHsed both houHos but for the conceded 
 tact that such powers were already fully contained i.'i the general constitutional 
 powers of tho President to conduct the war. Fortunately for the credit of common 
 humanity, the President never hud occasion to exercise tliat power to the extent of 
 lit'i'-takiiig, for the Hritish government wisely and prudently abstained from carrying 
 iiiit in practice, in the case of American prisoners, its cherished doctrine of perpetual 
 iillciliiiiico.' 
 
 priaoneni «rrlvP(l at Plymouth th«y wcro unnt to Mill prison for one diiy and nlg\it, and all tho food allowed thorn " for 
 the Iwenty-fonr hniirx worn three nmall inlt horrlnK", or nbnut tho nnmo weight of Halted codflnh, or hnlf n pound of 
 kef, one nnd a half puundH of black hrcnd, a little nail, etc." Un the Herond dny tlioy were pi.roled, and Heut Kvcnty- 
 tour miles from I'lymouth, at tho expense (if tho prisoners, where they were allowed scarcely sufllclent to drive starva 
 lion HW«y. It was testlHed that the prlwiners were kept In h half-starved state, It Iwlng "tho policy of Iho British 
 govfrniiient," accordinx to the moinorlul of ".lames Ome, Joseph I). Cook, Thomas Humphries, and others," as they 
 deraiily lielleved, " to select the sickly to he first sent In cartels, aud keep tho halo ond hordy scnmen until llioy become 
 ilckly, thus renderlu(f the whole of these Eallsnt sons of Neptune who escape death, when they return to their homes, at 
 Ifut for eomo tlnio, jierfectly useless to tliiMnselves, and quite so to their country, from their debilitated state." 
 Amcrlcsn priaonora wore actually hired out in the British service, as appears by the following advertlsomont in a 
 Jam»lc« paper! 
 
 " Port Royal, 2Bth Nov., 1R12. 
 "Masters of vessels about to proceed to England with convoy arc informed that they may be supplied with u limited 
 lumber of American seamen (prisontirB of war) to assist in uarigating their vessels, on the usual terms, by applying to 
 
 "Okorok Maduk, AgriU." 
 1 See paRO 8B. 
 
 'Only two months afler the passage of tho act, Scott himself, as commander in the capture of Port George, selected 
 friim Ills prisoners twenty-three, to be confined in the Interior of the country, to abide the fate of those sent to England 
 (romfiiu'hec. 
 ' The Krliiiih government had a precedent not only In a notable case in its own history, bnt In tho action of a neigh- 
 Wng uiition. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Doctor Storey, a native of England, quitted his country and became u 
 iibject of Spain. He was received ot the English Court as embassador ft^om his adopted country. He was Indicted in 
 EDIiInnd for treason, when he pleaded his Spanish citizenship. It availed him nothing. His plea was overruled, a'ld 
 lie was condemned and executed. Colonel Townley, an Englishman born, became naturalized In France, but on being 
 niifd while boiirlng arms against England, was executed for treason. Tho French decree of Trianon declared that no 
 Ftdiclimnn could be naturalized abroad without the consent of thefmperor, and that such that may bo naturalized 
 abroad without his consent conid not bear arms against France. Tno American judiciary had also fttmished a pre- 
 rtdeut. Isaac Williams, an American, received a nontenant's c(mimisslon from the French government in 1792, and 
 icrvedin tho French navy. In I'Utt he was tried before Chief Justice Ellsworth for having accepted a privateer's com- 
 nlHion from the French Republic to commit acts of hostility against Great Britain, contrary to the laws of the ITnlted 
 Stales and of the late treaty with Great Britain. The Judge decided that tho prisoner was a citiron of the United States, 
 indlbnt the emigration of a clHzen implies no consent of the government that ho should expatriate himsolf.— See Por- 
 jtlis's HiMorij nfthf. Polilimt and Militarn Events of the Late ITor, page 2SS. A farther notice of thiK subject, and the 
 Tlews of the government of the United States, expressed by Secretary Monroe, will be found in another portion of thir 
 work.-Sec Index. 
 
 Tbi> dnal result of Scott's hnmanc and conrageons conduct in this matter was very gratifying to himself. Almost three 
 jeire after the event at Qnobec he was greeted by loud huzzas as he was passing a wHhrf on tho East River side of 
 Sew York Oily. It came from a gronp of Irishmen who had Just landed from an emigrant ship. They were twenty- 
 one of the twenty-three prisoners for whom ho had cared so tenderly. They had Just returned after a long confinement 
 in English prisons. They recognized their benefactor, and, says Scott's biographer, " nearly crushed him by their warm- 
 liearted embraces."— Mansfield's L4A! if -Sioott. 
 
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 410 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Re«l|;natloD of General Van Keneseluer. 
 
 Smyth his Saccesaor. 
 
 Bmyth'a pompoua ProclnniBtloni. 
 
 (Icneral Van Rensselaer wa^ disgusted with the joalcusies of some of tlie regular 
 officorB and the conduct of the militia. He was also convinced that tlie profi'ssion 
 of irnis was not the sphere in which he would be most useful. On the 24th of Octo- 
 ber he resigned the command of the troops on the Niagara frontier to General Smyth 
 and 800U afterward obtained from Governor Tompkins permission to leave the 8crv- 
 ice. ' Smytli's pride Avaa gratified, and it was soon displayed in a series of pompous 
 proclamations, which created both merriment and disgust. lie promised so lars^ely 
 and performed so little that he became the target for ridicule and satire by all p.ir- 
 ties. In his first proclamation, issued on the 10th Sif November, he displayed a lack 
 of common courtesy and good taste by offensive reflections upon Generals Hull and 
 Vjin Rensselaer.* " One array," he said, " has been disgracefully surrendered and 
 lofit. Another has been sacrificed by a precipitate attempt to pass it over at the 
 strongest point of the enemy's lines with most incompetent means. The cause of 
 these miscarriages is apparent. The commanders were popular men, destitute alike 
 of theory and experience in the art of war," "In a few days," he continued, "the 
 troops under my command will plant the American standard in Canada. They arc 
 men accustomed to obedience, silcnc.e, and steadiness. They will conquer or they will 
 die. Will you stand with your arms folded and look on this interesting strusrglc? 
 Must I turn from you, and ask men of the Six Nations to support tlie gov- 
 ernment of the Unit<'d States ? Shall I imitate the oflicers of the British king, and 
 sufter our ungathered laurels to be tarnished by ruthless deeds ?^ Shame, where is 
 tny blush ? No. Where I command, the vanquished and the peaceful man, the child, 
 the maid, and the matron, shall be secure from wrong. The present is the hour for 
 renown. Have you not a wish for fame ? Would you not choose in future times to be 
 named as one of those who, imitating the heroes whom Montgomery led, have, in spite 
 of the seasons, visited the tomb of the chief, and conquered the country where he liesV" 
 
 > General Van RensBelner reached Albany on Saturday morning, the 31st of October, when he was honored by a pub- 
 lic reception. On thcSOtb the Common Oo""cil of Albany appointed three of their menibcrB, namcly.TeiinlB Von Vechlon, 
 Isaac Ilausen, and Peter Boyd, a commltice for the purpose. These on the same day Issued a little handbill, calling npoa 
 the people to meet at the public square the next morning at e<ght o'clock. The committee also recommended that eucb 
 "as are accommodated with horses or carriages to repolr to the house of Widow Ponw, on the Albany and Schciieclady 
 turnpike, for the purpose of escorting Major General Van Rensselaer to his mansion-house ; and the residue of the citi- 
 zens arc requested to proceed to the hay-scales, and there join the escort." The reception was imposing, and lilglily 
 gratifying to the general. Two days afterward he received a letter from the debtors In the Albony jail, who had expe- 
 rienced his bounty, congratulating him on his return. 
 
 " " I take the liberty," wrote a correspondent of General Van Rensselaer from Ociieseo, " to inclose yon a copy of a 
 handbill IVom General Smyth, which was circulated yesterday and the day before about Batavia. As far as I have been 
 able to observe, men 0/ all parties unite in reprobating the attack he makes upou other commuodcrs. I suspect, indeed, 
 that the attack is the main, real object of the handbill."— Autograph Letter of Samuel M. Hopkins, November U, 1S12. 
 
 ' Soon after the commencement of hostilities It was niraored at Buffalo that tho British bad taken possession of Grand 
 Island, in the Niagara River, which belonged to the Seuecas, one of the Six Nations. Red Jacket, the chief of the Sen- 
 eeas, called the nation to a council, and thereat a desire was expressed to go and drive the invaders off. At a pnbFc- 
 i]uent conncil, where there was a large attendance of the nation, a formal declaration of war against the Canadas wim 
 mudc 'i these words : 
 
 "We, the chiefs and councilors of the Six Nations of Indians, residing In the State of New York, do hereby pr-claim 
 to all the war-chiefs and warriors of the Six Nations that war is declared on our part against the provinces of I'pper 
 ond Lower Canada. Therefore we hereby command nnd advise all the war-chiefc and warriors of the Six Nations to 
 call forth Immediately the warriors nnder them, and put them In motion to protect their rights and liberties, whicli our 
 brethren, tl.u Americans, are now defending."* 
 
 This Is believed to have been the first Indian i^claratlon of war ever committed to writing. Although the ecrvlcei 
 of the Indians were offered to General Smyth, he declined them, because the government of the United States, acting 
 in the interest of common humanity, had resolved not to employ the savages In the war unless compelled to. 
 
 ' Alluding to tb's council, Mr. Lovett, General Van Rensselaer's military secretary, then in attendance at Buffalo on 
 Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, said : "The spirit of insubordination seems to have wound its way among the eons 
 of Belial, our red brethren. With<mt the leave or knowledge of Mr. Granger [the Indian Superintendent), they have 
 had a great council back In the bneh. To purge away this horrid fin of disobedience, Mr. G., the good Mobcb of thcfc 
 shabby Israelites, ordered them to trasd back their steps unsancttfled by his behests, and to cast to the wind the wam- 
 pum, and the belts, ind all the rcr jrds of their abominable council, and to repair, one and all, before the higli-prlest ot 
 the temple at Buffalo, to have their souls scrubbed ffora all political sins. The day before yesterday hither they canie- 
 sacuems, chiefs, and warrlors-t^ild and y. nng, squaws and pappooscs— with all of Intemedlate grades. Such a Ihur- 
 ongh shaklrg of the beggar-bag of poor motley human nature I never before saw. With great humility all confessed 
 their sins, received absolution, and washed their souls in whisky. All got drunk, wallowed all night In the mud, nnd 
 the next day went home to their wigwams pure and humble, chanting the praises of Moses."— Autograph Lt^ltcr to 
 General Van Rensrolaer, November 0, 181S. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 411 
 
 Smyth and his Proclamations ridiculed. 
 
 In another proclamation ho said : " Companions in arms ! the time is at hand when 
 you will cross the stream of Niagara to conauer Canada, and to secure the peace of 
 the American frontier. You will enter a country that is to be one of the United 
 
 gjateg Whatever is booty by the usages of war shall be yours." Ho offered 
 
 two hundred dollars apiece for horses for artillery that might be captured. He then 
 boasted of the superiority of the American soldiers and weapons, and unnecessarily 
 offended the Federalists, many of whom were in the ranks, by saying to the volun- 
 teers "Disloyal and traitorous men have endeavored to dissuade you from doing 
 your duty." In his address to " The Army of the Centre," as he called the little force 
 under his command, he said : " Soldiers of every corps 1 it is in your power to retrieve 
 tlie honor of your country, and to cover yourselves with glory. Every man who per- 
 forms a gallant action shall have his name made known to the nation. Rewards and 
 honors await the brave, infamy and contempt are reserved for cowards. Compan- 
 ions in arms ! you come to vanquish a valiant foe. I know the choice you will make. 
 Come on, my heroes ! and when you attack the enemy's batteries, let your rallying- 
 fford be, 'The cannon lost at Detroit, or death !' "' 
 
 When these proclamations in quick succession appeared, the general's friends smiled, 
 the enemy laughed, and the Opposition press teemed with squibs and epigrams. He 
 was called "Alexander the Groat," " Napoleon the Second," etc. A wag in the Neio 
 York Ewnimj Post wrote of " General Smyth's Bulletin No. 2 :" 
 
 "Just so 1 (nnd every wiser head 
 
 The llkeiicBS can discover) 
 Wc put n rheHtnut in the Are, 
 
 And pull the embers over; 
 A while it waxes hot and hotter, 
 
 And eke begins to hop, 
 Aaid after much confounded pother, 
 
 Explodes a mighty Pop I ! t" 
 
 General Smyth's invasion of Canada will be noticed presently. 
 
 1 General Smyth's magniloquence was equaled only by Ross Bird's, a captain of the Third United States Infantry, 
 who, In great indignation because of some ofrcnse, offered to resign his commissioii. His letter closed with the follow- 
 ing words : " In leaving the service I am not abandoning the cause of Republicanism, but yet hope to braudif^h the glit- 
 terlng steel In the field, and carve my way to a name which shall prove my country's neglect ; and when this mortal 
 shall 1)6 closeted In the dust, and the soul shall wing its flight to the regions above, in passing by the pale-faced moon 
 I ihall hODg my hat on brilliant Mars, and make a report to each superlative star, and, arriving at the portals of heav- 
 en's high chancery, shall demand of the attending angel to be ashered into the presence of Washington ! 
 
 " Ross Bisn, Captain. 
 "Washington, September n, 1813. 
 
 "To Limtenant Colonel C. C. RusneU." 
 
 CaptaUi Bird had been in the army as early aa ITOl, and had lately been promoted to mt^or of infantry lu the new 
 
 
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 412 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Arrival at Niagara FallB. 
 
 Departure for Queenston. 
 
 An nndeii'.rable ITorse and Driver 
 
 CmVPTER XX. 
 
 " Alas for them t their day \s o'er, 
 Their fires are out Oom shore to shore ; 
 No more for them the wild deer houiidB— 
 The plow ia on their honting-groands." 
 
 CUARLKS SpBAOnE. 
 
 the middle of August, 1860,1 visited the theatre of events de- 
 scribed in the preceding chaptei'. I went down to Niat^ara 
 Falls from Buffalo in a railway train on the afternoon of the 
 10th. A violent thunder-storm greeted our arrival at five 
 o'clock. As business, not pleasure, was my errand io that great 
 gathering-place of the fashionable and of tourists in summer I 
 rode to the northern part of the village, and took lodgings at 
 the quiet " Niagai'a House," where I found room in abundance 
 in chamber and at table. On the following morning, accompanied by the late Colo- 
 nel P. A. Porter, then a resident of Niagara Falls village, I crossed the suspension 
 bridge, rode up the west*-i i b. of the river to Street's Creek, opposite Navy Isl- 
 and, and visited the battle : xC i. • of Chippewa with Colonel Cummuigs, a survivinij 
 aid of the Bi'itish general Riall, who commanded in that engagement. Of that visit 
 and its results I shall write hereafter. 
 
 I returned to the Niagara House in time for dinner, and at four o'clock st.irted in 
 an old, dusty light wagon, with a jaded hoi'se, for Lewiston, seven miles down the 
 river. It was at an hour when every body was on the road, and every horse and 
 vehicle were employed. I was left without choice, and felt thankful that I was not 
 compelled to go afoot. The driver was a rather rough-cast boy of sixteen years, with 
 a freckled face, a turned-up nose, a mischievous gray eye, sandy hair, and rather in- 
 telligent, but uneducated. The horse seemed tipsy as well as tired, for he w.as con- 
 Btantly leaving tlie right lines of the highway. His coat was an uncertain brick 
 color, and rough ; the harness had dotted him with black bare spots ; his tail and 
 mane were thin and fi-izzled; one of his ears drooped, and his gait, at best, was de- 
 cidedly "gawky." I was anxious to reach Lewiston in time to cross the suspension 
 bridge to Queenston, and visit places of'' ' i st there before sunset, and at tlie start 
 the boy commenced lashing the beast • • .ifully. I remonstrated. "Hain't ye 
 in a hurry?" he asked. "Yes, but you » ; t fi torture the poor horse in that way," 
 I replied. Such mercy surprised him. ' \,, '" irn it," he said, impatiently, " I'm so 
 used to whippin' I can't help it. I never kn^. " d & maa afore who cared a whip-snap 
 for a hired lioss. He is lazy, mister — lazy," an>l he gave the poor animal another 
 severe stroke. So inveterate was the boy's cruel habit that he would not relinquish 
 it until I took the whip from him, and threatened to leave him by the road side. 
 Even then he would rise occasionally and kick the horse ; harmlessly, however, for 
 his toes were ambitiously getting aliead of his shoes. 
 
 We jogged on at a fair rate of speed, and met numerous " turn-outs" superior to 
 our own, of whicli we were not specially proud. Among them was a jaunty little 
 wagon and a span of black ponies, f^riven at full speed by the owner, the wife of a 
 New York city editor. Her establio. lent was tlie " observed of all observers," but 
 we Avere not jealous; indeed, all th'^ <■' \ji of the road and its frequenlers soon faded 
 when, at five o'clock, we reached the •; jw of Lewiston Heights and beheld the mag- 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 413 
 
 leytittoD HeightH, and the View from them. Villages of Lewtaton and Queeneton. The Snepension Bridge. 
 
 nificekit panorama before us. At the turn of the road, where it descends the Heights, 
 I alighted, and from the site of Fort Gruy,' now marked by slight mounds, I obtained 
 a view of land and water both grand and beautiful. On the left was seen Queenston 
 Heights, on which stands the new monument erected to the memory of General 
 Brock. At their base lay the village of Queenston. Farther westward a glimpse 
 of St. David^s was obtained ; and northwestward, as far as the eye could reach, the 
 level country was dotted with Avobds and well-cultivated farms. At our feet lay 
 the village of Lewiston ; and stretching away to the northeast was the vast plain, 
 much of it covered with the primeval forest. In the centre was the glittering line 
 of the blue Niagara River. Near its mouth tlie eye could discern the spires of Ni- 
 agara (old Newark), on the Canada side, and the village of Youngstown, with the 
 mass of old Fort Niagara beyond, on the American side. The whole horizon north- 
 ward was bounded by the dark line of Lake Ontario, over which , was brooding a 
 thunder-storm, flashing fire and bellowing angrily as it moved sullenly eastward. 
 
 Leaving this grand observatory with reluctance, we made our way down the sinu- 
 ous road to Lewiston, every where meeting, in the descent, geological evidences that 
 this bank was the shore of an ancient lake when the Falls of Niagara were doubtless 
 at this place, and that the plain on which the village stands was its bed. The ridge 
 is composed of sand and gravel, and the usual debris thrown up by a large body of 
 water in character essentially diiferent from the surrounding surface. The summit 
 of the Heights is here thirty-four feet above the level of Lake Erie." 
 
 We passed through Lewiston' (a village of about one thousand souls, very pleas- 
 ant'y situated) without halting^ and crossed the Niagara River to Queenston, over 
 the suspension bridge, a magnificent structure, with a roadway eight hundred and 
 fifty feet in length, twenty feet in width, and sixty feet above the water.* We were 
 atWadsworth's Tavern, in Queenston, and had engaged lodgings for the night before 
 six o'clock ; and we immediately rode from there up the Heights to Brock's Monu- 
 ment, near the summit. A short distance above the residence of David Thorbum, 
 Esq, (then the superintendent of the Six Nations of Indians in Canada), at the turn 
 of the road from the highway to the Falls, well up the acclivity, we passed a bury- 
 iiig-gronnd which marks the site of the redan battery.* Soon after passing this, we 
 came to the eastern entrance to the monument grounds (about forty acres in extent), 
 and the lodge of the keeper, George Playter, u loyal old man, whose kind courtesies 
 I remember witli pleasure. The gate is of wrought iron, highly ornamented, with 
 out-stone piers surmounted with the arms of Ihe liero. The lodge is also of cut stone. 
 From the entrance an easy carriage-way winds up the hill to an avenue one hundred 
 tcet wide, which terminates at the monument in a circle one hundred and eighty feet 
 in diameter. 
 
 ' Sfe note 3, page 407. 
 
 1 Lalie Ontario Is 334 feet lower than Lake Erie. The current of the Niagara River that connect* them Is not very 
 rapid above Schlosser and below Lewiston, and the river makes nearly the whole of that descent In the space of nine 
 miles. It falls perpendicularly at the great cataracts, 164 feet on the Canada side of Qoat Island, and lUa feet on the 
 American side. It Is supposed that the river originally flowed over the face of the precipice at Lewiston. By the grad- 
 ml wearing away of the rocks tu the lapse of ages, the Falls have receded seven miles, becoming continually lower. 
 ■The precipice over which the present Falls flow is composed of solid limestone, with shale above and below. The 
 wearinf; away of the shale above has formed the Rapids, and the disintegration of that below ha« left the limestone in 
 oterlianglng masses until they break off with their own weight."— French's (.'azettrer itfthe State nf A'eic York. 
 
 ' Lewiaton v.'as so named in honor of Morgan Lewis, who was an ofiiccr in .lie Kevolution, and governor of the State 
 otXewYorkin 1904. i 
 
 ' This bridge was destroyed by a gale of wind at the closr of 180.1. Fortunately no life was lost. The Lndcpart Jour- 
 Ml relates the following incident in connection with its det^i rnclion : " During the day upon which the Lewiston bridge 
 was carried off by the wind, a boy, whoso parents reside In Canada, but Is at work In Lewiston, went over to Canada on 
 iilioTt visit to his parents. Just before the bridge went down, the boy proposed starting for his place of business in 
 Uwfrton. His father accompanied him. As they reached the bridge It was swaying to and flro over the boiling waters 
 Iif Dencalh, The boy hesitated a moment, but, as this motion of the bridge was not unusual, he stepped npon It, his b- 
 ibef Ftlll with him, and proceeded to cross. They both went to about the middle, when the rapid and unusual motion 
 oftlie bridge greatly increased their fear. The father turned about, and the boy went on, both running at their fastest 
 ^leed for the opposite shore. They bad Just time to reach the shore on each side before ilie structure was borne away.'t 
 
 'Seepage 398. 
 
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 414 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Honnment on QueeDston Heights. 
 
 Tlie monument is built of the limestone 
 is placed upon a slightly-raised plat- 
 form within a dwarf-walled inclos- 
 ure, seventy-five feet square, with a 
 fosse around the interior. At each 
 angle of this inclosure is placed mass- 
 ive military trophies, wrought out of 
 the same stone as th.it of the monu- 
 ment, and about twenty feet in height. 
 The monument is built upon a foun- 
 dation of wrought stone forty feet 
 square and ten feet thick, resting 
 upon the solid rock of the mountain. 
 Upon this stands, in a grooved plinth, 
 a basement, thirty-eight feet square 
 and twenty-seven feet in height, un- ^^^ 
 der which, in heavy stone sarcopha- ^ 
 gi, are the remains of General Brock ? 
 and Lieutenant Colonel M'Donell. * 
 On the exterior angles of this base- 
 ment are placed well-carved lions 
 rampant, seven feet in height, sup- 
 porting shields with the armorial 
 
 bearings of the hero. 
 
 On the north 
 
 of the Heights, quarried near the spot. It 
 side of this basement is 
 an inscription in bold 
 letters,* and upon brass 
 plates in the interior of 
 the column are epitaph- 
 ic inscriptions. 2 
 
 Upon the basement is 
 the pedestal of the col- 
 umn, little more than 
 sixteen feet square, and 
 just thirty-eight feet in 
 height. Upon a panel 
 on each of three sides 
 of this pedestal is an 
 emblem in low relief, 
 and on the north side, 
 facing Queenston, is a 
 representation of a bat- 
 tle scene in high relief, 
 in which Brock is rep- 
 resented at the head of 
 his troops, wounded. 
 
 The column is of the 
 
 bbook'b moniihent oh qdkknbton ueioutb. 
 
 Roman composite order, ninety-five feet in height. Tlie shaft is fluted, and is ten 
 feet in diameter at its base, with an enriched plinth, on which are carved the heads 
 of lions and wreaths in bold relief. The flutes terminate in palms. The capital of 
 
 • The followlug Is a copy of the Inscription : 
 
 " UrpKR Canaiia has dedicated this monnment to the memory of the late Hajob Qrnerai. Sir Isaao Brook, K.B., 
 Provincial Lieutenant Governor and Commander of the Forces in this Province, whose remains are deposited in Ihf 
 vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy, he fell in action near these Heights on the 13th of October, 1S12, In the 
 forty-third year of his age. Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed, and deplored by the sovereign to 
 whose service his life had been devoted." 
 
 ' On one plate is the following: 
 
 " In a vault underneath arc deposited the mortal remains of Major Oenkr m, Sir Isaac Brook, E.B., who fell in k- 
 tion near these Heights on 1.1th October, 1812, and was entombed on the 1' Mi of October at the bastion of Fort Oeorj:e, 
 Niagara, removed from thence, and reinterred under a monument to the ci i ward of this site, on the 13th October, IsM; 
 and, in consequence of that monnment having received Irreparable injury by a lawless act on the ITth of April, 1840, it 
 was found requisite to take down the former structure and erect this monnment ; the foundation-stone l)eing laid, ind 
 the remains again reinterred with due solemnity, on 13th October, 1863." 
 
 The other pi.\te has the following inscription : 
 
 "lu A vanlt beneath are deposited the mortal remains of Lieutenant Colonel Johm M'Dflinn.i,, P.A.D.C., and Ald.de- 
 camn to the lamented Major Orneral Sir Isaac Brook, K.B., who fell mortally wounded in the battle of QncenstnD, 
 on the 18th October, 181'^, and died on the foUowlog day. Hia remains were removed and reinterred with due eolcm' 
 nity, on 18th October, 18S8." 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 415 
 
 iiescripton of Brock's Monument. Ceremonies at tha laying of the Comer-ston'. Evening on Qaeentton Heights. 
 
 the column is sixteen feet square, and twelve feet six inches in height. On each face 
 ■ sculptured a figure of Victory, ten feet six inches in height, with extended arms 
 grasping military shields as volutes. The acanthus and palm leaves are enwreathcd 
 in antique style. From the ground to the gallery at the top of the column is a spiral 
 staircase of cut stone, comprising two hundred and thirty-five steps, lighted by loop- 
 holes in the flutings of the column. On the abacus is a cippus upoi which stands a 
 statue of Brock, in military costume, seventeen feet in height, the left hand resting 
 on a sword, and the right arm extended with a baton.* This monumental column is 
 exceeded in height by only one of a similar character in the world. That is the one 
 erected by Sir Christopher Wren, in London, to commemorate the groat fire that des- 
 olated that city in 1666. It is only twelve feet higher than Brock's.^ 
 
 It was sunset Avhen I completed the sketch of the monument, in which is included 
 a distant view of Lewiston Heights, seen on the right, and the village of Lewiston 
 and the plain beyond, seen on the left. Heavy clouds rolling up from the west, and 
 rumbling thunder in the distance, gave warning of an approaching storm. This 
 fact and the lateness of the hour prevented my ascending the shaft to obtain the 
 mawnificent panoramic view from its summit, from which, it is said, smsui villages 
 may be seen southward, the battle-ground of Lundy's Lane or Niagara, the Avhite spray 
 from the cataract, and the turmoil of the great wliirlpool, in addition to the vast 
 stretch of land and water seen at other parts of the compass. 
 
 We made our way down the Heights to the village just in time to avoid the storm 
 ffhich fell simultaneously with the darkness. It was severe, but short. The stars 
 were visible soon after it passed by, and I found my way to the house of Mr. Joseph 
 Winn, on the road to the suspension bridge. He was an old resident of Queenston, 
 and familiar with every locality there connected with the battle, although he was not 
 in the engagement. He kindly offered to be my guide in the morning. The night 
 was a tempestuous one, but the sky was cloudless at dawn. At an early hour I 
 visited the landing-place of the Americans near the suspension bridge, and made the 
 sketch printed on page 395. I then followed the high bank of the river some distance, 
 and made my way to the stone building in which the British took refuge after being 
 repulsed by Wool f but the sketch I then made was lost a few days afterward. 
 
 I This monument was designed by W. Thomas, Esq., of Toronto, and was erected under his superintendence. The 
 contractor was Mr. J. Worthlngton. 
 
 1 We have observed that a former monument to the memory of Brock was shattered by powder in 1840. The act 
 produced the greatest Indignation throughout Canada. A meeting was held on Queenston Heights in June following, 
 composed of about eight thousand people. One of the most active men on that occasion was the late Sir Allan M'Nab. 
 There was a military parade and salutes with artillery. In Toronto the day was observed as a solemn holiday. All the 
 public offices were closed, and business was generally suspended. Delegations and crowds of citizens flocked to Queens- 
 ton from Kingston, Toronto, Cobourg, and Hamilton. The lieutenant governor. Sir George Arthur, and his staff, were 
 liere. Sir George presided. Ho addressed the meeting. Chief Justice Robinson, Sir Allan M'Nab, and several oth- 
 ers, also made speeches. A number of Brock's surviving soldiers were also present. Resolutions were passed; and 
 (ben the public proceedings were ended, six hundred persons sat down to a dinner under a pavilion erected on the spot 
 where the hero fell, at which Chief Justice Robinson presided. The result of the affair was the formation of a building 
 committee for the erection of a new monument, of which Sir Allan M'Nab was chairman." The money for the purpose 
 m raised by the voluntary Bnbscriptlons of the militia and Indian VTirrlors of the province. A grant from the Pro- 
 racial Parliament enabled the committee to lay out the grounds, and erect the gate and keeper's lodge. The fonn- 
 ditlon-stoiio was laid on the 13th of October, 1853, and on the same day the remains of Brock and M'Donell were reln- 
 ttrrcd with Imposing ceremonies. The day was very fine. There were pall-bearers and chief monrners.t When the 
 remains were deposited in their last resting-place, the comer-stone wan laid by Lieutenant Colonel M'Donell, brother 
 otone of the dead heroes. The late Honorable William Hamilton Merrltt, M,P., delivered an address, in which he 
 spoke highly of the character and services of the Indians in the War of 1812. Mr. Thorbum, Indian agent, responded 
 in their behalf, and read an address ftom the chipfi present, which breathed sentiments of loyalty and affection for the 
 English qaeen. As a mark of respect, an Amc -team-boa': at Lewiston lowered its flag to half mast. 
 
 > ijee page 398. 
 
 ' The foMowlng named gentlemen constituted that committee : Rlr Allan M'Nab, M. P. ; Chief Justice Sir John Brush 
 Sobinson ; Honorable Mr. Justice M 'Lean ; Honorable Walter H. Dickson, M. L. C. ; Honorable William Hamilton Mer- 
 rill, M. P. ; Honorable Thomas Clark Street, M. P. ; Colonel James Kcrby j Colonel John M'Dougal ; David Thorbnni, 
 &q.: Uentcnant Garrett ; Colonel Robert Hamilton ; and Captain H. Munro. 
 
 t The pall-bearers were Colonels E. W.Thompson, W. Thompson, Dnggan, Stanton, Kcrby, Crooks, Zimmerman, 
 Ciron, Thome, Servos, Clark, Wakeftcld, and Miller. Among the chief mourners were Colonel Donald M'Donell, the 
 dtpaly adjutant general for Canada East, Colonel Tach6, Lieutenant Colonel Irvine, the gorvlvors of 1812, and the cbieli 
 ol the Six Nations. 
 
 ) ' 
 
 1 
 
 I i^^ill 
 
Pi I 
 
 i \§^ 
 
 II 
 
 mmu 
 
 W fi' 
 
 416 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELir-BOOK 
 
 A Veteran of 181^. 
 
 The Chief of the Six Nations of Indiana. 
 
 The Place where Brock fell 
 
 From the river I went up the Heights to the site of the redan, and then to the point 
 where the Americans were crowded to the verge of the precipice. This was ac- 
 complished before breakfast. 
 
 When I came out of the dining-room at Wadsworth's, I found the venerable Major 
 Adam Brown in the little parlor. He was a native of Queenston. At the time of 
 the battle he was a lieutenant in the 1st Battalion of the Lincoln Mili'ia under Col- 
 onel Claus, then at Fort George, and w^j not in the engagement. He was in com- 
 mand of a hundred men at the battle of Niagara (Lundy's Lane), and was in active 
 service during a greater part of the war. While I was writing some memoranda of 
 his conversation in my note-book, he spoke to a person behind me whom I had not 
 noticed, and asked, " Were you the chief who was with the Lidians at the dedication 
 of the monument ?" " I was, sir," replied a pleasant voice. I turned and observed a 
 fine-looking, dark-complexioned, well-dressed man, whose features and expression re- 
 vealed traces of the Lulian race. We both arose at the same moment. I introduced 
 myself and inquired his name. He informed me that he was George Henry Martin 
 Johnson, a descendant, in the fourth generation, of Sir William Johnson, of the Mo- 
 hawk Valley, and now Tekarihogea, or commander-in-chief of the Six Nations nf In. 
 dians in Canada, his father having been the official successor of John Brant. To me 
 this meeting was interesting and fortunate. I intended to visit the settlements of 
 the Six Nations, on the Grand River, during this tour, but was doubtful concerning 
 the best route, and the most important place for obtaining desired information. K\\ 
 was now plain, and, before we parted, arrangements were made for Mr. Johnson to 
 meet me at Brantford a few days later. 
 
 On the day of my arrival at Queenston, a committee, appointed for the purpose, 
 
 had decided upon the exact spot wliere 
 
 MONDHENT WUEBB BBOOK VELL. 
 
 Brock fell. I visited it in company with 
 Major Brown. A space sixty feet 
 square, within which was to be placed 
 a memorial-stone, had been staked out, 
 and in the centre, the very spot, as the 
 committee supposed, where the iicro 
 fell, was marked.' As early as 1821, 
 John Howison, in his Sketches of CpiKi 
 Canada, had said, " General Brock was 
 killed close to the road that leads 
 through Queenston village, and an iigcd 
 thorn-bush now marks the place wliere 
 he fell when the fatal ball entered his 
 vitals." The spot marked by the com- 
 mittee is about twenty rods west of 
 the " road that leads through Queens- 
 ton," and a little eastward of the "aged 
 thorn-bush," which had become a tree 
 twenty feet in height, with two large 
 stems, when I saw it. Near the site a 
 workman was fashioning the blocks 
 of freestone of which tlie monument 
 was to be composed, and from liim I 
 obtained a sketch of it. After making 
 
 > I was told that Bome old residents of the village declared that the place where Brock fell was weBtward of tht j 
 thom-trec, and at least twenty paces from the spot selected. James Cooper, a blacksmith, who was within six feet of ' 
 Brock when he fell, said it was west of the thorn-tree : and Houry Stone, who lived in the atone house near the field, 
 declared that be saw the blood of Brock on rocks west of the tree. 
 
le purpose, 
 
 spot where 
 
 ipany with 
 
 sixty feet 
 be placed 
 
 itaked out, 
 
 pot, as the 
 tlie hero 
 as 1821, 
 
 >s of rppa 
 Jroek Avas 
 lat leads 
 id an aged 
 ace where 
 !ntercd his 
 y the com- 
 •west of 
 ;h Queens- 
 the " aged 
 ime a tree 
 two large 
 the site a 
 he blocks 
 monument 
 ■om liiml 
 er making 
 
 ^Tutward ot tk 
 liiln six feet o( 
 near tbe tleld, i 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 417 
 
 Jonraey from Qneeneton to Niagara. 
 
 Solomon Vrooman. 
 
 Appearance of the Conntrjr, 
 
 1 drawing of the spot, showing the old thorn-tree on the right, and the stately mon- 
 ument on the Heights in the distance, I introduced, in proper place and propor- 
 tions the sketch of the memorial-stone to mark the place which Howison said " may 
 be called classic ground." It is a small affair, being only about four feet in height. 
 The ground around it was to be inclosed in an iron railing. The Prince of Wales 
 (Albert Edward) was at that time* making a tour in Canada, receiving • Aumut, 
 tokens of loyalty every where. He visited Queenston very soon after I ^^• 
 was there, and laid the corner-stone of the little monument with imposing cere- 
 monies.' 
 
 I left Queenston for Niagara at about nine o'clock, afler riding to the point in the 
 northern part of the village where the " old fort," or barracks, were situated, near the 
 residence of Mr. E. Clements, of the Customs. We immediately passed a creek and 
 deep ravine, and soon came to the first brick house below Queenston, on the left of 
 tiic road, the residence of the venerable Solomon Vrooman, pleasantly situated, and 
 surrounded by evidences of the liighest and most thrifty cultivation. He was the 
 owner of the point on which the battery bearing his name was situated,^ and partici- 
 pated in the battle by assisting in manning the nine-pounder that was mounted there. 
 I called to see him, and spent half an hour with him most agreeably. He was a 
 slender man, seventy-six years of age. His native place was in the Mohawk Valley, 
 liut he had lived in Canada since the days of his young manhood. He Avent with me 
 to the spot where the battery was, and pointed out the very prominent mounds that 
 vet remain, near a bam, from which I made the sketch printed on page 391. He 
 
 told me that one hundred 
 and sixty shot were thrown 
 from that battery during 
 the day, wholly for the pur- 
 pnse of obstructing the passage of the river by the Americans.^ Its range of the old 
 tirry and the new crossing- place at the present suspension bridge was point-blank and 
 effectual. On one occasion during the aflernoon, some Americans, trying to escape 
 from Qneenston by swimming the river, Avere brought by the current Avithin rifle-shot 
 distance of the battery, when one of the men in his company raised his piece to fire. 
 Vrooman knocked up the piece, exclaiming indignantly, " Shame on you ! none but a 
 coward would fire upon men thus struggling for their lives !" 
 
 Tlie road from Vrooman's to Niagara was one of tlie most delightful that I had 
 ever traveled. Most of the way it skirted the high bank of the winding river, which 
 was covered with stately trees, through which continual glimpses of the American 
 shore could be obtained. Landward were seen broad fields, from which bountiful 
 liarvests were pouring into barns, or green waving Indian corn, or numerous orchards, 
 whose trees were so heavily laden with fruit that they drooped like weeping willows. 
 As we approached Niagara we passed through first an aromatic pine grove, and then 
 a narrow forest of oaks, beeches, maples, and evergreens, and emerged upon an open 
 plain, the property of the government, Avith the mounds of abandoned Fort George, 
 
 C^^Wtr. 
 
 CYU C/'^^'^^t^^^n/^Pi^^ 
 
 I The Prince of Wales arrived at Qneenston on the ITth of September, and on the following day he laid the comer- 
 itone of the little monnment. Near the spot was erected a triumphal arch, 03 which. In large letters, were the words 
 ■ticToiiiA— wEi.nosiE." The veterans of 1812, who were present, formed a guard of honor for the young prince. In the 
 bicksround were the St. Catharine's Riflemen \, :... a braes band. A silver trowel was presented to the prince with which 
 10 perform the ceremony. Upon It was engraved the followtug Inscription : "Presented to His Boyal Highness Aldket 
 Emjeh, Prince of Wales, by the Brock Monnment Committee, on Queenston Heights, 18th September, 1860." On one 
 slJeotthe monnment was placed the following inscription: "This stone was placed by his Royal Highness Ai.iiert 
 EmuBi), Prince of Wales, on the 18th of September, 1800." On the other side, "Near this spot Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., 
 Prorisiomil Ucntenant Governor of Upper Canada, fell on the 13th of October, 1812, while advancing to repel the Inva- 
 mn otthe enemy." a gee Map on page 382. 
 
 'The battery was crescent-shaped. Engineer Gray, In his mannscrlpt report now before me, thus describes It : "It 
 Isbnill m dorlwffe (that Is, withunt embrasnree), and has a high breastwork to the river. On the north, a frame honse, 
 
 j tetaded for a bom ; on the west is a gun, mounted e»i ^nrhetlt (on the top of the breastwork), and flanked by the skele- 
 
 I ton ot a house. Within five rods of this runs the high wa v to Fort George." 
 
 
 f 
 
418 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Visit to Fort Ocorge. 
 
 RemaluB of the French Magnzlne there. 
 
 Hoipltallty of Mr». Ut, 
 
 i ;. 
 
 im 
 
 :l 1 
 
 i ilti 
 
 ill I 
 
 a;' i ' 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 on the bank of the river, breaking the monotony of the level far to the right. Tlnrc 
 were no fences to obBtruct the view or the travel on the jjlain. Cattle were fwdinn 
 on the bhort grass, and hero and there a footman or a horseman might be seen. \\\. 
 
 turned out of the beaten road to the 
 right, and drove across the plain to one 
 of the angles of the fort. Then' I left 
 horse and driver, clambered np tlie 
 steep grassy sides of the embankment, 
 and commenced a hasty exploration of 
 the interior of the fort. Tiie breast- 
 works in all directions were quite per- 
 fect, and the entire form of tiie t'urt 
 could be traced without ditticulty, 
 There were two or three houses within 
 I'BEBEHT 0DTL1NK8 OF FORT oKOEOB. thc works, and the parade and othir 
 
 portions were devoted to the cultivation of garden vegetables. 
 
 In the most southerly 
 part of the fort, about three 
 hundred yards from the riv- 
 er, is an old powder maga- 
 zine, built by the French 
 within a stockade. It was 
 occupied as a dAvelling by 
 the family of an English sol- 
 dier named Lee when I was 
 there in 1860. The higher 
 building seen in the picture 
 is the okl magazine. It was 
 covered with slate, and its 
 walls, four and a half feet 
 thick, were supported by 
 three buttresses on each side. The buildings on the left are more modem. Tlie in- 
 terior of the magazine is arclied, and the doors were originally covered with plate? 
 of copper fastened by copper nails. 
 
 Mrs. Lee was an intelligent woman, very communicative, and free in the dispensa- 
 tion of the hospitalities jf her humble abode. We were refreshed with cakes, liar 
 vest-apples, and cold spring-water. She filled a small basket with copper coins ami 
 other relics, and as I parted with her she wished me good luck in my journeyings. 
 I clambered over an irregular and steep bank northward of the old magazine, visit- 
 ed the site of the " cavalier battery" where Brock and M'Donell were buried, and 
 sketched the "new magazine," erected by the British in 1812, delineated on page 405, 
 It is of brick. Near it was a small house occupied by an Irish family, and the maga- 
 zine was used as a pig-sty. 
 
 From Fort George we rode to Niagara, half a mile below, halted long enough to 
 obtain refreshments for ourselves and the horse, and then rode out over the garrison 
 reservation, northeastward of the town, to Fort Mississaga,' a strong earth-work with 
 a castle, which was constructed by the British during the war of 1812, Cattle were 
 grazing upon the plain ; the waters of Lake Ontario, ruffled by a breeze, were spark- 
 ling in the distance, and the whole scene was one of quiet and repose. Such, indeed, is i 
 
 ' Misaitmpa or MmmMuita Is the Indian name of a small black or dark brown rattlesnake, twelve or fourteen InchM i 
 in length, which nennlly iniiabits tamarack and cranberry swamps In Northwestern Ohio and Canada West. Tlile Is the ' 
 name of nn Indian tribe ; also of a large stream in Canada West that empties into Take Huron. In the little riewot , 
 Fort Hissiseaga given on the next page, Fort Niagara is seen on the right in the distance, and Lake Ontario on the vest J 
 
 i'BEMOU UAGAZINE AT FOBT OEOBQE. 
 
Its- ■ 
 
 dispensa- 
 :akes, liar- 
 coins auil 
 nrneyings. 
 zinc, visit- 
 uried, and 
 page 405. 
 the maga- 
 
 enougli to 
 le garrison 
 work witli 
 attle were 
 lere sparlc- 
 .indeed, is 
 
 lonrteen lactM \ 
 
 \l. This i8 tie 1 
 
 J little view of 
 
 Hoonttiewest. ; 
 
 OF THE WAll OF 1812. 
 
 419 
 
 fortMlMl«9ag»'°'^'- 
 
 Retnrn to Niagara Falla. 
 
 Departure for the Orand Rirer. 
 
 DISTANT VIEW OF FOnT 1IIB8IBBA0A. 
 
 and jdt'asaiit town in 
 appcaiiince, with a 
 popuhition of about 
 twenty-live liundrcd, 
 seemed to be repos- 
 ing in almost perfect 
 rest. It was former- 
 ly called Newark, and 
 the present city oc- 
 cupies the site of the 
 little village vi ' ich 
 the Americans de- 
 stroyed in 1813. It 
 
 • im. 
 
 the impression on the 
 mind in Canada, as 
 compared with "the 
 States." The turmoil 
 and bustle that marks 
 ;in American popula- 
 tion in large or small 
 immbers, was but 
 siifthtly manifested 
 there. I found appa- 
 rent stagnation in 
 Qucenston; and Ni- 
 agara, though a fine 
 
 was one of the oldest towns in the province, having been settled by Colonel Simcoc 
 when he was the lieutenant governor." It was a place of considerable trade 
 before the opening of the Welland Canal, about thirty years ago, and is now, 
 as then, the capital of the Niagara District. 
 We found the gate of Fort Mississaga wide open, and walked in without leave. 
 
 Not a human face was visible. I went 
 up to and around the ramparts, and, 
 taking a position over the entrance- 
 gate, from which I could sec most ot 
 the interior and Fort Niagara beyond, 
 I sketched the scene. In this view are 
 seen the barracks and the castte, with 
 Fort Niagara across the river in the 
 extreme distance. The castle is built 
 of brick. The walls are eight feet in 
 thickness, and covered with stucco. 
 While engaged with the sketch I was 
 startled by a voice near me. It was 
 that of the whole garrison, comprised 
 in the person of Patrick Burns, Avho 
 told me to make as many sketches as 
 I pleased, for the fort was uninhabited 
 except by his own family. 
 
 At an early hour we started on our 
 return to Niagara Falls. I attempted 
 to drive, but soon became discouraged 
 by the eccentric movements of the 
 horse, when the boy told me for the 
 1 first time that he was " as blind as a bat." But I have no reason to complain of the 
 
 I animal, for he carried us back in safety, and in time for dinner and for departure by 
 the evenmg train for the West. Having placed my luggage in charge of a proper 
 person at the suspension bridge station, I crossed that marvelous hanging viaduct on 
 
 ' foot, along the carriage-road under the railway gallery, with my satchel in hand. As 
 
 I I left the bridge to ascend to the station on the Canada shore I was hailed by a 
 custom-house officer, of whose business I had not the least suspicion until informed 
 by him. Believing my assurance that the satchel contained nothing contraband, he 
 allowed me to pass, after I had expressed a wish, good-naturedly, that the United 
 
 [States might soon be annexed to Canada, so that revenue officers might be allowed 
 I to engage m some other employment. 
 On entering the cars on the Canada side I met Chief Johnson. We traveled to- 
 
 INTESIOB VIEW — FORT 1II88IB8AQA IN 1800. 
 
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 420 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 St. Catharine. 
 
 Ilamllton, Paris, and Brantford. 
 
 Chief Johnson and the Indian Hegervotioi 
 
 gcthcr as far as St. Catharine, eleven miles, where I intended to spend a day or two 
 and agreed upon the time when we should meet at lirantford. Tlie impressions made 
 by the time spent at St. Catharine, the persons I met at thnt famous gathering ofin- 
 valids around a mineral spring, a visit to the battle-ground of the Beaver Dams the 
 journey to Hamilton, and a ride to Stony Creek, a. place made famous in the annals 
 of the war we are now considering by a conflict and the oaptun of two American 
 genends, arc ^.Iways summoned by memory with great pleasure. Of these I siiall 
 hereafter write. 
 
 On Tuesday evening, the 20th of August, I arrived at Hamilton, at the head of 
 Lake Ontario, by the Great Western Railway, and spent the night at the " Koyal 
 Hotel." Early on the following morning I rode out to Stony Creek, seven miles and 
 returned in time to take the cars at meridian for Paris in company Avith a vounj 
 Quadroon chief of the Six Nations, named M'Murray, whoso mother, wife of the lUv. 
 erend Dr. M'Murray, of Niagara, was a half-breed Indian woman, and sister to tlie first 
 wife of H. R. Schoolcraft, Esq. He was one of the finest formed and most attractive 
 young men, in person and feature, I have ever met. 
 
 The road from Hamilton to Paris, nearly thirty miles, passes through a very pic- 
 turesque country. For five miles it skirts the northern high bank of the ffreat 
 marsli that extends from Burlington Bay to Dundas, and follows, a greater portion of 
 the way, a line parallel with Dundas Street, or the Governor's Koad. At Paris,' a 
 large town, situated partly on a high rolling plain, and partly in a deep valley on 
 Smith's Creek and the Grand River, I left the Great Western Railway, and took 
 passage for Brantford, seven miles southward, on the Buffalo aid Huron Road, wliieli 
 here intersects it. The country was hilly most of the way, but at Brantford it spreads 
 out intOka beautiful plain, or high gravelly ridge, overhanging an extensive and well- 
 cultivated region. The town derives its name from the great Mohawk^ chief, the In- 
 dians having a ford across the Grand River here, which they called " Brant's Ford," 
 it being near Jus residence.^ The situation of the town, on the north or right bank 
 of the Grand River, is a healthful one. That river is navigable to within less than 
 three miles of the village. Tlie deficiency in that distance is supplied by a canal. 
 The population is about four thousand. 
 
 Early on the moniing after my arrival at Brantford I was met by Chief Johnson, 
 who had come up to the village the previous evening for the purpose We left ai 
 six o'clock for the Onondaga Station, about nine miles below, from wliicli we walked 
 to Mr. Johnson's house, half way between the villages of Onondaga and Tnscarora, 
 the former inhabited by Avhite people, and the latter wholly by the Indians. Onon- 
 daga is on the north side of the river, and Tuscarora on the south. We passed sev- 
 eral pure-blooded Indians on the way, some of them, who ••emain pagans, wearini: 
 portions of the ancient savage costume ; but most of them, men and women, were 
 dressed in the style of the white people around them. 
 
 ' Paris was so named on acconnt of the gypsum, or " plaster of Paris," which abonnds there. 
 
 ' The word Mohawk, In that language, signifies " flint and steel." 
 
 3 Those of the Six Nations who Joined the British during the Revolntlon were promised by the govcmorr nf Canadu, 
 Carleton and Ilaldlmand, that they shoald be well provided for at the close of the war. But in the treaty of iwnce in 
 17S3, no provision was made for the Indians. At that time the Mohawks, with Brant at their head, were temporarily 
 residing on the American side of the Niiignrn River, near its mouth. The Senecas offered them a home iu the GeneMe 
 Valley, but Brant and his followers had resolved not to live in the United States. He went to Quebec to cliiim frnm Gov- 
 ernor Haldimaud the llilfillment of his promise. He had fixed his eye upon a large tract of land on the Bay of Qiiinle. 
 But the Senecas did not wish them to go so far away, and they chose a large tract on the Grand River. This matter 
 l)eing settled. Brant went to England at the close of 17T5, and during the remainder of his life he devoted much of bij 
 time to the moral Improvement of his people. 
 
 The grant of land on the Onlse, or Grand River, which Brant, In the behalf of the Indians, procured in liS4, com- 
 prised an area of twelve hundred square miles, or, as Brant expressed it when asked how much wniild s.nllsfjr them, 
 "six miles each side of the river from Its mouth to Its source." The whole country thus granted was fertile and Iwiin- 
 tiful. Of jU that splendid domain, running up Into the country from Lake Krie toward Lake Huron to the Fallt of 
 Elora, the" Indians now retain only comparatively small tracts In the vicinity of Brantford. In 1S30 the Indians made 
 a surrender to the government of the town plot of Brantford, when It was surveyed and sold to actual settlers. It (oon 
 grew into a large and thriving village. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 421 
 
 Mi»ilon-hou»e on Urand Hlver. 
 
 C'uitnme of the Chief of the Hix Nalloni. 
 
 Indian Wea|>un«. 
 
 lll»UII>.\-UULIiK US tun UltA.>L' IIIVKU. 
 
 Oil oiir way we also passed the old mission-houBc, constructed of logs in 1827, for 
 
 ,l,e residence of the Reverend 
 
 U()l)ert LusKt^r, the predecessor 
 
 of the i)ivHent missionary among 
 
 the Indians there. It is near the 
 
 left bank of the Grand Itiver ; 
 
 and from the road where the 
 
 sketdi was made is a tine view 
 
 of tiic beautiful valley through 
 
 wliii'h tliat stream winds its way 
 
 toward Lake Erie. 
 A walk of a mile and a half 
 
 liionfht us to " Chiefswodd," the residence of Mr. Johnson, situated on a gentle em- 
 inence, with heautiful grounds sloping to the banks of tlie Grand River, and sur- 
 
 roimded by his farm of two hundred acres of excellent land. It is a modest, square 
 
 mansion, two stories in height, built of 
 brick, and stuccoed. There I was cor- 
 dially welcomed by Mrs. Johnson, a 
 handsome and well-educated woman, 
 daughter of a clcrgymnn of the Church 
 of England, and the mother of three 
 fine-looking, healthy children. While 
 awaiting pre))arations for breakfast, 
 Mr. Johnson proceeded to his business 
 office, leaving me to amuse myself with 
 the curiosities which adorned the little 
 parlor. On a table were several rare 
 Indian relics, and the daguerreotypes 
 of some Indian chiefs. Among the lat- 
 ter Avas one of Mr. Johnson himself, in 
 the military costume of commander-in- 
 ehief of the Six Nations, as seen in the 
 engraving. In precisely this garb he 
 appeared, in compliment to my curi- 
 osity, when he came to invite me to 
 breakfast. The coat and breeches were 
 M'hite cloth, and the scarf and sash 
 were rich specimens of Indian work, 
 composed of cloth, ribbons, beads, and 
 
 
 OENAMENTAI. TOMAHAWK. 
 
 jwfcnpine quills. In one hand he holds a hand- 
 some curled-maple handled, silver-mounted pipe- 
 tomahawk,^ and in the other a most formidable 
 wtapon, composed of the shank of a deer, with the 
 bare shin-bone for a handle, dried in the angular 
 position seen in the small engraving on the foUow- 
 iiig page, and holding a thick glittering blade, which may be used either in giving deadly 
 
 ' It will be observed, In the algnatnre of Mr. Johnnon, that a character In the form of a Z precedes the word " chlct" 
 Thli indicates an arm bent at the elbow, and aignlfles that the head chief Is the right arm of the nation. 
 
 'These ornamental tomahawks are not for practical nee. The handle, fourteen tnche« In length, contains a tube that 
 aswers the purpose of the stem of a pipe, and the head of the tomahawk is arranged as a pl|)e-bowl. In this specimen 
 ilie blade and handle are connected by a silver chain. The blade Is brass except the attiel edge. 
 
 i ^ : 
 
 1 
 ) 
 
 
 *..«■! 
 
,|f;iii|ii|ii:in:i 
 
 
 422 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Stiver C'lluniot. 
 
 Aoctent. Scalplng-knlfo sniS Iti Ulitorjr. 
 
 Number and Character of Ikf 
 
 blows or aH a Hcaljjiiisj-kiiife. Those, with a silver calumet, or i)ipo of j)cac(', Pomixisi. 
 a part of the regalia of the civil anil military heads of the Wi.v Nations. Tliosu arti- 
 
 ■II.Vr.R OAI.UUKT. 
 
 nKRR-BnANK WEAPON. 
 
 cles had been long in possession of the nation.' On the tabic was also a dactnom- 
 otype of Oshawahnah, the lieutenant of Tecumtha at the battle of the Tiiaiiics, anl 
 who in 1801 was yet living on Walpole Island, in Lake St. Clair, off the coast of Midi 
 igan. Mr. Johnson kindly presented to me the likeness of himself and of tiiat vt'iu ra- 
 ble chief. That of the latter, with some facts concerning him, Avill be given licivaftor. 
 
 By the side of the fireplace hung an undressed deerskin sheath which uttiactil 
 my attention. I drew from it an ancient scalping-knife, half consumed by rust, ns 
 seen in the little picture. „ |,^ about to break i;rounil 
 
 Its history, as related to ^||BB|^^^IH|^^^^^^|iV for the foundation 
 me by Mr. Johnson, is ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ his house, two or tlim 
 curious. When he was anoiictt 6calpino-ki«i«. years previous to my 
 
 ■ AnpuBt, visit," the venerable Wliitecoat, a centenarian chief then living at Tiisoa 
 
 is(HK j.Qj.jj^ Village, came to him, and, pointing to the huge stump of a tr iliat liad 
 bee- lied within the prescribed lines of the building, said, "Dig there, ;; ,1 you will 
 fir alping-knife that T buried seventy years ago. You know," he continued, "that 
 
 bt. ..le laws of the white man governed us, it was the duty of the nearest of kin 
 of a wounded man to avenge his death by shedding the blood of the murderer in iiivc 
 manner, and that the weapon so employed was never afterward used, but buried. I 
 thus took vengeance for my brother's blood, and at the foot of that tree I buried the 
 fatal knife. Dig, and you'll find it." Johnson did so, and found nothing but the rusty 
 blade, to which he has affixed a Avooden handle, made like the original. Whitccoat 
 was among the warriors who were in the battle at Queenston. More than twenty 
 of his companions on that occasion were living in the Grand River settlements in 
 1860. The whole number of the Six Nations, with the Chippewas, in those settle- 
 ments Avas about three thousand. Of these about five hundred Avere pagans. Tlie iat 
 ter arc chiefly Cayugas, Avho are usually of purer blood than the others, and conse- 
 quently retain more of the Indian feeling and dislike of the Christians — the j)er.souiti- 
 caticn of hated civilization. 
 
 > I saw and sketched tliese objects at the store of Mr. Allan Oleghom, in Brantford, whogfi great intcrci't in the wel- 
 fare of the Indians in that vicinity caused him to be elected to a chieftaincy among them, according to the old Indian 
 custom— a compliment equivalent to the presentation of the " freedom of a city" to meritorious men. 
 
 The silver cahtmet, or pipe of peace, rscd at councils and in making treaties, above dellucatcd, was nulte old. On Ho 
 broad, ornamented silver plate under the bowl and part of the stem was the following Inscription : "To the M<il:aitk 
 Indians, from the Nine Patentees of the Tract near Schoharie, granted In 17(19." On one side of the bowl wns the tipiro 
 of a white man, and on the other that of an Indian. These were connected with the representation of the sun on ttc 
 ft-out of the bowl by a union chain. Snspended from the stem in a festoon was, first, a stiver chain, and then strings ot 
 wampnm. The stem was eighteen inches in lenf;th. 
 
 The sword seen in the picture was presented to Mr. Johnson In 1849 by T. D. Beverly, Esq., of Three Elvers, Canada, 
 because of the chief's speech to the Six Nations (when assembled on the queen's birthday). In deprecation of the actinii j 
 of the Canadian Parliament in paying Mr.M'Kenzie and "other rebels" for their losses during the civil war inl«; | 
 and 1838. It was an elegant sword. 
 
 Mr. Johnson was born near Brantford on the 7th of October, 1818. He was a lineal descendant of Sir Wllllnm Join. 
 SOD, through Sir John Johnson, whose son Jacob was bis grandfather. His military commisblon as chief of the Sii j 
 Nations gave him the rank and pay of colonel. His influence was powerful, and he had the esteem of bis people and | 
 of the white inhabitants. 
 
OF THE WAB OF 18 13. 
 
 423 
 
 The Mohawk Church. 
 
 AppenrRnce of the IiiMrlor. 
 
 VlllW of Ouond«K« nnd Muhawk. 
 
 Immediately after breakfast I bade adieu to Mm. Jolinson ntid her interesting little 
 family, and loll "('hiefswood" for Hrantl'ord, acconiimniod by the kind-heiirtcd leader 
 ill hi« own conveyance. We went by the way of Onondaga and Mohawk or "The 
 Institute," where IJrunt firnt settled. Near the former village Mr. Johnson has n 
 tlirni, on the verge of which, and close by the town, is a free Episcopal church, built 
 of biifk, and devoted to the use of the 
 jioor white peoi)lc of that section. For 
 that noble piirpose Mr. Johnson gave 
 the ground and a considerable sum of 
 iiioiu'V. I» the village, whicli is i)lea8- 
 antly situated on a plain, is a small 
 Mt'tliodist chapel and some neat cot- 
 tages'. Oiily here and there an Indian 
 family were seen, and these were found 
 ill a stiite of excitement and grief be- 
 cause of the death of a fine lad, a grand- 
 son of Ihant, who had been killed by 
 being tliroAvn from a horse tliat morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Wc readied the old Mohawk church 
 (the lirst of the kind citcted hi the 
 ]imviiicc) toward noon, found the door 
 open, and entered. hSome carpenters 
 were at work repairing the exterior, 
 Itiit in no way changing its fonn from 
 what it was originally. It is of wood, 
 and was erected in tJie year 1783. It 
 is a very plain, unpretending structure 
 within and without. The only ornament, exocpt the upliolstery of the pulpit and 
 
 the upper part of the fi-ames 
 inclosing the Ten Command- 
 ments, is 11 representation of 
 the royal arms of England, 
 handsomely carved and gilt, 
 attached to the wall over 
 the entrance -uoor, inside. 
 Back of the pulpit are two 
 black tablets with the Com- 
 mandments inscribed upon 
 them. On the right of it is 
 another tablet, on which is 
 written the Lord's Prayer, 
 and on the left another, with 
 the Apostles' Creed, all in 
 the Moiiawk language. ' In 
 front of the little chancel is 
 a neat font. The seats have 
 high backs. The one seen in 
 the corner, at the right of the pulpit, was pointed out to me as that which Brant and 
 
 ' The following is a copy of the Lord's Prayer, as written upon the tablet in the old Mohawk chnrch : 
 
 "Shoegwaniha Karoahyakonh teKhslderouh, Wagwaghseanadokea^hdlste ; Sayanertsherah aodaweghtl; Tsineagh- 
 
 wrehegh neayaweane ne oiighweatsyake tsioul nityonht nc Karouhynknnh. Takyouh ne Keah weghniseratc ne ni- 
 
 Mdcwe(!hniK!rakc oegwanndarok : Neoni toedagwarighwyastea ne tsinfyoegwatswatouh, tsinlyouht ne oekyouhha 
 
 tiite^akhirighwiyoesteanis ne waonkbiyatswatea. Neoni toghsa tagwaghshnrinet tewadadeanakeraghtoeke : Nok toe- 
 
 MOHAWK oiimon. 
 
 U4TEBIUB or MOBAWK OUUBOU, 
 
"^■ppp 
 
 1'i 
 
 iJNII 
 
 424 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bonding of tbe Mohawk Churcb. 
 
 Its Bell. 
 
 Tomb of the Brant Family. 
 
 The "Mohawk Instltiue." 
 
 his family occupied when he resided there. The area of tlie interior is only about 
 thirty by forty feet, and is lighted by four arched windows on each side. The tim- 
 ber for the church was floated down the Grand River, sawed and dressed by hand, 
 and carried to the 8|)0t by the Indians. The communion service, still used in the 
 church, Avas presented to the Slohawks by Queen Anne. It has been generally sup- 
 posed that the bell was also a gift of the royal lady ; but, on examination, I found the 
 following "card" of the manufacturer cast upon it: "John Warner, Fleet Street, Lon- 
 don, 1786." It was doubtless brought from England at about that time by Brant. 
 
 Near the south side of the church is the tomb of Brant and his son and official suc- 
 cessors. His original family vault was built of Avood. It fell into decay, and in 1850 
 the inhabitants of the vicinity erected a new and substantial tomb, composed of light 
 brown sandstone. The public ceremonies on the occasion were conducted ehietly 
 by the Freemasons (Brant being a member of that order), assisted by a large gather- 
 ing of the people from the surrounding country and from the States, especially fiom 
 the Mohawk Valley, full five thousand in number. Upon a massive slab which com- 
 poses the top of the tomb are appropriate inscriptions commemorative of both father 
 and son.i A picture of the tomb may be seen on page 401. In front of the church, 
 near the entrance-gate to the grounds, is the grave of the maternal grandfather of 
 Chief Johnson, who was in the train of young Brant at the battle of Queenston. A 
 stone slab, with an appropriate inscription, covers his grave.^ 
 
 After sketching the exterior and interior of the ancient church and Brant's tomb, 
 and visiting the much-altered house, a few rods distant, M'here the great chieftaui 
 lived, we went to the "Mohawk Institute," the central point of missionary effort among 
 the Six Nations, commenced and continued by " The Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel in Foreign Parts."^ Their first missionary to the Mohawks was sent in 
 the year 1702, and from that time to this they have followed the waning tribe and 
 its confederates in the old league with motherly solicitude. This company have 
 maintained a missionary among the Six Nations in Canada ever since their migration 
 thither. They have contributed largely to the repairs of the old Mohawk church, 
 erected a new one in Tuscarora Village, and now maintain at the " Institute" about 
 sixty Indian scholars. These were under the charge of ti.e Reverend Abraham Nellcs, 
 the missionary of the station, and his excellent wife, who had been in that useful 
 field of labor since 1829. His family had bad ecclesiastical connection with the Six 
 
 dagwayadakoh tslnoewe niyodaxhcab : Iken lese Boweank ne kayancrtsberab, neonl ne kashatsteagbsero, neonl te 
 (Eweseaghtshero, tslnlj'eaheawe neonl tslnlyeaheawe. Anun," 
 
 > The following are copies of the Inscriptions: 
 
 "This tomb Is erected to the memory of TiiATE-TDANEQiiA, or Capta(n Joseph Bbant, Principal Chief and 'Varrior 
 of the Six Nations Indians, by bis Fellow-Snbjects, admirers of bis fidelity and attachment to the British Crown. Boro 
 on the banks of the Ohio River, 1T12 ; died at Wellington Sijuare,' I'. C, 1807. 
 
 "It also contains tbe Keraains of his Son AnvouwAions, or Captain John Bbant, who sncceedeil his Father ag !■■ 
 kaHhogea, and distinguished himself In the war of 1812-16. Born at the Mohawk VlUage, U. C, 1T94 ; died at tbe same 
 place,1833. Erected 18B0." 
 
 The tomb is surrounded by a heavy wooden fence. 
 
 ' The following is a copy of the inscription : 
 
 " In memory of Geoboe Maetin, Mohawk Chief. Bom at Kanajobara, V. S., Dec. 23, 1T07 ; died at Grand River, 
 C. W., Feb. 18, 1803, aged S3 years." 
 
 Chief Johnson has in his possession n silver medal, preneuted to his grandfather more than seventy years agobr 
 George the Third. On one side is a prnflle of the king. On the other is a landscape. In the foreground ie a Hon in 
 repose, and a wolf approarhlng him with awe. in the distance is a representation of the Mohawk church on Grand 
 Biver and the mission-house near. 
 
 » This society was Incorporated by Parliament in ITOl. i:t Is the successor or contlnnaUon of an earlier one, in IMl, 
 nnder the title of The Conipanu for the Propagation of the Go»pel in Sew England and Partu Adjacent in America. It 
 was composed partly of members of ,he Church of Englaml and partly of Protestant Dissenters. 
 
 • Wellington Square is a pleasant little vllinge in Nelson Township, situated on Lake Ontario, eight miles fi-om Harall- 
 Inn, and now (1807) contains between four and live hundred inhabitants. There, north of the beach which divides Lake 
 Ontario ft-om Burlington Bay, Brnnt made his abode. In a handsome two-storied mansion, beautifully situated, lony be- 
 fore the present village had existence. Ther he .ived, in the English stjie, until his death. Ills widow (third wifel, 
 Catharine, wai 'jrty-cight years of age at the time of his death. She preferred the cus'oms of her people, and soou 
 after her hnsb, ..d's departure she left Lake Ontario and returned to Mohawk, on the G-.'id River. Her eon aod 
 daughter rcm'\luod at the " Braut ' ousc" on Lake Ontario, and ived in elegant style for several years, 
 
HI 
 
 *-<"! 
 
 OF THE AVAR OF 1812. 
 
 425 
 
 COMMUNION PLATE. 
 
 The Work of the "Inntitute." The Commnniou Plate oftbe Mohawk Church. A pleasaot Day with the 8ix Nations. 
 
 Nations for a century and a half. His faithfulness as a teacher of temporal and spir- 
 itual things merits and receives the highest commendations. He resided at the old 
 mission-house, near Tuscarora, delineated on page 241, until 1837, when he took up 
 his abode at Mohawk. 
 
 Unfortunately, our visit Avas at vacation time, and we were deprived of the coveted 
 pleasure of seeing a group of threescore Indian children under instruction. We 
 spent two hours very agreeably with the kind missionary and his family at the " In- 
 stitute" and the parsonage at the glebe. These have each two hundred acres of 
 fertile land, at the head of the Grand River, attached to them, and are separated by 
 tLe canal, which carries the navigation of the river up to Brantford. We crossed the 
 canal in a canoe, and at the parsonage, an old-fashioned dwelling near the old " Insti- 
 tute" building, with beautiful grounds 
 around it, we saAV many curious things 
 connected with the mission. Among 
 them was one half of the massive silver 
 communion plate presented by Queen 
 Anne to the Mohawks in 1 7 1 2. The other 
 half, a duplicate of this, was lent to a 
 church on the Bay of Quint6. Upon each 
 was engraved the royal arms of England 
 and "A. R." — Anne Regina — with the fol- 
 lowing inscription in double lines around 
 them : " the gift of iiek majesty anne, 
 
 IIEB 
 PLANTATIONS IN ij^OBTH AMERICA, QUEEN, TO HER INDIAN CHAPEL OF THE MOHAWKS." 
 
 In addition to the three pieces given in the picture was a plate, nine inches in di- 
 ameter, for receiving collections. Mr. Nelles also showed us a well-preserved folio 
 liible, which was printed in London in 1701, and was sent to the Mohawks with the 
 lomniunion plate. On the cover are the following words in gilt letters : " fob hep 
 
 majesty's OUURCII of the MOHAWKS, 1712." 
 
 We dined with the excellent missionaries, and then rode to Brantford, a mile and 
 a half distant, where, after a brief tarry. I bade adieu to Mr. .Tohnson and the Six 
 Nations, when I had only an hour in which to travel seven miles to Paris to take the 
 evening train for Hamilton or Toronto. I had procured a fleet and powerful horse, 
 and in a light wagon, with a small boy as driver, I traveled the excellent stone road, 
 or " pike," between the two places on that hot afternoon with the speed of the trot- 
 ting-course, yet with apparent ease to the splendid animal. I had four minutes to 
 spare at Paris. 
 
 That beautiful day, spent with the Six Nations and their military chief and spiritual 
 ;;uide, will ever remain a precious treasure in the store-house of memory. I could 
 think of little else while on my journey that evening from Paris to Toronto. Of my 
 visit to that former capital of Upper Canada, known as York in the War of 1812, 1 shall 
 hereafter write.' 
 
 Let us return from oar digression from the strict path of history to the Niagara 
 frontier, which Ave so recently left, and consider the record of events there during the 
 remainder of 1812, after the battle at Queenston. 
 
 The Pritish had erected some batteries on the high banks, a little back of the 
 Niagara UiA-er, just beloAV Fort Erie, at a point where an invasion by the Americans 
 
 ' The Indian mime was Darondo or Tarnnto, signifying " Trees on the Water." This was In allusion to the long, low, 
 Kindtpoiiit (now un Island), within which wns the Bay of Toronto. On that point were, and still arc, many trees. The 
 JifUioo is Bo great that from the shore at the city they socm to be on tlw, water. AVhen Colonel Simcoe became iien- 
 ifDKt governor oftbe TTppor Province he endeavored to An!;llcljc the settlors by making them familiar with Eugllsb 
 Mmei s.id things. With this object in view he gave English names to all places, and the Indian name of Taronto was 
 (hanged to Kurt, Id honor of the Dui.e of York. It was known for many years as Little York. 
 
 ■'' u 
 
 i( ; 
 
■pm 
 
 iiiii 
 
 :l i 
 
 i 
 
 '1 
 
 1' ii 
 
 
 
 ^\- 
 
 
 I' 
 
 1 'ill' 
 
 
 i hI 
 
 K' 
 
 ,i 11 
 
 i:r.i i| 
 hi 3 
 
 426 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Black Rock and Porter's Residence. 
 
 Attack on the Works there. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort Niagara 
 
 might be reasonably expected. From these batteries they opened a severe fire on the 
 morning of the 1 7th of November upon Black Rock opposite, then a place of (jiiite as 
 much importance as Buffalo in some respects. There were the head-quarters of the 
 little army under General Smyth, and there was the fine residence of General Peter 
 B. Porter, who was then in command there of a body of New York miliria, and made 
 
 that dwelling his head- 
 quarters. There were some 
 slight fortifications near 
 Black Rock, but the heavi- 
 est cannon upon the breast- 
 work was a six -pounder, 
 All day long, at intervals, 
 the British kept up the fire 
 at one time hurling a •25- 
 pound shot against the 
 upper loft of Porter's resi- 
 
 dence, and soor aftcrwanl 
 
 dropping another ball, of 
 
 At length a bonib- 
 
 QEMERAL FUBTER's BESIDBHOE, IILAOK BOOK.' 
 
 the same weight, through the roof, while he was there at dmner. 
 shell was sent into the cast barrack with destructive power. It exploded the maga 
 zine, fired the buildings, and destroyed a portion of the valuable furs captured on 
 • October 9, board the Caledonia a fcAV days before." This exploit being one of the 
 ^^^'^- chief objects of the cannonade and bombardment, both ceased at sunset, 
 Very little noise was heard along that frontier for a month afterward except the 
 sonorous cadences of General Smyth's proclamations. At length British cannon 
 opened their thunders.. E'-^ast works had been raised in front of Newark, ojjposite 
 Fort Niagara, at intervals all the way up to Fort George, and behind them mortars 
 and a long train of battery cannon had been placed. At six o'clock on the nicminu 
 of the 21st of November these commenced a fierce bombardment of Fort Niagara, 
 and at the same time a cannonade was opened from Fort George and its vicinitv. 
 From dawn until the evening twilight there was a continual roar from five detached 
 batteries on the Canada shore, two of them mounting twenty-four-pounders. From 
 these batteries two thousand red-hot shot were poured upon the American works, 
 while the mortars, from five and a half to ten and a half inches calibre, were shower- 
 ing bomb-shells all day long. The latter were almost harmless, but the former set fire 
 to several buildings within the fort, which, by the greatest exertions, were saved. 
 The garrison, meanwhile, performed their duty nobly. They were quite suflicient in 
 number, but lacked artillery and ammunition. The gallant Lieutenant Colonel George 
 M'Feely^ was the commander, .''iid Major Armistead, 
 of the United States Engineer Corps, performed the 
 most important ser\'ices at the guns and in extinguish- 
 ing the flames. Captain M'Keon commanded a 12- 
 pounde* in the southeast block-house ; Captain Jacks, 
 of the 7th Regiment of Militia Artillery, was in charge of the north block-house, 
 where he was greatly exposed to a raking fire of the enemy ; and Lieutenant lieesj_ 
 of the 3d LTnited States Artillery, managed an eighteen-pounder in the southeast bat- 
 tery, which told heavily upon a British battery with a twenty-four-pounder en bar- 
 bette. He was soon badly wounded in the shoulder by the falling of a pfirt of tiio 
 parapet. On the west battery an eighteen and a four pounder were directed by Lien- 
 
 > This Is from a sketch made by the writer in the snmmer of 1860, fhrai a pier in the Niagara River. The honee i! 
 upon the high shore of the river. It was then owned by Mr. I^ewls P. Allen. 
 
 ' M'Fcely was commissioned a mi\ior in March, 1S12, and in Jnly was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He beoai 
 colonel of infantry in April, 1814, and was disbanded In June, 181B, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 427 
 
 Artillery Duel at Fort Niagara. 
 
 A heavy Force near Buffalo. 
 
 Order"" for Invading Canada at that Point. 
 
 tenant Wendal, and on the mess-house,* Doctor Hooper, of the New York Militia, 
 had charge of a six-pounder. South of Fort Niagara, and a dependency of it, was the 
 " Salt Battery," so called, mounting an eighteen and a four pounder. It was directly 
 in range of Fort George, and annoyed the garrison there exceedingly. It was com- 
 manded by Lieutenants Gansevoort and Harris, of the 1st Artillery. From these 
 several batteries on the American side many a destructive missile went on terrible 
 errands during the day. Newark was on fire several times before night, and the 
 buildings in Fort George were also fired, and one of its batteries was silenced." 
 During the day an American twelve-pounder burst and killed two men. Two others 
 were killed by the enemy's fire, and a lieutenant and four men were wounded. These 
 were the casualties of the day on the American side. What injury was done to the 
 British is not known. A shot from the Salt Battery sunk a sloop lying at the wharf 
 on the Canada side. Night ended the artillery duel, and it was not renewed in the 
 morning. 
 
 We have observed that General Smyth expressed his opinion to General Van Rens- 
 selaer, on his arrival on the frontier, that the proper place to cross the Niagara River 
 for the invasion of Canada was somewhere between Fort Erie and ChippcAva.^ A 
 few days after the bombardment of Fort Niagara, Smyth attempted to act upon that 
 opinion. His proclamation had stirred tlie people of Western New York, and large 
 numbers had flocked to his standard ; for his flaming sentences warmed their zeal, 
 and they believed that all his glowing hopes would be realized and his flattering 
 promises would be fulfilled. On the 27th of November, when Smyth called the troops 
 to a general rendezvous at Black Rock, they numbered about four thousand five hund- 
 red. They were composed of his own regulars, and the Baltimore Volunteers under 
 Colonel Winder, the Pennsylvania Volunteers under General Tannehill, and the New 
 York Volunteers under General Peter B. Porter. With these he felt competent to 
 invade Canada successfully. 
 
 As early as the 25th, General Smyth issued orders for " the whole army bo ready 
 to march at a moment's wanung." "The tents," he said, "will be left st;' g. Ofli- 
 cers will carry their knapsacks. The baggage will follow in convenient ti. ' Alter 
 giving directions for the embarkation of the troops in the boats provided by Colonel 
 Winder, ' whom that important service was intrusted, he gave the following direc- 
 tions for iiuiiig the troips in battle order on the Canada shore; "Beginning <>n the 
 vi'lit, iin fc)llow8: Captain Gibson's Artillery; the Sixth and Thirteenth Infantry; 
 tain To wson's Artillery ; the Fourteenth and Twenty-third Infantr; i« one regi- 
 (';i|i!ain Barkor'.s and Captain i ,. Ii's Artillery ; the T' clfth an Twentieth 
 Infaiiiry; Capt.iiti Archer's Artillery, General Tannchill's Inlantry; a company of 
 Riflemen; th '..I'antry of Colonel Swift and Colonel MC'lure; a comp.u \ of Rifle- 
 men; General Port i-'h Infantrj Captain Leonard's Aiiiilcry; a battalion of Rifle- 
 men on each flank, ui a line perptndi''ilar to that formi<t by the main army, extend- 
 ing to the front and rear."* 
 
 1 The Indians were jealona of any !> .i^ of the French to build any thing like a fort among them. The French 
 
 sncoecded by etratagem. They obta: inilsKion to erect a great wigwam, or dwelling, and then induced the In- 
 
 dians to go on a long hunt. When tl n'turnc<t the walls were so advanced that they might defy the savages. They 
 completed the building In a way that they might plant cannon on the top, and used It as a mess-house. Under it was 
 
 idccp dnngeon, and In that dungeon wn- :\ w 
 intLat dark prison. The water of the w 
 die™ that at midnight the headless body 
 had be-in mnrdered. 
 ' Thompson, In his HUtorieal Sketehi' 
 and men at this battery, that when, in i 
 
 It Is believed that political prisoners from France were confined 
 
 oisoned at one time, and a story was believed by superstitious sol- 
 
 hman might be seen sitting on the margin of the well, where he 
 
 • : War, page SO, says," Such was the spirited eamcstness of both officers 
 list tremendous of the bombardment, they had flred away all their car- 
 trHjes, they cut up their flannel waistcoats and shirts, and the soldiers their trow^ers, to supply their guns." He also 
 ipealts of the wife oi an Irish artilleryman, named Doyle, who had been made a prls<mer at Quccnston, and to whom a 
 parole had been refused, determined to resent the act by taking her husband's place as far as possible. On the occasion 
 now under consideration she took her place at the raess-honse, and supplied the six-pounder there with hot shot. Re- 
 gardless of the shot and shell that fell aronnd her, she never quitted her station until the last gun had been flred. 
 ' S«! Smyth's letter to Van Rensselaer, note 2, page 389. 
 ' Maunscript order, Novembi'r 26, 1812 : Winder Papers. In that order the directions for attack were given as followa : 
 
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 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
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 ULMI 
 
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 Arrangctnonta for Crossing the Niagara River. The British, forewarned, are forearmed. Passage of the River 
 
 • November, 
 1812. 
 
 Every thing was in readiness on the 27th'' for invasion, and arrange- 
 ments were made for the expedition to em>)ark at the navy yard below 
 Black Rock at reveille on the morning of the 28th. Seventy public boats, capable of 
 carrying forty men each; five large private boats, in which one hundred men each 
 could be borne ; and ten scows for artillery, with many small boats, were pressed into 
 the service, so that three thousand trooj)8, the whole number to be employed in the 
 invasion, might cross at once. That evening Smyth issued his final order, dii-ecting 
 Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler to cross over at three o'clock in the morning with the 
 effective men of Colonel Winder's regiment, and destroy a bridge about five miles 
 below Fort Eric, capture the guard stationed there, kill or take tlie artillery horses 
 and, with the captives, if any, return to the American shore. Captain King was di- 
 rected to cross at the same time at the " Red House," higher up the river, to storm 
 the British batteries. It was loft to the discretion of Boerstler to march up the Can- 
 ada shore to assist King, or to return immediately after performing his allotted work 
 at the bridge. "It is not intended to keep possession," said the order. "Let the 
 wounded be kept from the public eye to-morrow. You [Colonel Winder] will remain 
 on this bank and give directions.'" 
 
 General Smyth had so long and loudly proclaimed his dc^i'is against Canada, and 
 had so fairly indicated his probable point of invasion, that the authorities on the other 
 side were prepared to meet him at any place between Fort Erie and Chippewa. Jla- 
 jor Ormsby, of the Forty-r.'nth, with a detachment of that and the Newfoundland 
 regiment, was at the fort. The ferry opposite Black Rock was occupied by two com- 
 panies of militia under Captain Bostwick. Two and a half miles from Fort Erie, at a 
 house on the Chippewa road, Avas Lieutenant Lamont, with a detachment of the Forty- 
 ninth, and Lieutenant King, of the Royal Engineers, with a three and six pounder, 
 and some militia urtillerymen. Near the same spot were two batteries, one mount- 
 ing an eighteen and the other a twenty-four pound cannon, also under Lamont. A 
 mile farther down was a post occupied by a detachment under Lieutenant Baitlev; 
 and on P^rcnchman's Creek, fou'r and a half miles from Fort Erie, was a party of sev- 
 enty under Lieutenant ^. a part of the Forty-first 
 M'Intyre. Lieutenant "T"^; Z^ ^? ' ^ J^ r-^ ^ Regulars, some militia 
 Colonel Cicil Bisshopp {^^^-^O ^-^^ ^^^'yif^ and militia artillery, 
 was at Chippewa with and near him was j\Iajor 
 Hatt with a small detachment of militia. The whole number of British troops, scat- 
 tered along a line of twenty miles, did not, according to the most reliable estimates, 
 exceed one thousand men. 
 
 Before the appointed hour on the morning of the 28th,'' the boats were 
 in readiness under the general superintendence of Lieutenant Angus, of 
 the navy, at the head of a ^ _ ter Watts, of Caledonia 
 
 corps of marines and sea- . -^^/i /V^ ^ fame,* and seveial other 
 
 men, assi.'ted by Lieuten- \^IX4^^ l/iyy ZXj i-^*// naval officers. It was a 
 ant Dudley, Sailing-mas- ' cold and dreary night. 
 
 At three in the morning" tlie advanced parties left the American shore 
 for their respective destinations. One, under Lieutenant Colonel Boerst- 
 ler, consisted of aoout two hundred men of Colonel Winder's regiment, in eleven 
 boats ; and the other, under Captain King, was composed of one hundred and fit\y 
 regular soldiers, and seventy sailors under Lieutenant Angus, in ten boats. King's 
 party were discovered upon the water a quarter of a mile from the shore, and were 
 
 "1. The ortillery will si)cnd some of their first shot on the enemy's artillery, ond then aim ot the Infantry, raking thfm 
 where it is practicable. 2. The firing of musketry by wings or companies will begin at the distance of two liuiidreil 
 yards, aiming at the middle and firing deliberately. 3. At twenty yards' distance the soldiers will be ordered to trail 
 irms, advance with shouts, fire at five paces' distance, and charge bayonets. 4. The soldiers will be «i7c»i/, above all 
 .hingfl, attentive at the word of cormand, load quick and well, and aim, («it>." 
 > Manuscript order of Ocueral Smyth to Colonel Wluder, November 2T, 1812 : Witider Papert. ' Sec page M 
 
 ■> Novemb jr. 
 
 • November 29. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 429 
 
 Incidents of the Attempt to Invade Canada on the Upper Niagara. 
 
 80 warmly assailed by volleys of musketry and shot from a field-piece at the Red 
 House that six of the ten boats were compelled to return. The other four resolutely 
 landed in good order, in the face of the storm of bullets and grape-shot from flying 
 artillery ; and before King could form his troops on the shore, Angus and Ins seamen, 
 with characteristic impetuosity, rushed into the hottest fire and suffered considerably. 
 Kinc formed his corps as quickly as possible, and the enemy were soon dispersed. 
 He then proceeded to storm and take in quick succession two British batteries above 
 the landing-place, while Angus and his seamen ruslied upon the field-pieces at the 
 Red House, captured and spiked them, and cast them, with their caissons,^ into the 
 river. In this assault Sailing-master Watts was mortally wounded while leading on 
 the seamen.^ Angus and his party returned to the landing-place, with Lieutenant 
 Kin<', of the Royal Artillery, wounded and a prisoner. Supposing the other six boats 
 had landed (for it was too dark to see far along the shore), and that Captain King 
 and his party had been taken prisoners, Angus crossed to the American shore in the 
 four boats. This unfortunate mistake left King, with Captains Morgan and Sproull, 
 Lieutenant Houston, and Samuel Swartwout, of New. York, who had volunteered for 
 the service with the little party of regulars, without any means of crossing. King 
 waited a while for re-enforcements. None came, and he went to the landing-place for 
 the purpose of crossing, with a number of the British artillerists whom he had made 
 prisoners. To his dismay, he discovered the absence of all the boats. Ho pushed 
 down the river in the dark for about two miles, when he found two large ones. Into 
 these he placed all of his officers, the prisoners, and one lialf of his men. These had 
 not reached the American shore when King and the remainder of his troops were 
 taken prisoners by a superior force. 
 
 Hoerstler and his party, in the mean time, had been placed in much peril. The 
 tiring upon King had aroused the enemy all along the Canada shore, and they were 
 on the alert. Boerstler's boats became separated in the darkness. Seven of them 
 landed above the bridge, to be destroyed, while four others, that approached the des- 
 ignated landing-place, were driven off by a party of the enemy. Boerstler landed 
 lioldly alone, under fire from a foe of unknown numbers, and drove them to the bridge 
 lit the point of the bayonet. Orders were then given for the destruction of that struc- 
 ture, but, owing to the confusion at the time of landing, the axes had been left in the 
 boat. Tlie bridge was only partially destroyed, and one great object of this advance 
 party of the invading army was not accomplished. Boerstler was about to return to 
 liis boats and recross the river, because of theevident concentration of troops to that 
 point in overwhelming numbers, when he was compelled to form his lines for imme- 
 diate battle. Intolligence came from the commander of the boat-guard that they had 
 captured two British soldiers, who informed them that the whole garrison at Fort 
 Erie was appi-oaching, and that the advance guard was not five minutes distant. 
 This intelligence was correct. Darkness covered every thing, and Boerstler resorted 
 to stratagem when he heard the tramp of the approaching foe. He gave command- 
 ing orders in a loud voice, addressing his subordinates as field officers. The British 
 were deceived. They believed the Americans to be in much greater force than they 
 really were. A collision immediately ensued in the gloom. Boerstler ordered the 
 ilischarge of a single volley, and then a bayonet charge. The enemy broke and fled 
 in confusion, and Boerstler crossed the river without annoyance.^ 
 
 ' AcaiMoM is an anmnnttlon chest or wagon In which powder and bomb-shells are carried. ' See page asfl. 
 
 ' Colonel Winder's manuscript report to General Smyth, December T, 1S1.2. Winder had attempted to re-enforce the 
 Iroopf -in the (Canada shore, but failed. On the return of Angus and his party, he was ordered to cross the river with 
 IKO hundred and fifty men. Within twenty minutes after the order was given, he and hU troops were battling wi'"> 
 He current and the floating ice. Winder's boat was the iirst and only one that touched the Canada shore, the current 
 Wng carried the others below. The enemy, with strong force and o piece of artillery, disputed his landing. Resist- 
 .race wonld be vain, and Winder ordered a retreat, after losing six men killed and twenty-two wounded. On his return 
 lie formed his regiment at once, to join In the embarkation at dawn. 
 
 In the report above cited Colonel Winder paid the following compliment to Captain Totten, of the Engineers, who, 
 
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 430 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 General Sinyth's Incompetence. 
 
 Ills foolish Swuf^gering. 
 
 Another Attempt to cross the Biver, 
 
 It was sunrise when the troops began to embark, and so tardy were the movoinonts 
 that it was late in the afternoon when all were ready. General Smyth did not make 
 his appearance during the day,' and all the movements were under the direction of his 
 subordinates. A number of boats had been left to strand upon the shore, and beoanip 
 liilcd with water, snow, and ice ; and as hour after hour passed by, dreariness and dij. 
 appointment weighed heavily upon the spirits of the shivering troops. Meanwhile the 
 enemy had collected in force on the opposite shore, and were watching every move- 
 ment. At length, when all seemed ready, and impatience had yielded to hope, an 
 order came from the commanding general " to disembark and dine /"^ The wearied 
 and worried troops were deeply exasperated by this order, and nothing but the most 
 positive assurances that the undertaking would be immediately resumed kept them 
 from open mutiny. The different regiments retired sullenly to their respective 
 quarters, and General Porter, with his dispirited New York Volunteers, marched in 
 disgust to Buffalo. 
 
 • November 28, Smyth now Called a council of officers.* They could not agree. The 
 ^**^' best of them urged the necessity and expediency of crossing in force at 
 
 once, before the enemy could make formidable preparations for their reception. The 
 general decided otherwise, and doubt and despondency brooded over the camp tliat 
 night. The ensuing Sabbath dawn brought no relief Preparations for another em- 
 barkation were indeed in progress, while the enemy, too, was busy in opposing labor. 
 It was evident to every spectator of judgment that the invasion must be attempted 
 at another jjoint of the river, when, towai'd evening, to the astonishment of all, tlie 
 general issued an order, perfectly characteristic of the man, for the troops to be ready 
 
 at the navy yard, at eight o'clock the next moming,'' for embarkation. 
 
 " The general will be on board," he pompously proclaimed. " Neither 
 rain, snow, or frost will prevent the embarkation," he said. "The cavalry will scour 
 the fields from Black Rock to the bridge, and suffer no idle spectators. While cm- 
 barking, the music will play martial airs. Yankee Doodle will be the signal to get 
 under way. . . . The landing will be effected in despite of cannon. The whole army 
 has seen that cannon is to be little dreaded. . . . Hearts of War I to-morrow will 
 be memorable in the annals of the United States."^ 
 
 " To-morrow" came, but not the promised achievement. All the officers disapproved 
 of the time and manner of the proposed embarkation, and expressed their opiiiiom- 
 freely. At General Porter's quarters a change was agreed upon. Porter proposed 
 deferring the embarkation until Tuesday morning, the Ist of December, an hour or 
 two before daylight, and to make the landing-place a little below the upper end of 
 Grand Island. Winder suggested the propriety of making a descent directly upon 
 Chippewa, " the key of the country." This Smyth consented to attempt, intending, 
 as he said, if successful, to march down through Queenston, and lay siege to Fort 
 George.* Orders were accordingly given for a general rendezvous at the navy yard 
 at three o'clock on Tuesday morning, and that the troops should be collected in the 
 woods near by on Monday, where they should build fires and await the signal for 
 gathering on the shore of the river. The hour arrived, but when day dawned only 
 fifteen hundred were embarked. Tannehill's Pennsylvania Brigade were not present. 
 Before their arrival rumors had reached the camp that they, too, like Van Rensselaer's 
 militia at Lewiston, had raised a constitutional question about being led out of tlieii' 
 state. Yet their scruples seem to have been overcome at this tinie, and they would 
 
 nt the time ofhis denth In 1804, was Chief Engineer of the Army of the United Statci: -'U U w'.'h great ,)lea8uro I ac- 
 knowledge the Intelligence and skill which Captain Totten, of the Engineers, haf. yielded to the works which are rais- 
 ing. To him shall we be indebted for what I believe will bo a respectable state of preparation In a short time." 
 
 ' Thomson's HMorical SUtchen, etc., page 86. 
 
 ' Oeneral Smyth's dispatch to General Dearborn, December 4, 1812. 
 
 ' Autograph order. Winder Pnnorg, dated " Hcad-qnarters, Camp near BnfThlo, Nov. 29, 1812." 
 
 * Smyth's dispatch to Goucral Dearborn, December 4, 1612. 
 
"V 
 
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 d 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 431 
 
 Rmvth's Coancll of Officers. The luvasion of Canada abandoned. Disappointment and Indignation of tlie Troops. 
 
 have invaded Canada cheerfully under other auspices. But distrust of their leader, 
 created l»y the events of the last forty-eight hours, had demoralized nearly the whole 
 army. They had made so much noise in the embarkation that the startled enemy 
 had soundecl his alarm bugle and discharged signal-guns from Fort Erie to Chippewa. 
 Tanneliill's Pennsylvanians had not appeared, and many other troops lingered upon 
 the siiorc, loth to embark. In this dilemma Smyth hastily called a council of the reg- 
 ular officers, utterly excluding those of the volunteers from the conference, and the 
 first intimation of the result of that council was an order from the commanding gen- 
 eral sent to General Porter, who was in a boat with the pilot, a fourth of a mile from 
 shore in the van of the impatient flotilla, directing the whole army to debark and re- 
 pair to their quarters.' This was accompanied by a declaration that the invasion of 
 Canada was abandoned at present, pleading, in bar of just censure, that his orders from 
 Ids superiors were not to attempt it with less than three thousand men.^ The reg- 
 ulars were ordered into winter quarters, and the volunteers were dismissed to their 
 homes. 
 
 This order for debarkation, and the fact that just previously a British major, bear- 
 ini» a flag of truce, had crossed the river and held an interview with General Srayth, 
 caused the most intense indignation, and the most fearful suspicions of his loyalty^ 
 in the army, especially among the volunteers, whose ofticers he had insulted by neg- 
 lect. The troops, without order or restraint, discharged their muskets in all direc- 
 tions, and a scene of insubordination and utter confusion followed. At least a thou- 
 sand of the volunteers had come from their homes in response to his invitation, and 
 the promise that they should certainly be led into Canada by a victor. They had 
 imposed implicit confidence in his ability and the sincerity of his great Avords, and in 
 jiroportion to their faith and zeal were now their disappointment and resentment. 
 Unwilling to have their errand to the frontier fruitless of all but disgrace, the volun- 
 ti'crs earnestly requested permission to be led into Canada under General Porter, 
 ])romising the commanding general the speedy capture of Fort Erie if he would fur- 
 nish them with four pieces of artillery. But Smyth evaded their request, and the 
 volunteers were sent home uttering imprecations against a man whom they consid- 
 tred a mere blusterer without courage, and a conceited deceiver without honor. They 
 tilt themselves betrayed, and the inhabitants in the vicinity sympathized with them. 
 Tiicir indignation was greatly increased by ill-timed and ungenerous charges made 
 liv Smyth, in his report to General Dearborn, against General Porter, in whom the 
 volunteers had the greatest confidence.* His person was for some time in danger, 
 lie was compelled to double the guards around his tent, and to move it from place 
 to place to avoid continual insults.* He was several times fired at when he ventured 
 out of his marquee. Porter openly attributed the abandonment of the invasion of 
 Canada to the cowardice of Smyth. A bitter quarrel ensued, and soon resulted in a 
 challenge by the gencral-in-chief for his second in command to test the courage of 
 both by a duel.® In direct violation of the Articles of War, these superior oflicers of 
 
 I Autograph etntement of Colonel Winder. 
 
 ' General Smyth's report to General Dearborn, December 4, 1812. 
 
 ' It Is proper to say, In justice to General Smyth, that there were no jnst grounds bcciiuse of that event for any sns- 
 picions of his loyalty. Colouel Winder had been to the British camp with a flag two days before, to make some ar- 
 tmgemcDt nboat an exchange of prisoners, and this visit of the British major was doubtless iu response. 
 
 < Generui Porter was a partner in busiucss with Mr. Barton, the army contractor for the Niagara frontier, and General 
 Smytli alluded to him in his report as " the contractor's agent." He charged him with " exciting some clamor" against 
 ihc measures of General Smyth, and said, " He flnds the contract a losing one at this time, and would wish to see the 
 arm; in Canada, that he might not be bound to supply It." 
 
 ' 111! friend Colonel Parker, a Virginian, in an autograph letter before me, written to Colonel Winder on the second 
 of December, said : " Major Campbell will inform yon of the insult offered to the general last evening, and of the lutcr- 
 iiiption to our repose last night. God grant us a speedy relief from buch neighbors I"— Winder Vapera. 
 
 ' There appeals to have been much quarreling among the officers on that frontier during the autumn of ISliS. Only 
 IhTeo months before, Porter and Colonel Solomon Van Hensselaer had such a bitter dispute that it resulted in n chal- 
 lenge from Porter, but they never reached the duellng-gronnd on Grand Island. General Stephen Van Rensselaer 
 ntched them closely after he heard of the challenge, and was prepared to arrest them both when they should attempt 
 to to lo the island.— Statement of Solomon Van Rensselaer, among the Van Rensselaer papers. 
 
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 432 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A barmleaa Dael between Porter and Smyth. A Bulemn Farce. Smyth dlHbauded. His Petition to Canmiit 
 
 the Army of the Centre, with friends d seconds,' and surgeons," put off in boats 
 from the sliore near Black Rock, in the presence of tlieir troops, at two o'clock in the 
 afternoon of the 12th of December, to meet eacii other in mortal combat on Grand 
 Island.^ They exchanged shots at twelve paces' distance. Nobody was hurt. An 
 exi)ected tragedy proved to be a solemn comedy. The affair took the usual ridicu- 
 lous course. The seconds reconciled the belligerents. General Porter acknowleclrcd 
 his conviction that General Smyth was " a man of courage," and General Smyth wns 
 convinced that General Porter was " above suspicion as a gentleman and an officer."' 
 Thus ended the melodrama of Smyth's invasion of Canada. The whole affair ivas 
 disgraceful and humiliating. " What wretched work Smyth and Porter liave made 
 of It," wrote General Wadsworth to General Van Rensselaer from his home at Gene- 
 seo, at the close of the year. " I wish those who are disposed to find so much fault 
 could know the state of the militia since the day you gave up the command. It 
 has been 'confusion worse confounded.'"* The day that saw Smyth's failure was 
 indeed " memorable in the annals of the United States," as well as in his own pri- 
 vate history. Confidence in his military ability was destroyed, and three months 
 afterward he was " disbanded," as the Army Register says ; in other words, he was 
 deposed without a trial, and excluded from the army." Yet he had many warm 
 friends who clung to him in his misfortunes, for he possessed many excellent social 
 qualities. He was a faithful representative of the constituency of a district of Vir- 
 ginia in the national Congress from 1817 to 1825, and again from 1827 until his death, 
 in April, 1830. 
 
 ' Lieutenant Colonel Winder was Smyth's second, and Lieutenant Angns was Porter's. 
 
 » The finrgeon on that occasion we s Dr. Roberts, and the assistant surgeon was Dr. Parsons, afterward surgeon of 
 Perry's flag-ship Lawrence, in the battle on Lake Erie, and now [13071 a resident of Providence, Bhode Island, 
 
 3 "rhls is a large island, containing 20,000 acres, dividing the Niagara River into two channels. (See map on page 3S2,) 
 On this island the late Mordecai Manasseh Noah proposed to found a city of refuge for his co-religionists, the Jews, anit 
 memorialized the Legislature of the State of New York on the subject In 1820. The project failed because the chief 
 rabbi in Europe disapproved of it. Noah erected a commemorative monument there, but it and his scheme have passed 
 away. 
 
 * In a letter of Lieutenant Angus to Colonel Winder the next day, he said : " A meeting took place between General 
 Smyth and General Porter yesterday afternoon on Grand Island, In pursuance of previous arrangements. They met al 
 Dayton's tavern, and crossed the river with their friends and surgeons. Both gentlemen behaved with the utmost cool- 
 ness and unconcern. A shot was exchanged in as intrepid and Arm a manner as possible by each gentleman, but wUh- 
 
 out eflfect The hand of reconciliation was then oflcred and received,"— Autograph letter, WiMer I'apen. Jlu- 
 
 other account says that the party returned to Dayton's, where they supped and spent a convivial evening together. 
 
 * Autograph letter to General Van Rensselaer, December .10, 1812. 
 
 ' General Smyth petitioned the House of Representatives to reinstate him in the army. That body referred the peti- 
 tion to the Secretary of War— the general's executioner I Of course, its prayer was not answered. In that petition h 
 asked for the privilege of " dying for his country." This phrase was a subject for much ridicnle. At a public celehrn- 
 tlon of Washington's birthday in 1814 at Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, the following sentiment was offered 
 at the table during the presentation of toasts : " General Smyth's petition to Congress to ' die for his country :' May It 
 be ordered that the prayer of said petition be panted," 
 
 A wag wrote on a panel of one of the doors of the Hall of Representatives — 
 
 "All hail, great chief I who quailed before 
 A Dimho]>p on Niagara's shore ; 
 But looks on Death with dauntless eye, 
 And begs for leave to bleed and die. 
 Oh my 1 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 433 
 
 V llures of tbe Annlea. Acknowledged Naval Saperiorlty of Great Britain. Britlih Contempt for the American Navjr. 
 
 "k 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 * ' By the trident of Neptune,' hrnve Hull cried, ' let's Rtecr ; 
 It polul» out the track of the bullylnj; Gturriere: 
 Should we meet her, brave boys, " Seamen's rights 1" be our cry ; 
 We flght to defend them, to live free or die.' 
 The famed ConntUution through the billows now flew, 
 While the spray to the tars was rcfrefihlug as dew, 
 To qnlcken the sense of the Insult they felt. 
 In the boast of tbe Ouerriere's not being the Helt." 
 
 Bono, "Constithtion and Guebbiebe." 
 
 "Ye brave Sons of Freedom, whose bosoms beat high 
 For yonr country with patriot pride and emotion. 
 Attend while 1 sing of a woni.tfrful Wagp, 
 And tbe Frolic she gallantly took on the ocean." 
 
 Olb Somo. 
 
 N preceding chapters we have considered the prominent events 
 of the war on land, and perceive in the record very little where- 
 of Americans should boast as military achievements. The war 
 liad been commenced without adequate preparations, and had 
 been carried on by inexperienced and incompetent men in the 
 Council and in the Field. Brilliant theories liad been promul- 
 gated and splendid expectations had been indulged, while Phi- 
 losophy and Experience spoke monitorily, but in vain. The vis- 
 ions of the theorists proved to be " dissolving views" — unsub- 
 stantial and deceptive — when tested by the standard of practical results. At the 
 close of the campaign in 1812, the Army of the Northwest, first under Hull and then 
 under Harrison, was occupying a defensive position among the snows of the wilder- 
 ness on the banks of the Maumee ; the Army of the Cetitre, first under Van Rensse- 
 laer and then under Smyth, had experienced a series of misfortunes and disappoint- 
 ments on the Niagara frontier, and was also resting on the' defensive ; Avhile the 
 Army of the North, under Bloomfield, whose head-quarters were at Plattsburg, had 
 made less efforts to accomplish great things, and had less to regret and more to boast 
 of than the others. Yet it, too, was standing on the defensive when the snows of 
 December fell. 
 
 Different was the aspect of affairs on the water. The hitherto neglected navy had 
 been aggressive and generally successftil. We have already observed the operations 
 of one branch of it, with feeble means, in the narrow waters of Lake Ontario, under 
 Cliauncey ;' let us now take a view of its exploits on the broad ocean, where Thom- 
 son iiad declared in song, 
 
 " Britannia rules the waves." 
 
 The naval superiority of England was every where acknowledged ; and the idea of 
 I the omnipotence of her power on the sea was so universal in the American mind, that 
 icrious expectations of success in a contest with her on that theatre were regarded 
 as absurd. The American newspapers — then, as now, the chief vehicles of popular 
 information — had always been filled with praises of England's naval puissance and 
 examples of her prowess ; while tlie British newspapers, reflecting the mind of tbe 
 riiHng classes of that empire, were filled with boastings of England's power, abuse of 
 all other people, and supercilious sneers at the navies of every other nation on the 
 
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 484 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Number and Character of tht ASMfiean War Marine. Diatribntlon and Condition. American Merchantmen mrni 
 
 face of the earth. That of the United States, her rapidly growing rival in national 
 greatness and ever the object of her keenest jealousy, was made tlio s])ecial far- 
 get for the indecorous jeers of her imblic writers and speakers. The Conntitution 
 one of the finest vessels in the navy of the United States, and which was amonij the 
 first to humble the arrogance of British cruisers, Avas spoken of as "a bundle (it'iiiiK 
 boards, sailing under a bit of striped bunting ;" and it was asserted that " a few lnoad 
 sides from England's wooden walls would drive the paltry striped bunting from the 
 ocean.'" It was with erroneous opinions like these that the commander of the Alfri 
 •AuKOBtis, attacked the JUssex,'^ and, as we shall observe presently, was undeceived 
 
 i8i«- ty a conclusive argument. Yet, in spite of conscious inferiority of strength 
 in men and metal, the distrust of the nation, and the defiant contempt of the foe thf 
 little navy of the United States wont b Idly out upon the ocean to dispute with En- 
 gland's cruisers the supremacy of the sta.^ 
 
 When war was declared, the public vessels of the United States, exclusive of ono 
 hundred and seventy gun-boats, numbered only twenty, with an aggregate armament 
 of litle more than five hundred guns. These were scattered. Four of them had 
 wintered at Newport, Rhode Island; four others in Hampton Roads, Virginia; two 
 were away on foreign service ; two were at Charleston, South Carolina ; two were at 
 New Orleans; one was on Lake Ontario; and five were laid up "in ordinary."' In 
 view of this evident inefficiency of the American navy to protect its commerce, then 
 was much alarm among the few merchants whose ships had gone abroad before the 
 laying of the embargo, which saved many hundreds of detained vessels from exposure 
 to capture or destruction, and thus furnished materials for the privateers that soon 
 swarmed upon the ocean. These merchants sent a swift-sailing pilot -boat to the 
 coasts of Northern Europe with the news of the declaration of war, and with diree- 
 tions for the American commercial marine in the harbors of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, 
 and Prussia, to remain there until the war should cease. By this timely movement 
 a greater part of the American shipping in those ports was saved from the perils of 
 British privateering. A sketch of that important branch of the American naval serv- 
 ice during the war will be presented in a group in another part of this work. It is 
 
 ■ This was alladed to in the following atanzas of a song of the time : 
 
 " Too long onr tare have borne in peace 
 Witt British domineering; 
 But now they've sworn the trade should cease— 
 
 For vengeance they are steering. 
 First gallant Hull, he was the lad 
 
 Who sailed a tyrant-hunting, 
 And swaggering Dacrcs soon was glad 
 To strike to 'striped bunting.'" 
 • " While, therefore," says an English writer, " a feeling toward Americans bordering on contempt hn'l nnhappilv poi- 
 sesscd the mind of the British naval offlcer, rendering hira more than usually careless and opiniouative, the Americm 
 naval offlcer, having been taught to regard his new foe with a feeling of dread, sailed forth to meet him with the whole 
 of his energies aroused."— A'ncal Oemirrenees nf the Late War, etc., by William James. 
 
 ' The following is a list of those vessels, their rated and actual armament, the names of the commanders oftboK 
 afloat, and the designation of those in " ordinary," or laid up for repairs or other purposes : 
 
 NHine. 
 
 Constitntion.. . 
 United States . 
 
 President 
 
 Chesapeake . . 
 
 New York 
 
 Constellation . . 
 
 Congress 
 
 Iloiton 
 
 KsHex , 
 
 Adams , 
 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 36 
 86 
 
 m 
 
 86 
 
 32 
 
 Motint- 
 
 ing. 
 
 Employed. 
 
 88 
 58 
 88 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 
 Capt. Hull. 
 Capt. Decatur. 
 Com. Rodgers. 
 Ordinary. 
 Ordlnaiy. 
 Ordinary. 
 Capt. Smith. 
 Ordinary, 
 (ispt. I'orter. 
 Ordinary. 
 
 Name. 
 
 iluliii Adams. 
 
 Wiigp 
 
 Hornet 
 
 Siren 
 
 Argus 
 
 Oneida 
 
 Vixen 
 
 Nautilus .... 
 Kntt'rprise . . 
 Viper 
 
 Rcited. 
 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 1(1 
 16 
 13 
 VI 
 \1 
 
 Mount. 
 
 ing. 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 Employed. 
 
 Capt. Ludlow. 
 
 Capt. .Tones. 
 
 < 'apt. Ijiwrence. 
 
 Meat. Carroll. 
 
 Crane. 
 
 Woolsey. 
 
 tiadeden. 
 
 Sinclair. 
 
 lilnkely. 
 
 Mainl)ridge. 
 
 There were fonr bomb-vessels in ordinary, named respectively Vengeanee, Spitfire, jKtna, and Vesuvitu. The juii- 
 boats were all numbered, from " 1" to " 170," and during the War of 1812 were distribnted as follows : 
 
 In New York, 64 : New Orieans, 26 ; Norfolk, 14 ; Charleston, S. C, 2 ; Wilmington, N, C, 2 ; St. Mary's, 11 ; Wathing- 
 ton, 10; Portland, 8; Boston, 2; Connecticnt and Rhode Island, 4; Philadelphia, 20; Baltimcre, 10. Of these otl; 
 flity-two were in commission. Eighty-six were in ordinary, and some were undergoing repairs. There had been at 
 Increase of Ave to the number, and some slight changes of position, when the war broke out. 
 
indersofttiiw 
 
 ,u(llow. 
 [(ines. 
 jiwrcnce. 
 (jarrolL 
 
 The cH'.!- 
 
 , 11 ; Wafhing- 
 lof these only 
 ■re had been ai 
 
 OF THE WAR OP 18 12. 
 
 436 
 
 Commodore Rod)^n't Squndrun. Cruiao of the Prtnidmt. FIrat Shot on the Water. Chase of the lleltiUera. 
 
 proposed now to consider the events of the regular service only, excepting where 
 
 iit'ceHsity may C()mi)t'l an incidental allusion to the other. 
 
 At the time of the dfoiaration of war, Commodore Uodgcrs, with his flag-ship Pres- 
 ident 44; l!iisex,32, Captain Porter; and Jlornet, IH, Captain Lawrence, was in the 
 port of New York. The iJaaex was overhauling her rigging ; the others might be 
 ready for service at an hour's notice. On the 21st of June Uodgcrs received the news 
 of the declaration of war, and with it orders for sailing immediately, lie had drop- 
 ped down the bay that morning with the J*resi(lent and Hornet, and toward noon had 
 been joined by a small s(juadron under Commodore Decatur, whose broad ])ennon 
 floated from tlie United /States, 44. Her com})anion8 were the Congreaa, 38, Captain 
 Smith, and Argus, 10, Lieutenant Commandant St. Clair. 
 
 Rodacrs had received information that a large fleet of Jamaica-men had sailed for 
 England under a strong convoy, and he believed that they must then be sweeping 
 along the American coast in the current of the Gulf Stream. When his sailing orders 
 arrived he resolved to make a dash at that convoy, and within an hour after receiving 
 Ills dispatch from the Navy Department ho had weighed anchor. With the united 
 siiuadron he passed Sandy Hook that afternoon. In the evening he spoke an Ameri- 
 can merchantman that had seen the Jamaica fleet, and had been boarded by the Brit- 
 ish frigate Belvidera, 36. Kodgers crowded sail and commenced pursuit. Thirty-six 
 hours elapsed, and the enemy were yet invisible; but an English war-vessel was 
 espied on the northeastern horizon, and a general chase of the whole squadron com- 
 menced in that direction. The wind was fresh, and the enemy was standing before 
 it.i The fleet President outstripped her companions, and rapidly gained on the fu- 
 i.'itive. At four o'clock she was witlini gun-shot of the enemy, off Nantucket Shoals, 
 when the wind fell, and the heavier President — heavier, because she had just left 
 port— began to fall behind. 
 
 To cripple the stranger was now Rodgers's only hope of success. With his own 
 liand he pointed and discharged one of his forecastle chase-guns, the first hostile shot 
 i,f the war fired afloat.^ It went crashing through the stern-frame of the stranger 
 and into the gun-room with destructive effect, driving her peo])lc from the after part 
 iif the vessel. This was immediately followed by a shot from the first division below, 
 directed by Lieutenant Gamble, which struck and dan\aged one of the stranger's 
 stem-chasers. Rodgers fired again, and was followed immediately by Gamble, whose 
 i.'nu bursted, and killed and wounded sixteen men. It blew up the forecastle of the 
 Resident, and threw Rodgers several feet into the air. In his descent one of his legs 
 was broken. This accident caused a pause in the firing, when a shot from a stera- 
 iliascr of the stranger came plunging along the President's deck, killing a midship- 
 man and one or two men. 
 
 It was now twilight, and the British ship having her spars and rigging imperiled 
 ty the Presideni's fire, that vessel having yawed' for the purpose, began to lighten 
 by cutting away her anchors, staving and throwing overboard her boats, and starting 
 two tons of water. She gained headway ; and, as a last resort, the President fired 
 three broadsides, but with little effect. Unwilling to lighten his own ship, as it 
 would impair his ability for a cruise, Rodgers ordered the pursuit to be abandoned 
 at midnight.* The British vessel, it was afterward ascertained, was the tjn„e23 
 frigate Iklmdera, 31', Captain Richard Byron, that had boarded the Ameri- '^^^'^■ 
 can merchantman J ist mentioned. Her commander displayed great skill in saving 
 liis vessel. She sailed for Halifax for repairs,* and gave the first information there 
 
 ' The commander of the English vessel had not henrd of the declaration of war, and when he saw the squadron he 
 !tflO(i toward it. But when he saw them suddenly take iu their studding-sniis and haul np in chase of him, frequently 
 tftline the sails to profit by the lightness of the wind, he suspected hostility. 
 
 ' The flrst on land was In the amphibious flght at Sackett's Harbor a month later. See page 308. 
 
 ' To yixvs is to steer wild, or out of the Hue of the ship's course. 
 
 ' The Mtiiera was badly injured in her hull, spars, and rigging. The President received a Dumber olf skots In her 
 iilli and rigging, but was not materially injured. 
 
k iti 
 
 486 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 CbM* of (lie Janmicn Mitrchaiit KImt. 
 
 Britlih 8qa«dr«n at Hsllhx. 
 
 Oaptnr* of the iVaMl,^ 
 
 c/V/y~e^^*^^ and wounded by shot, ami 
 /^ Heverul others by Hplintits, 
 
 of the lutuiil t'xiMtenco of war, so ponitively communicated to her by the J^-esidant, 
 In tl)iH action tlic American ^— biii-Htinji; of the gun. Tlic 
 
 frigate had twenty-two men /^y^ /f^^, ^ /^ JielvUUtni h)8t Hcven killnl 
 
 killed and wounded, sixteen ^^ 
 
 of whom were injured by the 
 
 Captain Uyron was wounth'd in the thigli by the hUtor,' 
 
 Itudgers now continued the chase atler the Jamaica-men. Cocoanut shells, oranpe 
 wkinH, and other evidences of his being in their track, were seen upon the wutci off 
 the Hanks of Newfoundland on the first of July. On the ninth the coinmaiider ot'ai, 
 English letj,er-()f-marque ca|)tured by the Hornet reported that he had seen the fleet 
 on the previous evening, wlien he counted eighty-five sail, convoyed by a two-deck 
 sliij), a frigate, a shM)p-of-\var, and a brig. This intelligence stimulated Kodgors to 
 greater exertions, and he continued the chase, ineftectually on account of fogs, mi 
 til the 13th, when he was within a day's sail of the chops of the Irish Chaimd. 'I'liin 
 he relinqui.shed pursuit, sailed southwardly, and passed within thirty miles of the IWk 
 of Lisbon, in sight of Madeira, the Western Islands, and the (Jrand Hanks of New- 
 foundland, without fulling in with a single vessel of war, and entered liostoii llmlior 
 after a cruise of seventy days. lie had captured seven English merchantmen, ne;i|i- 
 lured an American vessel from a Hritish cruiser, and brought in about one hinidred 
 and twenty prisoners. IMany of the seamen of the squadron were sick of the scurvv, 
 and several hail died. 
 
 The news carried into Halifax by the lielviilera created a )>rofound sensation there, 
 The commandant of that naval station, P.ear Admiral Sawyer, took measures imme- 
 diately to collect a squadron for the purpose of cruising in searcli of Uodgers's slii|i> 
 or any other American vcsscIh, Within a week, the African, 04, Caj)tain Hustanl ; tin 
 Shannon, .'18, C'aj)tain liroke; the Guerriere, 38, Cajdain Dacres ; the J}elvHkra,'ii. 
 Captain Byron; and the y?Jolm, H2, Captain Lord .James Townsend, were unitwl in 
 one squadron, under the command of Captain Broke, the senior officer, who niu.le the 
 Shannon his fiag-ship. This force appeared oft" New York er.rly in July, ana made 
 several captures, among them the United States brig Nautilus, 14, of Trij)olitan fame- 
 Lieutenant Commandant Crane. She liad arrived at New York just after Kodsei^ 
 
 left, and went out immediately for tiu 
 purpose of cruising in the track of the 
 English West Indiamen. On the very 
 next day she fell in with the British 
 squadron, and, after a short and vigor- 
 ous chase, was compelled to strike lier 
 colors to the Shannon, and surrender one 
 hundred and six men. The NautiliiA was 
 the first vessel of war taken on either skk 
 in that contest. A prize crew was placed 
 in her, and she was made one of Broke's 
 squadron.^ She was .tfterward fitted 
 with sixteen 24-pound carrouadcs, and 
 commissioned as a cruiser. 
 The Constitution, 44,* Captain Isaac 
 
 TUK UUNBTITl'TION IM 1800. 
 
 ' Roilcern's jonrnal nnd British ncconnt of tlie eneniiement, In Nilcs'a Weeltly Ecgieter, 111., 20 ; American account In 
 the Bmtm Centincl, by nn offlcer of the eqnndron ; Cooper's Xc.nal History, ii., 160. ' See page W. 
 
 3 In naval nnmeuclatare, a numt>er of vusgeU under one commander, lees than ten, are called a tquadran; muretlun 
 ten, a fleet. 
 
 * The Crmntilution was hullt at Hart's ship-yard, In Boston, where Constitution Wharf now is, at a cost or$i!OJ,"IS. 
 She was made very strong. Her fVame was of live-oak, nnd her pinnks were hent on without steam, as it was thonjrhl 
 that process softened and weakened the wood. She was lauueJied on the 21st of October, 1797 (see pajje 100), In thf 
 presence of a great gntherinp; of people. She dldiiot start upon a cruise until the following season, when she was w- 
 mnnded by Captain James Nicholson, who died in New York on Snnday, the 5d of September, 1804, In the slxty-iiiiilh 
 
y 
 
 mu.le the 
 
 11 lid mailc 
 itan I'auu'.- 
 Koilgi'in 
 y ibr tlu' 
 
 iick of tlic 
 the very 
 I' British 
 
 and vigor- 
 strike lllT 
 •ender one 
 
 mtiluA \v;i> 
 either M: 
 
 was placi'l 
 of Br(ik('> 
 avd fittnl 
 lades, and 
 
 itain Isaac 
 
 can nccomit In 
 See page 1*. 
 |o»; more than 
 
 «t of$3(«,-15. 
 lit wns thonpM 
 
 h she was ctwi- 
 Ithe Riity-iiiii"' 
 
 OF TU£ WAU UF 1819. 
 
 HI 
 
 Onili* of the (*!««<«<*>»»■ 
 
 She niMti • Brlttih 8qa*dron. 
 
 An ezclilng ChM* bvgnn. 
 
 Hull rcluniod from fon^ipn Hcrvipc at iibottt the time of the (Icclnnitioii of wnr, niul 
 wont into C'lu'Ha|ifiiki' Hiiy, wIuto hIk! Hhipjicd u now cn'w, tiiid on tlu; I'ith of .Inly 
 wiilt'd from Annii|»oli8 on a crniHo to the northwiird.' Hh« was out of nij^lit of land 
 on till' 17''>i f<i»'l'".U undiT I'UHy ciinvas with a lii,'lit hrcozo, when, at one o'clock in the 
 atlcriioon, slu' dcHcricd fonr vchsi'Ih northward, heading westward. At four o'clock she 
 (liHcovcrcd a fifth sail in a similar direction, which had the a|)|iearance o*'n vessel of 
 war. Hv 'hh time the other four were so near that they were distiii;4uisheil as three 
 ships and a hrig. They were in sight all the afternoon, evidently watching the Von- 
 stitii(tL>i. At iialf past six a 'oreeze sprang nj) from the southward, which brought 
 till' latter to the windward of the last discovered vessel. She was a Hritish frigate. 
 Hull ilclcnnined to hear down upon and speak to her; and, to he ready for any eniej"- 
 iieiioy, he heat to «|uarters, and prejiared his ship for action. The wind was very light, 
 and the two frigates slowly approached eacli other during the evening. At ten o'clock 
 till! Vomtitntion shortened .^ail and displayed a private signal. The lights were kejit 
 aloft for an hour without receiving an answer. At a ipiarter past eleven they wore 
 lotti'ii'd, and the (Constitution made sail again under a light breeze that prevailed all 
 niglit. .lust befo. .' dawn the stranger lacked, wore entirely round, threw up a nj"ket, 
 aiul fired two signal-guns. 
 
 In the gray of early morning three other vessels wore discovered on the starboard 
 (juarter of the Constitution, and three nu)re asteni, and at five o'clock a fourth was 
 -icen in the latter direction. The American cruiser had fallen in M'ith liroki's sipiad- 
 ron,and the vessel with which she had been manieuvring all night was the Ci'cn-iere, 
 ;)8, Captain Dacros. The squadron was just otit of gun-shot distance from the CV-h- 
 ditiition, and the latter found herself in the perilous position ol' having two frigatcb 
 on licr Ice quarter, and a sMj) of the line, two frigates, a brig, and a schooner astern. 
 Till' brig was the caj)tured Nautilus. 
 
 Now commenced one of the most remarkable naval retreats and pursuits ever re- 
 cordi'd. The Constitution was not powerful enough to fight the overwhelming force 
 liosing around her, and Hull jiercived that her Siifety depended upon celerity in 
 tliiilit, There was almost a dead calm. Her sails fl.;'>i>"d lazily, and she floated al- 
 most independently of the helm on the slowly undidating bosom of the sea. In this 
 
 mr of hie aiic. Shawns bo Btnneli b etiip that tha name nt froMuien wnn piven her. 8ho nlwayn wns favored with 
 ficellent commnnderK .iiid performed gHlliint service. Sonic years njjo tlic Navy Ueparlment concluded to brenli her 
 lip and Bell her timbers, as she was thought to be a decided "Invalid." The order had gone forth, when the execution 
 iifll was arrested by the voice of public opinion, called forth by the magic wand of a ixiet— the jmmi of Dr. Oliver ^Veu- 
 ilcll Hulmes, who wrote and pnhlished the following stirrlug protest ugaliist muMug merchandise of hei- : 
 
 "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down ! 
 
 Long has it waved on high. 
 And many an eye has danced to seo 
 
 That banne' in the sky. 
 licneath it rung the battie-shout, 
 
 And hurst the cannon's roar ; 
 The meteor of the ocean air 
 
 Shall sweep the clouds no more. 
 Her deck, once red with heroes' blood— 
 
 Where knelt the vanquished foe, 
 When winds were humming o'er the flood, 
 
 And waves were white below — 
 
 No more shall fee', the victor's tread, 
 
 Or know the conquered knee : 
 The harpies of the shore shall pinck 
 
 The eagle of the ecu ! 
 1 better thst her ihattored hnik 
 
 Should sink beneath the wave : 
 Her thunders shook the mighty deep, 
 
 And there should he her grave. 
 Nail to the mast her holy flag, 
 
 Set every threadbare sail, 
 And give her to the Ood of Storms, 
 
 The lightning and the gale !" 
 
 'OM IrmKidef" was saved, repaired, and converted into a echool-shtp. Such it her vocation now [tfiCTl. She was 
 lyini; at Annapolis in that capaci';' when the Great Rebellion broke out in ISGl. Our little sketcli exhibits her under 
 Ml Mil, ns dhe appeared there in the autumn of ls«0. When the Naval Academy was temporarily removed from An- 
 napolis t.) Newport, Rhode Island, on account of the Rebellion, the C-^uHtittion took her place at the latter ^lntion. 
 ller latest commander li the war of 1812-'t8, Rear Admiral Charles Stewart, yet [I'^OT] survives, at the age of ninety- 
 one years. He is sometimes called Old Irmuridee. His achievements In the CmiMftuHon will bo noticed hereafter. 
 
 1 The following la a list of the ofticers of the Conatihition at that time : Captain, Isaac Hull ; Ueutenatitit, Charles Mor- 
 ti», Alexander 8. Wadsworth, Bcekman V. Hoffman, George C. Read, John T. Shubrick, Charles W. Morgan ; Sailiufi- 
 wfer.John C. Alwyn; Z.iet(((<nan(ti «/ JfaWn«8, William S. Bush, .Tohn Contee; Utirg^n, Amos E. Evans; Swyton'it 
 Mala, John D. Armstrong, Donaldson Yeatcs ; Pttrwr, Thomas J. Chew ; Mul3hi],m«n, Henry Giiiiain, Thomas Beatty, 
 William D. Salter, Lewis Germain, William L. Gordon, Ambrose L. Field, Frederick Banry, Toseph Cross, Alexander 
 Better, William Taylor, Alexander Kskridge, James W. Uelancy, James Gteenleaf, Allen Oriffln, John Taylor; Coat- 
 min, Peter Adams ; Gumvr, Robert Anderson. 
 
 H 
 
 ! 
 
 » 
 
i^ 
 
 438 
 
 VICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Methous for Flight. 
 
 How the C<m»tU:Uion eluded her PiirBUorfi. 
 
 Her final Escape. 
 
 listlessness tlicre waw danger. Down wont her boats with long linos attached and 
 the sweeps wore bent in towing her with the energy of men struggling for iifo ami 
 liberty. Uj) from hor gun-dock was brought a long cighteen-pounder, and placed on 
 her spar-deck as a Htern-chaser, .vhile anothc, of the same weight of metal and for a 
 sinular purpose, ^'.is pointed oft" tlie forecastle. Out of the cabin windows, when saws 
 and aves had '.iiade them broad i.'nough, two twenty-four pounders wore run, snd ^\[ 
 the light '.annr)ii that would draw was set. She was just beginning to got under 
 her.dway, with a gentle northwest wind blowing, when exertion was stimulated by 
 the booming of the jow-guns of the Shannon. For ten minutes she sent fortii her 
 shot, but without eifect, for she was y t beyond range. Again the breeze died awav. 
 Soundings showed twenty fathoms of waLer. A hedge' might be used. All spaic 
 rope was spliced and attached to one which was carried out half a mile ahead ami 
 cast into the deep. Quickly and strongly the crew " clapped on and Malked away 
 with the shij), overrunnuig and tripping the kcdgc as she came up with the end of 
 the line."^ This was frequently repeated, and the frigate moved oft" in a manner most 
 mysterious to hor pursuers. At length they discovered the secret and adopted tiie 
 method, when the Constitution, liaving a little breeze, fired a shot at the Shannon 
 the nearest shij) astern. At nine o'clock that vessel, employing a large number of 
 men in boats and with a kedge, was gaining rapidly on the flying frigate. A conflict, 
 ui.oqual and terrible, sjcmed impending and inevitable, yet onboard the Constitution 
 the best spirit prevailed. Nearer and nearer drew the Shannon, and almost as closely 
 the Gu&riere was now pursuing on the larboard quarter of the imperiled vessel. AJl 
 hope Avas fading, when a light breeze from the south struck the Constitution and 
 brought her to windward. WiHi such consummate skill did Captain Hull take ad- 
 vantage of the wind and bear gallantly away, that the admiration of the enemy was 
 excited in the highest degree. As she came by the wind she brought the Guemtrt 
 nearly on her lee beam, when that vessel opened a fire from a broadside. The shot 
 fell short, the blessed breeze that had come like a Providence at the criticpl moment 
 died away, and the boats Avere again got out to tow by both parties. So anxioun was 
 Broke to get the Shannon near enough for action, that nearly all the boats of the 
 squadron were employed for the purpose,'^ while the men of the Constitution niadi' 
 up in spirit what they lacked in numbers. Thu-i the race continued hour after hour 
 all that day and night, the pursuers and the pursued sometunes tOAVuig, sometimes 
 kedging. 
 
 The dawn of the second day of the chase was glorious. The sun rose with un- 
 usual splendor. Not a cloud was seen in the firmament. The sea was smootli, and 
 a gentle wind was abroad, sufticient to make the murmur of ripples under the bow of 
 the vessels fall pleasantly on the ear. All of the ships were on the same tack, and 
 three of the English frigates were within long gun-shot of the Constitution on her lee 
 quarter. Tiio five frigates were clouded with canvas from their truck to their deeks. 
 Eleven sail were in sight. The scene Avas a most beautiful and exciting one. No 
 guns were fired, for the distance between the belligerents widened. Either better 
 sailing qualities or superior seamanship gave advantage to the Constitution. With 
 that ploa.sant breeze she gained on hor antagonists, and at four o'clock in the after- 
 noon she was four miles ahead of the Belvidera, tlie nearest English ship. At seven 
 heavy clouds began to brood over the sea, Avith indications of a squall. The Cointi- 
 tution prepared for it. It burst with fury — wind, lightning, and rain — but left that 
 
 1 Kcdge, or kedger, U a small anchor with «n Iron stock, nsed for keeping a vessel steady or warping it along. 
 
 a Cooper, ii., IM. 
 
 ' CopKeshall, in his Hintor;i <\f the Amtriean Privateers and letters of Marque, relates (page 12) that his friend, Captain 
 Brown, who was a prisoner ou board the Shanrum, was amuped to hear Captain Broke and his officers converse alwnt 
 the "Yankee frigate." At one period of the chni>c they werd so confident of capturing her that a prise-crew were al- 
 ready appointed to conduct her in triumph to Halifax. To all their questions abont her, as she was seen speeding be- 
 fore thetn, CnptAlo Brown bad but one answer, namely, "Oeutlemen, you will never take that trigate." 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 439 
 
 Bod of tho Chme attor the Corutitution. 
 
 The Enaac sturta on a Cruise. 
 
 She captnres the Alert. 
 
 cood frigato unhanned. The pursuers and tlie pursued lost sight of each other for 
 a vliilc in the murky vapor. In less than an hour the squall hstd passed to leeward, 
 and the Constitution, sheeted home, her main and top-gallant sails set, was flying 
 away fi'oni the enemy at the rate of eleven knots. At twilight the pursuers were in 
 sight and at near midnight they fired two guns. Away went the (Jonstitutioii before 
 the wind, and at six in the morning the topsails of the British vessel were seen from 
 the American, beginning to dip below the horizon. At a quarter past eight the Eu- 
 irjishman relinquished the pursuit, and hauled off to the northward ; and a few days 
 iirterward the British fleet separated for the purpose of cruising in dift'erent directions. 
 Thus ended a chase of sixty-four hours, chiefly oft" the New England coast, remarkabh; 
 alike for its length, closeness, and activity. It was a theme for much newspaper com- 
 ment, and a poet of the day, singing of the exploits of the Constitution, referred to this 
 a8 follows : 
 
 " 'Kenth IIiiU's command, with a tough band, 
 
 And naught be»ido to back her, 
 Upon a day, as loj^-books say, 
 
 A fleet bore down to thwack her. 
 A fleet, you know. Is odds, or so, 
 
 A^ninst a single ship, sirs ; 
 So 'cross the tide her legs she tried, 
 
 And gave the rogues the slip, sirs." 
 
 A few days after Rodgers left New York, Captain Porter sailed from that harbor 
 in the Essex, 32, from the mast-head of which fluttered a flag bearing conspicuously 
 tlie words, " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." lie captured several English mer- 
 chant vessels soon after leaving Sandy Ilook, making trophy bonfires of most of them 
 on the ocean, and their crews his prisoners. After cruising southward for some weeks 
 in disguise, capturing a prize now and then, he turned northward again, and met with 
 increased success. One night, by tlie dim light of a mist-veiled moon, he chased a 
 iieet of English transports bearing a thousand soldiers toward Halifax or the St. Law- 
 rence, convoyed by the frigate Mercury, 30, and a bomb vessel. They were sailing 
 wide, and he captured one of the transports, with one hundred and fifty men, before 
 dawn, witiiout attracting the attention of the rest of the fleet, for no guns were fired. 
 
 A few days after this," while sailing in the disguise of a merchantman, ■ August 13, 
 her gun-deck ports in, top-gallant masts housed, and sails trimmed in a ^'**'^- 
 slovenly manner, the Essex fell in with a sail to windward. Tiie stranger came bear- 
 ing down gallantly, when the Essex showed an American ensign, and kept away un- 
 der short sail, as if trying to avoid a contest. Tliis emboldened the English vessel. 
 She followed the Essex for some time, and finally running down on her weather quar- 
 ter, set her national colors, and, with three cheers from her people, oj)encd fire. She 
 was soon undeceived, and her temerity was severely punished. The ports of the 
 Essa. were knocked out in an instant, and the fire of the enemy was responded to 
 with terrible effect. The assailant was so damaged and disconcerted that the con- 
 flict was made short. It was a complete surprise. A panic seized her peoj)le, and, 
 in spite of the eftbrts of her officers, they ffed below for safety.' Scarcely eight min- 
 utes had elapsed from the firing of the first gun, when the stranger, which proved to 
 1)0 the British ship Alert, Captain T. L. P. Laugharnc, mounting twenty 18-pound car- 
 ronades and six smaller guns, struck her colors and was reported to be in a sinking 
 condition. When Lieutenant Finch, of the Essex, went on board to receive her flag, 
 lie found seven feet water in the hold. She was a stanch vessel, and had been built 
 for the coal trade. She was purchased for the British navy in 1804, and the comple- 
 ment of her crew was one hundred and thirty men and boys. She was every way in- 
 ferior to the Essex, whose armament was forty 32-pound carronades and six long 
 twelves, and her comjilement of men was three hundred and twenty-five. The cap- 
 turc of th e Alert possesses no special historical interest excepting from the fact that 
 > It Is said that some of them, after their exchange, were execated for deserting their gana. 
 
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 440 
 
 PICTORIAL riELD-BOOK 
 
 A Cartel-ship scut into Newfoundlnnd. 
 
 Tlie K»«ex cliiuieH Britiali Vennclj 
 
 she was the first British national vessel capttcred in the war. The Alert liad three 
 men wounded, while the Essex sustahied no injury whatever. 
 
 The Essex was now crowded with prisoners, and Porter became conscious of the 
 fact that they had entered into a plot to rise and take the vessel from him. Tlic 
 leaks of the Alert being stopped, and all things put in fair seaworthy condition Por- 
 ter made an arrangement with Captain Laugharne' to convert her into a cartel ship, 
 When this was accomplished, the prisoners were placed on board of her, and slie was 
 sent h'.to St. John's, Newfoundland. On her return to the United States she was fit- 
 ted up for the government sei-vice. 
 
 The Essex continued her cruise to the southward, and on the thirtieth of Ani;ust 
 just at twilight, fell in with a British frigate hi latitude 36° N. and'longitudo 02° W.2 
 Porter prepared for action, and the two vessels stood for each other. Night fell, and 
 Porter, anxious for combat, ran up a light. It was answered at the distance of about 
 four miles. The Essex sought the stranger m that direction, but in vain, and when 
 the day dawned she had disappeared. Five days afterward Porter fell in witli "two 
 ships of war to the southward and a brig to the northward — the brig in chase of an 
 American merchant ship."^ The Essex pursued, when the brig attempted to pass 
 and join the otlier two vessels. The Essex headed her, turned her course northward, 
 and continued the chase until abreast the merchantman, when, the wind being light, 
 the brig escaped by the use of her sweeps. 
 
 When the Essex showed her colors to the merchantman, the two British vessels at 
 the southward discovered them, fired signal-guns, and gave chase. At four o'clock 
 in the afternoon they were in the wake of the Essex and rapidly gaining upon her, 
 when Porter hoisted the American colors, and fired a gun to the windward, cxpectinn 
 to escape by some manoeuvre in the approaching darkness. At sunset tlie larger of 
 the two vessels was witliin five miles, and rapidly shortening the distance between 
 lier and the Essex. Poi-ter determined to heave about after dark, and, if ho could 
 not pass his ])ur8uer, give her a broadside and lay her or board. The crew were in 
 fine spirits, and when this movement was proposed to them they gave three lioartv 
 cheers. Preparations for action were immediately made. The Essex hove round and 
 bore away to the southAvest, but the night being dark and squally. Porter saw no 
 more of the enemy. Supposing himself cut off from New York and Boston by a 
 British squadron, he made for the Delaware.* 
 
 Soon after Captain Porter reached the Delaware a circumstance occurred wliicli 
 created quite a sensation in the public mind for a few days. A week after the dec- 
 laration of war a writer in a New York paper charged Captain Porter with cruellv 
 treating an English seaman on board of the Essex who refused to tight against hi- 
 countrymen, pleading, among other reasons, that if caught he would be hung as a de- 
 serter from the British navy. This story reached Sir James Lucas Yeo, conunandcr 
 of the frigate Southampton, then on the West India station. By a prisoner in liis 
 hands, who was sent home on parole, he forwarded a message to Porter which ap- 
 
 ' Thomiis Lamb Polden LaiiKliame entprert tiie Brilleh navy in 1788, at the age of twelve years. He was a most faith- 
 ftil and active officer, and advanced steadily to the poe, of commander, which he attained In 1811. He was appointed td 
 the command of the sloop Alert in Fcbrnary, 1812. His h-st appointment alioat was to the AcJiates, IS, in which hi 
 cruised lu the Chanml until November, ISIB. In 1828 he became inspecting commander in the coa8t-guard, was ad 
 vanced to post-caplain, when he retired from the service on half-pay. He is yet [18671 living. 
 
 ' The reader who may consult a modern map while studying; this account should remember that at that time tho lon- 
 gitude was calculated from the meridian of Oreenwlcli, in England. In modern American maps it is calculated fiuDi 
 Washington City, the national capital. 
 
 ' Manuscript letter of Captain Porter to the Secretary of the Navy, dated "At sea, September B, 1812." 
 
 ♦ Porter's manuscript letter, September B, 1812. That letter is before me. It contains a rough sketch of the nautical 
 movement Just described. " Conslderiujf this escape a very extraordinary one," he wrote, "I have the honor to in- 
 close you a sketch of the position of the shipN at three different periods, by which you will perceive at once the plan 
 of effecting it." According to a letter from un officer of the Sliaiinon, that frigate was the larger of the two vessels that 
 chased the ii'dsea; on that occasion, and the other vessel, Instei'd of being a " ship of war," as Porter supposed, was thf 
 PUmlfr, a recaptured West Indiaman. In the light of this fact we perceive that Porter's escape was not very "extra- 
 ordinary." The American merchantman mentioned In the text was the AftiifrtJO, ftom Cadiz. She was burnt by the 
 English on the morning succeeding the chase. 
 
OF THE WAll OF 1812. 
 
 441 
 
 yeo'8 Challenge and Porter's Acceptance. The Motto of the Kmex. The Constitution starts on another Crnlse. 
 
 peared in the following language on the 1 8tli 
 of September, 1812, in the Democratic Press, 
 printed in Philadelphia: "A passenger of the 
 hrig Lyon, i'rom Havana to New York, cap- 
 tured by the frigate iSotithampton, Sir James 
 Yeo commander, is requested by Sir James 
 Yeo to present his compliments to Captain 
 Porter, commander of the American frigate 
 Essex — would be glad to have a tete-d-tSte any 
 Avhere between the Capes of Delaware and the 
 Havana, where he would have the pleasure 
 to break his own sword over his damned head, 
 and put him down forward in irons," 
 
 To this indecorous challenge Captain Porter 
 replied as follows on the same day : "Captain 
 Porter, of the United States frigate E;<sex, 
 presents his compliments to Sir James Yeo, 
 commanding H. B. M.'8 frigate Southampton, 
 and accepts with pleasure his polite invita- 
 tion. If agreeable to Sir James, Cai)tain Porter 
 would prefer meeting near the Delaware, where 
 Captain P. pledges his honor to Sir James that 
 no other American vessel shall interrupt their 
 tete-d-tete. The Essex may be known by a flag 
 bearing the motto Fkee Tkade and Sailoks' 
 Rights, and when that is struck to the Sortth- 
 ««?/)(!«« Captain P. will deserve the treatment 
 promised by Sir James.' Here the matter 
 ended. The coveted tete-d-tSte never occur- 
 red. 
 
 The Constitution did not long continue idle 
 after her escape from Broke's squadron. She 
 remained a short time in Boston to recuperate, 
 and on the '2d of August sailed eastN72''d in 
 hope of falling in with some one of the En- 
 glish vessels of Avar supposed to be hovering 
 along the coast from Nantucket to Halifax. 
 Hull,^ licr conmiander, was specially anxious 
 
 ■ The orii^iiml of Porter's acceptance is in the poeeession of 
 Doctor Leonard D. Koeclier, of Philadelphia, who liludly allowed 
 rac to make from it the /iK-«imifc of the paKigraph given in the 
 text. 
 
 ' Isaac nnll wan horn at Derby, Connecticut, in 17T6. He first 
 entered the merchant service, and in ITflS became a fourth lieu- 
 tenant in the infant navy of the United States, under Commodore 
 Nicholson. In ISOfl he was promoted to first lieutenant under 
 Commodore Tiilhot. In 1804 he commanded the brig Argwi, and 
 distinguished himself at the stormini; of Tripoli and the reduc- 
 tion of Derne. He Avns made captain in tSW, and was in com- 
 maud of the Conntitvtion when the war broke out. Of his achieve- 
 ments in her the text fiimislies a detailed account. Commodore 
 Hull served in the American navy, afloat and ashore, with the 
 rank of captain, thirty-seven years. He commanded in the Med- 
 iterranean and Pacific, and had charge of the navy yards at Bos- 
 ton and Washington. He was a member ol^thc Naval Board for 
 
 treral years. Commodore Hull died at hl» residence in Philadilphia on the ftth of Febrnary, lS4il. His remains rest 
 in I/itml Hill Cemeterii, and over them is a beautiful altar-tomb of Italian marble, nmde by ilohn Stnithcrs and Sons. 
 ll is a copy of the tomb of Sdpio Barbato at Home, chastely ornnmeuted, and surmouutei'. by an American eagle In 
 
 II 1 
 
■■ i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ■" 1 
 
 
 
 
 442 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Churriere. 
 
 The CmuititutioH off the Eastern Coast. 
 
 She chaHes a strange Veiiei 
 
 to full in with that famous frigate before 
 whom he had been compelled to fly wlipp 
 she was part of a squadron, and of whom 
 it had been said, 
 
 " Long the tyrant of onr const 
 
 Retgned the famous Gtierriere; 
 Our little 'lavy she defled, 
 
 Public ship and privateer: 
 On her sails, in letters red, 
 
 To our captains were displayed 
 Words of warning, words of dread : 
 
 'All who meet me have a cure ! 
 
 I am England's Ouerriere.' "' 
 
 The commander of the Gtierriere Iiad 
 boastfully enjoined the Americans to re- 
 member that site was not tho Little Jklt- 
 and this offensive form of menace in- 
 creased Hull's desire to meet her and 
 measure strength Avith her. 
 
 The Constitution ran not fivr from the 
 shore down to tliQ Bay of Fundy with- 
 out meeting a single armed vessel. She 
 then bore away southward off Cape Sable, 
 and eastward to the region of Halifax 
 but with a like result. Hull now determ- 
 ined to cruise eastward of Nova Scotia 
 to thcGulf of St. Lawrence, with the hope of interrupting vessels making their wayto 
 Halifax or Quebec. In this new field he made some winnings, but the promise of 
 much harvest Avas too small to detain him. He turned his prow southward, and on 
 the nineteenth, at two o'clock in the afternoon, in latitude 41° 40', and longitude 55- 
 48 V l''*^ heart was gladdened by the discovery of a sail from his mast-head, too re- 
 mote, however, for her character to be determined. 
 
 The Constitution immediately gave cnase to the stranger, and at half jiast tliieo 
 o'clock it was discovered that she was a frigate, and doubtless an enemy. Hull let 
 his ship run free until within a league of the stranger to leeward, when he began tw 
 shorten sail and deliberately prepare for action. The stranger at once showed si!fn^ 
 of willingness for a fight. Hull cleared his ship, beat to (piarters, hoisted the Amer- 
 ican colors, and bore down gallantly on the enemy, with the intention of bringiiii; 
 her into close combat immediately. 
 
 ftill relief, in the attitude of defending the no- 
 tional fla;,', on which it stands There is n can- 
 non-hnll under the flag, on which rests one of 
 the eagle's talons. Upon the soiith side of the 
 tomb is the name oJIsaac IIpi.i.. On the north 
 side is the following inscription, written by his 
 friend Horace Blnney, Esq. : " Feubuary ix., 
 MiKci-xi.m. In afTectlonate devotion to the 
 I)rivnlc virtues of Isaac Ilri.i,, his widow has 
 erected this monument." The above likeness 
 of Hull is from an engraving by Edwin, from a 
 painting by Stewart. 
 
 ' A feminine warrior— an Amazon. The ffucr- 
 rierc was originally a French ship, and was cap- 
 tured on the 19th of July, tS06, by the British 
 ship Blanche, Captain Lavic. She was built at 
 L'Orieut upon a sudden emergency, and her 
 timbers, not having been well seasoned, were in 
 a somewhat decaying state ut this time, it Is 
 said. 
 
 a See page 1«4. 
 
 ' S«e note i, page 440. 
 
 uull'h MOMUUKM'. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 44t8 
 
 l^Querriere llres on the Comlitution. 
 
 Hull's CoolnesB, 
 
 Terrible ReHpoiisc uf the ConDtitutimi. 
 
 " ' Clear ship for action !' sonnda the boatswain's call ; 
 'Clear ship for action !' hU three uilmica bawl. 
 Swift round the decks see war's dread weapons barled, 
 And lloatlnjj ruins strew the watery world. 
 'All hands to quarters 1' fore and aft resounds, 
 Thrills from the fife, and from the drum-head bounds ; 
 From crowded hatchways scores on scores arise, 
 Spring up the shrouds, and vauU Into the ekies. 
 Firm at his quarters each bold gunner stands. 
 The death-fraught lightning flashing t^om his hands." 
 
 Comprelicnding Hull's movement, the Englishman hoisted three national ensigns/ 
 fired 11 broadside of grape-shot, filled away, and gave another hroadsidc on the other 
 tack but without eftect. The missiles all fell short. The stranger continued to ma- 
 lucuvre for about three quarters of an hour, endeavoring. to get in a position to rak? 
 and prevent being raked, when, disappointed, she bore up and ran unde topsails and 
 jib, witii the whid on the quarter. The Constitution, following closely, yawed occa- 
 sionally to rake and avoid being raked, and firing only a few guns as they bore, as 
 she did not wish to engage in a serious conflict until they were close to each other. 
 
 It was now about six in the evening. These indications or: the part of the enemy 
 to eii<'a<'e in a fair yard-arm and yard-arm fight caused the Constittition to press all 
 sail to <^et alongside of the foe. At a little after six the bows of the American be- 
 cran to double the quarter of the Englishman. Hull had been walkhig the quarter- 
 iloek keenly watching every movement. Ho was quite fat, and wore very tight 
 l)rceches. As the shot of the Guerriere began to tell upon the Constitution, the gal- 
 lant Lieutenant .Morris, Hull's second in command, came to the captain and asked 
 nennissiou to open fire. " Not yet," quietly responded Hull. Nearer and nearer the 
 vessels drew toward each other, and the request was repeated. " Not yet," said Hull 
 as;aiii, very quietly. When the Constitution reached the point we have just men- 
 tioned, Hull, filled with sudden and intense excitement, bent himself twice to the 
 deck, and then shouted, " Now, boys, pour it into them !" The command was in- 
 stantlv obeyed. The Constitution opened her forward guns, which were double shot- 
 ted with round and grape, with terrible eftect. When the smoke that followed the 
 lesnlt of that order cleared away, it was discovered that the commander, in his ener- 
 iietie movements, had split his tight breeches from waistband to knee, but he did not 
 stop to change them during the action.'^ 
 
 The concussion of Hull's broadside was tremendous. It cast those in the cockpit 
 of the enemy from one side of the room to the other, and, before they could adjust 
 themselves, the blood came streaming from above, and numbers, dreadfully mutilated, 
 were handed down to the surgeons. The enemy at the same time was pouring heavy 
 metal into the Constitution. They were only half pistol-shot from each other, and 
 the destruction was terrible. Within fifteen minutes after the contest commenced 
 the stranger's mizzen-mast was shot away, her main yard was in slings, and her hull, 
 spars, sails, and rigging were torn in pieces. The English vessel brought up in the 
 wind as her mizzen-mast gave way, when the Constitution passed slowly ahead, poured 
 in a tremendous fire as her guns bore, luffed short round the bows of hor autago;:"st 
 to pvrivont being raked, and fell foul of her foe, her bowsprit running into the larboard 
 quarter oi' the stranger. In this situation the cabin of the Constitution was set on 
 tire by the explosion of the forward guns of her enemy, but the flames were soon ex- 
 liiiguishod. 
 
 Bntli parties now attempted to board. Tlie roar of great guns was terrible, and 
 
 ' Thin is alluded to In an old song called " Halifax Station," written and very extensively sung soon after the event 
 commemorated occurred : 
 
 "Then up to each mast-head he straight sent a flag. 
 Which shows on the ocean a proud British brag; 
 But Hull, being pleasant, he sent \\\\ but one. 
 And told every seaman to stand true to bin gun." 
 ! Statement of Lieutenant B. Y. Hofltean. 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 m 
 
ilif^ 
 
 444 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Attempts St Boarding. 
 
 The Uuerrkre BOddenly made a Wreck. 
 
 Dacres unrrenders to Hon. 
 
 the fierce volleys of musketry on both sides, together with the heavy sea that wa 
 nimiiiig, made that movement impossible. The English piped all hands from below 
 and mounted thorn on the forward deck for the purpose; and Lieutenant Morris 
 Alwyn, the master, and Lieutenant Bush, of the Marines, sprang upon the taftVail ot' 
 the Constitution to lead their men to the same Avork. Morris was severely but not 
 fatally shot through the body; Alwyn was wounded in the shoulder; and a bullet 
 through his brain brought Bush dead to the deck. Just then the sails of the Comtl 
 tution were filled, and as she shot ahead and clear of her antagonist, whose fore-mast 
 had been severely woundi'd, that spar fell, carrying with it the main-mast, and leav- 
 ing the hapless vessel a shivering, shom, and helpless wreck, rolling like a log in tLe 
 trough of the sea, entirely at the mercy of the billows, 
 
 " Quick as lightulng, :\ \ U\U\\ as its dn^adcd power, 
 Destruction and ih iih on the Quiirnn: did shower, 
 AVhile the groans ■ the dying won- lieaid on the bhist. 
 The word was, 'Tmki' aim, hoys, away with tlic mast !' 
 The genius of Britain will long rue the day. 
 The Guerriere 'e a wreck in the trough of the sea ; 
 Her laurels are withered, her boasting is done ; 
 Submissive, to leeward she Arcs her last pun."— Old Sono. 
 
 The Constitution hauled off a short distance, secured her own masts, rove new rin- 
 ging, and at sunset wore round and took a favorable position for rakinj the wreck, 
 
 A jack that had been kept flying on the 
 stump of the enemy's mizzen-mast was 
 now lowered, and the late Commodore 
 George C. Read, then a third lieutenant, 
 was sent on board of the prize. She was 
 found to be the Giiemere, 38, Captain 
 James Richards Dacres, one of tlie vessels 
 which had so lately been engaged in tin 
 memorable chase of her present coiHiuer- 
 or, and which Hull was anxious to meet, 
 The lieutenant asked for the coinmander 
 of the prize, when Captain Dacres a]i- 
 pcared. "Commodore Hull's compli- 
 ments," said Read, " and wishes to know 
 if you have struck your flag ?" Captain 
 Dacres, looking up and down, coolly and 
 dryly remarked, "Well, I don't know; 
 our mizzen-mast is gone, our main-mast is 
 gone, and, upon the whole, you may fay 
 we have struck our flag." Read then said, 
 " Commodore Hull's compliments, and wishes to know whether you need the asijist- 
 ance of a surgeon or surgeon's mate V" Dacres replied, " Well, I should sup])ose you 
 had on board your own ship business enough for all your medical ofiicers." liead 
 replied, " Oh no ; we have only seven wounded, and they were dressed half an hour 
 
 JAJIE8 BIOUAItn DAOBEB. 
 
 aero. 
 
 "1 
 
 ' Statement of Captain William B. Ornc, in the New York Ereninri Post. He commai.ded the American brig Helm, 
 and when returning from Nai>leB in the summer of 1812, she was captured by ttic Guerriere. Captain Orne was a pris- 
 oner on board of her at the time of the action, and was treated by Captain Dacres with the greatest courti'sy. Wlion 
 that commander's Interview with Read was concluded, he turned to Orne and said, "How have our siluulious beeo 
 changed ! You are now free, and I am a prisoner." 
 
 James Hl<'hard Dacres was a son of Vice Admiral J. R. Dacres, who was in command of the British schooner Carlitm, 
 on Lake Champlain, in the flght with .Arnold's flotilla In ]77(i. Young Dacres entered the royal navy in ITOli, on board 
 the Sceptre, M, ccmimanded by his father. His first service was against the French, In which he exhibited excolleut 
 qualities. He was promoted to the command of the sloop Elk In 1805, and the next year was transferred lo the Barehantf, 
 24, He was appointed to the eommami of the Guerriere in March, ISll. She then carried 48 guns, and was called "a 
 worn-out frigate." See O'Byrne's S'aval Binqrajihi. He was wounded In the action with the Conatitutiim. We was 
 unanimously acquitted by the court-martial at nalifax that tried him for surrendering bis ship. He commanded tlir 
 
 M ■: 
 
 iiiMii 
 
ill 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 445 
 
 ,0 luei't. 
 miiuulor 
 
 !rCS !l]l- 
 
 coiniili- 
 to know 
 ICaptiiiii 
 
 11 y aiHl 
 know ; 
 
 i-niast is 
 Inay m 
 
 lieu 
 
 saiil. 
 
 le assist- 
 liosc vmi 
 
 an 
 
 hour 
 
 m- 
 
 I a prii'- 
 
 When 
 
 latiohs beou 
 
 • Carkim, 
 
 , on lioiiril 
 
 I'll cxcplleiit 
 
 ( Haeehmit, 
 
 |i8 called " a 
 
 1. lie waF 
 
 nandeil the 
 
 Bffect of the News of the Victory. 
 
 null'a Reception iu Bolton. 
 
 DMtrnctlon of the OuerHere . 
 
 The Constitution kept near her prize all night. At two in the morning a strange 
 jl yfj^s seen closing upon them, when she cleared for action, but an hour later the 
 intruiler stood off and disappeared. At dawn the otticor in charge of the Guerriere 
 liailed to say that she had four feet water in her hold and was in danger of sinking. 
 Hull immediately sent all his boats to bring off the prisoners and their effects.' That 
 duty was accomplished by noon, and at three o'clock the prize crew was recalled. 
 The Gnerriere WHS too much damaged to be saved; so she wan seu on tire, and fifteen 
 minutes afterward she blew up, scattering widely upon the subsiding billows all that 
 was left of the boastful cruiser that was " not the iittle Jielt."^ 
 
 " leauc did so maul and rake her, 
 That the decks of Captain Dacre 
 Were iu Biicli a woful pickle 
 As if Death, with scytlie and sickle, 
 With his Hilug or with his shafl. 
 Had cut his harvest fore and nft. 
 Thus, in thirty minutes, ended 
 Miscliiefs that could not be mended; 
 Masts, and yards, and ship descended 
 All to David Jones's locker- 
 Such a ship, in such a pucker 1"— Old Sonq. 
 
 Tlie Constitution arrived at Boston on the 30th of August, and on that day Cap- 
 tain Hull wrote his official dispatch to the Secretary of War, dated " U. S. frigate 
 Constitution, off Boston Light." He was the first to announce to his countrymen 
 the intelligence of his own victory. That intelligence was received with the most 
 lively demonstrations of joy in every part of the repidilic, and dispelled for a mo- 
 ment the gloom occasioned by the recent disasters at Detroit in the surrender of 
 (ioiieral Hull. When the Constitution appeared in Boston Hai'bor, she was surround- 
 ed by a flotilla of gayly-decorated small boats, and the hundreds of people who filled 
 tlicni made the air tremble with their loud huzzas. At the wharf where he landed 
 \w was received Avith a national salute by an artillery company, which was returned 
 hv the Constitution. An imniense assemblage of citizens were there to greet him 
 ami escort him to quarters prepared for him in the city, and th^ whole town was 
 tilled with tumultuous joy. Tlie streets through which the triumphal procession 
 passed were decorated with flags and banners. From, almost every window ladies 
 waved their white handkerchiefs, and from the crowded side-pavements shout after 
 shout of the citizens greeted the hero. Men of all ranks hastened to pay homage to 
 the conqueror. A splendid public entertainment was given him and his officers by 
 the inhabitants of Boston, and almost six hundred citizens, of both political parties, 
 sat down to the banquet in token of their appreciation of the gallant commander's 
 
 Tihtr from 1814 to 1818. He continued in service afloat. In 1838 he attained flag rank, answering to onr commodore, 
 and Iu 1845 was appointed commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, his flag-ship being tlic I^esident, N). Vice 
 Admiral Dacres died in England, at an advanced age, on the 4th of December, 1S53. The preceding likeness of Captain 
 Dacre» (Vice Admiral of the Red) is from a prin. published in London in October, 1831. 
 
 1 "I feel it my duty to state that the conduct of Captain Hull and his oflicers to our men has been that of a brave 
 ciicmy, the greatest care being taken to prevent onr men losing the smallest trifle, and the greatest attention being 
 piud to the wonndcd."— Captain Dacres's Report to Vice Admiral Sawyer, September 7, 1S12. 
 
 i Three day? before the action between the Comtitution and Guerriere, the JohnAininit, Captain Fash, fVom Liverpool, 
 was spokeu by the English frigate. Upon Fash's register, which he deposited at the New York Custom-house, the fol- 
 lowinc lines were found written : 
 
 "Captain Dacrcs', cinnmander of his Rritannic majesty's frigate Guerriere, of 44 gnus, presents his complimentu to 
 lommudore Rodgers, of the United States frigate I^eaidcnt, and will be very happy to meet him, or any other American 
 friu'aleofcqnal force to the Premdmt, ofl" Sandy Hook, for the purpose of having a few minutes' tete-ij-t'te." 
 To this fact a poet of the day, an American gentleman then living at St. Bartholomew's, thus alluded : 
 
 "This Briton oft bad made bis boast 
 He'd with his tcw, a chosen host. 
 Pour fell de' truction round our coast, 
 
 An-l work a revolution ; 
 Urged by his pride, a challenge sent 
 Bold llodgers, in the Pregident, 
 Wishing to meet 
 Him fteir-t'te. 
 Or one his eqnal from our fleet — 
 Such was the Conxtitution." 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■X i - 
 
 5; 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
fiiili 
 
 446! 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-nOOK 
 
 Tribute! of Honor by CItizeuH and Public Bo,Iie8. 
 
 Congress presentg Hull with a Gold Medal 
 
 services.' The citizens of New York raised money for the purchase of swords to be 
 j)resei!ted to Captain Hull and his officers; and the Corporation offered the ijallani 
 •December 28, victor thc freedom of the city in a gold box," with an appropriate in. 
 ^^^'^- scription.^ Hull was also recpiested by the same Corporation to sit for 
 
 his portrait, to be hung in the pict'ire-gallery cf the City Hall.^ In l*liihvdeli)liia tlic 
 citizens, at a general meeting, resolved to present to Captain Hull "a piece ofpliit,, 
 of the most elegant workmanship, with appropriate emblems, devices, and insciii,. 
 tions," and that " a like piece of plate be presented to Lieutenant Morris, in the nanu. 
 
 ' A stirring ode was sung at tlie table. It was written for the occasion by the late L. M. Sargent, Esq., then an emi- 
 nent and highly estecme jfcitiiicii of Boston. The victory of Hull, so complete, and obtained over a foe so nearly eqnal 
 ill streugtli, gave promise of futnre successes on the ocean, and Inspired the most doubtiug heart with hope. Tliie liope 
 was expressed iu the following closing stanza of Mr. Sargent's ode : 
 
 " Hence be our floating bulwarks 
 Those oaks our niountalus yield ; 
 'Tis mighty Heaven's plain decree- 
 Then take the watery field I 
 ^ To ocean's farthest barriers, then. 
 Tour whitening sails shall pour; 
 Safe they'll ride o'er the tide 
 
 While Columbia's thunders roar ; 
 While her cannon's fire is flashing fast, 
 And her Yankee thunders roar." 
 » This Is a merely complimentary act, by which a person, for gallant or useful services. Is honored with the nominal 
 right to all the priviieger and immunities of a citizen by the government of a city. When Andrew Hamilton, of Plilla- 
 deli)liia, nobly defended thc liberty of the press, and procured the acquittal of John Peter Zcnger, o'NewYork printer, 
 who was accused of libel by thc governor In 1735, the Corporation of New York presented that able lawyer the freedom 
 of thc city in a gold box for his noble advocacy of popular rights. When Washington Irving returned to New Yurk, 
 after twenty years' absence in Europe, the freedom of the city was given to him as a compliment for his distinctlou as 
 an American author when snccessftil ones were rare. 
 
 Thc ceremony of presentation to Captain Hull took place In the Common Council Chamber of the City Hall. A com- 
 mittee, consisting of Aldermen Fish and Mesier, and General Morton, introduced Hull to the Common Council, when 
 He Witt Clinton, the mayor, arose and addressed him. He then presented him with the diploma, elegantly executed in 
 vellum,* and a richly-emDossed gold box, with a representation of the batt'c between the ConatiUUion and Guerrim 
 paintecl In enamel. Hull responded In a few low and modest words, after ■which the mayor administered to him Ihe 
 freeman's oath. 
 
 ' In that gallery hang thc portraits of the successive governors of the State of New York. On that account it is known 
 as the Governors' Room. 
 
 * On one side of thiii medal, represented of the exact size of the original In the above engraving, is seen thc likenew 
 of Captain Hull in profile, w'th the legend isaocb hci.i. pkbitos arte superat jrn.. mkoooxii. amo. oeuta.mine fortw. 
 This legend (and date) seems to refer to thc skill of Hull in escaping fVom the British fleet the previous month, for it 
 asserts that his stratagem overmatched the experienced English. On thc reverse of the medal is seen a naval ciii;Bge- 
 ment. In which the Guerriere Is represented as receiving the deadly shots that cut away her mizzen-mast. The le(;encl 
 Is uon/K MOMENTo vioTonrA, and the exergue intkh oonbt. nav. ameb et oiier. ^Av. anqi,. — the abbreviation of word» 
 Indicating action " between the American ship Constitution and the English ship Ouerriere." 
 
 ' The form of words In which this Instrument Is expressed will be found in aiiother part of this work, where an ac- 
 connt Is given of a similar honor conferred on General Jacob Brown. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 447 
 
 
 Eiitlmate8 ot Its Importance. 
 
 Kcmurki of the Uiudun Titna. 
 
 nil. Awm- 
 )iincil, when 
 executed in 
 1(1 Gntrrim 
 to him Ihi' 
 
 tit la known 
 
 the likciiw 
 
 IINR KOBTKH. 
 
 nonlh, tor it 
 ivnl cni;agi'- 
 The lojicnil 
 lonofwordi 
 
 Effect of the Victory on the Brl tl»h. 
 
 tribiitcd as prize-money amonj» the officers and crew of the victor, whose example 
 was " liighly honorable to the American character and instructive to our rising 
 
 It is difficult to comprohond at this time the feehng which tliis victory of thi 
 Amoricans created on botii sides of the Atlantic. The Hritish, as we have observdl. 
 looked with contcmj)t upon the American navy, while the vVmericans looked upon thai 
 of England with dread. The naval flag of England had seldnin been lowered to an 
 enemy during the lapse of a century, and the people had come to believe her" woodei 
 walls" to be iinpregnablc. Djicres himself, though less a boaster than most of his 
 coiintrynien in command, had similar faith. He believed that an easy victory awaited 
 him Avhenevcr he should l)e so fortunate as to meet any American vessel ii conflict; 
 ,111(1 he constantly e.Kpressed a desire to show how quickly he would make the "striped 
 Imntiii"'" trail in his presence. Very great, then, was the disaiipointment of the com- 
 mamler of the Guerriere, the service, and the British people, when Hull's victory was 
 sct'omplished. The Americans, on the other hand, as we have observed, had little 
 lonfidcnce in the power of their navy, and a( that time they were cast down by the 
 heavy blow to their hopes in the misfortunes of the Army of the Northwest at 
 Detroit. This victory, therefore, so unex])ected and so complete, was like the sudden 
 hiirstiiiij forth of the morning sun, without |)receding twilight, after a night of tem- 
 l)oat, and the joy of the whole people Avas unbounded. It was natural for them to 
 indulije in many extravagances, yet these were only the mere demonstrative evidences 
 iif a new-boni faith that had taken hold of the American mind. This victory was, 
 therefore, of immense importance, inasmuch as it gave the Amoricans confidence, and 
 (liiipelled the idea of the absolute omnipotence of the liritish navy. Its momentous 
 hearing upon the future of the war was at once perceived by statesmen and publicists 
 on both sides, and zealous discussions at once arose concerning the relative strength, 
 and force, and armament of the two vessels, and the comparative merits of the two 
 commanders as exhibited in their conduct before sind during the action. 
 
 There was a tendency on the part of the Americans to overestimate the importance 
 (if the victory and the powers of their seamen, and there was an equal tendency of 
 the organs of British opinion to underestimate it, and to detract from the merits of 
 the conqueror by disparaging the strength and condition of the Guerriere. The very 
 writers who had spoken of the Constitution as "a bundle of pine-boards" now called 
 hir one of the stanchest vessels afloat ; and the G^ieiriere, which they liad praised 
 US a frigate worthy of the exhibition of British valor when she was captured from 
 llie French, and able to drive " the insolent striped bunting from the seas," was now 
 spoken of as "an old worn-out frigate," with damaged n.asts, a reduced complement, 
 and "in absolute need of thorough refit," for which "she Avas then on her way to Hal- 
 ifax," Yet the London Timcs,ihGn, as now, the leading journal in England, and then, 
 ,is now, the bitter enemy of the United States, and implacable foe of every supposed 
 rival or competitor of England, was compelled, in deep mortification, to view the 
 affiiir as a severe blow struck at Britain's boasted supremacy of the seas. "We have 
 been accused of sentiments unworthy of Englishmen," it said, "because we described 
 what we saw .and felt on the occasion of the capture of the Guerriere. We witnessed 
 the gloom which that event cast over high and hononible minds ; we participated in 
 the vexation and regret ; and it is the first time we have ever heard that the strikim/ 
 of the Enylishflag on the high seas to any thing like an equal force should be regard- 
 ed hy Englishmen with complacency and satisfaction It is not merely that an 
 
 English frigate has been taken, afler, what we are free to confess, may be called a 
 brave resistance, but that it has been taken by a new ei^emy, an enemy unaccustomed 
 to mch triumphs, a,nd likely to be rendered insolent and confident by them. He must 
 
 ?hcre an w- 
 
 ' Besolutions of the Honso of Repreeentativea, November 5, 1S12. 
 
JLUMM 
 
 '■i , 
 
 448 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Hurprlw and Chtgrln uftbe British. 
 
 The Iwo VeDHelii compared. 
 
 Coinmoduro Hull's Ueneroittt. 
 
 be a woak politician who doos not wv liow iiiij)oitaiit tlic firnt triumph in in t;iviii(» a 
 toni' an<l oiiaractt'r to tho war. Never before in the hitttonj of the world did mi E,,. 
 (/VmIi frUjale strike to an American ^ and tlioiif^h wo can iinf say tliat Captain DacroH 
 under all circumstances, is punishable for this act, yet w<! do say that there arc com- 
 manders in the English nAvy who would a thousand times rather have jrone down 
 with their colors flyintf than have set their brother-officers so fatal an exainiiio," 
 William James, (me of the most bitterly partisan and unscrupulous historians of tb 
 war, was constrained lo say, "There is no (piestion that our vanity received a wouml 
 iu the loss of tho (i iierriere. Hut, poiun int as were the national feelings, lellcotinor 
 men hailed the 10th ol August, 1812, as the commencement of an era of renovation to 
 the navy of England."' 
 
 The advantage in the action, in guns, men, and stanchness, was undoubtedly on 
 tho side of the ConslitutioTi, y^'i not so much as (o make tho contest really an uncciual 
 oji'.«. The V'ssels rated respectively 44 and !JH, while the Constitution actuallv car- 
 ried in the action 50, and the Guerriere 49. The latter was pierced for !H and car- 
 ried 50 when she was captured fi n the French.^ Her gun-deck metal \* ;ih liirhter 
 than that of the Constitution, but ilie rest of her armament was the same. Notwith- 
 standing this disparity, the weight of the respective broadsides, according to the 
 most authentic account, could not have varied very materially.^ The crew of the 
 Constitution greatly (iiitnumbered lliat of the Guerriere, being 408 against 2.5;). Tiiat 
 of the latter hud a great advantage in experience and discipline; for they Inul hcwi 
 long in naval service, Avhile the crew of the Constitution was newly shipped for this 
 cruise, ami mostly from, the merchant service. 
 
 According to tho official report of Captain Hull, the action lasted thirty minute? 
 while Dacres said its duration was two hours and twelve minutes. This d^^cI•cpallcv 
 may be reconciled by the consideration that the British commander probably counted 
 from the time when the Guerriere fired her first gun, which the Constitution did not 
 respond to, and the American commander computed from the moment when he poured 
 in his first broadside. Tho Guerriere was maile a wreck — the Co7istitution was se- 
 verely Avouniled in spars and rigging. The American loss was seven killed and seven 
 wounded. The British loss was fifteen killed, forty-four wounded, and twenty-four 
 (including two officers) missing. Dacres was severely wounded in the back. 
 
 At that time there were more captains in the navy than vessels for them to com- 
 mand ; and Captain Hull, with noble generosity and rare contentment with the laurels 
 already won, gave up the command of his frigate for the sole pur[)ose of giving otii- 
 era a chance to distinguish themselves. Captain Bainbridge, one of the oldest offi( rs 
 in the service, and then in command of the Constellation, 38, which was fitting out for 
 sea at Washington, was a])pointed Hull's successor. He was made a fiag officer, a;.d 
 the Essex, 32, and Hornet, 28, was placed under his command. He hoisted his broad 
 pennant on board the Constitution, and sailed from Boston on a cruise on the l.itli ot 
 Septembc I-. Captain Charles Stewart was assigned to the command of the CunMella- 
 tion / and not long afterward, Lieutenant Morris, Hull's second in command, who was 
 severely wounded when gallantly attempting to lead a boarding-))arty to the decks 
 of the Guerriere, was promoted to captain. Of Bainbridge's cruise I shall write pres- 
 ently. Let us now consider a most gallant exploit of the Wasp, an inferior member 
 of the United States Navy. 
 
 The sloop-of-war Wasp, 18, was considered one of the finest and fastest sailers of her 
 class. She was built immediately after the close of the war with Tripoli, and was thor- 
 
 / 
 
 %m : 
 
 
 
 J-. ( »l C«»f J , ..t. 
 
 i::.. 
 
 
 :li J 
 
 i¥ 
 
 ' IfavcU Oemnenees, page 110. 
 
 » Captniii Lavie's Letter to Lord Keith, July 2fi, 1800. "Le GtierrUre," he snid, "Is of the largest class of frigate!, 
 mounting fifty guns, with a coniplcmciit of 317 men." 
 
 ' By actual weighing of the balls of hoth ships by an officer of the ConaUtution, it was found that the American 24V 
 were only three pounds heavier tliiiii the English IS's on that occasion, and that Ibere was nearly the same difference 
 iu favor of the latter's 3'2's.— Cooper's yawl History, etc., 11., 173, Note *. 
 
OK TUE WAU OF 1818. 
 
 440 
 
 i.niwofihorfflfl*. 
 
 8bo ancoiinten a J«l«. 
 
 ChMCi • V* 
 
 CapUln JonM. 
 
 to eom- 
 
 hiiivcls 
 [iiiii (itli- 
 
 oHir rs 
 
 out for 
 icer, ar.il 
 lis \)roail 
 
 15th of 
 ;omtdk- 
 Iwlio was 
 
 lie decks 
 
 j-ite pvpf- 
 
 meiutoi' 
 
 H-sofliPi' 
 k'as thov- 
 
 I of frigates 
 
 ncrican 24'* 
 le difference 
 
 :i\v 
 liav 
 
 orouglily inannofl and cquijipod. Sho mount- 
 fd sixtwn 32-|K)und oarroiittdi's and two long 
 ri's, and also carried, usually, two small braHB 
 iiuinoii in licr tops, llor officers were always 
 proud of her, as an adiniraldc specimen of 
 their country's naval architecture. At the 
 kindling of the war she was on tlie European 
 coast, the only govcnunent vessel, excepting 
 the Cons(Uutio?i, then abroad ; and at the time 
 of the declaration of hostilities by the Ameri- 
 can t'ongress,fihe w as on lier way home as bear- 
 er of dispatches from the dii)lomatic represent- 
 atives of the United States in Europe. Ilcr 
 commander was Captain Jacob Jones, a brave 
 officer, in wliosc veins ran much pure, indom- 
 itable Welsh blood.' 
 
 On the thirteenth of October, 1812, the 
 Wdup left the Delaware on a cruise, with a 
 full complement of men, about omi hundn'd 
 and thirty-five in number. She ran oft'soutli- 
 eastcrly to clear the coast and strike the 
 tracks of vessels tlial might be steering north 
 for the West Indies, and on the sixteenth encountered a heavy gale, which carried 
 ray Iior jib-boom, and with it two of her crew. The storm abated on the following 
 ,v;' and towani midnight, when in latitude thirty -seven north, and •October is, 
 liiistitudc sixty-fivo west, his watch discovered several sail, two of them ^*"" 
 
 iiipparing to be large vessels. Ignorant of tlw true character of the str.ar.gers, Cap- 
 tain Jones thouglit it prudent to keep at a resiicctful distance until the morning liglit 
 >li(nil(l give him better information. All night the Waxp kept a course j)arallcl with 
 tliat of the stranger vessels. At dawn she gave chase, and it was soon discovered 
 ;|i,if the strangers were a flci't of armed merchant vessels under the protection of 
 the liiitish sloop-of-war Prolic, mounting sixteen thirty-two-pound carronadcs, two 
 lull' six-pounders, and two twelve-pound carronadcs on her forecastle. She was 
 iiianncfl with a crew of one hundred and eight persons, nnder Cai)tain Thomas 
 Wliiiiyates,^ who had been her commander for more than five years. She was con- 
 
 1 Jarob Jones was born lu the year 177(1, near the village of Smjriia, Kent Connty, Delaware. His father was a farm- 
 er, and ihe maiden game of his mother was likewise Jones. Ho received a good academic cdncatlon, and at the age 
 oteit'btecn years commenced the study of medicine and snrgery. He began the practice of his profc-'ishm at Dover, In 
 hi! native state, but did not jjiirsue it loni;. He fonnd the fleUl well occni)icd, and, being active and ambitions, resolved 
 M abandon his profession for one more hierative. He received the appointment of clerltof the Sni)rcme Conrt for Kent 
 lonnly. Of this business he became wearied, and entered the service of his coniitry as n midshipman in the year 170!>. 
 He made his first cruise nnder Commodore Harry, and was on board the frigate United Stntfs when she bore Ellsworth 
 »n4 Uavlc to France as envoys extraordinary of the V'nited Slates to the government of that country. He was promot- 
 tii 10 lieutenant lu February, 18(11. When the war with Tripoli broke out he sailed lu the Phi'adelphia under Baln- 
 Ijrldi'P. and after the disaster that befell that vessel ho was twenty months a ca))tlve among the scml-barbarlans of 
 Sottlicni Africa. He was commissioned master commandant In April, 1810, and was appointed to the command of the 
 infArpu, wlilcli was stationed for the pi 'ectlon of our commerce on our southiM-n maritime frontier. In ISIl he wa^ 
 Im^fcrrcd to the command of the Waup, ml lu the spring of 1811i was dispatched with communications from the United 
 S;jif« Bovernnieut to its embassadors In France and England. While on that duty war between the United States and 
 liffst Britain was declared by the former. Soon after his return, he went on the crnlse which resulted lu his capture 
 ifihc fVo/if, and the recapture of his own and the prize vessel by a H itlsh frigate. In March, 1813, he was promoted 
 iitipialn, and ever after^vard bore the title of Commodore. After thi^ peace he was employed alternately at home and 
 (.Broad; and, finally. In his declining years, he retired to his farm In his native state, where he enjoye<l n serene old age. 
 lit died at Philadelphia In July, 1S60, at the age of eighty years. The likenegs is copied from on engraving by Edwin, 
 : (wm a portrait painted by the late Uenibrandt Pealo. 
 
 = Tboinas Whlnyates entered the British navy 
 
 ii Ii9>',iind obtained his first commissiun In Sep- 
 
 I lembcr. lliW. He was promoted to the rank of 
 
 coffloiandcr In May, 18(X5, and, after having com- 
 
 mnd of Ihe Immb Zebra almost two years, he 
 
 I »»! promoted to the command of the f'lolie In 
 
 ■'(- 
 

 mm 
 
 'tmill 
 
 1 ^^ 1 ^^ 
 
 
 J, 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 450 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PIgbl botwiwn the Wcup and the VroHt. 
 
 TbaiV«N«lMMrded. 
 
 Terrible Hcenei on brt Ii„i 
 
 voyiiig six merclmHtmen from IIoiulurHS. Four of these vesseU were largi', mnj 
 nudiiiti'd from Hixtet'ii t</i'igl\ti'i'ii nuim t'lu-li,' 
 
 It wii« Siimlay morning. The nky was chuitlloHs, the atmoHphero bahny, aml,i 
 stiff and incrfawiiig hvcczo from the northwest was giving white crests to the hilluu, 
 
 Jones soon pereeived that tlie hostile HK)op waw ili-posed to tight, and was takii)! 
 position HO as to allow the merehantmen to escnj»e by light during tlie engamiium 
 The toi)-ganant yards of the Wa»p were immediately sent down, her toj>-Hails Wd,. 
 close-reeted, and she was otherwise V)rought tnuU-r short fighting canvas. The /'/Wi, 
 also carried very little sail, and in this condition they conunenccd a severe eiiL'!ii>(. 
 ment at half j)aMt ten o'clock in the morning. The Waap ranged close up on the Mar 
 board side of the Frolic, afli-r receiving a broadside from her at the distance (il'tilu 
 or sixty yards, and then instantly delivered her own broadside, when the fire ofih. 
 Englishman became so accelerated that the Frolic appeared to fire tliree guns tn 
 the Wa8p''a two. The bree,;e had increased, and the sea was rollitig lu-avily. 
 
 Within five minutes after the action commenced the main-tojj-mast of tlio U'k*,, 
 was shot away. It fell, with the main-top-sail yard, and lodged across the hulHiuril 
 and fore and forc-top-sail Iwaces, rendering the head yards unmanageabh; durini; iL. 
 icmaindcr of the actio-.. In the course of three minutes more her gaff and iiiaiiHiii,. 
 gallant-mast was shot away, and fell heavily to the deck; and at the end of twiiitv 
 minutes from the opening of the engagement, every brace and most of the ritrginj 
 was disabled. She was in a forlorn condition indeed, and had few promises of vk- 
 tory. 
 
 But, while tlio Wasp was receiving these serious damages in her rigging and tn|,,, 
 the Frolic was more seriously injured in her hull. The latter generally tired wlmi 
 on the crest of the wave, wliile the former fired from the trough of the sea, and seni 
 lier missiles thiough the hull of her antagonist with destructive force. The twovtv 
 sels gradually approached each other until tlie bends of the Wasp rubbed attaiii>i 
 the Frolic's bows ; and, in loading for the last broadside, the rammers of the Wmp* 
 gunners were shoved against the sides of the Frolic."^ Finally, the condiatants ran 
 foul of each other, the bowsprit of tlie Frolic passing in over tlie quarter-deck dl'tln 
 Wusp^ and forcing her bows up into the wind. This enabled the latter to throw in 
 a close raking broadside that produced dreadful havoc. 
 
 Thi^ crew oi i\wWasp was now in a state of the highest excitement, and could ni 
 longPi' be restrained. With wild shouts they leaped into the tangled rigging liefon 
 Caj)tain Jones could throw in another broadside, as he intended before boardinj; lii> 
 enemy, and made their way to the decks of the Frolic, with Lieutenants Uiddle anl 
 Rodgers, who, with Lieutenants Booth, Claxton,^ and liapp, had exhibited the iiio>t 
 undaunted courage throughout the action.* But there was no one to oppose thm 
 The last broadside had carried death ajid dismay into the Frolic, and almost cleaMJ 
 her decks of active men. Tlie wounded, dying, and dead were strewn in every di- 
 
 March, ISOT. He was commigeioned a post-captain in Angnst, 1S18, and In 1S40 was placed on the Hat of retired rrn 
 admirals. 
 
 1 The Frt'lic had left the Bay of Ilondnras with abont fonrteen sail nnder convoy. W..cn off Ilavaiin her comimi I- 
 or flret heard of the declaration of war. The British vei<sel8 experienced the same gale which the Fmlie euoonnlfn ', 
 and they were separated. The FriMr Knstalned quite serlons damage, having had her main yard broken in two pin", 
 and her main-top-mast badly s))rung, Ix ildes other Injuries. In this condition she entered upon ^he engagemenl. \)w- 
 ing the engagement the merchant vessels with the Frolic escaped. See James's Naval Occurreiux». 
 
 ' Captain Jones's Report to the Secretary of the Navy, November 24, 1S12. 
 
 ' " LicntenoDt Claxton," sayw Captain Jones, in his report to the Secretary of the Navy, "who was confined by »i(t- 
 nesB, left his bed a little previous to the engagement, and, though too indisposed to be at his division, rrninined nut 
 deck, and showed, by his composed manner of noticing Its Incidents, that we bad lost by bis illness the eervicet uf ; 
 brave ofllccr." 
 
 * John (or, as be was familiarly called. Jack) Lang, a seaman of the ira«i>, who had once been impressed into the Bri;- 
 Ish service, and was hot with the Are of retaliation. Jumped on a gun with his cutlass, and was springing ou board Ibt 
 Prolie, when Captain Jones, Mrishing to give the enemy another broadside, called him down. But his Impclniwll.v orr- 
 c?me his sense of obedience, and in a niomont he leaped upon the bowsprit of the frolic. The crew were all alive m'^ j 
 excitement. Seeing this. Lieutenant Blddle mounted the hammock-cloth to board. The crew canght the eigiinl,iiil 
 followed with the greatest enthusiasm. Lang wu.s from New Brunswick, New Jersey. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 451 
 
 Both VeiMli captured by the PoiMtri. 
 
 Ckptaln Jonci upplkuded. 
 
 »orrenderofthe*Vo<A^ 
 
 n-ction. Several Hurviving offlcorB wore Htiindiiig aft, the most of tlu'in lilcoflinj;, nixl 
 lint a ooniiuoii Hoainim or iiiiiriiie whh lit liis wtution, exct-pt nn oltl tiir lit the wliool, 
 \s\\a liiul kept luH poHt throiij^hout the terrible eiieomiter. All who were able had 
 luslu'il below to eHcape the raking fire of the Whsjk 
 
 Tliu En<clish ortieerH east down their Mwords in HiibmiHsion, and Lieutenant IJiddie, 
 wiio led the boarding-party, upringing into the main rigging, Htruek the colors of the 
 /W/f with his own hand, not one of the enemy being able to do so. The prize pass- 
 0(1 into the possession of the coiuiuerors aller a eontest of three quarters of an hour, 
 wlitii every one of her officers were wounded, and a greater part of her men yr/ete 
 (itlicr killed or severely injured. Not twenty persons on board of her remained un- 
 hurt.' Her aggregate loss in killed and wounded was estimated at ninety men. The 
 Wusp had only live killed and five wounded. 
 
 The Frolic was so injured that when the two vessels separated both her masts fell, 
 and with tattered sails and broken rigg-ng covered the dead on her deeks. (She had 
 lioi'ii hulled at almost every discharge from the Was}^ and was virtually a wreck be- 
 fore luT colors were struck. 
 
 The heat of the battle was scarcely over when Captain .Tones prepared lo continue 
 his cruise in his victorious little vessel. lie had placed Lieutenant Biddle In cora- 
 m-uid of the shattered Frolic^ with orders to take her into Charleston, or some other 
 Soiitht'rn port, and was about to part coi::j?any Avith his prize, wluni a strange vessel 
 was seen bearing down upon them. Neither the Waup nor her prize was in a eondi- 
 tion to resist or tlee. The rigging of the latter was so cut, and her top-sails so nearly 
 ill ribbons, that it would have been folly to attempt either. 
 
 The strange sail drew near, and heaving a shot over the Frolic, and ranging up 
 near the Waap, convinced them both that the most prudent course would be to sub- 
 mit at once. Within two hours after the gallant Jones had gained his victory he was 
 cnnipclled to surrender his own noble vessel and her prize. Tlie captor was the 
 British sliip-of war PojWit'ra, of seventy-four gr.ns, commanded by Cai)tain John Poo 
 liciesfoid.^ She proceeded to Bermuda with her prizes, where the American prison- 
 ers were exchanged, and departed for home. From 
 
 — " ■'- t,--j" 1 - 
 
 ^ j New York Captain Jones sent his account of the 
 
 -if/c? — ■*- <2^ occurrences to the Secretary of the Navy — a rc'port 
 ^ that was received with the greatest satisfi.ctio').^ 
 
 greatest 
 
 Tlie victory of the ^Vasp over the FVolic— iXw. result of the first combat between 
 the v'essels of the two nations of a force nearly equal — occasioned much ex'iltp.cion in 
 tlie United States. The press teemed with laudations of Captain Jones and his gallant 
 companions, and a stirring song commemorative of the event was soon upon the lips 
 of singers at public gatherings, in bar-rooms, workshops, and even by ragged urchins 
 ill the streets. The name (•*.' the author, if ever known, has been long forgotten, 
 lint the following lines ar o.nembered by many a gray -haired survivor of the 
 War: 
 
 " Th-r fc ' 'ravely foupht, bnt hl8 arms were nil brokoii, 
 
 And ho fled from his death-woiiiul ashiist ami iiffrlghted ; 
 But the Waxp darted forward her dcath-dohig stiue, 
 
 And full on his bosom, like llghtnin;;, alighted. 
 She pierced throngh his entrails, she maddened his brain, 
 
 And ho writhed and he groan'd as if torn with tho colic ; 
 And long shall John Bull nic the terrible day 
 
 Ho met the American H'cwp on a Frolic." 
 
 ' Captain Whlnjalcs's dispatch to Admiral Sir J. Borlaeo Warren, from the ship Poi^liert, October 23, 1812. The loss 
 otihe h'nUc must have been about one hundred. 
 
 ' Report of Captain Jones to the Secretary of the Navy, November 24, 1812 ; Whinyates's dispatch to Admiral Warren, 
 Octoljer 23, 1S12. 
 
 ' According to general nsase, a court of inquiry was held on the conduct of Captain Jones in giving np tho Wairp and 
 hctprize. The opinion of the court was, " That the conduct of the officers and crew of the Wasp was eminently din- 
 'iingiil»hcd for firmness and gallantry in making every preparation and exe'.'tlun of which their sitnatiou would 
 sdniil." 
 
 If. 
 
 f;i,j 
 
 
 iis^" t.'!^' 
 
 
 
 lit' 
 
"'— "^^^I^BBHW 
 
 tiiiJi 
 
 452 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Jill, 
 
 
 Cariciiture of "A Wasp on n Frolic' 
 
 Ilnnors to Captniii Jones. 
 
 A Modal prcecnAd to him by Congrcaj. 
 
 Jimett but ittticthausitiucnaiKittU^*^ 
 
 Charlei , tlio Philadelphia caricaturist ma- 
 terialized the idea, and sent forth a coloiod 
 ))icture, called A Wasp on a Fkouc, ok a 
 fcJTiNcj FOii John Buu,, that sold hy Inmrirocls 
 during the excitement in tlie public mind.' 
 
 Captain Jones Avas everywhere received with 
 demonstrations of gratitude and admiration on 
 his retuni to the United States. In the cities 
 through which he had occasion to pass, hrilljunt 
 entertainments were given in his honor. Tlif 
 Legislature of Delaware, liis native state, ap- 
 pointed a committee to wait on him witli their 
 thanks, and to express "the pride and pleasure" 
 they felt in recognizing liim as a native of their 
 state, and at tlie same time voted liim thanks, 
 an elegant sword, and a piece of silver phnte 
 with appropriate engravings. The Common 
 Council of New York, on motion of Aldormnii 
 LaM'rence, voted him a sword, and also the 
 " freedom of the city." The Congress of the United States, on motion of James A. 
 Bayard, of Delaware, appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars as a compensation to 
 Captain Jones and his companions for their loss of prize-money occasioned hy tlie re- 
 capture of the Frolic. They also ordered a gold medal to be presented to the cap- 
 
 A W'AHP ON A KIIOLIO. 
 
 <■ )LI) MRPAI, AWABDKH IIY CTNQEEeB TO CAPTAIN JOSEB. 
 
 tain, and a silver one to each of his oflicers. Tlic captain also received a more sii^ 
 stantial token of his country's approbation by being promoted by Congress to tli 
 fioramand >f the frigate Macedonian., which had lately been captured from the Brii 
 ish ard taken into the service.^ 
 
 ' Under Uip pictore were the i'dHowIuj! Hnea : 
 
 " A Waup took n Fmlic, rttifl mot Johnny Bnll, 
 Who nhvnys fm'iits beet when his bellv is ftiH. 
 Tim Watij) thouglit him hungry by his month open wUi<!, 
 So, Ills bel)> to All, put b etlng in his Bide." 
 = The following are the namcf of the oticers of the IFus/jat the time of thcJI.m : .Tneob Jone?, (ymmander ; Onrc 
 VV, Ro(l«prp, .lan-.ogHiddlp, RoninmlnBo ith, Alotnnder i laxlon, and Henry B. Happ, /.,i>t(feii(i»ita,- WlinaniKiii!|iil,.' i 
 iiuj-m^ti>r; Thomas Ilarri", Hunjmn; Geoiifc S.Wise /"tiriirt . Jolin MTloiid, liuatxim-ln; (ieoryf Uackson, tfiiHiw 
 (icorg. \an Oleve, A. 8. Ton Eyck, Richard Brf shear, John Holcorab, William J. M'Uluuey. t', J. Baker, and Cliar!. 
 tiaunt, Midthipmen. , Waltor W. New, tiurmmt'i Mate. 
 
 The engraving Ib a reprebcr.tation of the mcdalt tvW gize. t)ii 'we «1dc Is a bn»t of Captatu Jone«. Lepread-iAfion' 
 ■ro.NEs, viBTCB IN ABDtiA Ti;M>iT. Od the m^tttt ut Boflu two 8*«pR closuly engaged, the bowsprit of the ICiiiip bclwec; 
 
m^Mm^^^mm 
 
 OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 453 
 
 Lloutenaut BiddV b. jiored ami rewarded. 
 
 Lieutenant Biddleskared 
 ill the liDiior^ The Lttrinla- 
 iiireot PemiHylvuiua ■«■ 'ted 
 liim tliankK ani a »w<»rd, 
 and a number at' leading 
 men ii' PJuiladelphia pre- 
 sented him with % silver 
 urn, l^aring am jfpMfriafer 
 im-nptiiin, and a repi^ 
 mentation •>*' the actk« be- 
 •ween tlie Witup aHi»i the 
 '■'ofe' He was shortly 
 .imwaid promoted to the 
 
 TIIK IlIIU'I.i; \ ItN. 
 
 rank of iiiaHtcr command- 
 ant, and received com- 
 mand of the Ifornet sloop- 
 of-war. Poetry wreathed 
 coronals for the brows of 
 all ti.e braves of that fight, 
 and in the Portfolio for 
 Jannary, 1813, a rather 
 doleful ])ocm appeared in 
 commemoration of the gal- 
 lantry of Biddlo, of which 
 the follow ng is a speci- 
 men: 
 
 " Nor shall thy merit?, Riddle, pnss untold. 
 
 When covered with the cannon's (liiminH hronth, 
 Onward he preKM'd, iincominerably hold ; 
 He feared di»honor, but he spurned nt death." 
 
 • i^- (ifthefVolfe Men on the bow of the H'a^pln the act ofbonrdinjt thnfrofc Themain-top-mn«t of the ITa/iji 
 -ior iway. Lcfteiid— viotoriam nosrr .majori ori.rbriuk eapcit. Exergue— rNTEn wabi>. nav. amkri. kt moLio nav. 
 AWi iiiK XVIII cot. Moceuxii. 
 
 ■ This iiru and the silver medal presented to Lieutenant Blddle for his share in the capture of the Frnlie are in pos- 
 >os»ioii of Lieutenant Jamc'a 8. Riddle, of Philadelphia. Also the cold medal afterward presented to the hers in ac- 
 kmralertzment of his services in capt'irlng the J'eiigmn. The follo.ving is the inscription on tlie urn : 
 
 "To Lieutcuant .James Riddle. Tlniled State.s Navy, from the early friends and companions of his youth, who, while 
 ilicir couutry rewards hie public tervices, present this testimonial of their esteem for ills private worth. Philadelphia, 
 1S13." 
 
 ? 
 
W9mm» 
 
 454 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Second Crulee of the Premdent, 
 
 She chases n strange War-vessel. 
 
 A severe Baltic. 
 
 CHAPTER XXn. 
 
 "The chiefs who onr ft-eedom snstatned on the land, 
 Fame's far-spreadlug voice has eternized In story ; 
 By the roar of our cannon now called to the strand, 
 She beholds on the ocean their rivals iu glory. 
 Her sons there she owns, 
 And her clarion's bold tones 
 Tell of Kull and Rccntur, of Balnbridge and Jones ; 
 For the lars of Colnnibla are lords of the wave. 
 And have sworn that old Ocean's their throne or their grave." 
 
 HE victor J' won by thn Wasp was followed, precisely a week 
 later,* by another more important. Commodore Kodg- . October 25 
 ers sailed in tlie President from Boston on a second '''''- 
 cruise, after refitting, accompanied by the United States, 44, Cap- 
 tain Decatur, and Argus, 16, Lieutenant Commanding Sinclair, 
 leaving the Hornet in port. The President parted company with 
 her companions on the 12th of October, and on the 17tli fell in 
 with and captured the British packet Swallow, The United State 
 and Argots, meanwhile, had also parted company with each other, 
 and the former had sailed to the southward and eastward, liopiiii; 
 to intercept British West Indiamen. Decatur was soon gratified by better fortune 
 „ „ . , in the estimation of a soldier. At dawn on Sunday morning, the 25tli,' 
 
 October. # ' 
 
 when in latitude 29° and west longitude 29° 30 , not far from the island of 
 Madeira, the watch at the main-top discover-jd a sail to windward. There was ,'i 
 stiff breeze and a heavy sea on at the time. It was poon discovered that the stranger 
 was an English ship-of-war, und"r a heavy press of sail. Decatur resolved to over- 
 take and engage her, and for hat purpose he spread all his canvas. The United Stata 
 was a good sailer, and she I'apidly reduced the distance between herself and the fugi- 
 tive she was pursuing. The enthusiasm of her officers and men was unbounded; and 
 as the gallant ship drew nearer and neaier to the enemy, shouts went up from the 
 decks of the United States loud enough to be heard by the British before the Ameri- 
 can vessel was near enough to bring her guns to bear. 
 
 At about nine in the morning Decatur had so nearly overtaken liis prospective an- 
 tagonist that he opened a broadside upon her. The balls fell short. The Unitm} 
 States was soon much nearer, when she opened another broadside with effect. This 
 was responded to in kind. Both vessels Avcre now on the sanv lack, and continued 
 the action with a heavy and steady cannonade with the long guns of both, the dis- 
 tance between them being so great that carronades and muskets Avere of no avail for 
 some time. Almo.st every shot of the United States fell fearfully on the enemy, whe 
 finally perceived that safety from utter destruction might only be found in closer 
 quarters. When the contest had lasted about half an hour, the stranger, with hniti- 
 lated spare and riddled sails, bore up gallantly for close action. The United Statdi 
 readily accepted the challenge, and very soon afterward her shot, sent by the direc- 
 tion of splendid gunnery, cue the enemy's mizzen-mast so that It fell overboard. Not 
 long afterward the main yard of the foe was seen hanging in two pieces, her main 
 and fore top-masts were gone, her fore-mast was tottering, no colors were seen float 
 ing over her <leok, and her main-mast and bowsprit were sevcneiy wounded, while 
 the United States remained almost unhurt. The stranger's fire had become feeble, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 455 
 
 Capture of the Macedonian. 
 
 InctdeutB of the Battle. 
 
 Comi)arl8on of the United States and Slamlmtian. 
 
 and Decatur filled his mizzcn-top-sail, gathered fresh way, tacked, and came up un- 
 der the Ice of the Englisli sliip, to the utter discomfiture of lier commander, who, Avhen 
 lie saw the American frigate bear away, supposed she was severely injured and about 
 to flee from him. With that impression lier crew gave three cheers ;* but when the 
 Cnited States tacked and brought up in a position for more eftectual action than be- 
 fore the British commander, perceiving farther resistance to be • ain, struck lier col- 
 (iis and surrendered. As the United States crossed the stem of the vanquished ves- 
 sel Decatur hailed and demanded her name. " His majesty's frig.atc 3faccdonian, 38, 
 Captain John S. Carden," was the response. An oflicer was immediately sent on board. 
 Slie had suifered terribly in every part during a combat of almost two hours. She 
 liad received no less than one hundred round sliot in her hull alone, many of them be- 
 tween wind and water. She had nothing standing but lier fore and main masts and 
 fore yard. All her boats were rendered useless except one. Of her officers and crew, 
 three hundred in number, thirty-six were killed and sixty-eight were wounded.- The 
 loss of tlie United States wixs only five killed and six woimded.^ The Macedotiian 
 )vas a very fine vessel of her class, only two years old, and, though rated at 30, she 
 carried forty-nine guns — eighteen on her gun-deck and thirty-two pound carronades 
 above. The United States mounted thirty long 24's on her main deck, and twenty- 
 two 42-pound carronades and two long 24's on her quarter-deck and forecastle. She 
 
 1 The cannonnflc by the United States was so ince^eant that her p'de toward the enemy Biiemed to be In n blaze. 
 Cardon supposed she was on fire, and this belief caused the exultation on his ship. A contemporary rhymer wrote as 
 follows ; 
 
 " For Carden thought he had ns tight, 
 •Inst so did Dacres too, sirs, 
 But brave Decatur put him right 
 With Yankee doodle doo, sirs. 
 They thought thej' saw our ship in flame, 
 
 Whicli made tlieni all liu/.za, sirs, 
 But when the second broadside came. 
 It made them hold their jaws, sirs." 
 See in allusion to this battle Iri Note 1, page UO, quoted from Colibett's Register. 
 
 ! Captain Curden thus stated his casualties: " Killed: 1 master'* mate, the school-master, 23 petty oiTlccrs and sea- 
 men, .! boys, 1 sergeant, and T privates of marines— total, 30. ll'oujiderf daiifiermislij : T petty ofHcers and seamen. Severe- 
 I:: 1 lieutenant, 1 midshipman, IS petty officers and seamen, 4 boys, and 6 private marines— total, dangerously and se- 
 verely, 36. WnuvJed aliijhthj : 1 lieutenant, 1 master's mate, '20 petty officers and seamen, and 4 private marines— total, 32. 
 .\ccordiug to the muster-roll found on board oi' the }facedonian, she had seven impressed American seamen among her 
 crew, two of whom were Icilled in the action. Another had been drowned at sea, while compelled to assist in boarding 
 on American vessel. Their names were Christopher Dodge, Peter Jolinson, John Alexander, C. Dolphin, Mayer Cook, 
 Willlaia Tliompson, John Wallis, and John Card. During the whole war, American seamen, similarly situated, were 
 (orapelled to tight against their countryn:en. When tlie fact I)ccame known that there were imjjressed Americans on 
 liio Macetinnian, the exasperdtion of the [K-ople against Oreat Britain, because of her nefarious practice, was intcnslfled. 
 ' KilM: Boatswain's mat?, t seaman, and 3 marines. Wounded: 1 lieutenant, 4 seamen, and 1 marine. The lieuten- 
 ant (.lohu M. Funk) and ont seaman (.Fohn Arcliibaid) died of their wounds. 
 
 The following is a list of 'he officers of the United States: Cmnmatuler, Stephen Decatur. Lieutenants, Wllllnm H. 
 Allen, John Gallaglier, John M. Funk, George C. Rend, Waller Woos'er, John B. Nicholson. Sailiiui-inaiiter, John D. 
 Sloat. Smgem, Samuel R. Trevitt. Surgeon's Mate, Samuel Vernon. Pur.vr, Jolin B. Timberlake. Midshipmen, John 
 Stansbnry, Joseph Cassin, Philip Vnorhecs, John P. Zantzingcr, Richard Delphy, Diigan Taylor, Richard S. Heath, td- 
 wnrd F. Howell, Archibald llamilt<ui, John M'Cnn, H. Z.W. Harrington, William Jamieson, Lewis Hinchma.i, Benja- 
 min S. Williams. Gunner, Thomas Barry. Lientmants of Marines, William Anderson, James L. Edwards. 
 
 There was a boy only twelve years of age on board the United States, the son of u l)rave sonninn, whose death had lefl 
 the lad'8 "lolher in poverty. Wlien the crew were clearing the ship for action, the boy stepped up to Decatur and said, 
 ' I wish my name may be put dow ,i on the roll, sir." " Why so, my lad f" asked the commander. " So that I may have 
 ,1 share of the prize-money," was ttie carnesi reply. Pleased with the spirit of the boy, Decatur granted his request. The 
 l.iyliehavcd gallantly throughout the contest. Ai the close of the action Decatur said to him, "Well, Bill, we have 
 liken the Khip, and your share of th s prize-money may be about two hundred dollars ;* what will you do with it ?" "I 
 Kill >end half to my nu)ther, and the other half shall send me to school." The commander was so pleui-id with the 
 riiht epiiit of the boy that he took him under liis protection, procured a midshipman's berth for him, and supcrintend- 
 ilhiseducntiou.- Putnam's Life lif ikcatur, jiage 198. 
 
 • Congress decreed that In the dist' ibullpn of prize-moi.ey arising ft-om capture by national vessels, one half should 
 po to the United States, and the other half, divided into twenty equal par'-, should be ilstrlbuted in the following man- 
 lier: to captains, 3 parts; to the sea lieutenants and saiiing-m.istcrs, i parts; to the marine offlcers, surgeons, pursers, 
 boatsttaiiiB. gunners, carpenters, master's mates, and cliaplains, 2 parts; to midshipmen, surgeon's mates, captain's 
 rlalNBfliool-niaster, boatswain's mates, gunner's mates, carpenter's mates, steward, sall-i i 'k .', master at arm?, arm- 
 
 1 -, and coxswains, 3 parts ; to gunner's yeomen, boatswain's yt'omen, quartcr-m.isterf, qnai .. r-gunners, coopers, sail- _ 
 wik-^r's r.iii!»», sergeants and corporals of marines, dnimniere and lifers, and jxtra petty offlcers, 3 parts; to seamen, 
 ordlnaiyecamcn, mirlues, and boys, T parte. - . > 
 
■"^•■'^^^■■IHH'" 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 m\h 
 
 Hia Arrlv*! with his Prize. 
 
 The Waeedonian at New York. 
 
 WM manned iritk iicrwv of fwur hundred and seventv-eiglit. In men and metal tlic 
 ////i/rcf Stot/« nra» jeavit'i* tlian the Macedonian, " but," says Cooper, " the dis; ropor- 
 tiORi i^K't wt;( (. vv frjrce uf tlie two vossels was much less than that between the exc- 
 
 Captain Cujil' 'it his .>iiip skillfully and bravely, and when he came on boanl 
 
 the Vnited Htw^ ■ irtcr< <1 his sword to Captain Decatur, the latter generously re- 
 marked, " Sir, I <ui) iWt re<«' io sword of a man who has so bravely defended bin 
 ship, but I will receivf your ii;.iul." Suiting th. action to the word, Decatur took 
 the gallant Carden's hand, and led him. to his cabin, where refreshments were set out 
 and partaken of in a friendly spirit by the two commanders.^ 
 
 When he took possession of his prize, Decatur found her not fatally injured, andlip 
 determined to abandon his cruise and take her into an American port. Ilis own ves- 
 sel was speedily repaired. The Macedonian was placed in the charge of Lieutenant 
 Allen, who, with much ingenuity, so rigged her as to corivert her into a barcjue, wlun 
 captor and captive sailed for the United States. Decatur arrived oif New London on 
 the 4th of Deceraber,^ and at about the same time his prize entered Newport Harbor 
 
 ' ' Then quickly met onr nation's eyes 
 The noblest eight in nature— 
 A flrst-ratc /ri'jate as a prize 
 Brought home by brave Deoatub."— Old Sono. 
 
 Both vessels made their way through Lono- Island Sound, the East River, and IIcll 
 Gate, at the close of the month, and on the 1st of January, 1813, the Macedonian an- 
 chored in the harbor of New York, where she was greeted with great joy as a "New- 
 year's gift." "A more acceptable compliment coidd not have been presenttcl ton 
 joyous people," said one of the newsj\ij>ers. "She comes with the compliments of 
 \\\U VfHNOn from Old Neptune," said another. "Janus, the peace-lovuig, smiled,'" 
 said a fiiK'l, \wm* flnssic^). The excitement of a feast had then scarcely died awav. 
 
 1 Nmal history qf the tTiiHed fitatcii, H., /?(/ jji't' ((ic ri^niinMltlintrhes of Decatur ntiil ('ari1(<ni CUtb't ffiiml flislmj; 
 Waldo's IJfe nj t^tephen Ikmtur; Tlu' War; nIIio'h /(ii//ii/i ( / l|«|||»(f (if Ijecatur, In the AiuilMU\ Uittldiliu; \., Mil. 
 
 ' All n( (he private property of the oflicero and nieii of llif lUiimidiiluil wild ifUmi up tn ilii>m. Among olliiif fhldyi 
 I lulined aud rereli'"d by Captain Carden was a band of music and several timlis of wlin' <• iluednt eight liunil- 
 
 red I'l.illars. Of Ibis generous conduct Captain Carden spolte iu the highest terms. Uuil i ti» t(|('/i|ifiiiii nncrc^ 
 
 as we have seen, elicited the praise of that officer. The American newspapers called attention to (lie fai I Hint llic Brii 
 Ish commander of the Poietierg, when he captured the Han]) aud her prhe from Jones, would not permit officers or men 
 to retain any thing except the clothes on their backs. See The War, 1., 118. 
 
 Decatur and Carden had met before. It was in the horbor of Norfolk, just before the beginning of the war, that Ihcy 
 were introduced to each other. Before they parted Carden said to Decatur, "We now meet r.s friends; (Jod grant wc 
 may never meet as enemies ; but we are subject to the orders of our governments, and must obey them." " I imnrlilv 
 reciprocate the sentiment," rojilicd Decatur. "But what, sir," sail Carden, "would be the consequence to yimrsclfaiiil 
 the force you command if we .-^liould meet as enemies ?" "Why, sir," responded Decatur, In the same playful siilrlt, " if 
 we meet with forcog that might be fairly called equal, the conflict would be severe, but the flag of ray country 03 the 
 ship I command shall never leave the staff on which it waves as long as there is a hull to support it." They parted, and 
 Uieir next meeting was on the deck of the United Slate», under the circumstances recorded in the text. 
 
 John Surman Carden was born on the 15th of August, 1771 at Templcmore, Ireland. His father. Major Cariicn, of the 
 
 British army, perished in the 
 war of the American Revolution. 
 This, hie eldest son, entered the 
 Biitlsh navy as captain's servant 
 in 17S8 in the ship Edijar. In 
 1790 he became midshipman in 
 tlic Vtrnevirance frigate, lie was 
 made lieutenant in 1794. He re- 
 
 
 ceived the commission of com- 
 mander In 179S. He was ap- 
 polnted to the comin.uid of tl.e 
 VilU lie rariH in 1S08, and In ISH 
 to that of the Macedonian. He 
 was acquitted of all blame in the 
 surrender of his ship to Decatur. 
 Parliament was full of his prai«', 
 and the cities of Worcester and Gloucester, and the borough of Tewksbury, honored him with their "freedom." lie 
 was made a rear admiral in 1840, and died at Bonny->stle, Antrim, Ireland, in May, IStW, at the ago of eightj-seviii 
 years. 
 
 > Decatur's official dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy was dated "At Sea, October 30, 1812. Lieutenant Hamilton, 
 a son of the Secretary of the Navy, was sent with it to his father, at Washington, immediately after the arrival of li;e 
 (Iiiited States at New London. He bore the flag of the Macedonian to the seat of govc nment, where he arrived on the 
 evening of the «th of December, at w'.ilch time a ball was In progress which had been given in honor of the uaval offi- 
 cers. The Secretary of the Navy (Paul Hamilton) and his wife aud daughter wore present. The first intimation o'.he 
 arrival of their son and brother was his cjtrance into the hull of the liilliaut assembly, bearing the trophy. Captalci 
 Hun and Stewart received It, and Iiore it to Ihc accomplished wife of President Madison, who was present. The pleas- 
 ure of the occasion was changed to patriotic joy, and at the supper one of the managers offered as a toast, " Commodofi 
 Decatur, and the (ijjict-ri) and crvm n/ the frigate United States." 
 
 Decatur's arrival at New L<mdon was hailed with joymi demonstraliong. The city authorities presected him the pub- 
 lic thanks, and a ball jvos given In his huuor. 
 
smsf. 
 
 19 
 
 iwwnniiv 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 457 
 
 that they 
 
 grant wc 
 
 I licarllly 
 
 (misiltni"! 
 
 ^lilrit.'if 
 
 itry ij.i 'V.e 
 
 [larwd, ami 
 
 Icn.ottN' 
 .i[ com- 
 \vai> HI- 
 imd of tl." 
 andinlSll 
 Ionian. Me 
 )liirae In llio 
 to Decatur, 
 ithisprai"'. 
 cdom." 11' 
 glily-MVi-ii 
 
 Celebration of Decatur's Victory. 
 
 Banquets in tbo City of New York. 
 
 Public Honors given to Decatur. 
 
 for only three days before" a splendid banquet had been given, at Gib- . December ;», 
 HOii'8 City Hotel, to Hull, Junes, and Decatur, by the Corporation and ^^^'^' 
 
 citizens of New York,' and the newspapers of the land speedily became the vehicles 
 of the " eft'usions" of a score of poets, who caught inspiration from the shouts of tri- 
 uinpli that filled the air. Wood worth, the printer-poet, and author of 77ie Old Oaktn 
 Bucket, " threw together, on the spur of the moment," as he said, a dozen stirring 
 stanzas, of which the following is the first : 
 
 "The banner of Freedom high floated unfinl'd, 
 While the silver-tlpp'd surges in low homage curl'd, 
 Flashing bright round the l)ow of Decatur's brave bark. 
 In contest an eagU—\a chasing, a lark." 
 
 And J. R. Calvert wrote a banquet-song, which became immensely popular, of which 
 the following is the closing stanza : 
 
 "Now charge all your glasses with pure sparkling wine, 
 And toast our bravo tars who so bravely defend us ; 
 While our naval commanders so nobly combine, 
 We defy all the ills haughty foes e'er can tend us I 
 While our goblets do flow. 
 The prali<eH we owe 
 To Valor and Skill we will gladly bestow. 
 
 And may grateful the sons of Columbia be 4 
 
 To Deoatdr, whom Neptune crowns Lord of the Sea I" 
 
 Decatur's victory, following so closely upon others equally brilliant, produced the 
 iiKist profound sensations in the United States and in England. In the former they 
 wfir impressions of encouragement and joy ; in the latter, of disappointment and 
 sorrow. The victor was highly apjilauded for his soldierly qualities and generosity 
 l»y each service ; and ho was spoken of with the greatest enthusiasm by his country- 
 men. Public bodies, and the Legislatures of Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, 
 Pennsylvania, and Virginia gave him tha nks, and to these each of the two latter add- 
 ed a sword. The same kind of weapon was presented to him by the city of Phila- 
 tleli)liia; and the city of New York voted" him the freedom of the city 
 inadfl' " n to the honor of a banquet jointly M'ith Hull and Jones, and 
 requc his portrait for the picture gallery in the City Hall. The Corporation of 
 New York also gave the gallant crew of the United /States a banquet at the City 
 Ilotel.^ The national Congress, by unanimous vote, thanked Decatur, and gave him 
 
 him the pub- 
 
 '■ This bauquet was given on the day after the freedom of the city was presented to Captain Hull. He ond Decatur 
 were present, but .rones was absent. At five o'clock about five hundred gentlemen sat down at the tables. De Witt 
 I liiitoti, the mayor, presided. The room " had the appearance of a marine palace," said an eyc-wituci-s. It was " col- 
 iiiinaded roimd with the masts of ships, entwined with laurels, and beuriiig the national flags of all the world. Every 
 able had upon It a eliip In miniature, with the American fln<r displayed. In frout, where the President sat, with the 
 officers of the navy and other guests, and which was raised ut three feet, there appeared an area of about twenty 
 feet by ten covered with green sward, and In the midst of i as a real luko of water, in which floated a miniature 
 frigate. Back of all this hung a raain-satl of a ship thirty-three by sixteen feet."— jTAi" War, I., 119. Decatur sat on the 
 riifht of the President, and Hull on the left. When the third toast— "Our Navy"— was given with three cheers, the great 
 mainsail was furled, and revealed an immense transparent i)ainting, representing the three naval battles in which Hull, 
 .T.)nes, and Decatur were respectively engaged. Other surprises of a similar nature were vouchsafed to the guests, and 
 :l:c whole ftfTair was oue long to be rerarmbcrcd by the participants. 
 
 ' This banquet was given on Thursday, the 7th of January, 181.S, at two o'clock In the afternoon, under the direclioa 
 of.Uderraen Van Dor Bill, Buckmaster, and King. The room had the same decoration as at the time of the banquet 
 iiivfii to null, Jones, and Decatur, a few days before. The sailors, ni'mberiug about four hundred, marched to the hotel 
 in pairs, and wer'i greeted by crowds of men and women in the streets, loud cheers from the multitude, and the waving 
 of handkerchiefs from the windows. The band of the llth Regiment, among whom was an old trumpeter who had 
 M^rved under Washington, received them with music at the door. At the table they were addressed by .Vlderman Van 
 Dor Bllt, who was responded to by the boatswain of the f/m'ta/ Sta/<i«. In the evening they went to the theatre by i;i- 
 vilation of the i.iauager, v^hlch was commii' cated to them in person by Decatur. The whole pit was reserved fr.r 
 them. The orchestra opened with Vtmkee l>i,„J'e. Tlic drop curtain. In the form of a transparency, had on it a repic- 
 fputation of the flght between the Vnited .S'l ,'<•« and Macedonian. Children danced on the stage. They bore largo 
 letters of the alphabet in their hands, which, being joined in the course of the dance, produced in transparency the 
 B.imesofHci.i., Jonkh, and Df.o.iti;u. Then Mr. M'Farland, as nn Irish clown, came forward and song a comic song 
 of seven stauMs, written for this occauion, beginning, 
 
 "No more of your blathering nonsenje 
 'Bout Nelsons of old .lohnny Bull ; 
 I'll sing you a song, by my conscience, 
 'Bout Jones, and Deoatub, and Urvu 
 
-•^mmtm 
 
 458 
 
 PICTOIJIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ■I , i 
 
 
 
 w- 
 
 Gold Mcdiil prcseutcd to Decatur by Congress. Baiubrldge ft Command of a Squadron. Blographlcul Skcicl" 
 
 a ssijleiulici gold medal, with appropriate devices and inscriptions,' From that time 
 until now that comminder's name is the synonym of honor and gallantry hi the es- 
 
 UOLI> MEDAL AWARDED TO DECATCB. 
 
 timation of his countrymen. His subsequent career added lustre to his renown as 
 the conqueror of the Ifaceclonian. 
 
 We have already observed that Hull generously retired from the command of the 
 Constitution for the purpose of giving some brother-officer an opportunity for gallant 
 achievements in her, and that Captain Bainbridge was his appointed successor. A 
 small squadron, consisting of ihe Constitution, 44; Essex, 32; and //onie;, 1 8, were 
 ]ilaced in his charge. Wlien Bainbridge entered upon his duty in the new sphere of 
 rtag-officer, the Constitution and Hornet were lying in Boston Harbor, and tlio E^sa, 
 Captain Porter, was in the Delaware. Orders wore sent to the latter to cruise in the 
 track of the English West Indiamcn, and at a specified time to rendezvous at certain 
 jiorts, Avhen, if he should not fall in with the flag-ship of the squadron, ho would be at 
 liberty to foUoAV the dictates of his own judgment. Such contingency occurred,an(l 
 the Essex sailed on a very long and most eventful cruise in the South Atlantic and 
 Pacific Oceans. That cruise Avill form the subject of a portion of a future chapter. 
 
 Bainbridge- sailed from Boston with the Cotistitution and Hornet on the 20th of 
 
 Dad Neptune has long, with vexation, 
 
 Beheld with what insolent pride 
 
 The turbulent, billow-washed nation 
 
 Ha? aimed to control the salt tide. 
 
 CuoBi'8— Sing lather away, jontecl and aisy, 
 
 By my soul, at the game hnb-or-nob, 
 In a very few minutes we'll plasc ye. 
 Because we take work by the job." 
 
 ' On one side of the medal U a profile of Decatur's bust, with the legend sTEPHANtrg nEOATrn >AT.iBonr!, rrosi« 
 rLiBiiics vicjTon. On the reverse Is a representation of a naval engagement, one of the vessels reprcsentlD}; the ihw- 
 donian much Injured in spars aud rigging. Over them le the legend oocidit 8iaNu.M hostile sideua srEGist. Ex- 
 ergue— inteb STA. UNI. NAV. AMEKl. ET MACEDO. NAV. ANO. DIE XXV OOTOMKIS MIIOO'XII. 
 
 ' William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, on the 7th of May, 1T74, and at the age of fifteen years went 
 to sea as u common sailor, lie was promoted to mate in the cc urse of three years., and became a cai)tain at the age o( 
 nineteen. When war with the French became probable, he entc-cd the navy with the commieBlon of a lieutPLint Iral 
 the position of a commander, his first cruise being in the Retaliation, which was captured. He was promotPil to post- 
 captain for good service in the year 1800, and took command of the frigate irn(i/ii»if7'"'i. His career lu the Modilcrraiiear 
 lias been already mentioned in preceding chapters of this work. Between the war with Tripoli and that of 1S12 Cap- 
 tain Bainbridge was employed alternately in the naval and merchant service. Afler the sncoessful cruise (pf theCmwft- 
 tiitliin in lSt2, he took command of tlie navy yard at Charlestown, Massachusetts. After the war he went twice to thf 
 Mediterranean in command of squadrons to protect American commerce there. For three years he was president id 
 the Board of Navy Commissioners, and he prepared the signals which were In nsc In onr navy until lately. For several 
 years Commodore Bainbridge suffered severely from bodily 111 health, aud finally filed at his residence in Philailelpliiii, 
 on thii 2ith of July, 183,1, at the age of flftj--nlne years. His fai.eral was celebrated on the .tlst. Tht Clucirimli Sociotv 
 attended, with a large concourse of citizens, and his body was laid In tlie earth with military honors by the United Sta;i - 
 Marines and a flno brigadi) uf infantry, under the command of the late Colonel J. G. Walmough. His remains re^^; 
 
 mi 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 4fi0 
 
 ' 1812. 
 
 Hilnbridce on the Coast of Brazil. The Hornet challcnf^ee a British Vessel. Cruise of the Cmuttitutiun dowu the Coast. 
 
 October.* He touched at the appointed rendezvous,* and arrived off Bahia, or 
 San Salvador, Brazil,^ on the 13th of December. He immediately sent in Cap- 
 tain Lawrence, with the Hornet, to commu- 
 nicate with the American consul there, 
 when that commander discovered in the 
 port the English sloop-of-war Bonne Ci- 
 I .yevi'i; 18, Captain Greene, about to sail 
 1,1 E'ldand with a very large amount of 
 c; , cie. Lawrence invited Greene to go out 
 I ,111 the open sea with his vessel and fight, 
 i.icd'nng himself that the Constitution 
 AmM take no part in the combat, but the 
 I'lvitish commander prudently declined the 
 invitation. The Hornet then took a posi- 
 tion to blockade the English sloop, and the 
 Constitution departed'' for a 
 ««■" ' "• cruise down the coast of Bra- 
 zil, keeping the land aboard. Three days 
 ul'tcrward, at about nine o'clock in the 
 morning, when in latitude 1.S° O' south and 
 longitude 38° Avest, or about thirty miles 
 troin shore, southeasterly of San Salvador, 
 Bainbridge discovered two vessels in shore 
 mid to the windward. The larger one was 
 !-ccn to alter her course, with an evident 
 desire for a meeting with the Constitution. 
 Tiie latter was willing to gratify her, and 
 tor tliat purpose tacked and stood toward 
 till' stranger. At meridian they both showed their colors and displayed signals, but 
 
 ^* 
 
 UAINimiUQEH MOSDUEMT. 
 
 beneath a plain white marble obelisk iu Christ Church- 
 yard in Philadelphia, and near it is a modest monument 
 to mark the resting-place of his wife, Susan Ilcylcger. 
 The following is tlie inscription on Bainbridge's mon- 
 ument: "William Bainuiudpk, United States Navy. 
 Born in Princeton, New Jersey, 7th of May, 1774. Died 
 in Philadelphia 2Sth of July, ISSit. Patbia viotisqce 
 LAiDATUB." See the Medal, page 40.'!. 
 
 Bainbridgc was about six feet in height, und well built. 
 His complexion was fair, his eyes black and very ex- 
 pressive, and his hair and whiskers very dark. He was 
 considered n model as an officer and a man in the 
 navy. 
 
 ' The places specified were Port Praya, in the island 
 of St. Jago, luid Fernando de Noronha, an island iu the 
 Atlantic 126 miles from the extreme eastern cape of Bra- 
 zil. It is now used as a place of banishment by the Bra- 
 zilian government. Tlie Comtitution and Hornet apjicar- 
 ed in the character of British vessels, and at both places, 
 letters wore left, directed to Sir James L. Yeo, of the 
 Southampton. They C(uitaincd commonplace remarks, 
 and also orders, in sympathetic ink, for Captain Porter, 
 should they fall Into his hands, he havlni; been informed 
 that letters at those places for him would be directed to 
 Yeo. The stratagem succeeded. The whole transaction 
 was In accordance with the privileges of war, and yet n 
 writer in the London Quarterhi Revmn charged Porter 
 with being guilty of an improper act in opening a letter 
 directed to nuofher person 1 
 
 2 This is one of the most important places in Sonth 
 America, and until 1701! \rafl the seat of the vlccroyalty 
 of Brazil, when it was transferred to Kio dc Janeiro. It 
 contains a population of 100,000, of whom one third are 
 white, one third mulattoes, and the remainder negroes. 
 
 "'^m 
 
liiK 
 
 460 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-UOOK 
 
 Buttio butween the Cuiutituthn and the Jara, 
 
 Incidents of the Battle. 
 
 Wreck and Capture of the Jato. 
 
 the latter were mutually unintelligible. The stranger was seen to be an EiKriJui, 
 frigate. Bainbridge at once prepared for action, when the Englishman haiilutl (iown 
 his colors, but left ii jack Hying. IJoth ships nin upon the same tack, about a mil,. 
 apart, when, at almost two o'clock, the Hritisli frigate bore down upon the Cunstilu. 
 tioii witli tlie intention of raking Iter. The latter wore and avoided the calamity and 
 at two o'clock, both ships being on the same tack, the CmistUution fired a siiiijlo cnn 
 across the enemy's bow to draw out her ensign again. A general caimonade iidm 
 botli vessels immediately ensued, and a furious battle was commenced. When it jiad 
 raged half an hour the wheel of the t'onslitiition was shot away, and her aiitiii^'onist 
 being the better sailer, had a great advantage for a time. But Bainbridge niaiia"icl 
 liis crippled sliip with such skill that she was the first in coming to the wind on tlio 
 otlier tack, and speedily obtained a position for giving lier opponent a terrible rakini' 
 fire. The combatants now ran free with the wind on their quarter, the stranircr be- 
 ing to the windward of the Cotistitution. At about tlirec o'clock the straiitrcr at- 
 tempted to close by running down on the Constitutioii's quarter. Her jib-booni pin. 
 etrated the latter's mizzen rigging, but suffered most severely without receivin;,' tlic 
 least advantage. She lost Iter jib-boom and the head of her bowsprit by shots from 
 the Constitution, and in a few minutes the latter ]>oured a heavy raking broadside 
 into the stern of her antagonist. This was followed by another, when the fore-mast 
 of the English frigate went by the board, crashing through the forecastle and main 
 deck in its ])assage. At that moment the Constitutio)i shot ahead, keeping aAvay to 
 avoid being raked, and finally, after maiueuvring for the greater part of an hour, slie 
 forereached her antagonist, wore, passed her, and luflTed up under her quarter. Then 
 the two vessels lay broadside to broadside, engaged in deadly conflict, yard-arm to 
 yard-arm. Very soon the enemy's mizzen-niast was shot away, leaving nothing stand- 
 ing but the main-mast, whose yard had been carried away near the slings. Tiie 
 stranger's fire now ceased, and the Constitution passed out of the combat of almost 
 two hours' duration at a few minutes ])ast four o'clock, with the impression on tlie 
 mind of Iter commander that the colors of the English frigate had been struck. Be- 
 ing in a favorable weatherly ])osition, Bainbridge occupied an hour in repairing dam- 
 ages and securing his masts, when he observed an ensign still fluttering on board ol' 
 his antagonist. lie immediately ordered the Constitution to wear round and renew 
 the conflict. Perceiving this movement, the Englishman hauled down his colors, and 
 at six o'clock in the evening First Lieutenant George Parker' was sent on board to 
 inquire her name and to take possession of her as a prize.^ She proved to be the 
 Jaoa, 38, Captain Henry Lambert, and one of the finest frigates in the British navy. 
 She was bearing, as passenger to the East Indies, Lieutenant General Ilyslop (jnst 
 appointed governor general of Jiomljay), and liis staft', Ca})tain Marshall and Lieuten- 
 ant Saunders, of the Royal Navy, and more than one hundred other otticers and men 
 destined for service in the East Indies. 
 
 The Java Avas a wreck. Her main-ina X had gone overboard dtiring the hour tliat 
 Bainbridge was repairing. Her mizzcn-mast was shot out of the ship close by the 
 deck, and the fore-mast was carried aAvay about twenty -five feet above it. Tlie bow- 
 sprit was cut ort" near the cap, and she Avas found to be leaking badly on account of 
 wounds in her hull by round shot. The Constitution Avas very much cut in lior sails 
 
 ' The ofBccrs of llic '^ime'itution in tliis action wen— Captain, Willinra Bainbridge. Lieutenants, George Parlier, 
 Beolinian T. Iloffmaii, Joiui T. Sbubriclt, Cliarles W. Morgan. fiaUing-maiitcrx, Joliu C. Alwin, John Nichols. Cliaphiii. 
 John Carlcton. LieutenantJi ■>/ Marinea, William 11. Freeman, .lohn Contce. Surgeon, >mos A. Evant". Sunjeon't Mut/i, 
 •Tohn D. Armstrong, Donaldson YcatCB. Piiriter, Robert C". Lndlow. Miilnhipmen, Thomas Beatty, Lewie Gerniaiii, Wil- 
 liam L. Gordon, Amiirose L. Fields, Fredcricli B.airy, Joseph Cross, Alexander Btlchcr, AVilliam Taylor, Alcxaniiir Est- 
 ridge, James W. Uelnncy, James Greenleaf, AVilliam D. M'Carly, Z. AV. Nixem, Jolm A. Wish, Dulauey Forest, (icorgf 
 Levcrett, Henry AVnrd, John (!. Long, John Pacliet, Richard AVinter. Hoatstrain, Peter Adams. Guniur, Kn'kM Dar- 
 ling. Actini) Midxhijniuin, Jolin C. Ciimings. 
 
 a On this very dny, and at that very hoiifi Htn! and Decatur were at the public ban'juct given tEem iu the ciiy of Ke» 
 York, tieo page 46T. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 461 
 
 lie laun of the Jam. 
 
 C'lAnparimuii of tliu two Vengeli). 
 
 Arrival uf the CmuiUtutiini at Boitun. 
 
 (lillU- 
 
 board of 
 ml renew 
 nrs, and 
 board tn 
 be tlu' 
 sli navy, 
 oj) (jibt 
 Lieutcii- 
 and iiK'ii 
 
 cor.;e Parker, 
 «l8. Chaphiii. 
 iirjton'" .t/ii'". 
 Germain. Wil- 
 ilcxniii'iT Esk- 
 [•'orest, (ieiirgf 
 •, Knekiel Cur- 
 
 .UecityofKeK 
 
 and ritfi?'"?- Many of licr sjiars Avere injured, but not one wjis lost. She went into 
 the action witli lior royal yurds mroHs, mid ciimc out of it will-, nil three of them in 
 tlioir proiii'r j^laces. There lire coiiflit tin;; iiecountH concerning tlie loss of the Java 
 ill men. Iler commander, Captain Lambert, uas morlally wounded, and iier otlier 
 officers were cautious about the number of iier men and lier caHi'.alties. Aeeordinc; to 
 <\ muster-roll found on board of lier, made out five days after she saileil, iier officers 
 und crew numbered four liundred and forty-six. Tlieso were exclusive of the more 
 than one liundred ])assengers, many of whom assisted in the engagement, and of 
 whom thirteen were killed. The British published account states the loss of men on 
 till' Juvti to have been twenty-two killed, and one hundred and one wounded, while 
 iiaiiibridfjc rej)orted her loss, as nearly as he could ascertain from the British officers 
 lit the time, at sixty killed, and one hundred and one wounded. This was, doubtless, 
 helow the real number. Indeed, Baiubiidgc inclosed to the Secretary of the Navy 
 evidences of a mticli larger loss in wounded. It was a letter, written by one of the 
 ,,fficers ofthcJitva to a friend, and accidentally dropped on tlic deck of the Constitu- 
 ^/o», where it was found a.id handed to llainbridge. The writer, who had no motive 
 lit" public policy for concealing any thing from his friend, stated the loss to be sixty- 
 tlve killed, and one hundred tind seventy Avounded.' The Constitution lost only nine 
 killed and twenty-five wounded. Bainbridge was slightlj' hurt in the liip by a 
 lauskot-ball ; and the shot that carried away the wheel of the Constitution drove a 
 small copper be into his thigh, Avhic'. inflicted a dangerous wound, but did not 
 cause iiini to leave the deck before miduight. 
 
 The Java, as has been observed, was a superior frigate of her class. She was rated 
 at thirtj'-eight, but carried forty-nine. The Constitutionr carried at that time forty- 
 tive guns, and had one man less at each than the Java. On the whole, the iireponder- 
 anee of strength was with the latter. Bainbridge might have saved the hull of his 
 luizeby taking it into San Salvador, but, having proof that the Brazilian government 
 was favorable to that of Great Britain, he would not trust the ca])tured frigate there. 
 He was too far from home to think of conducting lier to an American ])ort; so, after 
 lyinirby thee,^;(?^rt for two days, until the wounded and prisoners, with their baggage, 
 cnuld all be transferred to tlie Constitution, he ordered the battered frigate to be 
 lircd. She blew up on the Slst, Avhen Bainbridge proceeded to San Salvador with his 
 prisoners, and found the Bonne Citbyenne about to attempt passing the Hornet and 
 putting to sea. Ilis arrival frustrated the plan. Having landed and paroled his 
 priMiners," Bainbridge sailed for the United States on the 6th of January, . jnmiury 3, 
 1813.= ^'*'^- 
 
 Tlie Constitutioti arrived at Boston on Monday, the 15th of February, and Bain- 
 bridite immediately dispatched Lieutenant Ludlow with a letter to tlie Secretary of 
 the \avy. When Bainbridge landed he was greeted Avith the roar of artillery and the 
 aeclaniation'5 of thousands bf citizens. A procession was formed, and he was escorted 
 to the Excliange Coffee-house, the bands playing Yankee Doodle, and the throngs in 
 
 • Letter rioni 11. D. Corncck to Lloutpnnnt Peter V. Wood, In the Inle of Friuicc, diitcd ou board the Ciiimfiltilion, 
 .'aauarjr l.lSl.l. After speaking of the death of n friend in the liattle, he said, " Four other of his messmates Bhureil 
 tbo same I \te, together with sixty men killed, and one hundred and seventy wounded." 
 
 ! The following is a list of the British military and naval officers i)arolcd : Militanj, one lieutenant general, one major, 
 uuc captain. Naval, one post captain, one master and coniniander, five lientcnanls, three lieutenants of marine, one 
 furgeoD, two assistant surgeons, one ])ur?er, fifteen midshipmen, one gunner, one boatswain, one siiip carpenter, two 
 ciiitaln's clerks— total, thirty-eight. (Japtain Lambert died on the day after the landing (January 4). Baiubiidgc treated 
 ill of his prisoners with the greatest tenderness and consideration. Silver i)lnte to a large nmount, presented to Gen- 
 i-al llyslop by the colony of Demarara, and which would have been lawful prize, was returned to that gentleman, who 
 liiaukedBainorirtge for his kind courtesy, and iiresented him his sword (which Bainbridge would not receive when it 
 was offered in token of surrender) in farther testimony of his gratitude. And yet, in the face of ail this, James, the 
 earliest, as he was the most mendacious of the British historians of the war, and one nu)6t quoted by British writers 
 uow, say* {Saral Oeatrrmcen, etc., page ISS), " The ma-.ncr in which the .fava's men were treated by the American 
 offlrers fellerts upon the latter the highest disgrace." In a letter to n friend, written when homeward bound, Baln- 
 hridge exhibited liis goodness of heart In thus speaking of the death of his antnuonist : " I'om' Lambert, whose death I 
 fincercly regret, was a distinguished, gallant, and worthy man. He has left a widow and two hcljiless childrci; i But 
 yjcotmtry makes provision for such sad events." 
 
1 1'' 
 
 462 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 Ilouorii k'vod to liuliihrldge. 
 
 I'ublli lliinquet lu Boiton. 
 
 Olfli uf Ihe CI tie* of Now York nud Albany. 
 
 tho Htreets, balconies, aiiil windows dicoring loudly, the hidics waving their liaiKH,,,.. 
 chiefs. Tho streets were strung with hunners and strcanuMH, ami Coniinodorcs iJoilij. 
 crs and Iltiil, who walked witli Haiiihridge in the iiroicHsion, received a sliare of the 
 popular honorH. The viitory was announced at the tluatrc that night, and iModuccil 
 tho wildest cnthuKiasni. The Legislature of Massacliusetts bchig in sessiitii tlicv 
 j)aHsed a resolution of thanks to Bainbridge and his officers and cnw,' and on tlic 
 '2d of March a splendid bancjuet was Liiveii ut tho Exchange Coflbc-house to IJaiu- 
 bridge and tho officers of the VonstUution,'* 
 
 The cai)ture of tho Java., the fourth brilliant naval victory in a brief space ut 
 time, caused great exultation throughout tlie United States, and the Constitution was 
 popularly called from that time Old Ironsides. Orators and rliymcrs, the jjulpit and 
 the ])re8s, made the gallant exploits of Hainbridgo the theme of many words in mis,. 
 and prose.^ The Common Council of New York jjresented to him the freedom ot'thc 
 city in a gold box,* and ordered his portrait painted for the picture-gallery in tiic 
 City Hall* The city of Albany did the same;* and the citizens of Philadelphia pre- 
 
 NKW YORK UOI.O IKfX. 
 
 ALliANV OOl.l) It0\, 
 
 sented him wiih an elegant service of silver plate, the most costly piece of wliicli \va> 
 a massive urn, elegantly wrought.' The Congress of the United States voted th' 
 
 ' By the Senate on tlie IBtti of February, and by the House of Representatives on tho 20th. 
 
 » The procession was formed in Faneull Hall by Major Tllden, and was eccorted by the Boatim Light Infantr mltlip 
 W'inMou' Blues, under Colonel Sargent. The Honorable Christopher Gore presided at the table, assisted by llarrlsii 
 (ircy Otis, Israel Thorndike, Arnold Willis, Thomas L. WInthrop, Peter C. Brooks, and William Sullivan as vice-presi- 
 dents. Intelligence liad jnst come that the British Orders in Council had hccn repealed, and that peace might be soou 
 expected. Elated by this news, the Honorable Timothy Dexter offered Ihe following toast: "The British Ordcru in 
 Council revoked, and our national honor gallantly retrieved. Now let us shut the lenii)lc of Janus till his duuble facr 
 goes out of fashion." An ode was sung at the banquet, written, on request of the committee of arraugomcuts, by the 
 late L. M. Sargent, Esq. 
 
 3 One of the most popular songs of the day was composed in honor of the capture of the Jam, and called " Bsin- 
 bridge's Tld re I," in which, after every verse, the singer gives a sentence in prose, winding up witli the chorus "TiJ 
 le I, Tid ro I, Tid re Id re I do." The following is a specimen of that kind of song, once so popular : 
 
 "Come, lads, draw near, and you shall hear, 
 In truth as chaste as DIau, O ! 
 IIow Bainbridge true, and his bold crew, 
 
 Again have tamed the lion, O I 
 'Twnn off Brazil he got the pill 
 
 Which made him cry i>erravi, O 
 But hours two, the Java new, 
 Maintained the battle bravely, O I 
 "But our gallant tars, as soon as they were piped to quarters, gave three cheers, and boldly swore, by the blood of 
 the heroes of Tripoli, ttiat, sooner than strike, they'd go the bottom singing 
 
 Tid re I, Tid re I, Tid re Id re I do." 
 
 ♦ This box is three Inches In diameter and one inch in depth. On the inside of tho lid is the following insoriptioii; 
 " The Corporation of the City of New York to Commodore William Bainbridge, of the United States frigate Ciiu/if"- 
 Hon, in testimony of the high sense they entertain of his gallantry and skill in tlie capture of his Britannic Majcsi; • 
 ship .Iava on the 29th of December, 1812." 
 
 4 The portrait was i>alnted by John Wesley Jarvis. The engraving on page 469 is from a copy of that picture. 
 
 • The box presented by the city of Albany is of oblong form, and Is faithfully dellneat-d in tb" engraving. It is Ihw 
 Inches and ahalf long and three fourths of an inch deep. On the inside of the lid Is the follow Inscription : ".\lrib- 
 nte of icspect by the Common Council of the City of Albany to Commodore William Balnbriugc for his gallant navil 
 services in the late war with Great Britain." This box is in the possession of the gallant commander's daughter, Mrt 
 (Mary Bainbridge) Charles Joudon, of Philadelphia. 
 
 '' This uru is eighteen inches in height. The lid is surmounted by an eagle abont to soar. Below each massive ban- 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 408 
 
 )[|j.i pwgwUd to B>tobridge by Cungrcw. 
 
 Kffoct of the iiAvnl ButtlM hi America ud Onat Hrltato. 
 
 thanks to Bainl>ml>?e and his companions in anno, and aUo filly thouHaml <lollar8 in 
 moni'V, bi'diUHr < I" till' iieceBsary dcHtnu'tion of their prizi-. They also ordered a j^old 
 mi'iliii ti> be struck in honor ut'the eoMiinandir,' and silver ones for each of his otti- 
 cers in token of the national approbation of their conduct. 
 
 nAiNnniDUE iir.n\L. 
 
 The conflict between the Constitution and Java was the closing naval engagement 
 of tho year, and, with the previous victories won by t,he Americans, made the deei»- 
 est imjirossions upon the ptd)lic mind in both hemisphnres. The United States cruis- 
 irs, pulilic anil private, had captured about three hundred prizes from tho Britisli 
 (luiiiiij; that first si.x months of war. The American war-jjarty — indeed, the whole 
 .Vmorican people, excepting a few Submissionists, were made exultant by these events, 
 ;iik1 the gloom caused by the failure of the land forces Avas disi)elled. The views of 
 the Federalists, who had always favored a navy, were Justifictl, and the o])position to 
 it, on the part of the Democrats, ceased. The llritish people were astounded by these 
 heavy and ominous blows dealt at their supremacy of the seas, and some of the lead- 
 iiiiT newspapers scattered curses broadcast. One of them, a leading London i)ai>er, 
 «ith that vulgarity which too often disgraced journalism on both sides )f the At- 
 lantic at that time, petulantly expressed its api)rehen8ions that England might be 
 ■«tri]i]i(Hl of her maritime superiority " by a piece of striped buntiug Hying at the 
 mast-head of a few fir-built frigates, manned by a handfvd of bastards and outlaws!" 
 
 But this impotent rage sooii subsided, and British writers and speakers, compelled 
 to acknowledge the equality of the American people in all that constitutes the true 
 
 (lie Is 8 head of Neptune. On one side 
 of the um In the representation of tho 
 ivrcclicrt Jam and tlic trinniphant Can 
 itiliUimt, and on tlio other the followlug 
 inreriptloa: "Presented by tlie citizenH 
 ofPhlladelplila to Commodore Wiiliam 
 B«iiil)rld({e, of the U. 8. frigate Cons'itu- 
 lirm, an u testimonial of tho higli sense 
 ibty eiitertaiu of his skill and gallantry 
 ill the capture of the British MgaV^Javn, 
 of 4!t puis and ROfl men, and of their ad 
 rairnlion of hln generous and maKuani 
 moua conduct toward the vanquished 
 foe. Loss In the action of 29th Decem- 
 ber, 1S12_C., 9 killed, 25 wounded : J., 
 Wkllled.Kil wounded." 
 
 .\tier the death of Bainbridge's wid- 
 ow, his ))late was diBtrll)ntod amouK 
 hi» inrvivlng children. The um and 
 other sih-cr pieces, and the New York 
 gold 1)01, belong to Mrs. Stisan (Hain- 
 
 BAl.MiMli'.K IIU<, 
 
 bridtie) Ilaycs, widow of Captain Thom- 
 as Hayes, of the I'nitcd States Navy, a 
 resident of Philadelphia. To her kind 
 courtesy I am indebted for the privileire 
 of making sketches of the urn and Soi- 
 cs. She also has in her possession the 
 sword presented to ]!ainhrldge by Hy- 
 8lop(8eeNotc2, page4Cl). It Ik a straight 
 dress sword, in a black leather si-abbird. 
 .■Vlso another sword, with basket guard 
 and elegant gilt mountings. Also a 
 Turkish cimeter. 
 
 ' On one side ofUie medal ii Rbnstof 
 Bainbridjte, and the legend "iicliej-muh 
 
 IIAlNnilinOK PATRIA VIOTOKISQUE LAUKA- 
 
 1U8." Keverse, a ship, tho stumps of 
 her three masts standing, and her con- 
 queror with only a few shot-liolcs in her 
 sails. I.cgeud — "pfoNANno." Exergue 
 
 — " INTSB OOMBT. MAY. AMEKI, KT *AV. 
 NAT. AKSL. DtK XXIX. OEOEM. UDOOOXII." 
 
 
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 Meetlii)? of the Twelfth C'onjfreM, 
 
 greatness of a nation, labored hard to show that in all cases the American vessels in 
 force of men and metal, Avere greatly superior to those of the British encoiintored. 
 They even went so far as to assert that the American frigates were all "seventy-fours 
 in disguise !" These assertions were iterated and reiterated long after the Avar iiad 
 ceased, to the amusement of thoughtful men, who clearly perceived the truth whtn the 
 smoke had cleared away. The most notable exhibition of this folly is seen in tliree 
 volumes, one on the naval and two on the military occurrences of that war, written 
 by William James. These, aa we have observed, were among the earliest of the 
 elaborate writings concerning that war, and have, ever since th<>ir appearance been 
 the most frequently quoted by those British and British-American writers and spc-ik- 
 ers who delight in abusing the government and people of the United States Tlic 
 spirit manifested on every jiage bears evidence of the 2)overty of the authv..- lu .i.ll that 
 constitutes a candid and veracious historian.' 
 
 Having now considered in groups the military and naval events of the war (lurinT 
 the first year of the contest, excepting those in the extreme southern boundaries of 
 the Republic, which will be noticed hereafter, let us glance at the civil affairs of tlie 
 United States, having relation to the subject in question, before entering upon a de- 
 scription of the stirring campaign of 1813. 
 
 The second session of ilw Twelfth Congress commenced on the 2d day of No- 
 • isf2 ^'Pinber.* It was the eve of the popular election of Presidential eleetors. 
 ' President Madison had been nominated for the oflice for a second term by a 
 Congressional caucus, as we have already observed,* as the Democratic candidate; 
 and the Legislature of New York had nominated De Witt Clinton, a nephew of the 
 late Vice-president, and of tne same political faith, for the same office. The Federal- 
 ists, conscious of their inability to elect a candidate of their oAvn, coalesced with the 
 Clintonian Democrats. This course was decided upon in a Convention of Federalist 
 leaders from all the states north of the Potomac, held in secret session, in the city of 
 New York, in September.'' If the Avar must go on, they regarded Clinton as 
 the possessor of greater executive ability than Madison, and better able to 
 conduct it vigorously ; but their chief desire and hope was to bring about an early 
 peace by the defeat of Madison, the repeal of the British Orders in ComiciF havini,' 
 opened a door for that consuinniation so devoutly wished for. Jaied IngcrRoli, of 
 Pennsylvania, a moderate F'ederalist, was nominated by the Convention for Vice- 
 president. George Clinton having died, Elbridge Gerry, as we have seen,* was nom- 
 inated for Vice-president by the Madisonians. 
 
 When the elections occurred, nearly all the Federalists and a fraction of the Demo- 
 cratic party voted for the Clintonian electors. All of the New England States, ex 
 eepting Vermont, chose such electors.* New York did the same, in consequence of the 
 adroit management of Martin Van liuren, a politician thirty years of age, Avho then 
 appeared prominently for the first time.^ There Avac a similar result in New Jersey, 
 
 L Wi11inm James wag an English emigrant to the United States early In the present centnry. He was a vetcrlunrj 
 sn^eon {or " horse doctor," ns they are called in this coiiutrj) in Philadelphia, but was nnsucce!>8ful !u his (irofcunion. 
 He left that city for his native country, thoroughly disgusted with every thing American, because tlu' people baii nol 
 appreciated his talents. His chief employment afler his return fjecms to have been abuse of the Americans, tlieir piibiio 
 men, their government, and their writers. He wrote angry reviews of some American books on the naval and millimy 
 hislory of the War of It'ia, and these were published, in 181T and 1818, In three volumes. The first was entitled "A 
 Full fldrf Correct Aeeount iif the N*vai. Ooocbrenokb tf tite IMe War, etc." and the other two, "/I FvU awl Cnrmt it- 
 cnunt ef the. Mii.itabv OooraKKNoxs <(/■ the Late War, etc." They arc not histories, but violent tirades, and maiiiffft, «^ 
 the Kilinburfl RnHew remarked, " bitter and persevering antipathy" to the Americans. " AInios* every orlgiimi rornnrk 
 made by the author upon them," said the lieviae, " bears traces of the nnworthy feeling we have Just mcnIlDiied." In 
 considering his performance in the light of two generations of tlionght and Investigation, the truth of the niotlo on the 
 title-page of his volume on the Saval Oamrrmce^, quoted from Murphy'B Tacitus, Is very manifest. " Tratli ie alwars 
 bronght to light by time and rofiection, while the lie nf the dan lives by bustle, noise, and precipitation." .lanies died In 
 1827. " See page 226. ' See page i-'-l. • Sec p«|;eV« 
 
 » Ii. Massachnset'e, so strongly ncmocratlc, only a few months before, the "peace electors," a< the Cliutoniaus were 
 called, obtained n mivjority of 24,000. 
 
 « Owing to the dissonance In the Democratic party In New York, caased by the diuienslons between the Madlwinlani 
 and t'liutonlans, the FederallstB «ho«« nineteen out of the twenty-three members of Congress. Those of New Ilimp- 
 
 1812. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 4«6 
 
 The Administration enatalned. 
 
 Madison re-elected. 
 
 Threats of Joeiah Qnlncy In Congreip. 
 
 and for a time tlie re-election of Madison appeared doubtful. But before Congress 
 had been in session six weeks it was definitely ascertained, from the official canvass, 
 that Madison had one hundred and twenty-eight out of the two hundred and eighteen 
 electors chosen, and that a large majority of the Congressmen elect were friends of 
 the administration This result was regarded, under the circumstances, as a ve^•y 
 stroin' expression of the public in favor of the war ; and the war-party in and out of 
 Congress were greatly strengthened. They were also encouraged by the aspect of 
 affairs abroad. Intelligence of apparent ('isasters to the English in Spain, the triumph 
 of Bonaparte in the terrible battle of Borodino, and his victorious march upon Moscow, 
 filled them with the hope that England, struggling with all Europe against her, must 
 speedily be compelled to withdraw her soldiers and seamen from America, and give 
 up the contest here, or else fall a prey to the conquering Corsican. But they were 
 doomed to an early disappointment of their hopes by disasters that fell thick and faut 
 upon the French army, exposed to Russia i snows and Russian cohorts. It was evi- 
 dent, too, from the returns of the late elections, that the Opposition were growing 
 stronger every day. 
 
 Among the earliest national measures proposed in Congress was apian for increas- 
 ing the t' my twenty thousand men, making the whole establishment fifty-six thou- 
 sand. The President, in his fourth annual message," after giving a gen- 'November 4, 
 cral statement of the position of affairs in relation to the war, called the ^*^^'*" 
 
 attention of the national Legislature to the necessity of measures for the vigorous 
 prosecution of it. A bill was introduced into the House of Representatives to raise 
 the pay of private soldiers from six to eight dollars a month, to guarantee recruits 
 against arrtst for debt, and to give them their option to enlist for five years or for 
 the war. In the same bill was a clause allowing the enlistment of minors without the 
 consent of their parents or masters. This elicited a very spirited debate, in which 
 Josiah Quincy engaged with his usual vigor. He declared it to be an interference 
 with the rights of parents and masters, and warned the House that if the bill passed 
 with that " atrocious principle" contained in it, it would be met in Now England by 
 the state laws against kidnapping and man-stealing. He opposed it as bearing par- 
 ticularly hard upon the North, where the laborers are the yeomanry and the minors, 
 while at the South the laborers were slaves, and exempted by law from military duty. 
 The planter of the South, he said, can look around upon his fifty, his hundred, and 
 his thousand human beings, and say, "These are mj property" — property tilling the 
 l:md, and ' nriching the owner in Avar as well as in peace; while the farmer of the 
 North has mly one or two eice lambs — his children, of which he can say, and say 
 with pride, like 'Jie Roman matron, 'These are my ornaments.'" These, by the pro- 
 posed law, might be taken from him, and his land must remain untilled.^ 
 
 Williaras, of South Carolina, the chairman of the Military Committee, retorted 
 fiercely. In reply to Quincy's assertion that the bill contained an " atrocious princi- 
 ple," he charged the great Federal leader with uttering an "atrocious falsehood." 
 Ills language was so offensively supercilious that it drew admonitions even from 
 John Randolph. He argued well in favor of an increase of the army. " The British 
 regular force in the Canadas," he said, " could not be estimated less than twelve 
 thousand men. In addition to these were the Canadian militia, amounting to several 
 thousands, and three thousand regulars at Halifax. To drive this force from the field, 
 the St. Lawrence must be crossed with a well-appointed army of twenty thousand 
 men, supported by an army of reserve of ten thousand. Peace is not to be expected 
 
 ibire were all Federalists, and that party carried the Legislature of New Jersey and more than half of its Congressional 
 dtle^tlon. 
 ' Aqutwtlon npon similar premises arose in the Convention of 17S7, when it was proposed to malce three oni of every 
 in (laves count as persons in determiulni; the representation of the states in Congress. It was observed that while 
 the iil«Ye8 were culled persons for a political purpose, they were only chaiUU af other times, and could not be called into 
 tie military eenlce of the country. This was a grievous wrong toward the non-glaveholding states. 
 
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 408 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
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 The Policy and Leader> of the War Party denounced by Quincy. 
 
 Response by Henry Cl«y. 
 
 but al tho expense of a vigorous and successful war. Administrations have in vain 
 sued for it, even at the expense of the sarcastic sneers of the British minister. The 
 campaign of 1813 must open in a style and vigor calculated to inspire confidence iu 
 ourselves and awe in the enemy. Nothing must be left to chance ; our movcmontst 
 must every where be in concert. At the same moment we move on Canada, a corns 
 of ten thousand men must threaten Halifax from the province of Maine. The lionor 
 and character of the nation require that the British power on our borders sliould be 
 annihilated the next campaign. Her American provinces once wrested from her ev- 
 ery attempt to recover them will be chimericnl, except by negotiation. The road to 
 peace thus lies through Canada." The bill passed the House of Representatives but 
 the objectionable clause received only four votes in the Senate. 
 
 The expensive volunteer system M^as taken up in Congress, and the law authorizintf 
 the employment of that species of soldiers was repealed. Another was substituted 
 which authorized the enlistment of twenty regiments of regulars to serve twelve 
 months, to whom a bounty of sixteen dollars should be given. It also provided for 
 the appointment of six major generals and six brigadier generals, and a correspond- 
 ing increase of subordinate officers. Party spirit was aroused in the debate tbat en- 
 sued, and the discussion took a range so wide as to include the whole policy and 
 •Jannnrys, conduct of the war. Mr. Quincy led off* with great bitterness and tbe 
 
 ^^^^- keenest sarcasm. " He denounced the invasion of Canada," says Hildreth,' 
 " as a cruel, wanton, senseless, and wicked attack, in which neither plunder nor glon- 
 was to be gained, upon an unoffending people, bound to us by ties of blood and gooil 
 neighborhood ; undertaken for the punishment, over their shoulders, of another peo- 
 ple three thousand miles off, by young politicians fluttering and cackling on the floor 
 of that house, half hatched, the shell still on their heads, and their pin-feathers not 
 yet shed — politicians to whom reason, justice, pity, were nothing, revenge every thing; 
 bad policy, too, since the display of such a grasping spirit only tended to alienate 
 from us that large minority of the British people anxious to compel their ministers 
 to respect our maritime rights. So thought the people of New England, and hence 
 the difficulty of getting recruits. The toad-eaters of the palace — party men in pur- 
 suit of commissions, fat contracts, judgeships, and offices for themselves, their fatbers, 
 sons, brothers,uncie8, and cousins — might assert otherwise, but the people had spoken 
 in the late elections. There were in New England multitudes of judicious, patriotic, 
 honest, sober men, who, if their judgments and their consciences went with the war, 
 would rush to the standard of their country at the winding of a horn, but to whom 
 
 the present call sounded rather as a jewsharp or a banjo. If the government 
 
 would confine itself to a war of defense, it should have his support ; but for a war of 
 conquest and annexation, whether in East Florida'^ or Canada, he would not contrib- 
 ute a single dollar. Nor was he to be frightened from this ground by the old state 
 cry of British connection, raised anew by a pack of mangy, mongrel blood-hounds, for 
 the most part of very recent importation, their necks still marked with the collar, and 
 their backs sore with the stripes of European castigation, kept in pay by the admin- 
 istration to hunt down all who opposed the court." 
 
 This contemptuous speech drew a most vigorous reply from Mr. Clay, the Speaker 
 of the House, who felt himself specially aimed at by the expression " unfledged poli- 
 ticians." He charged the Federalists, says Hildreth, " with always, throughout the 
 whole controversy with Great Britain, thwarting the plans of their own government; 
 clamoring alike against the embargo, against the non-intercourse, against the non-im- 
 portation ; when the government were at peace, crying out for war ; and, now the 
 government were at war, crying out for peace ; falsely charging the President with 
 
 > BUtoT]! i\f the United States, si rood series, lit., 381. 
 
 ' Tbe revolutionary and military operations in that quarter will be noticed hcreufter. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 4W 
 
 Cla'i Speech In OpposUlon to Qulncy. Meatinres for Btrengtheiiing the Army and Navy. Government K:i;penBes. 
 
 beine under French influence ;' heaping all kinds of abuse on Bonaparte ; assai'ing 
 Jefferson with impotent rage ; spiriting up chimeras of Southern influence and Vir- 
 ginia dictation, as if the people did not choosa their own presidents; going even so 
 tar as to plot the dissolution of the Union." M-. Clay then presented a most pathetic 
 picture of the wrongs inflicted upon, and miseries endured by, American seamen un- 
 der the operations of the impressment system, to which Great Britain clung tena- 
 ciouf'.y. " -As to the gentleman's sentimental protest against the invasion of Canada," 
 he said in substance, '' was Canada so innocent, after all ? Was it not in Canada that 
 the Indian tomahawks were whetted ? Was it not from Maiden and other Canadian 
 ma 'azines that the supplies had issued which had enabled the savage bands to butch- 
 er the garrison of Chicago? Was it not by a joint attack of Canadians and Indians 
 that Michillimackinac had been reduced ? What does a state of war present ? The 
 combined energies of one people arrayed against tlie combined energies of another, 
 each aiming to inflict all the injury it can, whether by sea or land, upon the territo- 
 ries property, and persons of the other, subject only to those mitigated usages prac- 
 ticed among civilized nations. The gentleman would not touch the British Continent- 
 al possessions, nor, for the same reason, it was supposed, her West India islands. By 
 the same rule, her innocon*^ " V'iers and sailors ought to be protected; and as, accord- 
 ing to a well-known max.n, ne king could do no wrong, there would seem to be 
 nobody left whom, on the gentleman's principles, we could attack unless it were Mr. 
 Steplien,^ the reputed author of the Orders in Council, or the Board of Admi'-alty, 
 under whose authority our seamen Avere impressed." .... Mr. Clay's " plan was," 
 he said, "to call out the ample resources of the country to the fullest extent, to strike 
 wherever the enemy could be reached, by sea or land, and to negotiate a peace at 
 Quebec or Halifax." 
 
 Measures were adopted for strengthening both the army and navy, and the more 
 perfect organization of each. The President was authorized to cause the construc- 
 tion of four ships of seventy-four guns each, and six frigates and six sloops-of-war ;^ to 
 issue treasury notes to the amount of five millions of dollars, and to create a new 
 stock for a loan of sixteen millions of dollars.* A bill was also passed, chiefly through 
 the untiring eflTorts of Langdon Cheves and Joh.i C. Calhoun, representatives from 
 Sonth Carolina, by which the bonds of merchants given for goods imported from 
 Great Britain and Ireland after the declaration of war, and seized under the provi- 
 sions of the Non-importation Act, were canceled. For six weeks after the news of 
 war reached England expoitat?ons had been allowed to go on ;' and the goods to 
 which the law in question would apply were valued, at invoice prices, at more than 
 
 1 Qnlncy had Bald, In the speech just qnoitd flrom, that the " administration, nnder French influence and dictation, 
 hid for twelve years ruled the country with anthority little short of despotic ;" and then referred to the continnous rule 
 at "a narrow Virginia clique, to the exclusion from office and influence of all men of talents, even of their own party, 
 not connected with that clique." > Author of War in Ditgtiise. See page 140. 
 
 ' According tn a careful estimate made by the Secretary of the Navy, the force of three frigates would not be more 
 ibin eqnal to one T4-gun ship. The expense of building and equipping a frigate of 44 guns, estimated from the actual 
 coit of the Premlmt, was $220,010 ; the cost of a 74, $333,000. The annual expense of keeping a fHgate of that size in 
 Htrice was estimated at $110,000, and that of a 74 at $210,110. The result fhim these calcnlations was, that while the 
 tipenees of a T4 were something less than (hose of two frigates of 44 guns each, her value in service wai> equal to three 
 frigates.— See Perkins's History of the Political atui Military Events of the Late War, page 160. This estimate determined 
 Coigreii to build 74's. 
 
 < The following were the Treasury estimates of expenditures for the year 1813 : 
 
 For the civil list, and interest and reimbursement of a part of the principal of the public debt $8,600,000 
 
 Forthearmy, not including the new levies 17,000,000 
 
 For the navy, not iDcluding the proposed increase 4,0%,000 
 
 Total $30,426,000 
 
 The total appropriations made for the service of the year amonnted to $39,975,000. Such wa« the amount necessary to 
 meet the entire expenses of the government of the United States fifty years ago, wher, it was waging a war with Qreat 
 Britain. The expenditures of the government for a year (186!)) during the late civil *ar was ,$S<1B,234,000. 
 
 'This was under a false impression made by Mr. Russell, the American Char' , d'Affairen, that in consequence of 
 lie repeal of the Orders In Council the Non-Intercourse Act would be snSpendr j. Immediately after the repeal (June 
 i3d,lSI2), all the American ships then in British ports commenced loading wi ,n British goods. 
 
 "I. 
 
i.i;n 'I. 
 
 ( !i 
 
 IliiNlii 
 
 r^l i 
 
 408 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 P«callat')ry Law. 
 
 Report of the Committee on Foreign KeUtl 
 
 ogi. 
 
 eighteen millions of dollars, and were worth double that amount in the Ameiicin 
 market. This act conciliated the mercantile interest. 
 
 Cheves, who was chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, endeavored to 
 procure a partial repeal of the Non-importation Act, but failed. The restrictive sys- 
 tem was regarded with great favor as a powerful weapon In the hands of the Ameri- 
 cans, and its friends adhered to it with the greatest tenacity, believing it to be a pol- 
 icy potent in hastening the ruin of England. The Federalists failed to support the 
 measure because the repeal was not complete, and on account of the provision in it 
 for the more strict enforcement of what was left. 
 
 We have already observed that a retaliatory law, first suggested by Colonel Scott 
 on account of some prisoners taken at Queenston, and who had been sent to Eiifrland 
 as desorttfrs because they were Irishmen, was passed.' It was so framed as not only 
 to meet the special case of those persons, but such Indian outrages under British sanc- 
 tion as had been committed at the River Raisin.^ Happily, there was no occasion 
 for enforcing the law. 
 
 On the 1 3th of January, Mr. Calhoun, from the Committee on Foreign Relations 
 made an able report. It had been looked for with great interest. In tliat report 
 the subject of itnjjressment held a conspicuous place. The President, as we have ob- 
 • June 20, served, only a week after the declaration of Avar," proposed an immediate 
 
 1812. armistice, on conditions at once just and honorable to both nations. It was 
 rejected by the British in terms of peculiar reproach and insult. At about the same 
 time the British Orders in Council were repealed conditionally, but the practice of 
 impressment was defended as just and expedient, and would rot be allowed to be- 
 come a subject for negotiation by the British authorities. Thus niatt.?rs stood when 
 the Report on Foreign Relations was presented. After alluding to the above facts 
 the committee proceeded to say that " the impressment of our seamen, beins; de- 
 servedly considered a principal cause of the war, the war ought to be prosecuted un- 
 til that cause be removed. To appeal to arms in defense of a right, and to lay them 
 down without securing it, or a satisfactory evidence of a good disposition in the op- 
 posite party to secure it, would be considered in no other light than a relinquishment 
 of it. . . . The manner in which the friendly advances and liberal propositions of the 
 Executive have been received by the British government has, in a great measure, ex- 
 tinguished the hope of amicable accommodations. , . . War having been declared, 
 .and the case of impressment being necessarily included as one of the most important 
 causes, it is evident it must be provided for in the pacification. The omission of it 
 in a treaty of peace would not leave it on its foi-mer ground ; it would, in effect, be 
 an absolute relinquishment, an idea at which the feelings of every American must re- 
 volt. The seamen of the United States have a claim on their country for protection, 
 and they must be protected. If a single ship is taken at sea, and the property of an 
 American citizen wrested from him unjustly, it rouses the indignation of the coun- 
 try. How much more deeply, then, ought we to be excited wlien we behold so many 
 of this gallant and highly meritorious class of our fellow-citizens snatched from tiieir 
 families and country, and carried into a cruel and afflicting bondage ? It is an evil 
 which ought not, which can not be longer tolerated. Without dwelling on the suf- 
 ferings of the victims, or on that wide scene of distress which it spreads among their 
 relatives through the country, the pi*actice is, in itself, in the highest degree degrad- 
 ing to the United StatCv. as a nation. It is incompatible with their sovereignty; it 
 is subversive of the main pillars of their independence. The forbearance of the Unit- 
 ed States under it has been mistaken for pusillanimity." 
 
 To offect r, change in the British policy respecting impressments, the committee 
 
 1 See page 408. 
 
 ' The British anthoritles excneed themtetves on thr plea that they conld not restrain the ladiant. 
 Uflcatiou. The root of the iniquity was in the employment of the savages as allies. 
 
 Thlswjiiiojaf- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813, 
 
 4e9 
 
 iltalfato of the Prince Regent. 
 
 Charges againiit the Oovernment of the United States. 
 
 1813. 
 
 >> January 13. 
 
 ' January 9. 
 
 recommended the passage of 1^ act, which vis appended to their report, similar to 
 one proponed by Mr. Russell to Lord Castlereagh several months before, prohibiting, 
 after the close of the present war, .he employment, in public or private vessels, ofeny 
 persons except American citizens, this prohibition to extend only to the subjects or 
 citizens of such states as should make reciprocal regulations. An act to that eifect, 
 wiiich passed the House on the 12th of February, was adopted by the Senate on the 
 last day of the session," against very warm opposition of some of the war- • March s, 
 partv, who considered it as a humiliating concession. 
 
 Only four days before the presentation of their report'' by the Commit- 
 tee on Foreign Relations, the Prince Regent, acting sovereign of Great 
 Britain, issued a manifesto" concernhig the causes of the war, and the sub- 
 jects of blockade and impressment. He declared that the war was not 
 the consequence of any fault of Great Britain, but that it liad been brought on by 
 tlie pavtial conduct of the American government in overlooking the aggressions of 
 the French, and in their negotiitions with them. He alleged that a quarrel with 
 Great Britain had been sought because she had adopted measures solely as retalia- 
 tive as toward France ; and that, as those measures liad been abandoned by a repeal 
 of the Orders in Council, the war was now continued on the question of impressment 
 and search. On this point tlie Prince Regent took such a decisive position, that the 
 door for negotiation which the recommendation of the Committee on Foreign Atfairs 
 nroposed to open seemed ii'revocably shut. " His royal highness," said the manilesto 
 i'rora his palace at Westminster, " can never admit that in the exercise of the un- 
 doubted and hitherto undisputed' right of searching neutral merchant vessels in time 
 of war, and the impressment of British seamen when found therein, can be deemed 
 auy violation of a neutral flag, neither can he admit the taking of such seamen 
 from on board such vessels can be considered by any neutral state as a hostile meas- 
 ure or a justifiable cause of war." After reaffirming the old English doctrine of the 
 impossibility of self-expatriation of aBritifb subject, the manifesto continued: "But 
 if, to the practice of the United States to harbor British seamen, be added their as- 
 sumed right to transfer the allegiance of British subjects, and thus to cancel the ju- 
 risdiction of their legitimate sovereign by acts of naturalization and certificates of 
 citizenship, which they pretend to be as valid out of their own territory as within it,* 
 it is obvious that to abandon this ancient right of Great Britain, and to admit these 
 naval pretensions of the United States, would be to expose the very foundations of 
 our maritime strength." 
 
 The lanifesto charged the United States government with systematic efforts to 
 inflame their people against Great Britain, of ungenerous (tonduct toward Spain, Great 
 Britain's ally, and of deserting the cause of neutrality. " This disposition of the gov- 
 ernment of the United States — this complete subserviency to the ruler of France — 
 this hostile temper toward Great Britain," said the prince, " are evident in almost ev- 
 ery page of the official correspondence of the American Avith the French government. 
 Against this course of conduct, the real cause of the present war, the Prince Regent 
 solemnly protests. "While contending against France in defense not only of the lib- 
 erties of Great Britain, but of the world, his Royal Highness was entitled to look for 
 a far different result. From their common origin — from their common interest — from 
 their professed principles of freedom and independence, the United States was the 
 last power in which Great Britain could have expected to find a willing instrument 
 and abettor of Frencn tyranny."^ 
 
 ' For a refntatfon of thiB erroneous aBsertion, see Chapter VII. 
 
 'This right of cithenbhip, Rcqnircd by natnralizntlon and the transfer of allegiance, has long ago been tacitly ac- 
 Lowlcdged by the British anthorities. Indeed, the claim set up by the Prince Regent was practically abandoned dur- 
 ing the War of 1812, for, excepting In the case of the Irishmen made prisoners with Colonel Scott, the British never 
 tUlmed Brltish-bom prisoners as subjects. See page 408. 
 
 ■ In the manifesto the Prince Regent also solemnly declared that " the cliarge of exciting the Indians to offensive 
 
 i 
 
 ■■;-; 
 
 V 
 
 ■ 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
/ ,, 
 
 41b 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PropoalMon from Ruula tu mediate. 
 
 The Propopltton eDtertained. 
 
 Napoleon'g Invanlon of Rnjii^ 
 
 This manifesto, adroitly framed for effect in the United States as well as at homo 
 was approved hy both houses of Parliament, and sustained in an address to the throne' 
 It reached America at about the close of the twelfth Congress, and its avowals of the 
 intended adherence of the British govenmient to the practice of impressment stood 
 before the people side by side with the declarations of tlie report of their Committoc 
 on Foreign Affairs, in which it was declared that it was against that practice the war 
 was waging, and that it ought to bo waged until the nefarious business was aban- 
 doned by the enemy. 
 
 While pondering these documents, tho Americana were suddenly called by the 
 march of events to contemplate other most important subjects in connection with the 
 war. John Quincy Adams was then tho American minister at tho Russian court 
 His relations with the Emperor Alexander were intimate and cordial. When intel- 
 ligence of the declaration of war reached St. Petersburg the Czar expressed his regret. 
 On account of the French invasion of his territory he was on friendly terms with Great 
 •September 20, Britain, and his prime minister, Roman%off, suggested to Mr. Adams* the 
 ^^^' expediency of tendering the mediation of Russia for the purpose of ef- 
 
 fecting a reconciliation. Mr. Adams favored it, but for a while the victorious mareh 
 of Bonaparte toward Moscow, the heart of the Russian empire, delayed the measure. 
 The final defeat of the invader secured present tranquillity to the Czar, and he sent 
 instructions to M. Dasehkoff, his representative at Washington, to offer to the United 
 States his friendly services in bringing about a peace. This was formally done on 
 tho 8th of March, 1813, only four days after President Madison, in his second inaucu- 
 ral address, had laudably endeavored to excite anew the enthusiasm of the people in 
 the vigorous prosecution of the war. 
 
 At about this time official uitelligence had been received by the government of the 
 result of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He had indeed reached Moscow after tear- 
 ful sufferings and losses, but when he rode into that ancient capital of the Muscovites 
 at the head of his staff, on the 15th of September, it was as silent as the Petritied Citv 
 of the Eastern tale. The inhabitants had withdrawn, and the great Kremlin in which 
 he slept that night was as cheerless as a magnificent mausoleum. His slumbers were 
 soon disturbed. The Russians had not all left. For hours a hundred unlighted torch- 
 ep had been held by tlie hands of Russian incendiaries. When the great bell of t!ie 
 metropolitan cathedral tolled out the hour of midnight, these were kindled by flint 
 and steel, and instantly a hundred fires glared fearfully from every direction upon 
 the coucli of the great Corsican. Tho city was every where in flames, and the wea- 
 ried Frencii army were compelled to seek shelter in the desolate country around the 
 blackened ruins of that splendid town. 
 
 On that fearful night the star of Napoleon's destiny had reached its raeridian. 
 Eve • afterward it was seen slowly descending, in waning splendor, the paths of the 
 western sky. He perceived in the destruction of Moscow the fearful perils of his sit- 
 uation, and sought to avert them. He proposed terms of peaceful adjustment, but 
 the emperor flung them back with scorn. Retreat or destruction was the alternative. 
 He chose the former ; and late in October, with one hundred and twenty thousand 
 men, he turned his face toward France. For a few days the sky was clear and tlie 
 atmosphere was genial. Then came biting frosts and blinding snow-storms, wiiile 
 clouds of fiery Cossacks smote his legions on flank and rear with deadly blows. Suf- 
 
 mensurcs against the United States is eqnally void of foundation." Tills denial was iterated and reiterated by Britlih 
 statesmen and pntilicists, and lias been ever since. It is very natnral for a civilized and Christian people to reptl the 
 charge of complicity with savage pagans in the practices of merciless and barbarous warfare. It is commendable, and 
 evinces a proper sense of the heinonsness of the offense against civilization; bat the official declarations of even a 
 prince, were he many times more vlrtnous than that libertine regent of England, can not set aside the Indelible recordi 
 of history or the verdict of mankind. There are too many positive statements concerning such complicity to donbtll 
 In addition to those given in the preceding pages of this worli, many more may be found in Nlles's Weekly Regiiter, 
 
 U.,8tt. 
 
OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 471 
 
 n'l Uiaut«n lu Ramla. 
 
 RiOulclnga nf tho American Psaco-party. 
 
 CommlnMluneni to treat for Peace. 
 
 Mtpo leoi 
 
 (mm Hiul death held high carnival among the fugitives. Honaparto saw that all was 
 lost and he haHtenod to France, bearing almost the first intelligence of the terrible 
 (lisiister. He loHt during the eiiinitaign one hundred and twenty-fivo thounand slain 
 ill buttle, one hundred and tliirty-two thouHand by fatigue, hunger, diseaHe, and cold, 
 iind one hundred and ninety-three thousand made prisoners; in all, four hundred and 
 Mil thousand men! Notwithstanding this fearful loss of life, he had scarcely reach 
 td Pai'is when ho issued un order for a general conscription, in number sufficient to 
 take the places of the dead. At the same time Itussia, Sweden,. Denmark, Prussia, 
 and Spain coalesced for tlie purpose of striking the cri))pled conqueror a crushing 
 |)low iind early in 1813 they sent large annies toward the Elbe to oppose him. His 
 fonscripts were already in the field, and with three hundred and fifty thousand men 
 he invaded Germany, fought and won the great battle of Lutzen,* and, after .May 2, 
 other conflicts, seated himself in Dresden, agreeably to an armistice, and list- '^"'• 
 ened to offers of mediation on the part of Austria, with a view to closing the war. 
 
 The intelligence from Europe was disheartening to the war-party, for it was evi- 
 dent that the coalition of the great powers of Europe against the FrtMich would so 
 relieve England that she might prosecute the war in America with great vigor. The 
 President had been at all times anxious for peace on honorable terms. He perceived 
 .1 chance for its accomplishment through Russian mediation, and he at once accepted 
 thp offer of M. Daschkoff. That acceptance was followed by the nomination of Al- 
 bert (Tallatin, the Secretary of the Treasury, and James A. Bayard, a representative 
 of Delaware in the Senate of the United States, as commissioners or envoys extraor- 
 dinary, to act jointly with Mr. Adams to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great 
 lifitain at St. Petersburg. At the same time, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, a 
 Peace Democrat, was appointed to succeed the lately deceased Joel Barlow' as min- 
 ister at the French court. Ot the result of the efforts for peace through Russian 
 mediation I shall hereafter write. 
 
 The reverses of Napoleon, as <ve have observed, discouraged the war-party, and 
 gave correspor.ding joy to the Federalists, especially to the wing of that organization 
 known as the Peace-party, whose head-quarters were at Boston. There they cele- 
 brated the Russian triumphs with public lejoicings.* In other places, too, these vic- 
 
 > Mr. Barlow, as we have »een, was an ardent Repnblican (aee page 94). In October, 1312, the Unke de Baaaano, at 
 Na(M)ii!on'fl reqiicat. Invited Barlow to meet the emperor at Wllna, In Poland, the nomlnnl object oi wh'ch waa to com- 
 plete ' commercial treaty with the United States, for which the American minister har' long Importuned. It was be- 
 kved hy some that the real object was to make an arrangement by which French ships, manned by American sailors, 
 mlslit be Drought Into play against Great Britain. Whatever was the object remains a mystery. Barlow obeyed the 
 rojal eummons immediately, and traveled day and night. The weather was very Inclement. The country had been 
 vssted by war, and he suffered many pri vatlons. In consequence nf these and exposure to the weather, he was attacked 
 with inflnmmatlou of the lungs, which caused his death in the cottage of a Jew at Zarnowice, near Cracow, on the 22d 
 of December, 1812. Of course, the object of his mission was not accomplished. His last poem, dictated. It Is said, from 
 bit (ieath-bed, was a withering expression of resentment against Napoleon for the hopes which he had disappointed. 
 
 ' Services were held In King's Chapel, on the 26th of March, 1S13, In commemoration of the victories of the Russians 
 <iver Napoleon, who aimed, it was said, " at the empire of the world." One hundred and tlfty amateurs and professional 
 gentlemen assisted In the perfoi mance of sacred music. Among other pieces sung was the following recitative, com- 
 posed (br the occasion : " For the hosts of Oallia went In with their chariots and with their horsemen Into the North, 
 and the Lord chased them with fierce warriors, winter blasts, and famine ; but the children of Sclavia, safe and unhurt, 
 through all the dauger passed." The closing prayer was made by the Reverend Mr. Channcey. 
 
 The services lu the church were held In the forenoon. In the afternoon many hundreds of the citUens of Boston and 
 the neighboriug country sat down to a public dinner. M. Eustaphieve, the Russian consul for New England, vas a 
 ;uest. The room was appropriately decorated. Among the ornaments was a portrait of the Rnssian emperor, with the 
 words, "Alexander, the deliverer of Burope." Harrison Gray Oris made a speech on the occasion. In which he declared 
 hit 'onvlctton that the check, given to Napoleon by Russia had rescued pur country from Its greatest rtanTer— the Influ- 
 eoce of the French policy. Several songs were sung. One of them contained the following verse : 
 
 " Hall, Russia I may thy conq'Hng bands 
 Sad Enropo from her chains release; 
 Exalt tne hopes of farthest lands. 
 And give us back an exiled psaok !" 
 An ode was sung, to the air of " Ye Mariners of England," which concluded thus ; • ^ 
 
 " Then fill to Alexander ! 
 For him a garland twine, 
 While shaded by our oaks, we taste 
 The virtues of the vine. ' ■" • 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 1 
 
 )■■; 
 
 lu 
 
473 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Cabinet Changei. 
 
 AmiRtroog rhiwen Socruturj of Wir. 
 
 tories were hailed with joy, and became tiie themes for Hong and curatory,' to the r'reat 
 difiguHt of the war-party and their newH[)aj)er organs, who censured the Presideiit for 
 his huHte in snatching at Russian mediation. 
 
 During the session of Congress which closed on the 3d of Msirch, 1813, tliore had 
 been some important changes in President Madison's Cabinet. Public clamor against 
 him had caused Dr. Eustis to resign the War bureau, and the affairs of that d(|)ait- 
 ment were conducted for several weeks by Mr. Monroe, the Secretary of State. John 
 Armstrong, who had been appointed a brigadier general in the army of the TTnittd 
 States, and succeeded General Bloomfield in command at New York, was appointcil 
 ■January 18, Secretary of War," and Paul Hamilton was dismissed from the Navy Ik: 
 '***^' partment to make way for William Jones,'' who had been a ship-masipr 
 
 "inary . j^^ earlier life, was an active Philadcl])hia politician of the DeniocTatic 
 school, and at the time was Commissary of Purchases for the army. Madison's Cab- 
 inet, at the opening of the campaign of 1813, was composed as follows: James Mon- 
 roe, Secretary of State; John Armstrong, Secretary of War; William Jones, Secre- 
 tary of the Nuvy ; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury; and \yilliam Pinkney, 
 Attorney General. 
 
 And when those oaks adorn oar bill», 
 Or bear our thunders far, 
 Let each soul 
 Fill his bowl 
 * To vict'ry and the Czar— 
 
 ' And give a long and loud hnzza 
 
 To vict'ry and the Czar." 
 1 On the 6th of June, 1818, the late G. W. P. Cnstls, the adopted Bon of Washington, addressed a large audience nl 
 Qeorgetowu, In the District of Columbia, on the Russian victories. Thi t address drew from tlie Russian niiiiimcr ai 
 Washington a very complimentary letter, and a request for a copy to be transmitted to Russia. That letter, dated 
 " .Tune 21, 1S13," was accompanied by a small medal containing a likeness of the Emperor Alexander. " Permit me to 
 czpresB to you my gratitude," said M. DaschkolT, " that of my family, and of all my countrymen who shall pcriiRc yoiir 
 oration, for the zeal and Interest you have displayed In our cause; and allow me to send yon a small medal, with the 
 likeness of Alexander the First, the only one which la now In my possession."— Jf&'. Letter. 
 
 It' i I 
 
 l<. i 
 
 i:);; 
 
PHii^lVi 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 478 
 
 H«frtion'« PiwItloP on the MaumeB. 
 
 BzpadlUon aKnIniit M«ldcii. 
 
 Ita Failar*. 
 
 CHAPTER XXm. 
 
 " Oh, lonely Is our old grceu fort, 
 
 Where oft, In diiyg of old. 
 Our gallant xoldierH bravely fought 
 
 '(liilnHt xavago alllvM bold ; 
 But with tbo chnnKC of years have passed 
 
 That unreluntlii); foe, 
 Slucu wo fought bero with Harrison. 
 
 A lung time ago.'" Bono— Old Fobt Hiiai. 
 
 ^OTIIING of importance in military movements occurred (Miring 
 tlie dead of winter, in 1813, excepting the terrible aflair at 
 Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, already described," and some 
 hostile demonstrations on the St. Lawrence frontier at Elizabeth- 
 town and Ogdensburg by the opposing parties. The campaign 
 of that year o])ened almost simultaneously on the shores of Lake 
 Ontario, in the Valley of the Maumee, and on the coasts of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Let us tirst consider the military events in the Northwest, where we left General 
 Harrison, with a portion of his gallant little army, encamped amid the snows in the 
 dark forests that skirted the Rapids of the Maumee.'' 
 
 The position chosen by Harrison for a strong advanced post, which would give him 
 facilities for keeping open a communication with Ohio and Kentucky, allow him 
 to afford pro p' ion to the inhabitants on the borders of Lake Erie, and to operate 
 airainst Detroit and Maiden, was one of tHfe most eligible in the Northwest, and its 
 possession gave the British much uneasiness. Harrison's plan was to form simjily a 
 ibrtified camp, and to procecute the winter campaign with vigor. For this purpose 
 lie endeavored to concentrate troops there, and prepared to push on to the vicinity 
 of Brownstown, for the purpose of operating directly against Maiden while the De- 
 troit River was bridged with ice. Considering the destruction of the enemy's ves- 
 sels, frozen up in the vicinity of Maiden, of great importance, he sent a small force, 
 under Captain Langham,^ to perform that service. Op the 2d of Mfirch they 
 set off in sleighs, with six days' provisions, and well equipped with combusti- 
 bles. The party was one hundred and seventy strong. The particular incendiaries 
 were under the immediate command of M. Madis, a Frenchman of European military 
 experience, then conductor of artillery. They were instructed to leave the sleighs 
 at Middle Bass Island, and, with their feet muffled in moccasins, proceed noiselessly, 
 under cover of night, to the work of destruction. Harrison advanced with a support- 
 ing detachment, but on his arrival at Maumefe Bay,*" not far below the pres- 
 ent city of Toledo, he met Langham and his party returning. They had 
 found the lake open, and of course the plan of the expedition was frustrated. Tlie 
 mildness of the winter had been remarkable ; the roads were consequently almost 
 impassable. There was no ice competent to bear troops and munitions of war. 
 
 Harrison now abandoned all hopes of moving forward until spring, and continued 
 the work of fortifying his camp with great vigor, for the preservation of his stores, 
 
 < See Chapter XX. > See page 364. 
 
 ' Augustas L. Langham, of Ohio, was an ensign la a rifle corps tn 180S. He resigned in 1809, and in March, 1812, was 
 commiisioned a captain in the Nineteenth Regiment of Infantry. He distinguished himself at Fort Helge. In Atig;iiet 
 Mowing he was promoted to major, was retainud in 1816, iind resigned in Octolier, 1810. 
 
 ' 1813. 
 
 ' March 3. 
 
 il 
 
 m, ik< 
 
 IIJ 
 
N «i 
 
 41^ 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 Vortlflad GMnp (t the Hsainae lUpUU. 
 
 RmlMnMS of the cummaadtiitf Offlcrr. 
 
 A WMk Oirriiom 
 
 oollocti'tl thorc in proat qnantity. ITih troops wore ihvn nbont piphlpcn hundred in 
 nuiubi-r, iiiul woro employod on the wurku iiikIit tlio Hkillful direction of tliat com- 
 
 ^ |K-t«'nt offif-r. Captain Wood, thv chief 
 
 -/X^^n^ «ngini-er of Harrison'M army, ("a,„ai„ 
 
 c^*^€.^v/ Grutiot,* tht-n lyinp jtroHtratc witli ii|. 
 
 noim tliat lonjf continued. "The pamp" 
 
 — said Captain Wood, waH about twoiitv- 
 
 five hundred yards in circumference, the wlude of wliich, w>th the exception of hiv- 
 eral small iiitervalH left for batteries and block-Iioubcs, was to be |)icketed with tim- 
 ber fifteen leet long, from ten to twelve inches in diameter, and set three feet in the 
 ground. Such were the instructions of the engineer; and so soon as the lines of tlic 
 camp were (U'signated, large portions of the labor were assigned to each corps in tin. 
 army, by which means a very laudable eamlation was easily excited. To conii)letf 
 tlio picketing, to put up eight block-houses of double timbers, to elevate fo.ir largi' 
 batteries, to build all the store-houses and magazines n'quired to contain the siipplieii 
 of the army, together with the ordinary fatigues of the camp, was an undertaking of 
 no small magnitude. Besides, an immense deal of labor was likewise recpiired in ex- 
 cavating ditches, making abatis, and clearing away the wood about tlu^ canij) ; and 
 all this was to be (b)ne, too, at a time when the weather was inclement, and the ground 
 80 hard tluit it could scarcely bo opened with the mattock and pickaxe. But in the 
 use of the axe, mattock, and spade consisted tho chief military knowledge of our 
 army; and even that knowledge, however trifling it may be supposed by some, is 
 of the utmost importance in many situations, and in ours was the salvation of the 
 army. So we fell to work, heard nothing of the enemy, and endcavo>-ed to bury our- 
 selves as soon as possible."^ 
 
 But the work so vigorously commenced was abandoned soon afterward, when the 
 general and the engineer left tlie camj) — the former to visit liis sick family at Cinrin- 
 nati, and to urge forward troops and supplies for his army; the latter to superintend 
 the erection of defensive works at Santhftky. The camj) at the Rapids w as left in 
 charge of Colonol Leftwich, o^ tlie Virginia militia, who appears to have resolved to 
 desert the post as soon as possible. Kcgardless of the danger to the stores, and 
 comfort and safety of those he miglit leave behind, ho not only allowed all work 
 upon the fortifications to cease, but permitted the soldiers to burn the collected piok- 
 etings for fuel, instead of getting it fiom the woods withui pistol-shot of the oamp. 
 On his return from Sandusky on the 20th of P'ebruary, Captain Wood, to his great 
 mortification, perceived the utter neglect of Leftwich, and the destruction of the 
 works on tlie lines commenced before lie left. The consequence of thii conduct of 
 Leftwich, whom Wood called " an old phlegmatic Dutchman, who was not even fit 
 for a pack-horse master, much less to be hitrnsted with such an important command," 
 was great exposure of the garrison to the inclement weather, and the stores to immi- 
 nent peril from the enemy. When, on the expiration of their term of enlistment, tho 
 Virginia troops under Leftwich, and others from Pennsylvania, left for home, only 
 about five hundred men remained at the Rapids under Major Stoddard, with which 
 to maintaiu possession of an unfinished line of circumvallation calculated to contain 
 an army of two thousand men. 
 
 Harrison's greatest concern during the winter of 1813 was the possibility of not 
 keeping soldiers enough in the field for the spring campaign, as the terms of the en- 
 
 ' Charles Oratiot wag a native of Miasonrl, and was appointed wacond llentenant of Englneen In Ttober, 18(K), ud 
 captain in 1809. Ilarrlaon appointed him his chief engineer In 1S12. He was promoted to mivjor ii> 1816, llentemiit 
 colonel in 1819, colonel and principal engineer Ip 18S8, and on the eame day (Hay 24) was breveted b.gadier General. 
 He left the service In December, 1838. 
 
 > The Itnea of the camp,inc)oainfr about eight acre*, were very irregular. They ware upon a high bank, abont oii( 
 bnndred. feet above the river and three hundred yards. fh>m it. On the land side, commencing at the run, woa a dMp 
 ravine that swept in a cresuent form qnlte round to the rear. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 471 
 
 iCdl li'' VulantMn nob); ariiwand. Armttroiiit'i InltrfarraM with HarrUoa't Pltnt. Uarrir tn*! ProlMrtt 
 
 listinent of <Hfft'ivnt coij)H would hooii cxjdro. To prrvido for such continK«'ncy, he 
 cilltMl for vol' titotTH from K( iitiuky luid Ohio, iiiiil iiict witli cordial ri'sjioiiHoM.* Ho 
 was prcpniiii.'; to oollcct iiboiit four tiiouMiuid iru'U at the UajiidH for au early movi'- 
 iiii'iit ajfaiu^* Maidi'n, when ho rcoeived iimtructionH from (ii>iH>ral ArniHtronj^, the 
 new Secretary of War, which dcraujiud i'.ll iiin )>ianH. IJy llicwc he was directed to 
 (ontiiiuo his denu)nstratiotm against Maiden, i)Ut only as a <liversioii i:i tiivor of at- 
 ti'iiii)ts to ho uuido upon C<unada farther down. IFo was enjoined not to make an 
 ■K'tiiiil attack upon the enemy until tlu consummation if measures for seciiiiui^ the 
 lommaml <>f I-i'ke Kric, then just inaugurated, nd to be completed at I'resipu' Isle 
 (now Eric, I'tunsylvania) by the middle of the ensuing May. Much to his mortitica- 
 lioii iunl alarm, he was directed to dispense with militia as much as possible, and to 
 till up the 17th, 10th, and 2-Uh Uegiments of Itegulars for service in the ensuing 
 ■umpait,'"- il^' w*^ informed that two ntlier regiments of regulars bnd been ordered 
 to bo ruistd, one in Kentucky and the other in Ohio. Hhouhl the old regiments not 
 be tilled in time, he was jicrmittcd to make up the deficiencies from the militia. With 
 thc80 ho was to garrison the dilferent po8tH, hold the position at the Kapids, aiul 
 amuse the enemy by leints. 
 
 This interference with his plans aimoyed Harrison exceedingly, and lie ventured to 
 remonstrate with the Secretary of War. He gave him his views* very iMBrchis, 
 freely, aixl with them some valuable and much-needed information concern- "*'"'• 
 in" the country to be defended and tlie Indian tribes in alliance with the British. lie 
 explained the causes of apprehended danger in attempting to carry out the new pro- 
 ffrainmo, and assured the Secretary of War that the regular force to be relied on 
 eoulil not bo raised in time for needed service, and that, even if it should, it wouhl be 
 too small for the required duty — so evidently inadeipuite that enlistmcntH would be 
 diseouraarcd.'' Armstrong, who seldom bore opposition patiently, did not like to be 
 remonstrated wit»i,but he prudently forbore farther interference hi the conduct of 
 the cam])aign in the Northwest at that time.^ 
 
 General Harrison was yet at Cincinnati late in March, actively engaged in endeavors 
 to forward troops and supplies to the Rapids. Informed that the lake was ".imost free 
 of ice, that the Virginia and n-.ost of the Pennsylvania troops would leave at the ex- 
 
 1 IlarrlsDii requested tlint a corps of flfteeii hiimlred men might be raised in Kentucky Immediately, and marched to 
 his l)ead-<itiarter(i without delay. The Legislature of Kentucky was then In session, and Harrison's request was sub- 
 mitted to them tn i confidential mesg/igo by Governor Shelby. A law was immediately passed offering additional pay 
 ufievcn di)lliirs a month to any flfi|Bu hundred Kentucklans who would remain in the service till u corps could be 
 wilt to relieve them. This offer was accompanied by an appeal to their patriotism from the LcLrislature, which reached 
 them on the Hth of February. They had suffered much, and were very anxious to return home, so they wou'd only 
 ;'romi8e to remain an ludeflnltc time, but aald that If the general w.is ready to lead them against the enemy they would 
 follow him without additional pay. Similar appeal to the Ohio and Pennsylvania troops met with similar success, 
 bat the Virginians would not remain. Meanwhile the Legislature of Kentucky passed an act for detailing three tbou- 
 !tnd men from the militia, of which Aftecn Iiundred were to mftch for Barriaon'B camp, and Qovernor Heigs ordered 
 two regiments to be organized for the same service. 
 
 ' In a letter to Governor 8hell)y, at about this time, Harrison eald : " Last night's mall brought mo a letter from the 
 Secretary of War In which I am restricted to the employment of the regular trcmps raised in this state to re-enforce the 
 post al the Rar!'' ■• There are scattered through this state about one hundred - 'orty recruits of the 18th Uegiment, 
 «nd iflth these I nm to supply the place of the brigades from Pennsylvania am .rglnia, whose time of service will 
 iioit be dally expiring. By a letter from Qovernor Melga I am Informed that the "cretary of War disapproved the call 
 for militia which 1 had made on this state and Kentucky, and was on the point ol tonntermandlng the orders. I will 
 JMt mention one fact, which will show the consequences of such a countermand. There are upf.u the Au Qlalz.e and 
 Sl.M,irj'8 Rivers eight fortp, which cont-.ln within their walls property to the amount of half a million of dollars from 
 actaal cost, and worth now to the United States four times that sum. The whole force which wonld have had charge 
 of all these torts and property would have amounted to less than twenty invalid Boldlers."— Autograph Letter, March 
 21,1813. 
 
 ' Armstrong attempted to arrange the military force of the country on the plan adopted by General Washington In 
 the Revolntion. On the 19th of March he promulgated a general order, dividing the whole United States into nine 
 military dislrictfl, as follows: 1, Massachusetts, with Maine and New Hampshire; 2, Rhode Island and Connecticnt; 
 3, New York below the Highlands and New Jersey; 4, Pennsylvania and Delaware; 6, Maryland and Virginia; 6, 
 (imrgia; T, Louisiana. The rest of the States andTcrrlturiesbeingdlvidedbetween the 8th andltth, the first embraced 
 the Fcat of war at the west end of Lake Ontario, and the other the Niagara portion, Lake Ontario, and the 8t. Law- 
 rence and Lake Champlain. 
 
 On the 12lh of Marcli commissions were Issued for eight new brigadiers, namely, Cnshing, Parker, Izard, and Pike, 
 otthe old army, and Winder, M 'Arthur, Caes, Howard, and Swartwout. The latter succeeded Morgan Lewis m 
 quarter-master with the rank of brigadier. 
 
 1 
 
 ^■fl^ 
 
 h*^ 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 ' t 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 
 
 '' I , 
 
476 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Brigade of Qenural Green Clay, 
 
 Their Rpndezvous anj March toward the Manmee. Cincinnati In Igrs 
 
 piration of their term on the 2'i of April 
 and that tlie enemy were doubtless in- 
 formed of the situation of aftairs at the 
 Rapids by a soldier who had been made 
 a prisoner by them, he anticipated an 
 early attack upon his camp there. It 
 was, therefore, with the greatest anxiety 
 that he awaited promised re enforce- 
 ments from Kentucky. The governor 
 had ordered a d'-aft of three thousand 
 militia (fifteen hundred of them for 
 Harrison's army) as early as the middle 
 of February, to be organized into four 
 regimentSjUnder Colonels Boswell, Dnd- 
 ley. Cox, and Caldwell, forming a bri- 
 gade to be commanded by Britjadier 
 General Green Clay.' The regiments 
 under the first two named oflicei-s ren- 
 dezvoused at Newport, opposite to Cin- 
 cinnati, at about *:he first of Apiil, 
 Those companies which had arrived 
 there eorlier had been sent forward to 
 the Rapids on fcced marches, by the 
 way of Urbana and " Hull's Trace," and 
 the commander-in-chief followed soon 
 afterward, leaving the remainder of the 
 Kentuckians designed for his command 
 to be forwarded as quickly as ])ossible. 
 lie arrived at camp on the 12 th of April, and was gratified by finding more than two 
 
 I- 
 
 III 
 
 TIKW or OINOINHATI mOM NKWPOHT IN 1812.' 
 
 Ht <^ 
 
 J.,.;, 
 
 • In a letter dated at "Frankfort, March 6, 1818," Governor Shelby invited Mr. Clny to accept the commmd otihe 
 brigade as brigadier general. Clay accepted the oIBcm, and in a letter, dated on the Iflth of the anmc month, Iho gov- 
 ernor sent him his commission. In thf Urst letter, now before mc, t'le governor said that, had It been designed lo 
 cross into Cr.nada at once, he should have talcen command of the Keiituoky troops In person. 
 
 i Tbla view of Clnclnuati in 1812 la ttom an old priat. It then contained about two thousand Inhabitants. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 477 
 
 vTtMeIzs aud Its Vicinity. Harrison assuraeB HesponslbiUty. Proctor'B Preparations to Invade the Maumea Valley. 
 
 hundred patriotic Pennsylvanians remaining, who 
 their chaplain, Dr. Hersey.' 
 
 Under the direction of Captain Wood, the for- 
 tified camp, which had been named in honor of 
 the ffovernor of Ohio, had assumed many of the 
 features of a regular fortification, and was aigni- 
 fied with the name of Fort Meigs. It was evi- 
 dent that its defense would be the chief event in 
 the opening of the campaign. Harrison had been 
 informed while on his way of the frequent ap- 
 pearance of Indian scouts in the neighborhood 
 of the Rapids, and of little skirmishes with what 
 he supposed to be the advance of a more power- 
 ful force. Alarmed by these demonstrations, lie 
 dispatched a messenger from Fort Amanda M'ith 
 a letter to Governor Shelby, urging him to send 
 to the Maumee the wliole of the three thousand 
 militia drafted in Kentucky. This was in viola- 
 tion of his instructions from the War Department 
 respecting the employment of militia, but the 
 seeming peril demanding such violation, he did 
 not hesitate for a moment. E.Ypecting to find 
 Fort Meigs invested by the British and Indians, 
 he took with him from Fort Amanda all the troops 
 tliat could be spare! from the posts on 1,he St. 
 Mary and the Au Glaize, about throe hundred in 
 all, and descended by water from his point of de- 
 parture with the intention of storming any British 
 batteries ^vhich he might find cmp'jyed against 
 his camp. He was agreeably disappointed on his 
 arrival by the discovery that the enemy was not 
 near in great force. But that enemy, vigilant and 
 determined, was preparing to strike at Fort Meigs 
 a destructive blow. 
 
 When the ice began to move in the Detroit 
 River and the lake, Proctor foimcd his plans for 
 an early invasion of tho Maumee Valley. Ever 
 since his sanguinary operations at Frenchtown 
 he had been using ev(>ry art and appliance in his 
 power to conceati'ate av Amherstburg a large In- 
 dian force for the purpose. He tired the zeal of 
 Tecumth." a?id the Prophet by promises of future 
 success in all tlieir schemes for confederating the 
 savage tribes, and by boasting of his ample pow- 
 er to place in the hands of his Indian allies Fort 
 Meigs, its garrison, and immense stores. So stim- 
 ulative were his promises that, at the beginning 
 of April, Tecumtha was at Fort Maiden witli al- 
 most fifteen hundred Indians. Full six hundred 
 of them were drawn from the country between 
 
 had been per8ua<ied to do so by 
 
 ij 
 
 
 ' These patriotic men informed the j^eneral that they were very anxious to i^o home to put in their spring seeds, bnt 
 Ihst they wonld never leave him until he thought that their 8er^•lces could be spared without danger to the cause. On 
 tb<arrlral of the three Kentucky companies be disch^ged the Pennsylvaulans. 
 
lii i;: 
 
 m 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Expedition agalnit Fort Helgs. 
 
 Harrlaon's Precautloi 
 
 liake Michigan and the Wabash, much to the satisfaction of Harrison when he dis- 
 covered the fact, for it so relieved him of apprehensions of peril to his posts from that 
 direction that he countermanded his requisition on Governor Shelby for all the draft- 
 ed men from Kentucky. 
 
 Proctor was delighted with the response of the savages to his call, and visions of 
 speedy victory, personal glory, and offi'^ial promotion fil'ed his mind. He became 
 more boastful tlian ever, and more supercilious toward the Americans at Detroit 
 • 1818. ^^^ ordered the Canadian militia to assemble at Sandwich on the 7th of April * 
 when he assured them that the campa^n would be short, decisive suc- 
 " *'"'"• cessful, and profitable. On the 23d'' his army and that of his sava<Te allies 
 more than two thousand in number,' were in readiness at Amherstburg ; and on that 
 day they embarked on a brig and several smaller vessels, accompanied by two mm- 
 boats and some artillery. On the 26th they appeared at the mouth of the Maumee 
 about twelve miles below Fort Meigs ; and on the 28th they landed on the left bank 
 of the river, near old Fort Miami, and established their main camp there.^ From 
 that point Proctor and Tecumtha, who were well mounted, rode up the river to a 
 point opposite Fort Meigs to reconnoitre. They were discovered at the fort, ^v hen a 
 shot from one of the batteries sent them back in haste. ^ Captain Dixon, of the Royal 
 Engineers, was immediately sent up with a fatigue party to construct batteries upon 
 a commanding elevation nearly opposite the fort in front of the present ]\Iaumee 
 City, but incessant rains, and the wretched condition of the roads, so retarded the prog- 
 ress of the work that they were not ready for operations until the first day of May. 
 
 The approach of the enemy in force had been discovered by Captain Hamilton of 
 the Ohio troops, on the 28th, wWle rec ^nnoitring down the river with a small force, 
 Pe^er Navarre, one of Harrison's moot trustworthy scouts, yet (1867) living in Ohio 
 first saw them. Hamilton sent him in haste to Fort Meigs with the intellifrence 
 when Harrison instantly dispatched him with three letters, one tor Upper Sandusky, 
 one for Lower Sandusky, and one for Governor Meigs, at Urbana.'* Although Fort 
 Meigs was quite strong, several block-houses having been erected in connection with 
 the lines of intrenchment and pickets, and a good supply of field-pieces had been 
 mounted, Harrison was convinced, from the character and strength of the enemy, that 
 his post was in imminent peril. He knew that General Green Clay was on his marcli 
 with Kentuckians ; and as soon as Navarre was furnished with his letters, he dis- 
 patched Captain William Oliver, the commissary to the fort, an intelligent, brave, and 
 judicious officer (who had performed similar service for him), with an oral message 
 to Clay, urging him to press forward by forced marches. Oliver bore to Clay the 
 following simple note of introduction :* 
 
 " Head-qnitrters, Camp Meige, 28th April, 1S13. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — I send Mr. Oliver to you, to give you an account of what is passing 
 here. You may rely implicitly upon him. Yours, 
 
 "William Henry Harrison." 
 
 Oliver was accompanied by a single white man and an Indian. He was escorted 
 
 ' The combined force under Proctor consisted of 622 regulars, 461 militia, and about 1800 Indians ; total, 2482. The 
 Americans at Fort HeigJ did not exceed 1100 effective men. 
 
 > See the map on the preceding page, which covers the entire historic ground at and around the Maumee Baplds from 
 Boche de Bout— perpendicular rock— where the river has a considerable fall, and where Wayne was encamped in ITM 
 (sec page 84), to Proctor's encampment ncnr Fort Miami at the time we are considerliig. It shows the dIocc uf Hull'.' 
 encampment in 1812 (see page 267), and iVayue'a battle-ground in 1794 (see page 88), with the site of j<"ort Meigs, and 
 ofincidents connected with the siege abouUo be described in the text; also the present Maumee City on one side of Ihp 
 river, Perryville on the other, and the rail and wagon bridges across. Between Fort Meigs and Pcrryville is seen a 
 stream. It courses through the rarine mentioned in Note 2, page 474. 
 
 > Statement of P.everend A. M. Lorraine, in the Ladiei' B^ioHtory, March, 1848. 
 ♦ Oral statement of NavoTe to the author. 
 
 ' The origtiul is before me, and a /ac-n'mib) of it appears on the opposit: page. It is one of the papers of Oenerr.l City 
 kindly placed In oiy hands by his son, Qeneral C'—'-^t M. Clay, onr late minister at the Russian Court. It Is writteo 
 on a half nbeet of foolscap paper, and Is thoronghly soiled by cont'ict with mnd and water. 
 
OF THE WAR Ol" 1812. 
 
 <t« 
 
 General IlarrisoD'B Note to Qeneral Clay. 
 
 bevon<i ^^^^ immediate danger thaUfiurroundcd tlie camp by a company of dragoons 
 under Captain Garrard. He found General Clay at Fort V/inchester (Defiance) witli 
 twelve hundred Kentuckians, three companies of his command, aa we have observed,' 
 liavinff been sent forward by Harrison at the close of March. Clay had left Cincin- 
 
 ' '■'*. 
 
 ' See png-c 4T(1. 
 
 
I ! 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ■iiii^ 
 
 III 
 
 1' 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 jffll 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 !■■ 
 
 '■mm. II 
 
 1 
 
 Ii!i 
 
 4afr 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Coiqbs commlBsluned a Cnptain ofSptei. lie gues on a perilous Expedition. Biographical Hlictch of Cumin 
 
 • April 1, 
 1813. 
 
 nati early in April, after issuing a stirring address' to his troops* in General 
 Orders, and followed Winchester's route to the Mauraee.^ At Dayton he 
 was overtaken by Leslie Combs, of Kentucky, a bold and ardent young man of nine- 
 teen years, whose services as scout and messenger in the late campaign, whi^li ended 
 so disastrously at the Raisin, were well known to General Clay. He at once com- 
 missioned Combs captain of a company of riflemen as spies or scouts, to be selected 
 by him from Dudley's corps. 
 
 At St. Mary's block-house Clay divided his brigade. He sent Dudley to the An 
 Glaizc, while ho descended the St. Mary himself with Colonel Boswell's corps. Uoth 
 divisions were to meet at Defiance. While on their way down the Au Glaizc, intel- 
 ligence reached Dudley of the perilous condition of Harrison at Fort Meigs. At & 
 council of oflicers it was resolved to apprise the commander-in-chief of the near ap- 
 proach of succor. Who shall under- 
 take the perilous mission? was the im- 
 portant question. It required some per- 
 son acquainted with the country. Young 
 Combs, eager for patriotic duty and dis 
 tinction, volunteered to go. " When we 
 reach Fort Defiance," he said, " if you 
 will furnish me a good canoe, I will carry 
 your dispatches to General Harrison, and 
 return with his orders. I shall only re- 
 quire four or five volunteers from my 
 own coippany, and one cf my Indian 
 guides to accompany me." A murmur 
 of approbation ran through the company, 
 and his offer was joyfully accepted by 
 Dudley with words of compliment and 
 gratitude.^ They ^^"ched Defiance the 
 following morning. It was the first 
 of May. As soon as a canoe could be 
 procured Combs embarked on his peril- 
 ous mission, accompanied by two broth- 
 ers named Walker, and two others 
 named respectively Paxton and John- 
 
 • " Kentuckians," he said, " stand high in the estimation of onr common country. Our brothers in amis who have 
 gone before us to the scene of action have acquired a fame which should never be forgotten by you— a fameworlhv 
 
 jour emulation Should we cnconnter the enemy, remeviber the /ate qf ymir uvToiiEmv iikotuebs at the Rim 
 
 Railin — that Bi Utah treachery produced their eUmtihter t" 
 
 > As it may he interesting to the reader to know what constituted the private outfit of an officer of the army at thai 
 time for service in the field, I subjoin the following " Ust of articles for camp" prepared for General Clay : 
 
 " Trunk, portmanteau and fixtures, flat-iron, cofl"ee-mlll, r^zor-strop, box, etc., inkstand and bundle of qiilUi', ream 
 of paper, three halters, shoc-bnisheu, blacking, saddle and bridle, tortoise-shell comb and case, box of mercurial oint- 
 ment, silver spoon, mattress and pillow, three blankets, three sheets, two towels, linen for a cot, two volumes M'KeiizleV 
 Travels, two maps, spy-glass, gold watch, brace of silver-mounted pistols, nmbrella, sword, two pairs of epurs— oneot 
 silver. Ci.otiifb : Hat, one pair of shoes, one pair of boots, regimental coat, great-coat, bottle-green coat, scnrii ivalsl- 
 coat, blue casslmere and buff cassimere waistcoat, striped jean waistcoat, two pair cotton colored pantaloons, one pair 
 bottle-green pantaloons, one pair queen-cord pantaloons, one pair buff short breeches, one pair red flannel drnwerf, one 
 red flannel waistcoat, red flannel shirt, five white linen shirts, two check shirts, nine cravats, six chamois, two pair 
 thread stockings, three pair of thread socks, hunting shirt, one pair of woolen gloves, one pair of leather gloves." 
 
 "A complete ration" at that time was estimated at fifteen cents, and was composed and charged as follows: meal, 
 Ave cents ; flour, six cents ; whisky, three cents ; salt, isoap, candles, and vinegar, one fourth of a cent each. 
 
 ' Captain Combs is ye' <1867) living in his native state of Kentucky, vigorous in mind and body, and bearing the title 
 of general by virtne of liis commission as sucli in the militia of his state. He is descended, on his mother's Me, from 
 • Quaker family of Maryland. His father, a Virginian, was a " Revolutionary Ofllcer and a Hunter of Kentucky " * 
 say* a simple inscription on his tomb-stone. Leslie was the youngest of twelve children. He joined the army In I^IJ, 
 when Just past eighteen years of age, and was af, once distinguished for his energy and bravery. He was employed, as 
 we have seen (page .ISO), on perilous duty, and never disappointed those who relied upon him. He was made a caplain 
 and wounded near Fort Meigs, and uarrowly escaped death. He was paroled, and late in May, 1818, returned home. 
 He commenced the study of law, and was not again in the fleld until 18B0, when he raised a regiment for the south- 
 woiteni frontier at the time of the revolution in Texas. He became very active in political life. His borne wai Lei- 
 
 -^&>n^ 
 
 9— 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 481 
 
 fW)8'« Voyage down the Maumco Klver. Qreetini; uf ihe Flag at Fort Meigs. Combs attacked by Indiana. 
 
 . also by young Jilack Fish^a, Shawnoese Avarrior,' With the latter at tlie helm, 
 the other four engaged with the rowing, and hmiseU' at the bow in charge of the rifles 
 111(1 ammunition of the party, Combs pushed off from Defiance, amid cheera and sad 
 adieus (for few expected to see them again), determined t j reach Fort Meigs before 
 jjjyli^ht the next morning. The voyage was full of danger. Rain was falling heavi- 
 ly and the night was intensely black. They passed the Kapids in safety, but not until 
 niiite late in the morning, when heavy cannonading was heard in the direction of the 
 t'oit. It was evident that the expected siege had commenced, and that the perils of 
 the mission were increased manifold. For a moment Combs was perplexed. To re- 
 turn would be prudent, but would expose his courage to doubts ; lo remain until the 
 •.ext nii?ht, or proceed at once, seemed equally hazardous. A decision was soon made 
 by the brave youth. " We must go on, boys," he said ; " and if you expect the honor 
 of taking coffee with General Harrison this morning, you must work hard for it." 
 lie went forward with many misgivings, for he knew tlie weakness of the garrison, 
 and doubted its ability to hold out long. Great was his satisfaction, therefore, when, 
 on sweeping around Turkey Point,^ at the last bend in the river by which the fort 
 was liidden frohi his view, he saw the stripes and stars waving over the beleaguered 
 
 CP TUE MAIIMKR VAI.LKY. 
 
 camp. Their joy wa evinced by a suppressed shout. Suddenly a solitary Indian 
 appeared in the edge of the woods, and a moment afterward a large body of them 
 were observed in the gray shadows of the forest, running eagerly to a point below 
 to cut off Combs and his party from the fort. The gallant captain attempted to dart 
 by them on the swift current, when a volley of bullets from the savages severely 
 wounded Johnson and Paxton — the former mortally. The fire was returned with 
 effect, when the Shawnoese at the helm turned the prow toward the opposite shore.^ 
 There the voyagers abandoned the canoe, and, with their faces toward Defiance, sought 
 safety in flight. Atler vainly attempting to take Johnson and Paxton with them, 
 Combs and Black Fish left them to become captives, and at the end of two days and 
 two nights the captain reached Defiance, whereat General Clay had just arrived. The 
 Vi'alkers were also there, having fled more swiftly, because unencumbered. Combs 
 ami his dusky companion had suffered terribly.* The former was unable to assunio 
 
 Itjton, and he waa a neighbor and warm personal fHend of Henry Clay throughout the long pnblic career of that groat 
 nun. The Mendship was mutual, and Clay always felt and acknowledged the power of General Combs. He was «l\vn.\v 
 1 Unent, eloquent, and most efl'ectlvo speaker, and now, when he has passed the goal of " threescore and ten yea^^/' 
 he never Wis to charm any audience by his words of power, his apt illustrations, and genial humor. 
 < ne vas a grandson of Black Fish, a noted warr'or who led the Indians in the attack on Boousboro', In Kentucky 
 j taliiS. 
 
 ' In the above picture, a view of a portion of the Maumee Valley, as seen from the northwest angle of Fort Melg>, 
 I tookingnpthe river, Turkey Point Is seen near the centre, behind the head of Hollister's Island, that divides the river. 
 k clmnp of trees, a little to the right of the three small trees In a row near the bank of t'ae river, marks the place. Thi' 
 I Miomee it teen flowing to the right, and to the left the p1»in, when I made the sketch in the autumn of ISGO, was 
 I weni with Indian core, gome standiug and some In the shocks. A canal for hydraulic purposes is seen In the fore- 
 j groraid. It flows immediately below the ruins of Fort Meigs. 
 
 ' It was first thonght that the Indians were friendly Shawnoese. So thought Blcrk Fi»h ; but when he discovered his 
 I uliuke, he exclaimed, "Pottawatomie, God damn I" 
 * Ptitoa was shot through the body, but recovered, during the political campai|i;n of 1S40, when General Hnrrlton 
 
 Hu 
 
 i ', 
 
 - : 
 
 I 
 
 
48t 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PreparstlonB for asMtllng Fort MetgE. 
 
 Ilarrison'i Speech to his Soldlen, 
 
 Fort Heigs strenglliened. 
 
 the command of his company, but he went down the river with the re-enforcements 
 and took an active part in the conflict in the vicinity of Fort Meigs. There we shall 
 meet him again presently.' 
 The British had completed two batteries nearly opposite to Fort Meigs on the 
 
 BITE OP TUK IIKITIHU BATTEKIXB PBOU VOUT MKIUB.' 
 
 • April, morning of the 30th,* and had mounted their ordnance. One of them bore 
 1818. ^^Q twenty-four-pounders, and the other three howitzers — one eight inches 
 and the other two five and a half inches calibre. In this labor they had lost some 
 men by well-directed round shot from the fort, but neither these missiles nor the 
 drenching rain drove them away. Harrison had not been idle in the mean time, 
 His force Avas much inferior to that of the enemy in numbers, but was animated by 
 the best spirit. On the morning after the British made their appearance near, he ad- 
 dressed his soldiers eloquently in a General Order ;^ and when he discoverefl the foe 
 busy in erecting batteries on the opposite shore that would command his works, he 
 began the construction of a traverse, or wail of earth, on the most elevated grouml 
 through the middle of his caanp, twelve feet in height, on a base of twenty feet, and 
 three hundred yards in length. During its construction it was concealed by the 
 tents. When these were suddenly removed to the rear of the traverse, the British 
 engineer, to his great mortification, perceived that his labor had been almost in vain. 
 instead of an exposed camp, from which Proctor had boasted he would soon " smoke 
 
 waB elected President of the United States, General CombB spoke to scores of vast assemblies in his favor. On one 
 occasion he waB inthe neighborhood of Paxton's residence, who took a seat on the platform by the side of tho epeaier. 
 Combs relatud the incident of the voyage down the Manmee and their Joy at the sight of the old flag on that mombg. 
 " Here," said he, " is the man who was shot through the body. Stand np, Joe, and tbll me how many bullets it would 
 have taken to have killed you at that measure." " More than a peek I" exclaimed Paxton. 
 
 > I met General Combs at Sandusky City in the autumn of ISfiO, when he gave me an interesting account of his opera- 
 tions in the Manmee Valley at that time. Speaking of his return to Defiance, be said, " Black Fish made his wa; to his 
 native village, white I pushed on toward Defiance. It rained incessantly. I was compelled tu swim several swollni 
 tributaries to the Maiimee, and was dreadfully chafed by walking in wet clothes. My feet were lacerated by travelini; 
 in moccasins over burnt prairies, and my mouth and throat were excoriated by eating bitter hickory-bud!, the only 
 food that I tasted for forty-eight hours. For days afterward I could not eat any solid food. I was placed on a cot In a 
 boat, and in that manner descended the river with my gallant Kentucky friends." 
 
 » The above little picture, sketched in the autumn of 1860 from the ruins of Croghan Battery (so named In hoiinrof 
 the gallant defender of Fort Stephenson), Fort Meigs, looking northwest, shows the scattered village of Mnumoe ( iiv 
 in the distance, with the site of the BritiBh batteries in front of It. This is Indicated in the picture by the distant bluff 
 with two houses upon It, immediately beyond the two little figures at the end of the railway-bridge in ihe miildlt- 
 ground. When I visited the spot In 1860, the ridge on which the cannon were planted, lower than the plain on wtilth 
 the village stands, was very prominent. Behind It was a deep hollow, in which the British artillerymen were swrarelT 
 posted. On the brow of the plain, Just back of the British batteries, Indicated by the second bluff with one houw upon 
 it, was afterward the place of encampment of Colonel Johnson. The railway-bridge, seen In the mlddlo-grf ,niiof ibl" 
 picture, has a common passenger-bridge by the side of it. Between the extreme foreground and the rallwsy cmbaiik- 
 ment Is the ravine mentioned In a description of Fort Meigs on page 474, and indicated In the map on pajte *w by » 
 stream of water. 
 
 » "Can the citizens of a ft-ee country," he said, " who have taken arms to defend its rights, "hlnk of snbralttinKtoan 
 army composed of mercenary soldiers, reluctant Canadians, goaded to the field by the bayonet, and of wretched, Mkfd 
 savages ? Can the breast of an American soldier, when he casts his eyes ts „oe opposite shore, the scene of ills coun- 
 try's triumphs over the same foe, bo influenced by any other feelings than the hope of glory J Is not this army mm 
 posed of the same materials with that which fought and conquered under the immortal Wayne r Yes, lfellow-«o!difr> 
 your general sees yonr coantenances beam with the same fire that he witnessed on that glorions occasion ; and, al- 
 though it would be tho height of presumption to compare himself with that hero, he boasts of being that hero's pupil' 
 To your posts, then, fellow-cltlzens, and remember that the eyes of yonr country are upon yon I" 
 
 • Wayne's battle-ground in ITfti, and the theatre of his victory, were In sight of the soldiers thus addressed, Harrl- j 
 «on was Wayne's aid-de-camp on that occasion, and, as wo have obs en-sd on page 88, was one of his most usefiil offlcen. | 
 
 I' r 
 I 
 
mm 
 
 engUieoed. 
 
 cements, 
 we shall 
 
 s on the 
 
 them bore 
 ;ht inches, 
 
 lost some 
 !8 nor the 
 nean time, 
 limated by 
 icar, he ad- 
 rec* the foe 
 i works, he 
 ted ground 
 ty teet, and 
 lied by the 
 
 the British 
 lost in vain. 
 
 ion " smoke 
 
 fiivor. On one 
 
 of thcfpeaKcr, 
 
 ^n that momiDg. 
 
 bullets It would 
 
 ant of his opera- 
 le his way to his 
 J several swollen 
 Ited by travel'.oc 
 }y-bud!, the only 
 ced on a cot In a 
 
 ncd In honor ol 
 I of Mnomce Cilt 
 |the distant MnH 
 ■ In ihe middle- 
 ! plain on whlrt 
 |en were secure!' 
 i one hi>UK upot. 
 llc-Rrf lOilottlii' 
 iallway emlitnk- 
 Ion pajje m bj » 
 
 lenbrnlttlngtoM 
 I wretched, nsked 
 Jceneofhlscw- 
 It this army com- 
 li, fellow-soldier". 
 Iccaslon; si"l.»'- 
 %8t hero's pupil-' 
 
 Caressed. n«rri- 
 bst useful o(llMf«. j 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 468 
 
 Uritlib and Indians cross the River. 
 
 A Onn-boat. 
 
 Fort Meigs attaclied. 
 
 •Colonel Christy. 
 
 out the Yankees" — in other words, speedily destroy it with shot and shell, ho saw 
 nothing but an immense shield of earth, behind which the Americans wore invisible 
 and thoroughly shelterfed. Proctor accordingly modified his plans, and sent a. con- 
 siderable force of white men iindci Captain Muir, and Indians under Tecuratha, to 
 the eastern side of the river, under cover of the gun-boats, with the evident intention 
 of preparing for an attack on the fort in the rear. When night fell the British bat- 
 teries were yet silent, and remained so ; but a gun-boat, towed up the river near the 
 fort under cover of the darkness, fired thirty shots without making any other im- 
 pression than increasing the vigilance of the Americans, who reposed on their arms. 
 Early in the morning the gun-boat went down the river barren of all honor. 
 
 Late in the mornirg on the Ist of May,* notwithstanding heavy rain-clouds 
 vere driving down the Maumee Valley, and drenching every thing with fitful 
 discharges, the British opened a sevete cannonade .ind bombardment upon Fort Meigs, 
 and continued the assault, with slight intermissions, for about five day ,' but without 
 much injury to the fort and garrison. The fire was returned occasionally by eight- 
 een-pounders. The supply of shot for these and the twelve-pounders was very small, 
 there not being more than three hundred and sixty of each. They were used with 
 .judicious parsimony, for it was not known how long the siege might last. The Brit- 
 ish on the contrary, appeared to have powder, balls, and shells in great abundance, 
 and they poured a perfect storm of missiles — not less than five hundred — upon the 
 
 I A mrvivor of the War of 1812, and one of the most active and remarkable men of the day when the late civil war 
 take out, was Colonel William Christy. He was acting 
 qurter-master at Fort Meigs, and had charge of all the 
 (tores and flags there at that time. He was only twenty- 
 two years of age, yet he had, by his energy and patriot- 
 Ian, ttcured the love and coi ' ience of General Harrison 
 In t remarkable degree. W .len the first gun was fired 
 jpon Fort Meigs, Harrison called him to his side, and 
 aid, "Sir, go and nail a banner on every battery, where 
 Itay shall wave so long as an enemy is in view." Chrij- 
 i; olieyed, and there the Cags remained during the en- 
 tire siege. 
 
 Mr. Christy was born in Georgetown, Kentucky, on the 
 
 nil of December, ITOl. \t an early age Le went with his 
 
 ftlher to reside near the Ohio, not far dUtant from Cln- 
 
 diiMti. He was left an orphan at the age of fourteen 
 
 j(an. He studied law, and entered upon the duties of 
 
 tint pMfesslou in 1811. V "oen war was declared he join- 
 
 (dthc army under Harrison. That officer knew lAa fa- 
 
 Her.and kindly gave the t,un of his old ft-iend a place in 
 
 hi' military family as aid-de-camp, and, as we have just 
 
 obserred, he was made acting quarter-master at Fort 
 
 Keigi. He behaved gallantly there in the sortie in which 
 
 Ciptaln Silver was engaged, and in which his company 
 
 suffered terribly. Christy was in subordinate command 
 
 inthat light, and received the commendations of his gcn- 
 
 titl. He was promoted to lieutenant in the old First 
 
 Rdment of United States Infantry. After tho close of 
 
 !l( Harrison campaign, which resulted in victory at the 
 
 Humes, he was ordered to Join his regiment, then at 
 
 Sukett's Harbor, There General Brown appointed him 
 
 idjnunt, and he was in active service in Northern New 
 
 M for some time. When the army was dtsband- 
 
 td. Christy was retained, and was stationed for a while 
 
 ij Sew Orleans. He left the army in 1816, and com- 
 
 Kntcd the career of a commission merchant in New Or- 
 
 tai. He married there, and soon amassed a fortune, 
 
 wbltli he lost, however, by the dishonesty of a partner. 
 
 Beresnmed the practice of the law, and In 1826 published 
 
 to "Digest" of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of 
 
 die Stitc of Lonlsiana. Again he amassed a large for- 
 
 iMe. He espoused the cause of Texas, and soon after- 
 
 nri lost his property, but gained the praise of being " the flrst fllibuster in the United States." Eia natnre was Im- 
 
 ("Wre, and daring his residence of more than forty years in New Orleans he had several "affairs of honor," growing 
 
 * o' political quarrels chiefly. He was a ready and Bnent speaker, and dnring the campaign when Harrison was 
 
 lUdldate for the Presidency, Colonel Christy >>ccompanled his chief in person throughout Ohio, and made more than 
 
 oee handred speeches in his behalf. His kindness of heart and ungnidging hospitality ever gained blm hocts of wann 
 
 Hfflds. 
 
 "I, 
 
 'ii 
 
I it! 
 
 484 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 New Battery ope'ned on Fort MelgH. HarriBon'i Defenies. 
 
 Critical Situation of the Port and Garrlwn 
 
 PLAN OF FOBT MEIG8.* 
 
 fort all of the first day, and until eleven o'clock at night.' One or two of the garri- 
 son wore killed, and Major Stoddard, of the First Regiment, a soldier of the liovolu 
 tion, who commanded the fort when Leftwitch retired, was so badly wounded by a 
 fragment of a shell that he died ten days afterward.* 
 
 On the morning of the 2d the British opened a third battery of throe twelve. 
 pounders upon the fort from the opposite side of the river, which tliey had eom|)lt'te(l 
 during the night, and all that day the cannonade was kept up briskly. Within the 
 next twenty-four hours a fourth battery was opened.' Tliat night a detachment of 
 artillerists and engineers crossed the river, and mounted guns and mortars upon two 
 mounds for batteries already constructed in the thickets by the party that crossed on 
 the 30th, within two hundred and fifty yards of the rear angles of the fort. One of 
 these, nearest the ravine already mentioned, was a mortar battery ; the other, a few 
 rods farther south ward, was a three-gun battery. Expecting an operation of this 
 kind, the Americans had constructed traverses in time to foil the enemy ; and when 
 toward noon of the 3d, the three cannon and the howitzer opened suddenly upon the 
 rear angles of the fort, their fire was almost harmless. A few shots from eighteen- 
 
 pounders, directed by Gratiot, «ho 
 was convalescing, soon silenced th» 
 gun -battery, and the pieces were 
 hastily drawn off and placed in posi- 
 tion near the ravine. 
 
 Shot and shell were hurled upon 
 the fort more thickly and steadiiv 
 on the 3d than at any other time, 
 but with very little efiect. This 
 seemed to discourage the besiegers, 
 and on the 4th the fire was materially 
 slackened. Tlien Proctor sent Major Chambers with a demand for the surrender of 
 the post. " Tell General Proctor," responded Harrison, promptly, " that if he shall 
 take the fort it will be under circumstances that will do him more honor than a thou- 
 sand surrenders." Meanwhile the cannonading from the "fort was feeble, because of 
 the scarcity of ammunition. " With plenty of it," wrote Captain Wood, " we shoul'l ! 
 have blown John Bull from the Miami." The guns were admirably managed, and I 
 did good execution at every discharge. The Americans were well supplied with I 
 food and watei** for a long siege, and could well aftbrd to spend time and weary the 
 assailants by merely defensive warfare sufficient to keep the foe at bay. They ex- 
 hibited their confidence and spirit by frequently mounting the ramparts, swuiginj I 
 their hats, and shouting defiance to their besiegers. Nevertheless, Harrison was 
 anxious. Hull and Winchester had failed and suffered. The foe was strong, wily, 1 
 and confident. So he looked hourly and anxiously up the Maumee for the hoped-for] 
 re-enforcements. Since Navarre and Oliver went out, he had lieard nothing fronij 
 
 ' Ae the enemy were throwing large nnraberg of cannon-balls Into the fort firom their batteries, Harrison offered a sill J 
 (it whisky for every one delivered to the magazine-keeper, Thomas L. Hawkins. Over one thousand gills were tho'l 
 earned by the soldiers. — Howe's HUtorical CoUectiona qf Ohio, page 532. An eyewitness (Reverend A. M. Lorraine) r^i 
 lates that one of the militia took his station on the embankment, watched every shot, and forewarned the irarrisoul 
 thus: " Shot," or "bomb," as the cose might be ; sometimes " Block-house No. 1," or "Look out, main battery," "Xo»| 
 for the meat-house," " Oood-by, if yon will pass." At last a shot hit him and killed him Instantly. 
 
 « Amos Stoddard was a native of Massachusetts, and was commissioned a captain of artillery in 1708. He ws« re-i 
 tained in 1802. In 1804 and '06 he was governor of the Missouri Territory. He was promoted to major in 1S07. B^ 
 was depi.ly qnarter-master in 1S12, but left the staff in December of that year. He died of tetanus, or lockjaw, on t' 
 11th of May, 1813. He was the author of " Sketches of Louisiana," published in 1810. 
 
 > These were named as follows, as Indicated on the above map : a, Mortar ; b. Queen's ; c, Bailor's : and d, Ring's. 
 
 ♦ This plan is fi-om a sketch made by Joseph H. Larwell, on the 19th of July, 1818. All the dotted lines represent tl 
 traverses, a a a a a Indicate the block-houses ; b b, the magazines ; e o e e, minor batteries. The grand and mort 
 batteries and tbe well are indicated by name. 
 
 ' During the Arst three days of the siege the Americans were wholly dependent upon the rain for water. Thoie whi 
 wet* sent to f«*3h it were exposed to the Are of the enemy. On the fourth they had completed a well within the M 
 vblch gave them an ample supply. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 485 
 
 Qttttni Clay moving down the Manmee. 
 
 Harriiiou'i Plans developed. 
 
 Movement* near Fort Melgi. 
 
 abroad. His suspense was ended at near midnight on the 4th, when Captain Oliver, 
 with Major Uavid Trimble and fifteen men who had come down the river in a boat, 
 made their way into the fort as bearers of the glad tidings that General Clay and 
 ili'ven hundred Kentuckians were only eighteen miles distant, and would probably 
 reach the post before morning. 
 
 Captain Oliver had found Clay at Fort Winchester on the 3d. The cannonading 
 it Fort Meigs was distinctly heard there, and Clay pressed forward as speedily as 
 possible with eighteen large flat scows, whose sides were furnished with shields 
 against the bullets of Indians who might infest the shores of the river. It was late 
 in the evening when the flotilla reached the head of the Rapids, eighteen miles from 
 the scene of conflict. The moon had gone down, and the overcast sky made the night 
 so in'icnsely dark that che pilot refused to proceed before daylight. It was then that 
 Tri.nble and his brave fifteen volunteered to accompany Captain Oliver to the fort, 
 to cliecr the hearts of Harrison and his men by the tidings ' " succor near. It did 
 cheer them. Harrison immediately ci iceive ? plan of operations for Clry, and dis- 
 mtched Captain Hamilton and a subaltern in a canoe to meet the general, and say to 
 him with delegated authority, " You must detach about eight hundred men from your 
 briijade, and land them at a point I will show you, about a mile or a mile and a half 
 above Camp Meigs. I will then conduct the detachment to the British batteries on 
 the left bank of the river. The batteries must be taken, the cannon spiked, and 
 carrias^es cut down, and the troops must then return to the boats and cross over to 
 the fort. The balance of your men must land on the fort side of the river, opposite 
 the first landing, and fight their way into the fort through the Indians. Tlie route 
 they must take will be pointed out by a subaltern oflUcer now with me, who will land 
 the canoe on the righi bank of the river, to point out the landing for the boats." 
 
 Tills explicit order reveals much of Harrison's ^jivell-devised plan. He knew that 
 the British force at the batteries was inconsiderable, for the main body were still 
 near old Fort Miami, and the bulk of the Indians with Tecumtha were on the eastern 
 side of the river. Ilis object was to strike simultaneous and effectual blows on both 
 banks of the stream. While Dudley was demolishing the British batteries on the 
 left bank, and Clay was fighting the Indians on the right, 1^ intended to make a gen- 
 eral sally from the fort, destroy the batteries in the rear, rod disperse or capture the 
 whole British force on that side of the river. 
 
 It was almost stnirise when Clay left the head of the Rapids. He descended the 
 river with his boats arranged in solid column, as in a line of march, each oflicer hav- 
 ing position according to rank. Dudley, being the senior colonel, led the van. 
 Hamilton met them, in this order, about five miles above the fort. Clay was in the 
 thirteenth boat from the front. When Harrison's orders were delivered, he directed 
 Dudley to take the twelve front boats and execute the commands of the chief con- 
 [ cerning the British batteries, w^hile he should press forward and perform the part as- 
 I signed to himself. 
 
 Colonel Dudley executed his prescribed task most gallantly and successfully. The 
 I current was swift, and the shores were rough, but his detachment efltcted a landing 
 in fair order. They ascended to the plain on which Maumee City stands unobserved 
 by the enemy, and were there formed for marching in three parallel columns, the 
 I right led by Dudley, the left by Major Shelby, and the centre, as a reserve, by Acting 
 Major Morrison. Captain Combs, with thirty riflemen, including seven friendly In- 
 diiins,flanked in front full a hundred yards distant.' In this order they moved through 
 
 I woods a mile and a half toward the British batteries, which were playing briskly 
 I upon Fort Meigs, when the columns were so disposed as to inclose the enemy in a 
 
 'At the reqnest of General Clay, Captain Comba fornlshed him with mlnnte infoniiatioii respecting the operations 
 I Bder Dudley, in a letter dated May 6, 1815. The writer has kindly Atmiahed me with « copy of that letter, fh>m which 
 I Ike Duin beta of thia portion of the namtive have been drawn. 
 
 .ff 
 
 •i 
 
 
1 ■) 
 
 I I 
 
 486 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dudley half wini Victory, and losei It. Sad Reanlt of Zeal and Hamaulty, Americana defeated and made Priwnin. 
 
 crescent, with every prospect of capturing the whole force. Dudley had failed to in. 
 form hiH Hubalterns of his exact plans, and that remissness was a fatal mistake. Shel- 
 by's column, by his order, penetrated to a point between the batteries and the Brit- 
 ish camp below, when the right column, led by Dudley in person, raised the horrid 
 Indian yell, rushed forward, charged upon the enemy with wild vehemence, captured 
 the heavy guns and spiked eleven of them without losing a man. Tlie riflemen 
 meanwhile, had been attacked by the Indians, and, not aware of Dudley's designs 
 thought it their duty to fight instead of falling back upon the main body. This was 
 the fatal mistake. The main object of the expedition was fully acconij)lishe(l al- 
 though the batteries were not destroyed. The British flag was ])ulled down, and as 
 it trailed to earth loud huzzas went up from the beleaguered fort. 
 
 Harrison had watched the moment with intense interest from his chief battery, and 
 when he saw the British flag lowered, he signaled Dudley to fall back to his boats 
 and cross the river, according to explicit orders. Yet the victors lingered, and sliarii 
 firing was heard in the woods in the reai' of the captured batteries. Harrison was 
 indignant because of the disobedience. Lieutenant Campbell volunteered to carry a 
 peremptory order across to Dudley to retreat, but when he arrived the victory sd 
 gloriously won was changed into a sad defeat. Humanity had caused disobedience, 
 and terrible was the penalty. At the moment when the batteries were taken, as •vc 
 have just observed, Indians in ambush attacked Combs and his riflemen. With quick 
 and generous impulse, Dudley ordered fhem to be re-enforced. A greater part of 
 the right and centre columns instantly rushed into the woods in consideiable dis- 
 order, accompanied by their colonel. Thirty days in camp had given them very little 
 discipline. It was of little account at the outset, for, disorderly as they were, tliev 
 soon put the Indians to flight, and relieved Combs and his little party. That work 
 accomplished, discipline should have ruled. It did not. Impelled by the entluisiasm 
 and confidence which is born of victory, and forgetful of all the maxims of prudence, 
 they pursued the flying savages almost to the British camp. Shelby's column still 
 held possession of the batteries when this pursuit commenced, but the Britisli artil- 
 lerists, largely re-enforced, and led by the gallant Captain Dixon, soon retuined and 
 recaptured them, taking Sfime of the Kentuckians prisoners, and driving the otiiers 
 toward their boats. > Meanwhile the Indians had been re-enforced, and had turned 
 fiercely upon Dudley. His men were in utter confusion, and all attempts at command 
 were futile. Shelby had rallied the remnant of his column and marched to the aid 
 of Dudley, but he only participated in the confusion and flight. The Kentuckians 
 were scattered in every direction through the woods back of where Maumee City now 
 stands, making but feeble resistance, and exposed to the deadly fire of the skulking 
 savages. The flight became a rout, precipitate and disorderly, and a greater part 
 of Dudley's command were killed or captured, after a contest of about three hours. 
 Dudley, who was a heavy, fleshy man, was overtaken, tomahawked, and scalped, and 
 his captive companions, including Captain Combs and his spies, were marched to old 
 Fort Miami as prisoners of war. Of the eight hundred'' who followed him from tlic 
 boats, only one hundred and seventy escaped to Fort Meigs.* 
 
 > When Proctor was apprised of the approach of the detachment nnder Dudley, he rappoeed It to be the advance of 
 the main American army, and he immediately recalled a large portion of his force on the eastern side of the rinr. 
 Abont seven hundred Indians were among them, led by Tecumtba. They did not arrive in time to participate In tlie 
 battle, bnt they allowed Proctor to send large re-enforcements n-om his camp. 
 
 !> The exact number of offlcers and private soldiers were, of Dudley's regiment, T61 ; Boswell's, 00, and regulars, 49- 
 total, 806.— Manuscript Reports among the Clay papers. 
 
 ' General Harrison censured Colonel Dndley's men in General Orders on the 9tb of Hay, signed by John O'Falloii, 
 hip ictlng assistant adjutant general. " It rarely occnrs," he said, "that a general has to complain of the excenlTC ! 
 nrdor of his men, yet such appears always to be the case whenever the Kentucky miiitia are engaged. Indeed, 11 ii 
 the source of all their misfortnnes." After spealcing of the rash act in pursuing the enemy, he remarked, " Snch temer- 
 ity, although not so disgracaftil, is scarcely less fatal than cowardice." In a letter to Governor Shelby on the 18th, Oen- 
 •ral Harrison censured Colonel Dudley. " Had he retreated,"he said, " after taking the batteries, or bad be made i j 
 dls]>osition to retreat in case of defeat, all would have been well. He could have crossed the river, and even If he bad j 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1 8 1 J. 
 
 *^1 
 
 Ci«y'i iBCountw with tto ludlmi. 
 
 K Sallylng-iMrty ud tlMlr Parlls. 
 
 A ^lant MMMBgfr. 
 
 \Vliile thcHC tragic Bcciiea were traiirtpiriug on the k>fl bank of the river, othem 
 cuiially htirring were in progrcHsion in the vicinity of Fort Meigs. General Chiy had 
 Httonipted to land the Hix remaining boats under his command nearly opposite the 
 iilace of Dudley's debarkation, but the swiflness of the current, swollen by the heavy 
 raiiiH drove five of them ashore. The other, containing General Clay, with Captiiin 
 IVtur Dudley and fitly men, kept the stream, separated from the rest, and Hiially luiid- 
 I'J on the eastern bank of the river opposite to llollister's Island. There they were 
 aKsailed by musketry from a cloud of Indians on the left flank of the fort, and by 
 round shot from the batteries opposite. Notwithstanding the great peril, Clay and 
 his party return<?d the Indians' attack with spirit, and reached the fort without the 
 lo88 of a nniri. 
 
 Colonel iioBwell's command in the other boats, consisting of a part of the battalions 
 of Kentucky militia under Major 
 
 ■"illiani Johnson, and two other ^ ">^ /^l * • ) 
 
 companies ofKentucky levies, land- /y^o^^ Q? . / CJ ^^ O^f't-'^C/ 
 cd near Turkey Point. He was im- 
 mediately o'i'.ered by Captain Hamilton, General Harrison's representative, to fight 
 his way into the fort The same Indians who assailed Clay disputed his passage. 
 IJoswell arranged his men in open order, marched boldly over the low plain,' engaged 
 the savages on the slopes and brow of the high plati-au most gallantly, and reached 
 the fort without suft'ering very serious loss. There he was greeted by thanks and 
 shouts of applause, and met by a sallying-party'* coming out to join him in an imme- 
 diate attack upon that portion of the enemy with whom he had just been engaged, 
 nursuant to Harrison's original plan of assailing the foe on both sides of the river at 
 tlie same time. There was but a moment's delay. Boswell on the right, Major Al- 
 exander and his vohmteers on the left, and Major Johnson in the centre, was the or- 
 der in which the party advanced against their dusky foe. They fell upon the sav- 
 ages furiously, drove them half a mile into the woods at the point of the bayonet, and 
 utterly routed them. In their zeal the victors were pursuing witlia recklessness that, 
 if continued, would have resulted in disaster like that which overwhelmed Dudley. 
 Fortunately, General Harrison, always on the alert, had taken a stand, with a spy- 
 glass, on one of his batteries, from which he could survey the whole field of opera- 
 tions. He discovered a body of British and Indians gliding swiftly along the bor- 
 ders of the woods to cut off the retreat of the pursuers, when he dispatched a volun- 
 teer aid (John T. Johnson, Esq.) to recall his troops. It was a perilous undertaking. 
 Tlie gallant aid-de-camp had a hoi-se shot under him, but he succeeded in communi- 
 cating the general's orders in time to allow the imperiled detachment to return with- 
 out much loss. 
 
 (ienoral Harrison now ordered a sortie from the fort against the enemy's works on 
 the right, near the deep ravine. For this purpose three hundred and fifty men were 
 
 loctone or two hnndred men, he would have brought over a re-enforcement ofelz hundred, which wonld have enabled 
 inf touke the whole British force on this side of the river." Harrison did not then Icnow that Dadley had sacrificed 
 lh( gtater portion of bis little army and his own life in the hnmane attempt to save Combs and his party from destmc- 
 llon. Combs afterward called General Harrison's attention to the Injustice of hia censure. It was too late ; it had 
 pamd into history, and has l>een perpetuated by the pens of successive chroniclers. 
 
 WUIiun Dudley was a citizen of Fayette County, Kentucky, at that time, but was a native of Spottsylvania County, 
 Virginia. U« was a magistrate in Kentucky for many years, and was highly esteemed. He was overtaken, as we have 
 obwrved in the text, by the Indians, and sliot in the body and thigh. When last seen he was sitting on a stump in a 
 fwtmp, defending himself against a swarm of savages. He was finally killed, and his body was dreadhilly mutilated. 
 I wu mformed by Abraham Miley, of Batavia, Ohio, who was in Fort Meigs at the time of ths siege, that when the body 
 of Diillcy was found a large piece had been cut from the fleshy part of his thigh by the savages, which they doubt- 
 Im ate. 
 
 ' 8e« pictnre on page 481, and note i on the some page. 
 
 ■ CompoBed of Pennsylvania and Virginia Volunteers (the former, except a small company, known as the PitUitmrrf 
 Bl«a, and the latter the PiCarsturi; Ko<iin(eer«), a company of the NIneteeBUi United States Begiment nnder Captain 
 Waring, and Captain Dudley's company, who had followed Clay Into the fort. The PitUlmrg £jue< were commanded by 
 Captain James Bntler, son of the General Butler vrho fell at St. Clair's defeat la 1T91. See pages 4T and 48. The Vir- 
 iiiiana were under Captain M'Crea. 
 
 
 iA.'i 
 
lii i 
 
 
 *! ' 
 
 lii: 
 
 481 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sortl* IVom Port MalR*. 
 
 Proctor 4MMWtM*d. 
 
 H> III d— rfd by bU ftllow-wtm^ 
 
 (lotaiU-d, uiul pliict'd uiidor tho cnniniitri<l of Colonel John Miller,' of tlip I'l'^iiJur w^y. 
 ict', Tlu-y <'oiiMiMlfil of the eoni|niiiieM of United StiiteM troopM under ('ii|»luinH F.aiii/- 
 hum, Croglian, Itmdford, Neiirinj;,^ Klliott,^ and <»wynne,* iintl I.ieuteniiiil ('iiiiiiiIh Ij. 
 Major AlexanderV volunteern, and a eompany of KentiK-ky militia under ('aptain Sc' 
 bree." Miller wan aeeompanietl by Major (Jeorjjje Todd, of the Nineteenth Iiil'atitrv 
 and led his eoniinand with the tjreati'Ht bravery. They charged with the fiercent iin' 
 {H'tucmity upon the motley foe, eight Inindred and tif\y Htrong, drove then> from tlicir 
 batterieK at the point of the bayonet, Hpiked their gunw, and Keatteretl tliiiii in ((inrn. 
 sion in the woods beyond the ravine toward the nite of the present village of iVrrys. 
 burg. The enemy fought desijerately, and Miller lo8t fleveral of hin brave men. At 
 one moment the utter deHtructiou of Sebree'w company Heemed inevitable. They werp 
 surrounded by four times their number of Indians, when (iwynne, of the Nineteenth 
 perceiving their peril, rushed to their rescue with a part of Elliott's company. Tlu'v 
 were saved. The object of the sortie was aGcom|)Jis]ied, and the victors reliinud u, 
 the fort with forty-three prisoners, followed by the enemy, who had rallied in con- 
 siderable force.' 
 
 Arter these sorties on the 5th the siege of F'ort Meigs was virtually abandoned by 
 
 Proctor. The result of that 
 day's fighting, conibinud with 
 the ill success of all itrcccdini; 
 efforts to reduce the fort, wvn 
 so disheartei;ing that his In- 
 dian allies deserted him, ami 
 the Canadian militia tunitd 
 their faces homeward.* The 
 sjilendid Territory of Mirhi- 
 gan had been promised to the 
 Prophet as a ivward ftir his 
 services in the capture of Fort 
 Meigs, and Tecumtha was to 
 Iiave the person of General 
 Harrison, whom he had hated 
 intensely since the battle of 
 Tippecanoe in 18 II, as hig pe- 
 culiar trophy. These prom- 
 
 B1I;(JK or roBT uiiUB. 
 
 ' Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment orRcf^lara. He was a native of Ohio, and was commiaBloued colonel on the 
 Olh of July, 1812. He was traniifbrred to tho Seventeenth Infantry In May, 1S14. In IfilS he left the army. He wu« gov- 
 ernor (if Hluourl ft-om 1828 to 188S, and a representative In Cougreoei trom 183T to 1843. Ho died at Floriuunt, Mliuouri, 
 on the IRth of March, 1840. 
 
 > Abel Nearlug was trom Connecticnt He aarvlved the siege, bat died on the 18th of September following f^om the 
 effect* of fever. 
 
 ' Captain Klllott was a nephew of the notoriona Colonel Blltott In the British service, and then with Proctor, and of 
 Captain Jengo Blltott, of the United States Navy, on Lake Erie at that time. 
 
 ♦ David Gwynnc, as first lienlenant and regimental paymaster, had accompanied Colonel J. B. Campbell against the 
 MIssisslnawa Towns (see page 84«). He was made captain In March, 181.1. In August lie was made brigade miOor to 
 Oeneral M'Arthnr, and In 1R14 was raised to major of riflemen. He left tho army In 1816, and died near St. Loul« In l'i45. 
 
 » Mt^or Alexander was a brave ofllcer. He commanded a rifle company, Pennsylvania Volunteers, in Campbell'e ei- 
 pedltion against the Misslssinawa towns In December, 1812. 
 
 ' Uriel Sebree was a captain in Scott's Kentucky Volonteera in Angnst, 1918, and was with Hi^or HadUon at French- 
 ' '>' n, nnder Wlachester. He was >i gallant ofllcer. 
 
 ^''he Americans lost in this sortie 28 killed and SS wounded.— ifS^. Report. 
 
 • "I had notthe option of retaining my position on the Miami. Halfof the militia had left ns. . . . Before the ord- 
 nance could be withdrawn from the batteries I was left with Tecumtha and less than twenty chicfi) and warrior9-« 
 circnmstanco which strongly proves that, uiutrr praent cireuvutanca at Uxut, our Itidian force i»nota dispomUe oiw, or 
 ptrmatwnt, thtmgk oeea»imuUly (( maU poaer/ul aid."— Proctor's Dispatch to Qovemor Prevoet. 
 
 In his dispatch to Sir Oeorgc I'rcvost from Sandwich on tito Uth of May Troctor fairly acknowledged hlmrelf defeat- 
 ed, and, admitting that he haA no data forjudging how many the Americans had lost In killed, " conceived" the nam- 
 her to have been between a thousand and twelve hundred ; whereupon Sir Oeorga deceived the Canadians and (MM 
 history by asserting, In a General Order, he had " crreat satisfaction tn annonncing to the troops the brilliant result of 
 an action which took place r n the banks of the Miami River," Md " which terminated in the aimphte defeat 4/ the m- 
 my, and capture, dispersioD, or destmction of thirteen hundred men I" By a comparison of the most reliable accoiuti 
 
OF THE WAU OK 18 12. 
 
 489 
 
 for his 
 
 of Fort 
 
 was 1(1 
 
 (ii'iicnil 
 
 iid hiited 
 
 battle of 
 
 as his pe- 
 
 ese prom- 
 
 ell against the 
 gado m«)or lo 
 .LoulnlnW 
 Dampbell'B ei- 
 
 son at French- 
 
 Ihlmcelfdefeit- 
 liTed" the nam- 
 ka and faleUM 
 ImBDtroiuUot 
 
 |u»b)e iccounti 
 
 fUfkl MfthK Rrlll'h anil Indians, 
 
 MMMtei* of PrUontn at fort lllaml. 
 
 TeeaatlM'i Rabtte of Praetor. 
 
 jKt'H wtTi' !tll imfulfilU'il. Tho Iiulmiifl \vft in dinKui*t, and probably nothinf:^ bnt Te- 
 (iiMilliit'" ('iiiniiiiHHion and pay um hrigiidiiM- in thi! HritiHh urniy Hoourod Ium farthur 
 stTviofH in tlio cauHC. 
 
 IVix'tor^H t>yi>8 Haw hin nava^o allioH Icavini; him and bin Cana<lian militia diHcon- 
 tciitt"! iiiidhiH cars heard tiic Hiartlinj; intt'ilini'nci! that Fort (tt-orgc, on tho Niuf^ara 
 frontiiT waH in tlu! iiaiuJH of tlif AinoricaiiH. and tliat ri'-onforcftnonts wero coming 
 fniin Ohio for the littlo army at Fori, Mcij^s.' Ho saw nothinfr bidorc him, if ho re- 
 niuiiH'd hut the t-aptiirc or diwjH'rHion of liiH troopM, and ht' r»'Molv«'d to llco. Witb 
 the (i(mii(n of cotK-i-aiinp tiiiH fiict that ho inifiht move ott" willi Hafoty, lu' ajjaiii sent 
 Caiitaiii ChainberH to demaiul tho HiirreiuU'r of tlio tort. IlarnHon n-jjanU'd tiio ab- 
 stiri inci'xn^o an an intended iiiHiilt, and re<{ueHted that it Hlioidd not bu repeated. It 
 wiiH tlic InHt friendly eommnnieation between the belligerentH.* 
 
 Proctor attempted to bear away from IiIh batterien Iuh unharmed cannon, but a few 
 allots from Fort MeijjjH made him withdraw Hj)eedily. A parting roHponHO in kind 
 I'rciin one of hiw gun-boatH, in return, nlew several, among them Lieiitemmt Uobert 
 
 W'alkiT, of the Pittsburg 
 IJlucH, whoso grave may yet 
 Ix' identified within the re- 
 mains of tho fort by a plain, 
 riiiii^h stone, with « siin|)le 
 in!trri|ition, that stands at 
 its lit'ud.' This was tho last 
 lit;, lost in tho siege. In the 
 :.iimo vessels that brought 
 him to the Maumee, Proctor 
 (if tilt! Engineers, and others.* 
 
 UKMAiNit ur wai.kkb'i momcmmt. 
 
 roturiutd to Amherst burg 
 with tho rumaiiis of his lit- 
 tle army, leaving behind 
 him a record of infamy on 
 the shores of tliat stream 
 in tho wihieniess equal in 
 blackness to that upon the 
 banks of tho Haisin.* Here, 
 in few words, is the record, 
 
 attested by Captain Wood, 
 ()n the surrender of Dudley's command the prisoners 
 were inarched down to Fort Miami with tin escort, and there, under the eye of J>oc- 
 toraiidhis officers, the Indians, who had already plundered them and nmrdercd nuuiy 
 on the way," were allowed to shoot, tomahawk, and scalp more than twenty of thorn. 
 Tills butchery was stopped by Tooiinitha, who proved himself to be more huin{;ne 
 li:an his British ally and brother officer, Henry Proctor.' 
 
 im both tldei, the low of tin- Americans during the elege may fa'rly, It seema, he pnt down at ahout 80 killed, 470 wonnd- 
 ed, »od 4'iO prigonera. The Brlttah loM was IB killed, 47 wounded, and 44 made priaouera. 
 
 1 vye have ohservcd {pago 47S) that Peter Navarre was nent from Fort Melga with a letter to the Governor .>f Ohio. 
 Thit enersctlc man immediately aent meaaeuKera In all directloua for volunteers, and he waa very aoon on Ula way tc 
 the relief of (he beleaguered (farrison. lila march was arrcatcd by tho (light of the bcalegerc. 
 
 ' Ilurrlsdii'i! dispatches to the Secretary of War, May 9, 1S13 ; Proctor's dispatch t>< Sir Oeoryo Prevost, May 14, 1818 ; 
 H'Mce'i HitbrriKif the l,aU War; Perklna'a and Thomson 'a Sktkhtt, rte. ; Captali. Wood'a Narratlvo. cited by M'Afee; 
 Major Rlchurdson's Narrative ; Auchlnleck'e History qf the War a/lt^\9i Genera'. Clay's Letter to General Harrison, May 
 1J,1S13; Captain Combs'a Letter to General Clay, May B, 181B; General Harrison to Governor Shelby, Miiy IH, 1813; 
 Amstrong's A'oOWa i\f the War nf ISli : Onderdonk's MS. lAft of Tectm\mK ; Speech of Eleutheros Cook, Esq., of San- 
 aiifky City, at Fort Meigs, June 11, 1840 ; Narratives of Bev. A. M. Lorraine and Joseph R. Underwood, eyewitnesses, 
 nooledhy Hmve; Boomer's Early Uintory o/ the Maumee Ko/to/,- oral statcnenls to the Author by Peter Navarre. 
 
 > The little ninnnmciit, which contained only the words, Lieutenant Walker, May 9, 181!l, had been greatly mutilated, 
 when I vUited the spot In the antnmu of 1800, by relic-seekers, those modem Iconoclasts whose bnslnees, when thns 
 purraedtii simply infamous. The remains of the stone, as delineated In the picture, was only ahout Ave Inches alM>ve 
 the (ground. It is of limestone, and was wrought by a stone-cutter In the garrison not long after his burial. A few rods 
 eutofitls the grave of Lieutenant M'Culloch, who waa killed during the summer by Indians while out hunting. 
 
 • See the close of Chapter XVII. 
 
 ' In Howe's Hutorieal Collections nf Ohio, page B88, may be fonnd a very Interesting narrative of the horrid events at 
 Fort Vlanil, by Joseph R. Underwood, who was present. It is more circumstantial than the letter of Captain Comba 
 to General Clay, mentioned below. 
 
 ' Mi^jor Richardson, of the British anny, who wrote an account of events under Brock and Proctor In the West, saya 
 Ihit the Indians who made the attack, In spite of the eir<ir*« of the gtiard, were some who had taken no part in the bat- 
 t'e "An old and excellent soldier," he says, "of the name oi Russell, of the Forty-flrst, was shot throngh tba heart 
 iblle endeavoring to wrest a victim from the grasp nf his assailant." 
 
 ' Major Richardson, Just quoted, says, lu speaking of the massacre: " More than forty of these unhappy men had fall- 
 to beneath the steel of the infuriated party, when Tecumtha, apprised of what waa doing, rode up at fUll speed, and, 
 nlflni! hia tomahawk, threatened to destroy the llrst man who resisted his injunction to desist. 
 
 toeral Leslie Combs, then, as we have seen, n captain of spies, and one of the prisoners. In a letter to Oener:;: Clay, 
 
 tlreail; alluded to, gave a very particular account of the aflfalr. A copy of that letter, (tarnished by General Comix in 
 
 i WM before me. He aaye that the prisoner*, on their march toward Fort Meigs, met a body of Indians, who, in tb« 
 
 ^IW 
 

 
 .. !■ ^ * . . 
 
 
 ' •■■ i 
 
 ^ i'p' 
 
 
 
 i P/H i 
 
 
 
 - £i 
 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 ,»4<^*WI!^'. 
 
 filUk..V < 
 
 
 480 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A VMt to tbe Maumee Valley. 
 
 IntoTOBtlng traveling Compaulons. 
 
 Peter Nanrw. 
 
 I'KTKB MAVABKE. 
 
 I visited the theatre of events just de- 
 8cril)ed, on the 24th of Septemher, 18(i0, 
 and had the singuhir good fortune to he 
 accompanied by L. H. Ilosmer, Esq., of To- 
 ledo, author of The Early History of the 
 Maumee Valley, and the vcnerahh! IVtei- 
 Navarre (a Canadian P'renchman), General 
 Harrison's trusty scout, already mention- 
 ed.' Navarro resided about twenty miles 
 from Toledo, and had come into the city 
 on bushiess two or three days before. Mr. 
 llosmor, aware of my intended viwit at that 
 time, hid kindly detained hira until my ar- 
 f ival. Only two days before, I had enjoyed 
 a long conversation at the " West Uouse," 
 in Sandusky Cityy with GentTal Leslie 
 Combs, who had just visited Fort Meigs 
 for tho firat tiriio since he was there as a 
 soldier and prisoner in 1813. That visit 
 had recalled the incidents of the campaign 
 most viviilly to his mind, and he related them to me with his usual entliusiasm and 
 perepicuit y. With the soldier's description in my memory, and the historian aud 
 scout at my side, I visited Fort Meigs aud its historical surroundings under the most 
 favorable circumstances. 
 
 The night of my arrival at Toledo had been a tempestuous one — wind, liglitninc, 
 rain, and a sprinkle of hail. The following morning was clear and cool, with a blus- 
 teriiig wind from tht! youthwest. We left the city for our ride up the Maumee Val- 
 ley at nine o'clock, in a light carriage and a strong team of horses. Mr. Ilosmer vol- 
 unteered to be coachiuaii. Our road lay on the righ . side of the river; and when 
 nearly seven milet, from Toledo we came to the site of Proctor's encanipmeut, on a 
 level plateau a short distance from the Maumee, upon land owned, when we visited 
 
 presence and withoat the Interference of General Proctor, Colonel Blllott, and other officers, as well m tho Britifh 
 guard, commenced robbing the ■captives of clothes, money, watches, etc Combs showed his wound na a plea fnr con- 
 sideration, bat withont effect. He too was stripped. A« they passed on, the prisoners saw ten or twelve dead mn. 
 tisked and scalped, and near them two lines of Indians wete formed from tho entrance of a trisngnlnr ditch in front In 
 1 he old gate of the fort, a distance of forty or fifty feet Between tlicse the prisoners were comj,. oil to run tlic pauni- 
 let, and In that race many were killed or maimed with pistols, war-clubs, Bcalplup-knives, and tomahawks. Tlie unm- 
 ber of prisoners thus slaughtered, without Proctor's attempt at interference^ was estimated at a number nearly, if doI 
 quite equal to those slain in battle. 
 
 When the sur-ivlng p'isoners were all Inside, the savages raifed the war-whoop imd commenced loading their ptw. 
 The massacre already accomplished, and this preparation for a teuc-.ynl of it, •.-ere made known to Teoumtlia, who li«»- 
 tened to the fort witti all the rapidity of his horse's sjwed, and, more humane ihan his white ally, instantly intcriXMei! 
 and saved the lives cf the remainder. Elliott then rodo In, waved his sword, and the savages retired. 
 
 Drake, iu his Lifenf Tecuvitha, says that the warrior anthorltalvcly demanded, "Where Is General Proctor f" Sfoinf 
 him near, he sternly Inquired of him why he had not put a stop to the massacre. " Your Indians can not be command- 
 ed," replied Proctor, who trembleij wltli fear In tha presence of the enraged chief. "Begone I" retorted Tecnmiha, ir 
 perfect disdain. " You are unfit to command ; go and put on petticoats !" 
 
 The half-naked prisoners were taken In e cold rain-storm that night, in open boati, to the month of Swan Creek, anH 
 thence to Maiden. After a brief confinement there they v.-erc sent across the river, and at the month of the Huron wm 
 left to find their way to the nearest tjttiement In Ohio, fifty miles distant. 
 
 ' Peter Navarre was a grandson of Robert Navarre, a French officer who came to America In 1T48. He settled at l)^ 
 troll, and 'here Peter was born about the ycarlTlH), and, with his father and family, settled at the montii of the M.ium« 
 iu ISflT. At that time Kan-fwk-ee-mtn, tho widow of Pimtiac, was living there with her son, Otiimi. She was rery old, 
 and was held In great reverence. Navarre was at the Prophet's Town, on the Wabash, with a French trader, wlien Har- 
 rison arrived thet :; Just before the battle of Tippecanoe, but escaped ' He Joined Hull s army at the Tinplds, w iih 
 him at netiolt., and, after the surr.^ider, returned to the liaisiii and enlisted in Colonel Anderson's regiment- lie *»-* 
 there when Brock was ordeied to surrender (see page 291), but w«s afterward compelled to accompany the BrltlaliaJi 
 guide up the Maumee. where, as we have seen, he deserted and fled to Winchester's camp. He was an eyewltnei* «i 
 the massacre at tbe Kiver Kiiislu. After that, Navarre and his brothers were employed aa ncouts, aud performed n- 
 cellent service. He Is a stout-built man, of dark complexion, and la now [18(17] about eighty years of age. Hu tfttto 
 Kngllih imperfectly, as the Canadian French tisually do. The above portrait is (t-om a daguerreotype taken In Toledo 
 when be waa about seventy years of age, and kindly presented to me by Mr. Hosmer. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 401 
 
 It Mavam. 
 
 {tematna of Fort Miami. 
 
 Haamee City and ita historical Blm-t'.«e. 
 
 Preaque lale Hill. 
 
 usiasm and 
 storiiiii and 
 cr the mo8l 
 
 1, liglitning, 
 with a bins- 
 laumce Val- 
 Ilosmer vol- 
 
 ; and when 
 iipiutut, ou a 
 
 11 we visited 
 
 ■\1 n« Iho BrtUsli 
 lis n plea fof t""- 
 fwi'lvp ilcad men. 
 |r ditch In from In 
 
 to ruu the gaum- 
 lawks. The rnim- 
 
 iber nearly, il uol 
 
 Uding their mi. 
 Icumlba, who bu- 
 Vantly iutcriKised 
 
 Proctor?" tolnf 
 Fuot be commMil- 
 |rteclTecumtha,ir 
 
 rSwaiif'rei'k.'"''' 
 of the Huron vm 
 
 J He settle* atll^ 
 ■,thoftheM.mm« 
 1 She wa( very old, 
 I trader, when Ito 
 lRni)lil»,w "' 
 Iciflraeiit. He*« 
 %iy theBrilUh"' 
 Ian ejewltnean of 
 knil performed n- 
 tfaKB. He »!«•'' 
 % taken In ToWo 
 
 BUINU or tURT MIAMI. 
 
 it by Henry W. Horton. Across a small ravine, a few rods farther southward, were 
 t'le remains of old Fort Miami, famous, as wo have seen, in Wayne's time, as one of 
 the outposts of the British, 
 impudently erected in the 
 Indian country within the 
 acknowledged territory of 
 the United States.' It was 
 upon the land of Benjamin 
 Starbird, whoso dwelling 
 was just beyond the south- 
 ern side of the fort. It was 
 a regular work, and covered 
 about two acres of land. The 
 embankments were from fif- 
 teen to twenty feet in height. 
 They were covered witli 
 heavy sward, and fine hon- 
 ey-locust and hickory trees 
 were growing upon them. 
 These were in full leaf, and 
 the grass was very green, 
 wlien we were there. From th'j northwest angle of the fort I made the accompany- 
 ing sketch, which includes the general appearance of the mounds. On the right is 
 seen a barn, which stands within the triangular- outwork, at the sally-port mentioned 
 by Captain Combs in his narrative, substantially given in Note 1, page 489, where he 
 was compelled to run the gauntlet for his life ; and on the left a glimpse of the Mau- 
 ir.ce. All about the old fort is now quiet. For more than fifty years peace has smiled 
 upon the Maumce Valley ; and Proctor aiui Tecumtha, Elliott and The Pro])het, and 
 the other savages of the war, white and rj'l, are almost forgotten, except by those 
 families who suffered from their cruelty. 
 
 From Fort Miami we rode up to Maumee City, opposite Fort Meigs, a pleasant lit- 
 tle village of about two thousand inhabitants, situated at the head of river naviga- 
 tion, eight n.iles from Toledo. It is the capital of Lucas County, Ohio, and was l.iid 
 out in 1817 by Major William Oliver and others, within a reservation of twelve miles 
 square. The bank of the river, curving gracefully inward here, is almost one hund- 
 red feet in height. Nearly opposite lies the little village of Pcrrysburg, and between 
 them is a fertile, cultivated island of two hundred acres, with smaller islands around 
 it. Directly in front are seen the mounds of Fort Meigs and a forest back of them ; 
 and up the Maumce are the considerable islands known respectively as Hollistor's and 
 Buttonwooil, or Peninsula. The latter view is delineated in the sketch on the next 
 page, taken from the main road along the brow of the river bank in front of the 
 village. In it is seen the magnificent elm-tree that stood near the old " Jefferson 
 Tavern ;" and in the middlp, in the distance, over Ilollister's Island, is seen Turkey 
 Point, memorable in connection with the adventures of Combs and the landing of 
 Boswell. That elm is famous. We have observed that, at the beginning of the 
 siege, the water used by the garrison was taken from the river at great risk. From 
 the thick foliage of this elm several bullets from rifles in the hands of Indians went 
 fin death-errands across the ri er to the water-carriers. These were returned by 
 Kentucky riflemen, and tradition says that not less than six savages were brought to 
 the gro'ind out of that tree by those sharp-shooters. 
 
 From Maumee City we rode three miles up to Presque Isle IlilP (the scene of 
 Wayne's operations), wandered over the battle-ground of The Fallen Timber,' and 
 
 ' See page M. 
 
 a See ^age 05. 
 
 > See Mup on page OS. 
 
■II 
 
 .1 
 
 siinir 
 
 492 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Remains o t Fort Melge. 
 
 The Well. 
 
 Political RomlnlscencM. 
 
 sketched Turkey-Foot's Rock, given on page 
 55. We then returned to the bridges (com- 
 mon carriage and railway bridge), and crossed 
 to Fort Meigs, the form of which we found dis- 
 tinctly marked by thj mounds of earth. That 
 of the Grand Traverse' Avas from four to six 
 feet in iieight, and all were covered with green 
 sward. The fort originally included about 
 ten acres, but was somewhat reduced in size 
 before the second siege, which we shall no- 
 tice presently. The places of the block- 
 houses were visible, and the situation of the 
 well, near the most easterly angle of the fort, 
 was mai'ked by a shallow pit, and a log in an 
 upright position, seven or eight feet in height.^ 
 
 DP TUB MACHEE, PROM HACMKE OITY. 
 
 On leaving the frirt we strolled along the ravine on itK right and rear to the site of 
 the British battery captured by Colonel Miller. There yet stood the primeval for- 
 est-trees — the veiy woods in which Tecumtha and his Indians were concealed. A 
 lit'le brook was .lowing peacefully through the shallow glen, and the high wind tliat 
 
 > See Plan of Fort Meigs on page 484. 
 
 » That log has a history. In 1840, General Ilarrison, tlien living nt North 
 Bend, on the Ohio, was nominated for President of the ITnited States. It 
 WftB snld that the hero lived in a log cabin, was very hospitable, and was ever 
 ready to give the traveler a draught of hard cider. Politicians, who are al- 
 ways anxious to And something to charm the popular mind, took the hint, 
 and when the partisans of the general, during the political cnnvoss that en- 
 sued, held large meetings, they erected a log cabin, and had a barrel of elder 
 for the refreshment of oil comers. In a short time there were log cabins In 
 every city and village In the land. The partisans of the general made a cap- 
 ital " hit," and he was elected by an overwhelming majority. During that 
 canvass a mass meeting of his partisans in Northern Ohio was appointed to 
 4 JPll Ji^"'^!:S#S;V- '^Ife^Vi^ be held at Fort Meigs, and, on the day previoH"* to the time appointed for it, 
 ^^S^bAsT^ ■ 'V^^^^^SiMTA '•'SS were taken there for the purpose of building a cabin. On that night 
 ~ ~ '" some po'.itical oppouents in the neighborhood s])olled the logs l)y favsing 
 
 them in two. The cabln-bullding was abandoned. One of the lo^s was 
 placed in an upright position in tlie nearly-filled old well, a large hole was 
 bored in the end, a small pole was inserted, and upon It was raised ii banner 
 before the eyes of the assembled multitude,* having on it a rude picture Jt 
 man sawing a log, and the words " i,ooo kooo zeal." In those days the Den.- 
 ocratic paity were called //oco F.ico*, the origin of which name was as follows : A faction of the Democratic party met 
 to organize in the city of New York, when some opponents suddenly turned olT the gas. This trick had Iwen pln.ved be- 
 fore, and they were prepared. In an instant loco foco matches were produced from their pockets, and the gas-lamps 
 relighted. From that time they were called the Loco Poco Party, and it became the general name, in derision, of the 
 whole Democratic party. 
 
 • This meeting was held on the 11th day of June. It was estimated that forty .housand persons were present, The 
 orator of the day was Elontherog Cooke, Esq., of Sandusky City. The Reverend Mr. Badeau, the clergyman who olll- 
 elated, was the chaplain of Harrison's army, and in the fort at the siege. 
 
 WEI.I. AT FORT UEIGS. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 403 
 
 Vlilt to Fort Meigg and lU Vicinity. 
 
 J'jumev back to Toledo. 
 
 Adieu to the Guide and Uiatorlau. 
 
 made the great trees rock was scarcely felt in the quiet nook. There we three — his- 
 torian scout, and traveler — liad a " picnic" on food brought from Toledo, and clear 
 water from the brook, and at one o'clock we departed for the city, passing down the 
 ri<Tht bank of the Maumee. Just after leaving the fort we rode through Perrysburg, 
 a pleasant village about the size of Maumee City, and the capital of Wood County, 
 Ohio. It was laid out in 1816, and named in honor of the gallant victor on Lake 
 Erie three years before. 
 
 When we arrived at the ferry station opposite Toledo, the boat had ceased ninning 
 because of low water. The wind had been blowing stiffly toward the lake all day, 
 and expelled so much water from the river that the boat grounded in attempting to 
 cross so we left our team to be sent for, were borne over in a skitf at the moderate 
 price of three cents apiece, and were at the " Oliver House" in time for a late dinner, 
 and a stroll about the i-eally fine little city of Toledo' before sunset. At that hour I 
 irtirted company with Mr. Navarre, with heartfelt thanks for his services, for ho had 
 been an authentic and intelligent guide to every place of interest at and around Fort 
 Meigs. I spent a portion of the evening with (' i-al John E. Hunt (a brother-in- 
 law of General Cass), who was born in Fort Wayne in 1798. His father was an offi- 
 cer under General Wayne at the capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson, in 1779, and 
 composed one of the " forlorn hope" on that occasion. Although General Hunt was 
 only a boy at the time, he was attached to General Hull's military family duri'^ff Mq 
 entire campaign which ended so disastrously at Detroit at midsummer. 
 
 At ten o'clock in the evening I bade good-by to kind Mr. Hosmer, and went tip the 
 Manmee Valley by railway to Defiance, where I landed at midnight, as already men- 
 tione d,'^ in a chilling fog. ^ 
 
 I Toledo is on the left bank of the Maumee River, near its entrance into Manmee Bay, at the lake terminng of the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal. It covers the site of Fort Industry, a stockade erected there about the year ISOO, near what is 
 now Snmmit Street. It stretches along the river for nearly a mile and a half, and the business was originally concen- 
 trated at two points, which were two distinct settlements, known respectively as Port Lawrence and Vistula. Toledo 
 was Incorporated as a city in 1836, and has now [1867] almost twenty thousand inhabitant?. Little more than thirty 
 vears ago Ohio and Michigan disputed firmly for the possession of Toledo— a prize worth contending for, for it is a port 
 of great importance. They armed, and an inter-state war seemed inevitable for a while. It was Anally settled by Con- 
 jress, and Toledo is within the boundaries of Ohio. For a ft\ll account of this " war," see Howe's Historical CoUectiom 
 «/ Ohio, and Major Stlckney's narrative in Hosnier's Early History of the Maumee VaUey. » See page 332. 
 
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 (present. Tlie 
 lyman who offl- 
 
 living at North 
 Iteil States. It 
 s, an J was ever 
 IS, who are al- 
 took the hint, 
 mvnss that en- 
 jbiirrel of elder 
 le log cabins in 
 ral made a cap- 
 During that 
 18 appointed to 
 jpointcd for It, 
 ■ On that night 
 ogs by sawiiii! 
 \( the logs was 
 Ilnrgo hole was 
 (raised a banner 
 |uilc picture v-t« 
 J days the Den.- 
 Iratlc party met 
 llwenplayenl'e- 
 the gas-lamp* 
 derision, of the 
 
 M 
 
 
Hi 
 
 404 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 BMTison'B Provision for the frontier Defence. At hie Hesd-qaarters In Ohio. Colonel Jobneon's propoaed Camn>i ^H 
 
 — — . »'"p»igii. ^H joiinw 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 'Sound, oh soand Columbia's shell ! 
 High the tbnndering pean raise 1 
 Let the echoing bngle's swell, 
 
 Loudly answering, sound bis praise I 
 'Tl8 Sandusky's warlike boy, 
 
 Crowned with Victory's trophies, comeB I 
 High arise, ye shonts of joy, 
 Sound the loud triumphant sound, 
 
 And beat the Orams." C. L. S. Jonxs. 
 
 S soon as General Harrison was certain that Proctor had abandoned 
 the attempt to gain possession of the Maumee Valley and had re- 
 tnrned to Maiden, he placed the command of the troops at Fort 
 Meigs in charge of the competent General Clay, and started for 
 Lower Sandusky and the interior, to make provision for the de- 
 fense of the Erie frontier against the exasperated foe. He left the 
 fort under an escort of cavalry commanded by Major ^all, whose 
 horses had been sheltered by the traverses during the siege. He 
 arrived at Lower Sandusky on the 12th of May, where he met 
 Governor Meigs with a large body of Ohio volunteers pressing 
 forward to his relief. Believing that their services would not be needed immediate- 
 ly, he thanked them cordially for their promptness and zeal, and directed them to be 
 disbanded. He then hastened toward Cleveland, and ordered the country along the 
 shores of Lake Erie, from the Maumee to the Cuyahoga, to be thoroughly reconnoi- 
 tred. Having thus provided for the immediate safety of iIi" frontier settlements, he 
 took up his quarters again at Franklinton, and inaugurated measures for meeting the 
 future exigencies of the service in that region by the establishment of military posts 
 not far from the lake, one of the most important of which was at Lower Sandusky. 
 The general was delighted with the evidences of spirit, courage, and patriotism that 
 appeared on every side. The Ohio settlements were alive with enthusiasm. The 
 advance of Proctor had spread general alarm throughout the state, and hundreds, 
 discerning the peril that menaced their homes, had hastened to the field at the call 
 of the patriotic Governor Meigs. These revelations of strength and will assured 
 Harrison that when he should call for aid, the sons of Ohio would immediately ap- 
 pear in power. 
 
 While these events were occurring in the extreme Northwest, the naval prepara- 
 tions were going on vigorously at Presque Isle (Erie), and another and efficient arm 
 of the service had been created, or rather materially strengthened. Richard M. John- 
 son, a representative of Kentucky in Congress, who had been with Harrison the pre- 
 vious autumn, had proposed to the Secretary of War the raising of a regiment of 
 mounted men in his state, to traverse the Indian country from Fort Wayne along the 
 upper end of Lake Michigan, round by the Illinois River, and back to the Ohio near 
 Louisville. The secretary approved the plan, and early in January* laid it 
 
 ■1818. 
 
 before Harrison, The general perceived its utter impracticability in winter. 
 Campbell's expedition to the Mississiniwa Towns' had taught him that. " Such an 
 expedition in the summer and fall," he said, " would be highly advantageous, because 
 the Indians are then at their towns, and their com can be destroyed. An attack upon 
 
 1 See page 847. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 496 
 
 DtBRatlsfiction of the Volnnteera. 
 
 Proctor and the Indlani. 
 
 .[ohnwn'i Muonteq Kentncklsng. 
 
 a particular town in the winter, when the inhabitants are at it, as we know they are 
 at Mississiniwa, and which is so near as to enable the detachment to reach it with- 
 out killing their horses, is not only practicable, but, if the snow is on the ground, is 
 perhaps the most favorable. But the expedition is impracticable to the extent pro- 
 
 The projected incursion was abandoned, but Johnson was authorized* , pcbmary «6, 
 to raise a full regiment of mounted men in Kentucky, to serve under Gen- ***'''• 
 eral Harrison. As soon as Congress adjourned, he hastened homeward and entered 
 zealously upon the business of recruiting. He published his authority with a stirring 
 address. *" The regiment was soon raised ; and toward the close of May, 
 Johnson wa' at the head of several companies, on their way to the appoint- 
 ed general rendezvous at Newport, opposite Cincinnati, when a note from one of 
 General Harrison's aids was handed to him. It had already been read to the com- 
 manders of the advanced companies, and produced the greatest dissatisfaction among 
 the troops. After thanking all patriotic citizens who had taken up arms in defense 
 of the country in general terms, the note assured them that as the enemy had " fled 
 with precipitancy from Camp Meigs," there was no " present necessity for their longer 
 continuance in the field." Disappointment, chagrin, anger, and depression took the 
 place of patriotic zeal for a moment ; but Johnson soon allayed these feelings. He 
 did not choose to regard the note as an order for disbanding his troops, and he pressed 
 forward to Newport. There he met General Harrison, when arrangements were made 
 for the regiipent to enter the United States service, to traverse a portion of the Indian 
 country according to Johnson's original plan, and to rendezvous at Fort Winchester 
 on the 18th of Juna It was believed that the fleet on Lake Erie, designed to co-op- 
 erate with the army, would be ready at that time for a movement against Maiden 
 and Detroit. The regiment arrived at Dayton on the 28th of May, and there the final 
 organization was completed. '^ Under the brave Johnson that regiment performed im- 
 portant servi;e.^ 
 
 Proctor appears to have been disheartened, for the moment, by his failure before 
 Fort Meigs, and on his return to Maiden he disbanded the Canadian militia, and can- 
 toned the Indians at different plpces in the neighborhood. Some of them were era- 
 ployed as scouts, others hunted, but the most of them lived upon rations furnished 
 by the British commissariat. Meanwhile British emissaries, white and red, were busy 
 among the tribes of the Northwest, stirring them up to make war on the Americans. 
 A Scotchman and Indian trader, named Dickson, was one of the most efficient of these 
 agents. He was sent, before Proctor moved for the invasion of the Maumee Valley, 
 
 1 General Harrison's Letter to the War Department, Jannary 4, 1818. 
 
 > Bichard H. Johnson was appointed Colonel; James Johnson, Lieutenant Colonel; Dnval Payne and David Thomp- 
 lOD, Slajort; B. B. M'Afee (the author of a HUtory nf (A« War {n (A« We»t, already quoted freiinently), Richard Matson, 
 Jacob KlUston, Benjamin Warfleld, John Payne, Elijah Craig, Jacob Stucker, James Davidson, S. R. Combs, W. M. 
 Price, and James Coleman, Captaint; Jeremiah Kertly, Adjutant; B. 8. Chambers, (^varter-nuuter ; Samuel Theobalds, 
 Mife Advocate; L. Dickinson, Sergeant-major ; James Suggett, Chaplain and Major of the Spies; L. Sandford, Quarter- 
 muttr rieneral; Doctors Ewing, Coburn, and Richardson, Surgeon*. 
 
 ' Richard Mentor Johnson was bom at Bryant's Station, Ave miles northeast of Lexington, Kentucky, on the ITth of 
 October, 1T81. At the age of flfteen years he acquired 
 the mdlments of the Latin language, and then entered 
 Trunylvania University as a student. His mental and 
 physical energies were remarkable. He chose the law 
 for n profcsBlon, and he soon took a conspicuous place 
 In that avocation. During the excitement In the South- 
 west at the beginning of the present century, when 
 hostilities between the Spaniards at New Orleans and 
 the settlers of the MIsslaslppi Valley seemed imminent, 
 Tonng Johnson took an active part, and volunteered, with others, to make an armed descent on New Orleans. Before 
 he was twenty-two years of age he was elected to a seat in the Kentucky Legislature, where he served two years. He 
 w«i elected to Congress in 180T d took his se^t when he was just twentyflve years of age. He took a prominent pos'- 
 tlon fwm the beginutng. He 1 ■ild that seat by continued re-election until 1810. In the debates in Congress and move- 
 ments in the fled he was very active dnrlng the Second War for Independence. These will And proper notice )n the 
 teit 
 
 When, In 1810, Color el Johnson retired IVom Congress, he was immediately elected to a seat in the Kentucky Legislatnre. 
 He wti chosen a repr isentative of his state in the Senate of the United States, where be served his country faithftilly 
 
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 1 
 
 496 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dickson and hia Savages. 
 
 Teciimtha restive In Inaction. 
 
 Fort Me igg to be again attacked. 
 
 to visit all the tribes for that purpose on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers from 
 Prairie du Chien to Green Bay, making desolated Chicago the grand rendezvous for 
 liis savage recruits. There he had collected more than one thousand of them early 
 in June.* He marched them across Michigan to Detroit, and barely missed 
 falling in with Colonel Johnson and his mounted men at White Pigeon's Town 
 on the way.' His influence had been such that the Indians were incited to many 
 acts of violence in the Territories of Illinois and Missouri. They were even so bold 
 as to invest Fort Madison, and at one time it was apprehended that the powerful 
 Osage nation would rise in open war against the Western frontier. But that calam- 
 ity was arrested by prompt measures in Illinois and Missouri. 
 
 Tecumtha had not ceased, since their return to Maiden, to urge Proctor to renew 
 the attempt to take Fort Meigs. Proctor was reluctant ; but, toward the close of 
 June, he consented, and au expedition was organized for the purpose. At about that 
 time, a Frenchman, taken prisoner on the field of Dudley's defeat, and kept at Mai- 
 den ever since, escaped. As the enemy suspected, he fled to Fort Meigs, and inform- 
 ed General Clay of tho preparations to attack him. Clay immediately communicated 
 the fact to Harrison nt Franklinton, and Governor Meigs at Chillicothe. It was ru- 
 mored that the expected invading force was composed of nearly four thousand In- 
 dians and some regulars from the Niagara frontier. The vigilant Harrison was 
 quickly in the saddle. He did not believe Fort Meigs to be the object of attack but 
 the weaker posts af Lower Sandusky, Cleveland, or Erie. He ordered the Twenty- 
 fourth Regiment of United States Infantry, under Colonel Anderson, then at Upper 
 Sandusky, to proceed immediately to Lower Sandusky. Major Croglian, with a part 
 of tlie Seventeenth, was ordered to the same post, and also Colonel Ball with his 
 squadron of cavalry,* Harrison followed, and on the evening of the 26th he over- 
 
 ton years. Then [1829] he again 
 took a seat in the Lower Honse, 
 and held that position until 1837, 
 when, having been elected Vice- 
 president of the United States, 
 be took his place as President 
 of the Senate. At the end of his 
 official term he retired from pnb- 
 lic life, and passed the remain- 
 der of bis days on bis farm in 
 Scott Connty, Kentucky, except- 
 ing a brief period, when he was 
 again in the Legislature of that 
 state. While engaged in that 
 service at Frankfort, he was 
 prostrated by paralysis, and ex- 
 pired on the 15tb of November, 
 1860. In the cemetery near 
 Frankfort, Kentucky, is a splen- 
 did monument erected to the 
 memory of soldiers of the Com- 
 monwealth who had fallen in 
 battle, within its inclosure is 
 a benutlftil monument, made of 
 slightly clouded Italian marble, 
 to the memory of Colonel John- 
 son, bearing the following In- 
 acriptions: on one side of the 
 pedestal, " Righabd Mentor 
 Johnson, bom at Bryant's Sta- 
 tion, Kentucky, on the ITth day 
 of October, 1781 ; died in Prank- 
 fort, Kentncky, on the 15th of 
 
 JOHNSON B MONCMENT. 
 
 November, 1850." Outheoppo- 
 site side: "To the memory of 
 Colonel Richard M. Johnson, a 
 faithful public servant for near- 
 ly half a century, as a member 
 of the Kentucky Leglslatore, 
 and Representative and Senator 
 In Congress; author of the Soa- 
 diiy Mail Report, and of the law* 
 for abolishing imprisonment for 
 debt In Kentncky and In the 
 United States. Distinguished bj 
 his valor as colonel of a Ken- 
 tucky regiment at the battle 
 of the Thames. For four years 
 Vice-president of the United 
 States. Kentucky, his native 
 state, to mark her eense of his 
 eminent services In the cablaet 
 and in the field, has erected this 
 monument in the resting-place 
 of her illnstriuus dead." 
 
 On the northeast side of the 
 pedestal Is a bust of Johnson in 
 low relief; and on the southwest 
 side an historical group, in the 
 same style. In which he is repre- 
 sented as shooting Tecumtha at 
 the battle of the Thames. Some 
 remarks on that subject will ta 
 found in our account of that bat- 
 tle. 
 ' Dickson's recruits are repre- 
 The principal cJUef among them was Jfo- 
 "It Is remarkable," says M'Afee, 
 
 sented by eyewitnesses as being the moat savage and cmel in their nature. 
 ijpoek, whose girdle was covered with hnman scalps as trophies of bis prowess. 
 "that After the savages joined the British standard tu combat fur ■ the Defciiders of the Faith,' victory never again d& 
 dared for the allies in the Northwest. For the cruelties they had abeady committed, and those which were threat- 
 ened by this inhuman association, a Just Qod frowned indignant on all their subsequent operations." fliatori/iif th 
 £ate War, page 298. 
 > General Harrison bad just held an important conncil with the Shawnoese, Delaware, Wyandot, and Seneca Indians 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 4W 
 
 aln atUcked. 
 k'ers, from 
 
 2ZV0UB for 
 
 liem early 
 ily missed 
 oil's Town 
 I to many 
 en so bold 
 3 powerful 
 bat calam- 
 
 r to renew 
 lie close of 
 about that 
 jpt at Mai- 
 iiicl inform- 
 imunicated 
 It was ru- 
 tiousand In- 
 irrison was 
 'attack, but 
 bo Twenty- 
 m at Up])er 
 •witb a part 
 all with his 
 5tb be over- 
 
 0." Oil the oppo- 
 \> the mcraory ot 
 d H. Johnson, a 
 servant for neat- 
 as a membei 
 cky Legislalnre, 
 tttlve and Siinator 
 utlioroftlicSnn- 
 audofthelavt 
 impriBonmeutfoT 
 acky and In tbe 
 Distinguished by 
 olonel of a Ken- 
 at the battle 
 For four yean 
 of the United 
 iicky, his native 
 her sense of his 
 les In the cabinet 
 has erected this 
 the resting-place 
 us dead." 
 beast side of tbe 
 nst of Johnson in 
 on the southwest 
 leal group, in the 
 whlchheisrcpre- 
 ting Tecumlha at 
 e Thames. Some 
 at subject will be 
 Mjountofthatbat- 
 
 ecroits are repre- 
 mg them was *«• 
 le," says M'Afee, 
 r never again de- 
 hlch were threat- 
 Bittory(ifttt 
 
 d Seneca Indians 
 
 7 hDWn's Heconnolssanco to the Balsln. At Fort Stophenson. 
 
 Departure for the Wilderness, and Itccalt. 
 
 took Colonel Anderson. Scouts had reported tbe appearance of numerous Indians 
 on the Lower Maumee, and tbe general selected tbree buiidred men to make a forced 
 march to Fort Meigs. He arrived tbere bimself on tbe 28tb, ami tben ordered Col- 
 onel Johnson, who bad come down from Fort Winchester with his seven hundred 
 men after forty days of hard service in traversing the Wilderness, to make a recon- 
 noissance toward the Raisin to procure intelligence. Obedience followed command. 
 The movement was successful. Johnson ascertained that there was no immediate 
 danf^er of an invasion from Maiden in force. Satisried of this, Harrison left Fort 
 Jleiss on the Ist of July, escorted by seventy mounted men under Captain M'Afee 
 (13 far as Lower Sandusky. From tbere be went to Cleveland, escorted by Colonel 
 Ball to make farther defensive provisions. There be left Ball and bis cavalry in 
 charge, and returned to bis head-quarters after ordering Colonel Johnson, with bis 
 mounted men, to take post at tbe Huron River. That efficient officor again prompt- 
 ly obeyed. He arrived at Lower Sandusky on the 4th of July. Flags were flying, 
 and music filled the air. The garrison of Fort Stephenson,^ under Major Crogban, 
 were about to celebrate the day with appropriate ceremonies, and, at their request, 
 Colonel Johnson delivered a patriotic oration. Toasts were given, and good cheer 
 abounded. But duty called from pleasure, and the mounted men resumed their sad- 
 dles to press onward to tbe Huron. An order from tbe War Department arrested 
 them. Johnson was directed to turn back, and hasten to the defense of the Illinois 
 and Missouri Territories, then, in the opinion of the authorities tliere, seriously men- 
 aced by Dickson and bis savage followers. He was disappointed and mortified ; but, 
 at\er writing to Harrison expressing his strong desire to remain in the army destined 
 for Detroit and Maiden, he turned bis horse's bead again toward the Wilderness. 
 The commander-in-chief urged tbe Department to comply with Johnson's Avisbes, as- 
 surintr the Secretary that Dickson's savages were on the Detroit. The order was 
 countermanded, and, when far on bis Avay toward tbe Mississippi as an obedient sol- 
 dier, Johnson Avas recalled. It Avas well fot the country that bo was left to serve 
 under the direct command of General Harrison at that time. 
 
 Late in July the British had collected on the banks of the Detroit nearly all of the 
 warriors of tiie Northwest, full tAventy-five hundred in number. These, Avith Proc- 
 tor's motley force already there, made an army of about five thousand men. Early 
 in the month bands of Indians began to appear in tbe vicinity of Fort Meigs, killing 
 and plundering Avbenever opportunity offered. Tecumtba, meanAvbile, had become 
 
 at Us head-quarters ntFrnnkllnton. Circumstances had made him suspect their fidelity to their promises of strict neu- 
 trality. It was a crisis when all should be made plain. Be required. them to take a decided stand for or against the 
 Americans ; to remove their families into the interior, or the warriors must accompany him in the ensuing campaign, and 
 tight for the United States. The venerable Ta-he, who was the' acknowledged represeutatlve of them all, assured the 
 general of their uutlinching friendship, and that the chiefs and warriors were anxious to take part in the campaign. He 
 accepted their assurances as true, and told them he would let them know when he wanted them. " But," he said, " yon 
 must conform to our mode of warfare. You are not to kill defenseless prisoners, old men, women, or children. By your 
 good conduct I shall be able to tell whether the British can restrain their Indians If they wish to do so." He then told 
 them that he had heard of Proctor's promise to deliver him into the hands ofTecumtha. "Now," he said, jocularly, 
 "id can succeed In taking Proctor, you shall have him for your prisoner, provided you will treat him as a squaw, and 
 oaly put petticoats upon him, for he must be a coward who would kill a defenseless prisoner." 
 ! Fort Stephenson was erected In the supipier of 1812. Lower Sandusky (uow the village of Fremont) was a mere 
 !railiug-poft, the only buildings being a govenimcnt store and a Roman Catholic mission-house Iq charge of two priests. 
 Thomas Butler, who had been in Wayne's array, was charged with the duty of selecting the site and superintending the 
 coustmctlon of a stockade at that place. He drew tbe lines of the furt around the store-house, about one hundred 
 yards In one direction, and about fifty yards in the other. The men employed In the work were a company under Cap- 
 tain Norton, of Connecticut, who were ordered to Lower Sandusky by Governor Meigs for the parpose. Sergeant Eras- 
 ins Bowe, of Tiffin, Ohio, one of the three known survivors of the detachment In 1800, was the first to break ground, 
 ^a.ving, " Captain, I don't think there will be mnch fighting here, but I believe I will make a hole here." His remark 
 was caused by the general belief that the British would never be able to penetrate so far. The pickets for the fort 
 we cut near the present railway station, and In the course of twenty-five days they were all set. A block-house was 
 cmstnicted on the northeast corner, and another In the middle of the north side of the fort. Croghan strengthened the 
 fort in the lummer uf 1818 by the erection of two more block-hou!>es, one of which was built against the middle block- 
 lionse on the north side, and the other on the southwest comer. He also i onstructed an embankment and dit^'^ , and In 
 the block-house on the northeast angle placed his slx-pounder.— Sfafenu>iit (ifBrasUu Boire in the "San^ltuky Dtnw- 
 ml," My 2T, ISOO. The other two known survivors of the constructors of the fort at that time were Samuel Scrlbner, 
 o(Slarion,nnd Ira Carpenter, of Delaware, Ohio. 
 
 Ti 
 
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 ■ 
 
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 i!f 
 

 498 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tecumtha'a Plan for Capturing Fort Hetg«. 
 
 Vigilance of the American!. 
 
 The Attempt a Fillure, 
 
 very restive under the restraints of inaction, especially when ho saw so large a body 
 of his countrymen ready for the war-patli, and he at last demanded tliat another at- 
 tempt should be made to capture Fort Meigs, lie submitted to Proctor an iin»onioii> 
 plan by which to take the garrison by stratagem and surprise. He proposed to land 
 the Indians several miles below the fort, march through the woods, unobservi'd h\ 
 the garrison, to the road leading from the Maumee to Lower Sandusky in the rear 
 and there engage in a sham-fight. This would give Clay an idea that some approacli' 
 ing re-enforcements had been attacked, and he would immediately sally out with tin 
 garrison to their aid. The Indiana would form an ambuscade, rise, and attack the 
 unsuspecting Americans in their rear, cut off their retreat, and, rushing to the fort 
 gain an entrance before the gates could be closed.* Proctor accepted tlie plan and 
 arranged for the expedition, but the vigilance and firmness of General Clay defeated 
 the well-devised scheme and saved the fort. 
 
 On tlie 20th of July Proctor and Tecumtha appeared with their combined forces 
 about five thousand strong, at the mouth of the Maumee.* General Clay iinmediatelv 
 dispatched a messenger to Harrison, at Lower Sandusky, with the information. The 
 commander-in-chief, doubtful Avhat post the enemy intended to attack, sent the mes- 
 senger (Captain M'Cune) back with an assurance for General Clay that he should 
 have re-enforcements if needed, and a warning to beware of a surprise. He tliefi re- 
 moved his head-quarters to Seneca Town,^ nine miles farther up the Sandusky River, 
 from which point he might co-operate with Fort Meigs or Fort Stephenson, as eir. 
 cumstances should require. There, with one hundred and forty regulars, he com- 
 menced fortifying bis camp, and was speedily joined by four hundred and fifty mori' 
 United States troops under Lieutenant Colonel Paul,* of the infantry, and Ball, of 
 the dragoons ; also by M' Arthur and Cass, of Ohio, Avho had each been promoted to 
 brigadier general. Colonel Theodore Deye O wings was also approaching with livi 
 hundred regulars from Fort Massac, on the Ohio River. 
 
 Tecumtha attempted to execute his strategic plan. On the afternoon of the 
 •July, 25th,* Avhile the British were concealed in the ravine already described, just 
 1813. |)elow Fort Meigs, the Indians took their prescribed station on tin. Sandusky 
 road, and at sunset commenced their sham-fight. It was so spirited, and tlie yells 
 of the savages were so powerful, that the garrison had no doubt that the command 
 er-in-chief, with re-enforcements, had been attacked. Tliey were exceedingly aiuioib 
 to go out to their aid. Fortunately, General Clay was better informed. Captain 
 M'Cune had just returned from a second errand to General Harrison, after many hair- 
 breadth escapes in penetrating the lines of the Indians swarming in the woods. Al- 
 though Clay could not account for the firing, yet he was so certain that no Americans 
 were engaged in the contest, whatever it might be, that ho remained firm, even when 
 ofliccrs of high rank demanded permission to lead their men to the succor of their 
 friends, and the ti'oops were almost mutinous because of the restramt. Clay's firm- 
 ness saved them from utter destruction. A heavy shower of rain, and a few cannoii- 
 
 ' statement of Major Richardson, of the British army. 
 
 " Proctor commanded the white troops in person. Dixon, of the Royal Artillery, commanded the Mackinaw nnd otb- 
 er Northern tribes ; Tecumtha those of the Wabash, Illinois, and St. J')seph ; and Ronnd-Head (see page '291) thoE« of 
 the Cbippewas, Ottawas, and Fottawatomies of Michigan.— Harrison's Letter to the Secretary of War, Seneca Tomi. 
 Angnst 4, 1818. 
 
 ' The IntUane who occnpied this region were called "the Senecas of Sandusky"— why does not appear, for they wtre 
 composed of Cayngas chiefly, with a few Oneidas, Mohawks, Onondagas, Tuscaroras, and Wyandots. They iiumlioreii 
 about four hundred souls at the close of the war, and were the remnant of the tribe of Logan, the chief immortalW 
 by Mr. Jefferson. In 181T and 181S forty thousand acres of land lying on the east side of the Sandusky River werf 
 granted to them. In 1831 they ceded their lands to the United States, and went west of the Mississippi. Seneca Counly, 
 of which Tiffin is the connty seat, derived its name from these so-called Seneca Indians. The fortified camp of Harri- 
 son itssnraed the form of a regular work known as Fort Seneca, having a stockade and ditch, and occupied several acra 
 of a plain on the bank of the Sandnsky. Slight remains of the work were yet visible in 1800. 
 
 * George Paul was a m^jor of Pennsylvania militia under General Harrison'. He afterward resided in Ohio, and m- 
 tered the service again early in the war. He was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in April, 1818, and colonel at tlie 
 close of June following. He resigned in October, 1814. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 490 
 
 Koti Stcphcn«on to be attacked. 
 
 Major CroghsD'e InttrnctioDi. 
 
 A Council of War. 
 
 ,hot hurled from the fort in the direction of the suppoacd fight, put an end to the 
 tirinir nnd that night was as quiet at Fort Meigs as in a time of peace. Tl»o strategy 
 f To'cnmtha had failed, to the great mortification of the enemy. Ignorant of the 
 Itrcnsjth of the fort and garrison,' they did not attempt an assault. After lingering 
 iroiind their coveted prize about thirty hours, the besiegers withdrew" to .juiyzr, 
 I'roctor's old encampment, near Fort Miami, and on the 28th the British ^'*"- 
 e.mbnrkcd with their stores and sailed for Sandusky liay, with the intention of at- 
 
 Fort Stephenson was garrisoned by one 
 hundred and sixty men, nnder tlie command, 
 ,19 we have observed, of a gallant young Ken- 
 tuckian, Major George Croghan, of the Regu- 
 lar Army, then only twenty-one years of age. 
 Tlieir only ordnance was an iron six-pounder 
 cannon, and their chief defenses were three 
 block - houses, circumvallating pickets from 
 fourteen to sixteen feet in height, and a ditch 
 about eight feet in width and of equal depth. 
 
 Already an examination of Fort Stephenson 
 bv General Harrison had convinced him that 
 it would be untenable against heavy artillery, 
 and, in orders left with Major Croghan, he 
 said " Should the British troops approach you 
 in force with cannon, and you can discover 
 them in time to cfiect a retreat, you wUl do 
 so immediately, destroyhig all the public 
 stores. You must be aware that to attempt 
 to retreat in the face of an Indian force would 
 be vain. Against such an enemy your gar- 
 rison would be safe, however great the num- 
 ber." 
 
 On the receipt of the intelligence from 
 General Clay, General Harrison called around 
 him in council'' M' Arthur, Cass, Ball, Wood, Hukill, Paul, Holmes, and Gra- , ^ , 
 
 • July 29. 
 
 ham, and it was unanimously agreed that Fort Stephenson was untenable, 
 and that, as the approaching enemy had cannon. Major Croghan ought immediately 
 to comply with the standing order of his general. Believing that the innate bravery 
 of Croghan would make him hesitate. General Harrison immediately dispatched to 
 him an order to abandon the fort.^ The beai-ers started at midnight, and lost their 
 way in the dark. They did not arrive at Fort Stephenson before eleven o'clock the 
 next day, when the forest around was SAvarming with Indians. 
 
 Major Croghan consulted his ofiicers concerning a retreat, when a majority agreed 
 with him that such a step would be disastrous, and that tJie post might be maintain- 
 ed. A few moments aft;er the conference, he placed in the hands of the mes- , j„, ^^ 
 ....,.: from General Harrison the following answer to his chief:" "Sib,- 
 
 1813. 
 
 I The garriaon nnmbered, In rank and flic, only abont eighteen bnndred men. There were a little over two thonsand 
 It the close of May, but hill two hundred had died of camp fever. 
 
 'Theorderwassentby a whltemau (Conner) and two Indians, who found some dlfflculty in the performance of their 
 mlMJon. The following is a copy of the order: " 8ie,— Immediately on rccclTlng this letter yon will abandon Fort 
 SlfphenBon, set fire to It, and repair with yonr command this night to head-quarters. Cross the river and come up on 
 Ihe opposite side. If you should deem and And it impracticable to make good your march to this place, take the road 
 10 Huron, and pursue it with the utmost circumspection." The order was dated 29th July. 
 
 1 
 
 i, V. 
 
 1 
 
 
 m • 
 
 i 
 
ll 
 
 1 liHlll 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 CroithMi diMil 
 
 Ilta BzplnnatloiM jDitliy the Act. 
 
 Colonel B«iri Fight with Indlu,,. 
 
 I hiivf jiut wc'i'ived yours of yesterday, ten o'clock P.M., ordering me to dcstrov 
 this iilacc nnd nmko good my retreat, wiiich was received too late to l»e carricil 
 into execution. We have determined to maintain this place, and, by heavens! w 
 
 can. 
 
 This positive disobedience of orders was not intended as such. The gallant yotin" 
 Kentuckian gladly perceived sufficient latitude given him in the clause of tlie ouHilt 
 order, in which tlio tlangcr of a retreat in the face of an Indian force was nientiniu,] 
 to justify him in remaining, especially as the later order did not reach him initil snd, 
 force was apparent. But the general could not permit disobedience to pasH mino. 
 ticed, and he inunediately ordered Colonel Wells to repair to Fort Stephenson and 
 
 Hupcrsede Major Croghan.' The latter was ordered 
 
 to head-quarters at Seneca Town, lie eliceifiillv 
 
 <?(.^^K9BflBfli9^ obeyed the summons, and made so satisfiictory nii 
 
 explanation to C4eneral Harrison that he was diioct. 
 ed to resume his command the next mornini;, witL 
 Avritten instructions similar to the ones he Iiad be- 
 foro received. Croghan was now more dctciiiiiiieil 
 than ever to maintain the post. 
 
 General Harrison kept scouts out in all direc- 
 tions Avatching for the foe. On the evening of Sat. 
 urday, the 31st of July, a reconnoitring party, lin- 
 
 VIKW AT KBEMONT, UB LUWBB BAMIIITHKY.' 
 
 > Coloucl Wella was escorted by Colonel Ball, with his corps of draf;oons, and hore the f>/itowing letter to Major 
 Croghan : " 8ik,— The general has Jnst received your letter of this date iufurmiug him that yon had thought pro|ier u 
 disobey the order Issued from this office, and delivered to you this morning. It appears that the information vrlilih 
 dictated the order was incorrect, and as you did not receive it in the night, as was expected, it might have been proptr 
 that yon shonid have reported the circumstances and yonr situation before yon proceeded to its execution. This inlirbt 
 have been passed over, bnt I am directed to soy to yon that an officer who presumes to aver that he has made liis nt- 
 olution, and that ho will act In direct opposition to the orders of his general, can no longer be intrusted with a eeparat; 
 command. Colonel Wells is sent to relievo you. You will deliver the command to him, and repair, with Colonel Bull'i 
 squadron, to this place. By command, etc., A. II. Holmes, Assistant Ad,|ntant General." 
 
 On the way, about half a mile southwest of the present village of Ballsville, Colonel r.ali's detachment were atlackid 
 by about twenty Indians, and quite a severe skirmish ensued. Seventeen of the Indians were killed ; and, nntll withio 
 a few years, an oak-tree stood on the site of the contest, bearing seventeen marks of a batchot, to indicate the uumbci 
 of Indians slain. 
 
 » This view was taken from the verge of the hill, near where the howitzer, or mortar, of the British was planted aflor 
 landing, so as to be bronght to bear npon the fort. In the Ihint is seen a magnificent elm-tree, of large growth at the 
 time of the invasion. Tradition avers that an Indian, who climbed Into its top to reconnoitre Fort Stephenson, was 
 shot by one of the Kentucky riflemen in the garrison. In this view we are looking down tho Sandusky River, lu Ibe 
 little cove, seen nearly over the roof of the small building nearest the left of the picture, is the place where tho British . 
 landed. The island opposite is seen more to the left. In the extreme distance are store-housos, at which point tbf 
 British gnn-boats were ftrst discovered by the garrison. On the extreme right Is the gas-honse, and over It, on the cast i 
 Bide of the river, is the elevated plain where Croghanville was laid oat, and where the Indians were first seen. 
 
t with Indluu. 
 
 to destroy 
 1)0 csvrru'il 
 (avens! Wf 
 
 llaiit youni; 
 I' the oarliir 
 mt'i\tioiic(l, 
 ti tiiitil siicli 
 pass umio 
 ilu'iiRcm ami 
 was onlertd 
 e clu'crfiillv 
 .isfactory an 
 ) was direct- 
 orniii<;, will, 
 s he had In- 
 ! determined 
 
 in all dircc- 
 eniiig of Sat. 
 iig party, lin- 
 
 ing letter to MaJT 
 
 thought proper ii 
 
 information wlilcn 
 
 have been proptr 
 
 cution. ThU ralilit 
 
 hne made liis rev 
 
 sled with a separai* 
 
 with Colonel Ball's 
 
 ment were ntlacW 
 I ; and, until niihin 
 ndicate the numte 
 
 Bh was planted nflet 
 large growth a( the 
 )rt 8tephcnB0D,ira 
 usky River. lu tie 
 ;e where the BrlliA '. 
 , at which point tie 
 lover It, on the east : 
 ) first seen. 
 
 OF THE WAU OP 1812. 
 
 501 
 
 Fori 8ieph«n6on uninmoued to aurrender, 
 
 Incldeuta under a V\ng uf Truce. 
 
 The Surroudor teftiied. 
 
 (forinjr wpo" t''* shores of Sandusky Hay, about twenty miles from Fort Steplien 
 discovered the approueh of Proctor by water. Tliey hastened back, stopping at 
 
 nson. 
 
 the 
 
 ■ August 1. 
 
 (iirt on tlie way at about noon the next day." Croghan was on the alert. 
 Vireiidy many Indians had appeared iijjon tiie eminence on the eastern side 
 lit' the Sandusky Kiver (wliero Croghanville was laid out in 1H17), and had scamp- 
 oit'd away afU-r a few discliarges of the si x-pouiuler in tiie fort. 
 
 At four o'clock that afternoon the liritislt gun-boats, with Proctor and liis men, 
 ■iiinoared at a turn in the river more than a mile distant. In the face of shots from 
 the six-pounder tliey advanced, and, in a cove not quite a mile from the fort, the Hrit- 
 i<li hiiuled, with a fivc-and-a-half-inch howitzer, opposite a snmll island in tlie stream. 
 At tiio same time the Indians displayed themselves iu the woods in all directions, to 
 iiit oflfa retreat of the garrison. 
 
 General Proctor entered inmiediatcly upon tlie business of his errand. Ilis attack- 
 iiifr force consisted of a portion of the P\)rty-fir8t Uegiment, four hundred strong, and 
 H'veral hundred Indians. Tecumtlia, with almost two thousand more, was stationed 
 upon tlie roads leading from Fort Meigs and Keucca Town, to intercept apprehended 
 ic-cnforccments from those directions. 
 
 Having di8[)08ed of his forces so as to cut off Croghan's retreat. General Proctor 
 sent Colonel Elliott, accompanied by Captain Ciiaiabers with a Hag of truce, to de^ 
 mand the instant surrender of the ibrt. Tliesc officers were accompanied l)y Cap- 
 tain Dixon, of the Uoyal Engineers, wlio was in command of the Indian allies. 
 
 Major Croghan sent out Second Lieutenant Shipp,' as liis representative, to meet the 
 \\[\<r. After the usual salutations. Colonel Elliott said : " I arh instructed to demand 
 tlie instant surrender of the fort, to spare the effusion of blood, which wc can not 
 (111 sliould we be under the necessity of reducing it by our powerful force of regulars, 
 Indians, and artillery." 
 
 "My commandant and the garrison," replied Shipp, "are determined to defend the 
 |,i)St to the last extremity, and bury themselves in its ruins, rather than surrender it 
 I,, any force whatever." 
 
 "Look at our immense body of Indians," interposed Dixon. "They can not be 
 restrained from massacring the whole garrison, in the event of our utidoubted suc- 
 cess." 
 
 "Our success is certain," eagerly added Chambers. 
 
 "It is a great jnty," said Dixon, in a beseeching tone, "that so fine a young man 
 ;iv you, and as your commander is represented to be, should fall into the hands of the 
 ^a\ ages. Sir, for God's sake, surrender, and prevent the dreadful massacre that will 
 111' caused by your resistance." 
 
 Shipp, who had lately dealt with the same foe at Fort Meigs, coolly replied : " When 
 the fort shall be taken, there will be none to massacre. It will not be given up while 
 ;i man is able to resist." 
 
 Shipp was just turning to go back to the fort, when an Indian sprutig from a bushy 
 ravine near and attempted to snatch his sword from him. The indignant American 
 was about to dispatch the savage, when Dixon interfered. Croghan, who had stood 
 upon the ramparts during the conference, observed tlie insult, and shouted, " Shipp, 
 eome in, and we will blow them all to hell !" The ensign hastened into the fort, the 
 flag returned, and the British opened a fire immediately from their gun-boats, and 
 tioin the five-and-a-half-inch howitzer which they had landed. For some reason, never 
 
 1 Edmnnd Sblpp, Jr., whs a native of Kentucky, and was appointed ensign of the ITIh regiment of infantry in May, 
 l!jl2. He was promoted to second lieutenant in March, 1S13, and distinguished himself in the defense of Fort Meigs 
 the following year. After the affair at Port Stephenson he became General M'Arthur's brigade major. In Mai ^h, 
 l*H,lie was promoted to first nontenant, and to captain in May, and at the close of the war was retained in the serv- 
 ice. He died at Bel'efontaine, Ohio, on the 22d of April, 1817. On the 13th of February, 1S38, the Congress of the United 
 Slates voted a sword, to be received by bis nearest male relative, iu testimony of their sense of his services at Fort Ste- 
 phenwn.— Gardner's Lictiotutry nf the Army. 
 
 w. 
 
 1 n 
 
 l! 
 
S09 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Fort HtephenioD besieged. 
 
 The Oerrison. 
 
 Approach for an Aiinnlt. 
 
 until rt'coiitly j-xplftiiicd, they commenced the attack hi great liaHto, before proper ai- 
 rungenientH were niiide.' 
 
 All night long, five six-pounders, which had been landed from the IkitiHh guii-hoatu 
 and the howit7,er upon the land, played upon the Htockade without HcrioiiH effect 
 They were answered occasionally by the solitary cannon in the fort, which wan hIiU'i. 
 ed from one block-house to another, so as to give the impression that the garrison lunl 
 several heavy guns. Hut tlieir siipply of ammunition was small, and Major Crojriian 
 determined to use his powder an<l ball to better a<lvantage than firing at raiulom in 
 the dark. He silenced the gun, and ordered Captain Hunter,'' his second in cornniiind 
 to place it in the block-house at the middle of the north side of the fort, so as to rake 
 the ditch ui the direction of the northwest angle, the jMjint where the foe would doubt- 
 less make the assault, it being the weakest pai't. This was accom|)lished before day- 
 light, and the gun, loaded with a half charge of powder and a double charge of slugs 
 and grapeshot, was completely masked. 
 
 During the night the British had dragged tlirco six-pounderfl to a point of woods 
 on ground higher than the fort, and about two himdred and fifty yards from it (near 
 the sjjot where the court-house in Fremont now stands, westward of Croghan Street), 
 and early in the morning they opened a brisk fire upon the stockade from those and 
 the howitzer. Their cannonade produced but little effect, and for many hours tjic 
 little garrison made no rejjly. Proctor became impatient. That long day in August 
 was rapidly passing away, and he saw before him only a dreary night of futile effort 
 in his jiresent position. His Indians were becoming uneasy, and at length he resolved 
 to storm the fort. At four o'clock in the afternoon he concentrated the fire of all his 
 guns upon the weak northwest angle. His suspected purpose was now apjiaicnt. 
 Toward that Aveak point Croghan directed his strengthening efforts. Bags of sand 
 and sacks of flour were piled against the pickets there, and the force of the cannon- 
 ade was materially broken. 
 
 At five o'clock, while the bellowing of distant thunder in the westeni horizon, ■where 
 a dark storm-cloud was brooding, seemed like the echo of the great guns of ilio foe, 
 the British, in two close columns, led by Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Short and Lieu- 
 tenant Gordon, advanced to assail the works. At the same time a party of grena- 
 diers, about two hundred sti-ong, under Lieutenant Colonel Warburton, took a wide 
 circuit through the woods to make a feigned attack upon the southern front of the 
 fort, where Captain Hunter and his party were stationed. Private Brown, of the Pe- 
 tersburg Volunteers, with half a dozen of Jiis corps and Pittsburgh Blues, happened 
 to be in the fort at the time. Brown was skilled in gunnery, and to him and his coni- 
 piinions was intrusted the management of the six-pounder in the fort. 
 
 As the British storming-party under Lieutenant Colonel Short advanced, their ar- 
 tillery played incessantly upon the northwestern angle of the fort, and, under cover 
 of the dense smoke, tV^^y approached to within fifteen or twenty paces of the out- 
 works before they we', ;■ discovered by the garrison. Every man within the fort was 
 at his post, and these v.vre Kentucky " sharp-shooters !" They instantly poured upon 
 the assailants such a shower of rifle-balls, sent with fatal precision, that the British 
 line was thrown into momentary confusion. Tliey quicMy rallied, Tlie axe-men 
 
 
 i.U i 
 
 . : iiliii 
 
 ■ The late Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, In his address at Fremont (Lower Sandnsky), on the forty-fifth anniversary of the 
 defense of Fort Stephenson, explained the canse. Aaron Norton, of Portage County, Ohio, told him that on that Son- 
 day afternoon, in total ignorance of the proximity of the British and Indians, he was approaching the fort on the oppo- 
 site side of the Sandusky, when he discovered quite a large hody of Indians scattered along the bank of the river, half 
 concealed by bushes. He wheeled his horse and fled in the direction of Seneca. The startled Indians fired several 
 shots at him, but without effect. This occurrence was donhtless coromnnicated to the British commander. He knew 
 Harrison was near, and feared that he might sally forth ftom his fortified camp with re-enforcements from Cleveland 
 or Mansfield, beat back Tecumtha, and fall upon him at Sandnsky; hence his haste in assailing the fort. 
 
 " James Hunter was a native of Kentucky, and was adjutant of the Kentncky mounted rifiemen in the battle of Tip- 
 pecanoe. He was wounded there. He was promoted to captain in the 17th regiment of infantry In March, 1812. He 
 left the army in May, 1S14. On the 18th of February, 1835, the Congress of the Ufaited States voted him a sword be- 
 cause of hi8 distinguisbed services at Fort Stephenson.— Gardner's Dictionary of th» Army. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 fi03 
 
 M„rmlM "f •'"" ■*••>'•«"*'' 
 
 SiMgbMr of lb* AiMtlantt. 
 
 Thfl BrilUh onil Indlsni repniMd. 
 
 ri.AN OK I'OIIT mUrilK.NHON.' 
 
 liravcly pushed forward over the glacis, and leaped into the ditch to assail the pick- 
 ets. Lieutenant Colonel Short was at the head of the gallant party, and when a siif- 
 ticient number of men were in the ditch behind him, ho shouted, " Cut away the pick- 
 ets, my brave boys, and show the damned Yankees no quarter !" Now was the mo- 
 ment for the voice of the unsuspected six-pounder to be heard. Tlie masked port flew 
 open instantly. The gun spoke with terrible eifeet. Slugs and grapeshot streamed 
 along that ditch overflowing with human life, and spread terrible havoc there. Few 
 escaped. A similar attempf, Avas made by the second column of the storming-party, 
 w! n another discharge from the eix-pou .der and a destructive volley of rifle-balls 
 ended the contest. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Short and Lieutenant Gordon, of the 
 Forty-first Regiment, Laussaussiege, of the Indian department, and twenty-five pri- 
 vates, were left dead in the ditcli,'^ and twenty-six of the wounded were made pris- 
 oners. Captain Dixon and Captain Muir, and Lieutenant M'Lityre, of the Forty-first 
 Kcgiraent, were slightly wounded and escaped. A precipitate and confused retreat 
 immediately followed this repulse. Warburton and his grenadiers did not reach the 
 south front of the fort until after the disaster. They were assailed with a destruc- 
 tive volley from Hunter's corj)8, and fled for shelter to the adjacent woods. 
 
 Tiie whole loss of the garrison was one man killed and seven slightly wounded. 
 Tlie loss of the British in killed and wounded, according to the most careful estimates, 
 was one hundred and twenty. The cowardly Indians, as usual when there was open 
 
 1 EspLANATioN OF TiiK Plah.— 1, Hdo of plcketB ; 2, embankment from the ditch to and against the pickets; 8, dry 
 ditch ; 4, ontward embankment or glacis ; A, block-honse first attacked by cannon ; B, bastion or block-house from 
 ffhich the ditch was raked by the slx-ponndcr In the fort ; C, gnard block-bonse ; D, hospital while attacked ; E E E, 
 military store-honses; F, commissary's Rtore-honse ; O, magazine; H, fort gate; KKE, wicker gates; L, partition gate : 
 5, position of the five six-ponnders of the British on the night of the 2d of Angnst ; P, the graves of Lientenant Colonel 
 Short and Lieutenant Gordon, who were killed in the ditch. The mortar or liowitzcr shifted position, as indicated on 
 the plan. Tn the first ossanlt there were four six-pounders in battery, only one being left In the first position near the 
 ri«r. This Plan was first published, from the oflicial drawing, in the Port Folio for March, 1815, and soon afterward in 
 Thomson's carefully prepared Ilintorical Sketehea of the Late War. The graves of the two British officers are a few yards 
 northcaihrard fl-om the junction of High and Market Streets. 
 
 > It Is said that Lientenant Colonel Short, when he fell, twisted a white handkerchief on the end of his sword as a 
 itippllcatlon for that mercy which bis battle-cry a moment before denied to his foe. 
 
 1 
 
 m- 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 'ill 
 
'^m 
 
 HllW 
 
 504 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dead and V/ouudcd borne away. 
 
 The Night succeeding the Struggii,, 
 
 figliting or great guns to face, kept themselves out of harm's way in a ravine near 
 by, find the wliolc battle was fought by the small British "force, Avlio behaved most 
 gallantly. During the night Proctor sent Indians to gather up the dead a.-d wound- 
 ed, and at tlirce o'clock in the morning" the invaders sailed down the San- 
 dusky, leaving behind them a vessel containing clothing and military stores. 
 At about tlin same Jiour the gallant Major Croghan wrote a hurried note to General 
 Harrison, informing him of his victory and the retreat of Proctor. 
 
 The assault lasted only about half an hour. The dark storm-cloud in the west 
 passed northward, the setting sun beamed out with peculiar splendor, a gentle breeze 
 from the southwest bore the smoke of battle far away over the forest toward Lake 
 Erie, and in the lovely twilight of that memorable Sabbath evening the brave youn;; 
 Croghan addressed his gallant little band with eloquent words of praise and grateful 
 thanksgiving. As the night and tho silence deepened, and the groans of the wound- 
 ed in the ditch foil upon his ears, his generous heart beat with sympathy. Buckets 
 filled with water were let down by ropes from the outside of the pickets; and as tiie 
 gates of the fort could not be opened with safety durhig the night, he made a com- 
 municition with the ditch by means of a trench, through which the wounded were 
 borne into the little fortress and tiieir necessities suj)plied.' 
 
 Intelligence of this gallant defense caused the liveliest sentiments of admiration 
 th )ughout the country, and congratulations were sent to Major Croghan from every 
 quarter. His general, in his official report, spoke of him in words of highest praise.^ 
 The ladies of Chillicothe, Ohio, jmrehased and presented to him an elegant sword ;^ 
 and the Congress of the United States voted him the thanks of the nation.* Twenty- 
 two years la*er the Congress gave him a gold medal, in commemoration of his signal 
 service on that day. Posterity will ever regard his name with honor.* 
 
 ' Major Croghnn'B Report to General Ilarrtson, Angnst 8, 1S18 : General Ilarrison's Renort to the Secretary of War. 
 August B, ISia ; M'Afee's IlinUny of the. Lata War, pages 322 to 328 ; Auchlnleck's Hiatori, of the War nf 1812, pajjes 1S4 lo 
 1S7 ; James's Military Occurrences, etc., pages 2B2 to 200 ; Mles's Register, August 14, 1813 ; The Pirrt Folin, March, KK; 
 The War, volume 11., pages 3(1, 43, 47, 49, 61, 01 ; Address of Colonel Elisha Whittlesey at Fremont, August 2, 1S5S; Ad- 
 dress of Homer Everett, Ksq., at Fremont, February 24th and 25th, ISUO ; Perkins's History of the Late War, pages 23, 
 224 ; SkcteheK of tlu: War (Rutland, ISIB), pages 100 to lOS ; Atwater's Hietory of Ohio, pages 22(1 to 229 ; Dawson's Life 
 of Oi'ncral llarrimn, pages 249 to 251 ; MS. of Dr. Brainerd, quoted by Homer Everett, Esq. 
 
 2 " I am sorry," wrote General Harrison to the Secretary of War on the 4th of Augu.ft, "that I can not trauemlt jou 
 Major Croghan's official report. He was to have sent it to mo this morning, but I have just heard that he was bo much 
 exhausted by thirty-six hours of continued exertion as to be unable to make it. It will not be among the least of Gen- 
 oral Proctor's mortiflcatlouo to find that he has been baffled by a youth who has Just passed his twcnty-Urst year, lie 
 is, however, a hero worthy of his gallant uncle. General George Rogers Clarke." 
 
 3 This gift, at their request, was presented to him by Samuel Fluley and Joseph Whcaton, with the following letter 
 bearing tho signatures of the donors : 
 
 " Cnn.i.ioornE, August 13, ISl.l. 
 
 "Sin,— In consequence of tho gallant defense which, under Divine Providence, was cfTected by you and the Iroiips 
 under your command, of Fort Stephenson, at Lowor S.r .dusky, on the evening of tlie 2d inet., the ladies of tlic town ot 
 Chillicothe, whose names are un-lorsigned, impressed with a high seiiBC of your merits as a soldier and a gentleman, 
 and with great confidence in your patriotism and valor, present yon with a sword. Mary Flnlcy, Mary Stcrret, Aim 
 Crelghton, Eliza CreJL'hton, ..:eanor Lamb, Nancy Waddle, Eliza Carlisle, Mary A. Southward, Susan D. Whcnton.of 
 Washington City, Rlchamah Irwin, Judith Delano, Margaret M'Lnnburg, Margaret Miller, Elizabeth Martin, Nancy 
 M'Arthur, ,Ti,no M'Coy, La-ina Fnlton, Catharine Fnllerlon, Rebecca M. Orr, Susan Wake, Ann M. Dunn, Marjarct 
 Keys, Charlotte James, Esther Doolittlc, Eleanor Buchannnn, Margaret M'Farland, Deborah Ferree, Jauc M. Evaii'. 
 Frances BriLsh, Mary Curtis, Mary P. Brown, Jane Heylin, Nancy Kerr, Catharine Hough, Eleanor Worthiugton, 5Isr- 
 tha Scott, Sally M'Lean." 
 
 To this letter Major Croghan replied at Lower Sandusky on the SKth of Angnst; 
 
 "Lapiks or Cnii.i.inoTnR,— I have received tho sword which you have been pleased to present to me as a tost.raoiiial 
 of your approbation of my conduct on the 2d instant. A mark of distinction so nattering and unexpected has cxiiuil 
 feelings which I can not express. Vet, while I return you thanks for tho unmerited gift you have thus bestowed, I feci 
 well aware that my good fortune (which was bought by tho activity of the bravo soldiers under my command), te 
 raised in yon expectations from my future cITorts which must, I f ar, be sooner jr later disappointed. Still, I plcda 
 myself (even though fortune should not bo again propitious) tliat my exertions shall bo such as never to couee yon in 
 the least to regret the honors you '.uive been pleased to confer on your 'youthftil soldiei.' " 
 
 * On the 8th of February, 1814, the Committee on Militar/ Aflfalrs reported a resolution, among others similar, to rfr 
 quest the President to present an elegant sword to Colonel Croghan. This resolution was passed by at the time, and 
 never called up again. 
 
 » George Croghan was a son of Major William Croghan, of the Revolntionary army. His father was a native of Ire- 
 land ; hie mother was a sister of General George Rogers Clarke, sometimes called the F.ither of tho Northwest. Ik 
 W08 bom at Locust Grove, near the Falls of tho Ohio (now Louisville), in Kentucky, on the 16th of November, 1191. Ut 
 
the 8lri\gg\c. 
 
 .vine near 
 ived most 
 .d wound- 
 n the S;m- 
 ary stores. 
 to General 
 
 1 tl\c west 
 ntle breeze 
 ward Lake 
 rave youiii]; 
 .nd grateful 
 the wound- 
 f. Buckets 
 ; and as the 
 lade a com- 
 >unded were 
 
 [■ admiration 
 a from every 
 'hcst praise.^ 
 rant sword;' 
 n.* Twenty- 
 i of liis signal 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 1812, paj;cs W lo 
 ii'(i(/(),Mnrcti,l<W; 
 .ugusti.lSS'*; Ad- 
 ,ttte War, piigca 23, 
 129; Dawson's li/< 
 
 a not transmit you 
 
 lilt he was so much 
 
 the least of Gcu- 
 
 ■iily-urst year. Uc 
 
 |,hc following letter 
 
 kAusnstia.lStt 
 Lou ami the trocips 
 Wiesofthctownot 
 Jpr nml ft Kcntlciunii. 
 
 I, M«ry Sicrre'. ^™ 
 IsaiiU. Whcatou.ot 
 
 Tlicth Martin, Kiuicy 
 JM.nmiu, Marc.ir*" 
 lice, .laucM.Evaii'. 
 \ Worthlugton, Mar- 
 
 Ime nB a tcsl'.m™''' 
 Ixpcctcd has cxriii'l 
 IbuB bcstowcil, 1 tw'l 
 1 my commniiil). Ir.s 
 
 Led. StilUl'Wa 
 Ever to cause yon m 
 
 LhcrBBimilnf.t<"«- 
 I by at the time, »4 
 
 JwasnnRt>«°"!!; 
 Itlic Northwest. W 
 
 November, nol. U' 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 605 
 
 Miidal presented to Croghan. 
 
 A Visit to Sandusky. 
 
 A Hide to C'astalinn 8priUK«. 
 
 aOLD MEDAL AW ADDED TO OENER' L flB0nUAH.> 
 
 It was a soft, hazy, half sunny day, late in September,* when I visit- ■September 24, 
 ed tiie site of Fort Stephenson and the places of events that made it fa- ^*™" 
 
 inous. I had come up by railway during the early hours of the morning from pleas- 
 ant Sandusky City, where I had spent two or three days with friends, vainly en- 
 deavoring to visit Put-in-Bay, where Perry's fleet rendezvoused before the battle 
 n'hicli gave him victory and immortality. Tlie excursion steam-boat to that and 
 otiier places had been Avithdrawn for the season, and the wind was too high to make 
 a voyage thither in a sail-boat safe or pleasant. I was less disappointed than I should 
 iitherwise have been, by the discovery that an artist (Miss C. L. Ransom), 11100 in 
 Sandusky City, had made careful drawings of the historical points about Put-in-Bay. 
 I had the pleasure of meeting her, and availing myself of her courteous permission 
 to copy such of her drawings as I desired. Of these more Avill be said when giving 
 an account of the naval battle near tliere. 
 
 In company with Mr. Barney, with whom I was staying, I visited the famous Cas- 
 talian Springs, at the village of Castalia, five or six miles south from Sandusky City. 
 Tliey flow ''p from subterranean fountains, almost as limpid as air, and in volume so 
 itreat that along the outlet, wliich is called Cold Creek, in its course of three miles 
 tluongh a beautiful prairie of three thousand acres to Sandusky Bay, no less tlian 
 
 wns graduated at William and Mary College, in Virginia, in the summer of 1810 ; entered its law Bchool, and remained 
 ilicre until the fall of ISll, when he Joined the army under Harrison at Vincennea. He was volunteer aid to Colonel 
 Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe. On account of his services in the Wabash expedition, he was appointed a captain of 
 iuf.uitry in the spring of 1S12, and in August he marched with the forces under General Winchester to the relief of Gen- 
 eral Hall in Canada. In March, 1813, ho was promoted to major, and became aid-ue-camp to General Harrison. In that 
 capacity he distinguished himjelf In the defense of Fort Meigs, and the sortie on the 8th of May under the gallant Col- 
 onel Miller. For his gallantry at Fort Stephenson he was breveted a lieutenant colonel, and was appointed colonel of 
 a rifle corps in February, 1814. At the close of the war he was retained In service, but married In ISU and resigned. In 
 b!4 he wno appointed postmaster at New Orleans, and re'.irned to the service in tS25 as Inspector general, with the 
 r„uk of colonel. In 1836 Congress awarded him a gold medal for his gallantry at Fort Stephenson. He died at New 
 Orleans on the 8th of ilanuary, 1840. 
 
 I On Tuesday, the 27th of January, 1S3B, a Joint resolution passed the House of Representatives, authorizing the Pres- 
 ident of the United States to " present a gold medal to General Croghan" (he was then inspector general of the army), 
 and swords to several officers under his command. These were Captain Jamss Hunter, and Lieutenants Benjamin 
 Johuion and Cyrus A. Baylor, of the Seventeenth Regiment, Mcutennnt .lohn Meek, of the Seventh Regiment, and En- 
 siuns Edward Shipp and Joseph Duncan. The latter was nfierward Governor of Illinois. 
 
 lieiilennnt Johnson was promoted to captain of a rifle corps in Mnrch, 1814, and left the service at the close of the 
 war, Lieutenant Baylor also left the servlrfl at the close of the war. Lieutenant Meek reslrrned in May, 1814. He was 
 ai)|i()inted military store-keeper at Llllle Rock, Arkansas, In tlie summer of 1838, and was removed, on n change of ad- 
 ministration, in 1841. Ensign Duncan was promoted to first lieutenant of infantry in July, 1814, and was disbanded 'n 
 M5. lie wns a representiUive In Congress from Illinois fi-om 1827 to 1835, Governor of illluois from »834 to 18S8, and 
 died at Jnrksoiiville on the 16th of January, 1844. 
 
 It Is proper to observe that the representation of the fort an 1 its surronndlngo, on this medal, presented to General 
 CroRhnn, is Incorrect. It was not a regular fort, but a picketed inclosiire, with rudely-built block-bousos. The 8an- 
 ilusky River Is here a narrow s' earn, and not such an expanse of water as the place of the vessels represent. It may 
 liarc been Intended for Sandusky Bay. 
 
 1. 
 
m i 
 
 1 1 
 
 506 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Appearance and Character of the Castalian Springe. 
 
 Au Evening in Sanduslsy. 
 
 Journey to Fremom. 
 
 I.OWEU OAHTALIAN BPBIMO. 
 
 fourteen sets of mill-stones were kej)t in motion by it. In a rough scow we liovirod 
 
 over the centre of tin 
 spring, and, peering 
 clown into its cloar", 
 mysterious depth?' 
 saw logs, and plants' 
 and earth in grotto 
 form, made iridescent 
 !^'- by the light in tiio 
 aqueous prism.' AVe 
 intended to visit the 
 somewhat marvelous 
 cave in the range of 
 limestone about two 
 
 miles from the springs, but the day Avas too far f^cnt when I liad completed mv 
 sketch of the fountains to allow us to do so. We returned to the town by the way of 
 Mr. Barney's fine vineyard, and arrived at sunset. I spent the evening with General 
 Leslie Combs at the " West House," and in a public meeting.'* The next day was 
 the Sabbath, and on Monday morning I started by railway for Lower Sandusky with 
 impressions which have crystallized into pleasant memories of a delightful little citv 
 on a slope overlooking one of the finest bays that indent the ^outl '• " shores of Lake 
 Erie.^ On our way we stopped a few minutes at the little "v Clyde, whoro 
 
 the railways from Cleveland and Toledo and from Cincinnati and Sandusky Citv 
 cross each other. There a crowd had collected to sec and hear the late Judge Douo- 
 las, then one of the andidates for the presidency of the United States, who was trav- 
 eling foV his political health, weary and wayworn. Eager eyes, vociferous shouts. 
 loud huzzas, and the swaying of a little mnltitude, is the picture of a few minutes of 
 time impressed upon the memory. An hour later I was in Fremont, as the old vil- 
 lage of Lower Sandusky was named a few years ago in honor of the accomitlishtil 
 explorer in earlier years, and general in the army of the republic during a portion of 
 the late Civil War. 
 
 Very soon after my arrival I was favored with the company of Messrs. Sardis Biidi- 
 ard and Homer Everett (residents of the village, and familiar with its history) in a 
 pilgrimage to places of interest in and around that shire-town of Sandusky County.' 
 
 ' The Castalian Springs are great natural curiosities, and are mnch visited'. There are two, Icnown respectively as 
 Upper and Lower. They arc about one fourth of a mile apart, and are connected by a race. At the lower one, where 
 Messrs. Cochrane and Weston had o flouring-mlll, a dike had been raised (seen in the above sketch) to p'- • im,,''- 'r.ll 
 to the water. The two springs are of about equal dimensions. That of the lower one, which I visited. ' ; rir!j 
 feet in depth. The water is so limpid that a white ol)Jcct an inch In diameter may be plainly seen lyin" . ■'• Imw. 
 Tlie tcmiierature of the woter Is about 40° Fahrenheit, and holds in solution lime, soda, magnesia, and I ■ ' ■» i- 
 fles every thing with which it conies in contact. This process makes the mill-wheels indestnictible. M.i. v -Mi 
 a half from the sprint's is a limestone ridge covered with alluvium. From beneath this these sprlngo up; ; it ft 
 and are doubtless the lirst appearance on the earth of a little subterranean river, like that of the Eutaw in S n. 
 Una. ■ » See pnffe ;' , 
 
 ' Sandusky City is the capital of Erie County, Ohio. It was named Portland when it was first laid out in isn, nhoo 
 there were only two log houses there, ono on the site of the "Veranda Hotel," and the other about sixty rods cost of ll. 
 The town stands upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest limestone. It wns a favorite resort of the Indians, mi 
 previous to the War of 1S12 it w.ns known as Ogontz's Place, Ogont/. being the name of a Wyandot chief who rosldoil 
 there. A writer in the AmfHeaii I'Inneer, I., WD, says the name of Sandnsky is derived from that of a Polish trader who 
 was with the French when they wen' establishing their lino of trading-posts on the Maumee and Wabash Hirers. Hi* 
 name was Sanduski, and established himself near the present village of Fremont. Ills trading operations were cm:- 
 flncd to the river and bay there, and these became known to both Indians and Euroi)eans as Sauduski's River mid Saii- 
 ctii'ki's Bay. Sauduskl quarreled with the Indians, fled to Virginia, and was there killed by some of those who followcil 
 him. 
 
 On the peninsula, across the bay opposite Sandnsky, is a rough monument, erected there by the n-1cr and at the ex- 
 pense of the late Honorable Joshua R. Oiddings, to ])erpetuate the memory of the spot where he am enty-oue ()tlier« 
 had a skirmish with the Indians on the 20th of September, lSt2. He was a suljstltnte for an older bn'i jr, audwnsonlr 
 fourteen years of age. The regiment to which he belonged was commanded by Colonel Rlchar' ■> i' and the little 
 company, who had been ordered on duty on the peninsula after the defeat of General Hull, was lei. v ; ,.(nii' Colloii 
 They had two skirmishes with the savages, in which, of the twenty-two soldiers, six were killed, and .in equal nninber 
 were wounded. Mr. Oiddings was the youngest soldier of the regiment. 
 
 • This town stands at the head of the navigation of Sandusky River, eighteen or twenty miles (^om Sandusky Biv 
 
 H'ii 
 
10 Fremont. 
 
 liovcrod 
 ;rc of tin 
 
 peering 
 its eloar, 
 depths, 
 1(1 pliiiits, 
 ill grotlii 
 iriclescent 
 it ill the 
 sm.' Wo 
 
 visit the 
 marvelous 
 1 range of 
 ibout two 
 ipleted my 
 the way of 
 itli General 
 it (lay was 
 xlnsky with 
 il little city 
 jres of Lake 
 Hyde, where 
 idusky City 
 [iidge Doug- 
 ho was trav- 
 rous shouts. 
 y minutes of 
 
 the old vil- 
 iccomplishcil 
 
 a portion of 
 
 Sardis Birch- 
 
 liistory) in ii 
 
 vv County/ 
 
 vu rcspeclivdy as 
 lower one, where 
 
 to p'- 
 ted.' . 
 iV 
 ,ud I 
 
 •V 1- 
 •,)<C 
 
 go ilpl 
 
 aw In IS n. 
 
 I See page •' • 
 
 1 out in isn, whfn 
 
 xty rods cast o( it. 
 
 if the Indians, ami 
 
 , cliicf who refiilod 
 
 Polish trader wlio 
 
 ibiish Kivcre. His 
 
 r.atlons were con- 
 
 i'8 Uivcr nud San- 
 
 hoae who foUO'Vwl 
 
 rier and at the "• 
 -entv-one olhers 
 
 M, jr.iinclw""* 
 liT. • and the lit* 
 J-,.t ;,,.mlr Colton. 
 Id .in equal immlur 
 
 Lm Sandusky Ba? 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 507 
 
 sue of Fort Stephenson. 
 
 Its Locality and A;ipcsranpc. 
 
 The Six-ponnder "Good Bess." 
 
 The site of Fort Stephenson is in the bosom of tlie village of Fremont. It occu- 
 pies about two thirds of the square bounded by Croghan, High, Market, and Arch 
 
 SITK (IF FUllT BlEl'UENBON. ' 
 
 Snoots. The dwelling of the late Honorable Jacques ITurlburd stands within the 
 area of the old stockade, and a few yards south of the block-house in Avhich Avas 
 iilacod the cannon that swept the ditch. The northwest angle, where the British 
 made tlieir chief assault, is at the junction of High and Croghan Streets. Near the 
 iiouse of Dr. J. W. Wilson, on Croghan Street, was the head of the ravine and small 
 stream of water (sec Plan of Fort Stephenson on page 503) between the stockade and 
 the British battery. It was to the shelter of that ravine that the aftrighted Lidians 
 fled after the first discharge of rifle-balls from the garrison. 
 
 From the site of the fort we went to the brow of the hill overlooking the landing- 
 place of the British. When I had finished my sketch (printed on page 500) we vis- 
 ited the Good Bess, the iron six-pound cannon that performed such fearful service 
 ill the defense of the fort.^ I then rode, in company with Mr. Birchard, to old Cro- 
 
 bvlts course. Here, at the Lower Rapids of the Sandusky, the Indians wer^, prantcd a rcser\-ation hy the treaty of 
 Greenville. The French had a trading-station hero at an early day. Here was the residence of a hand of Wyandot In- 
 dian!, called the Neutral Nation. They had two villages. They were " cities of refuge" for all. Whoever sought safe- 
 ty In tbcm found it. During the bloody wars between the Iroquois and the Europeans, tliis band of Indians were nl- 
 nav? peace-mi'.kers. Their two towns were walled, and remains of their works may yet be seen. Indian tribes at war 
 recDsnized them as neutral. Those coming from tlie West might enter the Western City, and those from the East tho 
 Easlcm City. The inhabitants of one city might Inform those of the oilier that war-parties had been there, but who 
 llicy were, or where from, ntnst never be mentioned. At length the inhabitants of the two cities quarreled, and one de- 
 ftraycd or dispersed the other.— Stickncy's lecture at Toledo, 184(1, quoted by Howe. 
 ' This view is from the northern side of Croghan Street, opposite the residence of Dr. J. W. Wilson. Tlie building 
 
 ffcn 111 the centre is the late residence of Honnrn- 
 WcJiicqiiee Ilurlburd. Croghan Street descends 
 in llie loft, to the business part of the village, and 
 lliih Street passes to the right. On the extreme 
 Ipfi.on IIi!;h Street, is seen a ham. This is just 
 lieyomi tlic southwest angle of the fort, where 
 Croghan placed a block-house. At the foot of the 
 bank 1)1) Croghan Street is the site of the ditch 
 ™opt by the six-pounder, and a little way cnst- 
 wrd from the comer of High Street is the place 
 
 TAUT OP shout's 
 
 8WORI)-8CA)lHABI). 
 
 where tho body of Lieutenant Colonel Short was 
 found, li' 1860, when the street and side-walk 
 were being iog.i'ated, the brass piece at the top 
 of a Bword-pcahliard was found upon that spot, 
 supjioscd to have belonged to Lieutenant Colonel 
 Short. It is now in the possession of Sardis Birch- 
 ard, Esq., of Fremont. 
 
 Tho ground occupied by Fort Stephenson be- 
 longs to Chester Edgerton, Esq. Tlic citizens have 
 manifested a laudable desire to purchase the prop- 
 
 erty, that it may be converted into a public square, and the site kept ft-ee from buildings. 
 ' The garrison named the ^\cce the Onnd Hens. It was taken to Pittsburg, where It remained nntil It was presented to 
 the Corporation of Lower Sandusky (Fremont) in ISWI. It was then nicely mounted as a fleld-plece, and is used on the 
 anniversary of the battle for salutes, and sometimes by political parties. Tho breech is somewhat mutilated, it having 
 l^en jpllicd by contending political parties at different times. It was carcfUlIy preserved in a small building on Cro- 
 etaD Street, l)etween Forest Street and the site of the fort. 
 
 ~ ■ ^ -^ 
 
 M i 
 
'■ * ■^ !i 
 
 Hi* ' 
 
 III 
 
 mr 
 
 608 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Works of Art. 
 
 Journey to Toledo. 
 
 General Harrison's Military Character assailed and vlndicatei 
 
 ghanvillo, on the eastern side of the Sandusky, and afterward to the place of Ball's 
 skirmish with the Indians, mentioned in Note 1, page 600. It was between the 
 dwelling of Mr. Villetti (the residence of Mr. Bircliard) and Mr. Piatt Brush on tlic 
 road from Fremont to Tiffin and Columbus. The oak-tree, with the hatchet-maiks! 
 stood on the west side of the road, near Mr. Brush's house. 
 
 At Mr. Villetti's I enjoyed the pleasure of seeing some valuable paintings belong- 
 ing to Mr. Birchard, among them the fine picture of The Dog and Dead Duck a, Avoik 
 of art of the Dusseldorf school that attracted much attention during the exliibitiou 
 in the Crystal Palace in New York in 1854. Leaving his attractive gallery, we re- 
 turned to the village, stopping on the way in the " Spiegel Wood," a lovely spot not 
 far from tlie banks of the winding Sandusky, where he was erecting an elegant sum- 
 mer mansion. 
 
 The day Avas now far spent. Dark clouds were gathering in the western sky, and 
 in that direction I was soon moving swiftly over the railway toward Toledo, tliinv 
 miles distant. I arrived at the " Oliver House," in that city, a few minutes before a 
 heavy thunder-storm burst i pon it and the surrounding country. On the followiin' 
 day I made the visit to Fort Meigs, up the Maumee Valley, already described on 
 p c^i 490 to 493 inclusive. 
 
 ! -i repulse of the British at Fort Stephenson, very little of importance oc- 
 currt he Northwest until the battle on Lake Erie, at near the middle of Septem- 
 
 ber, wilt, the aspect of aiFairs in that quarter was entirely changed. Harrison's re;;- 
 iilar force in the field did not exceed two thousand men, yet he considered them suf- 
 ficient for all present purposes. The din of a second invasion of the state had atraiii 
 aroused the people, and hundreds of volunteers had flocked to the field only to lie 
 again disbanded. These volunteers were ofiended. They regarded the action of tlie 
 general as an indication that he believed them to be, as soldiers, unworthy of his con- 
 fidence ; and their indignant officers, in published resolutions, attacked the niilitary 
 character of General Harrison, and declared that they would never again rally to Iiis 
 flag. His personal and political enemies joined in the hue and cry; and men sittiiis; 
 at home in ease, utterly ignorant of military affiiirs, assailed him with jeers as an im- 
 becile or a coward, because he did not, with his handful of regulars and a mass of 
 raw troops, push forward against Maiden and Detroit, before the tardily-buikliiii; 
 navy was completed. Misrepresentation followed misrepresentation, for the purpose 
 of poisoning the public mind. Fearing their cflTects, his general, field, and staft' officers, 
 " Angnst 14, fourteen in number,' held a niteting at head-quarters. Lower Seneca Town," 
 
 1*1^- and in an address to the public, drawn up by General Cass, they expressed 
 their entire confidence in the military abilities of their chief, and their belief that liis 
 coui-se " was such as was dictated by military wisdom, and by a due regard to cm' 
 circumstances and to the situation of the enemy." 
 
 Up to this time General Han-ison's efforts had been mainly directed to defensive 
 measures ; now, the fleet at Erie being nearly ready, and Captain Perry, who was to 
 command it, having received orders to co-operate with Harrison, the latter bent all 
 his energies to the creation of a well-ajjpointed army for another invasion of CaT'.ada. 
 Let us leave General Harrison for a while at his head-quarters at " Camp Seneca,'' 
 and consider the naval preparations to co-operate with him. 
 
 We have observed that General Huil's advice respecting the creation of a fleet on 
 Lake Erie, before attempting an invasion of Canada, was unheeded,'^ and that tlu 
 army of the Northwest was involved in disaster, and its commander was covcreil 
 with a cloud of disgrace. The event taught the rulers wisdom, and they profited by 
 
 ' General Cass ; ' oloncls Wells, Owlngs, Pnnl, ond Bartlctt ; Ltentenant Colonels Ball and Morrison ; M^ors ToiM, 
 Trigg, Smiley, Graham, Croghon, Ilnklll, and Wood. The gallant Croghan, in a special let'er on the 27th, silenced the 
 slanderers who were making political capital of Harrison's order for him to evacuate Fort Stephenson, and his dleok- 
 dience. "The measures recently adopted by him," wrote Croghan, "so far from deserving censure, are the dearest )nif» 
 of hit keen perutratimi and able generalship." » See page 251. 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 500 
 
 Captain Perry ordered to Lake Eric. 
 
 His Journey thither. 
 
 Preaqn' leie and Captain Dobbiue. 
 
 the lesson. They resolved to dispute the supremacy of the lakes with the British, 
 and to Commodore Chauncey was intrusted the necessary preparations. 
 
 During the summer and autumn of 1812, Captain Oliver II. Perry, of Rhode Island, 
 ii zealous naval officer twenty-seven years of age, was in command of a flotilla of gun- 
 boats on the Newport station. 11^ was very anxious for service in a wider field of 
 action — on the lakes or the broad ocean — where he might encounter the enemy and 
 win distinction. In November* he offered his services for the lakes ; and on • isi2. 
 tlie first of February following'' he received a cordial letter from Chauncey, in ' 1813- 
 which that gentleman said, "You are the very person that I want for a particular 
 service, in which you may gain reputation for yourself and honor for your country." 
 This service was the command of a naval force on Lake Erie. Perry was delighted ; 
 and his joy was complete when, on the 17th of the same month, he received ordei's 
 from the Secretary of the Navy to report to Commodore Chauncey, at Sackett's Har- 
 bor, with all of the best men of his flotilla in Narraganset Bay. Before sunset that 
 (lay he had dispatched Sailing-master Almy, with fifly men and officers, for the east- 
 ern shore of Lake Ontario. Two days afterward an- 
 other company of fifly men were sent to the same des- 
 tination, under Sailing-master Champlin ; and on the 
 •21st fifty more, under Sailing-master Taylor, left 
 Providence and followed their companions. Twen- 
 ty hours later Perry left his pleasant home in New- 
 port, with his little brother Alexander, then only 
 thirteen years of age, and was on his way in a sleigh. 
 He stopped part of a day at Lebanon, in Connecticut, 
 to visit his parents, and on the 26ch he met Chauncey 
 at Albany. They journeyed together northwardly 
 through the Wilderness, and arrived at Sackett's Har- 
 bor on the evening of the 3d of March. There Perry 
 remained a fortnight on account of an expected at- 
 tack by the British. The menaces of danger ceased, and the young commander was 
 ordered to proceed to Presqu' Isle (now Erie), and hasten the equipment of a little 
 squadron then in process of construction there.^ He arrived at Buffalo on the 24th, 
 
 ' Perry'8 house, a well-preserved mansion, stood, when the 
 writer sketched it In 1S48, on the south side of Wushingtou 
 Square, Newport, a few doors from Thames Street. It was a 
 spacious, square building, and was erected almost a century aijo 
 by Mr. Levi, a Jew. To that house Perry took his bride, a daugh- 
 ter of Dr. Mason, of Ne\vport, and there she lived a widow al- 
 most forty years. She died in February, 185S. 
 
 » Erie was chosen for this purpose on the recommendation of 
 Captain Daniel Dobbins, one of the most experienced naviga- 
 tors on Lake Eric. He suggested Its advantages as a place for 
 building gun-boats early In the autumn of 1S12. The bay being 
 completely land-locked, and its only entrance too shallow for 
 large vessels to enter, but deep enough for the egress of gun- 
 boats, he regarded it as the safest place on the lake for the con- 
 struction of small vessels. He was appointed sailing-master in 
 the navy at the middle of September, 1S12,* and received instrnc- 
 tions from the government to commence the ' ■♦'uctlon of gnu- 
 boats f.t Erie. On the 12th of December _ >rmed the De- 
 partment that, nnder the lead of Ebenezer Crosby, a good ship- 
 wright, and such honse-carpcntcrs as he could supply, he had 
 two of the gun-boats— 60 feet keel, IT feet beam, and 6 feet hold 
 —on the stocks, and would engage to have them all ready by the 
 time the ice was out of the lake. 
 
 rEBBV's BESninsrE.' 
 
 C^yO/vuU^ ]D a-^^trt^iy^^ 
 
 • On his return from Detroit ha wos sent by Qeneral David 
 Mead with dispatches to Washington. There he was summoned 
 to a Cabinet council, and was ftally interrogated concerning the 
 lakes. His opinions were received with deference ; and such was 
 the confidence of the Cabinet in his judgment that he was ap- 
 pointed sailing-master, and directed to construct gnu-boats at 
 Erie. 
 
 II i 
 
 1 
 
m I 
 
 M 
 It II 
 
 f 
 
 1 1 
 
 i* " ' ' -' i 
 
 
 !fiir 
 
 6ie 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Harbor of Erie or Prcsqa" IbIc. 
 
 History of the Locality. 
 
 Villnj;eofErie. 
 
 spent the next day in examining vessels on the stocks at the navy yard at Black 
 llock, then superintended by Lieutenant Pettigru, and made arrangements for liaviii" 
 stores forwarded to him. He pressed onward by land, and at an inn on the way he 
 was informed by the keeper, who had just returned from Canada, tliat the British 
 were acquainted with the movements at Erie, and would doubtless soon attempt to 
 penetrate the hal-bor, and destroy the naval materials collected there. 
 
 The harbor of Eric is a large bay, within the embrace of a low, sandy peninsula 
 that juts five miles into the lake, and a bluff of main land on which the pleasant vil- 
 lage of Erie, the capital of Erie County, Pennsylvania, stands. The peninsula has 
 sometimes been an island when its neck has been cleft by storms, and the harbor has 
 been entered from the west by small vessels. Within the memory of livinir men 
 Presqu' Isle (the peninsula) has been a barren sand-bank ; now it is covered by a 
 growth of young timber. It is deeply indented toward its extremity by an estuary 
 called Little Bay. The harbor is one of the finest on the lake when gained, but at 
 the period in question, and until lately, its entrance was by a shallow channel, tortu- 
 ous and difficult on account of sand-bars and shoals. Although Presqu' Isle Avas a 
 place of historic interest in colonial times,* it was an insignificant village in 1812, and 
 less than twenty years of age.^ Many miles of wilderness, or a very sparsely-popu- 
 lated country, lay betAveen it and the thick settlements ; and the supplies of every 
 
 Cnptnin Dobbins was nn efficient man and faithful officer. He was duly appointed a sailing-master in the navy, and 
 was highly esteemed by Commodore Perry. He was born in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, on the Bth of July, ijto, ami 
 first visited Erie, with n party of surveyors, in 1796. It was then a ivilderncss. He was there with General Wayne at 
 the time of his death. He settled there, and became a navigator on the lakes. He was at Mackinaw with his vcfscl 
 thcSiifina, when that place was captured by the Biitish in 1S12, and, with R. S. and William Held, of Erie, he was pa- 
 roled. At Detroit he was again made prisoner, and paroled unconditionally. He was very efBclcnt in fittliig out tli» 
 squadron at Erie, and in the expedition, under Commodore Sinclair, that attempted to retake Mackinaw. After the nar 
 he was in command of the Wanliingion, and in ISlC he conveyed troops in her to Green Bay. She was the first vessel, ex- 
 cept n canoe, that ever entered that harbor. A group of islands in that vicinity were named Dobblns's Islands In honor 
 of him. He was ordered to sea iu 1820, when he resigned his commission In the navy, but remained in the government 
 employment. In 1829 President Jackson appointed him commander of the revenue cutter /Jun/i, He left active senlce 
 iu 1849, and died at the age of almost eighty-one, February 29, 1850. The likeness of Captain Dobbins, given cii the pre- 
 ceding page, is from a portrait painted by Moses Billings, of Erie, when he was seventy-five years of age. 
 
 1 Here was erected one of the chain of French forts in the wilderness which first excited the alarm and jeiilonsy of 
 the English colonies in America and the government at home. The remains of the ramparts and ditches, seen In the 
 sketch on the opposite page, are very prominent upon a point overlooking the entrance to the harbor, which It com- 
 mands, and a deep ravine, through which Mill Creek flows, wltliin the eastern limits of the borough of Erie. The fort 
 is supposed to have been erected early in 1749, that being the year when the French sent armed emissaries thronghout 
 the Ohio Valley to drive off the English traders. It was constnicted under the direction of Jean Cceur (commonly writ- 
 ten Joucoire in history), an influential Indian agent of the French governor general of Canada. This was Intended 
 
 by the French for an important entrepot ofstip- 
 plles for the interior forts j but when Cauada passed 
 into the possession of the English, a hundred years 
 ago, the fort was abandoned, and fell Into decay. 
 General Wayne established a small garrison there 
 In 1794, and caused a block-house to he bnilt on 
 the bluflf part of Mill Creek, at the lake shore of 
 Garrison Hill. On his return as victor over the 
 Indians iu the Maumee Valley, he occupied a lo;; 
 house near the block-house. There he died of 
 gout, and, at his own request, was burled at the 
 foot of the flag-sti'^T. His remains were removed 
 to Radnor ChnrcU-yard, Pennsylvania, in ISW. 
 The block-house fell into decay, and. In the win- 
 ter of 1813-'14, another was built oil Its site ; nlsu 
 one on the Point of the Peninsnia of Presqu' Isle, 
 The former remained until 1863, when some mis- 
 creant burnt It. It was the last relic of the War 
 of 1812 in that vicinity. I am indebted to B.F. 
 Sloan, Esq., editor of the Brie Observer, for the ac- 
 companying sketch of the block-house, made by 
 Mr. Chevalier, of Erie. The view is fi-om the edge 
 of the water at the month of Mill Creek, just below the old mill. On the left Is seen the open lake, and on the right of 
 the block-house, where a small building Is seen, was the place of the flag-staff and Wayne's grave. 
 
 ' It was laid oat in ITOfi, when reservations were made of certain lots for the use of the United States. The first while 
 settler there ivas Colonel John Reid, fl-om Rhode Island, who built a log cabin, enlarged It, and called It the Presqu' We 
 Hotel, entertained travelers, soldiers, traders, speculators, and Indians, and laid the foundation of a large fortase. His 
 fson built the " Reld House," iu Krle, one of the finest hotels Iu the country out of the large cities. 
 
 WATME B BLOOK-aODBE AT ERIE. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 511 
 
 lOKeofErle. 
 
 at Black 
 31" liiiving 
 e way lie 
 le British 
 tteiupt to 
 
 peninsula 
 easant vil- 
 insula has 
 liavbor has 
 iviiiiT men 
 leered by a 
 an estuary 
 lied, but at 
 nnel, tortu- 
 Isle was a 
 .n 181 2, and 
 ivsely-popu- 
 es of every 
 
 In the navy, and 
 of July, I'TC, and 
 Icnernl Wayne at 
 V with his vessel, 
 r Erie, he was pa- 
 in flttlnK out the 
 w. After the war 
 he first vessel, ex- 
 i Islands in honor 
 1 the govcrnrociit 
 left active 6er\lce 
 given I'n the prc- 
 
 uiul Jeulonsy ot 
 _ hcs. Been in the 
 lor, which it com- 
 ofErie. Thefott 
 saries throughout 
 (commonly writ- 
 his was intended 
 entrepot of sup- 
 len Canada passed 
 a hundred years 
 id fell into decay, 
 ittll garrison tliere 
 sc to he hnilt on 
 ihc lake shore of 
 ^g victor over tlic 
 tie occupied a los 
 There he died ot 
 .■asi hurled at tlio 
 ins were removed 
 sylvania, in 1S«. 
 , and, in the win- 
 t oil its site; also 
 laofPresqu'lelc. 
 when some mis- 
 relic of the War 
 [indehted to B.F. 
 ...'tier, for the ac- 
 ;.hoHse, made by 
 Is from the edfc 
 id on the right lit 
 
 The first white 
 fit the Prr»q«' '* 
 Irgo fortune, nis 
 
 Pcrrj'9 Arrival ut Krle^ 
 
 Cuuatructlon of a Fleet begun. 
 
 Cascade Creek, and Block-bonse near. 
 
 yitW OF TUB BITE Of TUK FUE.NUU FUUT AND KMTBANOI TO KBIE IIAOUOB.' 
 
 kind but timber, for naval preparations, had to be brought from far-away places with 
 creat labor. Zeal and energy overcame all difficulties. 
 
 Perry arrived at Erie, as we have observed, on the 27th of March. He established 
 his quarters at Duncan's " Erie Hotel," and entered upon the duties of his important 
 errand by calling around him the employ6s of the government there. Much pre- 
 liminary work had al- 
 ready been done under 
 the direction of the 
 ouergetic Sailing-mas- 
 ter Dobbins and Noah 
 Blown, a shipwright 
 tVoni New York. For- 
 est-trees around Erie 
 li.id been felled and 
 iiewn ; the keels of two 
 twenty-gun brigs and 
 ;i clipper schooner had 
 been laid at the mouth 
 ofCascade Creek; 
 two gun -boats were 
 nearly planked up at 
 tlie mouth of Lee's 
 Run,hetween the pres- 
 ent Peach and Sassa- 
 fras Streets; and a 
 tiiird, afterward call- 
 
 .5»ff~-- 
 
 C'^^^. 
 
 MODTII OF GABOAUE OBEEK." 
 
 I This view of the entrance to Krle Harbor was taken from the site of the old 
 French Fort de la Presqu' Isle, mentioned in the note on the preceding page. The 
 mounds Indicating the remains of the fort are seen on the right, and near them, 
 ill the centre of the picture, is a small building used as a powder-house. On the 
 bluff on the extreme right is seen a little structure, indicating the site of the 
 block-house mentioned in the note on the preceding page, which is not far from 
 the present light-house. On the left, in the extreme distance. Is Presqu' Isle 
 Point, and in the water, piers that have been constructed for the Improvement of 
 the entrance channel, and a light-house. 
 
 » This is a view of the site of the navy yard at the month of the uascade Creek, 
 
 and of a portion of the harbor of Erie, made by the author early in September, 
 
 1800. The creek and the gentle cascade, which gives Its appropriate name, are 
 
 seen in the foreground. Beyond It, and the small boats seen in Its waters, is the 
 
 beach where the Laturenee, Xiagara, and Ariel were built. On the clay and gravel 
 
 bluflr at the extreme right, the fence marks the site of a block-house built to 
 
 protect the ship-yard, whose stout flag-staff, with cross-pieces for steps, served 
 
 as an observatory. From its top a Ml view of the lake over Presqn' Isle could 
 
 be seen. The lower part of the block-house was heavy, rough logs ; the upper, 
 
 or battery part, was made of hewn timber. 
 
 Ic the distance. In the centre of the picture, is seen the landing at Erie, and on the left the pier and llght-honse at the 
 
 entrance to the harbor. Just behind the bluff, in the distance, is the mouth of Lee's Rua, where the Poreupine and 
 
 njiTM were Imilt. The cascade is about flfteeu feet in perjiendlcnlar full In iU passage over a ledge of slate rock, and 
 
 1« alKint one mile from the public square lu Erie. 
 
 BI.OOK-UIHSK. 
 
 ! 
 
 
1:1 I 
 
 m 
 
 512 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A GaarJ at Erie. 
 
 Perry baateiis to Cbaarcey. 
 
 Eventa on the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 ctl Scorpion, waa just commenced. To guard against surprise and the destruction 
 of the vessels by the Britislj, a volunteer company of sixty men, under Captain Fos- 
 ter, had been organized. Captain Dobbins had also formed a guard of the ship-cai. 
 I)enter8 and other mechanics engaged on the vessels. 
 
 On the arrival of Sailing-master Tiiylor, on the 3d of March, with officers and mon 
 Perry hastened to Pittsburg to urge forward supplies of every kind for the comple. 
 tion and equipment of his little squadron. He had already ordered Dobbins to Ijuf. 
 • April 10, falo for men and munitions ; and on his return" ho was gratified to find that 
 
 ^^^^- faithful oflicer back and in possession of a twelve-pound cannon, four cliests 
 of small arms, and ammunition. The vessels, too, were in a satisfactory state of for- 
 wardness. They were soon off tlio stocks. Early in May the three smaller ones were 
 launched, and on the 24th of the same month the two brigs were put afloat.' 
 ' M 21 "^' sunset of tlie day before the launching of the brigs,'' Perry k-ft Erie in 
 an open four-oared boat, to join Chauncey in an attack upon Fort Geove at 
 the mouth of the Niagara River. Tlie commodore had promised him the command 
 of the marines in the enterprise. All night he buffeted the angry waves of Lake Erie 
 and arrived at Buffalo the next day. Perry was accompanied from Erie as far as 
 Lewiston by his faithful coadjutor, Captain Dobbins. From that point the latter was 
 sent back to Schlosser, to prepare boats for seamen who were to be sent up after tlic 
 reduction of Fort George, and to the Black Kock navy yard, to hasten the equipment 
 of some government vessels that were to join the growing squadron at Erie. 
 
 Fort George fell," Fort Erie was evacuated and burnt, and the British 
 abandoned the entire line of the Niagara River. This enabled Perry to take 
 safely from that stream ijito Lake Erie and the sheltering arms of Presqu' Isle five 
 vesselswhich Henry Eckford had prepared for warlike service, and Avhicli had been 
 detained belo^v Buffalo by the Canadian batteries. They were loaded Avith stores at 
 the Black Rock navy yard; and on tlie morning of the 6th of June, oxen, seamen, 
 and two hundred soldiers, under Captains Brevoort and Younge, who had been de- 
 tailed to accompany Perry to Erie, with strong ropes over willing shoulders com- 
 menced warping or "tracking" them up the swift current. It Avas a task of incredi- 
 ble labor, and occupied full six days. 
 
 The little flotilla'^ sailed from Buffalo on the 13th. Perry was in the Cakthin". 
 sick with symptoms of bilious remittent fever. Head Avinds prevailed. " Wo inadi 
 tAventy-fivo miles in tAventy-four hours," Avrpte Doctor Usher Parsons, Perry's sni- 
 geon, in Ms diary.^ It Avas not imtil the 19th that they entered the harbor of Erie, 
 just in time to avoid the little cruising squadron of the enemy under tlie gallant 
 Captain Finnis, of the Royal Navy, which had been on the look-out for them. Of 
 this Perry had been informed, on his way, by men in a small boat that shot out from 
 the southern shore of the lake, and he had prepared to fight. "When the last vessel 
 of the flotilla had crossed the bar at Erie, the squadron of the enemy hove in sicht 
 off Presqu' Isle Point.* Three or four days afterward the flotilla went up to the 
 mouth of the Cascade Creek, Avhere the tAvo brigs and a gun-boat lay. 
 
 Perry's fleet was completed and finished on the 10th of July; but, alas! be had 
 
 ' The timber for the veesels was fonnd on the spot. Their frames were made of white and black oak and chesliin!, 
 the onteide planking of oak, and the decks of pine. Many trees found their places as timber In the vessels on the veir 
 day when they were felled in the forest. 
 
 " It consisted of the prize brig Caledonia («ce page 3Sfl) ; the schooner Homers (formerly Catharine), carrying one loog 
 24 ! schooner Amelia (formerly Ti;iress), carrying one long 18 ; and schooner Ohio, carryiii.; one long 24 ; the sloop Con- 
 tractor (now called Trippe), carrying one long 18. The commanders of this flotilla,from Buffalo to Eric were Peirr, 
 Almy, Uoldnp, Darling, and Dobbins. 
 
 ' Doctor Usher Parsons, of Providence, Rhode Island, Is the last surviving commissioned officer of Perry's fleet. Iiiii 
 greatly indebted to him for many valuable contributions to this portion of my work, both oral and written, cspfcijlly 
 for the use of his diary kept daring the campaign of 1813. We shall meet him presently as the surgeon of Ihcioir- 
 reiuf, Perry's flag-ship, In the battle of the 10th of Sepfernber. 
 
 * This crnising squadron consisted of the ship Queen Clmrlotte, mounting IT gnns : the fine schooner Ladti Preml, 
 mounting 13 guns ; the brig Hunter, a smaller vessel of 10 gnns ; the schooner Little Belt, of 3 guns ; and the CMppKt, 
 of 1 gun. 
 
 ti 
 I 
 
 ! ■■!■ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 518 
 
 Brig Xaic twt to bo the Flag-nhlp. 
 
 Lnck of Men, 
 
 Perry's Earue«tne9> uud UnnelOiibneM, 
 
 Jnly 19. 
 
 only men enough to officer and man one of the brigs, and he was compelled to lie 
 idle in the harbor of Erie, an unwilling witness of the insolent menaces of the enemy 
 on the open lake. The brig that was to bear his broad pennant was named (by order 
 of the Secretary of the Navy, received on the 12th) LaxDrence, in honor of the gallant 
 captain of the Chesapeake^ who had just given his life to his country." The .jnnc, 
 other bris? was named Niagara, and the smaller vessels constructecl at Erie '^**- 
 ttcre called respectively Ariel (the clipper schooner), Porcujniie, and Tigress. But 
 what availed these vessels without officors and crews? The two hundred soldiers 
 lent as a guard for the flotilla on its voyage from ButTalo had been ordered back. 
 Only Captain lirevoort, who was familiar with the navigation of the lake, remained, 
 and he was assigned to the command of the marines of the Niagara. Perry was 
 sick and almost one fifth of his men were subjects for the hospital in the court-liouse, 
 under Doctor Horsley, or the one near the site of Wayne's block-house, under Doctor 
 Hoherts. And yet the government, remiss itself in furnishing Perry with men, was 
 aUIn" loudly upon him to co-operate with Harrison. Twice within four days he re- 
 (cfved orders to that eiFect from the Secretary of the Treasury.'' Ilarri- ^ 
 snii too, was 8endin<i; messages to him recounting the perils of the situation 
 iif his little array, f nd intelligence came that a new and powerful vessel, called Detroit, 
 ffus nearly ready for service at Maiden. This was coupled with the assurance that 
 the veteran Captain Robert II. Barclay, who had served with Nelson at Trafalgar, 
 had arrived with experienced officers and men, and was in chief command oi the hos- 
 tile squadron seen off Presqu' Isle. In the bitterness of a mortified spirit Perry 
 iviotc to Chauncey," his chief, saying, "The enemy's fleet of six sail are now 
 off the bar of this harbor. What a golden opportunity, if we had men ! 
 Their object is, no doubt, either to blockade or attack us, or to carry provisions and 
 re-enforcements to Maiden. Should it be to attack us, we are ready to meet them. 
 I am constantly looking to tlie eastward ; every mail and every traveler from that 
 iliiarter is looked to as the harbinger of the glad tidings of our men being on the way. 
 
 Give me men, sir, and I will acquire both for you and myself honor and glory 
 
 on this lake, or perish in the attempt. Conceive my feelings ; an enemy within strik- 
 ing distance, my vessels ready, and not men enough to man them. Going out with 
 those I now have is out of the question. You Avould not suffer it were you here. 
 Tliink of my situation : the enemy in sight, the vessels under my command more than 
 sufficient and ready to make sail, and yet obliged to bite my fingers with vexation 
 for want of men."' Again, on the 23d of July, when Sailing-master Champlin >'ad ar- 
 rived with seventy men. Perry wrote to Channcey : " For God's sake, and yours, and 
 mine, send me men and officers, and I will huve them all [the British squadron] in a 
 
 (lay or two. Commodore Barclay keeps just out of the reach of our gun-boats 
 
 The vessels are all ready to meet the enemy the moment they are officered and man- 
 ned. Oiu" sails are bent, provisions on board, and, in fact, every tiling is ready. Bar- 
 day has been bearding me for several days ; I long to be at him." Tlien, with the 
 most generous patriotism, he added, " However anxious I am to reap the reward of 
 the labor and anxiety I have had on this station, I shall rejoice, whoever commands, 
 to see this force on the lake, and surely I liad rather be commanded by my friend 
 i than by any other. Come, then, and the business is decided in a few hours." 
 
 Perry's importunities were almost in vain. Few and mostly inferior men came to 
 
 him from Lake Ontario, and, so far as the government was concerned, he was left to 
 
 I call them from the forest or the deep. When he gave Harrison the tnie reason for 
 
 failing to co-operate with him, the Secretary of the Navy reproved him for exposing 
 
 ' Two days aficrwnrd [.Tnly 81] the enemy were becalmed off the harbor, when Perry went ont with three gnn-boat* 
 from Cajcnde Creek to attaoi. him. Only a few shots were exchanged, at the distance of a mile. One of Perry's shots 
 Suck the mizzen-mast of the Qu«ett Charlotte. A breeze sprung np, and the enemy's sqnadron bore away to the open 
 
 like. 
 
 1 
 
 1 , 
 
 1; 
 '■ 1 
 
 
 '.,, . 
 
 Hi ^ 
 
 
 ^^^^^^BTii<^ ' 
 
 jk 
 
 ■V 
 
 Ek 
 
iij. 
 
 If' !! 
 
 I hi 
 
 fili 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Belatiunt ofC'hnuuccy iiud Perry. 
 
 Erie menaced. 
 
 Prepar«tlon« for nu AitMk. 
 
 his wt'iiknosH ; and when ho complained to Chaunccy of tho inferiority of the men 
 Bent to him — " a motley set, blacks, Boldiers, and boys" — he received from the irritated 
 commodoi-e a letter ho tilled with caustic but half-concealed irony, that ho felt con- 
 strained to ask for a removal from the station, because, as he alleged, he " could not 
 serve longer under an officer who had been so totally regardless of his feelingg."' a 
 nianly, generous letter from Chauncey soon afterward restored ^'le kindUness of fed- 
 ing between them. 
 
 In the mean time tho post of Erie had been Boriously menaced. General Porter at 
 Black Koi'k, sent word that the enemy were concentrating at Long Point on tin- 
 Canada shore of the lake, opposite Erie. At about the same time a hostile movement 
 was made toward Fort Meigs, and tho British fleet mysteriously disappeared. Ko 
 doubt was entertained of a design to attempt the capture of Erie, with the vessels 
 and stores, by a combined land and naval force. A panic was tho conseijuence. Tlie 
 families of many citizens fled with their valuables to the interior. Already a block- 
 
 house had been erected on the bluif east of (Cascade Creek to protect the ship-yard,- 
 and a redoubt mounting three long twelve-pounders had been planted on the heiglits 
 (now called Garrison Hill), near the present light-house, and named J^ort Waynu. 
 Barracks had been erectefl u the village,^ and a regiment of Pennsylvania militia 
 were encamped near Fort ^^ ayne. The vessels were as well manned as possible, and 
 boats rowed guard at tho entrance to the harbor. But these means of defense were 
 not considered sufficient, and Perry called on Major General David Mead, of Mead- 
 ville, to re-enforce the troops with his militia. This was done,* and in the course ofa 
 few days upward of fifteen hundred soldiers were concentrated at a rendezvous near. 
 But an invasion from the lake was not attempted, owing, as was afterward ascertain- 
 ed, to the difficulty of collecting a sufficient number of troops in time at Long Point. 
 At the close of July Perry had about three hundred eifective officers and men at 
 
 ' Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, dated on board the Lawrence, at Eric, August 10, 1813. 
 
 > See note 2, page 511. 
 
 ' These occupied a portion of the space now bonnded by Third and Fifth and State and Sassafrne Streets. Th«( 
 objects and locnlllies, and others, are indicated on the above map, in the constrnction of which I nclsnowledge jld 
 kindly afforded mo by Giles Sanford, Esq., of Erie. The public square is indicated by the white space on the village 
 plan, and the court-house by the shaded square within it. 
 
 * Doctor Parsons wrote in bis diary, under date of Augnst 1, 1818, "General Head, of Headville, arrived two ortbrw : 
 days afro, and, with his suite, came on board the Laurence under a salute of thirty-two guns." 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 016 
 
 fuugt of V«Mel» over Krie Bar. FIrrt Crulie of Perry'i Fleet. 
 
 Re^enforcements nnder Captain Elllolt. 
 
 gric with which to man two 20-giin brigs and eight smaller veHscls. The enemy 
 jj^jppeared ."••'' *-o lake was calm. lie was so restive umler the bearding of Bar- 
 ilav and the chafing from superiors, that he resolved with these to go out upon the 
 lake and try the fortune of war. On Sunday, tho first of August, he moved his flo- 
 tilla down to the entrance of the harbor, intending to cross early the next morning. 
 'file lake was lower than usual, and the squadron would not float over the bar. Even 
 the smaller vessels had to be lightened for the purpose, and at one time it was con- 
 sidered doubtful whether the Lawrence and Niagara could be taken otit of the har- 
 l,or at all. The flag-ship was tried first. Her cannon, not " loaded and shotted," as 
 the historians have said (for they had been discharged in saluting General Mead), 
 «cre taken out and placed on timbers on the beach, while the Niagara and smaller 
 vessels lay with their broadsides toward the lake forlicr protection, iu the event of 
 tiie reappearance of Barclay.* 
 
 By means of " camels"^ the Lawrence was floated over on the morning of the 4th, 
 and by two o'clock that day her armament was all on board of her, mounted and prc- 
 iiiircd for action. The Niagara was taken over in the same way with very little 
 (rouble, and the smaller vessels reached the deep water outside* without . Angust ^ 
 much difficulty. The labor of this movement had been exciting and ex- ^^'*' 
 hausting, and the young commander scarcely slept or partook of food during the 
 four days. The enemy was expected every moment. Should he appear while the 
 tliitilla was on the bar, H might be lost. Fortunately, Commodor.. liarclay's social 
 wiakness — the inordmate love of public festivities — j)rolonged his absence, and his 
 sniadron did not heave in sight until the 6tli, just as the Niagara M'as safely moving 
 into deep water.^ The Ariel, Lieutenant Packet, and Scorpion, Sailing-master Cham- 
 iiHii, were sent out boldly to engage and detain the squadron. Barclay was surprised 
 at this movement, and ]K;rceiving that his golden opportrnity was lost, he bore away 
 toward Long Point. The whole of Perry's flotilla was in perfect preparation before 
 night. That evening it weighed anchor," and stood toward Long Point 
 on its first cruise. Perceiving no farther use for the militia, who were anx- 
 ious to get into their harvest-fields, General Mead discharged them, and the aimed 
 citizens of Erie resumed their accustomed avocations. 
 
 Perry cruised between Erie and the Canada shore for two or three days, vainly 
 searching for the enemy, who had gone to INIalden to await the completion of the 
 Detroit, a ship that would make the British force superior to that of the Americans. 
 But the latter now received accessions of strength. On the 9th the squadron was 
 joined at Erie by Captain Jesse D. Elliott,* who brought M'ith him about one hundred 
 officers and superior men. With these he manned the Niagara and assumed com- 
 mand of her. Thus re-enforced, Perry resolved to sail up the lake and report himself 
 ready to co-operate with Harrison. 
 
 The squadron left Erie on the 12tli° in double column, one line in regular ' August. 
 battle order,' and rendezvoused in an excellent harbor called Put-in-Bay,'' " Auguat is. 
 
 • 
 
 1 MamiBcript corrections of the text of M'Kenzle's Life qf Perry, by Captain Daniel Dobbins, who assisted .,n the 
 
 EOTeraent. I am indebted for the use of these notes to his son, Captain W. W. Dobbins, of Erie, Pennsylvania. 
 
 i 1 A "camel" Is a machine invented by the Dutch for carrying vessels over shallow places, as bars at tlie entrance of 
 
 I hu!wr«. It is a huge box or kind of scow, so arranged that water may be let in or pumped out at pleasure. One of 
 
 ihem is placed on each side of a vessel, the wafer let In, and the camels so snnkcn that, by means of ropes nnder the 
 
 keel and windlasses, the vessel may be placed so that beams may bear it, resting on the camels. The water iu the 
 
 j tsnieli is then pnraped out, they float, and the vessel, raised by them, Is carried over the shallow place. 
 
 ' Captahi Dobbins, in his MS. notes on M'Kenzle's Life qf Commodore Perry, says that the citizens of Port Dover, a 
 
 saisll village on Ryason's Creek, a little below Long Point, in Canada, oflTered Commodore Barclay and his officers a 
 
 I [ubllc dinner. The invitation was accepted. While that dinner was being attended Perry was getting his vessels over 
 
 I the bar, and thereby acquired power to successfully dispute the supremacy of Lake Erie with the British. At the din- 
 
 jner Captain Barclay remarked, in response to a complimentary toasts "I expect to And the Yankee brigs hard and fast 
 
 I on ihe bar at Erie when I return, in which predicament it will be but a smf.U Job to destroy them." Had Barclay been 
 
 limmlndfnl of duty, his expectations might have been realized. Captain Dobbins makes this statement on the au- 
 
 jihoriiyofan old lake acquaintance, Mr. Ryasou, who was at the dinner. ♦ See page .188. 
 
 • Penj's nsgregato force of officers and men was less than four hundred. His squadron was composed as follows: 
 
 Ir 
 
 I. 
 
 ' I 
 
» ^!l 
 
 i 
 
 sie 
 
 I'ICTOUIAL FlKLU-nOOK 
 
 bUndi aronnd Pnt-ln-Bny, 
 
 HtrrUon vlilU Parry on hti Fl«g-*hlp. 
 
 BIcknni In the V\m. 
 
 formed by ii proup of iHliuuls known as the North, AliihUo, and South Huhr, Put-jn. 
 Bay, Siij:jiir, (iihraltar, and Strontian,' and nuiucrous wmall iHlotB, Home of tluin con. 
 taining not more than lialf an aero. These lie ott'Port Clinton, the eapital ofOttuw i 
 County, Ohio. Nothint; wan Been of the enemy ; and on the following day, towanl 
 evening, the wiuadron weighed anchor and sailed ft)r Sandusky Bay, when a straiii'. 
 eail was discovered ott" Cunningham (now Kelly) Island by Champlin, of du. ,sv„,.. 
 pion, who liad been sent out as a sort of scout. lie signaled and gave oliaxc i',,|. 
 lowed for u short time by tlie whole sijuadron. It was a British sehoontT reconnoi. 
 tring. She eluded her pursuers by darting among the islands that form I'ut-in Hnv 
 under cover of the night. A heavy storm of wind and rain came with the darkness 
 The Scorjiion j)artly grounded, the schooner ran ashore in the gale, and the ^(luadrnii 
 lay at anchor all night.^ On the following morning the point of the peiiiiiMiiJa oti' 
 Sandusky Bay was reached, when Perry fired signal-guns, according to agrecnicnt \» 
 ap[)riBc Harrison at his quarters at Camp Seneca of his j)resencc. That eveninu ('(,i. 
 onel E. P. Gaines, Avitli a few officers and a guard of Indians, appeared on board iIk 
 Lmcrence, and informed Perry that Harrison, with eight thousand men — militia ric- 
 ulars, and Indians — was only twenty-seven miles distant. Boats were innncdiatclv 
 dispatched to bring the general and his suite on board. lie arrived late in the even- 
 ing of the 19th, during a heavy rain, accompanied by his aids, M'Arthur and Cass, 
 and other officers composing his staff, and a large number of soldiers and Indians, 
 twenty-six of the latter being chiefs of the neighboring tribes, whose friendship it 
 was thought important to maintain. The plan of the campaign was then anani;eil 
 • AugiiBt, by the two commanders. The 20th,'' a bright and beautiful day, was spent 
 18111. ju reconnoitring Put-in-Bay, with the view of concentrating the army tlieu 
 for transportation to Maiden, and on the 21st the general returned to his camp. 
 
 Ah Harrison ns not quite ready for 
 
 ' AngiiM 
 
 ^ZtijHe^ 
 
 the forward ' uent. Perry 
 
 sailed'' on a )itring ex- 
 
 pedition toward Maiden, first ordcrinff tin 
 ever-trusty Captain Dobbins to hasten 
 with the Ohio to Erie on the important 
 e"rand of procuring additional stores. He 
 found the enemy within the mouth of the 
 Detroit River. The new vessel had not 
 yet joined the squadron, and he rcsolvi 1 
 to strike a bold blow. Unfavorable wind- 
 made the measure very perilous ; and be- 
 fore the elements were pro])itious he was 
 prostrated by an attack of bilious remit- 
 tent fever, then very prevalent in the 
 squadron. His surgeon and chaplain, 
 and his young brother Alexandtr, who 
 had accompanied him from Rhode Island, 
 were also severely ill, and the assistant 
 surgeon. Doctor Parsons, was too weak 
 from a similar attack to walk.^ Tlie en- 
 terprise was abandoned for the time, ami 
 
 ryatrrerue, commanded by Commodore Perry; Niagara, Captain Elliott; CatefoiWn, Pnreer M'Orath; Ariel, Llcntenanl : 
 I'ackct; Sarnert, Salltug-maBter Almy; Tirrrem, Master'g-mate M'Donald; Soorpion, Sailing-maBter Champlln; hra- \ 
 pirn, Midshipman Senat ; Ohio, Sailing-master Dobbins ; TripjMt, Lieutenant Smith. 
 
 I So named becanee of the quantity of that mineral found there. 
 
 ' I'arsons's Diary, MS. statement of Captain Champlln, communicated to the Author. 
 
 ' "Though 80 111 as to be incapable of wnlking," gays M'Kenzle, "with a humane self-devotion most honorable to 1 
 hhn, be continued to attend at the bedside oi the sick, to which he was carried, aud to prescribe for them, not oiil;oii i 
 
OF Tllli WAR OF 1813. 
 
 »17 
 
 «• III the Vim 
 
 |'ut.|ii-B»r- 
 
 A Rsconnoliunca bjr Parry. 
 
 The Clrcum>peetlon oftba Britlih eominapiter. 
 
 Ih ; Ariel, LicnltMit 
 %t Cliamplin; ft'«- \ 
 
 oil the 27tli,* ftt c'itcht oVIock in tlio ovoiiing, the Bqundron ngnin nncliorocl • Aneuiit, 
 ill I'lit-iii-Hiiy. Tlicrc, on tlu^ 31»t, IVrry rcccivctl from Harrison n tf-cn- '""'• 
 
 ruT-iN-iur. 
 
 forccment of thirty-six men, to act as marines and supply the i)lace8 of some of the 
 
 sii'k. 
 
 At the end of a week's confinement !*( rry gave orders for another cruise, and on 
 the first of September the sqiiadron Meighed anchor and sailed again for ]Malden, 
 where he challenged Barclay, who did not then choose to respond, but, under shore 
 l)attcries, lay securely and unmoved. On the following morning Perry sailed for 
 Siiiuliisky Bay, to communicate with General Harrison, and then, with his whole 
 «(luiulron, returned to anchorage in Put-in-Bay.^ 
 
 luiard of the Laierenee, but of the smaller vessclg, bein^ lifted for the purpose In his cot, and the sick brought on deck 
 (ir tils prescriptions."— iy« nf I'ernj, i., 203. 
 
 r»hcr Parsons was born at Alfred, Maine, on the 18th of August, 1T88. Ho chose the medical profession as a life- 
 l-ur»ult, and Btiidicd with Dr. John Warren, of Cambridge, Massachnsctts. On the promulgatlim of the declaration of 
 war ht entered the navy as surgeon's mate. lie volunteered to accompany Perry to Lake Erie with the crow of the 
 John .\dams. In the battle on Lake Eric, described In the next chapter, he was on the flng-ship Latrmiee as acting 
 snrcfon, his Biiperlor being too 111 to attend to his duties. Indeed, the duties of both Dr. Barton and Dr. Ilorseley 
 devolved on Dr. Parsons wlien the battle was over. Speaking of him In a letter to the Secretary of the Navy, Perry 
 (ail lean only say tliut In the event of my having another command,! should consluer myself particularly fortu- 
 iialc m having him with me as a surgeon." In 1814 he served on the upper lakes under Commodore Sinclair, At 
 the request of Perry, Parsons became the snrgeon of the new frigate Java, 44, commanded by the hero of Laka Erie. 
 After ten years' service In the navy he retired, settled as a physician and surgeon in Providence, Rhode Island, wa.t 
 professor In Brown University and other colleges, president of the Rhode Island Medical Society, and first vice-presi- 
 dent of the National Medical Society. In 1822 he married a daughter of Rev. Dr. Holmes, of Cambridge, the author of 
 \U Anml» ({f America. She died three years afterward, bearing one son. Dr. Charles W. Parsons, now [1S6T] president 
 of the Rhode Island Medical Society. Dr. Parsons is the enthor of several medical works and historical discourses, and 
 jvvcll-wrlttcn Li/e of Sir William Pepjtereii, liart. Dr. Pirsons is stUl [180T] In the enjoyment of perfect physical and 
 mental health, at the ago of seventy-nine years. 
 
 I Pul-in-Bay Harbor is on t'.ie north side of Put-in-Bay Island, one of the largest of the group of aboat twenty In that 
 neighborhood. The view of the harbor from Pat-ln-Bay Island, given above, is from a drawing made on the spot, in 
 September, 185!), by Captain Van Cleve, a veteran Lake Ontario steam-boat commander, who kindly presented it to me. 
 llirectly In front is seen Oibraltar Island, and the place of "Perry's Look-out," delineated In the little picture at the 
 lednning of the next chapter. Is Indicated by the flag. The smoke In the distance points out the place of the battle, 
 ten itiilcs In a northwardly direction from Put-In-Bay. The Bass Islands are seen on the right, and Rattlesnake Island 
 tn the left. The beaches of all are chiefly of white pebbles. The view is from Pat-iu-Bay Island, near the landing. 
 
 ■fei a 
 
101^' 
 
 518 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Perry's Antagonist in Sight. 
 
 Preparations for Bnttle. 
 
 Rcndczvoiis at Put-in-Bay. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV, 
 
 " September the tenth ftill well I ween, 
 lu eighteen hundred and thirteen, 
 The weather mild, the eky serene. 
 
 Commanded by bold Perry, 
 Onr saucy fleet at anchor lay 
 In safety, moor'd at Put-in-Bay ; 
 'Twixt sunrise and the break of day. 
 The British fleet 
 We chanced to meet; 
 Our admiral thought he would them greet 
 
 With a welcome on Lake Eric."— Old Soaa. 
 
 i-Sjc-^ AIL ho!" were the etirring words that rang out loud and clear 
 from the mast-head of tlie Lawrence on the warm and pleasant 
 morning of the 10th of September, 1813, That herald's pioc- 
 lamation was not unexpected to Perry, Five days before lie 
 had received direct and positive information from Maiden that 
 Proctor's array were so short of provisions that Barclay was 
 preparing to go out upon the lake, at all liazards, to open a com- 
 munication with Long Point, the chief deposit of supplies llir 
 the enemy on the banks of the Deti'oit River. Perry had made preparations accord- 
 ingly ; and, day after dny, from the rocky heights of Gibraltar Island, now known as 
 
 " Perry's Look-out," he had 
 pointed his glass anxiously 
 in the direction of ^lakleii.' 
 On the evening of the 9th 
 he called around him the offi- 
 cers of his squadron, ami 
 gave instructions to each in 
 writing, for he was determ- 
 ined to attack the enemy at 
 his anchorage the next dav 
 if he did not come out. His 
 plan was to bring on a close 
 action at once, so as not to 
 lose the advantage of his 
 short carronades. To cadi 
 vessel its antagonist on thi' 
 British side was assigned, 
 the size and character of 
 PEHBY's J.00K-ODT, QiBBALTAtt IS-.AND, I'UT-iN-iiAY." thcm haviug bccn commuiii- 
 
 ' Perry also kept two of thr- smaller vessels as look-outs in the vicinity of the Sister* Islands. 
 
 » This little picture is ftom ■» painting made on the spot by Miss C. L. Ransom, who kindly permitted me to copy 
 it (sec pace B06). "Perry's Look-out" is on t.ie left, and is composed of limestone piled about fifty feet above tbe wa- 
 ter. In front is a natural arch. On the uumrait is a representation of a monument jjroposcd to be creeled then', of 
 which the comer-etone was laid several years ago with imposing ceremonies. On the left nre seen the griivcs of wrnic 
 sailors who died of choiera. In the middle is seen Rattlesnake Islard. On the right, in the extreme distnncc, ia N'nnh 
 BasK Island, and between tlie two ir, lie pissoge toward Detroit The Middle Bass is also seen on the rlpht. Tliisis 
 a faithful copy of Miss RaDdom's picture, with the exception of tt ue. It has been made a moonlight eccuc, forcfTcci, 
 instead of a day'ight one. 
 
 Near the site of the propcseJ monument. Jay Cooke, an eml.ient banker, ha" a fine dwelling, oisd on the fonndatloi! 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 519 
 
 Perry's Battle-flag. 
 
 Ilia final Instracttona. 
 
 The British Fleet in Sight. 
 
 I on the foondJtlons 
 
 cated to him by Captain Brevoort,' whose family lived in Detroit. The Lawrence 
 was assigned to the Detroit ; the Niagara to the <^ueen Charlotte, and so on ; and 
 to each officer he said, in substance, Engage your an+ajronist in close action, keeping 
 on the line at half-cable length from the vessel of our squadron ahead of you. 
 
 It was about ten o'clock when the conference ended. Tue moon was at its full, 
 and it was a splendid autumn night. Just before they parted. Perry brought out a 
 large square battle-flag, which, at 
 his request, Mr. Hambleton,^ the 
 purser, had caused to be privately 
 prepared at Erie. It was blue, 
 and bore, in lai-ge letters, made of 
 white muslin, the alleged dying 
 words of the gallant commander 
 of the Chesapeake, " don't give 
 vp THE SHIP !" "When this flag 
 shall be hoisted to the main-royal 
 mast-head," said the commodore, 
 " it shall be your signal for going 
 into action." As the officers Avere 
 leaving, he said, " Gentlemen, re- 
 member your instructions. Nel- 
 son has expressed my idea in the 
 words, ' If you lay your cncray 
 (lose alongside, you can not be out 
 of your place.' Good-night." 
 
 The cry of " Sail ho !" was soon 
 followed by signals to the fleet of 
 "Enemy in sight;" "Get underweigb ;" and the voices of the boatswains sounding 
 through the squadron and echoing from the shores the command, " All hands up 
 ;, I'hor, ahoy !" At sunrise the British vessels were all seen upon the northwestern 
 horizon — 
 
 i DO NT GIVE UP 
 THE SHIP 
 
 PEHBY'S BATTLE-FI.AG.' 
 
 " Six barques trnined for buttle, the red flag displaying, 
 By Bniclny commanded, their wings wide outspread, 
 Forsake tlieir strong-hold, on broad Erie essaying 
 To meet with that foe they so lately did dread."— Old Ballad. 
 
 A light wind was blowing from the southAvest. Clouds came upon it from over the 
 Uhio wilderness, and in p-issing dropped a light shower of rain. Soon the sky be- 
 cime serene, and before ten o'clock, when, by the aid of the gentle breeze in beat- 
 
 jircpared for that monument he caused to be erected, II ISOfl, a small one, composed of yellowish limestone. It is abont 
 ten feet in height, and sormounted by a bronze vase for flowers. On its sides arc naval devices of the same metal. 
 
 ' Henry Brevoort, of New York, was commissioned Second Lieutenant in Third Infantry In ISOl. He commanded 
 transports on Lake Erie, and in May, 1811, was promoted to caiitain. He distinguished himself In the battle of Ma^jua- 
 ;a (sec page 279), and also as commander of marines lu the Niagara In the battle of Lake Erie. He received a silver 
 meiliil for his gallantry there. He was promoted to major in 1814, and was disbaided in 1816. In 1822 he was made 
 Inited Klnlcs Indian Agent at Green 'Bay .—QauXnar's Dictiotutry nf tlf. Army. 
 
 'Samuel llamblcton was a native of Talbot County, Marylai " where he was bom .n IT"",. He was first a merchant, 
 then a clerk In the Navy Department, and in 180« was appointed purser in the navy. After the battle of Lake Kri j, the 
 officers and crews of the American eqpadron appointed him prhe agent, and more than $200,000 passed throu/,'h his 
 hanils. lie left the lake in 1814, and performed good service afloat and ashore tor many years. He died at h's reei- 
 denre In Maryland, near St. Michael's, called " Perry's Cabin," Jannary IT, 1861. 
 
 = This Is a picture of the flag as seen In the Trophy Room of the Saiiltary Fair In the City of New York in the month 
 of .\pr;i, 19(!4. It is between eight and nine feet sqnare. The form of the letters is preserved in the engraving. They 
 are about a foot in length, anO might be seen at a considerable distance. 
 The ftjllowlng lines, in allusion to this flag, are from a fine poem on Tht Hero nfhake ErU, by Henry T. Tnckerman, 
 Esq.: 
 
 "Behold the chieftain's glad, prophetic smile, 
 As a new banner he unrolls the while ; 
 Hear the gf; y shout of his elated crew 
 When the dear watchword hovers to their view, 
 And Lawrence, silent in the arms of death. 
 Bequeathe deflauce with his latest breath I" 
 
Ml 
 
 m ^ 
 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
 620 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Perry's Detormination to flght. 
 
 NnmcB and Character of the opposing Vessels. 
 
 Signal for Bntilc. 
 
 ing and strong arms with oars, the squadron had passed out from the labyrinth of 
 islands into the open lake, within five or six miles of the enemy, not a cloud was 
 hanging in the firmament, nor a fleck of mist was upon the waters. It was a spkn. 
 did September day. 
 
 Perry was yet weak from illness when the cry of" Sail hoi" was repeated to him 
 by Lieutenant Dulaney Forrest. That announcement gave him strength, and the ex- 
 citement of the hour was a tonic of rare virtue. The wind was variable, and lie 
 tried in vain to gain the weather - gage of the enemy by beating around to the wind- 
 ward of some of the islands. He was too impatient to fight to long brook tlie wasto 
 of precious time in securing an advantage so small with a wind so light. "Run to 
 the leeward of the islands," he said to Taylor, his sailing-master.' "Then you will 
 have to engage the enemy to leeward," said that ofiicer, in a slightly remonstrant 
 manner. "I don't care," quickly responded PeiTy; "to windward or to leeward 
 they shall fight to-day." The signal to Avear ship followed immediately, Avhcn the 
 wuid shifted suddenly to the southeast, and enabled the squadron to clear the isl- 
 ands, and to keep tlie weather - gage. Perceiving this, Barclay hove to, in close or- 
 der, and awaited Perry's attack. His vessels, newly pauited and with colors flying, 
 made an imposing appearance. They were six in number,^ and bore sixty-three car- 
 riage-guns, one on a pivot, two swivels, and four howitzer.-?. Perry's squadron num- 
 bered nine vessels, and bore fifty-tour carriage-guns and two swivels.^ Barclay had 
 thirty-five long guns to Perry's yf/'/ccw, and possessed greatly the advantage in action 
 at a distance. In close action, tlie weight of metal was Avith the Americans, and for 
 that reason Perry had resolved to close upon the enemy at once. The British com- 
 mander had one hundred and fifty men from the royal navy, eighty Canadian sailors, 
 tAvo hundred and forty soldiiMs, mostly regul.ars, and some Indiii.-.s. His Avhole force, 
 oflicers and men, Avas a little more than five hundred. The American commander 
 had upon his muster-roll four hundred and ninety names. Of these the bearers of 
 one hundred and sixtitu Avere sick, and most of them too Aveak to go upon deck. 
 About one fourth of Perry's crew were from Rhode Island ; one fourth were regular 
 seamen, American and foreign ; about one fourth were raw volunteers, chiefly from 
 Kentucky ; and about another fourth Avere negroes. 
 
 At a little past ten o'clock Perry's line Avas formed accordhig to the plan arranged 
 the previous evening, the Niagara in the van. The Lawrence Avas cleared for ac- 
 tion, and the battle-flag, bearing the Avords" don't give up the ship," in letters large 
 enough, as Ave have observed, to be seen by the Avhole squadron, Avas brought out 
 and displayed. Tlie commodore then addressed his officers and crew a fcAV stirring 
 wo'"ds, and concluded by saying, " My brave lads ! this flag contains the last Avoids 
 of Captain Lawrence. Shall I hoist it?" "Ay, ay, sir!" they all sl">uted, as Avith 
 one voice, and in a moment it Avas run up to the main-royal mast-head of the flag- 
 ship, amid cheer after cheer, not only from the Laicrence, but the Avhole squadron. 
 It Avas till' signal for battle. 
 
 ' William Vlgcron Taylor was of French descent, lie was n captain in the merchant service, and entered that of tbe 
 navy under Perry as sailing-master. Perry esteemed him highly, and made him Bailing-master ofhls flag-ship on Liko 
 Eric. He rendered efficient service in the fitting out of the squadron. In the battle on the 10th of Septemher he re- 
 ceived a wound In the thigh, but kept the deck until the closi;. On the return of the Lawrence to Erie, Mr. Taylor wa< 
 Hcnt with dispatches to Chaunccy. In 1S14 he was commissioned a lieutenant in the navy. lie was promoted to com- 
 mander in 1S31, and to post captain in 1841. He commai'-'ed the sloops Warren and Erie In the Gulf of Mexico. After 
 his promotion to post captain he was placed in command of the ship-of-thc-line Ohio, and took her around Cape Horn to 
 the Pacific. He was then sixty-eight years of age. On the 11th of February, 1S61, he died of apoplexy, in tbe sevent.v- 
 eighth year of his age. 
 
 It is proper here to mention that most of the biographical sketches of the oflScers of Perry's squadron contained In 
 tills chapter arc compiled from a paper on the subject from the pen of Dr. Usher Parsons, published In the Sew England 
 Hixtnriml and Oenealortieal Refiinter for Janriarij, 188,1. 
 
 ' These were as follows: Ship Detroit, 10 gun?, 1 in pivot, and 2 howitzers; ship Queen Charlotte, 17, and 1 howitzer; 
 schooner Ladtj Prevont, 13, and 1 howitzer ; brig Hunter, 10 ; sloop Litlte Belt, 3 ; and schooner Chippewa, 1, and 2 swivel*. 
 
 ' These were as follows: Brig TAiu)renee,W guns; brig Niagara, iO : brig Caledonia, S ; schooner Ariel, 4; schooner 
 iSanrpion, 2, and 2 swivels ; sloo]) Trippe, 1 ; schooner Tigrem, 1 j and schooner Poraipint, 1. The Ohio, Captain Dob- 
 bins, had gone to Erie for supplies, and was not in the action. 
 
■555 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 521 
 
 Perry's Care for his Men. 
 
 Change In the Order of Battle. 
 
 Blofiraphlcnl Sketch of Perry. 
 
 OUVliB U. I'iiUUV.' 
 
 .As the dinner-hour would occur at 
 the probable time of acti<)n, the thought- 
 ful Perry ordered refresliments to be dis- 
 tributed, Tiie decks were then wetted 
 and sprinkled with sand so that feet 
 should not slip when blood should begin 
 to tlow. Then every man was placed 
 in proper position. As the squadron 
 moved slowly and silently toward the 
 enemy, with a gentle breeze, at the rate 
 of less than three knots, the Niagara, 
 Captain Elliott, leading the van, it was 
 discovered that Barclay had made a dis- 
 position of his force that required a 
 change in Perry's prescribed order of 
 battle. It was instantly made, and the 
 American squadron moved to the at- 
 tack in the order best calculated to cope 
 with the enemy. Barclay's vessels were 
 The flag-ship Detroit, 
 
 near together. 
 
 1 Oliver Hazard Perry was born in South Kinf;sli>u, Rhode Island, on the 23d of Angnst, 1785. His father was then 
 1 the naval service of the United States, lie entered the navy as midshipman at the age of rtfteen years, on board the 
 
 «loop-of-warffim«-al Oreene, when war 
 with France seemed inevitable. Ha 
 6rsl saw active service before Tripoli, 
 m the squadron of Commodore Preble. 
 He was coinraiesioned a lieutenant In 
 KIO, and placed in command of the 
 •chooner Hecenffe, attached to Com- 
 modore Eodgcrs's squadron In Long 
 Island Sound. She was wrecked, but 
 liis conduct in saving public property 
 was highly applauded. Early in 1812 
 he was placed in command of a flotil- 
 la of gnn-boats In Newport Harbor. 
 .\lter his victorious battle on Lnlie 
 Erie in 1813, he was promoted to post- 
 captain, and at the close of the war be 
 was placed in command of the Java, 
 41, a flrst-class frigate, and sailed with 
 Decatur for the Mediterranean Sea, 
 
 VIEW Of 11., 
 
 On his return, while his vessel was 
 lying in Newport Harbor, In mid-wlu- 
 ter, a fearful storm arose. He heard 
 of the wreck of a merchant vessel upon 
 n reef six miles distant. He Immedi- 
 ately manned his barge and said to his 
 crew, " Come, my boys, we arc going 
 to the relief of shipwrecked seamen ; 
 pull away !" He rescued eleven almost 
 exhausted seamen h'om death. 
 
 On account of piracies in the West 
 Indies, the United States government 
 delcri. iued to send a little squadron 
 til lor the protection of American 
 comnicrce. Perry was assigned to the 
 command of It, and In 1810 he sailed 
 m the John Adams, accomp 'ed by 
 itii' yonmich. In Aiil'u ( .;is at- 
 tacked by the yellow fi , ai on his 
 birthday (August 23d) he expired, .r 'ho agi- of thirly-foiir year.-^. He was bur- 
 led at Port Spain, Triuldad, witl itary honors. Uti (u ah prodncp'l a most 
 profound sensation throughout the Uni! 1 Stales, tor it » regarded i- a great 
 public calamity. Tributes 
 of national grief were dis- 
 played, and the Congress of 
 the United States made a 
 liberal provision for his fam- 
 ily, and his mother, who 
 was dependent on him for 
 support. In 1820 his remains 
 were conveyed from Trini- 
 dad to Newport In the sloop- 
 of-war Ijexington, and land- 
 ed on the 2Tth of Novem- 
 ber. On Monday (December 
 4th) following he was Inter- 
 red with funeral honors due 
 to his rank. Hin coflln rest- 
 ed in a sort ot eatafnla}, the 
 lower part being in the form 
 OATAyAi.00. of a boat. The canopy was 
 
 decorated with stars and 
 
 jrimmed with black curtains, and at each corner were black plumes. The State of Rhode Island afterward caused to 
 w erected a sttbstantial granite monument to his memory. It stands upon a grassy mound on the west side of the Isl- 
 md remelery, and at the base rest the remains of the commodore and the deceosed of his family. The monument beam 
 tue following Inscriptions. ii'<m< side : " Ouivee U azabi> Pkbbv. At the age of 27 years he achieved the victory of Lake 
 
 pkbhy'h monument. 
 
 '^ I, 
 
 i 
 
warn 
 
 522 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Relative Position of the two SquadroDi<. 
 
 Opening of the Battle. 
 
 Choice of Autagonlji*. 
 
 19, was in the van supported by the schooner Chippewa, with one long 18 on a pivot 
 and two swivels. Next was the brig Hunter, 10 ; then the Queen Charlotte, 11 com- 
 manded by Finnis. The latter was flanked by the schooner Zadt/ Prevost, 13 and 
 the Xittle Bdt, 3, Perry, in the brig Lawrence, 20, moved forward, flanked on tlie left 
 by the schooner Scorpion, under Champlin, bearing two long guns (32 and 12), am! 
 the schooner ylrisW, Lieutenant Packet, which carried four short 12'8. On the riirht 
 
 
 ^4^ 
 
 ^M 
 
 4^ 
 
 J\ 
 
 of the Lawrence was the brier 
 Caledonia, Captain Turner 
 with three long 24*8. Those 
 were intended to encounter tlie 
 Chippewa, Detroit, and Hunt- 
 er. Captain Elliott, in the fine 
 brig Niagara, 20, followed, 
 with instructions to fight the 
 Queen Charlotte; while Ahnv, 
 in the Somers, with two lonr; 
 
 tus two Bqn&DBOKB jcbt bifob^ tug battle. 
 32'8 and two swivels, Senat, in the Porcupine, with one lon^ 32, Conklin, in thj Tl- 
 gress, with one long 24, and Holdup, in the Trippe, one long 32, were left in tlic rear 
 to engage the Lady Prevost and Little Pelt.^ 
 
 The sun was within fifteen minutes of meridian when a bugle "bounded on board 
 the Detroit as a signal for action, and the bands of the British squadron struck 
 up " Rule Britannia." A shout went up from that little squadron, and a 24-jjomKl 
 shot from the enemy's flag-ship was sent booming over the water toward tlie Xaw- 
 rence, then a mile and a half distant. It was evident that Barclay appreciated the 
 advantage of his long guns, and Avished to fight at a distance, Avhile Perry resolved 
 to press to close quarters before opening his fire. 
 
 That first shot from the enemy fell short. Another, five minutes later, went crash- 
 ing through the bulwarks of the Lawrence. It stirred the blood of her gallant men, 
 but, at the command of Perry, she remained silent. " Steady, boys ! steady !" he said, 
 while his dark eye flashed with the excitement of the moment — an excitement 
 which was half smothered by his judgment. Slowly the American line, with tin' 
 light wind abeam, moved toward that of the cnjmy, the two forming ?.n acute angh' 
 of about fifteen degrees. 
 
 " Snblltnc the panse, when dowr the gleaming tide 
 The virgin galleys to the conflict glide; 
 The very wind, as if in awe o/ grief, 
 Scarce makes a ripple or dicturbs a leaf."— H. T. Tuckebman. 
 
 Signals were given for each vessel to engage its prescribed antagonist. At five min- 
 utes before twelve the Lawrence had reached only the third one in the enemy's line, 
 and was almost as near the Queen Charlotte is the Detroit,\{\\ki tlie CWet?o««a hall- 
 cable length behind, and the Nianara abaft ti:e beam of the Charlotte and opposite 
 the Lady Prevost. 
 
 The battle now began on the part of the Americans. The gallant young Champlin, 
 
 Erie, September 10, 1813." North Mile : "Bom in Sonth Kingston, R. I., Au^nist 28, 1786. Died at Port Spain, Trinidad, 
 AnguBt 23, 1819, aged 34 years." Went side: " lllb rPTialns were conveyed to i.is native land In a ship-of-wnr, accordln! 
 to a resolution of Congress, and were here interred December 4, 1S20." .SotrtA siV.'.,. Erected by the State of Rhode 
 Island." 
 
 In person Commodore Perry was tall and well-proportioned, of exquisite symmetry, and graceful in every morfr 
 ment. He was every Inch a man. He possessed splendid talents ; was prudent and brave in the highest degree. In 
 private life he was gentle, and his con.|ngal love and faithnUncss were perfect. Ills respect for his wife araonnted lo 
 reverence, and he was ever ready to acknowledge her salutary influence. Doctor Parsons relates that his Srst reranrk 
 on regaining the iMwnnce, after the battle, was addressed to his friend Hambleton, the purser. He said, " The prajers 
 of my wife have prevailed in saving me." 
 
 ' The above diagram shows the position of the fwo squndrons when the American was approaching that of tlie Bril- 
 ish In battle order. A is the British squadron, a' its v«»»ol8 are designated by Roman numerals. I., Ckippnea; II, 
 Detroit; III., Hunter; IV., Qiieen Charlotte; V., / ./ Prevost; VI., Utile Belt. B Is the AmerlCiin squadron, nnrt the 
 vessels are designated by Arabic numerals. 1, ."-.v.jjn'mi; i,Ariei; 3, Lawrence ; 4,CaMonia; 6,Xiamra; B, SomOT; I, 
 Poreupine; 8, Ti(rre»ii; 9. Trippe. I have been I . nishcd wltl\ these diagrams by Commodore Stephen Champlin,"! 
 the U. B. Navy, the commander of the Seorpion ii. the battle. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 523 
 
 ijT'fl^ Shot fired by the Americans. Salling-maater ChnDpUn. First Poeltlon of the Vegsels In the Fight. 
 
 then less than twenty-four years of age, who 
 still (1867) lives to enjoy a well-earned reputa- 
 tion * had already fired the firet (as he did the 
 last) Bhot of the battle from the guns of the 
 Scorpioti. 
 
 " But see that sliver wreath of cnrllng smoke— 
 'TIs Barclay's gnu ! The silence now Is broke. 
 Cbamplin, with rapid move and steady eye, 
 Sends back in thunder-tones a bold reply." 
 
 Tilts was followed by a cannonade from Pack- 
 et ^ of the Ariel; and then the Lawrence, 
 which had begun to suffer considerably from 
 the enemy's missiles, opened fire upon the De- 
 troit with hor long bow-gun, a twelve-pounder. 
 Tlie action soon became general. The small- 
 er slow-sailing vessels had fallen in the rear, 
 and when the battle began the Tri2ype was 
 more l''^ two miles from the enemy. 
 
 The ficorpion and Ariel, both without bul- 
 warks, fought bravely, and kepi their places 
 with the Lawrence throughout thv^ entire ac- 
 tion. They did not suffer much, for the en- 
 emy concentrated his destructive energies 
 upon the Lawrence and neglected the others. 
 From the Detroit, the Hunter, the Queen Charlotte, and even from the Lady Prevoat, 
 
 shots were hurled upon the Amer- 
 ican flag-ship, with the determin- 
 ation to destroy her and her gal- 
 lant commander, and then to cut 
 up the squadron in detail. No 
 ^ less than thirty-four heavy guns 
 /\a were brought to bear upon her. 
 g The Caledonia, with her long 
 guns, was enabled to do good ex- 
 
 AyZc^^^K-^n-cty^ Cyn-ofyyt^^.^^iA^ 
 
 ^■A A 
 
 -u 
 
 4 
 
 -4^ 
 
 7 
 
 FIB8T POSmOH IN THE ACTION.' 
 
 1 Stephen Champlln was bom In South Kingston, Rhode Island, on the 17th of Novenib*, 1789. His father was a 
 TOlnntecr soldier In the Kevolntlon. His mother was a sister of Commodore Perry's father, making the two command- 
 ers first cousins. He went to sea as a sailor at the age of sixteen years, and at the age of twenty-two, having passed 
 through all grades, he was captain of a ship that sailed from Norwich, Connecticnt. On the 22d of May, 1812, he was 
 appoiuted saillug-mastcr in the navy, and commanded a gun-boat, under Perry, f>t Newport. As we have seen, he was 
 wnl to Lake Erie. On bis arrival he was appointed to the command of the Scorjiion, which he gallantly managed 
 ihronghout the battle. Subsequently to the battle he was placed in command of the Queen Charlotte and Detroit, two 
 prize-sliips taken from the enemy. In the spring of 1814 he was placed in command of the Tinreaa, under Commander 
 Sinclair, and, with Captain Turner, he blockaded the port ofMackinaw. His serilccs on the Upper Lake will he noticed 
 In tlie future text. Snfllce it to say here that he was severely wounded in the thigh while in that service by canister- 
 ekot, and taken prisoner. That wound has been troublesome to him until this hour. In ISIO he was appointed to the 
 tommand uf the Poretipine, and conveyed a party of topographical engineers to the Upper Lakes, who were to consider 
 
 the boundary-line between the United States and Great Britain. His wound prevented his doing much active service. 
 
 He was ordered to the steam-ship Fulton at New York, and had left her but a short time when she blew up. In 1R42 he 
 
 wm placed in command of the naval rendezvous at BufTalo, and was successfnl in shipping apprei^lces for the service. 
 
 In 1$45 ho was ordered to the command of the Michigan at Eric, and continued there abont four years and a half. A 
 
 lew years ago he was placed on the reserve list, with full pay, and remains so. He now bears the title of commodore. 
 
 He resides at Buffalo, and, with the exception of tbe sufTerings caused by his wound, he is in the enjoyment of fair health, 
 
 ittbe age of seventy-eight year3. He Is a stout, thick-set man, of middle size. He is tbe last survivor of the nine com- 
 
 numlers in Perry's squadron in the great battle In 1813. 
 '• John II. Packet was a native of Virginia. He received his warrant as midshipman In 1809, and was commissioned 
 
 a lieutenant a few days before this battle. Ho was with Bainbridge when the Constitution captured the Java. He 
 
 ttnei at Erie some years after the battle, and died there of fever. 
 The acting sailing-master of the Ariel in the battle, Thomas Brownoll, was fl-om Rhode Island, and went to Erie as 
 
 raajter's-mate, where he was promoted. Ho was commissioned a lieutenant in 1&13, when he was placed on the retired 
 
 Iltt. He now (1807) resides at Newport, Rhode Island. He was always an active and esteemed ofllcer. 
 ' TiU diagram shows the position of the vessels at the beginning of the action. The British vessels. A, are indicated 
 
 b;ltomaii nmnerals, and the American vessels, B, by Arabic. I., CMppttea; 11., Detroit; III., Hunter; IV., Qtier.n 
 
 r^-^ik- 
 
 I- 
 
 ■n 
 

 'ill 
 
 ,! ^j:|t :;j||y ^^ I'if'i'f ' 
 
 524 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 Perry clones upon Barclay. 
 
 Prof^resg of the Fl);ht. 
 
 Sceues oil board the Laicrentt, 
 
 ccution from the beginning, but the shot of the carronades from the Nicujara fell 
 short of her antagonist. Of her twenty guns, only a long 12 was serviceable for a 
 while. Shifting another, Elliott brought two to bear with eflect, and these were 
 served so vigorously that nearly all of thi' hhot of that calibre were exhausted. The 
 smaller vessels meanwhile were too far astern to be of much service. 
 
 Perry soon perceived that he was yet too far distant to damage the encniv mate- 
 rially, so he ordered word to be sent from vessel to vessel by trumpet for all to 
 make sail, bear down upon Barclay, and engage in close combat. The order was 
 transmitted by Captain Elliott, who Avas the second in command, but he failed to 
 obey it himself His vessel was a fast sailer, and his men were the best in the squad. 
 ron, but he kept at a distance from the enemy, and continued firing his lonii guns, 
 Perry meanwhile pressed on with tlie Latorence, accompanied by the Scorpion, Arid 
 and Caledonia, and at meridian exactly, Avhen he supposed he Avas near enoiifjli for 
 execution Avith his carronades, he opened the first division of his battery on the star- 
 board side on the Detroit. His balls fell short, while liis antagonist and her consorts 
 poured upon the Xatrrence a heavy storm of round shot from their long gmis still 
 leaving tha Scorpion and Ariel almost unnoticed. The Caledonia meanwliile en- 
 gaged with the Hunter, but the Niagara kept a respectful distance fi'om the Qmm 
 Charlotte, and gave that vessel an opportunity to go to the assistance of the Detroit. 
 She passed the Hunter, and, placing herself astern of the Detroit, opened heavily upon 
 the Lawrence, now, at a quarter past tAvelve, only musket-shot distance from her 
 chief antagonist. For two hours the gallant Perry and liis devoted ship bore the 
 brunt of the battle M'ith twice his force, aided only by the schooners on his Aveather- 
 boAV and some feeble shots from the distant Caledonia Avhen she could spare tlieni 
 from her adversary the Hunter. During that tempest of Avar his vessel Avas terribly 
 shattered. Her rigging was nearly all shot aAvay ; her sails were torn into slneds; 
 her spars Avere battered into splinters ; her guns were dismounted ; and, like the Gwr- 
 riere Avhen disabled by the Constitution, she lay upon the Avaters almost a helpless 
 wreck. The carnage on her deck had been terrible. Out of one hundred and three 
 sound men that composed her oflicers and creAV Avhen slie Avent into action, twenty- 
 two Avere slain and sixty-one were Avounded. Perry's little brother had been struck 
 doAvn by a splinter at his side, but soon recovered.^ Yarnall,^ his first lieutenant, had 
 come to him bleeding, his nose swelled to an enormoue size, it having been perforated 
 by a splinter, and his Avhole appearance the impersonation of carnage and ill luck, 
 and said, "All the'officers in my division are cut doAvn; can I have others?" They 
 Avere sent ; but Yarnall soon returned, again AVOunded and bleeding profusely, \\\\\\ 
 the same sad story. " I have no more officers to furnish you," replied Perry ; " you 
 must endeavor to make out by yourself." The brave lieutenant did so. Tliriee 
 Avoundtd, he kept the deck, and directed every shot from his battery in pei'son. 
 Forest, the second lieutenant, fell stunned at Perry's feet ;* and the gallant Brooks, 
 
 Charlotte; V., t<idi/ Pretont; A^., Little Belt. l,Seorpion; 2, Ariel; 8, Lawrence; 4, Caktlonia; 6, Xiagara; 6, Sonifr*; 
 7, Pormpine; 8, Tirrresa; 9, Triqipe. 
 
 ' Dr. Uehcr Pareons's Diaeour«e on the Battle of Lake Erie, delivered before the Rhode Island Historical Society, Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1852, page 10. 
 
 > Two muslcet-baVs had already passed through his hat, and his clothes had been torn by splinters. 
 
 ' John J. A'amall was a native of Pennsylvania, and was commissioned a lieutenant in July, 1813, having been lu tht 
 service as midshipman since 1809. 
 Ten days after the battle on Lake 
 Erie he was sent to Erie with the 
 Laiorencr, and soon afterward 
 was ordered to the John AdanM. 
 Ho was appointed commander 
 of the Epernier In 1816. She was 
 the dedication of the statne of Perry in that city in September, 1800. I copied the followirg inscription trom thcWaile: 
 "In testimony of the undaunted /.illantry of Lieutenant Jolin J. Yarnall, of the United States ship tatiwuiv, under 
 Commodore Perry, in the captnre of the whole English fleet on Lake Eric, September lo, 1818, the State of VIrglnli '.«■ 
 stows this cword." It was brought from Wheeling to Cleveland by Mr. Fleming, of the former place, 
 
 * He was struck in the breast by a spent grape-shot. Perry raised him op, assured him that he was not hurt, as tbert 
 
 cii'W^ 
 
 C^>t-<ny 
 
 lost at sea with all on board. 
 ^ '^./C^ ^^ The State of A'lrglnlapremileil 
 
 ^ ^i:yt/t^''9^.^CC.^^ Lieutenant A'arnall with n sword 
 ^ soon after the battle of Lake 
 
 Eric. It was exhibited at Ihc 
 head-quarters of the Old SoWie^ 
 at Cleveland, on the occasion o( 
 
UPPP^PP 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 525 
 
 le Lawrentt. 
 
 'jam fell 
 li)le for a 
 n'se were 
 tt'd. The 
 
 my mate- 
 for all to 
 31'clcr was 
 ! i'ailtd to 
 the scjuad- 
 oiig guns, 
 lion, Arkl, 
 niough for 
 n the star- 
 cr Consort? 
 guns, still 
 nwhilc en- 
 tile Queoi 
 he Detroit. 
 2a\\\\ u])on 
 •c from iicr 
 ip bore the 
 lis weather- 
 spare them 
 ivas terribly 
 into shreds; 
 ce the Gucr- 
 it a helpless 
 k1 and three 
 ion, twenty- 
 been struck 
 utenantjhad 
 n perforated 
 and ill lucl;, 
 3rs?" They 
 
 usely, witii 
 •'erry; "you 
 
 so. Thrii'c 
 in pei-son, 
 
 ant Brooks, 
 
 jgara; 6, Somffi; 
 rical Society, Fel> 
 
 inving been in the 
 i-llh nil on board. 
 I'lrglnln prescntfil 
 Tiinllwithn nvoril 
 e battle of Lake 
 
 cxliibileil at Ihf 
 oftheOia Soldier* 
 on the occislou ot 
 on from theWailf: 
 Ip Laurfnt*,wi(t 
 
 ate of Virginia '.t- 
 
 s not hurt, as ttert 
 
 Death of lilenlenant Brookg. Terrible Scenes on board the Lamrmce. Strange Conduct of Captain Klllott. 
 
 80 remarkable for his personal beauty,' a son of an honored soldier of the old Avar for 
 independence, and once governor of Massiachusetts, was carried in a dying state to 
 the cockpit, where balls were crashing through, liis mind more exercised about his be- 
 loved commander and the fortunes of the day tlian himself. When the good surgeon, 
 Parsons, who liad hastened to the deck on hearing a shout of victory, returned to 
 cheer the youth with the glorious tidings, the young hero's ears were closed — the 
 doors of the earthly dwelling of his spirit were shut forever. ^^ 
 
 While the Lawrence Avas being thus terribly smitten, officers and crew were anx- 
 iously wondering why the Niagara — the swift, stanch, well-manned Niagara — kept 
 aloof not only from Iter prescribed antagonist the Queen Charlotte, now battling the 
 Lawrence, but the other assailants of the flag-ship. Her commander himself had 
 passed the order for close conflict, yet he kept far away ; and when afterward cen- 
 sured he pleaded in justification of his course his perfect obedience to the original 
 order to keep at " half-cable length behind the Caledonia on the line." It may be 
 said that his orders to fight the Queen Charlotte, who liad left her line and gone into 
 the thickest of the fight Avith the Lawrence and her supporting schooners, Averc quite 
 83 imperative, and that it Avas his duty to folloAV. This he did not do until the guns 
 of the Lawrence became silent, and no signals Avere displayed by, nor special orders 
 came from Perry. These significant tokens of dissolution doubiless made Elliott be- 
 lieve that the commodore Avas slain, and himself had become the cliief commander of 
 the squadron. He then hailed the Caledonia, and ordered Lieutenant Turner^ to 
 
 mre no signs of a woand, and, thns enconrngcd, he soon recovered ft-om the shock. The ball had lodged in his clothes. 
 "1 am not hurt, sir," he said to the commander, "but this is my shot," and coolly put it in his pocket. 
 
 I John Brooks was a native of Massachusetts. He studied medicine with his father. Haviug a military taste, he ob- 
 tained the appointment of lieutenant of marines, and was stationed at Washington when the war broke out. He was 
 sent to Lake Erie under Perry; and at Eric, while tno r-^uadrcn was a-buildiug, he was engaged hi recruiting for the 
 (er\icc. There he raised a company of marines for the squadron. He was an excellent drill officer, and gave great 
 promise of fiiture distinction. So intense was his agony when he fell, his hip haviug been shattered by a cannon-ball, 
 Ihathebegged Perry to shoot him. He uied In the course of an hour. " Mr. Brooks," says Doctor Pnrions, "was prob- 
 ably surpassed by no officer In the navy for manly beauty, polished manners, and elegant personal appearance." 
 
 > The scenes in board the Lawrence, as described to me by Doctor Parsons, must have been extremely terrible. The 
 vcwel was shallow, and the ward-room, used as a cockpit, to which the wounded were taken, was mostly above water, 
 and eipoeed to the shots of the enemy ; white nothing I)ut the deck-planks separated it from the terrible tumult above, 
 cansed by the groans and shrieks of the wounded ntfd dying, the deep rumbling of the gun-carriages, the awful explo- 
 jions of the cannon, the crash of round-shot as they splintered spars, stove the bulwarks, dismounted the' heavy ord- 
 nance, and cut the rigging, while through the seams ot the deck blood streamed into the surgeon's room in many a. 
 crimson rill. When the battle had raged half an hoar, and the crew of the Latorence were falling one by one, the com- 
 modore called from the small skylight for the doctor to send up one of his six assistants. In Ave minutes the call was 
 rc|ieited and obeyed, and again repeated and obeyed, until Parsons was left alone. " Can any of the wounded pull a 
 n\KV' inquired Perry. The question was answered by two or three crawling upon deck to lend a feeble hand in pull- 
 inc at the Inst guns in position. 
 
 Midshipman Lamb had his arm badly shattered. While moving forward to lie down, after the doctor had dressed the 
 wonnd, a round-shot came crashing through the side of the vessel, stnick the young man in the side, dashed him across 
 the room, and killed him instantly. Pohig, o Narraganset Indian, badly wounded, was released iVom his sufferings 
 in the same way by another ball that passed through the cockpit. No less than six round-shot entered the surgeon's 
 room during the action. 
 
 Some of the incidents witnessed by the doctor were not so painfal. A cannon-ball passed through a closet contain- 
 ing all the brig's crockery, dashing a greater portion of it in pieces. It was an iliustratlon— that ball from John Bull— 
 ofabnll in a china-shop." The commodore's dog had secreted himself in that closet when the war of battle com- 
 menced, and when the destructive intruder came ho set up a fiirious barking— "a protest," said the doctor, "against 
 the right of such an invasion of his chosen retirement." 
 
 Wc have observed that Lieutenant Yamall was wounded, yet kept the deck. He hod his scalp badly torn, and " came 
 below," said the doctor, "with the blood streaming over his face." Some lint was applied to the wound and conflncd 
 by a handkerchief, and the lieutenant was then directed to come for better dressing after the battle, as he insisted upon 
 returning to the deck. It was not long before he again made his appearance, having received a second wound. On the 
 deck were stowed some hammocks stuffed with reed-tops, or "cat-tails," as they are popularly called. These filled the-- 
 air like down, and had settled like snow upon the blood-wet head and face of Yamall. When he made his appearance 
 below, his visage was ludicrons beyond description ; his head appeared like that of a huge owl. The wounded roared 
 with laughter, and cried out, "The de\ 11 has come among ne !" 
 
 ' Daniel Turner was a native of New York. He was appointed a midshipman in 1808, and in 1813 was commissioned 
 a lieutenant. He was efBcient in getting the little lake squadron ready for service. In its first cniisc across the lake, 
 young Turner, less than twenty-one years of oge, commanded the Xiagara, On the arrival of Captain Elliott, he was 
 ordered to the third ship, the Caledonia, and managed her gallantly during the action. He continued in the lake ser\'ice 
 the followlDg year, and was made a prisoner and sent to Montreal. He was exchanged, and accompanied Perry In the 
 Jam to the Mediterranean. For his services in the battlp of Lake Erie his native stAte presented him with an elegant 
 sword. He was at one time commander of the naval station at Portsmouth ; at another of the Pacific squadron, and 
 always performed his duties with the greatest promptness. He was temperate, brave, generous, and genial. He was 
 
 
 H 
 
"f^^vmKfi 
 
 : 1 .; 
 
 S20 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Niagara'i Treatment of the Lawrence, 
 
 Condition of the Lawrenee. 
 
 Perry abanaons tier. 
 
 leave the line and bear down upon the Ilmiter for close conflict, giving the Niagara 
 a chance to pass for the relief of the Lmcrence. The gallant Turner inntantly oheyed 
 and the Caledonia fought her adversary nobly. The Niagara spread her canvas be-' 
 fore a freshening breeze that hadjufe* sprung up, but, instead of going to the relief of 
 the Lawrence, thus silently pleading for protection, she bore away toward the lipnd 
 
 
 \9. 
 
 of the enemy's s(iu!uli-oii,i)ass- 
 ing the American flag-ship to 
 the windward, and leaving h^ 
 exposed to the still galling 
 _:<Ml ^''*' ^^ *^® enemy, because, a^ 
 
 jj ^ „ - g, |/* was alleged in extenuation of 
 
 y/ "^ Ai ~ ^ — "^^ *'"^ apparent violation of the 
 
 W^ * a rules of naval warfare and 
 
 BFCONP POSITION IN THE UATTLE.' ^Jj^ gjjjjj^g ^f humaility, both 
 
 squadrons had caught the breeze and moved forward, and left the crippled vessel 
 floating astern. Elliott seemed to notice her only by sending a boat to bring round 
 shot from her to replenish his own scanty store. 
 
 As the Niagara bore down she was assailed by shots from the Queen Charlotte 
 Lady Prevost, and Hunter, and returned them with spirit. It was while she was 
 abreast of the Latorence's larboard beam, and nearly half a mile distant, that Pern- 
 performed the gallant feat of transferring his broad pennant from one vessel to the 
 other. He had fought as long as possible. More than two hours had worn away in 
 the conflict. His vessel lay helpless and silent upon the almost unruflled bosom of 
 the lake, utterly incapable of farther defense. His last effective heavy gun had been 
 fired by himself, assisted by his purser and chaplain. Only fourteen unhurt persons 
 remained on his deck, and only nine of these were seamen. A less hopeful man would 
 have pulled down his flag in despair; but Perry's spirit was too lofty to be touched 
 by common misfortunes. From his mast-head floated the admonition, as if audibly 
 spoken by the gallant Lawrence, Don't give up the ship. In the dash of the Cdl 
 edonia and the aj^proach of the \ov\g-\aigging Niagaraho felt the inspiration of hope; 
 and when he saw the latter, like the priest or the Levite, about to " pass by on the 
 other side," unmindful of his wounds, resolutions like swift intuitions filled his mind, 
 and M'ere as quickly acted upon. The Niagara M'as stanch, swift, and apparently 
 unhurt, for she had kept far away from great danger. He determined to fly to her 
 deck, spread all needful sail to catch the stiffening breeze, bear down swiftly upon 
 the crippled enemy, break his line, and make a bold stroke for victory. 
 
 With the calmness of perfect assurance. Perry laid aside his blue nankeen sailor's 
 jacket Avhich lie had worn all day, and put on the uniform of his rank, as if conscious 
 that he should secure a victory, and have occasion to receive as guests the conquered 
 commander and officers of the British squadron.^ "Yarnall,"he said, "I leave the 
 Laiorence in your charge, with discretionary powers. You may hold out or sunen- 
 der, as your judgment and the circumstances shall dictate." lie had already ordered 
 his boat to be lowered, his broad pennant, and the banner with its glorious words, to 
 be taken down,^ but leaving the Stars and Stripes floating defiantly over the battered 
 
 made master commonder m 1$2S, and post-captain in 1835. He died on the 4tli of Febraary, ISfiO, leaving a widovr and 
 one daughter, who still survive him. 
 
 ' This shows the relative position of the two squadrons at the time when tlie A'lci/ambore down upon the headottlie 
 British Hue, the change of her course after Perry took command of her, and the penetration of that line by her. One 
 dotted line, from 4 to 4, shows the attack of the Caledonia on the Hunter, and the other, from 6 to B, the course oftlie 
 Niagara as described on this and the next page. The vessels of the British squadron, A, are desi^ated by Homan m- 
 merals, thus: I., Chippewa; II., Detroit; III., Hunter; IV., Queen Charlotte ; V LadjI'revoBt; \i .. Uttle Belt. Thoseof 
 the American squadron, B, are designated by Arabic numerals, thus : l,Seorp.on; i, Ariel; 3, Laurence; i,Caleamia; 
 5, Niagara; 0, Somers; 1, Pnrcupiiie ; 8, Tiijresa; 9, Trippe. 
 
 ' Letter of Rev. Francis Vinton, D.D., son-in-law of Commodore Perry, to the Author. 
 
 ' This was rolled up and cast to bim, after he had entered his barge, by Hosca Sargent, now [1807] living at Can' 
 bridge, Massachusetts. 
 
^j^mmiss^mm 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 827 
 
 107] living «t emu- 
 
 'Zm'i Voyage from the taicrerue to the Siagara. Its Perils and Its Succocs. A British Sorvlvor of the Battle. 
 
 hulk. With these, his little brother, and four stout seamen for the oars,' he started 
 upon bis perilous voyage, anxiously watched by Yarnall and his companions. 
 
 " A soul like his no danr^er fears ; 
 Ills pendant from the ni/ t he tears, 
 And in his gallant bosom bears, 
 
 To grace the bold Xiaijara. 
 See I he quits the iMtorenee't side, 
 And trusts him to the foaming tide, 
 Where thundering navies round him ride, 
 
 And flash their red artillery."— Old Sono. 
 
 He stood upright in his boat, the pennant and the banner half folded around him, 
 a mark for the anxious eyes of his own men and for the guns of the enemy.^ The 
 latter discovered the movement. Barclay, who was badlj wounded, and whose flag- 
 ship was almost dismantled, well knew that if Perry, who had fought the Laiorence 
 80 gallantly, should tread the quarter-deck of the fresh Niagara as commander, his 
 squadron would be in great danger of defeat. Ac therefore ordered great and little 
 guns to be brought to bear upon the frail but riclily-laden vessel — laden with a hero 
 of purest mould. Cannon-balls, grape, canister, and musket-shot were hurled in show- 
 ers toward the little boat during the fifteen minutes that it was making its way from 
 the Laiorence to the Niagara.^ The oars were splintered, bullets traversed the boat, 
 and the crew were covered with spray caused by the falling of heavy round and 
 grape-shot in the water near. Perry stood erect, unmindful of danger. His men en- 
 treated him to be seated, for his life at tha*, critical moment seemed too precious ♦o 
 be needlessly exposed to peril. It was not foolliardiness nor thoughtlessness, but the 
 innately brave spirit of the man, that kept him on his feet. At length, when his oars- 
 men threatened to cease labor if he did not sit down, he consented to do so. A few 
 minutes later they were all climbing to the deck of the Niagara, entirely unharmed, 
 ;in(l greeted with the loud cheers of the Americans, who had watched the movement 
 
 1 One of these was Thomas Penny, who <dlcd In the Naval Asylum, near Philadelphia, In 1S63, ot the age of eighty-one 
 
 vears. 
 
 1 Perry's portrait belonging to the city of New York, and 
 hanging in the Governor's Room, 1-om which ours on page 
 HI was copied, l£ what artistb call a kit-kat, or thrce-quar- 
 iors length. It was painted by John Wesley jarvis, and rep- 
 ro>cnl9 Perry standing, with the banner floating like a huge 
 jcarf ffom his shoulders. 
 
 ' Among the survivors of the Battle of Lake Erie whom I 
 Mvemet was John Chapman, a resident of iludson, Ohio, a 
 ^mall, energetic man, who related his past experience in an 
 attractive, dramatic style, lie was in the British fleet as 
 •.tinner, maintop-man, and boarder In the Quern Charlotte, 
 lud claimed the distinction of having flred the first shot at 
 the Umreme from a 24-ponndcr. He also said that he aim- 
 ed a eliot at Commodore Perry when making his perilous 
 passage from the Lawrence to the Xiagara. Mr. Chapman was 
 I native of England. He came from there in the transport 
 todrici early in 1812, and landed at Quebec. From that 
 I ily lie went up the St. Lawrence in May, and took post in 
 Fori George, o« the Niagara River. He afterward went np 
 10 atsist la the erection of Fort Brie. Ho was present at the 
 >nrrender of Hull, and participated in the battle of Queens- 
 ton Heights. In the summer of 181.3 he was placed on board 
 the schooner Lady Prevost, at Long Point, and arrived at 
 .Maiden about three weeks before the battle of Lake Erie. 
 He was with Proctor at the attack on Fort Stephenson. He 
 vas one of the survivors in the fatal ditch (sec page 603), and 
 escaped to the woods under cover of the darkness. On the 
 retarn of Proctor to Maiden he went on board the Queen 
 CkrtoHt', and was with her in the battle. He was sent to 
 Ohio \yith other prisoners, and was one if those who 
 were held as hostages for the safety of the Irishmen 
 imder Scott who were sent to England, as mentioned 
 on page 408. He was released on the 20th of Octo- 
 ber, at Cleveland. He went Immediately to Hudson, 
 a few miles distant, where he resided until his death 
 In 1S6S. I nm indebted to the Rev. T. B. Fairchlld, of Hudson, for the substance of the above brief sketch of the pub- 
 lic career of Mr. Chapman, and to the soldier himself for his likeness, taken in the spring of 1862. 
 
 *i 
 
 •' !■, 
 
■'"■^^pup 
 
 528 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Meettn); uf Perry and Elliott. 
 
 Surrender of the belpleii /yaiermM. 
 
 Perry rtrilwttlwBt ltlih tint. 
 
 with breathless anxiety. Perry was met at tlie paiigway by the astonished Elliott 
 There stood the hero of the fifjht, blackened with the smoke of battle, but unharmed 
 in person and unflinching in his determination to win victory — he whom the com 
 raander of the Niagara thought to be dead. There were hurried questions and an- 
 swers. " How goes the day ?" asked Elliott. " Bad enough," responded Perry ; " why 
 are the gun-boats so far astern ?" " I'll bring them up," said Elliott. " Do so," lospomi. 
 ed Perry. Such is the rej)orted substance of the brief conversation of the two conimaiid- 
 crs,' at the close of which Elliott pushed off in a small boat to hurry up the lafcinir 
 vessels. Having given his orders to each to use sails and oars with the greatest vigor 
 he went on board the Somer8,a\\{\ behaved gallantly until the close of the action. 
 
 At a glance Perry comprehended the condition and capabilities of tlie Niagara 
 There had been few casualties on board of her, and she was in perfect order for con- 
 flict. He immediately ran up his pennant, displayed the blue banner, hoisted tla 
 signal for close action, and received quick responses and cheers from the whole Hcniad- 
 ron ; hove to, altered the course of the vessel, set the proper sails, and bore down tn m 
 the British line, which lay Iialf a mile distant. Meanwhile the gallant Yaniall, at'toi 
 consulting Lieutenant Forrest and Sailing-master Taylor, had struck the flag of the 
 Lawrence, for she was utterly helpless, and humanity required that firing upon hcv 
 should cease. As the starry flag trailed to the deck a triumphant shout went nii 
 from the British. It was heard by the wounded on the iMtcretice. When informod 
 of the cause, their hearts grew almost still, and in the anguish of chagrin they refused 
 to be attended by the surgeon, and cried out, " Sink the ship ! sink the ship ! Let us 
 all sink together I"^ Noble fellows ! they were worthy of their commander. In les> 
 than thirty minutes after they had offered themselves a Avilling sacrifice for the honor 
 or their country's flag, they wore made joyful by hearing the step and voice oftlieii 
 beloved commander again upon the deck of the Laicrence. 
 
 Perry's movement against the British line was successful. He broke it ; passed at 
 half pistol-shot distance between the Lady Prevosfi ancT Chippeioa on his larboard, and 
 the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, and Hunter on his starboard, and poured in tremendous 
 broadsides right and left from double-shotted guns. Ranging ahead of the vessels 
 on his starboard, he rounded to and raked the Detroit and Queen Charlotte, M'liich had 
 got foul of each other.* Close and deadly was his fire upon them with groat guns 
 and musketry. Meanwhile, the Laicrence having drifted out of her place in the line, 
 her position against the Detroit was taken by the Caledonia, Captain Turner; the 
 lattcr's place in Hue, as opposed to the Hunter, was occupied by the Trippe, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Holdup.* These gallant young officers had exchanged signals 
 
 ' Mr. Hnmbleton, the purser of the LatDrenee, hns left on record an ncconnt of this interview between Perry and El- 
 liott. " Ab Perry reuched the dock of the Siagara" he says, " he was met at the gangway by Captain Elliott, who in- 
 qnlred how the day was going. Captain Perry replied, Badly ; thot ho had lost almost all of his men, and that his ship 
 was a wreck, and asked what tlie gim-boata were doing so far astern. Captain Elliott olfcrcd to go and bring them 
 up; and, Captain Perry consenting, he sprang into the boat and went olT on that duty.— Uambieton'g Journat, died by 
 M'Kenzie. 
 
 » Oration by George H. Calvert, at Newport, Rhode Island, on the 10th of September, 1808, on the occnsion of the cel- 
 ebration of the fortieth anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. 
 
 3 Lieutenant Buchan, the commander of the Ladij Prevost, was shot through the face by a musket-ball from Pcrry'i 
 marines. Perry saw him stn'iding alone, leaning on the companion-way, his face resting on his hand, andlonldiisimih 
 fixed goze toward the Siagara. His companions, unable to endure the terrible Are, had all fled below. Perry immedi- 
 ately silenced the marines en the quarter-deck. He afterward learned that the strange conduct of Buchan was omt 
 to sudden derangement caused by liis wound. Poor fellow ! he was a brave ofHcer, and had distinguished blmeeir un- 
 der Nelson. 
 
 * The position of the Detroit and Qtieen CharUitte at this time may bo seen by reference to II. and IV. in the dingram 
 on page 020. In the same diagram the course of the Siagara in breaking the British line may be seen along the dolKd 
 line from tn 0. 
 
 » Thomas Holdup wasanntivcofSomli 
 Carolina, and was an inmate and pupil 
 of the Orphan Asylnm in Charleston. He 
 became a protegi of General Stevens, of 
 that city, who obtained a midshipman'' 
 warrant for him in 1^09. He was on board 
 the John Adam*, at Brooklyn, in ISli, 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 52» 
 
 Perry brcnlw the B rltlfh Line. 
 
 Brltiah VoimIi attempt to escape. 
 
 Perry's Victory complete. 
 
 to board the Detroit, when tlioy saw the Niayara with the commodore's pennant 
 k'urlnj; down to break tlie Uritiwlt line. Turner followed her closely with the Col- 
 edonia; and the i'reshened breeze having brought nj) the iSotuers, Mr. Aliny,' the 
 Tigreis, Lieutenant Coneklin,'' and the Porcupine, Acting Master Senat,^ the whole 
 \mcrican scjuadron except the JMicrence was, for tlie first time, engaged in the eon- 
 Hict. The fight was terrible for a few minutes, and the combatants were comjdetely 
 fiiveloped in smoke. 
 
 Eight minutes after Perry daslied through tlie IJritish line the colors of the De- 
 troit were struck, and her example was speedily followed by all the other vessels of 
 . Barclay's scpiadron, excepting the 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 4 ^Mk'^^A^ 
 
 Little licit and Chippewa (I, and 
 IV. in tlie annexed diagram), which 
 attempted to escape to leeward. 
 Cliami)lin with tlie t^eorpion, and 
 lloldiij) with the Trij)j}e, made 
 chase afler the fugitives, ami both 
 fosmoH or tiik squapbons at tub closk ok thk batti.]!.* were Overtaken and brouglit back 
 to crace the triumph of the victor, the Little Belt by the former, and the Chippewa 
 1)V tiic latter. It was in this chase that Champlin fired the last gun in that memo- 
 rable battle. " So near were they to making their escape," says Champlin in a letter 
 to the author, "that it was 10 o'clock in the evening before I came to an anchor un- 
 ilcr the stern of the Lawrence with tlie Little Belt in tow." 
 
 It was three o'clock in the aflernoon Avhen the flag of the Detroit was lowered. 
 Till' roar of cannon ceased; and as the blue vapor of battle was borne away by the 
 liK oze, it was discovered that the two squadrons were intermingled.* The victory 
 \i:is complete. The flag of the lAiwrence had indeed been struck to the enemy, but 
 '111 had not been taken possession of. She was yet free, and, with a feeble shout 
 
 = -Tk 
 
 ^1 
 
 I 
 
 loccBsionofthecel- 
 
 .md.wltli others, volunteeretl for the lake service 
 vear.aiul was comniiBsloncd a lieutenant. In 
 fqnudron there. lie fought his vessel brave- 
 ly in the action of the 10th of September, 
 and lie and Champlin pursued the two fiigi- 
 lives of the British eqnadron. He was lu 
 Mrvicc on the npper lakes the following 
 ieir,and tliere was Invited to the Java by 
 Perry. He had married, and declined the 
 oJer ot a good post on that vessel. He sub- 
 '■ leqnently commanded several different vcs- 
 I Mlj,aDdwa8 promoted to master coramand- 
 \ anllnlSM. lie was commisslpned post-ca])- 
 ulninl836. He died suddenly while in com- 
 raand of the Washington Navy Yard, in Jan- 
 ; isrr,154t. His widow, who was a Miss Sage, 
 I died soun aftcnvard. By act of the Legisla- 
 1 terc of South Carolina ho assumed the name 
 I ot his bencfnctor, with a promise that he 
 I ihould inhci it his fortune. From that time 
 I [1815] he is known as Thomas Holdup Ste- 
 He was possessed of a high order of 
 I literary ability, and was beloved by all. His 
 I M, Thomas Holdup Stevens, behaved gal- 
 y In the naval action off Hilton Head In 
 |tbe hlc civil war. 
 
 'Tliomas C. Almy was a native of Rhode 
 lUlmd, of Quaker parentage. lie became a 
 lailorin early life, and at the age of twenty- 
 |oBf years he was commander of a ship. He 
 « in the flotilla at Newport, went to Lake 
 
 ■ perfbrmed gallant service near BnlTalo toward the close of the 
 13, he went to Erie with men, and assisted in fitting out the 
 Erie, and was cftlclent, useful, and brave 
 there. He died at Eric In December, 1813, 
 only three mouths after the battle that has 
 made his name immortal. His disease was 
 pneumonia. 
 
 The annexed engraving Is a picture of the 
 hilt of the sword awarded to Almy, and 
 which was given to his next of kin. On one 
 side of the blade are the words "Tiio.\ias C. 
 Aijkiv, Sailing-master commandinur. Lake 
 Erie, 10th September, 1813." On the other 
 side the words "AtTirs iupnt am ad bum- 
 ma NiTCNTKii," with a little view of shipa-of- 
 war. 
 
 ' Augustus H. M. Concklln was a native of 
 Virginia. Ho was appointed midshipmaU in 
 1S0«, and lieuteuautln 1813. He followed El- 
 liott to Erie. On a dark night in 1814 bis 
 vessel was captured by a party In boats ofif 
 Port Erie. He left the service In 1S20, while 
 stationed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
 
 ' George Senat was a native of New Or- 
 leans, of French extraction. He commenced 
 active life as a sailor, but of his career pre- 
 vious to his joining the squadron at Erie 
 nothing appears on record. He served on 
 the upper lakes In 1814. On his return to 
 Erie ho bk.came involved lu a quarrel with 
 Sailing-master M'Donald. A duel ensued, 
 
 AI.UV 8 BWCRn, 
 
 Bdyonng Senat was killed. They fought at what Is now the corner of Third and Sassafras Streets, Erie. 
 
 [ ' In this, as in the preceding diagrams, furnished by Commodoro. Champlin, the British vessels are design-ited by Ho- 
 
 un numerals, and the American vessels by Arabic numerals. This diagram shows the relative position of the vessels 
 ^tihe two squadrons at the close of the battle. The respective iiumbers indicate the same vessels as In the other dia- 
 mi. ' See the above diagram and note of explanation. 
 
 Ll ^ 
 
 4* 
 
08d 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Perry'a Triumph a roniarkable ono. IIli ramniiii DIapntch to llurrliion. IIli Dlipatch to hU Ooverninr 
 
 that floated not far over (lie watern, her exhausted crow flung out the flag of thoir 
 country from lier maHt-liead. ' 
 
 This triumph was a remarkable one in AnMsrican and British history. Never he 
 fore hud an Ameriean fleet or Hijuadron encountered an enemy in regular Hue of Imt. 
 tie, and never before, since England created a navy, and boasted that 
 
 " Britannia nilcn tho wave," 
 
 had a whole British fleet or squadron been captured. It was a proud moment for 
 
 Perry and his companions. 
 
 "An IlftR thn «mnlie, what tongne can fltty toll 
 The tranHportn which thotio manly boBoina hwoII, 
 When Ilritniirn cnHi^n ilown tho reeling; niaat 
 Sinks to proclaim the dospcrnto atrnei;lo pait I 
 Electric cheers along tho Bhatterod fleet, 
 With raptnrous hail, her youthful hero greet j 
 Meek in his triumph, as in danger calm. 
 With reverent hands ho takes the victor's palm ; 
 Ills wreath of conqnest on Faltli'H altar lays,' 
 To his bravo comrades yields the meed of praise."— II. T. Tdokxbman, 
 
 When Perry's eye perceived at a glance that victory was secure, he wrote, in pen- 
 cil, on tho back of an old letter, resting it upon his navy cap, that remarkable dis- 
 patch to General Harrison whoso first clause has been so often quoted — 
 
 " We have met the enemy, and they are ours : two ships, two brigs, one schooner, 
 and one sloop. Yours, with great respect and esteem, O. II. Peurv.' 
 
 FA0-8IMII.E OF TERBy'S DISPATCH. 
 
 A few minutes afterward, when, as Bancroft says, " a religious awe seemed to como 
 over him at his wonderfid preservation in the midst of great and long-contiiuictl dan 
 ger,"^ he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy as follows : 
 
 " U. 8. Brig Niatjara, off tho Western Sister,* Head of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, 4 P.M. 
 
 " Sir, — It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a si? 
 nal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two I 
 ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to tk 
 force under my command after a sharp conflict, 
 
 " I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "O. II. Perrt. 
 
 " Honorable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy." 
 
 J "The shattered Lmorenet," soys Dr. Parsons, "lying to the windward, was once more able to hoist her flag, \tliMi I 
 was cheered by a few feeble voices on board, making a melancholy sound compared with the boisterous cheering tin J 
 preceded the battle."— iMdcourse, page 18. 
 
 » See Perry's Dispatch to the Secretary of the Novy, printed above. ' Xew Yorl Mm. 
 
 * This is the most southwardly of three Islands near the western end of Lake Erie, named respectively Eustera Sislir, I 
 Middle Sister, and Western Sister, lying in a line from the southwest to the northeast. It was a little westward oftt(| 
 island named in the dispatch that ttie battle occurred. 
 
 ¥i 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 A31 
 
 to aovcrniMm. 
 
 Hurrander uf tba British OBeun. 
 
 Burial at the Dead la the Lake. 
 
 p,^ rtlani * to th« Uur mce. 
 
 These hiirriod but iiiliuirably-wordcd diapatohes were Hcnt by the same express to 
 
 loth Harrison uikI the 8ecrctury of the Navy.' Then the eeremony of taking jwm- 
 
 PMnion of tli«' coiMiiu'rccl voshi'Ih, ami receiving the formal KubniinMion of llio vancjuinh- 
 
 1 ^.^g pcrforn>e<l. IVrry gave the wignal to anchor, and Htarted lor IiIh battered 
 |i ' gliip determined, on her deck, and in the presence of her Hurviving officers and 
 prew to receive the commanderH of tlio captured Hcpiadron. "It was a time of con- 
 ftictiiil? emotionh," Hays Dr. I'arsons, " when ho Mtepped upon deck. The battle was 
 won and ho was safe, but the deck was slippery with l)lood, and strewn with the 
 boilieH of twenty officers and men, seven of whom had sat at table with us at our last 
 meal a"J ''"' "'''P rcHounded every where with the groans of the wounde<l. Those 
 of U8 who were spared an<l able to walk met him at the gangway to welcome him 
 on board, hut the salutation was a silent one on both siiles ; not a word could find 
 uttemnce."^ 
 
 The next movement in tlie solemn drama was the reception of the Hritish officers, 
 ono fro"> t''''"'' '^^ ^'"' <">ptnred vessels. I'erry stood on the afVcr-])art of the deck, 
 iinil hin sad visitors were compelled to pick their way to liim among the slain. He 
 received them with solemn dignity and unaft'ected kindness. As they presented 
 llii'ir swords, with the hilts toward the victor, he spoke in a low but firm tone, with- 
 out the betrayal of the least exultation, and recpiested them to "etaiii their weapons. 
 lit! iiKiuired, with real concern, about Commodore Harclay and \.\h fellow-suft'erers 
 from i<evere wounds ; and he made every captive feel, at that sad an<l solcnm mo- 
 iiunt, the thrill of pleasure excited by the conduct of a Christian gentleman in the 
 moment of the adversity of the recipient of his kindness. 
 
 " A chaBtcned rapturo, Perry, fllls thy brenBt ; 
 Thy Bacrcd tear cnibnIiiiB the herocH elaiu ; 
 The i;cm of pity shines In jjlory's crcut 
 More brilliant thuii the (llamoiid wrontli of fame." 
 
 Wlien this sad ceremony was over, the con<|ucror, exhausted by the day's work upon 
 wliieli he Iiad entered witli fever-enfeebled body, lay down upon the deck in the 
 midst of his dead companions, and, surrounded by jirisoners, and with his hands fold- 
 id over his breast, and his drawn sword held in one of them, ho slept as sweetly as a 
 woiu'ieJ child.' 
 
 There was yet another sad service to be performed. The dead of the two squad- 
 iiiiw were yet unburied. When twilight — the rich, glowing twilight at the end of a 
 .'iirgeous September day — lay upon the bosom of the lake like a luminous, deepening 
 mist, the bodies of all the slain, excepting those of the officers, wrapped in rude 
 -hroiids, and with a cannon-ball at the feet of each, were dropped, one by one, into 
 ilif bosom of the clear lake, at the close of the beautiful and impressive burial serv- 
 ice of the Anglican Church. 
 
 " 'Neath the dnrk waves ofBrle now slumber the brave. 
 In the bed of Its waters forever thoy rest J 
 The flag of their glory floats over their grave ; 
 The souls of the heroes In memory are bk'geed..'V-W. B. Tappan. 
 
 ' The gsllant Lieutenant Dnianey Forrest was Perry's chosen courier. He was a native of the District of Colnmhia, 
 1 udhad bwa In the service since 1800, when he was appointed miilshipmnn. He was with Bainbrldge when the Con- 
 I (dWioii captured the Jocn. He was acting lieutenant on board Perry's flag-sblp, and was chief signal officer. His con- 
 j duct wi« brave, and he was greatly beloved by his companions. He bore to Washington not only the dlspntchos of his 
 I commander, but the flags captured from the Drltish. Forrest also took with him the blue banner with the words of 
 Uimncc, mentioned on page 620. Forrest accompanied Perry to the Mediterranean in the Java. He was commlsaion- 
 I ri « lieutenant at that time. He died of fever in 1S2B. 
 
 Colnuel Peter Force, of Washington City, has a piece of every flag captured In this battle, and of nearly every trophy- 
 ! ti( of the war. Thoy were all tsken to Wnshington, where. In course of time, through neglent, they fell into decay. 
 JThe pieces in the possession of Mr. Force are carefully preserved In a scrap-book, with the place and date of their cap- 
 I tare recorded, and make an Interesting collection of bits of bunting. 
 
 J Tlie Intelligence of the victory on Lake Erie was carried to Pennsylvania from Detroit by Samuel Docluft, Samuel 
 JBiinietl,and Cyrus Bosworth. The first was a mail-carrier from Detroit to Cleveland ; the second from Cleveland to 
 jWirren,Ohio, and the third from Warren to Pittsburg. They were nil three living at the time of the Inauguration of 
 |fntj'«it«tuc at Cleveland In September, 1800. Mr. Bosworth participated in that celebration. 
 ' Dinmrit, page 14. > CalveH's Oration, page 21. 
 
wma 
 
 m 
 
 fi ■ ' 
 
 friiiiiiffii 
 
 V 
 
 032 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Burial of Offlceri on the i there. 
 
 Sad Effects of the Battle. 
 
 "Illlnck"o ftheBritlii|i. 
 
 TBK BDBIAI.-PI.AOK. 
 
 • September n, The inoon soon spread her silver slieen over their common grave and 
 ^*^^' all but the sufterinp; wounded slumbered until the dawn,» 
 
 The. two squadrons weighed anchor at nine o'clock and sailed into Put-in-Bay Har- 
 bor, and thp'v, twenty-four hours afterward, on the mn.gin of South Bass IhIs'iiI 
 
 from whi^-h, on the right, may be Roen tiio 
 channel leading out toward ('aiiada and 
 on the left the open way toward Detroit 
 where now wil ow, hickory, and maplu- 
 trees cast a pleasant shade in summer 
 three American and throe British officers' 
 were buried^ with the same 
 solemn fuTicral rites, in the "^'^^"^^'^'■ 
 presence of their respective conntryraen.= 
 The lialit of the morning of the lltli 
 revea'od sad sights to the eyes of the bel- 
 ligerents. Vessels of both squadroii.s were 
 dreadfully shattered, especially the two 
 flag-ships. Sixty-eiglit persons had bee- 
 killed and one hundred and ninety wound- 
 ed during the three hours that the battle 
 lasted. Of these, the Americans lost one 
 hundred and twenty-three, twenty-seven 
 of xvhom were killed ; the Briiisli lost one hundred and thirty-f ve, forty-one of wliom 
 wen killed.^ Barclay, of the Detroit (the British commander), who had lost an arin 
 at Trafalgar., was first wounded in the thigh, and then so severely injured in tin 
 shoulder as to deprive liini of tlie use of the other arm. Finnis, of the Queen Char- 
 lotte, the fpiond in comniand, was mortally wounded, and died that evening, Uoth 
 w^re jallant men ; and justice to all demands the acknowledgment that the Ameri- 
 cans and Briiish carried ')n that lerrible conflict with the greatest courage, fortitude, 
 and skill. It is also just to say that the British <>Xj)erienced what is called "ill luck" 
 from the beginning. First, the wind suddenly turned in favor of the Americans a; 
 the commencem'?. t of the action, giving them the weather- gage ; then the two prin 
 cipal British commanders were struck down early in the action; then Iho niddordl 
 the Lady Freoost was disabled, which caused her to drift out of the line ; the ontan 
 glement of the Detroit and Queen Charlotte gave the Niagara, under Perry, an oppoi 
 tunity to rake them severely ; and, lastly, the men of the British squadron had not. 
 with the exception of those from the Koyal Navy, received the training Avith sjuns 
 
 ' These worr Lieutenant Brooka and Midshipmen Lunt and Clarke, rf the American service, and Captain Finnis and 
 Lienteuant« Stokoe and fSarland, of the British wrvice. The view here given of the burial-place of these officere 1 cop- 
 ied, by pcrmii'slon, from one of the paintiugK of Miss 0. L. Kansom, already mentioned. 
 
 » Samuel U. Brown, \,ho arrived at Put-in-Bay I»laud on the evening of the Otli, and from the head of it w.is a Mil 
 ncsR of the battle at about ten miles distant, was present at the burial. " An oiKinlnti; <ra the inarpln of the b,iy,"hi 
 says, " was selected for the interment of the biKllcs. The crews of both fleets attended. The weather was line; the 
 elemeuts aeemcd to participate in the solemnities of the day, for every breeze was hushed, and not n wave ruffled the 
 surface of the water. The pro.;es8ion of boats— the neat appearance of the officers and men— the music— the (low hlJ 
 reunlated motion of ihc oais, striking in exact time with the notes of the solemn dirge -the mournful wavhifr "f Itf 
 fines— the sound of the minute-gnus f.ot.i the difrerei\t ships in the harbor— the wild and solitary aspect of the plurp ■ 
 "In stillnoss of nature— gave to the scjne an air of melancholy grandeur better felt than described. All acknowledjal 
 its influence, all were sdisibly aft'ectod." -I'lVirs on Uike Kru^ printed in Albany in 1814. 
 
 3 The American loss was distrlba'ed as follows : On the Lmtrrmi*, SI) : Xiagara, 27 : CaMonta, !) ; Somert, 2 ; AritH. 
 mi>f>i! and Seorpioti, 2 each. Besides the officers mentioned in Note 1, above, the British lost In wounded Midshiii- 
 man Foster, of the (^uemCliarlutU; Lieutenant Commanding Bnchau and First Lieutenant Roulette, of the UnlttPf^ 
 rmt; Lieutenant Commandant Briirnall and Master's Mate Oateshill, of the Hunter; Master's Mate Campbell, com- 
 riiandlng the Chijtpnoa: and PiirsiT Hoffmeistet, of the Detrnit. 
 
 Doctor Honw^ley, the siirgeo-i of the squadron, being ill, the duties devolved wholly upon Ms yonng assistant, Dnd'r 
 ''sher Parsons, then only twonty-flve years of iigc. During the action he removed six legs, which were nearly divii' i 
 by canuon-bnlls. On the morning of the 1 1th he went on board the SUujixrn to attend to her wounded, nn;l tln'ii tlioci 
 of the other vessels requiring surgical attention were sent to the iMwreruv. The skill of Doctor Parsons Is atleeleil In 
 ihe fact th.1t oi' the Thole nlTiety-«ix wounded only three died. He modestly altribnted the result to ft^sh nir, p>d 
 spiriba ckused by the victory, and the "devoted attention of the commodore." 
 
 %■■ 
 
w 
 
 OF THE WAR OP 18 12. 
 
 533 
 
 rtbeBriUih. 
 
 rave, and 
 
 ■Bay Har- 
 
 fiS Island, 
 e ficen the 
 mada, and 
 ■d Detroit, 
 nd niajiki- 
 I suinnipr, 
 all officers' 
 
 ' September 12, 
 
 nntrymen/ 
 )f the lltli 
 > of the hel- 
 idrons were 
 ly the tWii 
 IS had k'(" 
 lety wound- 
 it the battle 
 ans lost one 
 wenty-scven 
 )ne of whom 
 I lost an arm 
 jured in ttie 
 Queen Char- 
 :'iiing. Both 
 ,t tlie Aniori- 
 <j;o, fortitude, 
 iod" ill luck" 
 \iiicricans at 
 K' two jirin- 
 10 rudder of 
 the entail- 
 rry, an opjior- 
 on had not. 
 with gun- 
 
 .'ai)taiiiriiinl«aiiii 
 hesc ofliccra 1 cop- 
 
 nd of it was a »i! 
 lu of the bay," 111 
 ither wttB tine-, the 
 a wave riifBedlhe 
 uBlc_tbe flow niiil 
 nful waviiip "' ll" 
 ^ 'cl of the place - 
 All acknuwleitol 
 
 onnilod Miil*!"!'- 
 te, of the Lwh ''"• 
 Btc Campbell, cura- 
 
 g assUtant, Dofi"' 
 ficn luuirly divi'' i 
 dcil, and then tli« 
 rsonslsatlesNlij 
 11 to fresh air, P'mI 
 
 >g 
 
 IraportWice of Porry's Victory. 
 
 Its KffectH. 
 
 Uow hie Cauuon were anemrard naed. 
 
 that most of the Americans had just experienced, for they came out of port the mom- 
 inif of the battle.' 
 
 Perry's victory proved to be one of the most important events of the war. At 
 that moment two arm'os, one on the north and the other on the south of the wamng 
 sciiiadrons, were waiting for the result most anxiously. Should the victory remain 
 with the Ihitisli, Proctor and Tecnmtha were ready at Maiden, with their motley 
 arniv ^'ve thousand strong, to rush forward and lay waste the entire frontier. Should 
 the victory rest with the Americans, Harrison, with his army in the vicinity of San- 
 dusky Hay, was prepared to press forward by land or Avater for the seizure of IVFalden 
 and Detroit, the recovery of Michigan, and the invasion of Canada. All along the 
 borders of the lake witliin soimd of the cannon in the battle (and they were heard 
 I'roin Cleveland to Maiden-), women with terrified children, and decrepit old men, sat 
 listenim? with the deepest anxiety; for they knew not but with the setting sun they 
 would he compelled to flee to the interior, to escape the fangs of the red blood-hounds 
 ffho were ready to bo let loose u])on helpless uiaocency by the approved servants of 
 a [Toveniment that boasted of its civilization and Christianity. Happily for Ameri- 
 ca—happily for the fair fume of Great Britain — happily for the cause of humanity — 
 the victory was left with the Americans, and the savage allies of the British were 
 net allowed to repeat the tragedies in which they had already been permitted to en- 
 mae. Joy spread over the northwestern frontier as the glad tidings went from lip 
 itoiip. That whole region was instantly relieved of the most gloomy forebodingn of 
 comiiij; evil. That victory led to the destruction of the Indian confederacy, and wi]>ed 
 out the stigma of the surrender at Detroit thirteen months before. It opened the way 
 for Harrison's army to repossess the territory then surrendered, and to penetrate Can- 
 .ida. It was speedily followed by the overthrow of British power in tlie Canadian 
 ncninsula and the country bordering on the upper Lakes, and the absolute security 
 forever of the whole '■orthwestern frontier from British invasion and Indian de]>rcda- 
 tions. From that moment no one doubted the ability of the Americans to maintain 
 llie mastery of our great inland seas, and the faith of the people in this ability was 
 well expressed by a poet of the time, who concluded an epic with the following lines: 
 
 " And though Brltone may brag of their ruling the ocean, 
 And that sort of thing— by the Lord I've a notion— 
 I'll brt all I'm worth— who takes it f— who takes f— 
 Though they're lords of the oot, we'll be lords of the Utke»."^ 
 
 The effect of this victory upon the whole country was electric and amazingly in- 
 
 1 The great g"iis used by Perry, and those captured by hira from the British, remained In the United States Naval 
 Dipot at Krie \intil the autumn of 1826, when they were transferred to the Naval Station at Brooklyn. They were 
 .ilxral to he removed throngh the ugt'ucy of Dows, Cary, and Meecb, wlio had prepared a line of boats for the just com- 
 fletcil Erie Canal. The happy thought occurred to some one that these rannon might be used for telegraphic iinvposes 
 in connection with the celebration of the tlrst opening of the canal. Thoy were accordingly placed at lutervals of about 
 !cii miles along the whole line of the canal. When the first fleet of boats left Buffalo (m thai occaxion, the fact was an- 
 nnnncod to the citizens of New York in (mo hour and twenty minutes by the serial discharges of these cannon. This 
 ;nn(jnneemcnt, literally conveyed in " thuuder-tones" from the lake to the sea-board, was responded to in like manner 
 .i:(l In the same space of time.— Statement of Orlando Allen to the Buffalo Historical S.xlety, April, 18fi3. 
 
 The authorities consulted lu the preparation of the foregoing account of the Battle of Lake Erie are the official dis- 
 l«(hes of Perry and Barclay : Niles's Register ; The War ; Port Folio : Analectic Magazine ; Political Register : M'Kan- 
 lios Life of Perry ; Life of Elliott, by a citizen of New York ; Cooper's Naval History ; Discourses by Parsons, Bur- 
 '.■««!, and Calvert; oral and written statements communicated to the anthor by the sarviivors; Brown's Kifw« on toic 
 ft-if, «nd Ix)g-book of the Laui-m/v, kept by Sailing-master Taylor. 
 
 ' 1 was Informed by Captain Levi Johnson, whom 1 met at Cleveland In the autumn of IRBO, that he and others were 
 ramL'cd in the last work upon the new court-honsc, which stood in front of the present First Presbyterian Church, on 
 llie day of the battle. They thought they heard thunder, but, seeing no clouds, ('(included that the two squadrons had 
 mel. He and several others went down to the lake bank, near the present residence of Mr. Whittnkcr, on Water Street. 
 N'urly all the villagers assembled there, numbering about thirty. They waited until tt»e firing ceased. Although the 
 dijunoe In a straight Hue was full seventy miles, they could easily distinguish the sounds of the heavier and lighter 
 ?aD.». The last Ave reports were from the heavy guns. Knuwing that the Americans had the heaviest ordnance, they 
 (Moclnded that victory remained with them, and wi,h that conviction they gave three cheers for Perry. Miss Reynolds, 
 tisler of the venerable Robert Reynolds, of the British army, whom I also visited in the autumn of ISflO, told me Uiat 
 the listened to the flring during the whole battle. The distance was less than forty miles. 
 
 A letter dated at Erie, September 24. IStit, says that a gentleman from the New York state line heard at his house the 
 ctiiao<:i>dliig on the lake one hundred ami MiUy viilen dittant I It was heard at Erie, and at first was supposed to be 
 iltUuit thimder. ' AnaUctie Magiuitu, lii., 84. 
 
 i'i'f:- ;'' 
 
POB^PilB^ 
 
 ?mmmB 
 
 I liifiit 
 
 694 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 Bxaltation of the Americans. 
 
 FabUc ColebratlunB. 
 
 Songs and Carlcatoroi. 
 
 spiriting. There had been a prevailing apprehension that the failures of 1812 were 
 to be repeated in 1813. This victory dissipated those forebodings, and kindled hope 
 and joy all over the land. 
 
 " O'er the monntains the snn of our fame was decUning, 
 
 And on Tbctis' billowy breast 
 The cold orb had reposed, all his splendor resigning, 
 
 Bedinuncd by tlie mists of the West. 
 The prospect that rose to the patriot's sight 
 
 Was cheerless, and hopeless, and dreary ; 
 But a bolt burst the cloud, and ilhwnincd the night 
 
 That enveloped' the waters of Eric."— Olu Sono. 
 
 It is diiBcult at this time to iiuag'iie the exultation then felt and exhibitecl evorv 
 where. Illuminations,' bonfires, salvos of artillery, public dinners, orations, and mim 
 were the vi>*ible indications of the popular satisfaction in almost every city, viliatru 
 and hamlet within the bounds of the republic. The newspapers teemed Avith eulo- 
 gies of the victor and las companions, and the jiulpit and rostrum were resonant 
 with words of thanksgiving and praise. The lyre^ and the peiiciP made many con- 
 
 ' The City Hall and other buildings in New York were splendidly illuminated on the evening of Saturday, October 
 23, 1813. There was a band of music in the gallery of the portico, and transparencies were exhibited showing uaval 
 battles; also the words of Lawrence, " don't uivf up tuk suit," and those of Perry's dispatch, " we have jiki m, 
 KNEMY, AND TUKv ARK OCRS." The last-uamed transparency was exhibited at the theatre, with a picture of the tlgbi 
 between the Hornet and I'eamek. 
 
 ' Many songs were written and sung in commemoration of Perry's victory. One of the most popular of these wjs 
 Avurican Perry, which commences thus : 
 
 " Bold Barclay ona day to Proctor did say, 
 I'm tired of Jamaica and Cherry ; 
 So let us go down to that new floating town, 
 And get some Araericau Perry.* 
 Oh, cheap American Perry ! 
 Most pleasant American I'erry I 
 We need only all bear down, knock, and call. 
 And we'll have the American Perry." 
 ' Among t|ie caricatures of the day was one by Charles, of Philadelphia, representing John Bull, In the person of iht 
 king, seated, with hie baud pressed upon his stomach, indicatlug pain, which tlie fresli juice of the pear, called perry, 
 
 iXJimj/, mtllMutalie iome more 
 Way? 
 
 Oh! 'hny !!! Cunt tuhnyl 
 >-p£r~ —Oiie c/isntlerc^r amHier - J/iaw 
 "^ ^ham mt Inlf mmrred offfieBhedij iKH 
 J golal iV'iJ^ tioxiagntulcli.' 
 
 2uwn diarltJk anJ Sohuuj VuUjBt thir dote tf &hru. 
 
 will produce. Qiwmi Chariotte, the king's wife <a fair likeness of whom is given), enters with •\ bottle labeled mw. 
 out of which the cork has flown, and in the foam is seen the names of the vessels composing the American «]»» ' 
 ron. She says, " Johnny, won't you have some more Perry V .John Bull replies, while writhing in pain prodno ! tn 
 perry, " Oh ! Perry ! ! I Curse that Perry ! One disaster after another— I have not half recovered of the bloody noa 1 
 got at the Boxing-niatch." This last exprenslon refers to the capture of the boxer by the American schnonsr AW/r 
 prine. This caricature is entitled "Qiieen ChnrloUe and Johnny Bull got their done of Ptrrij." This will be better pet 
 
 * See the next note on this page. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 536 
 
 Ilouorfl awarded to Perry. 
 
 C'ongrees presents a Gold Medal to both Perry and Elliott. 
 
 tributions to the popular demonstrations of joy, and public bodies testified their grat- 
 itude by appropriate act». Tlie Legislatui'c of Pennsylvania voted thanks and a gold 
 medal to Perry; also thanks and a ailver medal to every man engaged in the battle.' 
 
 THE PERBT MEHAI.. 
 
 The corporate authorities of New York ordered the illumination of the City Ilall in 
 honor of the victory -^ and the National Congress voted thanks and a gold medal to 
 both Perry and Elliott, to be adorned with appropriate devices,^ and silver ouee, with 
 
 THE KLLIOTT HROAL. 
 
 tlie same emblems, to the nearest male relatives of Brooks, Lamb, Clarke, and Clax- 
 toii, who were slain. Three months' extra pay Avfi« also voted for eacli of the com- 
 missioned officers of the navy and army who served in the battle, and a sword to 
 
 reived by rcmemberlug that one of the principal vessels oftho British squndrou was named the Qut^i CAarioKi!, In honor 
 of tlie royal consort. In a ballad of the day occurs the following lines : 
 
 " On Erie's wave, while Barclay bravo, 
 With Charlotte niakhif; merry, 
 He chanced to take the l)elly-ache, 
 Wo drenched him so with Perry." 
 > Thf War, page 127. » Sec note 1, page HU. 
 
 'On one side of Perry's medal ia a bnst of the commodore, surrounded by the followlui; words: "oi.ivtBL's ii. 
 riBBv. rBiNoKi-s BTAONo EBiKNBK. oi.ABBAM ToTAM ooNTiiiiiT." Ou thc rcverflc ft squadrou of vessels closely cngBKed, 
 nud the legend "viAM invbnit virtcb act kaoit." ExcrKue: "intkb oi.ars. amrbi. et iibit. ihb x. bep. Hnoooxm," 
 Ononesidoof Elliott's medal is a bust of the commander, and the words ".lEBSK i>. ri.i.iott. nil aotiim bepdtanb hi 
 inn. budbebskt auendum." On the reverse a squadron engaged, and the legend "viam lmvenit virtcb axtt i-aoit." 
 The exergue the eame as on Perry's. 
 
51 
 
 V,\l 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 1? 
 
 536 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 " November. 
 
 Effect of the Victory on the Britlab. A Pleii for a BrltlBh-Indian Alliance. Waehlngtou Irvine's PredlctionT 
 
 each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters " who so nobly distinguished themselves 
 on that memorable occasion."' In after years, when the dead body of Perry was 
 buried in the soil of his native state, her Legislature caused a monument to be erect- 
 ed to his memory,^ for she claimed, with much justice, a large share of the glory of 
 the battle of Lake Erie for her sons.^ 
 
 The effect of this victory was deeply impressive on the British mind, and the news- 
 papcni in the provinces and the mother country indulged in lamentations over tlip 
 want of vigor in the prosecution of the war manifested by the ministry. " We have 
 • October, been conquered on Lake Erie," said a Halifax paper,* " and so we shall be 
 
 **^' on every other lake, if wo take as little care to protect them. Their success 
 is less owing to their prowess tlian to our neglect." A London paper consoled the 
 people by saying,** " It may, however, serve to diminish our vexation at 
 the occurrence to learn that the flotilla in question was not any branch 
 
 of the British Navy It wfls not the Royal Navy, but a local force — a kimi of 
 
 mercantile military." Others, conscious of the inability of the British force in Can- 
 ada to cope Avitli the Americans, urged the necessity of extending the alliance with 
 the Indians. "We dare assert," said a writer in one of the leading British Beviews' 
 " and recent events have gone far in establishing the truth of the proposition that 
 the Canadas can not be effectually and durably defended without the frieiulship ot' 
 the Indians, and command of the lakes and the River St. Lawrence." Ho ur<>-e(l his 
 countrymen to consider the interests of the Indians as their own ; " for men," he said, 
 " whose very name is so very formidable to an American, and whose frieiulsliij) lias 
 recently been sliown to be of such great importance to its, we can not do too mudi,'' 
 
 The name of Perry is cherished with increasing reverence by successive genera- 
 tions ; and the vast population that now swarm along the southern borders of Lake 
 Erie regard the battle that has made its name immortal in history as a classical nos- 
 session of rare value. Only a few weeks after the victory, Washington Irving, in a 
 cha: ,,3 biographical sketch of Commodore Perry,* said: "The last roar of cannon that 
 died along her shores was the expiring note of British domination. Those vast in- 
 ternal seas will perhaps never again be the separating space between contendirg na- 
 tions, but will be embosomed within a mighty empire f and this victory, which de- 
 cided thcii" fate, will stand imrivaled and alone, deriving lustre and i)erpctuity from 
 its singleness. In future times, when the shores of Erie shall hum with busy popu- 
 lation ; when towns and cities shall brighten where now extend the dark and tangled 
 forests; v\ hen ports shall spread their arms, and lofty barks shall ride where now the 
 canoe is fastened to the stake ; when the present age shall have grown into venera- 
 ble antiquity, and the mists of fable begin to gather round its history, then will tin 
 inhabitants look back to this battle we record as one of the romantic achievements 
 of the days of yore. It will stand first on the page of their local legends and iu the 
 marvelous tales of the borders." 
 
 This prophecy of the beloved Irving has been fulfilled. The archipelago that em- 
 braces Put-in-Bay has become a classic region. At Erie, and Cleveland, and San- 
 dusky, and Toleclo, where the Indian then " fastened his canoe to a stake," " ports 
 
 ' We have cbeerved In Note 2, pnge BIO, that Mr. Hamblcton, purser of the fMvtreitee, was chosen prize ogcnt. .\ 
 board of officers from Lake Ontario, assisted by Henry Eckford, naval constrnctor, prized the captured sqnadrou al 
 $225,000. Commodore ("hauncey, the commander-in-chief on the lakes, received one twentieth of the whole eum, or 
 1(12,750. Perry and Elliott each drew $7140. The Congress voted Perry $6000 in addition. Each commniuler of a 
 sjun-boflf sallinK-master, lieutenant, and captain of marines, received $22115 ; each midshipman, $811 ; each petty officer, 
 $447; and each marine and sailor, $20!).— Miss I.anra O. Sanford's Ilintory nf Erie, page 273. » See pn:,'e K.\. 
 
 ' Perry took with him from Rhode Island, as we have seen (page 509), a large number of men and officers. It wash; 
 them chiefly that the vessels built at Erie were constnicted. The commodore and three of his commanders — Chaniijliii, 
 Almy, and Turner, and Ave other officers— Taylor, Hrownell, Breese, Dnnham, and Alexander Perry, were ftoin Uliwlc 
 Island. In the flght forty-seven of the flfty-llvo guns i.f the squadron wore commanded by Rhode Islandc.s. 
 
 ♦ -Veic Quarterlii Rtvieii- and Britii* Cobmml HegMef, No. 4; 8. M. Richardson, Comhill, London. 
 » Annlfrtir Mafiazinf, rem her, 1818. 
 
 • He had .Inst heard of iarrlson's victorious Invasion of Canada, and It was believed at that time that the upper prov- 
 ince would assuredly bect>mc a portion of thi- L'uitcd States. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 537 
 
 Predictions. 
 
 smselves 
 3rry -was 
 lie erect- 
 glory of 
 
 the news- 
 over the 
 We have 
 
 shall be 
 ir success 
 isoled tlu' 
 Dxation at 
 ny branch 
 -a kind of 
 'ce in Can- 
 "mnee witli 
 
 1 Reviews,' 
 sition, that 
 cndship of 
 3 urged his 
 in," he said, 
 Midsliip has 
 too much." 
 dvc genera- 
 [ers of Lalvc 
 lassical pos- 
 
 Irving, in a 
 icannon that 
 loso vast in- 
 itendirg na- 
 vvhich do- 
 )etuity from 
 )usy popu- 
 aiul tangled 
 re now the 
 into vencra- 
 ipn will the 
 chievements 
 8 and in the 
 
 igo that em- 
 id, and Sau- 
 ike," "ports 
 
 prize agent. .\ 
 jrcd squadron s! 
 le whole mm, or 
 commander ot a 
 encli petty officer, 
 See page 521. 
 ,, leers. Itwa.'l'y 
 idcns— Cliampliu, 
 ,vcro from llhodc 
 
 It the upper proT- 
 
 Jonrney to Cloveliuid. 
 
 HlUorlc Places at Brie. 
 
 Night Travel. 
 
 spread their arms ;" and every year the anniversary of the battle is somewhere cel- 
 ebrated with appropriate ceremonies. Already tlie corner-stone of a monumental 
 shaft in commemoration of the battle has been laid upon Perry's Look-out on Gibral- 
 tar Island ;' and in the beautiful city of Cleveland — an insignificant hamlet on the 
 bleak lake shore in 1813, now [1867] a nuxrt of commerce with about fifty thousand 
 iiihfibitants — a noble statue of Perry, wrought of the purest Parian marble by a resi- 
 dont artist, has been erected by the city authorities.^ 
 
 I was present, as an invited guest, at the inauguration of that statue of Perry on 
 the 10th of September, 1860. Never will the impressive spectacles of that day, and 
 the inflixcnce of the associations connected with them, be effaced from memory, llie 
 journey thither, the mementoes of history seen on the way, and the meeting of scores 
 of veterans of the War of 1812 at the great gathering, made a deep impression on 
 the mind. I lefl my home on the Hudson, with my family, on the morning of the 
 Cth," Avith the intention of stopping at Erie (where a portion of Perry's . September, 
 squadron was built) on my way to Cleveland. It was a day like one in ^**'^"* 
 midsummer — sultry and showery ; yet in the railway carriage, whose steeds never 
 (Trow w'cary, and wherein shelter from sun and rain are ever afforded, we traversed 
 during the day, with very little fatigue or inconvenience, more than the entire length 
 of the State of New York, through the Hudson and Mohawk valleys and the great 
 levels westward, to Buffalo, a distance of three hundred and seventy miles. There 
 I left my family in charge of the veteran Captain Champlin, one of the heroes of 
 the fight, to accompany him by water to Cleveland ; and early the next morn- 
 inc'' I pushed on by railway to Erie, where I had the good fortune to 
 meet Captain W. W. Dobbins, son of the gallant officer of that name al- 
 ready mentioned. Ho kindly accompanied me to the places of interest about Erie — 
 tlie site of Fort Prestju' Isle^ — of Wiiyne's block-house — of Fort Wayne, on Garrison 
 Hill, by the light-house* — of the navy yard at the mouth of C'ascade Creek,* and the 
 old tavern where Perry made his head-quarters before and after the battle. When, 
 at the close of the day, we returned to the village, heavy black clouds were brooding 
 over the lake in the direction of the great conflict, and the deep bellowing of the dis- 
 tant thunder gave a vivid idea of the tumult of the battle lieard from that very spot 
 ■almost half a century before. I had completed my sketches and observations, and I 
 spent the evening pleasantly and profitably with Captain Dobbins and his venerable 
 mother, to whom I am indebted for kind courtesies and valuable information.^ At 
 almost two o'clock in the morning'^ I left Erie in the railway cars for 
 Cleveland, just after a heavy thunder-shower had passed over that re- 
 gion, making the night intensely dark, and drenching the country. 
 
 We arrived at Cleveland at six o'clock in the morning. Heavy mists were scurry- 
 ing over the lake upon the wings of fitful gusts, and dashes of rain came down fre- 
 quently like sudden shower-baths. For almost three liours I waited at the wharf 
 where the passengers on the boat from Buffalo were to land. She was The Western 
 Mdropolis — a magnificent vessel — one of th j finest ever built on the lakes. All night 
 
 " September T. 
 
 = September 8. 
 
 ' See pictnrc on page 61R On the 4th of July, 1862, the national anniversary was celebrated on Put-in-Bay Island by 
 Jte companies of Ohio vijiimtccr militia. Their encampment was the first ever seen there since Harrison loft it wltji 
 Ml troops in the autumn of tSlS. At that time it was agreed to talie measures for erecting a monument iu coramemo- 
 mlon of the victory, and The Ilattlc of Lake Krie Monument Aimoeiatvm was formed. A Constitotion was adopted, and 
 (Jmcral Lewis Cass, of "Detroit, was appointed president of the association. J. G. Camp, E. Cooke, E. Bili, A. P. Ed- 
 turd!, and J. A. Harris, were appointed a provisional executive committee. 
 
 ' Tlie project of erecting a statue of Perry at Cleveland originated with the Hon. Harvey Rice, of that elty, who, as 
 umber of llie Common Council, brought the subject before that body in June, 1S57, in a series of resolutions. A eom- 
 mittce was appointed to take the matter in hand, composed of Harvey Kice, p. M. Ovialt, J. M. Coflinlicrry, J. Kirkpnt- 
 tick, and C. D. Williams. They contracted with T. .Tones and Sons, of Cleveland, to erect a monument surmounted liy a 
 itunc of Perry, for the sum of eight thousand dollars. The designs of monument and statue were made by William 
 Wslcntt, the sculptor, of Cleveland, and the figures were executed by him. 
 
 ' See page 511. « See note 1, page 510. 'See page 511. 
 
 'Mm. Dobbins is of English and Irish extraction, and was married to Mr. Dobbins at Canuonsbnrg, Pennsylvunia, 
 iiily in the year 1800, by whom she had ten children. 
 
 v-\ i 
 

 |-.;ilH 
 
 jljfl !iifj|(':-'j 
 
 638 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Pilot of the Ariel. 
 
 Croivdi fill Cleveland. 
 
 "Camp P erry" on Sundaj. 
 
 long she liad battled with the storm, yet she was so staneli that her passoiicers had 
 slept securely ami soundly. A line state-room liad been assigned to Captain Cliamp- 
 lin. Among the survivors of the war who accompanied him was Captain Asel Wjl. 
 kinson, of Golden, Erie County, New York, who was the pilot of the Ariel — a tall 
 slender man, seventy-two years of age. He stood at the helm of his vessel all tlnoiu'li 
 ^ ^^ ' the battle of the 10th of Soj). 
 
 rifonf) yf//^/-? ' n tember. His cartridge-box 
 
 ^J^ll^ ^y/Ci^CynyO'r^S.'V^yi/' ^vas shot from his side by a 
 
 cannon-ball, and tlie tliunder 
 of the great guns brought the blood from his ears and nose, and permanently ini|i;iir 
 ed his hearing. I received many remiaiscences of the fight from his lips diii.ni^^ ^ 
 brief hour that I spent with him. His vigor of mind and body gave promise \ years 
 of future usefulness, but his days were nearly numbered. On the 4th of Julv, 1861 
 he was in Buffalo with liis wife to part'cipate in the celebration of the day. When 
 they were passing tlie corner of Pearl and Mohawk Streets he suddenly fell to the 
 pavement and expired. 
 
 In the midst of a furious thunder-storm wo rode to the residence of a gentleman on 
 Euclid Street, to the hospitalities of which we had been invited, and there we found 
 a pleasant home during our brief sojourn in Clevelaiid. It was the last day of the 
 week. On Monday the appointed ceremonies were to be performed, and visitors were 
 pouring into the " Forest City" by tliousands from every direction. Tiiat evcnina 
 the hotels and large numbers of private houses were filled with guests. Mr. Bancioit 
 (the historian), who was one of tlie chosen orators for the occasion, liad arrived ; alsd 
 a large delegation from Rhode Island, including Governor Sprague, Mr. Bartlett, the 
 Secretary of State, Dr. Parsons, Bishop Clarke, and Captain Thomas Brownell, who 
 was the acting sailing-master of the Ariel in the battle. Members of the Perry fam 
 ily and scores of tlie survivors of the war were also there, and the bright and beau 
 tiful Sabbath found Cleveland full of strangers. 
 It was indeed a bright and beautiful Sabbath. The storm-clouds were gone, and 
 
 the first cool breath of autumn came from 
 the lake and gave warning of the ap- 
 proaching season of hoar-fi-ost. At an 
 early hour Euclid Street — magnificent 
 Euclid Street — was full of animation, 
 Crowds were making their way to "Camp 
 Perry," on the county fair-grounds, the 
 head-quarters of the military, who were 
 under the command of Brigadier General 
 J. W. Fitch. In the spacious marquee of 
 that officer we met, just before tlie horn' 
 for morning religious services (in which 
 Bishop Clarke led), most of tlie Rhode 
 Island delegation. Governor Dennison,of 
 Oliio, and his staff, and Benjamin Fleming, 
 of Erie, a lively little man, then seventy- 
 eight years of age, who was a maintop- 
 man in the Niagara during the battle, 
 He was yet living in 1863, and was one 
 uENJAMiN FLMiiNo. gf t^fpe gurvlvors of the battle who arc 
 
 residents of Erie.' Fleming was a native of Delaware.'^ He was dressed in full sail- 
 
 ' The other two Were John Murray, a mnrinc from Peniioylvanla, aged abont sevcuty-three, mid Jesse Wall, a colored 
 man, nged about eeventy-four years, who was a flfer on board the Niagara. 
 • ficujamiu Flemiot; was bom in LewlBtou, Delaware, on the 20th of July, 1T82. He entered the naval service on 
 
OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 fi39 
 
 Son IvldH Soldiers of the War of 1812. 
 
 Tnaugnratloa of the Statne of Perry. 
 
 PreUininai7 Proceedings. 
 
 or's costume, and on liis right breast, in the form of a shield, on which was inscribed his 
 name and the occasion, was the silver medal presented by the State of Pennsylvania.' 
 
 pebby'b lantern. 
 
 for some soldiers were on those 
 vessels and upon Put-in-Bay 
 Island. There was also Ilosea 
 Sargent, of Cambridge, Mas- 
 sachusetts, a survivor of the 
 Lawrence, who handed Perry 
 his flag as he was leaving his 
 vessel for the Niagara. A 
 mute relic of the battle was 
 also on the ground. It was 
 Perry's signal lantern, and be- 
 longed to Lieutenant Selden, 
 It was made of tin, with win- 
 
 There wc also met Dr. Nathan 
 Eastman, of Medina, Ohio, 
 who, as volunteer surgeon, as- 
 sisted in dressing the wounds 
 of those injured hi tlu' battle 
 who were taken to the marine 
 liospital at Erie. He was after- 
 ward appointed assistant sur- 
 ijeon, and spent the dreary 
 winter of 1813-14 in that ca- 
 pjicit y on board the prize-ships 
 Detroit and Queen Charlotte, 
 
 of the " Wayne Guards" of Erie, who were present, 
 (lows of scraped horn, and had a venerable appearance. 
 
 Monday dawned gloomily. Tlie sky was lowering with heavy clouds, the tem- 
 perature- was chilling, and as the time approached for the commencement of the pub- 
 lic ceremonies there were indications of early rain. But these hindered nothing. At 
 an oarly hour I went to the City Hall, the head-quarters of the " soldiers of 1812," 
 anil assisted in the interesting task of making a register of the names and ages of 
 tliose who were present, about three hundred in numb'.r.^ The air was full of mar- 
 tial music, the streets and buildings were gay with b.anners, and as the appointed 
 time for uncovering the statue drew near, the public square of ten acres, in the cen- 
 tre of which it stoo;!, began to fill with people. I had made my way with difficulty 
 through the crowd from the old soldiers' head-quarters to the stage erected for the 
 ooiuluctors of the pageant and invited guests. Mr. Bancroft soon arrived, alone, but 
 was followed almost immediately by the mayor of the city, the committee of arrange- 
 ments, Dr. Parsons (the associate orator), the Perry family, and other invited guests. 
 Very soon the immense military and civic procession came filing into the square in 
 2ay and sombre costumes, accompanied by a miniature brig Laiorence, on wheels, 
 drawn by four horses. The inclosure was filled with the living sea, and broad On- 
 tario ami Superior Streets were crowded with people as far as the eye could reach. 
 " All Cleveland is out !" exclaimed a gentleman at my elbow. " All creation, you 
 hiul hotter say," responded another. It was estimated that fifty thousand strangers 
 wore present. 
 
 The ceremonies before the statue were opened by prayer from the lips of the Rev- 
 ireiid Dr. Perry, of Natchez, Mi88is8i])pi. Then Mr. Waloutt, the sculptor, unveiled 
 the statue. There it stood, upon a green mound, surrounded by an iron railing, im- 
 posing, beautiful, and remarkable because of its extreme whiteness.^ Tens of thou- 
 •iinils of voices sent up loud cheers as that chaste work of art was clearly revealed, 
 I'lirjust as the covering was removed, rays of sunlight, that had struggled thi^ugh 
 
 board the fflgnte Eimx in 1811, and at New York volunteered for the Inke service. He \vi<>wUh Elliott at the captnre 
 iif the Caltiionia and Adam». See list uf nnmcs In Note S, page 3S5. He had lived In Brie ( er since this war. Two 
 of bis sons were in a Pennsylvania regiment during the late Civil War, and both were wonnded in the b.ittJeB befon^ 
 Richmond. > See page BS5. 
 
 > .\monf; these were Benjamin Le Reanx, a^d seventy-«even years. He was f^om La Salle City, Illinois. He ivas a 
 imall, lively, spnrkliug-fnced man, and was dressed in the same military suit of gray in which, as orderly serc^uant, he 
 tonghi under General Scott in the battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane. lie was in Jesnp's command. A liistory of that 
 gray uniform will he given liereaftcr. Mr. Lc lieaiix's father was a Frenchman, and Kprved as captain nnder LafuyiUte. 
 
 ' The monument and statue, represented ou the following page, present to the eye one of the most chaste memorials 
 of sreatness to l>e found in the country. Indeed, it is believed that nothing equals it. The pedestal is of Khnde Island 
 liraiiite, twelve feet in height, on one side of which Is sculptured. In low relief, the scene of Perry's passage from the 
 Imrrma to the Maijara. On one side of It is a small statue of a Sailor-boji, bareheaded, and on the other one of a Mid- 
 iki|)m(in, with his cap on, in the attitude of listening. The statue is of Parian marble, and remarkable for its purity. 
 Il It i^l^lit fejt in height, but at the altitude of the top of the pedestal or monument it appears lilfa-slze. The entire 
 litii;ht of the monument, including the base, is twenty-live feet. . 
 
 i-M 
 
 
MO 
 
 PrCTOBIAL FIELn-BOOK 
 
 The Statnc unveiled. 
 
 Orations by Bancroft and Pari>ona. 
 
 A remarlcnblu Dinner 
 
 ' li i 
 
 |i 
 
 
 7f1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 the clouds, fell full upon it. Mr. WuJPutt 
 made a brief address, which was resiiondci^ 
 to by Mayor Scnter. Then followed Mr 
 Ban'^roft's oration,' and an historical dis^ 
 course by Dr. Parsons.'* Oliver Hazard IVr- 
 ry, the only surviving son of the ((.iiiiiio. 
 dore, addressed the people briefly, when the 
 masonic ceremonies of dedication were m- 
 formed. The proceedings closed with a soncj, 
 written by E. (4. Knowlton, of Cleveland 
 and sung by Ossian E. Dodge. 
 
 I had been invited to dine with the vof- 
 crans of 1812, and when the eerenKniies he- 
 fore the statue were ended,! hasi ened from 
 the crowded city to the old soldiers' han- 
 quet-hall in the railway buildings on the 
 margin of the lake. The scene was a most 
 interesting and remarkable one. Almost 
 three hundred survivors of the war, who iiad 
 been participants in its military events, wort- 
 seated at the table, with their commander 
 for the day (General J. M. Hughes), and 
 Deacon Benjamin Rouse, the president of 
 the Old Soldiers' Association, at their head. 
 There were very few among them of foclih 
 step. Upon every head not disfigured liy a 
 wig lay the snows that never melt. It was 
 ;i dinner-party,! venture to say, that has no 
 |iarallel in history. The ages of the guests 
 (excepting a few younger men, like niystlf, 
 who were permitted by courtesy to be jires- 
 ent) ranged from fftysev en to ninety years.' 
 The average was about seventy years; and 
 the aggregate age of the company Avas about 
 twenty thousand years t 
 
 When I left the banquet-liall a spectacle of rare beauty met the eye. Tlic high 
 banks of the lake in front of the city were covered with men, women, and oliikhvn, 
 thousands in numbei-, who had come out to be witnesses of a promised sham-fight on 
 the lake, in nearly exact imitation of the real one forty-seven years before. Iciiuilnd 
 the steep bank, up a long flight of stairs at the foot of Warren Street, to a good po- 
 sition for observation, and found myself by the side of Mr. Fleming, the jolly little 
 maintop-man of the Niagara, with his sailor's dress and silver medal. The clouds 
 had dispersed, and the afternoon was almost as bright and serene as when the old 
 battle was waged. One by one the vessels representing the belligerent squadrons of 
 Perry and Barclay went out from the mouth of the Cuyahoga, not " with a light 
 breeze" alone, but by the more certain power of steam-tugs. Captain Champlin com- 
 manded the mock-American squadron, and Mr. Chapman* that of the mock-lJritisli. 
 
 • Imtnedtately after the noncluBlon of Mr. Bancroft's addrcee, he wns presented with i\ cane, made of the ttrabcr of (he 
 Lmcreiux, by the "Wayne Guards," of Erie. The head is of i»old, and tho fernle a spike fi-om the Lawrenoe. 
 
 ' During the delivery of Dr. Parsons's disconrse, an intellii;ent old man. named Quiun, ttom Pittsburg, Poiinsylvania, 
 came upon the stand, and reported himself as the man who made the corda^ nsed in rigging the vessels of Perrv'i 
 eqnadron. He had with him, in a box, the identical tools that were nsed in that service. 
 
 3 The oldest man among them was a colored soldier named Abraham Chase. He was ninety. Two of them (8. F. 
 Whitney and Bichard M'Cready) were only flfty-seven. They were boys in the service. « See page B2T, 
 
 PERBV'S STATUE. 
 
the timber of thr 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 541 
 
 Sbam BattU' on Lake Erie. 
 
 VUit to early Reaidents of Cleveland. 
 
 Captain Stanton Sboles. 
 
 lUdO. 
 
 . gingnlar coincidence occurred. Ab in the real battle, so in this, there waH a light 
 Vn-e/t' ar Hrnt, which freshened before the close. It was lui excitinfj scene, and little 
 Fli-niuB iUirly danced with exhilaration as he observed the flashes — the booming 
 of groat guns — the fleet rnveloped in smokt; — Champlin, like Perry, leaving the Law- 
 rence and going to the Niagara, and the latter sweeping down, breaking the Chap- 
 inan-Harclay's line and winning victory. With this extraordinary pa^^eant closed the 
 public ceremonies of the day.' 
 
 On the following Jay, accompanied by the Rev. T. B. Fairchild, of Hudson, Ohio, 1 
 viiiited several jjcrsons and places in Cleveland connected with its history. Among 
 the former were Judge liarr, to whose kind courtesy, through the medium of letters, 
 I was under many obligations, and the widow of Dr. David J^ong, a daughter of John 
 Wadsworth, one of the earliest settlers in that region. She was a resident of Cleve- 
 land at the time of the battle. =* When I visited her* she and Levi John- .September, 
 nor. and his wife were the only survivors of the inhabitants of that place 
 in 1813. At the time of Hull's surrender 
 there was great alarm at Clevelaiul, and 
 Mrs. Long was the only woman who re- 
 mained. Her husband would not desert 
 the sick there, and she would not desert 
 her husband. At that time they had no 
 military ])rotection, but in the spring of 
 1813 Major Jesup was stationed there 
 with two companies of Ohio militia. 
 These were joined in May by Captain 
 Stanton Sholes, now [l ^67] a resident of 
 Columbus, Ohio,^ with a company of 
 United States Artillery from Pennsylva- 
 nia. He was cordially welcomed by 
 Governor Meigs, and made his quarters 
 at Major Carter's tavern. Tie immedi- 
 iitcly set about felling the timber on the 
 -iite of the present city of Cleveland, with 
 which to build a small stockade fort. 
 This was erected near the present light- 
 house, about fifty yards from the lake. 
 
 JtmJiM,'fh.di^, 
 
 ' At lilt close of the pnbltc proccedingB the members of the Mnsonlc Order who were present dined together ot the 
 Weddell Flonse. H. L. HoHmer, Dnpnty Grand Master of Ohio, presided. The banqueters were enlivened by toasts and 
 spctflien, and the festivities closed with a song written for ihe occasion by William Ross Wallace, and sung by Ossian 
 E. Doilgc— a song of three stanzas, of which the Idlowing scirrlng one is the conclu<-'on: 
 
 " Roll, roll, ye waves ! otemni roll I 
 For ye are holy from his might: 
 Oh, Banner, that his valor wreathed, 
 
 Forever keep thy victor-light 1 
 And if npon this sacred lake 
 
 Slionld ever come invading powers, 
 Like him may we exulting cry, 
 
 Wk'vK met TIIK 1.-OK, ANB THEY AKE 0ITE8 1" 
 
 ■ Dr. Long's dwelling was on the site of the present light-house at Cleveland. It still exists, bnt at some distance 
 frnm the place where it was built. It now stands on the north side of Frankfort Street, between Bank and Water Streets. 
 It in a small building, one story, about 20 by '2fi feet square. 
 
 ' Mr.Sholcs is a native of Connecticut, born before the breaking ont of the Revolntlonary War, and Is now CISC") 
 nbout ninety-six years of age. His father was a British soldier at the capture of (Jnebec ftom the French, and served 
 four yeiirs in our old war for Independence. In early life Captain Gholes engaged in tlie bnslness of a sailor, and visited 
 many parts of the world. He qnit the ocean in 1803, and settled In the Slate of New York. After a few years he took 
 'ip bi« abode on the banks of the Ohio River, about twenty miles below Pittsburg. In May, ISl'.!, he received from Pres- 
 ident Madison a captain's comn\l88ion in the second division LTnited States Artillery, with orders to recruit a company 
 ofonp hmidred men tor five years. This he accomplished, and in May, 1813, arrived with them at Cleveland, as we have 
 ibjcrv'ed. He served faithfully in the Northwest, during the hostilities In that region, under Harrison. I am indebted 
 loCnptain Sholes (br much valuable information concerning operations there. He is an honored hero of two wars, fbr 
 hefore the close of the Revolution be ran away from home, and entered the service of his country as a boy-aoldler. 
 
 ■ -V 
 
 ill 
 
OM 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Parrjr tnd hia Csptlvei. 
 
 Terrible Storm on IjUie Brte. 
 
 Fate of the chief Vemelg In the Bwtit 
 
 I, .1 
 
 IIo also erected a comfortable hospital. During that summer he was on active dntv 
 there, but two ilays before the battle on the laki' he received orders from <i('noral 
 Harrison to break up his encampment, and, with his comjjany and all the >Xf>veriiinont 
 boats at Cleveland, movo on to the mouth of the Mauinee, preparatory to a Hpt^dy 
 invasion (if Canada. 
 
 • iMO ^ ^'''^^ Cleveland on the morning of the 1 2th of September" for Southern Ohio 
 and the residence and ((tmb of lieneral Harrison. Of the incidents of tlmt 
 jounioy I sh.iU hereafter write. Lot us occupy a few moments in consKU'ring tlic 
 farther movements of the lake squadron so lately in battle. We left them in Put in- 
 " September, l^ay on the morning of the t'ith,'' after the sad task of burying the slain 
 
 •'A®'^- officers had been performed. 
 
 In the course of the i' ly after the battle Perry visited the wounded Barclay oii 
 board the battere<l Detroit. They met there for the first time face to face, and it was 
 the beginning of a lasting personal friemlship. His kindness to IJarclay and his men 
 on this occasion el'cited the i)raise8 of thiU officer in his official dispatch. Kvery tliin,, 
 that friend could do for friend was performed by the victor toward the captive' 
 
 Perry now prepared for the transportation of Harrison's army to C.-inada. I'nr 
 that purpose he ji' ced all the wounded Americans on board the L<(wrence., and i|i|. 
 wounded British on board the Detroit and Queen Charlotte,^ and arranired the Ki- 
 agara and the lighter vessels of both sipiadrons as transports. Ho made the .Vwy. 
 ara his flag-ship; and on board of her, on the 13th, while a furious gale from tin 
 southwest was sweeping over the lake, he wrote a detailed account of the battle tin 
 the Secretary of the Navy.' The shattered Britisii vessels were made to sutler liv 
 that storm. It drove heavy swells into the harbor, which so shook the Detroit that 
 her masts fell u])on her decV with a terrible crash, wrecking every thing near them. 
 The main and m'zzen mas he Queen (Jharlotte also fell; and there lay the tlim 
 
 vessels helpless hulks. Tluj •, ere converted into hospital ships. The crippled Lav- 
 rence, devoted to the same uses, sailed sluggishly for Erie on the 21 st, 
 and wns soon followed by the Detroit and Queen Charlotte.* She arrived 
 
 ' September. 
 
 Captain SIkiIom is the subject of an extraordinary phyBlological chii' re. For fifty years he was bald and woreanln 
 Then he was afflicted with cevere headache, for the relief of which iluihs dipped In warm water and wriui),' out wen 
 applied. The pain teaxcd and a new growth of hair commenced. In the summer of 1804, uh I was informed l)y hln pa*. 
 tor, Rev. Mr. liyers, his head wa» thickly covered with glossy, snowy-white hair, so long that it was combed back from 
 the forehead and tied with a ribbon at his neck. Ills face, also, which was formerly maclt wrinkled, had become smootb, 
 " with much of the restored fairness of youth." 
 
 ' While Perry was on the Dttrnil, two savages, who had been concealed in the hold of the vessel, were bronght to hlni 
 They were Indian chiefs, and had been taken on board clothed in sailors' suits, and, with others, were placed in the to|i> 
 as sliarp-shooters. The noise of great gnns and the dangers of the fight unnerved tliem, and they had lied to the hold 
 in terror. Wlien brought before Perry they expected torture or scalping. Their astonishment was great when he gpokf 
 kindly to them, directed them to be fed, and scut them on shore with assurances of protection from the Indiaus friendlj 
 to the Americans. 
 
 2 The prisoners conveyed to Brie were sent to Pittsburg, In the Interior, for greater gecurlty. The wounded were 
 well cared for. 
 
 3 In this dispatch Perry spoke In terms of praise of all his officers who were conspicuous in the battle. Captain El- 
 liott received a bountlftil share, contrary to the judgment and wishes of many of Pc^r^'J^ officers. They expressed Iheir 
 opinions fteeiy in disparagement of Elliott. A quarrel between the two commn«diis and their friends ensued. The 
 controversy was revived in after years by Mr. Cooper, the historian of the United States Navy, and old animoslllcs wcrr 
 awakened to unwonted vigor. They have ^^ t.'aptain George Miles, of Erie. Theymn 
 now slept for many years, and I do not » |^M A converted into merchant ships, but In lb 
 choose to disturb them by any remarks l^fl^HR course of five or six years they became Ufc 
 here. The public verdict has determined ^^I^^H '^'^' "^'^ IMmit lay at Buffalo sonic time, 
 the relative position of the two command- l^RBIA when she was purchased by the hotel-keep- 
 ers in the history of the country. So let it wHPmI^&=:;^v. ers at Niagara Falls, with which to mskeii 
 be. Ug^a^HMylft spectacle for the visitors there in the sum- 
 
 * The liatrrmcf, Dftrmt, and Qtteen Char' fj|k_ I^RH^^^^a^ """''■ ''''"'y P'oeed a live bear and olhfr 
 fo'te were afterward sunk in Little Bay (see j^^k I^^^B^BiifeB animals on board of her, and sent her 
 map on page SU), on the northerly side of l|^^B ^^^^BSr^l adrift above the Fails, in the presence ofn 
 the harbor of Erie. The .Vtar^m was kept '^^^K I^^^^^E^^ great crowd of |>eople, who expected to tee 
 at Brie as a receiving ship for a long time. --M^K y^^^ B^^^^ J her plnnue over tlie great cataract. Bn; 
 She was finally abandoned, and also sunk "y^^^^B^g^F^^^ T she lodged In the rapids above, and ther' 
 In Little Bay. Here her bottom, partly ^^^^^HP^B?^?"^ went to pieces. Such was the end ofCom 
 covered by sand, may still be seen. In ^^H^^^jT-**^!"' mander Barclay's flag-ship Ikrynii. Pieer* 
 
 1837 the Detroit and i^uen Charlotte were ^^^^^Ei'^^^vJ^ "f "i^ iMwrerwe have been sniinlit for »> 
 
 pnrchasedofthe government, and raised by ■ >•-;- relics by the curious, and many caue« and 
 
 m!> 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1813. 
 
 Ai3 
 
 ,c wonndcd vrtre 
 
 Pen, and tlii rrl«i)n at Brio. 
 
 Their Horeptlon. 
 
 Incident! at Biie. 
 
 Biecutlon of BM. 
 
 ri.UllV> gllAKTEBB. 
 
 at Erie on the 'iail, and was grooted by a 
 Kaliite of seventeen giiiiH on shore. A month 
 .0.) later," wlien Canada liad been 
 m;'- • siieeesstully uivaued by Harri- 
 son, and Perry, as his vohmleer aid, had 
 sliiircd in tlie lionors of victory, tlie Ariel 
 sailed into K'"'« with these eonimaiiders, 
 fllio were accoin])anied by Coniniodori' 
 Barcliiy, then admitted to liis paroU^ and 
 Colonel E. r. Gaines. Tiiese ottieers took 
 locl'lniis ai Duncan's, Perry's old head- 
 nuiirtd^, yet standinj,' (glorious because of 
 its uHJtdciations, though in ruins), on the 
 corner of Third and French Strei'ts. ' They 
 were received -with the booming of can- 
 non, the shouts of the people, and the kind- 
 ly greeting of every loyal heart. The town 
 wa» illiiuuiiated in the evening, and the streets were enlivened by a torch-liglit pro- 
 cession, bearing transparencies, made at 
 the suggestion and under the direction 
 of the accomplished Lieutenant Thomas 
 Holdup.^ On one of these were the words 
 " Commodore I'erry, 1 0th of September, 
 1813;" on another, " (4eneral Harrison, 
 5th of October, 1813;" cm another, " Free 
 Trade and Sailors' liights;" and on a 
 fourth, " Erie." The Niagara arrived the 
 same afternoon, and other vessels soon fol- 
 lowed.^ 
 
 The succeeding winter was passed in 
 much anxiety by the inhabitants of Erie 
 on acx'onnt of an expected attack by the 
 British and Indians, who, it was reported, 
 were preparing to cross the lake on the 
 ice from the Canada shore. False alarms 
 were frequent, and midnight 2)acking8 of 
 valuables preparatory to an exodus were 
 quite common. The summer brought 
 guaranties of repose, and during the last 
 half of the year 1814 only a company of 
 volunteers were stationed there, most of them at the block-house at Cascade Creek.* 
 
 ilifr artlclen have been made of the wood. Captain Chainplin and Dr. Parsons, snrvlvors of the battle, both hnvp 
 lisira made from the oak wood of the flag-ship. Our little eniiraving on the opposite page shows the form '>f Chnni- 
 liliii's chnlr. I saw the stern-post of the Lawretue In possession of Captain W. W. Dobbins, at Erie. 
 
 1 Tliis is known as the " Eric Hotel." The above picture shows its appearance when I sketched it in September, 
 1^C(|. Tlie most dii^tiuit window of the second story, seen in the gable of tho main building, and boarded up, was point- 
 ed out to me as the one that lighted the room occupied by Perry. 
 ' See Note S, page 528. ' Doctor Parsons's Diary. Mi.ss Laura O. Sanford's History of Erie. 
 
 ' Tliree men wore executed at Erie for desertion in the autumn of 1S14. One of them was a young man of some 
 standing, mimed Bird, who had fought gallantly on the Niagara in the battle on Lake Erie. Ills ofTenee could not be 
 overlooked, and he was shot. It was thought by some that his pardon, under tho circumstances, might not have been 
 detrimental to the public good. A doleful ballad, called The vmurnful Tragedn o,t James Bint, was written, and became 
 very popular throughout the country, drawing te£ 's from nnrctlned and sensitive listeners. Older readers will doubt- 
 less remember with what pathos the singers would chant tho following, which was the last of tho eleven verses of the 
 ballad: 
 
 "See, he kneels upon his cofHn 1 sure his death can do no good. 
 Spare hini I Iliirk I Oh God 1 they've shot him ; his bosom streams with blood. 
 Farewell, Bird ! farewell forever ! Friends and home he'll see no more I 
 But his mangled corpse lies buried '^ Erie's distant shore." 
 
 THOMAS nOLDUP STEVENB. 
 
 1 i »' 
 
Ml 
 
 
 044 
 
 I'ICTOHIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Arrapgemenu fur Invading Cansd«. narrlmn'a Dlilnt«fWt«dneM. Qowrnor Shelby and hia Full^liijr 
 
 CITAPTEU XXVI. 
 
 "'Twftd on LaTranche'H fcrtllo banka 
 
 A KUlli'Xt l«>it iipiK'iircd ; 
 But rmirtmn hundred fiirniivl their ranks— 
 
 No chnnro of war they foiirt'd. 
 Their counlry'B chuhc htid called them forth 
 
 To Imttle'H Htormy Held ; 
 They deemed the mnu of llltlo worth 
 
 WhoHO rnind but tliou^'ht to yield. 
 There onr Columhlit'K warrior bnnda 
 
 The Htnr-Rtud enHli;n bear, 
 And General llarrlHon commands 
 
 The men to valor dear." 
 
 g>ftPFjj|^;;-.2 ' ., 11 KN Perry's victory gave the sovereignty of Lake Eric ♦', tiio 
 /Vlu AincricaiiH, General Harrison had conipleted liis arraiigoiiu'iits 
 
 for invading Canachi. lie liad called on Governor SiuHiv of 
 Kentuclvy, lor fifteen Inindred men, and, with the generosity of 
 an nnselfish patriot as he was, invited that veteran to the field 
 and to the chief command, Haying, "Wliy not, my dear Hit-, comp 
 in i)erHon ? You would not object to a command tiiat would be 
 nominal only. I have Huch confidence in your wisdom, that you, 
 in fact, should ' be the guiding head and I the hand.' Tiie situation you would W 
 placed in would not be without its parallel. Scipio, the concpieror of Cartliano, did 
 not disdain to act as the lieutenant of his younger and less experienced brother 
 Lucius." 
 
 This invitation roused the martial spirit of Shelby, and he resolved to lea(l,nolto 
 «cn(?lt H people against the foe. He called for mounted volunteers to assemble at 
 •July 81, Newport, opposite Cincinnati, at the yiose of July." "I will meet you tlieiv 
 *^'^- in person," lie said; "I will lead you to the field of battle, and share Avitli 
 you the clangers and honors of the campaign." His words were electrical ; Kentucky 
 instantly blazed with enthusiasm. " Come," said the young men and veterans, " let 
 us rally round the eagle of our country, for Old KliHf''s Mountain^ will certainly lead 
 us to victory and conquest." Twice the required number flocked to his standard; 
 and with Major John Adair,'' and the late venerable United States senator .lolin 
 J. Crittenden,^ as his aids, and wearing upon his thigh a sword just presented to 
 
 1 Oovernor Shelby wn» one of the lendcrB of the militia who defeated the bunded Tories nndcr Major Fcrgnfnn on 
 Kiuij's Mountain, on the upper borders of South t'arolinu, on the 7th of Octobf r, 1781. Slielby'8 valor on that occusioo 
 was conspicuous, and he was known in late* . cars by the familiar nairo of Old Kmg'n Mountuhi. 
 
 ' John Adair was a North Carolinian, and emigrated to Kentucky in 1780, at the age of thirty-one years. lie wasnn 
 active ofllcer in the Indian ware on the Northwestern frontier. He held the rommlBsiou of major In 1792. He was pop 
 nlar in his adopted state until isn7, when his unfortunate connection with Burr obscured his rei)utatlon for a while, lie 
 seems not to have been aware (like other of Burr's dupes) of the traitor's real desi^rns. In politics he was a Kcdorolist. 
 His conduct during the campaign of 1813 was every way praiseworthy. lie was afterward apiiointcd adjutant geneml 
 of the Kentucky troops, with the brevet rank of brigadier general. In that capacity he commanded the KcnIiicliUiis 
 in the battle of New Orleans. In 1820 he was elected Governor of Kentucky, and was often a member of the Stale Ugls- 
 lature. lie had been United States senator in ISO,"* ; in 1831 he was elected a member of the lower house of Confres!. 
 He died on the l'.)th of May, 1S40, nt the age of eighty-three years. 
 
 3 John .T. Crittenden was born in Woodford County, Kentucky, in September, 17Sfi. His father was an early Mttler 
 in that state. Young Crittenden studied law, and commenced Us practice in Russellville, Logan County. He was amonf 
 the first voliuitcera raised by Oovernor Shelby for Harrison in 1S1S>. He accompanied General Hopkins in his cx|)Cili- 
 tion on the Wabash (see page 330), and the next year was with Harrison on the Northwestern frontier. He performed 
 gallant service In the battle on the Thames, after which ho resumed his profession at RnssellvlUe. He was several 
 times a member of the State Legislature, and was elected United States senator in 1817. He afterward removed to 
 Frankfort, where he practiced his professhm uutil IS36, Bcr\-ing bis constituents as legislator occasionally. That year 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1818. 
 
 S40 
 
 li FuUi 
 
 Eric t", iiio 
 raiigcnu'iits 
 p Slielby, of 
 LMUTOsity (if 
 to the iiflil 
 iar sir, come 
 i.at would 1)0 
 iin, lliiit yim, 
 Oil would 1)1' 
 !artlia;,'t', did 
 ced brother, 
 
 had, not to 
 aKsonibli,' at 
 set you tlii'i'c 
 
 share witli 
 Ki'iiluoky 
 etcrans, " kt 
 
 rtainly lead 
 is Btandaiil; 
 
 iiator Joliii 
 
 ) resented to 
 
 Injor ForRnson on 
 ■ on that occasion 
 
 years. Howium 
 
 7>.)2. Ilcwaspor 
 )ii for a while. Hi' 
 
 wns i> Federalist. 
 
 ndjntnnt Kcnnal 
 _ the Konlufklflns 
 nftheStntoUiri?- 
 lOUBC of Coiifrcss, 
 
 ->■' 
 
 as an early Mttlfr 
 
 He was amon,; 
 
 lis in his cxpcili- 
 
 r. He iicrformcl 
 
 He was several 
 
 irwaril removed to 
 
 onally. Thotyeu 
 
 T^i^riart—ntei U> Ooternor Hhelbjr. Annr «' the Northwest In Mutlon. ItilabulMtion forC'iiniuU, 
 
 him by Henry Clay, in tho iiamo of tho State of North CaroUnn, in testimony of ap- 
 nreciittio" of liin HerviccH in t\w old war for independence,' lie led thirty-five hund- 
 red mounted men, ineludinjx Colonel H. M. Johnsoii'H troop, in the direction of Lak<' 
 Eric. At IJrhana he or<;anized Ium volnnteerH into eleven re^'imentH,'' and on the 12th 
 (if September reached Upper Sandimky. From that poHt Shelby pnwiied forward with 
 bin start", and at Fort l>.ill (Tittin) he heard of IVrryV victory. He dispatched a cour- 
 ier to Major (leneral Henry, whom he had lell in command at Lower Sandusky, j^iv- 
 iiiffhini the glorious news, and directing him to press forward with tho troops us fast 
 as posnible. The intelligence of success nerved them to more vigorous action; and 
 on the 15th am! 10th" the wliole army of the Northwest, excepting tho • seiiiombor, 
 troops at Fort Meigs and minor posts, were on the bordera of Lake Eric, "'"• 
 
 on the ])leasant peninsula between Sandusky Ihiy and the lake below llio nioutli of 
 the Portatjc liiver, now i'ort CMinton.^ Shelby arrived there on llic 14th, a few inin- 
 iit(» before a jtart of Perry's s(|ua<lron apjjeared bearing three Iniodred Hritish jiris- 
 oiieis. These were landed at the mouth of the Portage, placed in charge of the in- 
 fantry, and a few days afVerward were marched to Fianklinton and Chillicothe, es- 
 corted by a guard of Kentucky militia unch/r (Quartermaster Payno. 
 
 Preparations were now made for the embarkation of the army. Harrison had been 
 joined at Seneca by about two hundred and si.xty friendly Wyandot, Shawnoese, and 
 Seneca Indians under chiefs Lewis, IJlack Hoof,* and IJlacksnake. General M'Arthur, 
 Clay's successor in command of Fort Meigs, was ordered to embark artillery, provis- 
 ions, and stores from that now reduced ]>ost, and to march the icgulars there, with 
 Clay's Keiituckians, to the Portage. Colonel Johnson was directed to remain at Fort 
 Melius with his mounted regiment until the expedition sliould sail, and then nmrch 
 toward Detroit, keeping abreast of the army on the trans))orts, as nearly as possible. 
 
 The embarkation of the army commenced on the 20th.'' The Aveather 
 was delightful. On tho 24th tho troops rendezvoused on Put-in-liay Isl- 
 
 l;f was elected to the United .States Senate. lie was called to the cabinet of Picsldcnt Harrison, In 1S41, as attorney 
 ; iicral. Ue was agahi elected to the Senate, and In 1S4.S was chosen Governor of Kentucky. President Fillmore called 
 lira to his cnbinet In July, 1H60, as attorney general. Ho entered the United Slates Senate again as a nienilicr In ImM, 
 :i!iil lield his seat there until IMl, when his term of ofllce expired. He took an active part, as u Union man, In leglsla- 
 I .(' measures |H>rtalning to the Urcat Rebellion, and his proposition for conciliation will ever be known In history as 
 ; . Critleiulen Cmnprnmiiie. In ISfil he was elected a representative of tho lower house of the Thirty -seventh Congress, 
 uidili position he occupied until the close of the session on the 3d of March, 1S03, when he ." •> agam put In uomtna- 
 i: 111 for the same offlce. But he did not live until the time for the election. His physical powers had been gradually 
 L-ivinB way for some time, and at half past three o'clock on Sunday morning, July 26, lstl3, ho died at his residence at 
 1 ranlifort, without a struggle, at the age of almost seventy-seven years. 
 1 have before me Mr. Clay's autograph letter to Governor Shelby ou the subject. -The following Is a copy: 
 
 " Lexinoto.v, 22d August, 1813. 
 •Mr DEAB Sib,— I have seen by the public prints that yon Intend leading a detachment ft'om this state. As you will 
 Hint a Bword, I have the pleasure to Inform you that 1 am charged by Governor Turner and Mr. Macon with delivering 
 ; yiin that which the State of North Carolina voted yon In testimony of the sense It entertained of your conduct at 
 Kiis's Moimliiin. I would take It will, me to Frankfort, In order that 1 might personally e-tecnte the commission, ar.* 
 ■ Hie same time have the giatlflcatlon "f seeing you, If I were not excessively oppressed with fatigue. I shall not fr ' 
 i rwcver, to avail myself of the first safe conveyance, and If any should offer to you I will thank you to Inform mo. t' ■ 
 \\ aci|aire additional lustre in the patriotic and hazardous enterprise in which yon are embarking I 
 
 "Your friend, H. Clav. 
 
 Tlic Bword was placed in the hands of Mr. W. T. Barry, a mutual friend, on tho day when tho letter was written, who 
 nveyed It to Ooveruor Shelby, at Frankfort. 
 
 '■ The reglnu'iits were officered respectively as follows: I.lentenant Colonels Trotter, Donaldson, Poague, Mountjoy, 
 
 Idinlck, Davfiijiort, Paul, Calloway, Simrall, Barbour, and Williams. They were formed Into Ave brigades, under Brig- 
 
 !:fr« Calmes, Chiles, King, Allen, and Caldwell. The whole were formed Into two divisions, under Major Generals 
 
 w illian Henry and Joseph Deaha. W. T. Barry was appointed the governor's secretary, Thomas T. Barr judge advo- 
 
 , :ic scneral, and Doctor A. J. Mitchell hospital surgeon. 
 
 • The Portage Is a deep, sluggish st'cam. It rises in the Black Swamp, and flows between thirty and forty mile*. 
 litre is a nood harbor at Port Clinton. 
 
 ' lllack Hoof was a famous Shnwnoese chief. He was born In Florida, and remembered his tribe moving from there 
 ■ ' rcnnaylvanla and Ohio. He was promhient In tho fight against Braddock In I'M, and was In all the Indian wars 
 uiili the Americans In the Northwest toward the close of the last century, until the treaty of Greenville in liflS. Up to 
 : ilui lime he had been the bitter enemy of the white man ; afterward he remained falthftil to that treaty. Tecnmtha 
 ■ tried to seduce him, bnt failed, and by his Influence he kept a greater portion of his tribe from joining tho British hi 
 I the War of ISI'2. He became the ally of the United States, bnt bodily Infirmity kept him f^om active service. In the in- 
 I lUnce of his fHeudsblp just mentioned, he simply brought his people to camp, and left younger chiefs to conduct them 
 I in the campaign. 
 
 Mm 
 
IV. ^>- 
 
 
 ii 3. 
 
 640 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Army crosses Luke Erie. It lands wlihont Opposition. VeuKeniice of the Kcutncltiiuis iind Fenrs of I'roctor 
 
 and, and on tho 25tli they were upon the Middle Sister, an island containintf six or 
 seven acres. Upon that small space almost five thousand men were encamped. The 
 Kentuckians had left tlieir horses on the peninsula, and were acting as infanti-y.' The 
 elements were iavoring. There was a fresh hreeze from the south, and General Har- 
 rison and Commodore Perry sailed in the Ariel to reconnoitre the enemy at llaidcn 
 They acc<)ni|ilished their ohject fully and returned at sunset. Directions wore at 
 once given for the embarkation of the troops the next morning, and in a general or- 
 der issued that evening, the place and manner of landing, the arrangement of the 
 order of march, the attack on the foe, and other particulars, Avere prescribed with 
 gi'cat minuteness. It Avas believed that the (Mieniy would meet them at the laiuliiur. 
 place. This order was signed by E. P. (iaines, the adjutant general, and contaiiud 
 the following exhortation: "The genei'al entreats his bi-ave troops to remember tliat 
 they are the sons of sires whose fame is immortal ; that they are to fight for (ho ri"lits 
 of their insulted cotintry, while their opponents combat for the unjust pretension^ of 
 a master. Kentuckians! remember the Kiver liaisin ! but remember it o?*/y wliile 
 victory is suspended. The revenge of a soldier can not be gratified upon a fallen 
 enemy,"^ 
 
 •> September, The filial embarkation took place on the morning of the 2Vth.'' Xo lovo- 
 1813. jjpj. ..xntumnal day ever dawned upon the earth. The sky was eloiulles-;, 
 the atmosphere balmy, and a gentle breeze from the southwest lightly rippled thi 
 waters. In sixteen armed vessels and almost one luindred boats that little ainuMvas 
 put aflo.at. All was in motion at nine o'clock, and as the great flotilla moved north- 
 ward toward the hostile shore, Harrison's stirring address was j-ead to the nun on 
 each vessel. From these Avent up a hearty shout of Ilamson and Victori/, and 
 then all moved on silently into the Detroit River. The sjiectacle was lieaiitil'iil and 
 sublime. 
 
 Hartley's Point, three or four miles below Amherstburg (Maiden), and opposite 
 the lower end of Bois lilanc Island, had been selected by Harrison and Perry ax the 
 landing-place. The debarkation took place at about tour o'clock, on a low, sandy 
 beach there, which stretched out in front of high sand-drifts, behind which it was be- 
 lieved the enemy lay concealed. The army landed in perfect battle order, the Ken- 
 tucky Volunteers on the right, the regulars on the U;ft, and Ball's Legion and th" 
 friendly Indians in the centre. But no enemy was there. I'roctor, who Avas in com- 
 mand at Maiden, taking counsel <»f Prudence and Fear,^ and contrary to the solemn 
 advice, earnest entreatie, and indignant remonstrances of his more coura<>eous broth- 
 er officer Tecumtha,"* had fled northward Avith his army, and all that he could take 
 
 ' There were not vessels enough to transport tho horses with forage, and they were left behind. A .strong fence of 
 brnsh and fallen timber was constructed across the iathmii from near Port Clinton, a dLstance of not more tlian twn 
 miles, maliiug the whole peniiisnia an inclosnre for ilie horpet l-i pasture in. One of ever)- twenty Kcutuckinns wm 
 draft'-'d to form a guard for the horse?, and these were placed iimliT the command of Colonel Christopher Rife. 
 
 3 The terrible niiissacre at the River Fai.'^iii, and tho circnnif "i ccs attending it, inspired the Kentucliiimn with dim"-' 
 savage desires for -.cngcance. Quo "f their songs s'.ina; aiound camp-Hres recounted the cruellies of the Indians .hi. 
 the inhumanity of Proctor on that ■ tcasiou. The following if one of the slanzati : 
 
 Freemen 1 no lonaer bear snoh slaughters; 
 
 Avenge v . r country's cruel woe ; 
 ArnuBO, ami ■a\!^ yonr wives and dnughters ! 
 • iv • Arouse, and smltr the faithless foe 1 
 
 • CuoBus.— Scalps ■ ro bought at stated prices, 
 
 Ma'i'eu pays the price in gold." 
 ' Proctor, like the Kentuckians, rmembered the Ihrer Raimn, ami was afraid of fnlUng into f^ie hands of th"M vrhwe 
 eons and brothers had he 'n butchered a few months before by hii* iiermissloii. His scouts had peen tho Amcriiaii* mi 
 the Sandusky Penliisula, ■ i.il had reported their number ntji/tcni thmuaiid, at le.:st ten tbunsand nf whom weioKfc- 
 tuckiaiin buni'iig with revrnge. The fear of these cave tieetness to bis feet. 
 
 * The defeat and r.ipttire of the British sipitidron h.t<i i)et>n foolishly irniucaled f'om Tecumtha f'/f fear of itsd'raorali!- 
 Irg effect on his sa» il'c followers. The Iiidian leader waf thcrefoic gr»«tly astonislu li -.vhiin hii . Iisened Prnctor pre\i>T- 
 ing to flee. Re hnd l^"en delighted when the British veBsels went out to fight. He crossed ever to Bois BUni WunJ 
 to WBtcb the fln iiijH.irancf of them returning willi the vinqnishBd American siiuadron— an apparition which Pm- 
 tor's boastirt' made him believe would certainly be rv v, .led. lie was disappointed, bewildered, and perpleicil: 
 
 BUfi, with giiiii \i i.<>mcncc of manner, he addressed Proctor, saying, 
 "Father, I Men! Our fleet has gone out , we know th^.y have fought ; w. iiavB heard the great guM; bat wc iiiii" 
 
BOU^ — 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 5-JT 
 
 ;ar8 of I'roctot. 
 
 Tbe Americana |parK«n. 
 
 gaiMi lint we taw* 
 
 rilj^iha^ scornful Kebuke «f Proctor. The British and Indians fly toward tbe 
 
 with hini) leaving Fort Maiden, the navy buildingK. and tbe store-housea smoking 
 ruins. As the Americans approached the town, wita Goverwr Shelby in advance, 
 'hev met, not valiant Jiritissli regulars nor painted wavajjf^^but a ' roop of modest, well- 
 hcssed women, who came to implore mercy and protet-.ion. Tbt- kind-hearted vet- 
 eran soon calmed their fears. The army entered AmherstUurg with the bands play- 
 iiiiY Yaiiliee Boodle. The loyal iidiabitants had fUA w't" ' army. The ruins of 
 port Maiden, the dock-yard, and the public stores wer - ^ u]> iMfc^c volumes of 
 
 smoke. _ * _ _ 
 
 Proctor had impi'essed into his service all the horwK of the itihabitants to facilitate 
 his fliffht, yet Harrison wrote courageou^i v to the S-cretary v*' War, on the evening 
 after his arrival at Amherstburg," sayhig, • I will pursue the «»emy to- • September 27, 
 morrow, although there is no probability '^4" overtakin)^ him, as he lias '*"*• 
 
 upward of a thousand horses, and we lia\«' not one in the army. I shall think my- 
 self fortunate to collect a sufficiency to nvmnt the general ofHcers." Only one, and 
 tiiitt a Canadian pony, was procured, and «»« that the venerable Shelby was mounted. 
 When Harrison's vanguard arrived at AuihrfTstburg, the rear-guard of the enemy 
 had not been gone an hour. Colonel Ball immediately sent an officer and twenty of 
 his cavalry after them, to prevent tli.m destroying the bridge over the Aux Canards, 
 or Ta-ron-tee. They had just fin . it when the Americans appeared. A single vol- 
 ley scattered the incendiaries, and the bridge was saved. The ne.\t morning Harri- 
 son's army, excepting a regiment of riflemen under Colonel Smith left at Amlierst- 
 burg, crossed it, and encanijx'd in tlie Petit Cote Settlement,' and at two o'clock on 
 the 29th they entered Sandwich. At the same time the American flotilla reached 
 Detroit; and on the, following day, Colonel Johnson and his mounted regim.'iit ar- 
 rived tlure. M'Arlhur, wil'i seven hundred eftective men, had already crossed over, 
 ihiven off a body of Indians who were hovering around the place, and retaken the 
 town. General Ilarrison had also declared the martial law enforced by Proctor at 
 an end, and the civil government of Michigan re-established, to the great joy of the 
 inhabitants.^ 
 
 On the arrival of Johnson the general-in-chief sent on one of his aids-de-camp. 
 Captain 0. S. Todd,^ to order the colonel to cross immediately with his troops, for he 
 
 nothing of what has happened to our father with one ami tCriptain Barclay]. Our ships have Koiie one way, and we 
 aif much astonished to sec our lather tyiiiK up every thing, and jjreparing to run the other way, without letting his red 
 tliililrcn know what his intentions arc. You always told us to remain here and take care nf our Innds. You always 
 told ns you woalrt never draw your foot off British ground ; but now, father, wc see you arc drnxflng back, and we arc 
 (orry to fee our father doing no without seeing the enemy. We must compare our father's conduct to a fat dog that 
 curries its tail upon its back, bat when alTrighted It drops it between Its legs and runs oft. 
 
 "Fatlier,li»tenl The Americans have not yet defeated us by land, neither arc we sure that thev have done so by 
 iialer; itelher^are loi'nA to remain hfrc nrA Jieiht onr eiicm;/, Hhould tlieii nuike thrir appcarawe. If tliev defeat us we ' i\\ 
 iki mreat v'ith our father. . . . Youhii.o got the arms and ammunition which our groat father, the king, sent .'ui his 
 red fliildren. if yon have an Idea of going away, give tlicm to us, and you may go and w(>Iconie for us. Our lives are 
 in ihc hauda of the Great Spirit. We are determined to defend our lands, and. If It be his will, we wish to leave our 
 lune , upon them." 
 
 This speech was addressed to Proctor at a ronncil held on the ISth of September in one of the store-houses at Am- 
 hersthiirg. Its efle<t was powerful. The IiKliaus all started ti> their feet, and brandished their tcunahawks In a men- 
 .itini; manner. Proctor had resolved to flee to the Niagara frontier, hut this demonstration maiie him hesitate. He 
 Snilly (luietcd Tecumtha and his followers by promising to fall back only to the Moravian Towns, on the Thames, and 
 ihere malte a stand. These were about half way between Amher.slburg and the outposts of tlie centre division of the 
 Wlish nrray, on the western borders of Lake Ontario. On the day of the conncll Prortor left Amherstburg with a large 
 ftiti'dii (if his r.irce. Mnjor Wurburlon remained, charged wltli destroying the public property on the appearance of 
 lie Aii:ericans. ■ See Maj) on jinge '.'«(). 
 
 ' iitfoi ^ the Americans landed, the joyons Inhabitants ran nj) the United States flag. They had suffered dreadfiilly. 
 Fornioiilhs thf insolent savagr-s had made tiicir dwellings (ice qu.utcrs. When they fled ; e Indians tired the fort. 
 TbeH.imc.i wore "i on extinguished. 
 
 ' ilarriaon'j gallant aid-de-eamp, Charles Scott Todd, is yet [ISeT] 'Iving in his n..tlve state, Kentucky, where he was 
 
 l»ni oil the i'ia of January, 1701. I met him In W.ishington ('ity at near the close of ISdl, wher. he wa^ almost seven- 
 
 ivoiie years of agi;. llii mcnif.l and physical vigor seemed equal to those of most men at fifty, ile was there lO offer 
 
 Mfwnkc '« the field t<i Ids government In Its war again.^t the (lieat Kcliclliop. Colonel Todd is one of the mostem- 
 
 iaentof the public servants of this country. Ho was edncntcd at the College "f \i'llllam and M.iry, in VlrL'inla. where 
 
 hfitasi:r(i.iuated with dlstlm-Jon In ISOi). Law oecnnie liia profession, but cr, the brj.ikliig out ,)f the war he entered 
 
 : lltt military service as ensign of a company of vr.lnntceis raised for Ilarrison at Lexington, wtiere ho was engaged in 
 
 j ki< [irofesiilmi. He became acting quarter-nir.ster and Judge advocate of Winchester's wing of the Northwestern Army, 
 
 : ud Willi cjceudlngly active ia the wUderneas. " Ub combined," said Uarrisou »l taai time, " the ardor of yoiUh wlik 
 

 648 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Johnsuii find hlB Horsemen cross Detroit River. Vlgoroiia Pursuit of the British. Perry's Squadron In the Thamej 
 
 'was resolved to push on in pursuit of 
 the enemy as quickly as possil)U.. ]j(, 
 calletl a council of his general oHioers 
 informed them of his intention and 
 consulted with them concernincr \]^^ 
 best route to pursue, only two IjciiK- 
 feasible, namely, by land in rear of tho 
 British, or by Lake Erie to Lou" Vm^ 
 wlierc the Americans miglit make a 
 rapid march across the country, and 
 intercept the fugitives. The land route 
 was chosen. 
 
 Johnson and his mounted men cross- 
 ed the river to Sandwich on the even- 
 ing of the 1st," and on tiie .qco^ 
 following morning the j)ur- '*"• ' 
 suit M'as ex)mmenced. M'Artluir ami 
 his brigade were left to hold Detroit' 
 Cass's brigade and Ball's regiment 
 were left at Sandwich ; and ahnut one 
 hundred and forty regulars, JolinsonV 
 mounted corps, and such of Slielljv's 
 Kentucky Volunteers as were fit ihr 
 long and rapid marches, the wliolc 
 three thousand live hundred in number, left Sandwich, and pressed ou toward Clia*- 
 ham, on the Thames,' near which, it was alleged. Proctor was encam])ed. Geinial 
 Marquis Calmes, and Adjutant General Gaines were compelled by illness to reiiiiiiu 
 iit Sandwich; and General Cass accompanied Harrison as volunteer aid. 
 
 Information had been received two days before'' that some sinall v . 
 " fleptomber 30. , . , , , -,, , i 
 
 sels, Vt'itn the enemy s artillery and baggage, were escaping uj) Lalce^t. 
 
 Clair toward the Tliames, when Commodore Perry dispatched a povtion of his sqiuii]. 
 
 ron, consisting of the N^iagara, Lady Pi'evost, (Scorpion, and Tii/ress, under Cajitain 
 
 Elliott, in pursuit. Perry soon followed in the Ariel, accompaniee. by the Caledinih ; 
 
 and on the day when Harrison left Sandwich*^ the little squadron appea-eii 
 
 oft" the mouth of the Thames, having in charge the baggnge, provisions, ani 
 
 ammunition-wagons of the American army. Th'! enemy's vessels, having iiiiuli tin 
 
 start, escaj>ed up the Thames.- 
 
 Proctor seems not to have expected pursuit by land, and the Americans found all 
 
 the bridges ov«'r the streams that fall into Lake St. Clair uninjiiieu. Harrison jiic's-tl 
 
 the maturity of sge." In May, 1113, he was commlpsloned a captain In the Vnltcd States army, and IlnrrlBoii nppoliiK! 
 him hie aid. His oonduct in llio campaign in the autnmn of that year was highly commendeil, cspecliiliy at llntanlt 
 on the Thames. He sui cecilcd Major HukiU as deputy Inspector general of tlie Klgluli Military l)i8tri< ■., and was .1(1;: 
 lant general of the district the followln'; year, when he served with General M'Arllmr with great accei)tnuce. Hi k- 
 came iusiwctor general in March, isift, with the rank of colonel, Imt left the army in .lune following ; and after tlie n j 
 Harrlsim said that "Colonel Toiiil was equal In bravery and superior in intelligence to any ofllrer of his raukio iht 
 army." He resumed hie prn^ lire of the law r.t Krnnkfort, where he married a daughter of Governor Sliclliy. He sooi I 
 became secretary of slate, tin n a meml)er of the Legislature, and was tlnally sent by President Monroe on a coniiiiemld ] 
 mission to Colombia, South .'.inerlca- His services there were very important. In the spring of lR4fl he assisted, liy rt- 
 iinesi, in the preparation o' a Mfe of General Harrison, and, as editor of a Cincinnati paper, he warnilv advocated fc 
 general's election to the iiiesidency. In the summer of 1841 he was appointed United Stales minister to Rufsia.mt j 
 served his eouiilry in that capacity to the perfect satisfaction of both governments. It was while he was there Ibatltt 
 portrait from whi'h the above likeness was talcen was painted. In private, as In public life, Colonel Todd is a miit'. 
 uf A Christian gentlvman. 
 
 ' This consldornlile stream was called Im TVamhf by the French. It is sometimes called the Trait, but now Ukiic?! 
 only by the name of Thames. In the poetic epigraph to this chapter it is called Im Tranrhf. 
 
 ' M'Afee (page I'Xl) says that when the American armv arrived at the mouth of the Thames, an eagle was »fcu h"- 
 ering over it. "Tliat," said Ilarri.wn, " is e presage of success." Perry, who had landed and was wtlli the goceral, 
 remarked that an eagle hovered over his squadron on ilie morning of the inth of SJcplcmbei. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 649 
 
 * Octohfr, 
 1S13. 
 
 an ia the Thamo 
 
 in pursuit of 
 possiljk'. Hi, 
 iieral oSicers, 
 iitentiou, uH 
 mceniiiig the 
 ly two bciii" 
 
 in rear of tlic 
 ,0 Long Toiiit, 
 iiij^ht make a 
 
 country, \m\ 
 The luud vwiw 
 
 itod mon cross- 
 li on the evoii- 
 1 the 
 })ur- 
 
 M' Arthur and 
 ) hohl Detroit; 
 lall's regiment 
 and ahont one 
 ihirs, JolmsonV 
 ich of Slii'Uiy's 
 as ■wore tit for 
 hes, the wliolc 
 u toward Clia'- 
 mped. GeiRMiil 
 llness to remain 
 lid. 
 
 some small v 
 
 )ing n|> Luke St. 
 
 1011 of his s(|uail' 
 
 |, nndor ("ajitaiii 
 
 the Caledonin : 
 
 adron appoiireii 
 
 , provihiims, anil 
 
 aving much tlie 
 
 h'lcans found all 
 iLirrisoupros^i'il ! 
 
 Ind HiirrlBou a;)piiiiiieJ i 
 lcsi)ei'iiil!j' !it llii> iun't 
 ll)istrif.,iiiul«f nil;-; 
 Int (icceptancc. Hr K-- 
 Iln(,'; aiidoftiTllicra 
 leer of his rauklnltii j 
 Irnor Sli<'ll>y. Ue » I 
 li)nrnn on a oontUtntid I 
 llR4nhens8i8'.cil,n,vrt- 
 
 warmlv ndvocaleil Ik 
 Inlnlstcr toRui-sia.ao'l 
 lolic wiiiillien'lhalllif I 
 
 iloncl Todd 1« a modt! 
 
 hreiO, but now is km" j 
 
 Ian eaijle wae m« li"'- 1 
 IwaBwUh lkgciier«l.| 
 
 Pursuit up the Thames^ 
 
 A Halt at DolHen's. 
 
 The Amerlcau Truopu at Chatham, 
 
 forward rapidly along the good road by the boi'ders of the lake for twenty miles, 
 when seven British deserters informed him that Proctor, with seven hundred white 
 men and twelve hnndred Indians, was encamped at Dolsen's farm, ahont fifteen miles 
 from the mouth of the Thames, on its right or noi'thern bank, and fifty-six miles from 
 Detroit by water. This information stimulated the Aniericaiis to greater exertions, 
 
 I ^vlien they halted at night on the banks of the Kuscom, they had marched twen- 
 tv-tivc miles from Sandwich. At dawn the next morning the ])ursnit was renewed, 
 ind near the month of the Th.ime8 Johnson's regiment captured a lieutenant of dra- 
 ,T(i(iiis and eleven privates, who had just commenced the destruction of a bridge over 
 ■1 small tributary of the river. This was the first intimation to ILarrison that Proc- 
 tiir was aware of the pursuit. Tlie capture of this little party was considered r, good 
 , linen. The pursuit was continued, and that night the Americans encamped on Drake's 
 farm, on the lefl bank of the Thames, about four miles below Dolsen's. The iScoi-jnon, 
 commanded by the gallant Champlin, the Tigress, and the Porcupine., had followed 
 the army up tlie river as convoys to the transports, and to cover the passage of the 
 tiooiis over the mouths of the tributaries of the Thames, or of the river itself. At 
 this tioini the character of the stream and its banks changed. Below, the channel 
 «as hroad, the cur- 
 rent sluggish, and the .-::^lr^^ 
 
 siiores were extended ; ' 
 
 Hat prairies ; here the 
 country became hilly, 
 the banks high and 
 precipitous, the chan- 
 icl narrow, and the 
 c:rrent rapid. On 
 these accounts, and 
 hecausc of the expo- 
 -ure of the decks to 
 Iiiilian sharp-shooters 
 from the lofty wooded 
 hanks, it was conclud- 
 eil not to take the ves- 
 sels higher than Dol- 
 sen's, Perry now left 
 tl'.e vessels, ofl'ered his 
 services us volunteer 
 aid to General Harri- 
 son, and Joined the army In the exciting pursuit of the fugitives. 
 
 Harrison pressed forward on the morning of the 4th. Proctor fled up the Thames 
 iiom Dolscu'.-i, cursed by Tecumtha for his cowardice, to Chatham, two and a half 
 miles, where an impassable stream, called M'tiregor's Creek, flows into the Thames 
 hetween steep banks. There Proctor j)romised Tecumtha he would make a final 
 stand, " Here," he said on his arrival, " we will defeat Harrison or lay our bones." 
 Tliese words pleased the wavv',or, and he regarded the position as a most favorable 
 one. " When I look on these two streams," he said, "I shall think of the AV abash .md 
 the Tippecanoe." A l)ri<lge at the mouth of tlie creek, and another at M'GregoiV 
 mill, a mile above, had been partially dastroyed, and a consiilerablc body of Indians 
 
 ■"''^'■;'i. . 
 
 I>OL8EN*8,I 
 
 ' The above skotrh if a vlow of Dolsen's lioii-3e, made whpii I visited the spot in the nntninri of 18(10. Il is a hewn 
 kif Mructnrc, and atands very near the rljjht or north haiiU nf ihc Thames. It Is aoout two miles and a half iiclow 
 Chatham. The owner snd resident there In isia, Isaai' Dolsen, Ksq., was then living in Chatham, but was absint at 
 Ihe llmc of my visit He was then about clRhty years of a^e. He and his brother .Tohn were natives of the Molinwi; 
 V«llpy, of Dutch desec't. On their return, after the battle some miles above, tlic Amerlcon army eniiimpell on the farm 
 iitJiihii,haira mi''' mcIow Isaac's. The Tlianies Is here sluggish, and about three hundred yard* wide. 
 
 m 
 
4 
 
 650 
 
 rici^lffjetiL 
 
 
 flkirmiah 8t M'Onwor'a Mill. 
 
 DeM^»ili)t» aT Tiii p uMi, 
 
 Thy Brltl«fa nearly overtnk^ 
 
 VUIW »1 JLUXIO.N op ,41: THAMES AKD H'OSEUOBB CREKK. > 
 
 ^•'^?t£i« 
 
 
 
 wwre at each, to dispute the 
 pamugfc of the pursiKTs or 
 tbttir attempts to make re- 
 fairs. Two six-pound n\\. 
 iiTidi I thcflimitioiiof 
 
 ,r^' VVood, soon drovi 
 
 tliOBii. /' 'omthf liridrr, 
 at ('WAtimuu and a dash nt 
 (V/lonel Jolinson and his 
 liorsemen upon the dusky 
 foe at M'Grejtor's also stu't 
 tliem flying after Proctor, 
 JohiiHon lost two men kill. 
 ed and six or Bcvcn wound- 
 ed, The Indians had thir- 
 teen killed and a larf'c 
 miinbor wounded. 
 
 Botli bridges were speed- 
 ily repaired, and the troops 
 were abowt Vr pns'h forw^ird, when Walk-in-tlie-water, the Wyandot chief ahc.iK 
 mentioned, who iw^ left tht- banner of 
 I'l'iH'tric Willi NJufy warriors, c/Mt\^ to Har- 
 rison anil i\\\'i'iit\ III loin )iis army condi- 
 tionally. The general iiad no I'liiir Ut treat 
 ^♦H)) the Bavage, so ho told him tiitii St iw 
 \i'\\ '|'|i('limlliil he must 'vcepout oftlie way 
 ol'llie American army, f (<• ^id so, and re- 
 ttirned (ii the Detroit River. 
 
 Tlie enemy sjyread destrnclion in theii 
 flight. Near Cliatham 'ley Hred a hoiis' 
 containing almost a thonsand muskets. 
 The flames were (juenched and the arms 
 were saved. Half a mile flirther np the 
 river they burned one of their own ves- 
 sels laden with ordnance and military 
 stores; and o](posite Bowles's farm, where 
 Harrison mcamped, two more vessels and 
 a distillery, containing ordnance, naval and military stores, and other property ol';in;it 
 value, were in flames. The Americans secured two 24-pounders and a cpiautityot 
 shot and shell. Certain intelligence was received that the enemy were only a few 
 miles distant, and tlial night Harrison intrenclied his camp and set a double guard. 
 At midnight Proctcn- and Tecumtha reconnoitred the camp, but prudently refraineJ 
 from attacking it. 
 
 1 Tills sketch Is a view of the junction of tlie Thames and M'Gregor's Creek, from the i)re8eut bridge nt Challiani, 
 looking lip the river. The Thonies Is seen on the left, and M'are;{or's Creek on the right. The ujiper tern utidii of 
 ihc l)rl<l|;c, mentioned In the text, was betwein the two clump.') of trees on the bliifT. In the distance is sceu llu' cniir: 
 hoHfi' und Jail of Chatham. On the flat belwoen it and the creek the British built two or three gun-bontK, nndcrlhi 
 superinteiidcnce of Captain liakcr, the Kami person who constructed the barirn that bore M'as'iingtoii from Kliznlnih- 
 town to New Y(nk in ITS'.i, wli-n going there to be iuaugiiniied President of the XTnlted .'^lalef^. Lookiu); bcydnd llir 
 point of the blnlT, up the Thames, Is seen the residence of Henry .Tones. II is upon the site of llie bulidinj:, meiiliim ! 
 ill the text, 111 which were e larpe quantity of muskets saved from tlic llanies by the .\nieric,ins. Farther up the fin mi 
 lay a sunken steam-jioat, that craft being in the habit of plyin;: between Detroit and Chatham. On the opposite eide of 
 the Thames is seen a tannery. The iilain on which tlie gnn-boats were built is now a ml!ifHry rcFSrve. 
 
 ' This little skelrli siiows the appearance of the ruins of M'flreiror'smill when I visited 't in the autumn of 1S60. Tbc 
 timbers of Ihc ends of the dam are seen on the shores. The bridge carried by Johnson cros?ed liie Hlmam vitv licit 
 the mill. In this view wc are looking oast from the southwest uidu uf thu creek. Abeautifully shaded rainc, withi 
 ■mall creek, Is seen here. 
 
 .y oitKoims .Mii.i,. 
 
■■rtjr o»f rtnken. 
 
 dispute the 
 pursiuTB ov 
 to make re- 
 ^-pound f'tui- 
 clirectioii of 
 ^oon (Irovi 
 intlicliriilm 
 id a dash nf 
 on and lii> 
 
 11 tllL' (liiskv 
 
 ar's also sent 
 ftcr Proctnr. 
 ,wo iiicn kill- 
 leven wouiul- 
 aiis had tliir- 
 iiid a lar!.'p 
 ded. 
 
 's wore speed- 
 lid the ti(Mi]i« 
 chief alreiiK 
 
 I quaiiliiy "f 
 've only a t'lvi 
 d:)iihle !iu:iril. 
 nilly n'fraiiicil 
 
 biidfre (it Chalham, 
 liper k'rr ' itii'U «f 
 ic« Is BCC'ii lh« com!- 
 ;ini-l>i)Bti', under lt( 
 jtoii from Eliinliclh- 
 LdDkliijibcjomltk' 
 l)ullilinfr, meiili""'! 
 arthpr up the fWm 
 the oppodlwi''"' 
 srvc. 
 
 mtumnoflSW. The 
 llip Rtream virymir 
 liaded ravine, wUbi 
 
 OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 HI 
 
 551 
 
 The fugitive BrltlBh and Indlniis discovered. 
 
 The chusen Battle-^rouud. 
 
 Tecumtba'a cbief Lleutenaut. 
 
 The Americans were in motion at dawn, the mounted lortimeuts in front, led by 
 reiH'Viil Harrison and his; staff. The Kentuckians, under Shelby, iV.Mowed. They soon 
 eai)tured two of the enemy's gun-boats and several bateaux, with army supplies and 
 iinmunition, and several prisoners. At nine o'clock they reached Arnold's Mill, at 
 the foot of rapids, where the Thames Avas fordable by horses. There Harrison de- 
 termined to cross the river and tbllow directly in the rear of Proctor. The mounted 
 men each took one of the infantry behind him, and at meridian, by this means and the 
 liatcaux the whole American army was on the north side of the Thames, and press- 
 
 ,,, y„ viijrorously after the fugitives. Every where on the way evidences of the pre- 
 
 uitation of the retreat were seen in property abandoned. 
 \t two o'clock, when eight miles from the crossing place, the Americans discovered 
 
 e smouldering embers of the recently-occupied camp of the enemy's rear-guard, un- 
 
 ,.r Colonel Warburton. It was evident that the fugitives were nearly overtaken. 
 (iilonol .Toiin«^*>n dasheil forward to gain intelligence. Within about three miles of 
 the .Moravian Town' he captuied a British wagoner, and from him learned that Proc- 
 lor had halted across the pathway of the pursuers, only three hundred yards farther 
 (,ii. Johnson, with ]\[ajor James Suggett and his spies, immediately advanced cau- 
 tiously, und found the enemy awaiting the arrival of the Americans in battle order, 
 lie obtained sufficient information resjiecting their position to enable General ITarri- 
 «\n and a council of officers, held on horseback, to determine the proper order for at- 
 t;nk. His force was now little more than three thousand in number, consisting of 
 one hundred and twenty regulars of the 27th Regiment, five brigades of Kentucky 
 mhinteers under Governor Shelby, and Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted iii- 
 
 .iitry. 
 
 The ground chosen by the enemy to make a stand was M^ell selected. On his left 
 IS ('u ilivcr Thames, with a high and precipitous bank, and on his right a marsh 
 iintiiii(( ii\uiii:*l paralh I with the river for about two miles. Between these, and two 
 iml (hree iiiin<lred yiinlH hnin l](b river, was a small swamp, quite narrow, with a 
 iil|i of solid (fniiind between l( uiid the large ' fsh. The ground over which the 
 >;k1 liiy, and liidt'cd Mn *vhole spiu'c between river and the great swamp, was 
 
 iivered with beech, sugar-maple, and oak trees, with very little undergrowth. The 
 llrilisli regulais (a piirt of the Forty-tirst Kegiinent) were formed in two lines, be- 
 tween till' sm-dl swamp and the river, their artil' ly behig planted in the road near 
 iiebank of the stream. The Indians were postetl between the two swamps, where 
 lie undergrowth was thicker, their right, commanded by the brave Oshawahnah,'* 
 ,; Chippewa ciiief, extending sciue distance along and just within the borders of the 
 larger niarsli, and so disposed as to easily flank Harrison's left. Their left, command- 
 
 ' This village is in tiio townsliip of Oxford, Caiiiida West, on the right bank of the Thames. The settlers were In- 
 dians converted to Chrlstlnulty by the Moravians, who fled to Canada from the Muskingum, in Ohio, in 17'Jli. By an 
 order of the Provincial Council In IT'.tlt, a large tract of land, comprisin)» about ttfty thousand acres, was granted for 
 Itieir II6C, on which they proceeded to build a church and villace. The Rev. John Scott, of Bethlehem, ministered there 
 for some lime. At the period we are consldcrinjj; this Christian-Indian vllliijrc had nearly one hundred houses, mostly 
 well built. liiW.y of the Indians spoke Kn^jllsh. They had a scliool-houso and a chapol, and very rtne gardens. Village 
 aud crops were destroyed by the American troops. It havlni' '.,een allegod that eonic of the Indians iCsldIng there had 
 beoi' .'icmost In the massacre on the Raisin. In isao the Indians surrendered a large i)i)rtlon of their lands to tnc Ca- 
 ladian government, for an annuity of one hundred and tifty pounds Btcrlliig. The present Moravian Tov.u Is back from 
 ilic Thames, about a mile and a half from the original site. 
 
 ' The likeness on the next page of this chief, Tccumtha's lleutenaut, or fecond in command, in the battle on the 
 Thames, is from a daguerreotype taken from life at Brantford, in Canada, in Seplcmher, ISTiS, and pre.«entcd lo mo by G. 
 11. M. .Iiihnson, chief of the Six Nations on the Orand River (see page i-n), in the summer of tSCO. Tlie old chief at- 
 tended a grand council of all the Indians in Canada, at Brantford, and was the guest of Mr. .lohnson. In tli" council ho 
 appeared with all .i s testimonials of bravery— his " stars and gartiMs"-ns scon in the picture. Arou -d his hat was a 
 filler l)au('. He also displayed a sliver go' .-et, medals, etc., a sash of bead-work, strings of wam|)uia, and an orna- 
 menteil tomahawk pipe, like the one on iiage -t'.'l. He was then about ninety years of age. He had been a famous war- 
 rior—the hero of tlfteeu battles. He was a mild-spoken, pleasant man, very vigorous in mind and body. lie was yet 
 'Iviiig in ISdl, the principal of seven or eight chiefs, on Walpole Island, In Lake St. Clair, opposite the town of Algomac, 
 Michigan, llfty miles above Detroit. Walpolp Island Is about ten miles in length. The Indians are Chippewas, I'otta- 
 ■(atomies, and Oltawae. They were settled hero by the Indian Agent of lh« British government at the close of the War 
 "flite. They were placed in charge of a superintendent In is.ii). The number now (1S<)7) Is about one thousand. 
 ■''VlrprluclpBl business Is huulirig In the country around the Canadian borders of Lake St. Clair. 
 
 
552 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Ilarrlson'ii Arrangcmciita fur Battle. 
 
 The British Llue of Battle. 
 
 OHUAWAU.NAll. 
 
 ed in person by Tecumtha, occupied 
 the isthmus, or narrowest point be- 
 tween the two swamps. 
 
 In the disposition of his army for 
 battle, General Harrison made arianrr,,. 
 raents for the horsemen to full bmi; 
 allow the infantry to make tlie attaik 
 and then charge upon the British lines. 
 For this puiijose General Cainus's 
 brigade, five hnndred strong, undir 
 Colonel Trotter,* was placed in the 
 front line, which extended from the 
 road on the right toward the greater 
 marsh. Parallel with these, one Imnd- 
 red and fifty yards hi the rear, was 
 (4eneral John E. King's brigade, and 
 in the rear of this was General David 
 (^hile's brigade, posted as a reserve. 
 These three brigades were under the 
 command of Major General Ileniv. 
 Two others (James Allen's and Cald- 
 well's^) and Simrall's regiment, form. 
 ing General Desha's^ division, vm 
 formed uj)on the left of the front line, 
 so as to hold the Indians in check ami 
 prevent a serious flank movement by them. At the crotchet ft)rmed by Desha's corps 
 and tlie front line of Henry's division (sec map on page 554), the venerable Gover- 
 nor Shelby, then sixty-six years of age, took his position. In front of all these was 
 Johnson's mounted regiment in two columns (one under the colonel, and the other 
 commanded by his brother James, the lieutenant colonel''), its riglit extendiiif; to 
 witliiirfifEy^yaitls of the road, and its left resting on the smaller swamp. A small 
 corps of regulars, under Colonel Paul, about one hundred and twenty in numl)or, were 
 posted between the road and the river for the purpose of advancing in concert with 
 some Indians imder the wooded bank, to attempt the capture of the enemy's cannon, 
 Tliese Indians, forty in number, were to stealthily gain the British rear, fire upmi 
 them, and give them the fearful impression that their own savage allies had turned 
 upon them. Tlie defection of Walk-in-the-water would be instantly remembered. 
 
 When every preparaticm for attack was completed. Major Wood, who had just 
 been reconnoitring the enemy's position, informed General Harrison that the British 
 lines were drawn up in open order. This information induced the general, contrary 
 
 1 George Trotter wns then licntenniit colonel. He was a captain In Simrall's regiment, and was lUstlngnlshcil nn! 
 womided in the action of Colonel Campbell at the Mississinlwa Towns in December, ISI'2. He was acting brlgailior 
 general in the battle on the Thames. lie was a native of Kentucky, and died at Lexington, in that state, on tlic 13th 
 of October, 1315. 
 
 ' Samuel Caldwell was a distinguished Kentuckian. He was a major of Kentucky levies in 1T91, and diBtingiilfhed 
 himseli' with Wilkinson In the Wabash country in August of that year. lie was lieutemiut colonel commaudlii); vdlnn- 
 tecrs in the autumn of 1S12, and was in General Green Clay's brigade the following year. He was made brigadier geu- 
 erril of volunteers in August, ISl,'!, and r-> such comn-anded in the battle on the Thames. 
 
 ' Jotepli ncsha was a descendant Mt'i Huguenot family. He was born In Western Pennsylvania in December, Ki'\ 
 and emigrated to Kentucky, with his laaier, in 17S1. In 171)0 he settled permanently in Mason County, Kentuck.v. H 
 performed military service under Wayne in 17M and 'M, having, at the early age of fifteen, been engaged in coiillii; 
 with the Indians. He represented Mason County in the State Legislature, and In ISIO was "lioseu a member of Con- 
 gress, his only military service in the sVar of 1812 was under Harrison in the campaign in Canada. In lS241ie»a< 
 elected governor of Kentucky, and held the office four years. He then retired to private llfb. He died at OeorgcloMi, 
 Scott County, on the Uth of October, 1S42. 
 
 * The spirit of the Keutnckians who formed thot corps may bo Inferred by the fact that Lie itenant ColonelJamM 
 Johnson had with lilm his two sons, Kdwnrd P. and Willlnm, the one feventecn and the other only flftcsn yci.."8 of age. 
 James Johnson was a representative In Congress In 1S25 and '20. Ho died In August, 1820. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 553 
 
 ChMgeofBattleOrder^ 
 
 Battlo of the Thames. 
 
 Flight of Proctor. 
 
 to all precedent, to incur the peril of changing the prescribed mode of attack at 1 
 hst moment. Instead of having Henry'a division fall upon the British front, he 
 
 the 
 
 hst momeiii. insiuitu ui nuving nvmy a uiviBiuii liiii mjiMi iiiu uriiiHii jiuiii, iio Or- 
 dered Johnson to charge their line with his mounted riflemen.' That gallant oflicer 
 made immediate preparations for the bold movement, but found the space between 
 the river and the small swamp too limited for his men to act efliciently. In the ex- 
 ercise of discretion given him, he led his second battalion across the little swamp to 
 attack the Indian left, leaving the first battalion, under his brother James and Major 
 Payne, to fall upon the British regulars. The latter were immediately formed in four 
 columns of double files, with Major Suggett and his two hundred spies in front. Col- 
 onel Johnson formed the second battalion in t wo columns, in front of Shelby, with a 
 company of footmen before him, the right column being headed by himself, and the 
 l(>ft by Major David Thompson. Harrison, accompanied by Acting Adjutant Gen- 
 oral Butler,^ Commodore Perry, and General Cass, took position on the extreme right, 
 near the bank of the river, where he could observe and direct all movements. 
 
 A bii"'lc sounded, and the Americans immediately moved forward with coolness 
 and precision in the prescribed order, 
 amoni? huge trees, some undergrowth, and 
 over fallen timber. They were compelled 
 to move slowly. When at some distance 
 i'rom the front line of the British regulais, 
 the latter opened a severe fire. The horses 
 ut'the mounted Keiituckians were frighten- 
 ed recoiled, and produced some confusion 
 at the head of the columns. Before order 
 was restored, anotlicr volley came from the 
 enemy. With a tremendous shout the 
 American cavalry now boldly dashed upon 
 the British line, broke it, and scattered it 
 in all directions. The second line, thirty 
 |i;ices in the roar, was broken and confused 
 in tlic same way. The horsemen now 
 wlieeled right and left, and poured a de- 
 stnictive fire upon the rear of the broken 
 coinmns. The terrified foe surrendered as fast as they could throw down their arms, 
 and in less than five minutes after the first shot of the battle Avas fired, the whole 
 British force, more than eight hundn d strong, were totally vanquished, and most of 
 thiin made prisoners. Only about fifty men and a single officer (Lieutenant Bullock), 
 nt'thc Forty-first Regiment, escaped. Proctor fled in his carriage, with his personal 
 ^lafl; a few dragoons, and some mounted Indians, hotly pursued by a part of John- 
 son's corps under Major Payne. 
 
 " When Proctor anw lost wns the day, 
 He fled La Tranche's plain ; 
 A carriage bore the chief away, 
 Who ne'er rctunied again."— Old Sono. 
 
 Tlie battle on the right was over before the advancing, columns of General Henry 
 were fairly mi sight of the combatants. 
 
 When the bugle sounded for attack on the right, the notes of another on the left 
 rang out on the clear autumn air. Colonel Johnson and the second battalion of his 
 
 VIEW O.N THE TUA.ME8-' 
 
 1 The measure," said General Harrison, in his report to the Secretary of War on the «th of October, " was not sanc- 
 tlonodby any thing that I had seen or heard of, but 1 was fully convinced that it would succeed. The American back- 
 woodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people. A mnsket or rifle is no impediment, they being accustomed 
 tocirryliip; Ihoni on horseback from their earliest youth. I was ijersuaded, too, that the enemy would be qiUte unpre- 
 pirort for the shock, and that they conld not resist it." 
 
 'Weehall meet Adjutant Robert Butler hereafter in the battle of Now Orleang. 
 
 'Thl8Ylo-.v ia from the road-side, on the hieh rive- l)ank, at the point where the British left rested on the Tliames, 
 ana a few rods from the residence occupied by Mr. Wa ts. 
 
 ! » 
 
 ill 
 
'1 1 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 i! j i; 
 • \; ill 
 
 !f 11 
 
 !'■ ■' 
 
 li||' 
 
 i 'Wi 
 
 :iiil 
 
 554 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Contest with tho Iiidiiius. 
 
 The Fight n flerco one. 
 
 The 8Bv»){e» Attuiti. 
 
 troops moved against the Indians almost simultaneously with the attack on the Brit- 
 ish line. The savages, under the immediate command of Tecumtha, reserved tlieir 
 fire until the Americans were Avitliin a few paces of them, when tliey hurled a ninsf 
 deadly shower of bullets upon tiiem, prostrating a greater i)ortiou of the vanifuard 
 or forlorn hope, and wounding Colonel Johnson very severely. 
 
 "Sudden, from tree and tliickct srecn, 
 From trunk, nud mound, nnd 'junhy screen, 
 Hharp llghtiiin<{ flashed with in>>tunt sbeeu, 
 
 A tbousiuid death-bolts sung 1 
 Like ripcu'd fruit before the blast. 
 Rider and horse to earth were cast, 
 
 Its miry roots among ; 
 Then wild, as If that earth were riven. 
 And, poured beneath the cope of heaven, 
 All bell to upper air was given, 
 
 One fearful whoop was rung ; 
 And, bounding each from covert forth. 
 Burst ou their front the demon birth." 
 
 The branches of the trees and the undergrowth in this part of the field were too 
 thick to allow the mounted riflemen to do much service on horseback. PeiceiviiKr 
 this, Johnson ordered them to dismount, and carry on the conflict on foot at close 
 
 
 \ 
 
 rtOMPSCv""' ''■'■'• - ■ '/ .. 
 
 Cs J-' -' S) PIS llj ItBRITISHAtia * ^. 
 
 -5^ .' Jl ^ Us II II WDIANS 
 
 1UTT1.E OV THE THAMES. 
 
 quarters. For seven or eight minutes the battle raged furiously, and there were 
 many hand-to-hand fights between the Rentuckians and savages, Avhile the foniifv 
 raised the fearful cry, at times, " Kemember the River liaisin !" Victory was poiseil 
 for a while. Perceiving this, Shelby ordered Lieutenant Colonel John Donaldson's 
 regiment to the support of Johnson, and directed General King to press forward to 
 the front with his brigade. The Indians had already recoiled from the shock ot'tlu 
 Kentucky rifles, and only a part of Donaldson's regiment participated in tl-e fiirlit. 
 Tlie savrges fled, and a scattering, running fire was kept up for some time aloMg tin 
 swamp in front of Desha's division, and by the fugitives pursued by Major Tiiomp^ra 
 and his men. Other movements were ordered by Governor Shelby, but the Iiuliaiis 
 had given up the contest, and the battle was over before they could be efi'ected. Tlie 
 
 
«v 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 181: 
 
 655 
 
 IlKjpe of Proctor. 
 
 Death ofTecumttaa. 
 
 Who killed Tecnmthar 
 
 amp, 
 and 
 
 paf an allies of the British scattered througli the forest in rear of the greater sw: 
 wliilt' Proctor and his few followers were tlyinj; like hunted doer before Payne 
 Ills horsciiieii, who imrsncd hiiu fur beyond tlie Moravian Town, killing sonic Indians, 
 (•■ii)tiiiiii'4 some ])risoners, and securing valuable s))()ils. Among the latter were six 
 brass cinnion, three of wiiieii were taken from the Jiritisli in tlie War of the Uevolu- 
 ijon and were retaken from Hull at Detroit. Majors John Payne, E. D.Wood, ('. 
 S Todil John Chambers, and A. L. Langham, and Lieutenants Seroggin and Hell, 
 with three )irivatC8, continued the pursuit of the fugitive general until dark, bub could 
 not overtake him. lie abandoned his carriage, left the road, and escajied by some 
 liv-nath. Within twenty-four hours he was sixty-tive miles from the battii uround ! 
 liis carriage, sword, and valuable papers were captured by Major Wood.' and the 
 party returned to i\[oravian Town, taking with them sixty-three prisonei -. They 
 t'ouiid the little village deserted. So panic-stricken were some of the women that, 
 when they left, being unable to carry tlieir children in their flight, they threw tliem 
 into the Thames to prevent their being butcheri'd by the Americans I^ 
 
 The loss in this short, sharp, and decisive battle was not large. The exact nundicr 
 was not ascertained. That of the Americans was ])robably about fifteen killed and 
 thirty wounded. The British lost about eighteen killed, twenty-six wounded, and six 
 hnnilred made prisoners; of these, twenty-five were officers. Harrison estimated the 
 ;,uml>er of small-arms taken from the enemy during the pursuit and the battle, with 
 those destroyed by them, at more than five tliousand, nearly all of Avhich had been 
 captnred from the Americans at Detroit, Frenchtown, and Dudley's defeat on the 
 Mauince. The Indians left thirty-three of tlieir dead on the field. How many they 
 lost by death and wounds in the contest was never ascertained. Tecumtha, their 
 irroat leader, and really great and noble man, all things considered, was among the 
 slain. He Avas much superior to Proctor in manhood, military genius, and courage, 
 nml is wortliy to be remembered witli jirofoiind respect. He was killed early in the 
 action, while ins})iriting his men by words and deeds. Tradition and History relate 
 that he had just wounded Colonel Jolinson with a rifle-bullet, and was springing for- 
 ward to dispatcli him \a ith his tomahawk, wlicn that oflicer drew a pistol from his 
 licit and shot the Indian through the head. 
 
 " The moment was feiuful ; n mij,'litier foe 
 
 Ilml ne'er swung his battle-nxc o'er him ; 
 But hope nerved his urm for ii ilciipernte blow, 
 
 And Tcciimthn fell prostrnle before him. 
 Ifc fought In defense of his kindred and king, 
 
 With a spirit most loving and loyal, 
 And long shall the Indian warrior "ijig 
 
 The deeds of Tecumtlia the roj-al." 
 
 The statement of tradition and history has been made in enduring marble by the 
 sculptor on Johnson's monument in the cemetery at Frankfort, Kentucky.^ It has 
 hoen questioned, and positively denied , and during the political campaign when 
 Johnson was a candidate for the chair of Vice-President of the United States, the 
 (|ucstion caustid much warm discussion. Johnson, it is said, never affirmed or denied 
 the story. He killed an Indian under the circumstances and in the manner just re- 
 lated, on the spot where two red warriors, stripped naked, were found after the bat- 
 ik, one of whom it was believed was Tecumtha.'' 
 
 ' In « letter to the author, Captain Stanton Sholes (see page 641), who was in the battle of the Thames, says, " I had 
 « very pleasant ride back to Detroit in Proctor's beautiful carriage. I found in it a hat, a sword, and a trunk. The 
 l.ittcr contained many letters, mostly written in the handsomest writing I ever saw, by Proctor's wife to her 'dear 
 Henry.'" 
 
 ' "I had this fact," says Samuel R. Brown, in his Vieica on Lake Erie, page 63, " from an American gentleman who was 
 It C^ford when Proctor and vhe Indians passed through there. The squaws were lamenting the loss of their children." 
 
 ' Sec page 4!>«. 
 
 • Tlio solution of the question, "Who killed Tecumtha V" is of no historic Importance, yet. It having been the subject 
 otmiich discussion, a few facts bearing upon It may be appropriately Introduced here. Thi se facts liavc been drawn 
 fhleliy from a very i;,fere8ting written communication made to me in January, 1S(11, by Dr. Samuel Theobald, who was 
 Johusou'a judge advocate, and with him in the battle. When Dr. Theobald (see a sketch of him in note 2, page 560) 
 
 :f 
 
 •il 
 
i ; : !;(, 
 
 iiMI 
 
 650 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tho (ittllaulry urciohiuci Jiilinaoii In the BiUtlc. 
 
 Ills WonndB. 
 
 Hamuei ThK,* 
 
 JuhuHon bcliiivod most t;alluiitly in tli, 
 action. He was niouiitcd on a wliito nony 
 that his Horvant had riihh-ii, liis own hor/f 
 having bei-ii disabloil. Tills maik' hini a 
 conspicuotis mark for the enemy. At the 
 sound of the bugle ciiargc he (hislicd for. 
 ward at the head of Jiis Forlorn Hone, and nt. 
 tacked the Indian left, where Tecunitlia \v;i< 
 stationed.' The first volley of bullets fmin 
 the foe wounded lilni in the hip and tlii,rl| 
 He almost innnediately received anoilu'iliiil. 
 let in his hand from the Indian that he shot 
 which traversed his arm for some distance 
 Ho was disabled, and said to Dr. Tlicoliald -• 
 one of his start", who was dismounted anil 
 fighting near him, " I am severely woundiil' 
 where shall I go ?" " Follow me," answcml 
 Theobald. lie did not know where to find 
 the surgeon of the regiment, so he led him 
 across the smaller swamp to the road, aiil 
 about three Imndred rods in the roar, to llic 
 stand of Dr. j\Iit(dudl, (4overnor Shelby's sur- 
 geon g''neral. The colonel, fahit with the 
 loss of blood, was taken from his horse, when 
 the little animal, having performed its duty to the last, fell dead, having Iteen wound- 
 ed in seven places. Theobald ran to the Thames for water, which revived the colo- 
 nel. His woimds were dressed, and he was conveyed to a vessel a few miles below, 
 
 WTote to mo lie wns residing near Grecnvlllp, WashltiKton Connty, Mleslsslppl. lie snys that, early in the cnmpilL'n. 
 Johnson organized a small corps, composed of the Btaff of his regiment, which he denominated the Forlorn Ilnpc. |; 
 was designed to accompany him immediately in the event of a hattlc. One of these was the venerahle Colonel William 
 Whitely, who had been dIstinfinlBhed In conflicts with the Indians In the early years of scttloments In Kenlucky.aml 
 then over seventy years of age. lie had volunteered as n j)rivate In Captain Davidson's company. The others who 
 composed the Forloni Hope, and charged upon the enemy at the o))cnlng of the battle, were Benjamin S, C'linmlh ■■ 
 Robert Payne (a nephew of t^olonel Johnson), Joseph Taylor, William Webb, Garrett Wall, Ell Sliort, and Dr. S. Tli. 
 bald. Whitely was lillled, and was found lying near the two Indians mentioned In the text by Theobald and Wall, 
 after th(' battle. They found th« Iwdies of the two Indians lying a little way apart. On the following moriilnsthf 
 news spread that the body of Tecnmtha had been found. One of the Indians alluded to was designated as the fiilloi 
 chief. Theobald felt a desire to identify the 1)ody of the chief, and took Anthony Shnnc', a half-breed Shnwnoese, who 
 knew Tecuintlia well, to view it. The body was entirely naked, and several strips of skin had been taken frum Iho 
 thighs l)y some of the Kentucklans, who had reason to renuvilier the River Itdwin, and, as I was informed by a soliliw 
 who was In the battle, these strips were used for making razor-strops I Shane did not recognize the body as thnt of Te- 
 cnmtha. The late Colonel John Johnston, of Dayton, Ohio, who, as Indian agent, often employed Shane, informcil mf 
 that he told him that Tecnmtha once had his thigh-bone broken, and that a sort of ridge had been formed around the 
 fracture that might he easily felt. No such ridge was observed in the thigh of the Indian claimed to lie Tecnmiha, 
 found on the ground where the charge of the Forlorn Hope was made and Johnson was wounded. Dr. Theobnld far- 
 ther infoi-ms me that his friend, ( aptaln Benjamin Wartleld, commander of a company in Johnson's regiment, tdid hiia 
 that he was directed to search the l)attle-fleld for wounded soldiers. He found a British soldier, named Clarke, lyii; 
 there mortally wounded. He was the Indian interpreter for I'roctor, and asserted positively thatTecutntha vimi kiileil, 
 and his body was carried off by the Indians. I have since been Informed by Colonel C. H. Todd, one of Hnrripon's iiid< 
 at that time <see page B47), that he was told by the celebrated chief Black Hawk that he was i)rcsent at that liatlle, and 
 that Tecumtha's body was certainly carried off by his followers. These facts show that, wlille Colonel Johnson may 
 have shot Tecnmtha, the body supposed to be hi'», and so barbarously mutilated by the exasperated Keutucklaui', was 
 that of another warrior. 
 
 ' Tccumtha, as we have seen, hnd reason to doubt the word and courage of Proctor. Ho doubtless took his position 
 nt the junction of the British and Indian lines, so as to have a near and direct communication between hinifolf and 
 Proctor. He knew that Proctor was flying throngh fear. Tlic Canadians (m the route of the retreat had told him Ihat 
 Proctor would not fight if he could help it. Proctor knew that Tecnmtha would compel him to fight here, or feel ihe 
 force of savage resentment, so ho fled at the commencement of the battle ; and no doubt the haste of his white troops 
 to surrender was to secure themselves from the vengeance of Tecnmtha and his followers. 
 
 ' Samuel Theobald was born near Paris, Bourlx)n County, Kentucky, on tho 22d of December, I'liO. He wa? "jrradi- 
 ated In medicine" at Transylvania University, at Ixxington, and in tliat borough practiced medicine for twenty y^ ar^ 
 For tho last thirty years he has been engaged in cotton-planting, most of tho time residing n(!ar Greenville, ilis>iv 
 sippi. His ancestors, paternal and maternal, were Kentucky pioneers. His younger brotlier, James, was with him in 
 the battle of the Tliames, and another brother, Thomas 8., was in tho military service on the frontier for twelve months 
 as a lieutenant of rangers. 
 
 -^fii^lllNFH' 
 
m 
 
 OP THE WAlt OF 18ia, 
 
 507 
 
 muel ThaolMlii. 
 
 itly ill the 
 ivlliU' jioiiy 
 own horse 
 iiile liini !i 
 ly. At tlic 
 
 (luHhed for- 
 loiii',iui(lat- 
 
 I'llllltllll \VIIS 
 
 l)iilli'ts tVum 
 ) iiml llii^li. 
 jviidtlu'vlnil- 
 lial lie slint, 
 ni' (listancc. 
 r. Tlu'oliald,- 
 lountcd, and 
 ly Wdiindfil; 
 e," aiiswcrfil 
 ■lu'iv to find 
 ) he led him 
 he road, and 
 I' roar, to tin- 
 SliplliyV sur- 
 hit with the 
 s horse, when 
 been wound- 
 ivcd the colo- 
 • miles hclow, 
 
 r in till! cnmiialini. 
 FdrWirn Uiipi'. It 
 lie I'oloiiclWillijra 
 n in Ki'iiliiiky, oiiil 
 . The others who 
 nmiii S, (.'hnraher?, 
 rt, mid Dr. S. Tliw- 
 heolwlil ami Wall, 
 iwiiiK moriiliis till' 
 iiateil as the fall™ 
 ;il Shii\vnncsi\\vli.i 
 en tiiliPii from thf 
 irnu'il by a folilifr 
 body as that (if Ti- 
 iluiiie, iiiformcii nv 
 formed around Ite 
 1(1 to lie TecnralliJ, 
 Dr. Theobald far- 
 ■('•.:impnt, t(ddW'n 
 iiiiodrlarkp, lyiiii- 
 cmiilba waskilM, 
 f Harrison's aiils 
 I at that battle, anil 
 lonel JoliuBon may 
 d Kentuckians, was 
 
 US took his posllioii 
 ctwccn hini>elf anil 
 it Uiid told him Ibat 
 jiht here, or feel Ht 
 of his white troop! 
 
 I. Hewa?"?rBdn- 
 ,iC for twenty years. 
 • Greenville, Miffif- 
 iCB, was with hlni in 
 ir for twelve months 
 
 johiuoii cMVcyad Honi«wanl. Rejolclnsi bacauie of the Victory. Ilnrrlnou nuil I'nictur propwly rcnrudad. 
 
 under charge of Captain CImnipliii, of the Scorpion, whieh that gallant ofHcer ha«l 
 eaptiiied from the Mritinh. In that vesHcl lie wsis conveyed to the Sroipiou, at Dol- 
 peiiV and in her to Detroit. There he reinaiiied a short time, and then, with iiiiuh 
 Mitterinii, li" made his way honn waril.' lie reaehed Frankfort early in N<neiiil)er, 
 and in Fein nary, after kind and Hkillfnl nurHing by Major C. 8, Todd, althouj^h «na- 
 Ide to walk, he rewnined liis Heat in C-ongress, ui WaHliiiii^ton. IIIh journey thither 
 was a eontinued o\ ation, for hiw gallantry (m the ThameH was known to the nation.'* 
 
 Ilarrison'H Hncces«es, and the annihilation of tlie allied armies of tho foe westwanl 
 ot'Liike Ontario, jirodiieed groat rejoicing throiight/ut the United States.' All tliat 
 Hull had lost ha<l now hee.i recovered, and more. The hopes of the Americans wt're 
 stiiiiulati'd. They felt that a really able general was in the iield, and all the arts of 
 Harrison's ])oIitical and jKisonal enemies coidd not blind them to the fact tlnit, by 
 (he c.vercise of military genius, indomitable perseverance, iind unHiiudiing courage, he 
 had at'coinplished more than all thp other leaders, and had fnlly vindicated his coun- 
 tiy's honor. His praises were on every honest lip. In the chief cities, from IMaiiie 
 III (teorijia, liontires and illnminations attested the pnblie satisfaction, and in many 
 iilact's joint honors were paid to the heroes of Lake Erie and the Thames — Perry and 
 Ilanison.'' As iisnal, songs written i'or the occasion were heard in theatres and in 
 tlie streets, and at every festive table Harrison was toasted as The Hero of Tijipeea- 
 noc and of the Thames. The Congress of tlie United States, in testimony of their 
 appreciation ol' his services, afterward gave liiin their cordial thanks, and voted him 
 a gold medal. ^ 
 
 rroctor received his reward in the form of the censnre of his sujieriors, the severe 
 rohiike of his sovereign, and the scorn of all hcmorable men. lie had the meanness 
 1 shift the disgrace of defeat from his own cowardly slnmlders to those of his gal- 
 lant regulars, and there it remained for more than twelve months. Upon liis mis- 
 ivpieseiitations Sir (Jeorge Prevost severely censnred the detachment of the Forty- 
 lirst Keginient that were in the battle, ir i general order issued at Montreal on the 
 24th of November." lint ihey were vimluited by the trial of Proctor in Ue- • iris. 
 cemher the next year,'' when the cause of his defeat and the loss of the West- 'i^"' 
 (111 province were found to be in his o\\ u demerits as a s(ddier, lie was found gnilty 
 of misconiUict in not i)roviding measnres for a retreat, while the court, with singular 
 inconsistency, acquitted him of any lack of personal bravery or indiscretion at the 
 
 1 He remained scvcrnl days under a stirgeon'a care at Urbnnn, tu a commiegary office near Uoollttlc's tnvcni, then 
 the head-quarters of Governor Mc1(,'h. 
 
 : The authorities from wliicli 1 luive drawn the chief ninterlnle for the forcijoinc narrative in this chajiter are the olB- 
 ( ial reports of General Harrison to the Secretary of War ; the several histories of tlie period already cited ; written and 
 oral statements of snrvivors ; official reports of the British officers ; tlic newspaiiers of the day, and biograpliies of Ilur- 
 rison, Johnscjn, Cass, and Tccnnitha, etc. 
 
 = Harrison, in his official letter to the War Department, spoke In the highest terms of his officers and troops. " I am 
 It a loss," he said, " how to mention the coiidnct of Oovernor Shelby." After paying a well-merited compliment to the 
 veteran, and the major generals and brigadiers, he said, "Of Governor Shelby's stafl', his adjutant general, tUilouel 
 M'Dowell, and his (innrter-mastcr general. Colonel Walker, rendered great services; as did his aids-decamp. General 
 Adair, and Majors Barry and Crittenden. The military skill of the former was of great service to us, and the activity 
 iif the two latter gentlemen could not he surpassed." He highly commended Acting Adjutant General Butler, and said, 
 "Myai(ls-de-camp, Lieutenant O'Fallon and Captain Todd, of the line, and my vulunteer aids, .lohn 8. Smith and .John 
 Chambers, Es(iuires, have rendered nic most important ser\'lce from the ojicning of tho campaign. I have already 
 Mated that General Cass and Commodore Pony assisted me in forming the troops for action. The former is an officer 
 of the highest merit, and the appearance of the brave commodore cheered and animated every breast." lie highly com- 
 |ilimentcd the officers and men of the mounted regiment, and Major Wood, of the Kngineers. 
 
 < On the '23d of October the new City Hall in New York was splendidly illnmiiiatod In honor of these two victories. 
 .\l™ Tammany, Washington, and Mechanics' Halls, the theatre, the City Hotel, and hundreds of private residences, were 
 illaminatcd. In the windows of the City Hall were several transparencies. One of them represented the battle on Lake 
 Erie, and the words "Don't oivk vv tiik Siiiv!" In front of Tammany Hall was a snpcrh painting exhibiting a full- 
 li'nplh portrait of Harrison, and tlie figures of several Indian warriors, the chief of whom was on his bended kuoes su- 
 inc for peace, and ofTerlng at the same tln--^ a sqnaw, and her papoose on her back, as hostages for their fidelity. On it 
 was also rcjiresented the naval enpagem on Lake Eric. 
 
 » On o'le side Is a hust of General Harrison, and the words Majob Oenkbai, Wii.uam H. HAuntsoN. On the reverse 
 i« fccn a woman placing a wreath around two bayonets fixed on mnskets, and a color-staff, stacked over a drum and 
 nnnon, bow and quiver. Her right hand rests upon the T'liion shield, and holds a halbert. Prom the jm lint of union 
 of the stack haugs a banner, on which is Inscribed Fobt MKUiS— Battle of tiik Tiiamks. Over these. In i semicircle, 
 .".re the words, Resoi.ctio.n or Conuukbs, At-Bii, 4, ISIS. Beneath, Batti.k of tuk Tiia.meb, OoToiiKit 5, 1S13. 
 
nm 
 
 wm 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Coipordtion 
 
 33 WeST MAIN STRiPT 
 
 WeBSTIR.N.Y. I4SS0 
 
 (n6)«72-4S03 
 
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 ^47 
 
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mmmms 
 
 III 
 
 
 I 
 
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 668 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Proctor's PuulBbment considered too mild by the Prince Regent. 
 
 The Remnant of Proctor's Arniy 
 
 TUK BARBI80N MEnAI,, 
 
 time of the battle. He was sentenced lo be " publicly reprimanded, and suspended 
 from rank and pay for six months." So notorious was the fact of his cowardly aban- 
 donment of his army at the very beginning of the battle that the Prince liegent se- 
 
 TIfF. BlIELnV UEnAI.. 
 
 verely reprimanded the court for its " mistaken leniency," expressed his " regret that 
 any officer of the length of service and the exalted rank" attained by General Proc- 
 tor " should be so extremely wanting in professional knowledge, and deficient in 
 those active, energetic qualities which must be required of every officer," and that 
 the charges and finding of the court should "l)e entered in the general order-book, 
 and x-ead at the head of every regiment in his majesty's service." General Proctor 
 is represented as a stout, thick-set, fine-looking man. He died in Liverpool in 1858 
 or 1859. 
 
 The few British regulars and militia who escaped after the battle of the 5th of 
 October fled in confusion through an almost unbroken wilderness toward Lake On- 
 tario. They rendezvoused at Ancaster, seven miles westward of Hamilton and tin' 
 head of the lake, on the 17th, when their numbers, inclusive of seventeen officers, 
 amounted to two hundred and fifty-six. Their flight spread consternation ove- all 
 that region. 
 
 The victory in itself and its subsequent effects was raoat complete. It broke u]> 
 the Indian confcdci'acy of the Northwest, and caused the disheartened warriore to 
 
OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 559 
 
 Effects of the Victories of Perry and Harrison. 
 
 Disposition of thn Troops. 
 
 A Jonrney to the Thame:<. 
 
 forsake their wliite allies, and sue Immbly for peace and pardon at the feet of the 
 Americans. Their very personal existence compelled them to endure this humilia- 
 tion. The winter was approaching, and ihey and their families were destitute of 
 provisions and clothing, without tlie means of procuring either. Their prayers were 
 heard and heeded ^ and those whom they had fought against at the instigation of a 
 professed Christian government, became tlieir saviors from the deadly fongs of hun- 
 <ti'r and frost.' The base conduct of Proctoi', and the kindness of Harrison, gave a 
 tii'.il blow to British influence among the Indians of the Northwest. 
 
 The American troops occupied the battle-ground on the Thames, and on the 
 :th' General Harrison departed for Detroit, leaving Governor Shelby in . ojtoi)er, 
 ooinmanil. The army commenced moving that day in the same direction, ^'*'^- 
 takiii<^ with them the property they had captured and the prisoners. On the 10th 
 they arrived at Sandwich in the midst of a furious storm of Avind and snow, during 
 which several of the vessels from the Tha r^es were injured, and much of the captured 
 property was lost. Harrison and Perry had planned an immediate attack on Mack- 
 inack, and Captain Elliott had volunteered to command the naval force, but the ex- 
 treme cold and the blinding storm warned them of the near approach of winter and 
 the dahgers that might be encountered, and they prudently abandoned the enter- 
 prise. Rumors came that the enemy had fled from Maakinack; so, after concl "Vng 
 an armistice with the chiefs of several of the hostile tribes, among whom was Mai- 
 pock, the fierce and implacable Pottawatomie, and receiving hostages for their faith- 
 fulness,' Harrison prepared to go down the lake witn M'Arthur's brigade, a battal- 
 ion of* regular riflemen under Colonel Wells, and mounted men under Colonel Ball, 
 to join the American forces on the Niagara frontier. The Kentuckians returned 
 home, after stopping at the Raisin to bnry the whitened bones of their massacred 
 countrymen, and on the Sandusky peninsula to recover their horses,^ suffering much 
 from fatigue, hunger, and cold on the Avay. 
 
 General Harrison appointed General Cass military and civil governor of Michigan, 
 and directed him to retain his brigade (about one thousand in number) to keep the 
 Indians in check, and hold possession of that portion of Canada lately conquered by 
 tlie Americans west of Lake Ontui'io. Hari-ison arrived at Buffalo on the 24th of 
 October, with about thirteen hundred men, only one thousand of them effective sol- 
 diers. There he joined General M'Clure in active preparations against the enemy. 
 
 I visited the battle-ground on the Thames on a cold, blustering day in Octo- 
 ber,'' I860, accompanied by Miles Miller, Esq., of Chatham, Canada West, b octoher ii, 
 formei'ly ■ litor of The Western Planet newspaper. I left Detroit in the ^®"''' 
 morning with my family, crossed the river, took seats in a carriage on the Great 
 Western Railway, and, after a swift journey of an hour and a half, over a space of 
 fit'ty-foiir miles along the borders of Lake St. Clair, thi'ough oozy swamps, broad 
 prairies, tangled forests, and wealthy farms to the Thames, following the route of 
 llarrison's pursuing army, we alighted at Chatham, a pleasant village of six thou- 
 sand inhabitants, on the left or south bank of the Thames, and the capital of the 
 comity of Kent. It lies upon a plain in the midst of a fine agricultural country, at 
 the head of steam-boat navigation on the Thames. It was originally laid out by 
 
 ' An eye-witness says : " A few days after Proctor's defeat, Detroit was so fnll of famished savages that the issne of 
 ralions to them did not Iteep pace with their hniiger. I have seen the women and children searching about the gronnd 
 fjr lionci and rinds of porlc \vhlch had liccn thrown away by the soldiers. Meat in a high state of pntrefaclion, which 
 kadbeen thrown into the river, was carefully piclced up and devoured. The feet, heads, and entrails of the cattle slaugh- 
 lerod by the public butchers were collected and sent off to the neighboring villages. I have conntcd twenty horses in 
 a drove fanclftilly decorated with the offals of the slnughtcr-ynrd."— V'ieiet on Ijoke Erie, by Samuel R. Brown, pnire !'B. 
 
 ' Wc have already observed that Wallt-ln-the-water, and many of his followers, deserted Proctor at Chatham. Whih 
 Hiirrlson was in pursuit of the enemy up the Thames, chiefs of the Mlamis, Ottuwos, Pottawatomies, Chippcwas, and 
 Kioknpoos proposed to Oeneral M'Arthur, at Detroit, a suspension of hostilities, and agreed to"talte hold of the some 
 lomihiiwlt tt-ith the Americans, and to strike all who are, or may he enemies of the t'nited States, whether British or 
 Indians." They brought in their women and children, and offered them .f hostages for tljelr own good behavior." 
 
 ' See page 540, 
 
 ii 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i '■ 
 
 1 
 
 M J: . 
 
 
 ■J ', ■ ; i 
 
 m\ 1 
 
 I 
 
 i\ 
 
ill: 
 fii 
 
 660 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 AVIuit to tbc Battlfc-licld on the Thames. 
 
 KecollectionB of an old Iteeident. 
 
 Tecnmtha and his Pistol. 
 
 Governor Simcoe, who reserved six hundred acres for a town plot. On the opposite 
 side of the river, in the township of Dover, is the little suburban village of North 
 Chatham, connected with the main town by a toll-bridge. 
 
 We took rooms at the Moyal Exchange Hotel, and, as soon as a vehicle could be 
 procured, I started with Mr. Miller for the Thames battle-ground, about eighteen 
 miles distant. The sky was overcast by broken masses of clouds, and a bitincr nortii 
 wind came from the great Canadian wilderness, with Winter Tales upon evei-y blast 
 We followed the route of the American army, sketching the ruins of M'Gregor's mill 
 (see page 550) on the way, and at about one o'clock in the afternoon were at the lit- 
 tle village of Tecumseh (Thamesville Station), within a mile and a half of the historic 
 ground. There we dined, and had the pleasure of seeing David Sherman, Esq. a 
 life-long resident of that spot, who was a lad nine or ten years of age when the bat- 
 tle occurred, and had a clear recollection of the events of the day Avhich came iinder 
 his observation. He informed us that the Americans encamped on his father's farm, 
 where tlic village of Tecumseh now stands, on the night before the battle. His fa- 
 tlier was ;i soldier with Proctor, and left home twenty-four hours before. During 
 the forenoon of the day of the battle, young Sherman went up to within half a inilc 
 of the place where Johnson discovered the British line, and saw Tecumtha sitting' 
 on a log near where a white cow that belonged to a neighbor had been killed and 
 was then a-roasting. Tecumtha asked him whose boy he Avas. He told him, Avheii 
 the chief, who was acquainted Avith his father, said, " Don't let the Americans know 
 that your father is in the army, or they'll burn your house. Go back, and stay home, 
 for there will be a fight here soon." 
 
 Mr. Shennan said he scanned the great chief with the wide-open eyes of wonder 
 and curiosity of a boy of his age, and, among other thipgs, saw two pistols in the 
 warrior's belt, unlike the English ones he liad been accustomed to. Having satisfied 
 his cuiiocity, he took Tecumtha's advice, and hastened homeward. He saw the 
 Americans passing rapidly onwai'd toward the place where he left the chief, and 
 heard the din of battle during the afternoon. All was quiet before sunset and dur- 
 ing the night ; and early the next morning he ventured to go upon the battle-ground, 
 
 where he saw the two Indians, 
 one of whom was supposed to 
 be General Tecumtha. On that 
 spot a pistol precisely like cm- 
 of those that he saw in Tecum- 
 tha's belt was found by a neigh- 
 bor, and was in his possessioa 
 He has no doubt of its beinsr 
 one of the great leader's weaji- 
 ons, and cherishes it as such. 
 teo^tbVb piBToi. j^ jg of American manufacture. 
 
 fourteen inches in length, has a flint-lock, is rifled, and bears the name of "H. Al- 
 bright," maker. I made a sketch of it, and, upon the circumstantial evidence of Mr. 
 Shennan, present it to the reader as a picture of one of the pistols of the great Shaw- 
 
 noese chief 
 
 From Mr. Sherman we learned some interesting facts concerning the locality of the 
 battle-ground, but he refused to indicate the exact place where Tecumtha fcdl,givin2 
 as a reason for his reticence on that point that he had been making efforts to induct 
 the provincial government to erect a monument on the spot, and, until that should be 
 accomplished, lie should keep the secret in his own bosom. I think the place desig 
 nated on the map on page 554 is the correct one. 
 
 After dinner we rode up to th;' dwelling of the old Watts Farm, on which most of 
 the battle was fought, while the troops under Shelby occupied a portion of the iand^ 
 
 ^ I 1 •..\. ' .■ ^ ; 
 
 
a and his Pigtol. 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 .561 
 
 Auuearsnce of the Battle-flekl of the Thames. 
 
 Moravian To\vu. 
 
 Retarn to Chatham. 
 
 owned by James Dixon at the time of our visit. We liad very little trouble in find- 
 iu2 the places sought. The forest had disai)j)eared, and nothing remained of the 
 crand old trees except a few ravaged and mo.stly dead stems, many of them black- 
 ened by fii'C- The smaller swamp had also disappeared, but its jilace was distinctly 
 marked by deep black mould. In the rear is the great swamp still, and in front, be- 
 tween louy wooded banks, flows the beautiful La Tranche or Thames, near which are 
 o>ave3 of the slain. From a corn-field between the smaller and larger swamps, near 
 the spot where Johnson and Tecumtha met, I made a sketch of the battle-field. 
 
 )i 
 
 • 
 
 ''^'mw- 
 
 THAMES UATTI.E-fiUOU.Nll.' 
 
 Around us were golden pumpkins and wealthy shocks of Indian com, and in the re- 
 tiiitly-cleared field, where the small swamp loy, cattle were quietly grazing on the 
 frost-nipped grass. It is an attractive spot for the historical student, and our visit 
 was an item in the fulfillment of the poet's prophecy, that 
 
 "Oft to La Tranche's battle-fleM 
 
 In future times ehnll traveler come, 
 To mute reflection's power to yield, 
 
 And gaze on lowly warriors' tomb. 
 'Here,' shall he eaj-, 'our soldiers stood ; 
 
 There were the Indians' unraerons host; 
 Here flowed the gallant Johnson's blood ; 
 
 There died the Shawnoean boast.' " 
 
 We intended to visit the Moravian town,^ but, after sketching the battlc-grormd, 
 and the little view of the Thames printed on page 553, the day was so fiir spent that 
 w ft'lt compelled to turn back toward Tecumseh, where we partook of refreshments, 
 ami at twilight started on our return to Chatham. We arrived at the " Royal Ex- 
 change" at nine in the evening, cold and weary, but full of satisfaction. 
 
 Before sunrise on the following morning I sketched the view at the mouth of 
 M'Gregor's Creek, printed on page 550, and after an early breakfa-st, again accompa- 
 
 ■ In this sketch the spectator Is looking southward, toward the Thames. Its line is marked by the distant trees. The 
 leoM Men along the edge of those trees Indicates the position of the road hat leads to Detroit, across which stood 
 Proctor's regulars, and on which were his cannon. The line of Proctor's aim ' was north and south, across the upper 
 tkt ofihe Fmaller swamp, near where the cattle are seen. 
 
 ' 1 WM Informetl that the Sloraviaus there were all Indians except their mini iter, the Rev. Mr. Vogler. There were 
 I'lOUt Wty families, mostly Delawares, and descendants of the e.irly settlers. E ich family had a plank house and forty 
 icrw of land, famished by the government. The houses appeared very mnrn like those of the pensioners at Am- 
 kffftbmg, mentioned on page 290. They had a neat church. Some of the ' .a honses of the orieinal town, a mile and a 
 hi'f from the present village, not destroyed in !>!.'!, were yet standing. The chief or military leader of the Indians 
 itu Philip Jacobs, who lived ou the site of the old town. He was abou sixty years of age at the time of my visit. 
 
 ria 
 
 ■nit 
 
.llifjjii 1^ 
 
 m i 
 
 It* 
 
 iJMfM 
 
 : a fit . TTfl 
 
 562 
 
 riCTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dolsen'a. 
 
 Journey eastward. 
 
 Harrison on the Northern Frontier 
 
 nied by the courteous Mr. Miller, crossed the river, and rode down to Dolscn's to pro- 
 cure a drawing of his residence, made famous by the ave.its of the campaign of Har- 
 rison against Proctor, We returned in time for myself and party to take the cars for 
 the East at half past nine o'clock. We passed through London (a flouri8hin<» town 
 of about seven thousand inhabitants, pleasantly situated at the confluence of the north 
 and east branches of the Thames) at noon, and arrived at Paris, forty-seven miles far- 
 ther eastward, in time for dinner. There we left the railway, and traveled in a pri- 
 vate carriage to Norwichville, twenty-five miles southward, where we were received 
 at twilight by relati.es — descendants of tie first settlers of that region, who built 
 log huts, and felled the primeval forest there only a little more than fifty years a<ro, 
 Now it is a fertile, well-cultivated, and highly-picturesque country, bearing few traces 
 of a settlement so new that many of the inhabitants remember its beginning. Wo 
 tarried there a few days, and then returned to our home on the Hudson by way of 
 the Niagara Suspension Bridge, after an absence of more than five weeks, bearing rich 
 treasures from the historic fields of the Northwest. 
 
 As the campaign that closed on the banks of the Tliamcs was the last in which 
 General Harrison was engaged, Ave will here consider a brief outline of his career from 
 his arrival on the Niagara frontier until he left the service in the spring of 1814. 
 
 Harrison, as avc have observed, arrived at Buffalo on the 24th of October. He Mcnt 
 immediate.y down to Newark, the head-quarters of General M'Clure, of the New York 
 Militia, and soon afterward commenced active operations, by order of the Secrctarr 
 of War, for an expedition against the British at Burlington Heights, at the west ciiil 
 of Lake Ontario, the " capture or destruction of which," the Secretary said in his 
 letter, " Avould be a glorious j^«afc to his campaign," While in the midst of these 
 preparations, another letter came from the same functionary, written only four days 
 later than the former, requiring General Harrison to send M' Arthur's brigade t« 
 Sackett's Harbor, as Montreal, not Kingston, would be the point of attack on the cii 
 omy by Wilkinson's army, by which the country eastward of Lake Ontario might be 
 exposed to the incursions of the British from the latter place. There were valuahlc 
 stores at Sackett's Harbor, and it was thought to be mCxC important to save tlicse 
 than to assail the enemy farther west. Like an obedient soldier, Harrison obeyed, 
 His troops were embarked on Chauncey's fleet at the middle of November, Thepm- 
 gramme having been changed, the Secretary of War gave General Harrison permis- 
 sion to visit his family near Cincinnati. The general accompanied his troops to Sack- 
 ett's Harbor, and then journeyed homeward by the way of New York, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore, and Washington, every where receiving the plaudits of his countrymen. 
 
 The campaign under the old generals (Dearbora, Hampton, and Wilkinson) on the 
 northern frontier in 1813 having been fruitless of much good to the American cause, 
 the eyes of the people tvere turned in expectation toward General Harrison, the suc- 
 cessful leader, as the future acting commander-in-chief of the American army, or at 
 least of that portion of it on the northeni frontier. Such was the expectation of his 
 companions in arms. " Yes, my dear friend," Perry wrote to him, " I expect to hail 
 you as the chief who is to redeem the honor of our arms in the North," "You, sir," 
 wrote M' Arthur to him from Albany, in New York,i " stand the highest with the mi- 
 litia of this state of any general in the service, and I am confident that no man can 
 fight them to so gv ^at an advantage, and I think their extreme solicitude may be the 
 means of calling you to this promotion." 
 
 These expectations were not realized. For reasons unexplained, the feelings oi 
 General Armstrong, the Secretary of War, appear to have been suddenly and greatly 
 changed toward General Harrison, and his treatment of that ofiicer deprived the 
 country of his military services at a most critical time. He persistently interfered 
 
 > M'Arlhur was then In attendance as n witness npon the court-martial for the trial of Brigadier General Hull. See 
 page 234. 
 
■ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 663 
 
 rthern Frontier. 
 
 Treatment of Harrison by the Secretary of War. 
 
 Harrison leaves *be Army. 
 
 A Journey In Ohio. 
 
 fl-i ' Harrison's prerogatives as commander-in-cliiof of the Eighth Militaiy District, 
 <ind the general became convinced, by circumstances not necessary to detail here, tliat 
 the secretary disliked him, and was determined to deprive him of all active command, 
 lie remembered Armstrong's unasked permission to visit liis family at Cincinnati, and 
 he now construed it as a deliberate hint that he might retire from the army a while. 
 These suspicions were fostered and confirmed by subsequent events, and on the 11th 
 of May, 1814, Harrison, in a letter to the Secretary of War, and another to the Prfi- 
 dent of the United States, oifered to resign his commission. When Governor Siielby 
 heard of the movement he wrote an earnest letter to the President, urging him not to 
 accept the resignation, and saying, " Having served in a campaign with General Har- 
 rison, by which I have been enabled to form some opinion of his military talents and 
 capacity to command, I feel no hesitation to declare to you that I believe him to be 
 one of the first military characters I ever knew, and, in addition to this, he is capable 
 of making greater personal exertions than any officer with whom I have ever served."' 
 Harrison was then forty years of age. 
 
 Unfortunately for the country, tlic President was absent from Washington, at his 
 home in Virginia, when the letters of Harrison and Shelby reached the cajutal. They 
 were both forwarded to Madison. Meanwhile the Secretary of War, without con- 
 sulting the President, accepted the general's resignation. This was an assumption 
 of authority never exercised before nor since. In a letter to Governor Shelby, the 
 President expressed his sincere regret that the valuable services of General HariMson 
 could not have been secured to the government for the approaching campaign. Har- 
 rison left the army, and during the ensuing summer he Avas appointed, in conjunction 
 ■vitli Governors Shelby and Cass, to treat with the Indians of the Northwest concern- 
 ing all things in dispute between the tribes and the United States. 
 
 As we shall not meet General Harrison again in active military service, nor men- 
 tion his name except incidentally, I Avill take this occasion to notice a short journey 
 in Ohio, in the autumn of 1 860, Avhile collecting materials for this Avork, in Avhich Avas 
 included a visit to the home and grave of that faithful jjublic servant at North Bend, 
 on the banks of the Ohio. 
 
 In a former chapter (see page 542) 1 have mentioned my departure from Cleveland 
 after the inauguration of Perry's statue, for Columbus, the capital of Ohio. The rail- 
 way betAveen the tAvo places lies, much of the distance from Cleveland to DelaAvare, 
 throuijli a flat, not very fertile, and a.ncAvly-cleared country, the latter fact being at- 
 u'sted by a profusion of stumps of trees in most of the clearings. On the summit 
 of the Avater-shed betAvcen Lake Erie and the Ohio River, the country is more rolling 
 and fertile. We journeyed one hundred and thirty-five mUes in the course of five 
 hours and forty minutes, and reached Columbus at about tAVO o'clock in the after- 
 noon of a delightful September day.* At three I lefl for NcAvark, the • September 12. 
 capital of Licking County, thirty-three miles eastAvard of Columbus, for ^**"*- 
 
 the tAS'ofold pui-^ose of visiting an old and highly-esteemed friend,* and viewing, in 
 the neighborhood, one of the most remarkable of the tumuli, or ancient mounds, Avith 
 ! which the Ohio country abounds. I found my friend very ill — too ill to endure more 
 [ tlian a few minutes' conversation. During the evening, in company with his son, I 
 visited ^^r. David Wyrick, a resident of the village, an engineer by profession, and an 
 enthusiastic antiquary, who had lately been made famous as the discoverer of a stone, 
 with Hebrew inscriptions, in a portion of the ancient earth-works that abound in the 
 neighborhood of NcAvark. I found him a plain, earnest man, and bearing, among 
 those who know him best, a character above reproach for truth and sincerity. He 
 sliowod me a large number of curious things taken from mounds in the neighbor- 
 
 ' OoTemor Shelby to President Madison, May 16, 1814. 
 
 ' Samuel 0. Arnold, Esq., editor and proprietor of the Xmark North American, and anthor of a Life of Pntriclc Henry, 
 «j(l one or two other small volumes. 
 
 m 
 
 
 1' 
 
 \ 1, 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 
 iiiUi 
 
li 
 
 '^m^w 
 
 504 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 w 
 
 wm 
 
 ii.: 
 
 Andent Monuda and Rclica nt Newark, Ohio. 
 
 Ancieut Coffin and Inncrlbed Stucet 
 
 HI-MAINH or AN ANCIENT UOFFIN. 
 
 hooil. Among them was a portion of a 
 coffin, made of a liollowed oak log, fouiul 
 beneath a truncated circular jtyraniid for. 
 ty feet in height, with a base one liniidii,! 
 and eighty-two feet in diameter, evidi-ntiv 
 constructed by a people ignorant of nu'tai- 
 lic-cdged tools. ' But the most ctnious of 
 nil the relics was the stone upon the four sides of which are words in Hebrew kt- 
 ters. Mr, Wyrick found tl'em while 
 searching for human remains in the 
 centre of a small depression of the 
 earth connected with the system of 
 ancient earth-works in that region. 
 The stone is in the form of a trunc- 
 ated cone, five inches in length, with 
 two sides broader tlian the other two 
 sides, and a neck and knob, evidently 
 Ibrmed for suspending it by a cord 
 or chain. It has the appearance, in ™' '"•"' "'•"'•» o^ ^me holy stone. 
 
 texture and color, of a novaculite, or " hone-stone," and is finely polished. Tho let- 
 ters (said by those who are competent to decide to bo ancient Hebrew) are neatly 
 made in intaglio upon each of the four sides. How, and Avhen, and for what iiiao- 
 tical or symbolical purpose that stone was deposited in the earth there, may forever 
 remain a mystery.^ 
 
 > This coilin is quite shallow, nudmoro like the hollowed platform of a scaffolding. It bears evidence of lmvlii"licoi 
 liollowcd by the processes employed by The coffin, when found, was in a cui' 
 
 the aborigines when liuropeans first vis- >^--7>> MBife>t cavity of earth lined with clay mn(l» m 
 
 Ited America, namely, by lire and stone ^. \l,l .^^HkI pcrvlonn to water. It lay In water twelve 
 axes. With these they felled trees and l^s^ ^^^^^^ Inches in depth, resting npou seven niece, 
 hollowed out logs for canoes. They first K|^S .^HH^^V "f ^^all timber, these resting npoii tm 
 bnrnt the timber, and then removed the ^ pg Wfc ^^^^^^fc\ larger p'eccs, as seen in the above >ketcli 
 charred part with the blunt stone axe, for ^gej ^HIHi^to^ These, like the coffin, wore coninleteiv 
 these could not be made sharp euongh to JPK^ g-: - ^^T " water-sogged." The coffin was lined 
 
 ci't.andondnrc. These processes were re- ^^^^^^§^^S| with a faliric resembling old carne-in' 
 pcated until the requisite depth was ob- 9-^^- JM. ^^^SS^^ go fragile that it ernmblcd at the fliOu- 
 taiued. Kvery part of the Iiollowed por- S,^_^ ^^^^^^ est touch. On this the body of thc'de- 
 tiouH of the ancient coffin tliat I saw bore btone axes. ceased had been laid ; and thereon wa. 
 
 clear marks of these operations. found the skeleton 'n fragments, lock- ol 
 
 beautiful black hair, and ten copper rings lying near where the hands might have been folded over the breast. The 
 whole were Imbedded in clay, over which was an arch of small and large stones. Over this was a mound ofclav, mak- 
 mg the whole structure inclosing the coffin about seven feet in height. The remainder of the pyramid was cnmpnwd 
 of stone. These the State of Ohio purchased for constructing the " Licking Summit Reservoir" for the use of the Oliin 
 Canal, and removed about fifty thousand wagon-loads. The sepuichrc was found when these stones were removed, acd 
 was explored by Mr. Wyrick. The clay was brought ft-om u distance, for there is none like it in the vicinity. 
 
 The annexed diagram, kindly drawn for tne by Mr, 
 Wyrick, shows a sectional view of the clay mounds, ite 
 email stone arch, and the position of the coffin. A the I'p- 
 per part of tho clay mound, and B the lower portion. In 
 these the open dots indicate the places where it was evi- 
 dent timbers had been placed, and had rotted away. C 
 the arch of stone, 1111 Indicating two layers of small 
 stones from six to ten inches in diameter, and 2 a layer 
 of broad flat stones. D the coffin and skeleton, and E the 
 conc.ivlty filled with water, in which they rested. The clay 
 had evidently been formed into a kind of mort.-r, and ffa< 
 as hard as sun-dried brick. The pyramid was on an en- 
 Inence seven miles south of Newark, and five hundred feet above the level of any stream of water near. 
 
 a The cavity in which Mr. Wyrick found this stone was about twenty feet in circumference, and nbont two feet in 
 depth at the centre. When he had excavated through dark and rich alluvium about fourteen inches, he came to alighl- 
 er soil of a clayey nature, in which were pebbles. One of these, of oblong form, composed of reddish quartz, tirst at- 
 tracted his attention. Soon afterward he found the inscribed stone Imbedded in the "ilay. Gentlemen of learning ei- 
 nmined it, and proved the letters to be obsolete Hebrnic. The Reverend J. W. M'Carty, of Newark, a Hebrew ffholar, 
 translated the words on three of the four sides as follows : "Hnli/ of HhHok ;" " 7'he \y'ord u/ tlie Imw ;" and " The Wh) 
 cf the Lnrd." At a meeting of some of the leading citizens of Newark, held at the Court-house about two months afte: 
 my visit there, to consider tho character and the circumstances of tho finding of the " Boly Stone," General Dllle pre- 
 elded, and Mr. M'Carty gave au interesting account of the whole matter. It was stated that only four or five of itc 
 
 SECTIONAL VIEW OK THE PVnAMII). 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 665 
 
 Bcrlbed Stonei. 
 
 ortkm of a 
 lo;^, t'omiil 
 yramid tor- 
 ue Imiiilnd 
 r,evi(k'utly 
 .lit of metal- 
 t envious of 
 llclji-ow lot- 
 
 cd. The let- 
 \v) arc neatly 
 or what prac- 
 }, may forever 
 
 Mice ofhavinslicfii 
 iiind, was in a cm;- 
 with clay inail^ iiii- 
 t lay in water twoU\ 
 pg upon eevcn piece- 
 resting upon two 
 the aliove fkcick, 
 were coraplelciy 
 coffin was liueil 
 Jinij old carpciin:, 
 ;nl)lo(l at the fli:lit- 
 the body of the ic- 
 and thereon «i- 
 fraiimcnts, locks "1 
 . . . the breast. Ttt 
 monnd of clay, mak- 
 ■amid was compnH-fl 
 the use ot the Ohio 
 were removed, aul 
 vicinity. 
 
 ■n for mc by Mr. 
 jC clay moumls, Ibe 
 he coffin. A the cp- 
 lower portion. In 
 _'8 where it was cvi- 
 lad rotted away. C 
 two layers otsmali 
 nc^cr, and 2 a layer 
 skeleton, and E the 
 jey rested. The clay 
 dofmorfr.onilffa' 
 imid was on an ck- 
 near, 
 nd nhont two feet in 
 s, hecametoallghi- 
 Jdish quartz, tirst at. 
 emeu of learning «• 
 ■k, a Hebrew Bcholar, 
 '10 ;" and'Tftf"*' 
 out two months o(te: 
 General Dille !«■ 
 ly four or five of ttc 
 
 An ancient stone Box and Its Contcntn. 
 
 An Immense niicieut Enrth-work neur Newark visited and described. 
 
 Early the following momiiiEf, ftccompanicd by my young friend, I visited the " Old 
 Fort " i'** t''*^ i)eoi)le there call one of the most nia^nificunt of the ancient earth-works 
 that abound in that section of Ohio. It is a mile and a half from Newark, in the 
 miilst f * ''' pi'i'iicval forest, and forms a pleasant resort in fiummer. It is composed 
 of a continuous mound, that sweeps in a perfect circle a mile in circumference, broken 
 only )iy the entrance to it, wliero the banks, higher than any where else, turn outward 
 foi'tifty feet or more, and form a magnificent gateway. The embankment averages 
 
 QUKAT EABTll-HdKK NKAU MKU'ABK. 
 
 from fifteen to twenty feet in height, and is covered with maple, beech, and hickory 
 trees of every size, from the huge Anak of the forest to the lithe sapling — the formei* 
 indicating the origin of the strncturc to be far more remote than the atlvent of Euro- 
 iicaas in the New World. These also cover the area inclosed by the mound. The 
 ditch from which the earth was thrown is within the embankment, and is visible 
 around the entire line of the work, proving it not to have been a fortification. Li the 
 centre of the area (which is perfectly level) is a slight elevation, in the form of a 
 sprcau eagle, covering many yards, and is called the Eagle Mound.' 
 
 char.ictcrs correspond to those now In use In the Hebrew books, but these furnished a key to the translation. It had al- 
 ready been stated by a gentleman familiar Mth the history and practice of the Freemasons, and who was a member of the 
 fraternity, that the stone was of the kind used by masons of a certain grade in the East soon after the b-iilding of the 
 lirit temple by Solomon. It has in their system, he said, a well-known meaning, its principal use In ancient times be- 
 ins for deposit beneath whatever structure the master mason might superintend. This symbol, he said, was uot nec- 
 osrarily furnished with inscripticms, but masons entitled to use It might put buch sentences upon i* as that one has. It 
 would be placed In the northeastern part of the foundation, and if it stood on Its point would Indicate that something 
 more was deposited beneath. If it lay on Its broadest face, the point ir small end would indicate the direction where 
 clhor deposits would be found. These, If found, would disclose facts connected with the building. Was uot the cavity 
 in which the stone was found the foundation of a structure never erected f 
 
 A few weeks subsequent to my visit, Mr. Wyrick found, in one of the mounds in that vicinity, a stone box, nearly 
 eis'-shaped, the two halves fitting together by a joint whi"'. runs around the stone lengthwise. Within this box was a 
 stone seven inches long and three wide, ou a smooth surface of which Is a figure, in dan relief, well cut, and surrounded 
 by characters thus described by the Rev. Mr. M'Carty : "The words over the head of the human figure contain three 
 letters. Two of them are Hebrew, Sheir and He (or Heth). The third I Inferred to be 3fpm— a conjecture most readily 
 suggested by its form, It being exactly that of the old Gaelic Muin (M), and afterward fully borne ont by Its always an- 
 swering thereto. This gave tlie word Mosheh (Moses) or MesMach (Messiah)." Of the characters Mr. M'Carty said " some 
 looked like the Hebrew coin character, some like the Phffiulcian alphabet, a few bore resemblance to those on the Grave 
 Creek stone,* and some I could not Identify with any known alphabet." He at last found that the language was really 
 Hebrew, much like that found In the Bibles of the Gennan Jews, and, after great and patient labor, he discovered that 
 tlie whole constituted an abridged form of the Ten Commandments. 
 
 This is uot the place, nor has the writer the knowledge requisite for a discussion of the matter. I have simply stated 
 the curious facts— facts well worthy of the earnest Investigation of archieologists, for they raise the ethnological and 
 historical question whether the mound-bui'ders of this continent were of Asiatic origin, c .• were related to the Indian 
 tribes whose remnants still exist. 
 
 ' Other mounds In this vicinity are In the shape of animals. One of the most curious and extensive of these is about 
 four miles from Newark, on the road to Granville. It Is in the shape of a lizard, and covers the whole summit of a hill. 
 Its dimensions, in feet, are aa follows : Length of the head and neck, 32 ; of the body, 73 ; of the tall, 105 : width from 
 the ends of the fore feet over the shoulders, 100 ; l^om the ends of the hliid feet over the hips, !)2 ; between tlie legs, 
 across the body, 82 ; across the tall, close to the body, IS ; height at the highest point, 7 ; whole length, 210. It appears 
 lobe mainly composed of clay, and Is overgrown with grass. Visitors have made a path from the nose, along the back, 
 to wliere the tall begins to curl, at which point stands a large black walnut-tree.— See Howe's Historical ColUxtions of 
 Ohio, page 298. 
 
 ' A small stone tablet, fonnd in a large mound near Grave Creek, In the vicinity of Winchester, Virginia, having an 
 
 inscription in cuneiform characters like the anclcut Phoenician. 
 
 f,- 1 , ' 
 
 
 
 
 wm\ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ) 
 
 !■! 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 ■iw' 
 
 1 
 
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 iH' 
 
 
 A 
 
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 st'- -i^j 
 
oiid 
 
 I'ICTOUIAL ilELU-BOOK 
 
 TbuoKbti coucuruluK the Muund-biiilden. 
 
 City of CiilumbUH. 
 
 Jourui'y down the Hcl.ito Vulley. 
 
 The ground covered by this ancient work is owned by the Licking County Agri- 
 cultural Society, and witliln the earth-walled inclosure their annual lairs arc held lor 
 the acconiniodaiion of which some buildingn have been erected. These, with the ijcn. 
 oral aj)j)earance of the work, and the trees upon the banks, as seen from the ciitruini' 
 may be observed in the picture on page 505. After finishing that sketch, and ex- 
 j)loring every part of this strange old structure by an unknown people in an unknown 
 age, I rettirned to Newark, the quickened imagination tilling the mind with Wdiidious 
 visions of the earlier ages of our continent, while jNIemory recalled those suggestive 
 lines of Bryant in his ' Prairie," in which, turning to the Past, he Boliloquizes concern. 
 ing the mound-builders, saying, as introductory, 
 
 " And did the dust 
 or these fair BolitndcH once stir with Ufa 
 And bum with passion t Lrt the mighty mounds 
 Thnt overl<ioli the rivers, or lliat rise 
 In tlic dim forest, crowded with old oaks, 
 Answer. A rnco Hint long has passed away 
 niiilt them ; a disciplined and popnions race 
 Heaped with Ion;; toil the eaitli, while yet the Greek 
 Was hewing the Pcntellcus to forms 
 Of symmetry, and rearing; ou its rock 
 The glittering Parthenon." 
 
 I returned to Columbus in time to visit the magnificent State-house, dine, and leave 
 in the stage-coach at two o'clock for Chillicothe, forty-five miles down the Scioto V.il. 
 ley, toward the Ohio Itiver. CoUunbus is a beautiful city, of almost twenty tlionsaiul 
 inhabitants, standing upon a gently-rolling plain on the eastern side of the Sciotn 
 lliver,' about h.ilf a mile below its confluence with the Olentangy. The streets are 
 broad, its public buildings are attractive, and many private mansions display great 
 elegance. It is pleasant in every feature as the political capital of a great state. 
 Where it now stands was a dark forest when Harrison had his head-quarters at Frank- 
 linton, on the opposite side of the Scioto, in 1812 and 1813. Then a settlement wa< 
 commenced there, and in 1810 it was made the seat of the state government. Tin 
 county seat of Franklin was removed to Columbus from Franklinton in 1824, and tlie 
 present city was chartered in 1834. 
 
 The journey from Columbus to Chillicothe, in an old-fashioned elliptical stage-coaeli 
 drawn by four horses, Avas a veiy delightful one. The day was perfect in purity of 
 air and in temperature ; the sky Avas unflecked by the smallest cloud, and the whole 
 country was green with verdure. I was granted the privilege of a seat by the side 
 of the driver, and thus I secured uninterrupted views of the country, which exhibited 
 all the picturesque beauty possible without the charms of mountains or high hills. 
 Our route lay along tlie gentle slopes on the eastern side of the Scioto until we 
 reached Shadeville, a pleasant little emboAvered village, Avhere we first struck the bot- 
 tom of th.T Scioto Valley, nine miles from Conimbus. There we changed hoi'ses, and, 
 eight miles farther on, stopped at Bloomfield, another little village, where fresh horses 
 were waiting our arrival. A little before sunset we rode into Circleville, a large town 
 at the head of the great Pickaway Plains.^ Our route had been through one of the 
 most beautiful regions of Ohio, and would increase in interest, we were told, as we 
 advanced toward Chillicothe. But the night was near. We liad passed broad fields 
 of Indian corn, plants full tweh'c feet in height, heavily laden wutli ears, beneath whieli 
 droves of swine Avere frequently seen. The streams were fringed with heavy-foliaged 
 trees and shrubbery, interspersed with magnificent sycamores, while the little forests 
 
 ' According to n statement of Rev. David Jones in his journal in 17T4, Scioto, in the Shawnoese language, elgnlflfs 
 hainj ricer, so called because that stream in the spring was filled with hairs, from the immense number of deer tbat 
 came to it to drink when shedding their coats. 
 
 ' Circleville is the capital of Pickaway Connty, situated on the Ohio Canal and Scioto Blver. It stands upon the sito 
 of one of the ancient earth-works that abound in that region, which was of circular form, and gave the name to the vil- 
 lage. The court-honse stood in the centre of the circle, and the town grew up around it. For an interesting account of 
 the mounds In that vicinity, the reader is referred to Howe's Historical CoUeetlona of Ohio, f age 410. 
 
OF Tllli WAU Ul'" 181 
 
 567 
 
 CIrclevllle. 
 
 Arrival at Chllllcothe. 
 
 lu Site and early Building*. 
 
 and i)li'a8.iiit proves tlirouixli whicli we rode prosonted to the eyo timber-giants of a 
 jjjjj. ni.ldom Hceii I'listwiinl oftlio Allenliiiiiy MoiintiiiiiH. 
 
 \Ve tbmul Circlovillo crowded with ik'o])1o ofcvery sex, color, and condition, in nt- 
 tendiinee upon a eounty fUir— ho crowded that our most earncHt eiidi-avors to pro- 
 cure some Hiipper at tiie tavern where the eoaeh Htopjied failed. We tarried tliere 
 l)iit a short time, and at Hunset resumed our jouniey with fresh horses. To avoid the 
 heavy dew and chilly i:if,'ht air, I took a seat inside the eoaeh, with eight other adults 
 and two children, and enjoyed a deli;j;htful ride across the I'ickaway Plains' during 
 the strangely luminous twilight that lingered long at the close of that lovely Septem- 
 ber ilav. J"St iis "'g''<^ ''^'l* "P"" ^'"' li»»l"cape, we diverged from the I'lains to jjass 
 tliroui;h the village of Kingston, and at ten o'clock in the evening we sat down to an 
 excellent supper, with keen appetites, at the" Valley Hotel" in Chillieothe. 
 
 Cliillicothe, the capital of Uoss County, and centre of the trade of the Scioto rc- 
 I'ion.is delightfully situated on a perfectly level plain, at a narrow and picturesque 
 part'of the valley, with lofty and rugged liills rising around it. In ancient times it 
 las a place ofgre.it attraction for the iiihabitants, and was one of the principal rcn- 
 (lezvons of the Shawnoesc when the white man began to seat hii^self in the Ohio 
 country. It was early settled, and in the year 1800 the seat of government of the 
 Xorthwostern Territory was removed from Cincinnati 
 
 to Chillieothe. The building of a state-house there was 1 '<I^«►. 
 
 commenced the same year, and was completed early 
 enouffh in 1801 for the Territorial Legislature to meet 
 ill it.^ In the same room, the Convention tiiat framed 
 the Constitution for the State of Ohio met in the au- 
 tumn of 1802. It was built of stone, and was the first 
 ]nil)lic edifice made of that material in the Territory. 
 Tliat venerable and venerated structure was demol- 
 ished about the year 1850, and on its sito was erected 
 tlic present court-house ibr the county, of light brown 
 fiet'stone, and remarkable as one of the most beautiful 
 public buildings west of the Alleghanies. The old jail, also built in 1801, was yet 
 standing when I visited Chillieothe. The above sketch of the state-house is copied, 
 l)v permission, from Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio^ page 430. 
 
 Chillieothe was an important rendezvous of United States soldiers during the War 
 of 1812, as we have already incidentally observed. They were stationed at Cam]) 
 liull, about a mile north of the town, on the west side of the Scioto. There several 
 liundred British prisoners, captured by Perry and Harrison, Avere confined for some 
 time. 
 
 On the morning after my arrival I rode out to " Fruit Hill," the residence of Gen- 
 eral Duncan M'Arthur during a greater portion of his life, and then (1800) tlie prop- 
 erty and dwelling of his son-in-law, Honorable William Allen, late member of Con- 
 gress. It was about two and a half miles from the court-house in Chillieothe, upon the 
 lofty plain between the Scioto and Paint Creek Valleys, and was so situated as to com- 
 
 1 These j.lnlna He sonth of CIrclevllle, on the east side of the Scioto, and are snld to contain the rlchert body of land 
 in Ohio. They are called respectively npper and lower plains. The black soil Is the rcKnlt of vegetable decomposition 
 dnrin? many ages. Beneath It is a bed of pebbles and gravel, and the surface of the Plains is from forty to fifty feet 
 above the Scioto. These plains were the resort not only of the monnd-bnllders, bnt of the Indians before the Enrope- 
 aiiBcame. There they had a Rcneral conncll-flre for all the associated tribes in that region ; there it was that the war- 
 riot! assembled to confront tlie army of Lord Dcnmore In 1TT4, and there the horrid rites of torturi ig prisoners were 
 frequently performed. There, on that classic Indian prronnd, Logan, the bereaved Mingo chief, made '.he famons speech 
 pre'crved by Mr. .lelTerson ; and there was "Camp Charlotte," on Sclppo Creek, seven miles sonthwest fl-om Clrcle- 
 »illf, where, by treaty, Dnnmore's campaign was brought to a close. For a full acconnt of Dnnmorc's expedition, and 
 l"?«n and his famous speech, the reader Is referred to Lossing'g Pictorial Field-book (\f the Revolution, 11., 281 and 284 In- 
 tluslve. 
 
 ' The first two sessions of the Territorial Legislature were held In a small, two-storied log house that stood on the 
 corner of Second and Walnut Streets. This had a wing, la which were public offices. This building was used for bar- 
 racks during the War of 1S12. 
 
 TlIK 01.l> HTATK-IIOCSK. 
 
 * 
 
 -t 1 
 
'fff 
 
 
 IV 
 
 li' if 
 
 
 'ii 
 
 668 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Vide tu "r.iilt IIIU" Md "Adeua." 
 
 (Icvernor WurthiujftDii. 
 
 yUlIT IIILI., UKNEHAI. 
 
 U'AUIUI'U'S UlblllUNUC. 
 
 inand a tints view ol'tlie town 
 
 and tlie Hurroiuuliui? ckuii- 
 
 try. It was rcacluMl iVoni 
 
 tlic valley by a windinj; road 
 
 amoii<? tliu liillH. The iiiaii- 
 
 rtioii was ot'lii'Wn HaiulHtoiic, 
 
 spacious and flugant in Hii- 
 
 inli within and without. It 
 
 was ert'Ctfd in 1802, and 
 
 stood in tho midst of a 
 
 pleasant grassy lawn, dot- 
 ted with a variety of orna- 
 
 raontal trees and fruit-Lcar- 
 
 ing Osage orange -trees. I 
 
 was disai)pointed in not find- 
 ing the proprietor at home, 
 
 but this was lessened by the 
 
 kind hospitalities of a young 
 
 woman, a member of tho 
 
 family, who led mo to the observatory on the top of the house, from which may 1)o 
 
 obtained charming views of the Scioto and Paint Creek Valleys. 
 Having sketched the "Fruit Hill" mansion,' I rode to " Adena," the fine old res- 
 idence of Govenior Thomas Wortliington, 
 chief magistrate of Olii'i fiom 1814 to 181h, 
 It is situated upon the same ridge, two hund- 
 red feet above tho Scioto, and lialf a inilo 
 north from M'Arthnr's mansion. It overlooks 
 the same valleys, and, because of the beauty 
 of its situation, it was called " Adena," or Par- 
 adise. The building is of hewn sandstone, 
 and Avas erected in 1805, at great expense, 
 under the supervision of the elder LatroLe, 
 of Washington City. Its elegance and nov- 
 elty were such, in its form, its large panes of 
 glass, its papered rooms, and marblo fire- 
 places, that persons came from long distances 
 to see it, and considered its name appropri- 
 ate. It was the finest mansion m all that 
 region ; and, so much was Worthington re- 
 spected, that all agreed that man and dwell- 
 ing were worthy of each other. 
 He was an early settler in the vi- 
 cinity. In 1798 he built the first 
 frame house, with glazed win- 
 dows, erected in Chillicothe, oiled 
 paper being then the eubstitute 
 
 for gla8S.2 He erected a saw ..nd grist mill for the acc.mmodation of the inhabit- 
 ants, and in every way was a very public-spirited man.' 
 
 /^^^^:{y2^^^^ 
 
 1 Thi« vtew is from the Inwr, looking toward Cliillicothe, a glimpse of which In seen on the extreme left of the picture. 
 
 » The first dwelling for a white man on the site of Chillicothe was a bark cahin erected by General M'Arthnr. 
 
 3 Thomas Worthington was bom in Jefferson County (then Berkeley), Virelnia, about the year 1709. He took wiin 
 him to the Ohio country quite a number .if slaves, whom he emancipated. He was one of the most energetic of tlio pi- 
 oneers to that reclon, and soon bec.nme a leading man among the settlers. He was a member of the Convention m 
 formed the Constitution of the State of Ohio in 180.1. Soon after that he was chosen to represent the new state in (lie 
 
wu ^ pip 
 
 OF THE WAlt OF 1812. 
 
 AOt 
 
 fiirthluxton. 
 
 rhii'h may 1)c 
 
 fine old xv^- 
 VVorthinstoii, 
 1814 to m\ 
 gc, two liuml- 
 d half a milo 
 It ovorliMiks 
 of the beauty 
 ■vdciia," or Par- 
 ivn sandstone, 
 reat expense, 
 dder Latrolje, 
 lance ami nov- 
 lai'ge i)anes ut' 
 marblo fire- 
 hong distances 
 lame appvoitvi- 
 »n in all tkit 
 irthington re- 
 an and dwell- 
 jf each other. 
 [ttler in the vi- 
 built the iirst 
 glazed win- 
 lillicothe, oiled 
 ;hc Euhstitute 
 ,f the inhabit- 
 
 [eleftoftheiilctmf' 
 ll M'Arthnr. 
 
 Ilea. He took ww 
 
 Tenerpetkofthcpl- 
 Ihe Convention m 
 [be new etale In tbt 
 
 p^riiHtoBoTVAdM^ 
 
 M'ArlhurV I>ortnlt. 
 
 ▲ VMi to CiMlasMl Mid It! VIctoity. 
 
 AIIKMA, OUVIcaNUH wubtuinotom's buidkmok. 
 
 Ader.a waH then owned by (tnveriior Worth- 
 iiiBton's H«". Cieneml Jiinu'H Worthington. 
 Tlio court in fron* of the ninnHion whh Klle<l 
 with trecH, Hhrubbery. an<l I'owerH. On tlie 
 liL'lit W.IH an onornutus cherry-troo, piantetl 
 in 1708 by the Hitle of tho log cabin in wliicb 
 (Jovcmor Worthington an.l hi« family li'ed 
 until tho hou«c in Cliillicothe wan wimpieted. 
 Thoro waH a fine garden attached to tlie nnm- 
 >i(in and from varionw points in the vieinity 
 most (harming views of tlio Seioto Valley 
 may ho obtained. The proprietor was not at 
 Imnic at the time of my viwit, but I liave very 
 iili-awnl rccollcctionR of t!ic kind courtesy 
 1 received from his family in showing me 
 works of art and curiosities, and imparting 
 information. Among the relies of tlie j>ast 
 which I saw there was a hatchet-pipe, almost precisely like the one shown me at 
 llrantfoi-d, in Canada, and delineated on page 421. It was presented to Governor 
 Woi'thington by Tecnmtha, and is higlily valued by the family. 
 
 Leaving "Adena," I passed down the winding road through the hills to the plain, 
 liy a beautif.d little lake at the foot of tho wooded acclivity, and, on reaching Cliilli- 
 nithc, called at the residence of the Honorable C. A. Trimble, member of Congress, 
 unci son in-law of M'Arthnr, who owns the fine portrait of the general from which tht- 
 e'i<»raving on page 267 was copied. He, too, was absent, but, tlirongh the kind oftices 
 of his brother, I was permitted to have a daguerreotype of the i)ainting made. This 
 was completed just in time to allow me to take the cars on the Marietta a;id Cincin- 
 nati Railway for tho latter i)lace at about three o'clock in the afternoon. We reach- 
 n\ the "Queen City" at seven in tho evening, having journeyed ninety-six miles 
 tiiroiigh an interesting country from the Valley of the Scioto to that of the Little 
 Miami. 
 
 During the three succeeding days I visited men and places of interest in and about 
 Cincinnati. I crossed the Ohio to Covington and Newport, cities, on the Kent .^y 
 i.horc, flanking the mouth of the Licking River. I also rode out to Batavia, the cap- 
 ital of Clermont County, about twenty miles distant, one hot afternoon, fortunately 
 occupying a portion of the driver's seat on a stage-coach. Our route lay along tho 
 Ohio through Columbia, a suburban vilhige (settled before the seed of Cincinnati Avas 
 jilanted), to the mouth of the Little Miami, the eye every where delighted Avith the 
 li'.cturcsque beauty of the shores of the great river, covered with vineyards then 
 wealthy with immense stores of grapes, on tl Ohio side. 
 
 "There prows no vlii 
 
 By the hnunted Rhi.ie, 
 By Diuuibe or Guadalquivir, 
 
 Nor on Ivlnnd or cape, 
 
 That benrB such grape 
 As grows by the Beautiful River."' 
 
 We crossed the Miami, and made our Avay along the level country on its oastern 
 side a few miles, when our course bent more eastward among lofty cultivated hills. 
 Toward sunset we looked down from a rugged eminence into the fertile vale of the 
 east branch of the Little Miami, then flooded with the evening sunlight, which 
 
 i S«iif!e of the United States, and was an active pnpporter In Congress of Jefferson's administration. He was clccttd 
 meraorof the state In 1814, and held tho office four years. After his retirement from the chief magistracy he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the first board of Canal Commissioners, and held that office until his deatb la the year 1827, hav- 
 
 I ii?b«en in public station abont thirty years. 
 ' Olio U the Shawnocse word for Beautiful River. The French called it La Belle Riviere, 
 
 • 
 
 1. 
 
 i! 
 
570 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Veterans of the War of 1S12 at Bntavia. 
 
 An Evening with h IMnghter of General llarrlsca 
 
 hrotight out, in luminous relief, against the grc en verdure back of it, the quiet villaTo 
 of IJatavia, that lay nestled in the lap of the hills at the head of the valley. There 
 at the houses of relatives and friends, I passed the Sabbath, and met three survivinir 
 soldiers of the War of 1812, namely, John Jamieson, Abraham Miley, and James C'ln" 
 t^r. Mr. Jamieson was fr«m Kentucky, and belonged to a comjKi.ny of spies in Pop 
 ter's regiment. He was active on the frontier in the vicinity of Detroit durini; a 
 greater portion of the war. In 1814 he saw the infamous Simon Girty on the rack 
 of severe rheumatism at his house a few miles below Maiden. The villain's eabin 
 was decorated with scalps. Mr. Miley was a rifleman in Fort Meigs at the time of 
 the siege in May, 1813. Mr. Jamieson and Mr. Carter confirmed the horrid story of 
 the conversion of some of the skin of Tt'iumtha into razor-sti ops. One of them had 
 seen pieces of the skin in the hands of a Kentuckian who took it from Tecumtha's 
 thigh ! 
 
 • September IS, On tho evening after ray return to Cincinnati from Batavia" I de. 
 1800. parted for North Bend, fourteen miles westward, on the Ohio and Mis- 
 
 sissippi Railway, where General Harrison was wedded while yet a subaltern in the 
 army of the tTnited States, where he lived when he bore the honorc of a gallant Gen- 
 eral of that arm}', and where he was buned while the laurels which composed the 
 most precious civic crown in the power of a people to bestow were yet fresh unoa 
 his blow. 
 
 The atinual fair of the United States Agricultural Society was about to close in Cin- 
 cinnati, an(l thousands of visitors were making their wa,y homeward. The cars were 
 densely y .eked, and, because of oomc detentioi: in tho lower part of the city, we did 
 not reacn North Bend until after dark. The nearest public h^use was at the little 
 village of Cloves, a mile distant over the hills, and thitherward I made my way on 
 foot, accompanied by a grandson of General Harrison, son of W. W. H. Taylor, Esq., 
 at whose house I supped and spent the evening. Their dwelling is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on a slope overlooking tlie village of Cleves and the Great Miami Valley at that 
 point, and is only half a mile from the tomb of Harrison. 3Irs. Taylor is a daughter 
 of the general She kindly invited me to pass the night under their roof, but cir- 
 cumstances made it proper for me to take lodgings at the tavern in Cleves. In the 
 possession of Mrs. Taylor were poilr-aits of her father and mother, the former painted 
 in the winter of 1840-41 by J. G. H. Beard, of Cincinnati, and pronounced a faitliful 
 likeness by the family. The latter, an equally faithful likeness, was painted in 1828 
 by a young artist named Corvin, who died in New York when about to embark lor 
 Italy. It is the portrait of a small and beautiful woman at the age of fifty-three 
 years. Mrs. Taylor khidly furnished me with photographic copies of the portraits. 
 
 When I visited North Bend, Mrs. Harrison, who had'jusl. passed the eighty-fifth 
 year '>f Iter age, was residing with her son, Scott Harrison, Esq.,' at Lawrcncobur<r, 
 five miles farther down the Ohio. I was informed t' at she had not received visits 
 from strangers for a long time, her sensitive nature instinctively shrinking from the 
 notoriety which her husband's exalted position had given her. It was said tliat slie 
 retained much of the rare beauty of her earlier years, and that the portrait of her 
 given on the opposite page is a fair likeness of her in her extreme old age.^ Shewn- 
 .\nua Symmes, daughter of the Honorable John Cloves Symmes, of New Jer ey, 
 who, as we have observed (page 36), purchased an immense tract of land hetweeu 
 
 ■ Mr. Hnnison liaJ. in his possession tho telescope used b.v Commodore Perry in tho engagement on Lalce Eric, wliiA 
 that callaut commander presented to Oeneral Harrison as a token of his regard. 
 
 » Mrs. Harrlscn died on the 2«th of Bebniary, 1884, when lacking exactly five months of being eighty nine years of 
 age. She was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, on the 2Bth o.' July, 1T7B. Her remains were taker, to the lionw o( 
 htr daughter, Mrs. Taylor, at Cleves, and at the Presbyterian Church In that village the Reverend Mr. Bus hnoll preach- 
 ed a fimeral se'mon, fTom the text which she had selected for the occnjlon a year before—" Be still, and kno"- thai I - 
 am God." Her remi.lns were then laid In the vault overlooking the North Bend, by the side of those o'her hiislmnil. 
 Mrs. Harrison was distinguished for personal courage, good sense, modesty, and sincere piety. Uer life was made ap 
 of alternate excitement and repose. She was loved most dearly by all who knew her. 
 
iern\ llarrlsca. 
 
 OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 571 
 
 S«uleniei.i at North Beud. 
 
 BymmeB'H City to be the fiiiiirc Cnpitnl of Ohio. 
 
 A BiicceMfr.l Uiviil. 
 
 the Great and Little Miami Rivers, and 
 who early in February, 1 TOO, landed with 
 some settlers at the most northerly bend 
 of the Ohio River in its course below 
 Wheeling, and proceeded to found a set- 
 tlement by laying out a village upon the el- 
 evated plateau throu'^h which the White- 
 water Caniil courses at the present North 
 Bend Station. He commenced the con- 
 struction of licwn-log huts, with substan- 
 tial stone chimneys, and the town was 
 named " Symmes's City." The first house 
 erected is yet [1807] standing on the 
 l)aiik of the canal, a few rods from the 
 Ohio, and abo'.it eighty rods from the 
 
 North Bend 
 Station, The 
 chimneys of 
 two others 
 might be 
 setn at the 
 time of my 
 visit nearer 
 the station and the river. 
 
 Settlers on the "Miami Purchase" had already built 
 ' v^- huts at Columbia and on the site of Cincinnati, but at 
 North Bend Judge Symmes designed to plant the fruitful 
 seed of a commercial city; but the choice of the site of 
 Cincinnati for a block house to protect the Miami settlers deranged all the judge's plans 
 anadestroyedhis liopes. The settlers that 
 came preferred to place their families un- 
 ilcrthe immediate wing of niilitary protec- 
 tion, and Cincinnati, instead of "Symmes's 
 City," or North Bend, became the great 
 cn'.porium of the Ohio region. ' There Fort 
 Washington was built and a garrison sta- 
 tioned,'' and there, after the treaty of 
 Orecnville' in 1795, Captain Harrison Avas 
 stationed as commander. Meanwhile a 
 j Uock-house had been erected at North 
 Bend, and about a quarter of a mile above 
 llie present railway station, on the bank of 
 
 />i/<*a, CC 
 
 ou/i/i-^<^ £ry<^ 
 
 nOSEEIl H0U8K, NOBTII UESD. 
 
 BLOOK-HOrSE AT MOBTII OKKD.* 
 
 'Ve have obsen-ed in Note 4, pnge 40, that Ensign Lnce, of the United States Army, In the Exercli>e of his discre- 
 I im.cbose thj site of Cincinnati for the block-honse In opposition to the powerful influence of Judge Symmc.". Ac- 
 I Miiiijto cummon tradition, It was passion, not judgment, that fashioned the ensign's decision. He had formed an 
 I K'luintancL with the bennttful young wife of one of the settlers at the Bend. When the husband discovered the gnl- 
 I liii officer's too great attention to his blaclt-eyed pponec, he removed to Cincinnati, th.it she might l)e beyond the power 
 j rfihe tempter. This movement suddenly changed the mind of the ensign. He had resolved to build the block-house 
 I iiiheBemt ; now he discovered that Cincinnati was a much more ellgltile site. He accordingly marched his troops to 
 1 ikjt Ikile settlement. Judge Symmes warmly remonstrated, but in vain. The ensign was fairly captivated by the 
 I fpukling eyes, and they decided the question. " Thus we see," says Judge Burnet, from whose " Notes" these facts 
 pvfbeen gleaned, "the incompHrable beauty of a Spartan dame produced a ten ye.'-s' war which terminated in the 
 iKtiMilon of Troy, and the irresistible charms of another female transferred the commei 'al emporium of Ohio from 
 |*plifc where it had been commenced to the place where it now Is. If this captivating ^kraerlcan Heiim had rcmaln- 
 l«iit ihe Bend the block-house would have been erected there, population, capital, and business would have centred 
 |«im. md there would have been the Queen City of the West." a Sec page 40. ' 8co page 67. 
 
 'Tliif It copied, by permltelon, from a sketch In Howe's Bistorical Collectiotu of OAio,pago 288. 
 
 %\% 
 
 ■ 
 
 I , 
 
 I , 
 
i^ •■ 
 
 «• 
 
 mm 
 
 672 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Captain Harrison nud Anna Symmes as Lovers. Their Marriage oppceed. Its Consummation and RiTT 
 
 the river, Jtulge Syinmes had erected quite a commodiou,. house for himself, the ruins 
 of whose cliimney and fire-place might yet be seen in 1860. To that dweliiiifr cj«,,, 
 his family in January, 1795, one of whom was the beautiful Anna, tlien a girl twemv 
 years of age. The block-house was a dependency of the post at Cincinnati, and it 
 received the early personal attention of Captain Harrison, then a young man twenty. 
 two yeai's of age. He was the son of a leading citizen of Virginia, and bcarinf tlf 
 highest praises of his commander. General Wayne, as a gallant soldie;-. Ih; ^as i 
 welcome guest in the hospitable house of Judge Symmes ; and his visits, whicli W- 
 came more and more frequent, were especially ])lcasing to the gentle Anna, who hac] 
 first met him at the house of her sister, Mrs. Major Short, near Lexington, Kentuckv 
 The young friends soon became lovers, and tne judge gave his consent to tlieii niai- 
 riage. Hearing some slanderous stories concerning Captain Harrison, he witli(li(.,v 
 that consent, but the loving Anna, like a true M'oman, had implicit confidence in jifr 
 affianced. She resolved to marry him, and her faithfulness verified the sayino' that 
 
 " Love will llnd its way 
 Throngh paths where wolves would fear to prey." 
 
 On the morning of the day fixed for the marriage, Judge Symmes, without anv sii<. 
 picion of such an event then, mounted his horse and rode to Cincinnati. The lovirs 
 • November 22, were united at his house," in the presence of Anna's stcp-motber ami 
 "^- many friends, by Dr. Stephen Wood, then a magistrate. The judge did 
 
 not see his son-in-law until a few weeks afterward, when he met him at a duiner-par- 
 ty given by General Wilkinson, then in command of Fort Washington, to General 
 Wayne. " Well, sir," the judge said, somewhat sternlj^, " I understand you have mar- 
 ried Anna." " Yes, sir," responded Captain Harrison. " How do you expect to sup- 
 port her ?" the father inquired. '" By my sword and my oaVu right arm," quickly an- 
 swered the young officer. Judge Symmes was pleased with the reply, and, like a 
 sensible man, Avas reconciled, and gave them his blessing. He lived to be proud (f 
 th.at son-in-law as governor of the Indiana Territory, and the hero of Tippecanoe, Fuii 
 Meigs, and the Thames ; and the devoted wife, after sharing his joys and sorro\vs for 
 five-and-forty years, laid him in the grave witliiu sight of tlie place of their nuptial*, 
 while the nation mingled its tears with hers, for he was crowned witii the unsuipasj- 
 able honor of being the chief magistrate of this republic' 
 
 ' William Henry Harrison, the youngest of fifteen children, was born at Berkeley, on the James Eiver, in Virginia, a 
 the 9th of February, 1773. He was descended from a celebrated leader of the same name in Crom^ieil's army. Ho\f;,i 
 educated at Harapdeu-Sydney College, in Virginia. On the death of his father, Robert Morris, of Phlladelnhia, became l:< 
 guardian. Contrary to the advice of that gentleman, he entered the army. He hastened to the Northwest, but tuols:? 
 to share in the horrors of St. Clair's defeat. His services with Wayne have already (page 53) b-ien noticed. Soon if : 
 his marriage he resigned his commiseiou, and entered npon the duties of civil life, at the age of twenty-fonr, as Seen; 
 of the Northwestern Territory. In 1790 he was elected the first delegate in Congress for that extensive region. .^ 
 aftenvard, when Indiana was erected into a separate Territory, he v. as appointed governor, and clothed witli exirs r 
 dinary powers. He entered upon the duties of his ofBce at the old military post of V'ncennes in ISOl, and disoliarjci 
 hit duties for several years with great wisdom end fidelity. His troubles with the Indians, and his military piovcmenii 
 In the Wabash Valley, are recorded in Chapter X. of this work. In subsequent chapters may be found a deiaileJ .t- 
 count of his conduct as a military commander. His services in the field ended with the battle on the Thames, tn Otto j 
 ber, 1813, and in the following spring he retired to his farm at North Bend. He was frequently called to serve hie adof: 
 od state in public capacities. De was a member of the Ohio Legislature and of the United States House of ReprtifM. j 
 ntives. In IS"* he was elected to a reat lu the United States Senate, and In 1829 was appointed minister to rnlmf'ciJ 
 Differing wi'h President Jackson In some \iews respecting Panama, he was recalled. In 1S40, after living iu retircnie!;! j 
 many years, he was nominated by the party then called Whig for the chief magistracy of the United States, and wa.« eleci-l 
 cd by an o- erwhelniingvotc. He was luangurated on the 4th of March, 1841, being then a little past si-cly-eightvcars of j 
 B^e. Precisely a mouth afterward he died, leaving behind him a clean record of almost fifty years of public eerri% 
 " Calm was the life he led, till, near and far, 
 The breath of millions bore his name along, 
 Throii;;h praise, and censure, nud continnons jar—" 
 
 I'ot long at on Ohio's conrslng wave 
 
 is borne one freeman toward the glowing West, 
 HI" eye and tongne above the chieftain's grave 
 
 Shall hail the marble honors of his rest ! 
 
 And, long as Dian lifts her waning crest 
 Where Liberty yet holds what she hath won, 
 
 A pensive thought shall haunt the patriot's breast 
 
■K*WW- 
 
 ', the ruhb 
 liing came 
 ;irl twenty 
 lati, and it 
 lan twenty- 
 scaring tlio 
 He was ;i 
 i, -whicli lie- 
 la, who Iwil 
 , Kentucky. 
 then \m\- 
 \c withdrew 
 deuce in Iut 
 saying th:\t 
 
 OF TJIE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 573 
 
 An evly Settler In Ohio. 
 
 A Visit to the Tomb of General lliirrlsou. 
 
 C'nptuiu Syramca and his Theory. 
 
 I passed the night, as I have intimated, at the tavern in Cleves, and in the niorn- 
 inf had the good fortune to meet tlie venerable Daniel G. Howell, who was the first 
 man-child bora on " Symmes's Purchase." That event occurred at North Bend, on 
 the ^Sd of August, 1790. A child of the opposite sex, the first in the settlement, was 
 l)oni nine days earlier. Mr. Ilowell's family were from New Jersey, and came West 
 with Judge Symmes. He gave me some interesting particulars concerning the hai-d- 
 ;hip8 of the early settlers, and his adventures as one of the volunteers for the relief 
 of Fort Meigs. At first the settlers could not spare land enough for raising flax, but 
 they fortunately found a useful substitute in a species of nettle that grew on the open 
 (rlades in the Miami Valley to the height of about three feet. The autumn winds 
 \\oukl prostrate it, beneath the winl v snows it would rot, and in the spring all the 
 bovs of the settlement would be engaged in carrying the crop to North Bend, where 
 it was treated like flax, spun by the women, and woven into cloth for summer wear. 
 This was all the Unefi in use there for some time. It was very dark at first, but was sus- 
 •cntible of bleaching. They used dressed deer-skin for external clothing, and wild tur- 
 keys came over from Kentucky in abundance, like the quails to the Hebrews, ar d sup- 
 plied them with mucli food. 
 
 After breakfast I called at 
 Mr. Taylor's, and his son ac- 
 companied me to the tomb 
 of Harrison. On an adjacent 
 hill, about thirty rods west- 
 ward from it, is a family bu- 
 rial-ground, in Avhic'h is the 
 crave of Judge Symmes, cov- 
 ered by a marble slab, rest- 
 ing a little above the ground, 
 on brick- work.' From this 
 little cemetery we crossed a 
 srassy hollow and ascended 
 to the tomb of Harrison, or. 
 a beautiful knoll about two 
 hundred foet above the Ohio 
 River. It was built of brick, iuekison-s oravk. 
 
 Of him, whose reign in her brief year was done, 
 
 And fro.^ his heart shall rise the name of IlAnEiBON."— ' Ieohqe II. Coi.ton. 
 
 1 The followinfr Is the Inscriptiou on the slab : " Here rest the rcraaiua of John Cleves Symmes, who, at the foot of 
 thtw hills, made the Jlrst settlement between the Miami Rivers. Born on Long Island, New York, July 21, A.D. 1T42. 
 Died at Cinciunati, February iC, *..D. ISU." 
 
 John Cleves Symmes was bom i\l Riverhead, Long Isl.ind, and in early life was a surveyor and school-teacher. lie 
 carried a daughter of Governor William Livingston, o' New Jersey, and sister of the wife of John Jny. He was active 
 during the Revolution, and in 1777 was made an associate jndpe of the Supreme Court of 
 the State of New Jersey. On his removal to the Northwestern Territory he was appointed 
 one of the United States district judpcs. Near the present village of Cleves he built a flne 
 house, at a cost of $12,(iOO, the brick for which was burned on the spot. A political enemy, 
 named Hart, sot it on Arc on the Ist of March, 1811, and it was entiraly consumed. Judge 
 Symmes died, as his monument says, In 1S14, at the ape of about seventy-four years. 
 
 A nephew and namesake of Judge Symmos attracted much public attention and consid- 
 erable ridicule, abont forty years ago, by the promulgation of his belief that the earth was 
 o])en at the poles, and that its interior was accessible and habitable. He had held the of- 
 fice of captain In the army In the War of 1812, and performed gallant service at Fort Erie. 
 He petitioned Congress in 1822 for aid In performing a voyage of discovery to the Inner 
 earth, setting fo.fi the honor and wealth that would accrue to his country from a discov- 
 ery which ho deemed certain. His memorial was presented by Colonel Richard M. John- 
 son, of Kentucky, b.it was laid on the table. He fo;ind very little enconragcment or sup- 
 Dort from any quarter. His nrgnmiMits were ingenious, and he had a few believers. He 
 died at Ilamlltcf., Butler Conni>, Ohio (the site of old Fort Hamilton), on the 2Sth of May, 
 182S, and some admirer of his caused a monument to his memory, havii.n; as a part of it a 
 globe open at both ends, to be constructed. The picture of It here given Is from Howe's 
 Hintoricat CoUeaioiu (\f Ohio, page 77. 
 
 STXIIE8B MOMUHEMT. 
 
 i! 
 
 Il 
 
 'til 
 
 ^ ' '§ 
 
m 
 
 M 
 
 574 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bite of General Ilairlsou's Hesldeucc. 
 
 DeBtruction of h\f Huuee by Fire. 
 
 Meincntocj, 
 
 was ten by twelve feet in size, and was surrounded by trees, shrubbery, and greo, 
 sward. At its foot was a noble mulberry-tree, and at its head was the entrance witl 
 doors slightly inclined. The only tenants when I was there were the remains of Gpu 
 eral Harrison and his second daughter, Mrs. Doctor Thornton. The engravini; show* 
 the appearance of the spot, and a view of the great North Bend of the Ohio as we 
 look eastward from the grave. On the right, near the bank of the river, is seen oii" 
 of the stone chimneys already mentioned, a few rods from the North Bend Station 
 
 Descending from Harrison's tomb, we crossed the Whit.- water Canal, and after 
 sketching the old house seen on page 671, visited the site of General Harrison's resi- 
 dence, on ti level spot at the foot of gentle hills, about three hundred yards from the 
 
 UABBISUN H BESIDEMUli AT NUUTU IIKMI. 
 
 Ohio, and in full view of the North Bend Railway Station. Nothing of it remained 
 but the ruins of cellar and fire-places, and these were cove-red with bramb'cs. The 
 house Avas set on fire by a dismicsed servant-girl, it was believed, a few years ago, 
 and entirely consumed. All of General Harrison's military and other valuable papers 
 were burned ; also many presents that were sent to him by political frieads duiinir 
 the presidential canvass in 1 840, The family portraits and a few other things were 
 saved.' I sketc?:'?d ♦he locality from the railway station. Placing a drawing of the 
 mansion, from one in Howe's Ilistorical Collections of Ohio, in the proper position, I 
 give to the reader a correct view of the residence and its surroundings before the iiio. 
 The tvater seen in the foreground is that of the Whitewater Canal. I returned tn 
 Cincinnati toward noon, and left the same evening for Dayton and the shores of 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 > Among these wa8 a beautiful black cane with a silver head, on which was engraved a log cabin, a cider-barrfl,,i 
 sheaf of wheat, a steam-boat, and other devices ; also his name, and presentation " by o gentleman of Louisiana." The 
 log cabin and cider-barrel refer to a peculiarity in the features of that campaign. The oastem end of Harrison's man- 
 sion was one of '.he original log houses built by the settlers at North Bend, and clap-boarded over. His partiean(, wlifu 
 he was nominated, started the story that he lived in a log cabin, whose latch-strlng was always on the outside, so that 
 the traveler might enter, and that a mug of cider was alwayd ready there for the wayfarer. The story was popularirith 
 the masses. Log caliins were erected all over the country, in which Harrison meetings were held, and n barrel of cidfr 
 was always ready for li-ee distribution at these meetings. The canvass was known as " the Hard Cider CampalgD," aoJ 
 the demoralization produced by it was very great. Many a song was composed in bis praise and eung at these mce:- 
 ings, in one of the most popular of which occurs the following verse, that may be appropriately quoted iu this con- 
 nection: 
 
 " Hurrah for the log cabin chief of onr choice ! 
 For the old Indian fighter, hurrah 1 
 Hurrah ! and from mountain to valley the voice 
 
 Of the people re-echoes hurrah I 
 Tlien come to the ballot-box— boys, come along, 
 
 He never lost battle for you : 
 Let us down with oppression and tyranny's tbrongi 
 And up with Old Tippecanoe 1" 
 
 ^ii-iH 
 
P!<BW»""«W««' 
 
 ^'iiEilAi 
 
 Mememoet. 
 
 uiiel green 
 •auce, with 
 iu8 of Gen- 
 ving shows 
 )hio, as we 
 is seen on" 
 d Station. 
 I, aiul, after 
 prison's resi- 
 (Is from the 
 
 of it remaineil 
 ramWcs. Tlic 
 'ew years ago, 
 aluable papers 
 friends during 
 er things were 
 drawing of the 
 •per position,! 
 [before tlie fire. 
 I returned tn 
 the sliores of 
 
 Ibln, a cidcr-baml, n 
 T of Louisiana." The 
 a of Harrison's man- 
 His partisans, whfu 
 a the outside, so thai 
 Jory\Tas popular wili 
 land a barrel ofcidfr 
 lider Campaign," anil 
 I BUns at these mtei- 
 quoted in this con- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 576 
 
 Tlie Energies of England displayed. 
 
 Respect for the Skill and Valor of tbc Americans. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVn. 
 
 " Once this soft tnrf, this rlv'let's gands, 
 
 Were trampled by a hurrying crowd, 
 And flery hearts and armdd hands 
 
 Kncounter'd In the bottle >'.;-•' 
 Ah ! never shall the land forget 
 
 How gash'd the life-blood of her brave— 
 Gnsh'd, warm with hope and courage yet, 
 
 Upon the soil they fought to suve."— Williaii Ccllen Butakt. 
 
 IIILE the army of the Northwest, under Harrison, was slowly 
 recovering what Hull had lost, and more, stirring and important 
 events were occurring on the frontiers of Niagara, Lake Ontario, 
 and the St. Lawrence River. 
 
 England was then putting forth her mightiest efforts to crush 
 Napoleon, and her display of energy and resources was marvel- 
 ous. It required the most vigilant exercise of these on the Con- 
 tinent, yet she withheld nothing that- seemed necessary to secure 
 gnccess in America. The naval victories of the Americans during 1812 were very 
 mortifying to the " Mistress of the Seas," and it was resolved by the British cabinet 
 to prosecute the war on the ocean with the greatest vigor. A most profound and 
 wholesome respect for the skill and valor of American seamen had been suddenly ci-e* 
 ated in the British mind, and, to prevent farther disasters on that theatre of action, 
 it was determined that no more conflicts with American ships should be hazarded 
 but with such superior force as would seem to insure success. The American coast 
 was to be practically blockaded, and Avith so much rigor as to prevent the egress of 
 privateers and the return of them with prizes ; and the fiat went forth from the Brit- 
 ish court that ever'^ thing American found afloat should be captured or destroyed, 
 while all of her maritime towns should be menaced and annoyed by the presence and 
 movements of British cruisers. 
 
 Tlie success of the allied powers against Napoleon during 1812 greatly relieved 
 England for the moment, and enabled her to give more force to her conflict in the 
 Western world. During the winter of 1812-13 a body of troops were sent to Hali- 
 fax, to re-enforce those in Canada in the spring, the ])rincipal object to be accom- 
 plished in that quarter being the defense of the provinces against invasion, while the 
 war should be carried on vigorously along the coast and on the ocean. 
 i The Americans wore disheartened by the results of their campaigns on land during 
 1812, and it was diflicult to increase the army either by volunteers or militia. The 
 I joveniment had determined to renew the efforts for the conquest of Canada, in which 
 service nearly all of the regulars were to be employed. The remainder, to consist 
 of militia and volunteers, were to compose, witii the regulav,*, an army of fifty thou- 
 sand men. By an arrangement for an exchange of prisoners, many valuable oflicers 
 were restored to command. Tlie states were divided into nine military districts,^ 
 to each of which a general officer of the United States army was assigned, whose 
 
 'The districts were composed as follows : 1. Massachnsetts and New Hampshire. 2. Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
 llSew York from the sea to the Highlands, and the State of New Jersey. 4. Pennsylvania from Its eastern limit to 
 jtlK ille^hany Mountains, and Delaware. 5. Maryland and Virginia. 0. The two Carolinas. T. The States of Tenneg- 
 Iw.Loaislana, and the Mississippi Territory. 8. Kentucky, Ohio, and the Territorial governments of Michigan. In- 
 I liuis, nilnnls, and Missouri. ». Pennsylvania from the Alleghany Monntalne westward, Now York north of the Hlgh- 
 liiadf, and Vermont. 
 
 NfHlP^ \ 
 
HI 
 
 1 1 m 
 
 576 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Amerlcang prepare for vigorous War. Opcrattong in the St. Lawrence Region. Brockville and ita yiciiilT 
 
 duty it was to superintend and direct all the means of defense witliin liis niilitarv 
 district. Detachments of troops were stationed ot the most exposed places on the 
 sea-board to form rallying points for the militia in the event of invasion ; and tlic 
 commandant of each district was authorized to call upon the governors of tlio re- 
 spcctive states for such portion of the militia most convenient to the menaced ixjint 
 as he should deem necessary, the operations of such troops to be combined with tliosi 
 of the regular force, and the whole to be under the direction of the commandant ut' 
 the district, and while in service to be paid and supported by the United States. By 
 this arrangement, designed to prevent any serious interference on the part of UK- 
 governors of states who were opposed to the Avai-, there was in each district a mru- 
 lar officer of rank equal with any militia officer who might be ordered out, and un- 
 der the Articles of War, entitled to chief command. Strict orders were also issued 
 to receive no militia major general into the service of the United States except at tlic 
 head of four thousand men, or a brigadier general without half as many. Eight new 
 brigadiers were commissioned ;' and each district, besides its commissary genera! 
 was to have an adjutant, a quartei--master, and an inspector of its own. Meanwhile' 
 vigorous preparations bad been making by the Northern Army on the St. Lawrence 
 and its vicinity, and the Army of the Centre on the Niagara frontier, for an invasion 
 of Canada. 
 
 Early in February, 1813, some important movements were made on the St. Law- 
 rence at Ogdensburg and its vicinity. In a former chapter we have observed some 
 interesting occurrences between the hostile pai'ties in that region during the preced- 
 ing autumn and early winter. Both were vigilant, and both had committed " inva- 
 sions" and made i>risoners. British deserters had fled to the American linos and 
 parties of troops from Canada had crossed the river, captured some of these, and 
 <fciade prisoners of American soldiers and civilians. A number of these captives wor 
 confined in the jail at Elizabethtowni, now Brockville, in Canada, eleven or twebc 
 miles above Ogdensburg, some of whom expected to be shot by order of a couit- 
 martial. 
 
 An expedition to rescue the prisoners in Elizabethtown jail was planned by Jlajor 
 (late Captain) Forsyth, tlien stationed at Ogdensburg, With his riflemen, Lyttle's 
 company of volunteers, and some citizens, about two hundred in all, Forsyth left the 
 village in sleighs at about nine o'clock in the evening of the 6th of Fcbruarv,' 
 rode along the southern shore of the St. Lawrence to Morristown, and there 
 engaged Arnold Smith,^ a tavern-keeper, to pilot them across the river, which is about 
 two miles and a half wide there. It was a perilous passage, for the ice was not very 
 strong. They crossed safely by keeping open order. The party was divided; For- 
 syth led one division, and Colonel Benedict, of the New York State Militia, tlie other. 
 Flanking parties were thrown out under the respective command of Licntonants 
 Wells and Johnson. In this order they approached Elizabethtown, on the bank of 
 the river, where the flanking parties took post at opposite ends of the village, to \ 
 check any attempts at retreat or approaching re-enforcements. 
 
 The summer tourist on the St. Lawrence must remember with pleasure the appear- 
 ance of Brockville (Elizabethtown), and the beautiful green ridges around it, visini, I 
 one above another, from and parallel to the river. It is at the foot of the group of j 
 the Thousand Islands, in the St. Lawrence ; and in front of it, upon a bare rock a short | 
 distance from the shore, there still remained, when I visited the place in 1860, a small j 
 
 ' These were Thomas 11. Cnshlnf:, Thomas Parker, Qeorpe Iz;irii, and Zcbulon M. Pike, of the old army; WilliamHJ 
 Winder, Dnncan M'Arllinr, Lewis Cass, aod Benjamin Howard. Bobert Swartwont, ofNew York, appointed quarter- 
 master as snceessor of Morean Lewis, bore the rank of briiindler. 
 
 a Mr. Smith was one of the earlier settlers there. Morristo^vn was laid ont in 1799 by Jacob (aflenvard Gcncra'.ii 
 Brown. Colonel David Ford made an actnnl settlement there in 1808, and Arnold Smith and Thomas Hill took np Iheirl 
 residence, at abont the game time, on the site of the village. Smith's was the first public bouse kept there. He als^ 
 erected the first tavern at tbo present village of Edwardsville. Morrtstowu now (ISOT) contains about 400 iubabitjuiti. ] 
 
•fiisBsm 
 
 mm 
 
 •■=9 
 
 A Its Vicinity. 
 
 s military 
 CCB on the 
 1 ; ami tliv 
 1 of the i\- 
 laced point 
 withtliosc 
 nandant uf 
 States. By 
 part of vk' 
 tvict a rcgu- 
 3ut , and, iin- 
 ! also issuc'tl 
 ixccpt at \\w 
 
 Eight new 
 sary general, 
 
 ^Icanwhlk' 
 St. LaAvrence 
 ir an invasion 
 
 the St.IaTv- 
 jbserved some 
 r.g the ^ivcced- 
 iniitteA " inva- 
 [can lines, and 
 ! of these, ami 
 ! captives were 
 pven or twelve 
 der of a court- 
 
 mned hy Major 
 [\t'mcn,Lyttle"s 
 orsjth left the 
 lofFchruary,' 
 [own, and there 
 •which is ahoat 
 ■e was not very 
 divided; ¥or- 
 lUtia, the other, 
 of Lieutenants 
 ,n the hAwV of 
 the village, to 
 
 luvo the appear- 
 |roundit,visini:. 
 
 pf the gronp of 
 
 Hire rock a short' 
 
 Iin 1860, a small I 
 
 m B™y 
 
 . WilliamB. 
 
 Irk, nppolotcd quarter- 
 
 (aftcnvMfl Genera! 
 
 InBBnmtoolcnptte 
 
 ■ kept there. He JlH 
 
 bout 400 iuhaliltant'- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 677 
 
 A general Jail Delivery at KlUabethtowii. 
 
 The BrittBh determine to retaliate. 
 
 Otrdeiubnri; to be attacked. 
 
 IILOOK-HOCSE AT IIBOOETII,I.K. 
 
 block -house erected there during the "Hebellion" in 
 Canada in 1837. On the first of those ridges was the 
 principal business part of IJrockville, while on the one 
 ibove stood a court-hous' and jail, of blue limestone, 
 ■ind churches and other fine buildings. On the site of 
 that court-house and jail stood the building used for 
 the same purpose in 1813, described as an "elegant 
 brick edifice." Toward this building Major Forsyth 
 moved through the town, after detaching small parties 
 to secure the different streets in the village. On reach- 
 ing it he demanded the keys of the jailer. Tliey were 
 imraediatelj surrendered, and the major proceeded to 
 release every prisoner but one, who vos confined for 
 ranrder. He begged 'piteously to share the fate of liis felloA -prisoners; but lie was 
 a criminal, and could not bo taken from the hands of justice. Some of the prominent 
 citizens were also seized and taken to Ogdensburg. A captured physician was pu- 
 roled at Morristown and sent back. The only show of resistance was a shot from a 
 window, Avhich slightly Avounded one man. Major Carley, the commander of the 
 post, three captains, two lieutenants, with forty-six other prisoners, Avere taken in tri- 
 umph to Ogdensburg, where the expedition arrived before daylight on the 7th, Avith- 
 out the loss of a man. The spoils were one hundred and twenty muskets, tAventy 
 rifles, two casks of fixed ammunition, and a quantity of other stores. P'or this gallant 
 onterpriac, Avhich called forth universal applause, Forsyth Avas made lieutenant colo- 
 nel hy brevet, his commission being dated the 6th of February, by Avhich it was made 
 to himself and family o memorial of the event. 
 
 This ctpK ,t led to early retaliation on the part of the British. At about that time 
 Sir George Prevost, the Governor Geii'ral of Canada, arrived at Prescott on his Avay 
 to the capital of the upper province. Lieutenant Colonel Pipr«on, commanding at 
 Prescott, proposed an attack upon Ogdensburg. The goverr or Avas Avilling to have 
 the attempt made ; but on learning that some deserters bad crossed the St. Lawrence, 
 and would probably inform the Americans of the proximity c f a prize so precious as 
 I his excellency, he became alarmed for his pereonal safety, and ordered Pierson to ac- 
 j company him on an immediate journey to Kingston Avith an escort. Lieutenant Col- 
 onel M'Donell was charged .vith the business of ."s. liling Ogdensburg, and Avas di- 
 I reeled by the governor to first make a demonstnitifA! on the ice in front of the vil- 
 laqe, to engage the attention of the American troops, Avhile his excellency should put 
 much space between himself and his enemies. 
 
 British spies informed Forsyth of the intended attack, and he immediately dis- 
 Ipatched a courier to General Dearborn at Plattsburg, on Lake C/hamplain, for re-en- 
 jfbrcements. " I can afford you no help," replied Dearborn. " You must do as Avell 
 iMyou are able, and if you can not hold the place you are at liberty to abandon it." 
 JHe intimated that the sacrifice of Ogdensburg might be of public benefit in arousirg 
 Itlie flagging energies of the Americans. On the receipt of this reply, Forsyth called 
 la council of oflicers, Avhcn it was resolved to hold the place as long as possible. Its 
 iJefenses were feAV and feeble, yet stout hearts Avere there. Near the intersection of 
 Kord and Euphemia (noAV State) Streets stood a trophy-cannon taken from Burgoyne 
 I Saratoga — an iron six-pounder, on a wheel-carriage, commanded by Captain ICel- 
 logff, of the Albany Volunteers. On the west side of Ford Street, between St^te and 
 abella Streets, was a store used as an arsenal, in front of Avhich, like Aviso on a Avheel- 
 riage, was a brass six-pounder, manned by some volunteers and citizens, under 
 <ph York, Esq., then slieriff of the county and captain of a small company of vol- 
 Bteers. On the river bank, a short distance from Parish's huge stone store-house,' 
 
 ['Thliwas built by David Parish, u wealthy banker, who early in this century bought an extensive landed estate on 
 
 Oo 
 
Hi' 
 
 m 
 
 pii 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 1 
 
 Mi: 
 
 ! > 
 
 
 «M 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 fabisu'b stobi-uodbk. 
 
 Preparations to receive the Brltleb. AUJutuut Church nnd hU Auoclatei. The British advance on U|{denibiir 
 
 yet (1867) standing, near the International Ferry, wan i 
 rude wooden breawtworii, on which was niountcd (m ., 
 Hled-carriage, an iron twelve-pounder, also taken tVdiii 
 Burgoyiie. This battery was commanded by Vapim, 
 Joshua Conkey. On the point where the liglit-houst 
 now stands, near 
 the site of old 
 Fort Presenta- 
 tion, was a brass 
 nine -pounder on 
 a sled-carriage, in charge of one of Captain 
 Kellogg's sergeants. Back of the old fort, and 
 mounted on sleds, were two old-fashioned iron 
 six-pounders, one of them commanded by Ad- 
 jutant Daniel W . Church,^ and tlie other by 
 Lieutenant Baird, of Major Forsyth's compa- 
 ny. In front of the huge gateway between 
 tlie two buildings then remaining of the old 
 fort- was another brass six-pounder on a sled, 
 and about twenty feet to the left of this was 
 a six-pounder iron cannon on a sled. Several 
 others were lying on the edge of the Oswegat- 
 chie fast bound in ice. Below the town, on 
 the square bounded by Washington and Wa- 
 ter, Elizabeth and Franklin Streets, was an un- 
 finished redoubt, wliich was commenced the previous autumn by M. Kaniee, a Frencli 
 engineer, by order of General Brown, and named Fort Oswegatchie. All the troops 
 then available for the defense of the placo were Forsyth's riflemen, a few volunteeiii, 
 and iibont a dozen raw recruits. 
 
 On the morning of the 22d of February, about eight hundred men, under Licuten 
 ant Colonel M'Donell, appeared on the ice, and approached Ogdensburg in two col 
 umiis. It was a singular spectacle, for only once or twice before had the river Imii 
 closed between Prcscott aii<l Ondciisburt;-. TIic right cohiMin, three hundred fitroii!.',] 
 composed of a detachment from the (ilengary Mght Tnfuntry Fencibies^ and abodvj 
 of Canadian militia, was coinmanded by Capliiin .Tciikiiis. The left column, five i 
 hundred strong, ijomposed of detachments^ of tiie King's Regiment and the IJoyalj 
 Newfoundland Corjis, a liuily uf ('anadiaii Incal militia and some Indians, was ooni-j 
 manded by Lieutenant Cdlimol IM'Doneli. Tlicsc; troops moved steadily toAvard I 
 village, while some of the inhabitants were yet in bed, and otliers were at brcakfej 
 The right column proceeded to attack Foreyth and his command at the old fort,or| 
 " stone garrison," as it was called.* Forsyth formed his men behind the stone biiiidi 
 
 the St. Lawrence frontier. He caueed the large stone store on Water Street, Ogdensburg, to be erected in 1810, a 
 IS13 he constructed a blast-rnrnaco at Rossie. lie is regarded as the early benefactor of St. Lawrence County,! 
 always spoken of with affection. 
 
 > Daniel W. Church was born at Brattleboro', Vermont, In 1TT2, and emigrated to Northern New York in 1801,irtH* 
 at Canton, St. Lawrence County, he commenced the business of millwrlglit by erecting the first saw-mill built thcti 
 He was one of the pioneer settlers in that county, and acted a conspicuous part in its early history. He assisted in or<:; 
 Izing the first court in that county, and was sitting on the bench as associate Justice, with Judge liaymond presiding,^ 
 the court-house at Ogdensburg when the shot from Prescott passed through the building, as mentioned in uotel.i 
 680. He volunteered In the military service at the beginning of the War of 1812, and was appointed adjntant ofColonj 
 Benedict's regiment. His particular services at Ogdensburg and vicinity are mentioned In the text. Twice during ll^ 
 ■war he received the special thonks of General Brown. He was a man of fine personal appearance, fond ofhlsto^u 
 science, and charming in society. He died at Morristown, on the St. Lawrence, on the Tth of January, 1867, in tbc ^ 
 year of his age, universally esteemed and deeply regretted by the whole community. " See picture on pagf v 
 
 ' These were Scotch Roman Catholics, of the families of refugee Loyalists from the domain of the Johnsons in i 
 Mohawk Valley, the most of whom inhabit the County of Olengary. 
 
 * Father Francis Picqnet was a priest of the Sulpician order, and was active, after his arrival In Canada in 173.1 In 4 
 ostabllshmeut uf the Catholic religion and French political dominion In the New World. For the purpose of atlaf 
 
>-)>t««9B?* 
 
 1 Ugdentbarg 
 >rry, was ii 
 
 lllttMl, (111 W 
 
 Liiki'U from 
 l>y Va\)\\w\ 
 lighl-liousi' 
 
 lanicc, a Frencli 
 
 All tlie troops 
 
 few voluntet'i's, 
 
 1, nnder Lieutcn- 
 \\\\% in two col- 
 li the vivev Iw" ' 
 [luuulred stroiii!, j 
 l)\os^ and a body I 
 .ft column, five 
 and the Koyalj 
 idi.vns, was com-! 
 idily toward tki 
 ■re at hreaklast.l 
 the old fort,ofj 
 the stone buildl 
 
 Wrence County, andl^ 
 
 Lv York in 1801, itW 
 Itsaw-mmOniUtbd 
 I He assisted in oipj 
 |Rttymondprc»l«iif.J 
 lntionodin"»'«l'f'3 
 |tcdBdj«taiit';f':*3 
 Ipit Twice (lutincu 
 Wrondoflil«.d 
 
 lee picture on pagf* 
 |oni»oJolm80Mta« 
 
 aCanadftinimH 
 f the purpose 01 1""! 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 071) 
 
 Tbe Brlllsli driven back upo n the Ice. 
 
 Surrender of a Part of the AmerlcsuH. 
 
 Hiitorlcal Localttle*. 
 
 iniru tt'"l directed them to reserve their lire until lie Hhoukl give the word of com- 
 mand. IJiiiid, with the brass six-pounder, was on the rii^lit of liis line, and Church, 
 witli tlic iron six-pouniler, was near the centre. Just as the enemy reached the flat, 
 siiow-drifted shore, they tired, but without ett'ect. Forsyth then gave the wonl, and 
 ■I full volley of musketry and a disclfarge of artillery swept down eight of the foe, 
 iiul threw their line into utter confusion. They attempted to rally and charge upon 
 tlie Americans, but the frightened militia failing to HU|)port the light infantry, the 
 luovenieiit was not executed, and the assailing party, after losing, besides the killed 
 and wounded, a number of prisoners, fled out u[)on the frozen river, seriously an- 
 noyed by the nine-pounder on the point where the light-house now stands. 
 
 While these events were in progress on the ujjper side of the village beyond the 
 Oswcgatchiej Lieutenant Colonel M'Donell had nmrched up into the town, from a 
 poiut below the battery, near the barracks, without resistance.' Captain Conkcy 
 
 kept his twelve-poui: er silent, when he might have 
 8 we the enemy's ranks feart'ul'y, and perhajis ut- 
 terly checked their advance ; and, without the least 
 resistance, ho surrendered himself, his gun, and his 
 mer, to the invaders. When this was accomplished 
 they expected an easy conquest of the town, but they 
 were soon confronted by the cannon undicr Captain 
 Kellogg and Sherift" York. The gun of the foi-mer 
 was soon disabled by the breaking of its elevator 
 screw, and he and his men fled across the Oswegatchie 
 
 BtTB OF FOBT l>BE8ENTATION. 
 
 Iigas many of the Iroqnois confederac; of Indiana to the French and the Church as possible, he founded a mission nt 
 j ihe mouth of the Oswegatchie in 1.748, and recommended the erection of a fort there. The river was called L:i Presentn- 
 lion by the French. There he erected a substantial stone building, on the comer-stone of which, found among tlMt 
 I rains many years ago, was the following inscription : "in nominr t bki omnipotentis nmo uaiiitatione initia nEnn- 
 I rass. PicqnBT, 1T49." Translation : " Francis Picquet laid the foundations of this habitation. In the name of the Al- 
 ■ilthty God, ill 1749." Another stone building of the same size was erected about sixteen feet from the first one \ and 
 then a stockade fort was built there soon afterword, covering nbont an acre of ground, these edifices, standing on the 
 ItokoftheOswegatc'ule, formed part of the fort, which was called Presvntation. Between the two buildings masslvo 
 j jiies of oak, fifteen feet in height, were erected. " The remainder of the eastern or southeastern portions," says Mr. 
 I tiesi, in his "Recollections of Ogdensburg and Its Vicinity," " was heavy stone wall ; indeed, this may be said to hove 
 i inclosed the whole. Here was held the first court in St. Lawrence County, and here, iho, they had preaching when 
 I lliey were fortunote enough to obtain a clergyman." Nothing now remains of these old works but a few traces of the 
 jlmiilation. The Inscribed comer-stone occupies a conspicuous position In the State Armory, erected in Ogdensburg 
 linlsM. I saw It in 1866 in a wall of the Hasbfonck estate on Ford Street. In the above sketch of the site of Fort 
 iPitscntatlon, taken from In front of Judge Ford's mansion, the position of the stone buildings above mentioned is in- 
 Ifalcdby Ihe two little figures seen between the low one-story building toward the right of the picture and the more 
 Ifcunt landing-place at Ogdensburg. Toward the left of the picture, on the point projecting into the St. Lawrence, is 
 Im Ihe light-house, and across the river a glimpse of Prcscott and Fort Wellington. Toward the extreme right, on the 
 l&lant shore, are seen the ruined buildings on Windmill Point, desolated dnrtng the " Rebellion" of 18,17. The land- 
 |li?pljce of the British, on the marshy shore, to attack Forsyth, was directly beyond the clump of trees on the extrcmo 
 |Ul of the picture. 
 
 ' The British stnick the shore nt the foot of Caroline (now Franklin) Street, and marched up that street to Wachinu 
 |li«,ilong Washington, past Parl.-li's liouso, to siHto sirci'l, and halted : thou to the Arfcual in Ford Street, between 
 '< ami Isabella Streets. , 
 
 i! 
 
 if; 
 
 :| i 
 
 .1 
 
610 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 of 8h«rlffYork. Sketch ufh la Ufe, Vllght ofCUlMDS. PatrlotlRin, CnnruKo. ouil Fldollty of Mrr/v^ 
 
 MAI* UF UI'UUATIUNH A'i tlUIIKiNblll.'lUi. 
 
 and joined Forsyth, leaving the indomitable York to maintain the light alone.' Tin 
 Hheriff continued to fire until two of his men were mortally wounded, and liimsill' 
 and the remainder of ins party were made prisoners. 
 
 The village was now in full possession of the enemy, and the citizens fled, mostly 
 in the direction of Remington's, now Ilouvelton. M'Donell proceeded at once to 
 
 • Joseph York was born In Claremont, New llampslilvo, on the SIh of Jan- 
 nary, 1781, and when qnlto young settled with his father In Hanil(il;ph, Vot- 
 mont. At the age of seventeen years (17»8) he Joined the Provisional Amiy 
 under Lieutenant Nathaniel Leonard, ind served until the army wan ili<. 
 banded In 1800. He emigrated to Ogdensburg In 1806. .He was do|iul,v fkr- 
 Iff three years, and sheriff four years. When made prisoner on the orcifion 
 above noted, ho was taken to Prescott, and thence to the Johii«tn»ii j i 
 where, through the active exertions of his wife, he was paroled, auil :i :■ i 
 weeks afterward exchanged. 
 
 Mr. York's residence at that time was in tlie conrt-hoose, a frame bond- 
 ing that stood on the corner of Knox 
 and Euphoinia (now State) Streets. His 
 widow was living when I visited Og- 
 densbnrg In tht) snramer of 18(10. She 
 was a small, delicate, and highly-Intel- 
 ligent woman, and I remember my In- 
 terview with her with great pleasure. 
 She gave me a graphic account of the 
 events of the invasion, and kindly al- 
 lowed me to make a copy of the silhou- 
 ette likeness of her hnsband. She said 
 she did not leave her home In the court- 
 hoffso until the British had tired several 
 shots into it, and almost reached it, 
 when she took some money and table- 
 spoons, and ran as fast as she could into 
 
 the country, with a number of other women. They retreated about fiflfenl 
 miles. The next day she returned, and fbnnd the honse plundered, the fuJ 
 ntture broken, and her husband a prisoner. The heroic little woman (wliol 
 had made many cartridges for the soldiers) Immediately resolved to go overf 
 into Canada In search of her hnsband. She crossed tbc riveil 
 in a skiff, went to the honse of a fHend (Mrs. Yates) at Joliu!^ 
 town, having a British ofllcer as escort, made personal applici 
 tion to Lieutenant Colonel M'Donell, procured the release o 
 her hnsband on parole, and took him back with her. Sherilfl 
 York was very highly esteemed In St. Lawrence County, 
 successive years he represented that county in the Leglalatareol 
 New York. The town of York, in Livingston County, was namtj 
 8th of May, 1827, at the age of forty-six years. Mrs. York died in July, 1862, 
 
 OOVRT-UOCSli, OUIIKNHIII'IUI. 
 
 i/i honor of him. He died on the 
 
MWaML" ! 
 
 r or Mm, York. 
 
 
 it alone.' The 
 id, and himself 
 
 ens flod, mostly 
 ded at once to 
 
 ,;e, on the Rlh oMai!- 
 icr 111 Kaniloliih.yt'- 
 Iho rrovlsluiiai Amy 
 l\ the iirmy wai" ilis- 
 .;ie was ilciraly A"- 
 floncr 1)11 the occafiou 
 I) tlic Johiutowu jail, 
 as paroled, and a (e» 
 
 linui'c, a frame MM- 
 
 Iretrcated about «tlfeii| 
 
 InBepliiii'lered.tlicto-l 
 
 lolc little woman («1»>| 
 
 lely reBolved to go ontl 
 
 fshe crossed the meil 
 
 l(Mrs.Vntc9) atJotiui^ 
 
 made personal apjlw 
 
 -•ocnrcd the relea« « 
 
 lack with her. Simla 
 
 Iwrence County. 
 
 ItyintheLeplsW""^ 
 
 ItonConnty.waBnsraej 
 
 |dlnJtlly,1862. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 181S. 
 
 081 
 
 Hrtrwit of the Amerlcani ffora OKdensburg. 
 
 Plunder of the VIIMKe. 
 
 Priioaeni carried to C«nwl*. 
 
 coiiiplt'te tlio conqiU'Ht by tlinlod^ing KcrHytli and liin J>arty. lie jiaiiiiU'd IiIh troopH 
 ,^ j|,y iiortliorn nIioh! of the OMWc^atchic, and Hciit a Hau; to FttrHytli Niiiniiioiiiiig 
 him to mirrcndi'i- iimtantly. " If yon Mnrrcndcr, it shall ho. widl ; if not, I'vcry man 
 nhali ho put to the bayonet," was a nu'HHai^e sent witli the HnininoiiH. "Tell Colonel 
 M'Doncll," replied Forsyth, "there must be more tightinn done first." The bearers 
 ,it'tlie rtai,' had just reached tlieir line on Ford Street, near llusbrouck's, when Church 
 mill Hi>'''*l ^'■'"' *''^' ^^'" six-pounders that stood before tin; j^ate of the iort, both 
 cliariji'd with j^rape and canister. The eft'ect was severe, but less frightful tiian it 
 ininlit liave been had not Forsyth peremptorily ordered Chundi to elevate his jdece 
 II little lii,c;her. The discharge frightened the enemy, and they took sheltt^r behind 
 I'liiinh's store-house and other buildings, and began picking oft" the Americans in de- 
 mil while another i^arty, overwhelming in numbers, were preparing to storm the ohl 
 fort. Forsyth's quitik eye and judgment e'tmprehended the impending j)eril. It was 
 heiu'liteiiL'd by the wounding of Church and Haird, and he gave orders for a retreat 
 10 Thurber's Tavern, on Black Lake, eight o;- nine miles distant, where, on the same 
 day, ho wrote a dispatch to the Secretary of War, in which he gave a brief account 
 ,(i the attairs of the morning, and said, "It you can send me three hundred men, all 
 shall he retaken, and Prescott too, or I will lose my life in the atteini)t." 
 
 Lieutenant Haird was too severely wounded to be taken away, and he was left at 
 the mansion of Judge Ford,' where he was made a prisoner. The town now being in 
 full pos-session of the enemy, the work of plunder commenced. Indians and camp-fol- 
 lowerH of both sexes came over from Canada, and these, with resident miscreants, 
 defying the earnest eft«)rts of the British ofticers to prevent plunder, carried oft* or de- 
 jtroyed a great amount of private property. Flvery house in the village except three 
 was entered. The public projierty was carried over to Canada. Two armed schoon- 
 ers and two gun-boats fast in the ice were burned, the barracks near the river were 
 laid in ashes, and an attempt was made to fire the bridge over the Oswegatchie.^ 
 Fifty-two ])risoners were taken to Prescott, where those who were not Ibund in arms 
 were paroled and sent back.^ Some of the prisoners were confined in the jail at Joans- 
 town, three miles below Prescott,* and othei-s were sent to Montreal. Fourteen '^f 
 the latter escaped from prison at Montreal, and the remainder were sent to Halifax. 
 
 The Americans lost in this aftair, besides the prisoners, five killed and fifteen wound- 
 od. The British lost six killed and forty-eight wounded. As the enemy immediately 
 evacuated the place, the citizens soon returned. From that time until the close of 
 the war Ogdensburg remained in an entirely defenseless state, whioh exposed the in- 
 liabitants to occasional insults from their belligerent neighbors over the river.* A 
 little east of Prescott, on the bank of the St. Lawrence, the British erected a small 
 fortification during the war, which commanded Ogdensburg. It was called Fort 
 Wellington. The present fort of that name was built upon an eminence back of the 
 other, in 1838, at the time of the " Rebellion" in Canada." 
 
 ' This mansion stood on a pleasant spot not far from the left bank of the Oswegatchle River. Nathan Ford, Its own- 
 I eT,««8 among the earliest settlers of Ogdensburg. He was born in Morrlstown, New Jersey, on the 8th of Decemoer, 
 I li(3. He served In the Continental army, and In JTfl4 and 1796 he was employed by Ogden and others, who had pur- 
 I ctod lands In Northeni New York, to loofc after their affairs In that quarter. He was ft man of indomitable energy, 
 lull early foresaw prosperity for the little settlement at the mouth of the Oswegatchlc. He died in April, 1S29, at the 
 I ige of sixty-six years. 
 
 ' The plunder of public property consisted of 1400 stand of arms, with accoutrements, 12 pieces of artillery, 2 standii 
 |«(ti)lore, 300 tents, a large quantity of ammunition and camp equipage, with some beef, )>ork, flour, and other stores. 
 
 ' The prisoners li^the jail at Ogdensburg represented to the liritish that tbey were only political offenders, and then 
 Iwre all released. Most of them accompanied the invaders back to Prescott, when It was ascertained that they had de- 
 iMivcd the British officers. Some were given up at once, and Sheriff York Anally recovered the most of Inem. 
 
 •Thin jail was used as a place of public worship for a long time, to which the inhabitants of Ogdensburg ftcquently 
 |ifcirted before the year 1812. Previous to that time there was no regular place of worship in Ogdensburg. 
 
 in May, 1813, an officer came over from Prescott for deserters, and Insolently threatened to bum Ogdensbnrg If they 
 Ixte not given up. "Ton will do no snch thing," said Judge Ford. " No sooner will I see the incendiaries landing 
 IttiD I will set fire to my own house with my own hands, rally my neighbors, cross the river with torches, and bum ev- 
 Ii7hnn8e from Prescott to Brockville." The British officer, perceiving the consequences that might ensue, afterward 
 lipclojized for hie conduct.— Hough's History qfSt. Latcrence CourUij, page 685. 
 
 ! I 
 
 - ;r 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A Villi to Ogilriinlmr); unci I'rMCOtt. 
 
 Th«"lUbtllloti"lB C.nin. 
 
 T vi»itPfl thfl tliofttro of m'om'n jnut deflcrilx-d, mid placoH of IntoroHt in tlicir ii(i(F||. 
 horliood, in July, IHOO, iUUt HjM'iidiiijj; ft day or two niiionjj thi' 'nioiisaiid Islaiidx j,, 
 •.inivM, *'"' vicinity oC{'a|M' Viiicoiit. At dawn on a liraiitifiil inorninir" I cinluriicil 
 on tlui Htoam boat Xcw York at tliat point lor Ogdcimburj;, and liad the 
 plt'aouro of nu'iitiiij; an old a('(|iiaintanco (Captain Van ('lev*'), a votoran (ttimiiaiKlcr 
 of ntcam-l)oatH on halic Kric and tiu' St. Luwivnco, and wlio wiih an invoiiinl'iry lutdr 
 in till! Htiniiijj hci'Iics in the m-i^liltoiliood of tlit- OHWcgatchii' in 1H:)h, which wiljl),. 
 noted ])reHentiy. Familiar with every iwlaiid, roek, and hush on t!ie route, I t'iiii,|,| 
 him a nioHt iimtnietivo companion diiriiisx that delii^htlul voyajj^e ainoiii^ thcTliuii. 
 sand IslandH. Another paHwenger waH Mr. Tierpont, of IMerpont Manor, .Icfl'iisun 
 County, New York, who was one of the United Htate« commiHwionerH that tixcd tlic 
 Itoiindary-liiie between the former and Canada Koon after the ehme of the War „f 
 lsr.'-'15. With these two gentlemen as companions willing to impart iiifuriiiatinn. 
 I lacked nothinu;. 
 
 Just above Hrockville, as we emerj.'ed from the Tlionwand Islands, a settleiiicnt nf 
 Tories of the Uevoliition was pointed out to me, and the house in which a f^raiidsdn 
 of lJenc<Uet Arnold livt'd, and where he died a few years ago. 
 
 We arrived at Ogdeiisburg early in the day, and I went out immediately to visit 
 jdaces of historic interest there, aceoin|)anied by Messrs. Wentbrook ami (iut'st, td 
 whom I am indebted for kind attentions while there. The landing-places of the Brit- 
 ish from the ice ; the sites of the "stone garrison" and other Tiiilitary works; tlio ar- 
 senal, court-house, and old burial-ground, on an eininenee south of the Oswegatdiio, 
 were all visited before dinner.' Aflerward I went alone over to Prescott, and, in 
 company with a citizen of that village, rode to Wind-mill I'oint, a mile below, to visit 
 the scene of a serious tragedy late in the autumn of 18.TH. 
 
 Allusion has already been maiU' several times to the " Ilebellioii" in Canada in \»r, 
 and 1888. It was a violent efl'ort on the ])art of leaders and followers in both \tm- 
 inces to cast off the rule of an oligarchy and establi^li constitutional goveninniit, 
 whose administrators should bo resj)onsible to the people. The most eonspicuou* 
 eader in the upper ])rovince was the late William Lyon M'Kenzie, a Scotchman, ami 
 in the lower province the late Louis Joseph Papineau, a wealtliy French Caiiailiaii, 
 These, with many followers, assumed the position of open insurrection against tin 
 ))rovincial authorities. Tlity were Joined by many sympathizers from tlie Unite(f 
 States frontier, and in the autumn of 1838 the affair had grown to alarming propor- 
 tions — so alarming th ,t, on account of the active sympathy of tlie Americans with 
 the Canadian "Patriots," it threatened to disturb the friendly relations between the 
 United States and C4reat Britain. All the frontier towns on both sides of tlic line 
 were kept in continual excitement, and none more so for a time than Ogdensburg ami 
 Prescott. Matters were brought to a crisis there in this wise. One of the most act- 
 ive of the "Patriots" on the American side was William Johnson, of Frcnchtown (now 
 Clayton), commonly known as"Tiill Johnson," and sometimes called the " Patriot," 
 and sometimes the "Pirate" of.the Thousand Islands. Of him we shall have oceasinn i 
 10 speak more in detail hereafter, for he was an active partisan in the War of IS12. j 
 Johnson's knowledge of the St. Law-rence from Cape Vincent to. Ogdensburg math 
 him a valuable auxiliary to the Canadian insurgents, and lie engaged with tliem in 
 j-o-operative movements for seizing Foit WelHngton, which had just been completed j 
 at Prescott. For this purpose a large number of" Patriots" went down the St. Law- j 
 rence early in November, 1838. On tlie 12th, the steam-boat Wnited States, Csi\i[m\ 
 Van Cleve,ju8t mentioned, took as passengers for Ogdensburg about two hundroilj 
 
 > I vlnitpd tho fine mansion and benutihil grounds of Mr. PHrii)h, son or the early proprietor ofvaet landed estates inl 
 1h»t reijion. There for many years was the residence of Elena Vespucci, a lineal descendant of the Florentine Amerl-I 
 PHi Vcspnrcl, in whose honor onr continent was named. She visited this country with the expectation of receiving il 
 irrftnt of lanil or money f^om Congress. She was a brilliant, fascinating woman. She left for Europe in 1S59. Mauri 
 «r<deucoi> <>l' her t:\ste were seen al)ont the raaneion. 
 
OF THE WAH OF 1818. 
 
 66a 
 
 tlu'ir lU'igl). 
 id Isluiids in 
 ' I ('in<i.»rkc(l 
 i\ii(l liail till' 
 1 ('i)nniiitii(lfr 
 Umt'iry iictui' 
 vliicli will Iw 
 onto, 1 t'lmiul 
 1114 tlic 'riiiiii- 
 luir, .1 1'ft'i'i'sim 
 (liiit lixcltlic 
 f the Wiir (if 
 t iiil'onnatKm. 
 
 settlomciit (if 
 ch a grandson 
 
 iVmtoly to visit 
 iiml (iuest, to 
 ces ;>f the Hrit- 
 workH; tliear- 
 e Oswogiitcliie, 
 "rcscott, mitl, in 
 „> below, to visit 
 
 At Amrlcan Niramnr prciMd Into tb* IwrviM oftliv " I'litrluU." 
 
 Hinge <>r II Knriiiniiril Wliiil-nilll. 
 
 r^l^Tiftnded estates Ini 
 f the Florentine AmfH-l 
 lectatlonofreceWngij 
 lEuropclnlSM. Mstjl 
 
 (Mil fifty " I'iitriotH" from Siickctt'H Hurhor. On tlu' w:iy down the St. Lawrcnco, Van 
 ( livi' diHCovtTi'd two HfliooncrH hiciilnu'd. Oni' of his pasHfiigcrs, a Htranjfcr of jjjon- 
 ;,il jiiiiH'aianci', askoil him to taku them in tow, aH tlicy won' hidon with j^ooiIh for 
 OifiU'iiHlmrg, and Ik> should he jrlad to liav them reach j)ort tlie next morninij. The 
 ilfckft were covered witii boxes and barrels, iind only men »'nonj;h to navijjate tlie ves- 
 s"\* were visible. 'I'lie sehooners were taken in tow, when Van Cleve was speedily 
 umlceeived. Full two hundrnl arme(l inen <'anie from them on boiird of his vessel. 
 Till' H('li<H)nerB were a sort of Trojan horses. N'an C/leve was perplexed. He resolved 
 I,) "lay to" at Morristown, and send word to the authorities at ()ji;donsburg. This 
 liccomim,' known to tlie " Patriots," about one hundred of those on the United Staten 
 «|i(i took |)assaiije at Saekett's Harbor, and all who had eome from tlie schooners, 
 wtiit on hoard t)f the latter, when they cast offfroni the Hteam-boat and sailed down 
 ilii> f<t. Lawreiua'. On the following morning they were at anchor in the river be- 
 iwi'cii Oudensburg and I'roscott, and created the greatest excitement in both towns. 
 
 The Uritish armed HU'iinuir Experiment was lying at Prescott, and made immediate 
 irrangeineiits to attai^k the schoonei-s. One of them meanwhile had run aground, 
 ;iii(l the other had gone down to Wind-mill Point and landed her armed men. At 
 iboiit the same time the United States arrived at Ogdensburg. The " Patriots" pressed 
 jier into their service, and, with the assistance of the American steam ferry-boat Paul 
 7Vy, rescued the stranded schooner, and conveyed the other to a place of safety near 
 Ogdensburg. She was also employed in carrying over some " Patriots" Avhom John- 
 noil hiul persuaded to accomj)any liim to Wind-mill I'oint, in which service she lost 
 hor pilot, Solomon Foster, an excellent young man, who was instantly killed by a ball 
 from the Experiment that passed through the wheel-house of the United States. That 
 evening Colonel Worth arrived at Ogdensburg with United States troops, aceompa- 
 iiied by a marshal, who seized all vessels in the "Patriot" service, including the 
 Vnited States, and effectually cut off supplies of men, arms, and provisions from Wind- 
 mill Point. 
 
 Tlic " Patriots" at the Point made a citadel of the strong stone wind-mill there,' 
 took possession of some stone dwellings, and cast up breast- 
 works. They Avore under the command of a brave young 
 Polandcr named Von Sehoultz. On the morning of the 
 • Nowmbcr, UHli" they were attacked with shot and shell by 
 '**• the Experiment and two other armed steamers 
 that had arrived. These were replied to by the battery that 
 had been constructed on the shore near the wind-mill during 
 the night. There were cowards among the " Patriots." So 
 many had fled that when the cannonade 'ommenced only 
 one hundred and eighty were left. When, soon afterward, 
 British regulars and volunteers to the number of more than 
 six hundred went out from Fort Wellington and attac . ed the 
 "Patriots" in the rear, only one hundred and twenty-t"ght 
 were left ; and yet these fought so desperately that, accoi d- 
 ing to Dr. Theller's account,* they drove the British back to 
 the fort, killing one hundred of them and wounding many, 
 after a conflict of an lioui'. 
 
 Little but burying the dead occupied the next day.*" That night, four 
 hundred British regulars, sLxteen hundred volunteers, cannon, and gun- 
 boats arrived from Kingston. The "Patriots" were doomed. Food, ammunition, 
 and physical strength were exhausted, and they surrendered. They had lost thirty- 
 six killed ; ninety were made prisoners. Von Sclioultz, only thirty-one years of age, 
 [ and several Americans, were hanged in less than a month afterword. Some were re- 
 
 ilrheller's Ctenodo <n 183T-'38. 
 
 TUB UAITEBKU WINII-MM.I.. 
 
 ii 
 
 PI 
 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Fort Wellington. 
 
 Retum to Ogdensburg and Deiiarture nmyiui 
 
 leased, and twenty-three were sent to En- 
 gland, and from thence to tlu> British pen- 
 al colony in Van Dienien';' Laud. Eleven 
 years later they were all released by a 
 declaration of amnesty by tl'.e crown. 
 
 The British burned the wood-work of 
 the wind-mill and stone houses. In tliai 
 desolated condition they yet remained 
 wlien I visited the spot in lb60, and made 
 tlu' sketch from which our little en<Tiav- 
 ing Avas copied. The wind-mill still n- 
 hibits many indentations made by the 
 cannon-balls during the siege. 
 
 It was toward evening when I returned 
 to Prescott, stopping on the Avay to visit 
 Fort Wellington, a strong work coverinj; 
 about three acres of ground. It was not garrisoned, and eveiy thing within seemed 
 neglected. The citadel, iv the form of a 
 block-house, seen in the engraving, is a 
 strong work, the lower part of stone, 
 the upper of hewn timbers. The bar- 
 racks are in good condition. A few can- 
 non were on the ramparts, and on the 
 river side of tlie fort lay a brass one, on 
 which was inscribed the words and cliar- 
 acters " S. N. Y., 1834. Taken from the 
 j-ebols in 1837." It was a trophy. 
 
 When I recrossed the St. Lawrence at 
 near sunsot, heavy clouds were floatln^t 
 down from the iCgion of the Thousand 
 Islands, and low thunder-peals were 
 lieard in the far soutliwest. I stopped 
 on the International Ferry wharf just "'"^ wei-linuton in is«).i 
 
 long enough to sketch the Parish store-liouse, and arrived at the Sej mour House a 
 few minutes before a heavy shower of rain began to fall. I passed nart of the short 
 summer evening with Mrs. Fork, already mentioned, at the house oi Mr. Chapin, her 
 son-in-law, and at four o'clock the next morning, when the clonds, after a night of 
 tempest, were breaking, departed in tlie cars for the eastward, tc visit French Mills 
 (now Covington), Malone, Odelltown, Champla'u. Chazy, and Plattsburg. Of thosi 
 visits I shall hereafter write. 
 
 A second invasion of Canada, as we have observed, was a principal feature in the 
 programme of the campaign of 1813. Quebec, on account of its military strenjrtli 
 and accessibility to large vessels from the sea, was held to be unassailable ; but Moii- 
 treal, the emporium of the vast Indian trade in the immense country westward of it, 
 seemed to promise an easy conquest. The possession of that city, and of the entire 
 Upper Province, was the prize for which the Army of the Noi'th Avas expected to 
 contend. But the same lack of sagacity on the part of the cabinet, to which much 
 of the disasters of 1812 were chargeable, now reappeared. Instead of sending " om- 
 petent force for the cnpture of Montreal before the ice in the St. Lawrence should 
 move and peririt British transports to bring le-enforcements from Halifax, it was de- 
 termined first to reduce Kingstcii and York (now Toronto), on Lake Ontario, and 
 
 ' In this view, looking toward tUe St. Itawrence, the village of Ogdembnrg is seen lo the extreme dtstauce, on He i 
 height. 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 586 
 
 ■^ 
 
 arture eanwtnl. 
 
 nearborn and Cbaancey ou Lake Ontario. Flans for Invading Canada. Preparations for active Movements. 
 
 Forts George and Erie, ^n the Niagara River, recapture Detroit, and recover the 
 Michigan Territoiy. The latter enterprise was successfui, as wo ha^e seen in the last 
 chapter; it now remains for us to consider the events connected with the prosecu- 
 tion of the former, namely, the capture of York, Forts George and Eric, and King- 
 ston in the order hei e named. 
 
 Early in the winter of 1813, Dearborn, who was in the immediate command of the 
 Army of tlie North, had about six thousand troops under his control, and was em- 
 powered to call out as many of the local militia as might be needed to supply any de- 
 ficiencies in the regular army. Commodore Chauncey, by operatiord described in a 
 former chapter,' had acquired such complete control of Lake Ontr rio that he could 
 confine all the British vecsels of war to the harbor of Kingston. 
 
 Orders were given for the concentration of four thousand troops at Sackett's Har- 
 bor, and three thousand at BuiFalo. The former were to cross the ice to Kingston, 
 capture that place, destroy all the shipping that might be wintering there, and then, 
 as soon as practicable, either by land or water, proceed to York, seize the army stores 
 collected there, and two frigates said to be on the stocks. 
 
 Dearborn received a general outline cf this plan from the War Department on the 
 10th of February. He was then at Plattsburg with two brigades wintering there, 
 amounting in the aggregate to about twenty-five hundred effective men. "Noth- 
 iu" shall be omitted on my part," he wrote on the ISth," "in endeavoring •Pebmary, 
 to carry into effect the expedition proposed."^ Major Forsyth, Avho re- '®^''- 
 turned to Ogdensburg after tie British left it, was ordered to Sackett's Harbor. 
 General Brown was directed to call out several hundred militia ; and Colonel Zebu- 
 Ion K Pike (who was made a brigadier general » month later) was ordered to pro- 
 ceed from Plattsburg to the Harbor with four hundred of his best men in sleighs. 
 But Chauncey was detained in New York, and the expedition against Kingston was 
 abandoned, partly on that account, and partly because the arrival at that place of 
 Sir George Prevost with Pierson's escort^ from Prescott gave foundation for a report 
 that the British there had received large re-enforcements.'' AVhen, about the Ist 
 of March, Dearborn arrived at Sackett's Harbor, the story was current there, and 
 (.'cuerally believed, that Sir George, with six or eight thousand men, collected from 
 Quebec, Montreal, and Upper Canada, ^/as at Kingston, engaged in active prepara- 
 tions for offensive measures. 
 
 Dearborn found only about three thousand troops at the Harbor, and he sent ex- 
 presses to hasten forward those on the way. On the 9th of March he wrote to the 
 Secretary of War, saying, " I have not yet had the honor of a visit from Sir George 
 Prevost," and expressed some doubts whether the knight would make his appearance 
 at all. A week afterward all causes for apprehensions of an attack from Kingston 
 had disappeared, and at a council of officers'' the expedition against that 
 place was formally abandoned until the lake should be open and the co- 
 operation of the fleet should be secured. To the strengthening of that arm of the 
 service on the lake, the genius and industry of Henry Eckford, the naval constructor, 
 were now earnestly directed, the President having, on the 3d of March, directed six 
 sloops of war to be built on Lakes Ontario and Erie, and as many purchased as the 
 exijfencies of the service might require. Tlie pay of seamen was advanced twen- 
 ty-five per cent., and many of them were sent to the lakes for active service there. 
 Early in April the brig Jefferson was launched" at Sackett's Harbor, and the « April t. 
 keel of the General Pike was l.i' l.*" On the 14th the British launched two "April 9. 
 large vessels at Kingston, and at about the same time received for the service on the 
 
 ' Sep Chapter XVIII. » Genera) Dearborn to the Secretary of War. ' See page 677. 
 
 ' "Chauncey has not returned," Dearborn wrote to the Secretary of War on the JBth of Pebrtiary. "I am latltfled 
 that U he had arrived rs soon as I had expectsd hln, we miKht have made a stroke at Kingston on the lee ; bat bis 
 preseoM was necessary fur having the aid of the seamen and marines." 
 
 I« 
 
 M\ 
 
 ' I 
 
 li 
 
J86 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Troops at Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 Expedition againet Little York. 
 
 The British Defensej. 
 
 water large numbers of seamen from the Royal Navy. On the 15th the ice in tho 
 lake disappeared, and two days afterward Chauncey sent out the Growler to recon- 
 noitre. Brigadier General Chandler had lately arrived. The effective force at Sack- 
 ett's Harbor at this time consisted of about five thousand regulars and twelve months' 
 volunteers, two thousand militia, and thirteen hundred sailors. 
 
 At the middk of April Dearborn and Chauncey matured a plan of operations. A 
 joint land and naval expedition was proposed, to first capture fork, and tiien to cross 
 Lake Ontario and reduce Fort George. At the same time, troops were to cross the 
 Niagara from Buffalo and Black Rock, capture Forts Erie and Chippewa, join the 
 fleet and army at Fort George, and all proceed to attack Kingston. Every tiii' • 
 being arranged. Dearborn embarked about seventeen hundred men on Chaunccy's 
 fleet at Sackett's Harbor on the 22d of April, and on the 2Sth the fleet, crowded with 
 soldiers, sailed for York.' After a boisterous passage, it appeared before tlie little 
 
 town early in the morn 
 ing of the 27th, when 
 General Dearborn, suf- 
 fering from ill health, 
 placed the land forces 
 under charge of Gener- 
 al Pike,'* and resolved 
 to remain on board the 
 commodore's flag-shiii 
 during the attack. 
 
 The little village of 
 York^ was then chiefly 
 at the bottom of the 
 bay, near a marshy flat 
 through wliich the 
 Don, coming down 
 from beautiful fertile 
 valleys, flower! slug- 
 gishly into lake Ontario, 
 and, because of the softness 
 of the earth there, it was 
 often called " Muddy Little 
 
 York." It gradually 
 grew to the ^\ cstward, 
 and, while descrtiii!; 
 the Don, it wooed the 
 Humber, once a famous 
 salmon stream, that 
 flows into a broad hav 
 two or three miles wesi 
 of Toronto. In that 
 direction stood the re- 
 mains of old Fort To- 
 ronto, erected by the 
 French, and now (1 867) 
 an almost shapeless 
 heap. On the shore 
 eastward of it, betAveen 
 the present new bar- 
 racks and the city, were 
 two batteries, the most east- 
 erly one being in the form 
 of a crescent. A little far- 
 ther east, on the borders of 
 
 ' Chanticey's fleet consisted of the flng-shlp Madison, commanded by Commander Elliott ; the Oiteida, Lieutenant Com- 
 mandin<; Woolsey ; the Fair A merican. Lleatenant Chauncey ; the Ilamiltttn, Lieutenant M'Pherson ; the Governor Tomjy 
 kins, Lieutenant Brown ; the Conquest, Lieutenant Pettlgi-cw ; the Asp, Llentenant Smith ; the Pert, Lieutenant Adamii; 
 the Julia, Mr. Trant ; the Grmeler, Mr. Mix ; the Ontario, Mr. Stevens ; the Scourge, Mr. Osgood ; the iMdij 0/ the Laki, 
 Mr. Pllnn ; and liaven, transport. 
 
 ' Zebnlon Mor. i^omery Pike was one of the earlier explorers of the wildemcss around the head-waters of the Mlsfif- 
 slppl River. He was born in Lambcrton, New Jersey. . His father was an army ofBcer, and young Pike entered tlit 
 army while yet a boy. His whole life was devoted to the military profession. Soon after the purchase of Louisiana, in 
 1803, President Jefferson decided to have the vast unknown territory explored, and sent Captains Lewis and Clnik. 10 
 accomplish a portion of it. At the same time, young Pike (who was born on the Mh of January, 1779) was coraniiHtiyiiPd 
 to explore the present Minnesota region. That was in ISOB. In the following year he made a perilous but succeeftli'. 
 rectmnoissance of the wilderness in the direction of Northern Mexico, and, returning In the summer of 1807, he reccivod 
 the thanks of Congress. He reached the rank of colonel of Infantry In ISIO, and In March, 1813, he was cninmisfioiipd a 
 brigadier. He lost his life in the attack on York (Toronto), In April, 1813, when he was little more than fliiity-fouryfart. 
 of age. His name and memory arc perpetuated, not only on the pages of History, but In the titles often counties, uiid 
 twenty-eight townships and villages In the United States, chiefly In the Western country. 
 
 On the day before he left Sackett's Harbor, General Pike wrote as follows to his father : " I embark to-morro!v in thf 
 fleet, at Sackett's Harbor, at the head of a column of 1600 choice troops, on a secret expedition. Should I be the happt 
 mort.il destined to turn tht scale of war, will yon not rejoice, oh my father ? May heaven be propitious, and smllo m 
 the cause of my country. But If we are destined to fall, may my fall be like Wolfe's — to sleep in the arms of victor)-," 
 His wish was gratified. 
 
 ' York, or " Little York,"*as It was generally called, was a village of abont nine hundred inhabitants, «Unatcd on tlif 
 north shore of Ijake Ontario, a little west of the meridian of the Niagara River. It was founded by Qovcnior Siniroe, 
 was made by him the seat of government In 17l>7, and designed to be, what It has since become, a large and floHri»liiiij 
 city. In front of it is a beautiful bay, nearly circular, a mile and a half In diameter, formed by the main and a curioii?' 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 687 
 
 ritleh Dcfensei. 
 
 e ice in th" 
 er to recon- 
 rce at Sack- 
 ilve months' 
 
 Bvations. A 
 tlien to cross 
 to cross the 
 >\va, join the 
 Every thi' ; 
 1 Chauncey's 
 !row(lo(l with 
 'ore the litilc 
 It gradually 
 he ^v estwani, 
 lie deserting 
 it wooed the 
 once a famous 
 stream, that 
 
 a broad hav 
 iree miles -wesi 
 tito. In that 
 
 1 stood the re- 
 f old Fort To- 
 rected by the 
 and now (1 86 1) 
 
 o s t shapeless 
 On the shove 
 d of it, between 
 isent new har- 
 d the city, were 
 
 the most cast- 
 ig in the form 
 A little far- 
 
 the borders of 
 
 rfrffl, Lieutenant Com- 
 i ; tlic Governor Tomp- 
 [f, Lieutenant Adams; 
 I the Lady of the Lakt, 
 
 l-WRters of the MIffif- 
 ling Pike entered tht 
 thnse of Louisiana, in 
 
 Lewis iind Clnil>' I" 
 til) wns comnilPhiiiiK'il 
 lerilouB but succeffrii! 
 |er of ISO", be rccciveil 
 
 ■ wns commisfioiicil a 
 Ithantblvty-fourycarf 
 Ir of ten counties, awl 
 
 Lrk to-morro-v in the 
 Rhould I be the happy 
 tpltlous, and smile "O 
 Ithe anne ofvlctori." 
 
 |tant»,»ttnatedonlbt 
 I by Oovenior Simcot. 
 I large and llourlsliiiij 
 ! main and o curiouf- 
 
 Seglect of Defenses. 
 
 General Pike's Instructions. 
 
 His Troops conn-onted at their Landing-place. 
 
 YORK IN Itilii, rSOM TUB 1ILOOK-UO(7BI! EAST OP TUP. DON. 
 
 deep ravine and small stream, was a picketed block -house, some intrenchments 
 ^ith cannon, and a garrison of about eight hundred men, under Major General Slieaffe. 
 On Gibraltar Point, 
 the cxti. no western 
 end of the peninsula, 
 that embraced the 
 Harbor with its pro- 
 tecting arm, was a 
 small block - house ; 
 and another, seen in 
 the engraving, stood 
 on the high east bank 
 of the Don, just be- 
 vond the present 
 iiridge at the eastern 
 
 termination of King and Queen Streets. These drfonses had been strangely neglect- 
 ed. Some of the cannon were without trunnions , others, destined for the war vessel 
 then on the stocks, were in frozen mud arid half covered with snow. Fortunately for 
 the garrison, the Duke of Gloucester was then in port undergoing some repairs, and 
 her guns furnislied some armament for the batteries. These, however, amounted lo 
 only a few si.x-pounders. The Avhole country around, excepting a few spots on tlio 
 lake shore, was covered with a dense forest. 
 
 On the day when the expedition sailed from Sackett's Harbor General Pike issued 
 minute instructions concerning the manner of landing and attack. " It h expected," 
 lie said, " that every corps will be mindful of the honor of the American arms, and 
 the disgraces which have recently tarnished our arms, and endeavor, by a cool and 
 ilctcrmined discharge of their duty, to support the one and wipe off the other." "The 
 unoffending citizens of Canada," he continued, " are many of them our own country- 
 men, and the poor Canadians have been forced into this war. Their property, there- 
 fore, must be held sacred ; and any soldier who shall so far neglect the lionor of his 
 profession as to be guilty of plundering the inhabitants, shall, if convicted, be pun- 
 ished with death. But the commanding general assures the troops that, should they 
 capture a large quantity of public stores, he will use his best endeavors to procure 
 them a reward from his government." With such instructions t^c Americans pi'o- 
 ceeded to invade the British soil at about eight o'clock on the morning of the 27th 
 of April, 1813. 
 
 It was intended to land at a clearing near old Fort Toronto. An easterly wind, 
 blowing with violence, drove the small boats in which the troops left the fleet full 
 half a mile farther westward, and beyond an effectual covering by the guns of the 
 navy. Major Foi^syth and his riflemen, in two bateaux, led the van, and when with- 
 in rifle-shot of the shore they were assailed by a deadly volley of bullets by a com- 
 pany of Glengary Fencibles and a party of Indians under Major Givens, who were 
 concealed in the woods that fringe the shore. " Rest on your oars ! prime !" said 
 Forsyth, in a low tone. Pike, standing on the deck of the Madison, saw this halting, 
 and impatiently exclaimed, with an expletive, " I can not stay here any longer ! 
 Come," he said, addressing his staff, "jump into the boat." He was instantly obeyed, 
 
 (haped peninsula, which, within n few years, has become an island. It was only a few rodd wide, where, in IS-W, a 
 siorm cut a channel and made most of the pe ilnsultt an island, while at its western extremity It was very broad, and 
 tmbraced several ponds. See map on page BOrt. It is low and sandy— so low that, from the moderate elevation of the 
 uimi (fifteen or twenty feet above the water), the dark line of the lake maybe seen over it. Upon it were, and still are, 
 Mme trees, which, at first glance, seem to be standing on the water. This gave the name of Tarnntah, an Iitdian word 
 lifiiifylng " trees on the water," to the place. When the French bnilt a fort there, westward of the extreme western 
 fnii of the peninsula (which was called "Oibraltar Point"), they named It Fort Tarontah, or Toronto. In pursuance of 
 liit plan of Anglicizing the tipper Province, SImcoe named it York. The people, at a later day, with singular good taste, 
 resumed the Indian name of Tarontah, or Toronto. 
 
"• — n ■"#.. 
 
 msm 
 
 
 588 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle in the Wuode. 
 
 Cowardly Flight of the IndianB. 
 
 The Biltiah driven to Toronto. 
 
 and voiy soon they and their gallant commander were in the midst of a fight for 
 Forsyth's men had opened tire, and the enemy on the shore were retnniing it hntiV. 
 ly. Tiic vanguard soon landed, and were immediately followed, in support, by Ma- 
 jor King and a battalion of infantry. Pike and the main body soon followed miii 
 the whole column, consisting of the Sixth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Twenty-first Hcfr. 
 imcnts of Infantry, and detachments of light and heavy artillery, with Major For- 
 syth's rifllemen and Lieutenant Colonel M'Clurc's volunteers as flankers, pressed for- 
 ward into the woods. The British skirmishers meanwhile had been re-enfoi-ced hy 
 two companies of the Eighth, or King's Regiment of Regulars, two hundred strong, a 
 company of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, a large body of militia, and sonic 
 Indians. They took position in the woods, and were soon encountered by the ad- 
 vancing Americans, whose artillery it was difficult to move. Perceiving tliis, the 
 British, led by General Sheafle in person, attacked the American flanks with a m- 
 pounder and howitzer. A very sharp conflict ensued, and botli parties suffered much. 
 Captain M'Neil, of the King's Regiment, was killed. The British were overpowered 
 and fell back, when General Pike, at the head of the American column, ordered his 
 bugler to sound, and at the same time dashed gallantly forward. That bugle blast 
 thrilled like electric fire along the nerves of the Indians, They gave one horrid yell 
 then fled like frightened deer to cover, deep into the forest. That bugle blast was 
 heard in tlie fleet, in the face of the wind, and high above the voices of the gale, and 
 evoked long and loud responsive cheers. At the same time Chauncey was send i hi; 
 to the shore, under the direction of Commander Elliott, something more effective than 
 huzzas, for he Avas hurling deadly grape-shot upon the foe, which added to the con- 
 sternation of the savages, and gave fleetness to their feet. They also hastened tlie 
 retreat of Sheaffe's white troops to their defenses in the direction of the village, Avhilc 
 the dnim and fife of the pui"suers were briskly playing Ya)ikee Doodle. 
 
 The Americans now pressed forward as rapidly as possible along the lake shore in 
 j)latoons by sections. They were not allowed to load their muskets, and were com- 
 pelled to rely upon the baj onet. Because of many ravines and little streams, tlie ar- 
 tillery was moved with difiicHlty, for the enemy had uc'stroyed the bridges. It was 
 a strong right arm, and essential in the service at hand ; and by great exertions a 
 tield-piece and a howitzer, under Lieutenant Fanning" of the Third Artillery, was 
 moved steadily with the column. As that column emerged from thick woods, flank- 
 ed by M'Clure's volunteers, divided equally as light troops, under Colonel Rij)ley,h 
 was confronted by twenty-four pounders on the Western Battery, the remains of 
 
 UKMAIMB OP TUB WESTERll IIATTKBY.' 
 
 which are now (ISGT) plainly visible between the present New Barracks and the 
 city on the lake shore. Upon that battery the guns of some of Chauncey's vessels, 
 
 > In this sketch the appearance of the mounds in ISOO is given. On the left, in the distance, is seen a glimpse of a 
 wharf and part of Toronto. On the right a portion of the peninsula, now an island. In the centre of the picture Is Ihc 
 opening between the island and the remainder of the peninsula, looking out npon the lake. The steam-boat indicatct 
 the present channel, which is narrow and not very deep. 
 
Iven to Toronto. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 689 
 
 B»ttle »t York. 
 
 Explueiun of the British Powder-magaslne. 
 
 Death of Ocueral Pike and uthen. 
 
 which had beat up against the wind in range of the enemy's works, were pouring 
 heavy shot. Captain Walworth was ordered to storm it with his grenadiers, of the 
 Sixteenth. They immediately trailed their arms, quickened their pace, and Avere 
 ibout to charge, when the wooden magazine of the battery, that had been carelessly 
 left open, blew up, killing some of the men, and seriously damaging the defenses. 
 Tlie dismayed enemy spiked their cannon, and fled to the next, or Half moon Battery. 
 Walworth pressed forward, when that, too, was abandoned, and he found nothing 
 within but spiked cannon. Sheaffe and his little army, deserted by the Indians, tied 
 to the garrison near the governor's house, and tiiere opened a fire of round and grape 
 allot upon the Americans. Pike ordered his troops to halt, and lie flat upon the grass, 
 while Mijor Eustis, with his artillery battery, moved to the front, and soon silenced 
 the great guns of the enemy. 
 
 The firing from the garrison ceased, and the Americans expected every moment to 
 see a white flag displayed from the block-house in token of surrender. Lieutenant 
 Riddle, whose corps had brought up the prisoners taken in the woods, was sent for- 
 ward with a small party to reconnoitre. General Pike, who had just assisted, with 
 his own hands, in removing a wounded soldier to a comfortable place, was sitting 
 upon a stump conversing with a huge British sergeant who liad been taken prisoner, 
 his staff standing around him. At that moment was felt a sudden tremor of the 
 (fround, followed by a tremendous explosion near the British garrison. The enemy, 
 despairing of holding 
 the place, had blown 
 up their powder-mag- 
 azine, situated upon the 
 I'dge of the water, at 
 the mouth of a ravine, 
 near whore the build- 
 ma of the Great West- 
 ern Railway stand. 
 The effect was terrible. 
 Fragnients of timber, 
 and huge stones of '^- 
 
 , . 1 ,1 _ • POWDEK-MAOAZINK AT TOBO.NTO. 
 
 which the magazine 
 
 walls were built, were scattered in every direction over a space of several hundred 
 vards.^ When the smoke floated away the scene was appalling. Fifty-two Ameri- 
 cans lay dead, and one hundred and eighty others were wounded.^ So badly had 
 the affair been managed that forty of the British also lost their lives by the explo- 
 sion. General Pike, two of his aids, and the British sergeant were mortally hurt,^ 
 while Riddle and his party were unhurt, the missiles passing entirely over them. 
 The terrified. Americans scattered in dismay, but they were soon rallied by Brigade 
 Major Hunt and Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell. The column was reformed, and the 
 !;eneral command was assumed by the gallant Pennsylvanian, Colonel Cromwell 
 
 ' The maKMino was abont twenty feet sqiinre. It contained live hnndrcd barrels of gnnpow-der, and on Imineniso 
 Tjaiitity of shot and shells. It was bnilt of heavy stone, close by the lake shore, with a heavy stone wall on Its water 
 [fimt. Its roof was nearly level with the surface of the ground. The descent to its vaults was by stone steps inside of 
 ihc wall. It was so situated that the Americans did not suspect its existence there. The picture of it above given, as 
 il .i|ipcared before the explosion, is f^om a pencil sketch by an English ofHcer. It is paid that some of the fragments 
 otihe magazine were thrown by the explosion as far as the decks of Chauncey's vessels, and, says IngersoU, " the water 
 vn! ehocked as with an earthquake." 
 
 ' A late provincial writer, whose pages exhibit the most bitter spirit, says, in speaking of this destruction of life, "We 
 hfurlllj: agree with James [the most malignant and mcndacioua of the British writers on the WarJ ' that, even had the 
 whole column been destroyed, the Americans would hut have met their deserts ;' and if disposed to commiserate the 
 poor soldiers, at least, wo wish, with him, 'that their places had been filled by the American President and the ninety- 
 fight members of the Leg! .ur<) who voted for the war.' " — A History of tht Late War between Oreat Britain mirf the 
 UaM S/atot <if Anurica, by G. Auchiuleck, Toronto, 1S88. 
 
 ' One of General Pike's officers afterward wrote : " I was so much injured in the general crash that it is surprising 
 how I survived. Probably I owe my escape to the corpulency of the British sergeant, whose body was thrown upon 
 mine by the concussion."— Letter in The Aurora, quoted by Hough in his Uigtory c/ Jefferson County, page 4$8. 
 
 ^^^^^^^1^ 
 
 m 
 
'!! 
 
 ''W 
 
 600 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Surrender ot York. £»ca|)e of Ueueral Sbeaffe and bl« Kegulnrs. The Americans In Poaaesglon of the Pom 
 
 Poarce, of the Sixteenth, the senioi- officer.* After giving three cheers, iho troops 
 pressed forward toward the village, and were met by the civil authorities and militia 
 officers with propositions for a capitulation, in response to a peremptory demand for 
 surrender made by Colonel Pearce. An arrangement was concluded for an absolute 
 surrender, with no other prescribed conditions than that all papers belonging to tlu 
 civil officers should be retained by them, that private property of all kinds Hhoukll), 
 respected, and that the Furgeons in attendance upon the British regulars and Cana 
 dian militia should not be considered prisoners of war.^ General Sheaft'e's b,•^(r(r^^r( 
 and papers were captured. Among the former was a musical simff-box that attract- 
 ed much attention. 
 
 Taking advantage of the confusion that succeeded the explosion, and tlie time in- 
 tentionally consumed in the capitulation. General ShealFe and a large portion of his 
 regulars, after destroying the vessel on the stocks and some store-houses and tlicii 
 contents, stolo across the Don, and fled along Dundas Street toward Kingston. When 
 several miles from York they met a portion of the King's Regiment on their Avay to 
 Fort George. These turned back, covered Sheaffe's retreat, and all reached Kint;. 
 ston in safety. Sheaffe (who was the military successor of firock) was severely cen- 
 sured for tlie loss of York, and was soon afterward s\iperseded in command in Upper 
 .Canada by Major General De Rottenburg. He retired to Montreal, and took com 
 niand of the troops there. 
 
 On hearing of the death of General Pike, General Dearborn went on shore, and as- 
 sumed command after the capitulation. At sunset the work was finished; and at 
 the same hour (eight o'clock in the evening), both Chauncey and Dearborn wrote 
 brief dispatches to the government at Washington, the former saying, " We are in 
 
 1 Cromwell Pearce was bom in WllHBto\vn, Chester Connty, Pennsylvania, on the ISth of August, 1772, on the farai 
 where the celebrated " Paoli massacre" occurred in the autumn of 177T. His father was a native of Ireland. Cromwell 
 was brought up a farmer. At the, age of twenty-one years Governor Mifflin commissioned him a captain of militia, anil 
 In 1799 he entered the regular army of the United States as first lieutenant in the Tenth Regiment of Light Infantry. He 
 was commissioned a colonel of the Sixteenth Infantry In July, 181S, and marched to the Northern frontier, lie bore a 
 distinguished part in the capture of York, and yet his name was not mentioned in General Dearborn's report of the af- 
 fair. Only Chauncey, In his official report, speaks of him. Pearce was brave, modest, and unassuming, and pertoratil 
 his duties nobly throughout the war. In the autumn of 1813 he was in the battle of Chrysler's Field, on the St.Law- 
 •reucB, when, on the fall of the commauder, he again b.ecame the leader of the contending forces. At the close of the war ; 
 he retired to private life. In 1616 he was elected sheriff of his native county. In 1824 he was chosen a prcaiilentiil | 
 elector, and was deputed to carry to Washington City the electoral vote of the state. In 1826 he was appointed an ae- j 
 sociate judge of the County Court, which office he held until 1839. He died suddenly on the 2d of April, 1862, Ui the eigm. 
 ieth year of his age.— XoUe Cestrientix, by William Darlington, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 ■•' The following were the commissioners who arranged the terms of capitulation : 
 
 Amtriemut: Lieutenant Colonel E. 6. Mitchell; MtOor Safoocl S. Conner, aid-de camp to General Dearborn : andCom-. 
 mandcrKllldtt, of the Navy. Britinh : Lieutenant Colonel W. Chewctt, of the York Militia ; Mi^or W. Alleu, of the aarsc j 
 corps ; and Uentenant F. Gaurreau. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Sdl 
 
 jRRlon of the PoH. 
 
 •9, ihe troops 
 28 and militia 
 y (lemmul for 
 )!• an absolute 
 ongint; to the 
 nds sho\il(l be 
 ars ai\(l Cana- 
 iiflV's l)agi;agc 
 X that attract- 
 
 ul the time in- 
 portion of his 
 uses and tliciv 
 igston. When 
 m their way to 
 reached King- 
 is severely ecn- 
 mand in Upper 
 , and took com- 
 
 York abandoned by the Americans. 
 
 General Pike's last Homents. 
 
 A Scalp adorulDK the Parllament-hoiu*. 
 
 an shore, and as- 
 Ifinished; and at 
 iDcarborn wrote 
 ling, " We are in 
 
 [gust, 1TT2, on the f«rm 
 1 of Ireland. Cromnell 
 \ captain of miUtla.uil 
 Jt of Light Infantry. He 
 Irn frontier. Ilelwrea 
 Iborn'a report of ihc «I- 
 Isumlng, and perfnrmcil 
 fFleld^on the S(.U»- 
 I At the close otlhcwsr 
 i chosen a presiilentiil | 
 le was appointed an it- \ 
 ipril,1852,lnthcolgM-' 
 
 kl Dearborn ; and Com- : 
 trW. Alien, of the same I 
 
 full possession of this jjlaco," and the latter, " I have the satisfaction to inform you 
 that the American flag is flying npon the fort at York." The post, with about two 
 hundred and ninety prisoners besides tlie militia, the war-vessel Duke of Gloucester, 
 
 I a largo quantity of naval and military stores, passed into the possession of the 
 Xmericans. Such of the latter as could not bo carried away by the squadron were 
 destroyed ; and before the victors letl, the public buildings were fired by some un- 
 liiiown hand, and consumed.^ Four days after the cajjitulation the troops were re- 
 einbarked, preparatory to a descent upon Fe t George. The post and village of York, 
 possessing little value to the Americans, were abandoned." The IJritish re- , May s, 
 possessed themselves of the spot, built another block-house, and on the site ^^'*- 
 of the garrison constructed a regular fortification. 
 
 The loss of the Americans in the capture of York was sixty-six killed and two 
 hundred and three wounded on land, and seventeen killed and wounded on the ves- 
 sels. The British lost, besides the prisoners, sixty killed r,nd eighty-nine wounded. 
 General Pike A»as cnished beneath a heavy mass of stone that struck him in the back. 
 He was carried immediately after discovery to the water's edge, placed in a boat, and 
 conveyed, first on board the Pert, and then to the commodore's flag-ship. Just as the 
 surgeons and attendants, with the wounded general, reached the little boat, the huz- 
 zas of the troops fell upon his benumbed ears. " What does it mean ?" he feebly 
 asked. " Victory," said a sergeant in attendance. " The British union-jack is coming 
 down from the block-house, and the stars and stripes are going up." The dying hero's, 
 face was illuminated by a smile of great joy. Ilis spirit lingered several hours, and 
 then departed. Just before his breath ceased the captured British flag was brought 
 to liim. He made a sign for them to place it under his head, and thus he expired. 
 Ilis body was taken to Sackett's Harbor, and with that of his pupil and aid. Captain 
 Xicholson, was buried with military honors within Fort Tompkins there. Of his final 
 resting-place I shall hereafter write.' 
 
 When I visited the site of York and the theatre of events there in 1813, in August, 
 I860, 1 found on the borders of that harbor the beautiful — really beautiful city of 
 Toronto, containing between fifty and sixty thousand souls. I arrived there by the 
 Toronto branch of the Great Western Railway at eight o'clock in the evening, liaving 
 left I'aris, on the Grand River, at about five in the afternoon. We reached Burling- 
 ton Station at six, and occupied about an hour and a half in traveling the remaining 
 
 < The Farllament-bonses stood on the site of the present jail in Toronto. It is said that the incendiary was instigated 
 b; the indignation of the Americans, who fonnd baogiug apon the walls of the legislative chamber a huvian scalp ! 
 tfritlsh writers, ever ready to charge the Americans with all manner of crimes, have not only affected to disbelieve this 
 !toi7,but have charged American writers who have stated the fact with deliberate falsehood. It is not pleasant to re- 
 late facts so shameful to the boasted civilization of that country as this incident furnishes ; but as one of the latest of 
 British historians has, withont the shadow of an excuse, intimated that the scalp in question had been talcen by Com- 
 modore Cbanucey ttom the head of a British Indian, " shot while in a tree," during the advance of the Americans on 
 ibe town (see Auchinleck's History of the War of 1812, published in Toronto in 1865), I feel compelled, by a sense of jus- 
 tice, to submit the prooft of this evidence of the barbarism of the British authorities in Canada at that time. 
 
 On the 4th of Jnne, 1813, Commodore Chauncey wrote fi-om Sackett's Harbor to the Secretary of the Navy, saying, 
 "1 have the honor to present to yon, by the hands of Lieutenant Dudley, the British standard taken at York on the 27th 
 of April last, accompanied by the mace, over which hung a human scalp. These articles were taken from the Parliament- 
 ioiwa bij one of my officers and presented to me. The scalp I caused to be presented to General Dearborn."— Autograph 
 Letter, Navy Department, Washington City. Armstrong, who was Secretary of War at that time, writing in 1820, says, 
 "One regimental standard was (by some strange conf^ision of ideas) sent to the Navy Department, and one human scalp, 
 jpriie made, as we have understood, by the commodore, was offered, but not accepted, as a decoration to the walls of 
 the War Department."— AWi'ces of the War of 1812, 1., 132. General Dearborn wrote, " A scalp was found in the execu- 
 tive and legislative council-chamber, suspended near the speaker's chair, accompanied by the mace."— A'ffe«'» Btffister, 
 iv., 190. Commenting on this, Niles says, " The mace is the emblem of authority, and the scalp's position near it is truly 
 sjmbolical of the British power in Canada." The Canadian people had no part nor lot in the matter, and should not 
 bear any of the odium. If British writers would fairly condemn the wrong-doingg of their rulers, they would be more 
 just to their fellow-snbjects. 
 
 'The chief authorities consulted in the preparation of the foregoing narrative in this chapter are the official reports 
 ot the commanders on both sides ; the histories of the events by Thompson, Perkins, James, Anchinleck, Armstrong, 
 CbrisiT, Ingersoll, and minor writers ; Whiting's Biography of General Pike : Hough's Histories of Jefferson, Franklin, 
 iii4 St. Lawrence Counties: Rogers's History of Canada : Smith's Canada, Past and Present ; Cooper's Naval History 
 otthe United States ; The War; Niles's Register: the Port Foil ) ; Analectic Magazine ; mannscrlpt notes of Dr. Amasa 
 Trowbridge; autograph letters of actors in the scenes, and notes f^om the lips of survivors. 
 
 '%. 
 
,ii' 'U 
 
 11 • 1 
 
 m ii! 
 
 Ml 
 
 ! il 
 
 ll,= 
 
 '^Tlflftft 
 
 tm 
 
 nCTOBIAL FIELD. nOOK 
 
 A iOKHMj to Toronto. 
 
 Experience In that City, 
 
 A Veteran of tbe War of isij 
 
 thirty-nine miles, Lieiiteimnt Franci't Hull, wlio tniveled the saino route in ihio 
 more than ten yearn before the firnt railway was built for the eonveyance of iiaNscii- 
 gerH, Hays, " It took us three hours to accoinplish the five miles of roail betwixt tin 
 head of tlu^ lake and the main road, ealled Dundas Street, whieh runs from York to- 
 ward Lake Erie antl And)erHtburf; The face of the country from the head of 
 
 the lake to York is less varied than that of the Niajjara frontier. The thread of'sn. 
 tleinents is slender, and frecjuently interrupted by long tracts of hemlock swamp anil 
 pine barrens." Cultivation lias somewliat ehanifcd the features of the country since 
 then, but, aller leavinii; tlio glimpses of J^ake Ontario on our right, we found the route 
 rather uninteresting, tlie country being generally flat. 
 
 We crossed the rocky bed of the liumber at twilight, and before nine o'clock, liav- 
 ing supped, I was settled as a guest at the"l{ossin House" for two days. Diiriiii; 
 the night a fearful tliunder-storm burst over the city, and the lightning fired two 
 btiildings. Amid the din of tlie tempest came the doleful pealing of the fire-kll», 
 At tlie midnight hour, 
 
 "Oh, the bolls, I)cll8,l)e11a! 
 What a liilc their terror tells 
 
 Of (loHpiilr ! 
 How they lulling, mid clnHh, aud roor; 
 What a horror they outpour 
 Ou the bosom of the palpitating air I"— Euoar A. Poe. 
 
 For more than two hours I lay wondering when the tumult would cease. All tliin«s 
 have an end, and so did this unwelcome disturbance — unwelcome, because I was woni 
 and weary, and needed full rest for another liard day's work on the morrow. 
 
 The sun, at rising, [leered longitudinally through a veil of mist that hiuig ovcrtlu 
 land and tlu; lake. There was great sultriness hi the air. I went out early to find 
 the venerable John Koss, one of the oldest inhabitants of Toronto, then in his seven 
 
 ^ tieth year. He settled there in the year nt't- 
 >^ ^^ y^^/ n^^^fl'^ ^'' *' ^^'^ made the seat of the ])iovin(ial 
 
 ///^^J'^ly ^^^—^ ^/y /) government, and for sixty-two years lie Imd 
 <^ watdied its growtli from a few scattered 
 
 huts to a stately city. lie was born at "Butler's Barracks," just back of Newark. 
 now Niagara. Some of Butler's Rangers, those bitter Tory marauders in Ceiitnd 
 New York during the Revolution, who hi cruelty often shamed Brant and his braves, 
 settled in Toronto, and were mostly men of savage character, who met death by vio- 
 lence.' In the War of 1812 Mr. Ross belonged to a company of York Volunteers. 
 He w^as with Brock at Hull's surrender, and in the battle of Queenstown,tAVO months 
 later, where his loved commander fell. He assisted in the burial of the hero in Fort 
 George, and he gave me many interesting incidents connected with the event. 
 
 Mr. Ross gave me such minuto and clear directions concerning the intcrestinj 
 places in and around Toronto that I experienced no difliculty in finding tlictn, I 
 hired a horse and light wagon, and a young man for driver, aud spent a greater por- 
 tion of the day in the hot sun. We first rode out to the plain AvestAvard of tlic eity, 
 to visit the landing-place of the Americans and the remains of old Fort Toronto, Tlic 
 latter, delineated on the next page, were on the margin of the lake, where tlic 
 bank is only about eight feet above the water. The spot is about sixty rods west- 
 ward of the present military post called the New Barracks. The princijial remains 
 of the fort (in Avliich may be seen some timber-work placed there when the fort was 
 parti.ally repaired in the winter of 1812-13) are seen ih the foreground. Thcj ;iu 
 sented abrupt heaps covered with sod. On the right, in the distance, is seen Gibraltar 
 Point, with the trees springing from its low, sandy surface. On the left are the Xew 
 Barracks. A ic^ rods Avestward of the fort were the remains of a battery, the 
 
 ■ Mr. Ross knew a Hr. O , one of these Bangers, who, when intoxicated, once told him that " the sweetest «faiibc \ 
 
 ever ate was the breast of a woman, which he ait off and broiled 1" 
 
 Ntffljii 
 
maaaamamer. 
 
 iftbeWikrariMt 
 
 OF TIIK WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 508 
 
 ^I]jjj|in7i)roi(l Fort Toronto, An Adtouture among the Portlflcatloni iit Toronto I)iii|i1eR8iii« of* Brittib Offlclai. 
 
 KKUAlMt OF Ol.ll KdllT TOUONTO. 
 
 mounds of which were four or five feet in liei^lit. I'asHliiff on toward the city, near 
 tlic lake Hhore, Ave came to the remains of the Western I Jattery (see map on page 590), 
 ililincatud on page 5H8, ten or fifteen rods eastward of the New Barracks; and, still 
 nciUTr to tlic town, the moiuids of tlie Ilalf-moon Hattery. 
 
 hiding into tlie city, we j)as8ed tlu'ougli the old garrison, where a few of tlie One 
 IIiiii(lrc'(lth Hcgiment occupied a portion of the barracks. The gates were away, and 
 tliu pul)lic road passed directly through the fort. For tlie purpose of obtaining a 
 sketch of the old block-house of 1813,1 mounted the half-ruined parapet on the north 
 side, when I was accosted by the fort adjutant just as I had set my pencil at work. 
 With great discourtesy of manner he informed me that it was a violation of law to 
 
 OLB FOBT AT TOBONTO IS ISOO. 
 
 mnke sketches of British fouJifications, and that I ought to think myself fortunate in 
 being allowed to escape without a penitential day in the guard-house, I assured him 
 that had I for a moment dreamed that a few old mounds of earth, two deserted block- 
 lioascs, and some tumble-down barracks, with a public road crossing the very centre 
 ; of the group, constituted a fortification in the sense of British military law, I should 
 not have been a trespasser. This intimation that a man with his eyes open could not, 
 in the chaos around him, discover a British fort, did not increase the amiability of the 
 j adjutant, and, with the supercilious hauteur of offended dignity, he gave me to under- 
 I stand that he wished no farther conversation with me. This was tlie only instance 
 
 Pp 
 

 i 
 
 
 . i ' 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 li-fff 
 
 ■ 
 
 594 
 
 I'ICTOUIAL FIELI'.BOOK 
 
 A courteous Sergeant. 
 
 Viilt to the Don. 
 
 Chief JuiMce Roblnaon und William Lyon M'Kcnile 
 
 of incivility that I received during all my travels in Canada. I cloned my jjorttblid 
 passed out at tlie eastern gateway, and from the causeway that crosses the iiivincit 
 the foot of Hathurst Street, a short distance from the site of the powder iiiai,'a;;iin 
 that exploded, I obtained a much more interesting sketch than I should have (Kmc 
 from the parapet.' This was full compensation for the fort adjutant's iiuivility 
 When I had finished my sketch I started into and through tlie fort, and fell in will. 
 Sergeant Barlow, a most courteous young man, who invited me to his quarters to st, 
 his bride. There he showed me a number of relics of the War of 1812, lately thrown 
 up by the excavators in the employ of the railway company. Among them was a 
 military button marked "P. R." — Pennsylvania Rangers — some silver and copper 
 coins found with a skeleton, and the remains of an epaulette. There I also met Sir- 
 geant Robertson, a veteran Scotch soldier, who Avas one of the Glengary l{ei;inipiit 
 during the War of 1812. He had served in the British army twenty years pii'vioih 
 to that war. He was tall and vigorous, but somewhat lame, and about ninety years 
 of age. He gave me some curious details of the operations of the famous Gleiifarv 
 men during tlic strife. 
 
 From tlie old fort Ave rode out to the River Don, at the eastern extremity of the 
 city. It is there about seventy feet wide, and was spanned by a bridge at the jiiiRtidn 
 of King and Queen Streets, made of heavy open timber-work. There (4eneral Slicaffo 
 crossed in his flight, burning the bridge behind him. Looking up the Don from it 
 about three fourths of a mile, where its Avooded banks are high, may be seen Si, 
 James's Cemetery, in the northeast corner of Avhicli is the site of the first palaco or 
 dwelling of the governor, which was built of logs and called Castle Frank. TIk 
 spot still retains that name. I intended to visit it, but Avhen Ave were at the hiiili,'i 
 the day Avas Avaning, and a thunder-shower Avas gathering in the Avest ; so avc turucil 
 our faces cityAvard, and arrived at the hotel in time for a late dinner and a stioll 
 around the city to view its very beautiful public buildings before dark. 
 
 On^the folloAving morning I called upon Sir John Beverly Robinson, chief justice 
 of Upper Canada, at his pleasant residence on the southeast corner of John and Qiictn 
 Streets. He Avas an aged man, small in stature, and elegant and aifable in manners. 
 His father was a member of Simcoe's corps of Queen's Rangers during our old War 
 for Independence, and, Avith other Loyalists, fled to Nova Scotia at its close. He aft- 
 erward settled in Upper Canada, where the chief justice Avas born. The son Avas des- 
 tined for the legal profession, and finished his education in England, Avhere he was 
 admitted to the bar. When the War of 1812 broke out he abandoned his profession 
 temporarily, joined the army in Canada, and was Avith Brock, in gallant service, at 
 Detroit and Queenston. He Avas rcAvarded Avith the office of solicitor general, and 
 was afterward made attorney general and chief justice of the province. He died at 
 Toronto early in 1863, at the age of seventy-one years. 
 
 In the course of the morning I met the famous leader of the revolt in Upper Canada 
 in 1837, William Lyon M'Kenzie, with whom I had been acquainted several jears, 
 He Avas still engaged in his favorite profession of editing and publishing a newspaper, 
 and, though at near the end of the allotted age of man, he seemed as vigorous as ever, 
 and was conducting his paper with that boldness that ever characterized his career, 
 He, too, has since been laid in the grave. Mr. M'Kenzi* accompanied me to the res- 
 idence of the governor general, the Parliament-house, and the wharf, Avhere great 
 preparations were making for the reception of the Prince of Wales, who Avas then at 
 Montreal on his Avay to the Upper Province. Workmen were engaged in the con- 
 struction of an immense amphitheatre and triumphal arch, not far from the Parlia- 
 
 1 In this view is seen the causeway and bridge over the ravine, and the general appearance of the fort in ISCO. lu 
 the embankment Is seen a/raise, or pickets placed horizontally. On the left is the old block-house of 1813. In the cen- 
 tre, to the right of the open gateway, is another block-house with a flag on it, built after the Americans left Yorlf. On 
 the right is the governor's house, built after the war, with a poplar-tree near It. In the ravine, a little to the left of ihe 
 cannon and horses, was situated the magazine that exploded. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1818. 
 
 0OS 
 
 m Lyon M'Kenile. 
 
 my |)<)rtt(ili(i, 
 tlic raviiicat 
 tier inaiiiii'.iiii 
 lid liavi' (lom 
 It's incivility. 
 ul foil in wiili 
 lunrters to sci 
 , lately thrown 
 ig them WHS a 
 er and coiiiicr 
 1 also met Sir- 
 ;ary Rejiiniciit 
 years i»revi(iih 
 ut ninety yiiiis 
 nious Gleiigary 
 
 xtrcmity of tlic 
 at the j\inctiun 
 General Slieaffe 
 ;he Don from it 
 nay be seen St. 
 B first palace ov 
 .le Frank. Tin 
 re at the bridi.'i 
 ;t ; 80 we turned 
 ner and a stroll 
 rk. 
 
 json, chief justice 
 
 John and Quceii 
 
 able in manners. 
 
 ing our old War 
 
 8 close. lie aft- 
 
 'he son Avas des- 
 
 Id, where he was 
 
 |ed his profession 
 
 Uant service, at 
 
 itor general, ami 
 
 ,ce. He died at 
 
 fin Upper Canada 
 td several years. 
 |ng a newspaper, 
 srigorous as ever, 
 Irized his career. 
 Id me to the res- 
 krf, where great 
 tvho was then at 
 laged in the con- 
 ■from the Pavlia- 
 
 lofthe fort In ISM. lu 
 lpeofl813. In the MB- 
 jiericona left York. On 
 I little to the left of Ibe ; 
 
 ftante wroi« Uke Ontario. 
 
 The Railway to Lewliton. 
 
 Arrival at MiaKara i'allt. 
 
 nient-howse, at the foot of wide IJrock Street, I think. Tlie veteran agitator wan to 
 leave for Montreal that afternoon for tlio purpose of meeting the i)rln('e, and so we 
 soon i)arted, he to (hish off some spicy editorials — to hurl a shot at some political or 
 social evil — and I to dine and prepare for a voyage across tlie lake to the Niagara 
 
 Klver. 
 
 We left, Toronto towavd evening,* lioping to reach Lewiston in time to •AnKn»t28, 
 take the train that would connect with one leaving Niagara Falls early *'*""• 
 for the East, but in this we were disappointed. The voyage was a delightful one in 
 a stanch steamer. We passed out of the harbor through the channel across the for- 
 mer neck of the peninsula,' and in a short time Ave were out of sight of land. All 
 alon" the western and northern liorizoiis heavy clouds were drift,ing, and the watery 
 e.vi)aiise back of us was as black as the Styx. Before us, as Ave approached the 
 mouth of the Niagara River, the white mist, which is eternally rising from the Great 
 Cataract, was seen above Queenston Heights, at least twenty miles distant. When 
 we entered the river a heavy thunder-shower was rapidly rising in the direction of 
 Hiirlington Bay. It burst upon us 
 at Lewiston, where Ave entered tlio 
 railway cars. It Avas short and se- 
 vere. As Ave moved along the fear- 
 ful shelf in the rocks forming the 
 perpendicular banks of the Niagara 
 River — rocks a hundred feet above 
 and a hundred feet below the rail- 
 way that overlooks the rushing wa- 
 ters—the setting sun beamed out 
 in splendor, and revealed clearly 
 the whole country fror.i (iueenston 
 Heights to Lake Ontario. Just as 
 we had passed a small rocky tunnel, 
 we were detained for a few minutes 
 liy some obstruction, Avhcn, from the 
 back Avindow of the last car in the 
 train at Avhich I was standing, I 
 made the accompanying sketch. It 
 will convey to the reader an idea of 
 the nature of the road. BeloAV is 
 seen the waters of the Niagara, span- 
 ned by the suspension bridge at 
 Lewiston, and, by a somewhat wind- 
 ing way, floAving into Lake Ontario 
 in the far distance. W^e ran into 
 Niagara Falls village at dark in the 
 midst of another heavy thunder- 
 shower, and late in the evening de- 
 parted in the cars for the East. I 
 rested at Rochester that night, and 
 on the following day reached my 
 home on the Hudson, after a weari- 
 some but most interesting tour of a 
 fortnight in Canada and along the Niagara frontier. 
 
 We have observed on page 591 that the victors at York abandoned that post pre- 
 paratory to an attack upon Fort Geo rge, at the mouth of the Niagara River. On ac- 
 
 > See note 8, page S86. 
 
 VIEW ON TUB NIAOABA, KEAB LEWISTON. 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 11^ 
 
It - i:, ■ 
 
 I I A 
 
 IN 
 
 PICTORIAL l-IELD-BOOK 
 
 Kxpedltloa agalnit FortOMTgl. 
 
 Prapkratlooi fur an Attack. 
 
 The rflupcctlve t\ 
 
 irrvK i||o„, 
 
 count of aclvorto windH, the expedition did not leave York Harbor until the Htli i,r 
 May, when the whole fleet crosHed the In!:: and anchored off the mouth of Foiir-miK. 
 Creek, four niileH eastwurd of Fort Niiijifarii. Dearborn and Chaun(;ey, ami dtlur 
 army and naval connuanilerM, had preeeded the fleet in the pilot Hehooner JauIi/ of 
 the Lake, and selceted the place for an encampment near the mouth of tliu ciKk 
 There the troopw were deborki-il, and (Jhauncey Hailed for Sackett's Harbor with iu,„i 
 of his fleet, to obtain Hupjdies and re-enfbreementH for the army. lie arrived tlicii' . n 
 •Miiy, the llth.» The Hmaller veHseJH wore continually employed in convcyiiifr Ktons 
 isia. ^,„j troojm to Dearborn's eamj»; and on the 22d the il/rt(//so;j, with tlic cum- 
 modore's pemiant flyinj? in her, sailed for the same point with three hundred ainl Hl'tv 
 troops, including Macomb's artillery corps. She arrived at Four-mile Creek on tlio 
 25th, aiul on the evening of the same d&y Commander Perry, who had come (li,\v,| 
 hastily from Erie,johied Chauncey, to the great delight of that oflicer. At the mo. 
 ment of his arrival, all the officers of the squadron were assembled on board tlie ilai;. 
 ship to receive orders. "No person on earth," Chauncey said to Perry, as lie cor- 
 dially grasped his hand, " could be more welcome at this time than yourselt'." ()|, 
 the following morning the commodore and Perry, in the Lady of the Lake, recon- 
 noitred the enemy's batteries with care, i)lanted buoys for the government of tli( 
 smaller vessels which it was intended to send close in shore, and arranged other pre- 
 liminaries for the attack. They then called upon General Dearborn, who .vas quite 
 ill at his quarters, when Chauncey urged the importance of making the attack tlu 
 next morning. The general assented, and issued an order to that effect, which was 
 signed by Winfield Scott, adjutant general and chief of staff. Tiie last clause of the 
 order placed the landing of the troops in charge of Commodore Chauncey, and that 
 Bj)ecitic duty was intrusted to Commander Perry. Information of this arraiifremeiit 
 was communicated to the commanding general, Avho, it appears, had no definite plan 
 of attack.' 
 
 Fort Niagara and the troops there were under the command of Major General 
 Morgan Lewis, of New York. During the occupancy of the camp at Four-mile Creek 
 re-enforcements had come in from various points, and on the return of Chauncey, pre- 
 pared for attackiii"- the British post. The American land force fit for duty was over 
 four thousand in number, under the general command of Dearborn. He was too ill 
 to take the field, and issued his orders part of the time from his bed. He was siip 
 ported by Generals Lewis, Bbyd, Winder, and Chandler, and eminently so by Colonel 
 Scott, whose skill and industry in disciplining the troops during their detention in 
 camp was of the greatest service. 
 
 The British force in the vicinity was composed of about eighteen hundred regular?, 
 consisting of the Forty-ninth Regiment, and detachments from the Eighth, Forty-first, 
 Glengary, and Newfoundland Corps, under the command of Brigadier General John 
 Vinoent. Eight companies of the Forty-ninth, five companies of the Eighth or King's, 
 thrt a companies of the Glengary, and two of the Newtbundland Regiment, and a por- 
 no;! of the artillery, were stationed at Fort George and its immediate vicuiity, with 
 i iiree hundred and fifty militia and fifty Indians. The right, from Fort Georie to 
 Brown's Point (the first below Vrooman's, near Qneenston), was commanded hy 
 Colonel Harvey ; the left, from the fort to Four-mile Creek, on the Canada side of the 
 Niagara River, was commanded by Colonel Myers, the deputy quarter-master (gen- 
 eral ; and the centre, at the fort, by General Vincent. In the rear of Fort George, in 
 the several ravines, companies were stationed so as to support each other when re- 
 quired.'' 
 
 Besides Fort George, the British had several smaller works along the shores of the 
 Niagara River and Lake Ontario, in the vicinity. Five of the twenty-four-pounders j 
 
 » Letter of Commodore Perry, sappoBed to be to bis parents, cited by M'Eenzie In his Li/e of Feny, 11., 138, 
 > Merritt's MS. Narrative. 
 
;il the 8lh of 
 
 of Ftmr-milo 
 ey, ami otlur 
 jiicr JauIij 0/ 
 
 of tlif cicik. 
 i»or with iii(i>i 
 rived tliciv ( n 
 iivoyiiifi Htdns 
 with th(! com- 
 ulri'd aii'l til'iy 
 ! Cr(.'C'l{ on tl\o 
 ul come down 
 r. At tlie inn- 
 boanl the tliv,'- 
 rry, as lie cor- 
 yourself." On 
 he Lake, recon- 
 LTiiment of the 
 nged other j)re- 
 
 who .vas qiiitf 
 
 tho attack the 
 BFcct, wliieh was 
 i8t clause of tk' 
 lunccy, ami that 
 Ills arranjiement 
 
 no definite jilan 
 
 f Major General 
 
 <'our-mile Crecli 
 
 Chauncey,prc- 
 
 duty wan over 
 
 He was too ill 
 
 , lie was snp- 
 
 y so hy Colonel 
 
 loir detention in 
 
 undred regulars, 
 rhth, Forty-first, 
 er General Jolui 
 <:ighth or King's, 
 mcnt, and a por- 
 te vicuiity, with 
 Fort Gcorie to 
 comraandcil Itv 
 Hinada side of tbe 
 rter-master gen- 
 Fort George, in 
 other when re- 
 
 Ithe shores of the 
 Ity-four-pounders 
 
 OF THE WAK OF 1813. 
 
 697 
 
 CiPDoaada batwMn Fort* Otorg* and Nlagar*. 
 
 Tho Americnn Sqoadron off tba Nlagar* River. 
 
 taken fio'n il"ll had been brouj^ht to that frontier, four of which had bci •:. .uounicu 
 in Fort (Jeorgo, and tlio Hflli had been placed <;« f/arbette,* about half a mile from New- 
 ark on or near tho Hitc of tlie prcHcnt Fort Alississagua. They liad another buttery at 
 ihe month of the Two-mile Creek. Tho Americans had (juite a jiowerful work, caUcd 
 ilic Salt Battery, in tho lower part of Voungstown, opposite Fort (ieorgc. There 
 wire two other batteries above it, and two between it and Fort Niagara. 
 
 Arrangements were made for the attack on Fort (ieorgc on the morning of the 
 •.•7th of May. A large number of boats had been built at Five-mile Meadow, on the 
 Niagara River, and orders were sent for them to be brought round to F'our-mile Creek. 
 When they were launched, towc-''. evening on the 20th, a small buttery ojtpoHito the 
 Meadows opened upon the workmen. This brought on a general caimonading be- 
 tween the two forts and their dependent batteries, during wliich the Salt Hattery at 
 Y'oungstown inflicted severe injury upon every wooden building in and near Fort 
 Georce, while the return fire from the fort was slow and feeble, owing, it is said, to a 
 scarcity of powder. Meanwhile night came on, and under its cover the boats went 
 down the river and reached the American encamj)tnent in safety. During the night, 
 ,ill tho heavy artillery, and as many troops as possible, were placed on the Madinon, 
 Oneida, and Lady of the Lake, and instructions given for the remainder to follow in 
 the smaller war vessels and boats, according to a prescribed plan. 
 
 Generals Dearborn and Lewis went on board tho Madison, and between three and 
 four o'clock in the morning the squadron weighed anchor. The troops were all era- 
 harked at a little past four, and the wliole flotilla moved toward the Niagara with a 
 very gentle breeze. The wind soon failed, and the smaller vessels were comi)elled to 
 employ their sweeps. A heavy fog hovered over land and water from early dawn 
 nntil tho sim broke forth in splendor, when a magnificent sight was opened to view 
 on the lake. The large vessels, tilled with troops, were all under way, and the bosom 
 of the water was covered with scores of boats, tilled with soldiers, light artillery, and 
 horses, grandly advancing upon the enemy, wIjo had been greatly perplexed by the 
 fog. The breeze had now freshened a little, and all tho vessels took their designated 
 positions without difliculty. 
 
 The Julia, Sailing-master Trant, and the Growler, Sailing-master Mix, took a posi- 
 tion at tho mouth of the Niagara River, to keep in check or silence a battery near the 
 light-house (on or near the site of Fort INIississagua), in the vicinity of which it was 
 
 lUITBANCE TO TIIS HUOARA BIVBB.> 
 
 intended to land some of the troops, The Ontario, commanded by Mr. Stevens, took 
 a position north from the light-house, so as to entilade the same battery and cross the 
 
 > That Is, on tlie top of an embankment, withont embrasures or openings in tbe banks by wliich the cannon is shel- 
 tered and concenled. 
 
 ' This view is from n drawing made In 1S19, previous to the attack on Fort George, and published in the Port Polio 
 in July, 181T. On the extreme left Is seen Fort Niagara, and at a greater distance, across the river. Fort George and the 
 vilage of Newark. To the right of the light-houee, over which is a flag, is seen the battery which the Julia and Oroickr 
 < controlled. 
 
 illHii 
 
 til 
 

 598 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-EOOK 
 
 Opeuing of the Battorieo. 
 
 T.andtng of the American Troops. 
 
 Gallantry of Commodore Perry, 
 
 fire of the other two. The Governor Tompkins, Lieutenant Brown, and the Conquea 
 commanded by another lieutenant of the same name, took position near Two-mile 
 Creek, so as tc command a battery which the enemy liad erected tliere. Near tLis 
 was tlie designated place for the debarkation of most of the troops. For the purpose 
 of covering them in that movement, the Hamilton, Lieutenant M'Pherson, the Asn 
 Lieutenant Smith, and the Scourge, Sailing-master Osgood, took stations near the otL- 
 or two, but closer to the shore. 
 
 While the vessels were taking their positions, and the troops were preparing to 
 land, the batteries upon both sides were playing briskly. Colonel Scott, on accept- 
 ing the position of adjutant general, had stipulated that he shovld be allowed to com- 
 mand his regiment (Second Artillery) on extraordinary occasions. This he considered 
 an extraordinary occasion, and he was placed in the command of the vanguard or for- 
 lorn hope of five hundred men destined to make the first attack. The troops were tu 
 land in three brigades, from six divisions of boats. Scott's advance was composed of 
 his own corps acting as infantry, Forsyth's riflemen, and detachments from infontrv 
 regiments. These were to be followed by General Lewis's division and Colonel Moses 
 Porter with hio light artillery, and these, in turn, by the commands of Generals Bovd 
 (who had succeeded General Pike), Winder, and Chandler. The reserve consisted of 
 Colonel Alexander Macomb's regiment of artillery, in which the marines of the squad- 
 ron, under Captain Smith, had been incorporated. Four Imndred seamen were also 
 held in reserve, to land, if necessary, under the immediate command of Commodore 
 whauncey. 
 
 Before the expedition reached the place of intended debarkation the wind had in- 
 creased, and a rather heavy sea rolling shoreward made the landing difficult. The 
 Tompkins swept gracefully into her designated position. Lieutenant Brown coollv 
 prepared for action, and then opened a fire upon the British battery with so much 
 precision that it was silenced, and its people driven away in less than ten minutes. 
 The boats now dashed in under the skillful management of Perry; and so eager were 
 the troops of the van, under Scott, to meet the foe, that the ^ leaped into the water 
 and waded to the shore. Captain Hindman, of the Second Artillery, being the first 
 man who touched the beach. They had already been under fire ; for, as the first bri- 
 gade, under Boyd, with Scott in the van, approached the shore, they were unexpect- 
 edly assailed by volleys of musketry from more than two hundred of the Glengarv 
 and Newfoundland regiments under Captain Winter, and about forty Indians under 
 Norton, who was conspicuous at Queenston the year before. These had been con- 
 cealed in a ravine and wood not far from the battery tliat had been silenced. The 
 shot passed over the heads of the Americans; and, a few minutes afterward, Scott 
 and his party were on the beach, sheltered by an irregular bank, varying from six to 
 twelve feet in height, where they formed for immediate action. The enemy, from 
 apprehension of the fife from the schooners, did not ai)proach the shore again innne- 
 diately, but kept bnnk, with the intention of assailing the invaders when they shouhl 
 ascend tlie bank to the plain above. 
 
 The conduct of Perry on this occasion was remarkable. Unmindful of personal 
 danger, he went from vessel to vessel in an open boat, giving directions personally 
 concerning the landing. With S^ott he leaped into the water, and rushed ashore 
 through the surf, and soon had the satisfaction of seeing the whole first brigade, un- 
 der Boyd, landed in perfect order on the beach, flanked by M'Clure's Baltimore and 
 Albany Volunteers. Meanwhile the schooners were not firing briskly enough to suit 
 the young hero. He pushed oft' to the Hamilton, of nine guns, and while Seott and 
 his party were attempting to ascend to the plain, ho opened a tremendous discharge 
 of grape and canister shot on the Brit'sh, who were now advancing to repel the 
 Americans, full one thousand strong, infantry and artillery, under Colonel Myers. 
 
 The struggle of the Americans in ascending the bank was most severe, Tliroe 
 
Sa^t-awiiWAi-'. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 600 
 
 lommodore Perry. 
 
 ;he Conquest, 
 ear Two-raile 
 2. Near this 
 r the purpose 
 son, the Asp, 
 near the otli- 
 
 preparing to 
 >tt, on accept- 
 lowed to coin- 
 he conskk'red 
 nguard or for- 
 troops Avere to 
 s composed of 
 
 from infantry 
 Colonel Moses 
 Generals Boyd 
 fG consisted of 
 s of the squad- 
 men ■were also 
 of Commodore 
 
 le wind had in- 
 difficult. The 
 t Brown coolly 
 ' with so mueli 
 in ten minutes. 
 Id' so eager were 
 into the water 
 jeing the first 
 as the first Ijri- 
 were inicxpeet- 
 the Glenfjary 
 Indians under 
 lad heen eon- 
 silenced. The 
 fterward, Seott 
 ing from six to 
 10 enemy, from 
 )re again imme- 
 len they should 
 
 Iful of personal 
 .ions personally 
 
 rushed ashore 
 rst brigade, uii- 
 
 Baltimore and 
 
 enough to suit 
 vhile Scott and 
 idous discharge 
 ig to repel the 
 oncl flyers. 
 
 severe. Three 
 
 A i«vere Contest on the Shore. 
 
 Retreat of the British. 
 
 Capture of Fort Qeorge. 
 
 limes they were compelled to fall back, hard pushed by the bayonets of the foe. In 
 the first attempt, Scott, at the head of his men, was hurled backward to the beach. 
 Dearborn, who was anxiously watcliing the movement with his glass from the Madi- 
 fon and who placed more reliance on Scott than any other man, seehig him fall, ex- 
 claimed in agony, "He is lost ! he is killed !" Scott soon recovered himself, rallied 
 liis men, rushed up the bank, knocked up the bayonets of the enemy, and took and 
 lield a position at a ravine near by. He a, as supported by Porter's field train and a 
 i)art of Boyd's brigade, in which service the Sixth Regiment, three hundred strong, 
 under Colonel James Miller, performed a conspicuous part. A severe and gallant ac- 
 tion ensued — gallant on both sides — Avhioh Avas chiefly sustained by Scott's corps, and 
 the Eio'hth (King's) British regiment, under Major Ogilvie. The contest lasted only 
 about twenty minutes, when the severe cannonade from the Jlamilton and the Avell- 
 applied fire of the American troops caused the Britisli to break and flee in much con- 
 fusion. The whole body of the enemy, including the Forty-ninth Regiment, which 
 had been brought forward by Colonel Harvey as a re-enforcement, fled toAvard Queens- 
 ton, closely pursued by Colonel Scott. Colonel Myers, their commander, Avas Avound- 
 ed and taken from the field ; and the Avbolc corps, officers and men, Avho fought brave- 
 ly, suffered severely. 
 
 General Vincent Avas satisfied that the victory of the Americans was complete, and 
 that Fort George was untenable, so he ordered its guns to be spiked, the ammunition 
 to be destroyed, the fort to be abandoned, and the Avliole force under his command 
 to retreat Avestward, by tlie Avay of Vrooman's and St. David's, to a strong position 
 among the hills, at a place called the Beaver Dams, about eighteen miles dist"nt, and 
 rendezvous tliere. 
 
 Information of the im- 
 pending destruction of 
 the fort Avas comUiUnica- 
 ted to Scott Avhile pass- 
 ino; it with his pursuing 
 eolumn by some prison- 
 ers M'ho came running 
 out. He immediately de- 
 tached two companies, 
 under Captains Hind- 
 man and Suockton,' and, 
 wheeling to the left, 
 dashed on at their Jiead 
 toward the fort to save 
 the guns and ammuni- 
 tion, if possible. When 
 lie was about eighty 
 paces from the works 
 one of the magazines ex- 
 ploded, and a piece of 
 tlying timber thrcAV the impetuous leader from liis horse, and hurt him severciy. He 
 soon recovered from the shock, and pressed forward. The gate Avas forced, the light- 
 ed trains for firing tAvo smaller magazines were extingnished, and, Avith his uwn 
 liands, Scott hauled doAvn the .British flag. Tlie Avhole manoeuvre occupied but a few 
 minutes, and Scott AA'as soon again at the head of his column, in hot pursuit of the 
 
 n.AN OF ©"-..BATIONB AT TUK .MOITU JF THE NIAGARA KIVEB. 
 
 ' Tbomas Stockton was a native of Delaware, and wns appointed captain of artillery in 1S12. In If M he became ma- 
 jor of the Forty-eecond Infantry, and at the close of the war was retained as captain, with the brevet ranit of miv)or. 
 lie afterward served In the artillery. Uc resigned In 1828. In 1S44 he was governor of Delaware, and died at Now- 
 
 c.i*llc In March, ISIC. 
 

 m 
 
 
 'Ifi 
 
 600 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PurBuit of the British chocked. 
 
 Their Flight to the Beaver Dams and Burllugton Heights 
 
 flying enemy, satisfied that he would overtake and capture them. Twice he disre- 
 garded an order from General Lewis to give up the pursuit, saying to Lieuti'iiants 
 Worth and Vandeventer, the messengers, " Your general does not know that I liavc 
 the enemy within my poAver; in seventy minutes I shall capture his whole Ibrce' 
 Just then Colonel Burn,' his senior, Avas crossing the Niagara Itiver from the Five- 
 mile Meadows with precisely the troops which Scott deemed necessary to make hU 
 successful pursuit of the enemy secure. While waiting for these he was overtaken 
 by General Boyd, who gave him peremptory orders to relinquish the chase and re- 
 turn to Fort George. He obeyed with regret. He had followed the' enemy five 
 miles, and was then so near them that he was in the midst of the British stragrrl^rs 
 Lieutenant Riddle, who was not aware of the order, pursued the fugiiives almost to \ 
 Queenston, and captured and brought back several prisoners. 
 
 At meridian, Fort George and its, dependencies, with the village of Newark, wore in*' 
 the quiet possession of the Americans, the att.ack and conquest having occupied only 
 three hours. The Americans had been eleven hours on duty since embarking at Four- 
 mile Creek. Only a small portion of them had been actually engaged in the eouflict,- 
 Their loss was about forty killed and one hundred wounded. The only officer slain 
 was Lieutenant Henry A. Hobart, of the Light Artillery. The loss of the British rcir- 
 ulars was fifty-one killed, and three hundred and five wounded, missing, and prison- 
 ers. The number of British militia made prisoners was five hundred and seven 
 making the entire loss of the enemy eight hundred and sixty-three, with quite a large 
 quantity of munitions and stores saved from destruction at Fort George and the 
 batteries. 
 
 General Vincent and most of his troops reached the ' t- ;>j,ms toward suiiiJct, 
 and during the evening he was joined by a " battalion company" of the Eightii, and 
 a " detachment of the royal navy" under Captain Barclay, who had been escorted bv 
 the gallant Cf^»tain Merritt, of the mounted militia, from the Twenty-mile Creek,' 
 Between midnight and dawn, the troops from Fort Erie, under Lieutenant Colonel 
 Bisshopp, and from Fort Chippewa, under Major Ormsby, reached the camp, orders 
 having been sent to those commanders to abandon the entire Niagara frontier. Early 
 in the morning Vincent resumed his march toward the head of Lake Ontario, lii> 
 whole force being about sixteen hundred men. From Forty-mile Creek (now Grims- 
 by) he wrote an official dispatch to Sir George Prevost that evening, giving an ac- 
 count of his disasters, and suggesting the propriety of establishing a communieatioii 
 with the army on Burlington Heights (whither he was marching) " through the me- 
 dium of the fleet." On the 29th he took post on the heights, and was soon joined bv 
 troops from Kingston. 
 
 •May, ^11 tbe morning of the 28111," when it was known that Vinc^^^l I'ad fallen 
 1813. back to his deposit of provisions and stores at the Beaver Dam^ ^ t • \,il Lewi- 
 was sent in pursuit of him with the brigades of Chandler and Winder, ' -^ accom- 
 plished nothing. Ascertaining that Vincent had fled westward, tin. y : y Ircuit 
 
 ' James Bum w;s a native of South Carolina. Ho was a captain of cavalry In 1799. He settled in Pennsyk. ^.u, and 
 in the spring of 1812 was appointed colonel of the Second Light Dragoons. Ue left the service on the disbaudlng of Uf 
 army In 1815. He died at Frankfort, near Philadelphia, in 18-.i!i. 
 
 = General Deorborn, in a second dispatch to the Secretary of War, written on the 8th of June, spoke in the liisnoa 
 terms of aH the officers and men engaged in the affair, especially of the "animating examples" of Scott and Boyd, ami 
 the sen-Ices of Colonel Porter, Major Armistead, and Lieutenant Totlen, in their "judicious and skillful execution in 
 demolishing the enemy's butteries." Lieutenant Totteu Anally became a brigadier genera', and was the Chief Eogi- 
 neer of the United States Army fur feveral years before his death. 
 
 ' " Wc formed again at the Coiiiicil-honse" [see plan on page 5!l«], snys Captain Merritt, "when I was sent np to or- 
 der down the light company of the King's, who, we understood, were at the Eight-mile Creek. I rode throngli Ite 
 woods, around tlie American regiments', followed up the lake to the Twenty-mile Creek (was two hours on the ro,ii!;, 
 where I met Commodore Barclay with his sailors, and the King's. We hurried on to Shipt, . 's, where I Icanieu lh( 
 army had retreated to De Con's [the Beaver Dams]. I took the party through the wool's, l. arrived there nt nine 
 o'clock In the evening. Next morning the mllllla were allowed to remain or follow the ar ny This was a had day for 
 many as well as myself. I went home, prepared my 'kit,' and with a heavy heart bid adieu, . bought, to the place 
 of my nativity for a long time. I was determined to share the fate of the army."— MS. Narru.. ,v 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 601 
 
 llugton IleighU. 
 
 ice he (lisro- 
 
 Lieutoiiants 
 
 thai I havo 
 rliok' force," 
 31U the Five- 
 ■ to make liis 
 as overtaken 
 chase and re- 
 e enemy five 
 sh stragglers. 
 ves ahnost to \ 
 
 jwark, wercin*' 
 occuijied only 
 .rkiiig at Four- 
 n the conflict.- 
 ily officer slain 
 ihe British rei;- 
 ng, and prison- 
 red and seven, 
 th quite a lart^c 
 ieorge and tlic 
 
 toward sunset, 
 the Eighth, and 
 •een escorted liy 
 ity-mile Creek,- 
 utenant Colonel 
 he camp, orders 
 frontier. Early 
 akc Ontario, liib 
 lek (now Grims- 
 ig, giving an ac- 
 communicatiou 
 through the me- 
 8 800U joined liy 
 
 British Property destroyed by themeelvcs. 
 
 In.'arions Delay. 
 
 Expedition scut toward Burlington Heights. 
 
 ■nc' 
 
 It I'.id fallen 
 
 .-■; dLewi" 
 
 ' -'^ accom- 
 
 ti ircuit 
 
 i in Penni-yl' . '(...an'l 
 ithediebaudiugotthf 
 
 L epokc in the hlgiiMi 
 Jof Scott and Boyd, anil 
 Id skillful cxecntlon io 
 Td was the Chief Engi- 
 
 len 1 was sent np toot- 
 k T rode through tte 
 X'o lionrB on the roail\ 
 I'e, where I Icnrneu the 
 1 arrived there at nine 
 rhie was a Imil ilny t« 
 bought, to the via" 
 
 of many miles to assure themselves of tuu Eiitish evacuation of the frontier, and then 
 returned to camp. 
 
 Forts Erie and Chippewa, and all public property from the former down to Niagara 
 Falls were doomed to destruction by an order received from General Vincent on the 
 iftornoon of the 27th. In pursuance of that order, Major Warren, in command of the 
 b.itteries opposite Black Rock, was ordered to open fire upon that place, and keep it 
 up all night, until the troops should move oif. He did so ; and in the morning the 
 magazine at Fort Erie was blown up, and magazines, barracks, and store-houses all 
 alon" the frontier were fired. In the evening of Friday the 28th, Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel James P. Preston, the commandant at Black Rock (who was Governor of Virginia 
 iu 1810), crossed ovef with the Twelfth Regiment and took possession of Fort Erie. 
 He at once issued an admirable proclamation to the people of Canada, by which he 
 allayed their apprehensions and disarmed all resentment.' 
 
 Two or three days were now consumed iu apathy at Newark, Dearborn and Chaun- 
 cey not having been able to agree respecting future movements. The latter, who had 
 anchored his fleet in Niagara River, sailed for Sackett's Harbor on the 31st. jMean- 
 wliile a rumor came that Proctor was marching from the Detroit frontier to assist 
 Vincent in recovering that of the Nir.gara. This determined the American com- 
 mander to send troops in pursuit of Vincent immediately, for the purpose of attack- 
 inij him among the hills or arresting his flight westward. For this purpose he de- 
 tached General Wuider, at his own request, on the 1st of Juno, with about eight hund- 
 red men, including Burn's dragoons, and Archer's and Towson's artillery. He took 
 tlie Lake Road, and marched rapidly to Twenty-mile Creek, Avherc ho was informed 
 of Vincent's position at Burlington Heights and his re-enforcements from Kingston. 
 Winder prudently halted, sent to Dearborn for re-enforcements, and waited for their 
 lurival. He was joined on the 5th by General Chantiler and about five lumdred men. 
 Chandler, being the senior oflicer, took the chief command, and the whole body moved 
 
 1 "The Albany steara-boat which arrived yesterday (Snndny) brings intc'ligcncc that Fort Erie had surrendered to 
 the troops of the United States, under Generals Dearborn and Lewis, with little or no resistance on the part of the en- 
 emy," This announcement appeared In a New York paper on Monday morning, the Tth of Jnnc, ISl.'i. This form of 
 (Uinonucemeut of war news ftom the North and West at that time was very common. Expresses from tne army at dif- 
 ferent points were sent to Governor Tompkins, the chief magistrate of the State of New York, living at A 'any, and 
 tic steam-boat was the most rapid method for conveying inteliigeuce then known. Every few days the New York pa- 
 pers would say, " The Albany steam-boat brings intelligence," et cetera. It must be remembered that steam navigation 
 nas theu iu its in'ancy. It was not six years since Fulton's first successful experiment had bean made. There were 
 only three steam-boats on the Hudson at that time, whose owners had, by legislative grant, the monopoly of that kind 
 of navigation. These were the I'aragon, Car of Xeptune, and yorthliiver. The average length of the passage from New 
 Vorlc to Albany was then about thirty-six hours.* 
 
 'The following advertisement, taken from the New York ^'oiiii'' /'o"' of the date under consideration, with a fac- 
 simile of a cut of " the steam-boat" at its head, will seem very curious to th», traveler now, at the distance of sixty years: 
 
 HUDSON RIVER STEAM-BOATS. 
 
 For the Informatinn of the l^iblic. 
 The Parafion, Captain Wiswall, will leave New York 
 ! every Saturday afternoon, at 5 o'clock. The Car of S'c])- 
 ! (line, Captain Roorback, do., every Tuesday afternoon, 
 I itJo'ciock. The Xorth Rir^er, Captain Bartholomew, do., 
 I every Thursday aftemoi.n, at B o'clock. 
 The Parmion will leave Albany every Thursday mom- 
 \K, at o'clock. The Car of \ej>tune, do., every Satnr- 
 t lijy morning, at o'clock. Tho .Vorfft Hiver, do., every 
 I Tuesday morning, at o'clock. 
 
 PBICKR OF PASBAOB. 
 
 Frm .Vew York to Verplauck's Point, $9 ; W"8t Point, 
 |$i.50;Ncwburg,.'(i8; Wnpplnger's Creek, $ii.2s ; Poughkeepsic, if-l.tlO ; nydcPark,$4; Ksopns, $4.28 ; Red Hook, $4.50 -. 
 [Ciil!kill,$,'>; Hudson, $5; Coxsackie, $.VtiO ; Kluderhook, $6.75 ; Albauy,"$7. 
 
 fVom.l/fiaMij toKindcrhook, $1.50; Coxsackie, $2 ; Hudson, $2; Catsklll, $2.25 : Red Hook, $2. i«: Esopup.$.T: Hyde 
 |Pari[,$3.'.>5; Poughkeepslc, $3.50 ; Wappiuger's Creek, $4; Newbnrg, $4.26 ; West Point, $4.76; Verplauck's Point, 
 |(S,!!5; New York, $T. 
 
 .Mli'thcr way passengers to pay at the rate of one dollar for every twenty miles. No one can be taken on board and 
 put on shore, however shct tho distance, for less than one dollar. 
 
 Tonng persons from two to ten years of age to pay half price. Children under two years, one fourth price. Servants 
 I'honse a berth, two thirds' price ; half price of none. 
 
 t 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 H! 
 
602 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 BucouDter lit Furty-mlle Creek. 
 
 Ameiljans at Stony Creek. 
 
 Prepnrntlons to Biirprii-c their Camp 
 
 forward briskly to Forty -mile Crook, where 
 thoy rosted, after driving off a patrol of mount. 
 ed militia und"r Captain Merritt. Thoy then 
 moved forward to Stony Creek, ten miles fii ••. 
 tlier westward and within about seven inijes 
 of Vincent's camp, where they encountered a 
 British picket-guard. These were dispersed 
 and hotly pursued by the American advanee- 
 guard, consisting of light infantry under Caii- 
 tains Hindman, Biddle, and Nicholas, part of a 
 rifle corps under Captain Lyttle, and a dotatli- 
 ment of dragoons under Captain Selden. Near 
 the present toll-gate, a little eastward of Ham- 
 ilton, they encountered another picket. These, 
 too, were driven in, and the victors pushed on 
 in pursuit until they saw Vincent's camp on tlic 
 groat gravelly liill at the head of Burliiiatmi 
 Bay. Then thoy Avheeled, and made their aviu 
 leisurely back to camp at Stony Creek. 
 
 The main body of the army encamped upon 
 ground rishig slightly above a meadow, throu!;h 
 which flows a branch of Stony Creek, and occu- 
 pied the space from the main stream north of the village to the house ofMr. Gasc, 
 at the foot of the hills, on the site of which, when I visited the spot in 1 800, stood the 
 residence of Nelson jMiller. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Regiments, and a com- 
 pany of artillery under Captain Archer,' took post on the lake shore, near the moutli 
 of the ereck, about three miles fi-om the main body. The troops in both camps, ex- 
 pecting a night attack, slept on their arms, and every precaution was taken by Cliaml- 
 ler in the posting of pickets, throwing out patrols, etc., to prevent a surprise. Ex- 
 plicit directions Avere given by him where and how to form the line of battle in tli( 
 event of an attack. The cannon Avere properly planted, and the horses that drew 
 them Avere unharnessed. 
 
 There Avas equal vigilance in the British camp. The audacity of the American 
 vanguard in pursuing the pickets amazed and alarmed Vincent. lie Avas anxious to 
 obtain immediate knoAvledge of the numerical strength and the disposition of his 
 foe, and sent out Lieutenant Colonel Harvey, Avith the light companies of the Ei^litli 
 and Forty-ninth Regiments, to reconnoitre the American camp. The duty was 
 Avell performed, notAvithstanding the night was very dark, and Ilarvey reported, he- 
 fore midnight, that " the enemy's camp -guards Avere fcAV and negligent; that hi- 
 line of encampment Avas long and broken ; that his artillery Avas feebly supported. 
 and that several of the corps Avere placed too far in the rear to aid in rcpellin!; a 
 blow Avhich might be rapidly and vigorously struck at the front." He advised a 
 night attack, and Vincent, heeding it, made immediate preparations to execute tlie 
 movement. 
 
 At midnight the British commander left; his camp with about six hundred men. 
 composed of five companies of the King's (Eighth) Regiment and the Avliole of tin 
 Forty-ninth, and marched for Stony Creek. Harvey's scout joined them, and at abow 
 two o'clock in the morning they all halted Avithin a mile of the American cai 
 Harvey had discovered the centre to be the Aveakest point in Chandler's line, liy 
 one of the inhabitants of the neighborhood, Avho had treacherously joined the Amir- 
 
 ' Lemuel B.Archer was a native of Virginia. He was a captain In Scott's Second Regiment of artillery, and ™| 
 breveted major for his gallant conduct at F'.rt George on the 27th of May, ISl.S. He was retained in the service 1d1<u| 
 and in 1921 became Inspector general, with the rank of colonel. He died on the lUh of December, 1823, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 603 
 
 irise their Camp. 
 
 !reL'k, where 
 
 I'ol of mount- 
 They then 
 
 en miles f!>"- 
 
 I seven miles 
 
 ncountcred si 
 
 re iVis])erseil, 
 
 ican advance- 
 
 •y \inder Caji- 
 
 olas, pavt of a 
 and a detach- 
 
 Sclden. Near 
 
 twavd ofllam- 
 
 pickct. These, 
 
 tors pushed on 
 
 t's camp on tlio 
 
 i of BuiTnicttdii 
 
 made their way 
 
 ^ Creek. 
 
 encamped npon 
 
 iicadow,throui;li 
 
 Creek, and ooch- 
 
 use ofMr. Ga;;e, 
 
 11 18G0, stood tlic 
 
 Lcnts, and a com- 
 
 > near tlie nioiUli 
 both canipi', ex- 
 taken l)y Chanil- 
 a sur\irise. Ex- 
 
 le of battle in tk 
 iiorses that drew 
 
 1 of the American 
 Jc was anxious to 
 [disposition ot'liis 
 liies of the Eiiihtli 
 The duty ^v;l> 
 Irvey reported, V 
 To;lia;ent ; that In- 
 ^ocd)lv supported; 
 [aid (n repellin? a 
 I" lie adviseth 
 Ins to execute tk j 
 
 jriix bnndred raoii, 
 the whole of tk I 
 
 [hem,andatahout| 
 American car 
 
 landler's lino. IM 
 . joined the Am«- 
 
 ,„entof.>rtlllery,aud«| 
 
 Inert In the eenlceinl*! 
 
 nber,1823. 
 
 j^tftalt on the Americnn Cnmp. 
 
 UdufuHlon and Dlsaxter In the Dtirknesa. 
 
 .■r ■ - -? ^^ ^ 
 
 
 
 ^^T^-«^- ■ rm^g 
 
 ■HiiliMiM'J//^4i!o^ B^.'iUJ.. 
 
 ' -^^'w!^' 
 
 
 ^^rr-::^rf^'' 
 
 i'M''^' 
 
 ''MJi,: 
 
 BATTLE-OBOD-ND Or BTONY UUBEK.' > 
 
 icans and deserted, Vincent had obtained the countersign for that night, and through 
 it he was enabled to secure the sentinels without giving alarm. 
 
 It was now two o'clock in the morning" — a warm Sabbath morning — and ■ jnne e, 
 the little army of Americans Avere sleeping soundly, unconscious of impend- ^'"'• 
 ill!! danger. Clouds covering a moonless sky made the gloom deep, but not impen- 
 etrable. Five hundred iJritish regulars loaded their muskets, fixed their bayonets, 
 and, led by General Vincent in person, rushed upon the Ainerican centre at double- 
 quick, with the appalling Indian war-whoop, and plied the bayonet so fearfully that 
 the line was cut, and that portion of it scattered to the Avinds. This furious charge 
 was immediately followed by M.-ijor Plenderleath at the head of forty men of the 
 Forty-ninth, Avho fell upon the artillery, bayoneted the men at the guns, captured two 
 six-])ounders, and turned them with fearful eft'oct upon the camp. The greatest con- 
 fusion prevailed, Chandler's centre and the assailants becomhig ahnost inextricably 
 mixed in the dark, and each was unable to distinguish friends from foes. 
 
 In the mean time Major Ogilvie, with a part of the King's Regiment, had fallen 
 upon the American left, composed of the Fiflh, Sixteenth, and Twenty-third Regn- 
 1 IK, and some riflemen under General Winder, to which was attached Burn's dra- 
 L'liis, who wore too far in the rear to render immediate assistance. Tiiis attack was 
 at first gallantly resisted, the Twenty-fifth, of the centre, lending their aid ; but a fire 
 ill tlie rear, from a detachment of the assailing party that broke througli the line, 
 j threw them into great confusion. 
 
 While Chandler^ was making preparations to meet this unexpected assault, a heavy 
 
 ' Tills view, pketched In the morning snnllght, is from the residence of Daniel Lewis, Esq., llcntenant colonel of the 
 I Wentworth Militin, who was in the battle. In the forcgronnd is eeen the meadow through which flows a branch of 
 I Sinny Creek. Beyond it, on the left, is a gentle elevation, the estate of Mr. Thomas Wudr of Hamilton, and near the 
 J village, ou which lay the encampment. Miller's (Gage's) honse is seen on the extreme i „ Ith a veranda and grove 
 lollrees in front. In the distance is the range of hills which extend westwai'd from Qneenoton, and are called "the 
 lllonntain" by the Canadians. 
 
 iJoliii Chiiudler was born within thcbonndf of the present State of Maine (Kennebec County), then a part of Massa- 
 Ithnsctts, ill the year 1700. His parents were very humble, and ho became an Itinerant blacksmith. Ills residence was 
 lia General Dearborn's settlement of Monmouth, about fifteen miles west from Augusta. It Is recorded. In a late Hin- 
 Y"j and OemipHon of Aeie Krutlaiui, by Coolidge and Mansfleld, that " h"- was the poorest man in the settlement." By 
 lliKlujlry and |)cr.«cveranco he became wealthy. Ills talents were of a high order. lie was a representative In Congress 
 llrom 1S05 to ISfis, and when the war broke out and he was commissioned a brigadier general, he was major general of 
 iBilllln. His military career ended at Stony Creek, and he was disbanded in 1S15. He represented Maine In the Senate 
 Icllhe United States from IS'.'O to 1S29. Uc died at Augasta, Maine, September 25, 18*1, at the ago of clghty-one years. 
 
 m 
 
 id 
 
604 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Csptare of Qenernls Chnndler and Winder. Narrow Escape of Oeueral Viucent. Hctreat of the Araerlcani 
 
 fire was opened on the right flank of the Americans. Perceiving this, he hastened 
 in that direction to prevent its being turned, when, in the darkness, his horse stum- 
 bled and fell, and the general was severely hurt. He soon recovered his feet suc- 
 ceeded in providing for the safety of his right, and wae returning to the centre mov- 
 ing with difficulty on foot, when he was attracted to the artillery, where there was 
 much confusion. He was not aware that the two cannon were in possession of the 
 enemy ; and, under the impression that those in confusion around the pieces were 
 some of his own command, he gave orders for them to rally. To his utter astonish- 
 ment he found himself among the enemy, and in a moment he was disarmed and made 
 a prisoner of war. At about the same time General Winder and Major Van De Ven- 
 ter' fell into the same trap and were made prisoners.* 
 
 At this moment there was the wildest confusion every where. Towson's artillcn- 
 had poured a destructive fire upon the assailants and had broken their ranks. Coi- 
 onel Burn, with his cavalry, had cut his way through the British Forty-ninth ami 
 was performing the samp feat with the American Sixteenth, when he discovered that 
 he was fighting his own friends. They had combated severely for several minutes he- 
 fore the fatal mistake Avas discovered. Meanwhile General Vincent, the British com- 
 mander, had been thrown from his horse in the darkness, and being unable to find 
 either his animal or his troops, had wandered oiTin the woods. His friends supposed 
 him to be killed or a prisoner. The command devolved upon Colonel Harvey, who. 
 finding it impossible to drive the Americans from their position, collected his scat- 
 tered forces as quickly as possible, and while it was yet dark hastened back toward 
 Burlington Heights with his notable prisoners. He sent Captain Merritt back tn 
 look for General Vincent. He was unsuccessful, but captured two Americans, and 
 •Jniiec, took them into camp as trophies.^ During the ensuing day* Vincent wa^ 
 
 1813. found by his friends in the woods, four miles from the place of conflict, with- 
 out hat or sword, and almost famished. His horse and accoutrements had fallen into 
 the hands of the Americans. 
 
 In this confused and terrible night-battle the Americans lost seventeen men killed. 
 thirty-eight wounded, and ninety-nine missing. The British lost twenty-three killed. 
 one hundred wounded, and fifty-five missing. Notwithstanding the Americans held 
 the ground, it was a substantial victory for the British, and the loss of the two gen- 
 erals a severe one for the former. Through the gallantry of Lieutenant M'Chesnev 
 one piece of artillery was immediately recovered, and the other the enemy was not 
 able to take away for the want of horses.* They were endeavoring to do so when 
 they were overtaken by Lieutenant Macdonough, and the piece was seized by him, 
 
 The Americans, fearing a renewal of the attack, retreated so precipitately that thev 
 left their dead unburied. Under the command of Colonel Burn they fleet to Fortv- 
 mile Creek, near which they Avere met by Colonel James Miller and four hundred 
 men sent to re-enforce them. " I can assure you," Colonel Miller wrote to his wife, 
 " I can scarce believe that you would have been more glad to see me than that array 
 Avas.^ On the follow'".g day,^ in the afternoon, they were joined by Generals 
 
 Lewis and Boyd, with their staffs, and the little army encamped there, on a 
 
 1 Christopher Van De Venter was a native of New York. He was appointed lieutenant in Scott's regiment of artil- 
 lery in 1809. In 1812 he was assistant military agent at Fort Columbus, In New York Harbor. He was afterward dtp- j 
 nty quarter-master, with the rank of major, and in that capacity served on the Niagara frontier. He was token a pris- 
 oner to Quebec. At the close of the war he was retained In the service, and In 1810 was ald-de-camp to Bri(.M(lier General j 
 Joseph G. Swift. He resigned In August that year, and from 1817 until 182V he was chief clerk In the War Dcpartmect. j 
 He died at Georgetown, D. C, on the 22d of April, 1838. 
 
 ' Colonel William Fraser (then n sergeant), who was living at Perth, back of Brockvllle, In Canada, in ISOfl, took boii j 
 the generals prisoners. He advanced upon the artillery, he said, with forty-six men, but when they drew near it ifcfT 
 had only twenty-flve men. The American cannon In their front was loaded with all sorts of missiles. The primiiij j 
 flashed, and the ptin was not discharged. They then nished forward, shouting " Come on. Brant !" The cannon «m j 
 taken. Plenderleath was wounded. Fraser was binding up his wounds, when Chandler and Winder fell into thi" fnue j 
 and were captured. ' Merritt's MS. Narrative. ♦ The satue 
 
 » Antograph letter to his wife, dated Fort George, June 13, 1813. 
 
I the Americani. 
 
 lie hastened 
 horse stum- 
 lis feet, snc- 
 centre, mov- 
 re there was 
 ession of the 
 piccca wore 
 tter astonish- 
 led and made 
 Van De Ven- 
 
 son's artillery 
 r ranks. Col- 
 irty-ninth, ami 
 iscovered tliat 
 ral minutes ho- 
 le British com- 
 unahle to fiml 
 icnds supposed 
 ■l Harvey, who. 
 lected his seat- 
 ed back toward 
 Merritt hack to 
 Americans, and 
 ly* Vincent was 
 of conflict, with- 
 ,8 had fallen into 
 
 iteen men killed. 
 
 snty-three killed, 
 Americans held 
 of the two geu- 
 
 mant IirChesney 
 enemy was not 
 to do 80 when 
 seized hy him, 
 litately that they 
 .y fled to Forty- 
 tid four liumlred 
 ■rote to his wife, 
 , than that anny 
 lined by Generals 
 Imped there, on a 
 
 Icott'B regiment of anil- 
 
 He waBaftc"™^''*f 1 
 J. Hcwastokcuavn*- 
 Imp to Brigadier Genml 
 IntheWarDcpartmeBi.! 
 
 Lnda,lnimtook*o4! 
 Ithevdrewneaiitttf?! 
 jmlflsUes, Thcpriinix? 
 Int t" Tbe camion «w ] 
 Imder tell into the sum I 
 4 The same ■ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 605 
 
 A BriUsh Fleet 'n Bli?ht. 
 
 Pursuit of tbe Americans. 
 
 The Britlab at Sodua Buy. 
 
 plain, its right flank on tlie lake, and its left on a creek which skirts the base of a very 
 steep but not lofty mountain. 
 
 At six o'clock that evening a British squadron under Sir James L. Yeo appeared in 
 the distance. The Americans lay on their arms all night, and in the inoruing the 
 hostile vessels ' ere near. There was a dead calm. At six in the morning an armed 
 schooner was tt wed in, and opened a fire upon the American boats m which most of 
 tlieir baggage and camp equipage was transported, which lay on the shore. Mean- 
 while the artillery companies under Archer and Towson had placed four cannon in 
 dit'ensivc position, and Lieutenant Totten had constructed a temporary furnace for 
 lieatin<» shot. The hostile vessel was soon driven ofl". At about the same time some 
 savasje allies of the British appeared on the bald brow of the mountain, and fired in- 
 effectually into the camp, and intelligence came that the British were moving cast- 
 ward from Burlington Heights, Sir James sent an officer, with a flag, to demand 
 from General Lewis an immediate surrender of his force, reminding him that a Brit- 
 ish fleet was on his front, a savage foe in his rear, and an approaching British aiTny 
 on his flank. Lewis answered that the summons was too ridiculous to merit a serious 
 icnlv. He had not lost a man in the whole aflair of the morning. The schooner had 
 beeii driven away, and he was prepared to send oflF the boats with baggage and camp 
 o(inipa!?e, accompanied by a guard of two hundred men under Colonel Miller. The 
 bo-its started prematurely — before the troops were ready. They were chased by an 
 armed schooner. A dozen of them Avere captured, and the remainder were run ashore 
 and abandoned by the crews. At ten o'clock in the morning the whole army com- 
 menced a retrograde movement, the savages and local militia constantly hovering on 
 their flank and rear. They reached Fort George after losing several prisoners cap- 
 tured by pursuers, and General Vincent came forward and occupied their camp at 
 Forty-mile Creek. Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp, who was placed in command of the 
 riffht division of the British force, pushed forward with detachments, and took posi- 
 tions which commanded the cross-roads from a little west of the present Port Dalhou- 
 sie,on the lake shore, to the mountain passes at the Beaver Dams.' 
 
 The British squadron in the mean time hovered along the lake coast, and interfered 
 ireatly with the supplies for the American camp. On the evening of the 1 2th* . ju„e, 
 tliey captured two vessels laden with valuable hospital stores in the mouth *^'^- 
 of Eighteen-mile Creek, eastward of the Niagara River; and on Tuesday evening, the 
 15th, they made a descent upon the village of Charlotte, at the head of the naviga- 
 tion of the Genesee River, and carried oft" a large quantity of stores. Sailing east- 
 ward, they appeared off" Sodus Bay on Friday, the 1 8th, and on the following even- 
 in? a party of about one hundred, fidly armed, landed at Sodus Point (now in Wayne 
 I Comity) for the purpose of destroying the American stores known to be deposited 
 I there. These had been removed to a place of concealment a little back of the village. 
 The enemy were exasperated on finding the store-houses erajity, and threatened to 
 [tetroy the village if the place of the concealment of their contents should not be re- 
 Irealed. The women and children fled in alarm. A negro, compelled by threats, 
 [save the enemy the desired information, and they were marching in the direction of 
 [the stores, when they were confronted at a bridge over a ravine by forty men under 
 ICaptaiii Turner, of Lyons. A sharp skirmish ensued, in which each party lost two 
 
 I moil,' 
 
 Both parties fell back, and the foiled British, as they returnea to their vessels, 
 
 1 The chief anthoritieB consulted are the official dispatches of commanders on both sides, and the several histories of 
 IHewar already mentioned ; Mansfield's Life of General Scott ; antoijraph letters of Colonel James Miller: MS. state- 
 lanit of Captain Willinm H. Merritt ; Armstrong's Notices of the War of 1812 ; Niles's Weekly Register ; The War, and 
 Itnl «lat8raent8 of survivors. 
 
 i An accoimt of my visit to tbe battle-Kronnds of Stony Creek and the Beaver Dams will be given in the next chapter. 
 j ' Sutemcnt of Captain Luther Rcdfield, of Clyde, Wayne County, New York, in a letter to tbe author in Pebmary, 
 p*wheii the old soldier was about elshty-six years of age. He says that in a log house a few rods north of the pres- 
 BiPrcsbTterian chnrch, in the village of Junius, public worship was held. The attack of the British at Sodus was on 
 Bitordaj: ercniug. Tbe next day. Just as the ofleruoou service was about to commence at the bunee above mentioned. 
 
 H I ■■ 
 
C06 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 DeatructiuD of Property at 8odus. 
 
 Brltlnh Flee t (iff OBWeyo. 
 Tliev 
 
 burned the public store-liouBcs, five dwellings, and the old Williamson Hotel, 
 laid waste by fire property valued at about twenty-five thousand dollars. 
 • Jnne20, From Sodus the British stjuadron sailed eastward, and appeared offO.. 
 1813. wego," with a wish to enter the harbor and seize or destroy stores there ■ 
 but Sir James, who was a cautious commander, did not venture in, and on tlie morn- 
 ing of the 21 St his squadron turned westward, and for several days lay oft' the Xi- 
 agara River, 
 
 a horseman came dasblnf; np at full speed with the news of the British invasion. Redflcld was a captain in the rem. 
 inent of Colonel Philetns Swift. There were several non-commissioned oiBcers in the chnrch. These were fent t.i 
 arouse the military of the neighborhood, and by Ave o'clock Captain Redfleld-was on the march with about one hnni- 
 red men. They halted most of the night a few miles north of Lynns, and resumed their march by moonll).'lit tuwjri 
 morning. They arrived at Sodus at a little after sunrise on Monday morning, when they met a funeral procc''«loii wih 
 the body of Turner's slain soldier. The British bud gone, but the fleet waa in eight. "The company remained abuut s 
 week at Sodus, and were then discharged. 
 
 ^^^Si~ 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 007 
 
 f'lcet oft Oswejp). 
 
 ^«h De»lgiiii against Sackett'g Harbor. 
 
 The Defences there. 
 
 Oeiier^l Jacob Brown. 
 
 [old 'Dicy 
 
 i. 
 
 cared off Os- 
 stores thiTc; 
 on the mom- 
 iy oti' the Ni- 
 
 captain in tbc nt- 
 rhesc wutc Feul i.i 
 Ith abonl one hnnj- 
 y moonlichl lowanl 
 crnl procpfflon wi'.h 
 3y remained about » 
 
 CILVPTER XXVm. 
 
 "To Sackett'B IlarborYeo steered, with PrevoBt's chosen blood-honnda, 
 iiut Brown his duga of valor cheered, mUitin blood, but good lionud*. 
 He chased them from the bloody tracic, and Yeo's bull-dog8 slighting, 
 Though Chauucey was not there, he show'd Sir James the art of dghting. 
 Bow, wow, wow 1 
 Fresh-water dogs can tntor them with bow, wow, wow !" 
 
 Olii Soko — A NEW Bow Wow. 
 
 ^IIEX the military and naval authorities at Kingston were in- 
 formed of tlie weakening of the important post at Sackett's Har- 
 bor by the withdrawal of troops and vessels for the expedition 
 against York, they resolved to attempt the capture of the place, 
 or to destroy the new ship-of-war then on the stocks,' and other 
 public property there. The capture of York made them circum- 
 spect, for the flushed victors might turn their faces toward King- 
 ston ; but when it was known that Dearborn and Chauncey were 
 about to attack Fort George and its dependencies, it was resolved to assail Sackett's 
 Harbor immediately. Tlie prize was more attractive now than ovtr before. Besides 
 being the principal place of deposit on the lake for military and naval stores, and a 
 fine vessel was there nearly completed, all the property captured at York^ was de- 
 iiosited there. The possespion or destruction of these by the British would have 
 jiveu them the command of Lake Ontario, and a decided advantage during the whole 
 (ampaign. With singular remissness of duty on the part of the commanding gen- 
 eral, tliese had been left exposed. The guard detailed for their protection, under Col- 
 onel Barker, was utterly inadequate for the task. It consisted of parts of the First 
 and Second Regiments of Dragoons, numbering about two hundred and fifty men, 
 fifty or sixty artillerists, and from eighty to one hundred infantry, composed chiefly 
 of invalids, recruits, and fragments of companies left behind when the expedition 
 sailed for York. The dragoons, dismounted, manned Fort Tompkins, a considerable 
 work on the blufl", on the west side of the Hai'bor,^ and covering the site of the present 
 i Ksidence and garden of the naval commandant of the station. The artillerists, un- 
 der Lieutenant Ketchum, were albo there. A little north of the village, on the east 
 I side of the Harbor, opposite Fort Tompkhis, was a small work, erected principally by 
 [ the labor of a company of exempts, called Fort Volunteer. General Jacob Brown,* 
 
 ' Aftpr the death of the gallant leader in the attack on York, this vessel was named General Pike. 
 ■ Seepage 691. 
 
 ' This cousistcd of a strong block-honee and surronn ling intrenchments, and occupied the place of the battery on 
 
 likich the iron thirty-two-pounder that drove off the British In 1812 was mounted. See page 368. The single cannon 
 
 |ti!h which it was armed at the time we are now considering was the same iron thirty-two-pounder,' The fort was 
 
 liimni Tompkins in honor of Daniel D. Tompkins, then governor of the State of New York. The bluff on which it 
 
 Ic'od ovcrlcoki Navy Point, within which is the Harbor, where the ship-yard was. The place was named in honor 
 
 Iri.injnstns Sackett, the first settler. Its Indian name was a long one, and signified " fort at the mouth of Great River." 
 
 'Jacob Briiwn was born of Quaker parents, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on the 9th of May, 1776. He was well 
 
 [lijeaied early. Wnen he was sixteen years of age his father lost his property, and the right-minded youth resolved to 
 
 iro Ilia own livelihood. He taught scliooi in the Quaker settlement of Crosswicks, in New Jersey, from his eighteenth 
 
 • twenty-flrst birth-day. For a while he was a surveyor in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and in 1T98 was a school- 
 
 ttfher in the city of New York. Ue commenced the study of law, but it was distasteful to him, and he abandoned it. 
 
 I« then pnrchased some land on the Black River, in .Tefferson County, and adopted the puniuit of a farmer. In 1809 he 
 
 fu 8pp<ilnted colonel of a regiment of militia in that section, and on his estate a settlemert was forn.ed and named 
 
 roinsville. In 1811 the Governor of New York commissioned him a brisradlcr general of militia, and, as we have seen 
 
 f psge fiCrd), he was intrusted with important command. From that time until the close of the war General Brown's 
 
 toMiccaree formed an Importaut part of the history of the times, and the record may be found in these pages. He 
 
 ; ( 
 
 :|l 
 
ili 
 
 - I' 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 ( , - , 
 
 
 
 ; f , 
 
 4li^ii. 
 
 ii: 
 
 eo8 
 
 PlCTOniAL 1 IKLD-nOOK 
 
 Bfown'i Poaltlun. 
 
 Apprnnch of tlio lirlti'h. 
 
 Uruwii amiumeit C'liminnihl al Hm km'. ||;, 
 
 of the Now York Militia, who, Imviiij; liiiJHli,,,! 
 tho Hix montlm' Hi-rvico for wliich lie was call. 
 etl to tho fichl at the bcj^iiuiiiig oi'ihc ^var 
 as we have hcoii, was residinjf at liis lioinc iii 
 IJrowiiHville, oil the Hhick Hiver, a liw inii,,, 
 from Sackett'H llurhor, liad been r((|U(stii| 
 by (Jeiieral Dearborn, and Jirged by ("olond 
 JSIacoi'i' , to assume chief coininaiid in il|;,| 
 region, lie was unwiiiinj^ to iiilerrcrc vitl, 
 liis esteemed friend, Colonel liackiis aiKJ 
 agreed to take command only in the event dt 
 actual invasion. lie went to head-iiuartds 
 frequently to advise with Haekus conceniiii" 
 preparations for defense, and it was nndn 
 stood between them that if the enemy sIkmiM 
 threaten the post, IJrown was to call the w'y^],. 
 boring militia to tho Harbor and lake ciruj 
 command. 
 
 Oil the evening of the 27th of iMny, tin 
 lAuly of the Lake, which had been crnisiii- 
 off Kingston to watdi tin 
 movements of the pnciiiv, 
 came into Sackett's Ilarliur 
 with the startling infoima- 
 that a strong Hritisli si|iia,l. 
 ron, under Sir .lanios ].. Yen, 
 had just put to sea. Colonel Backus sent an ex])res8 to General J}rown with tlic in- 
 telligence. That vigilant officer immediately dispatched messengers to the inilitia 
 officers of his district with orders to hasten, with as many men as possible, to tin 
 Harbor. Tliis accomplished, he mounted his lu)rse, and before tlie dawn of tlic I'Htli 
 he entered IJackus's camp, took command, ordered alarm 
 guns to be ffred to arouse the country, and sent oft* ex- - .-, 
 
 presses in various directions to militia officers, and to 
 
 was rctBincd In the nrmy iit tlio close of tho wnr, nnd wns appointed to the com- 
 mnnd of llic Nortliern Divlsl(in. lie became a general-in-clilcf of the armies of 
 the I'nited States in 1S21, and held that oHlce nntil his death, at his hend-<|imr- 
 ter« in the City of Wanhtnpton, on the 24th of February, 1S28, at the ago of flfly- 
 three years. His wldo\y, yet (ISOT) living, resided, until recently, in the lino nnm- 
 gion erected at Brownsville by the general In 1S14. 
 
 General Brown's remains were interred with imposing ooremonlcs in the 
 Congressional liiirial-gnmnd, and over them stands a bcantiful white marble 
 moMumer.t, com ased of a trinicnted fluted column and tnbleted base, on which 
 arc tho followln inscriptions: 
 
 Emt Side.—" > icred to the memory of Major General .Iaoou Brown, by Birth, 
 by Kducation, h\ Principle, devoted to Pom i'. In defense of his country, and In 
 vindication of lu-r rights, a Warrior. To her ho dedicated his life— wounds re- 
 ceived in her cnnsc abridged his days." 
 
 .SmiM Wrfc— " lie was born in Bncks County, Pennsylvania, on tho 9th of 
 May, 1775, and died at the City of Washington, commanding general of tho army, 
 on the 24th of February, 1S28. 
 
 " Let him whoe'er in after days 
 Shall view this monument of praise, 
 For Honor heave the Patriot sigh, 
 And for his country learn to die." 
 
 West .Sfefc— "In both by the thanks of the Nation and n golden medal from 
 the hands of their chief magistrate— and by this marble erected to honor him, 
 at the command of tho Congress of tho United States." 
 
 North Side.— "In War his services are attested by the fields of Chippewa, Ni- 
 agara, Erie ; In Peace by the improved organization and discipline of the army." 
 
 Tho monument stands very near that of General Macomb, bis successor iu the 
 chief command of tho armies of the United States. 
 
 QENEB.VL UBOWk's MONDXEST, 
 
BRckett't llMbur. 
 
 iviiij; fiiUHliod 
 li 111' was call. 
 H of the war, 
 It liis lidmc in 
 r, ii lew inilo 
 
 WIl VlMlllcstcil 
 
 I'd by ('i)l(iii(l 
 iiniiiid in tliut 
 iiitcrlfrc with 
 liiickus, ami 
 III tlic cvi'iit (if 
 i hciitl-(|\iartir> 
 kuw CDiiccrniii'.' 
 it was uiidir- 
 I' ciu'iny sluMiM 
 ocall tli('iici>.'li- 
 and lake chid' 
 
 til of ^Iiiy, tlio 
 d l)oc'ii ('nii>iii:; 
 1 to watcli till 
 
 of the (Micniy, 
 lacki'tt's llailmr 
 artliiiit intormii- 
 it l?ntish s(|u;iil- 
 irJaiiioH L. Yen, 
 own willi tlic ill- 
 's to the militia 
 I possible, to tlic 
 
 awn of the intli 
 
 i^Aa 
 
 »M 3j<if-.', 
 
 €^ 
 
 *JTP"' 
 
 «^^ 
 
 ^^i-' 
 
 P^ 
 
 m^>^' 
 
 eown'b 
 
 MOSCHCT. 
 
 OV THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 U09 
 
 A.i«mbllnsofth«MllUla^ 
 
 The Brltlib Force upprnachei Berkett's Harbor. 
 
 An Alarm. 
 
 Colonel Tuttlo, who was ndvanciiif; with rej?ular». Diirinjj the day the people of 
 the surrounding country continually arrived at head-<|uarlcrs. Some were armed, 
 ,1,(1 HOine were not, and all were entirely without disei|iline, and alnumt without or- 
 jiiziition. As fast an they appeared they were armed and nent to Horse Island, a 
 mil,, distant, wliere C!olonel Mill.s and about two hundred and fifty Albany Volun- 
 leers had been Btationed for a week. The island (on whi(!h the light-house stands') 
 
 I.I0UT-UODHK ON UOKSE ISLAND. 
 
 lommands the entrance to the Harbor, and there it was believed the enemy would 
 attiiiipt to land. Then, as now, it was separated from the main by only a shallow 
 strait, always fordable, and sometimes almost dry. Between it and the village was 
 atliin wood that had been partly cut over, and was encumbered with logs, stumps, 
 ami brush. The main shore is a ridge of gravel, about live feet in lieight, and at that 
 time formed a natural breast-work. 
 
 At midday on the 2!-th," the Uritish squadron, which left Kingston on the •«»>, 
 oveiiiiig of the 27th, appeared off Sackctt's Harbor. It consisted of the Wolfe, ^*''"' 
 •Jljust finished; Royal Georr/e, 24; EarlofMoira, 18; schooners Prince Regent, 
 Simcoe, and Seneca, mounting from ten to twelve guns eadi, and ;;''out forty bateaux. 
 The land troops, ten or twelve hundred strong, consisted of the grenadier company 
 of the One Hundredth Kegiment, two companies of the Eighth or King's, a section of 
 the Koyal Scots, four companies of the One Hundred and Fourtli, one comi)any of 
 the Glengary Kegiment, two of the Canadian Voltigeurs, a detaehment of the New- 
 foundland Kegiment, and another of the Koyal Artillery, with two G-pounders. There 
 was also a considerable body of Indians attaelied to the expedition, and who accompa- 
 nied it in canoes. Sir James Lucas Yeo commanded the squadron, and the whole expe- 
 dition was under the direction of Sir George Prevost, the Governor General of Canada, 
 who accompanied it as leader of the land forces. He was with Yeo ovi the Wolfe. 
 
 The British squadron lay to about six miles from the Harbo'-, and u large number 
 of troops were embarked in boats for the purpose of landing. While anxiously wait- 
 ing for the signal to pull for shore, the soldiers were perplexed by an order to return 
 to the squadron. They were still more perplexed when that squadron, without appa- 
 rent cause, spread its sails to the light breeze and turned toward Kingston. Tlie se- 
 ; cret was soon known, A flotilla of nineteen American gun-boats had been seen off 
 
 ' This is a view of ttie liglit-tionee as It appeared when I visited the Islond In 1S.VI. It stands upon the spot where the 
 I nem; landed, and the keeper at the time of my visit was Captain Samuel H'Nitt, of whom I shall hereafter speak. 
 I The island contains about twenty-seven acres. 
 
 Qq 
 
 1 ! 
 
 i 
 
Wf^f 
 
 010 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Cbua and Capture of American Veiieli. 
 
 PoittlonortheV 
 
 A Panic and nig^, 
 
 Six-towiiH Point, njjprouching from tlio wi-stward, and Sir (Joorgo Provost did „„. 
 doubt tlifir lu-ing fillrd with arnu'd mon dcHtined to rt'-cnforco Suckett'H Ilarlior. It 
 WUH even so. They were conveying part of a regiment under Lieutenant ('ol(jn(.| 
 Thomas Aspinwnll from Oswego to the Harbor, The apparition had made .Sir (Jcorc,. 
 nervous. Tlie Indians were not ho easily frightened as their pale-faced ally. Tlin 
 darted in their eanoes toward the American Hotilla. This movement sliatnid Sir 
 George. IIo listened to the advice of Sir James, turned the prows of his vesHcJH onoc 
 more in the direction of Haokett's Harbor, and sent several boats with armed hkh t„ 
 join the canoes. Aspinwall and his party, closely chased, made for the shore. Twdv,. 
 of his boats and seventy of his men were captured. The other seven boats, niorc fleet 
 than their companions or pursuers, reached the haven in safety. Tlie escaiKd i/artv 
 on shore made their way thither by land. They arrived at nine o'clock in tiie even- 
 ing, and added one hundred men to the effective force at Sackett's Harbor. 
 • May, The niglit of the 28th'' was spent by the Americans in active i)r(])arations 
 1813. fy,. ^]^^, expected attack. Toward midnight, about forty Indians, \u\dvr J.ien. 
 tenant Anderson, were landed on the shore of Henderson Bay, for the ])uijMjse of at- 
 tacking the American militia in the rear. They were discovered, and Colonel Mills 
 and hip force, about li>ur hundred strong, were withdrawn from Horse Island an] 
 placed behind the gravel ridge, at a clearing of five or six acres on the main, witli ;i 
 6-pounder field-i)iece. The remainder of the militia, under Colonel Gershoni Tutth , 
 were posted on the edge of the -voods, a little farther back ; and Colonel Backus wiih 
 his dismounted dragoons, was stationed on the skirt of the same woods, nearer tin 
 village. Lieutenant Colonel Aspinwall was posted on the left of Backus, and the ar- 
 tillerists, under Lieutenant Ketchum, were stationed in Fort Tompkins, whose only 
 armament was a 32-pounder mounted on a pivot. 
 
 Not a zephyr rippled t'lj waters of the Harbor on the morning of the 29tli, and not 
 a cloud flecked the sky. Calmness, serenity, and beauty were visible on every side, 
 Tlie sails of the enemy's squadron coul " ^ot catch the slightest breeze, and it was im- 
 possible for the large vessels to appro oar enough to join in the attack. At dawn, 
 thirty-three boats, filled with armed r \ the British squadron and made for Unrso 
 Island, where they landed under cover of two gun-boats directed by Captain Muicas- 
 ter, of the royal navy. As the flotilla rounded the island, the huge pivot gun in Fort 
 
 Tomj)kin8 hurled murder- 
 ous enfilading shots in their 
 
 ^A 
 
 ^X I, ^^/plt'^^C^ t^/^^^ "'''^'*' '^^'i ^^'^^ t^'^^y «'^f^ 
 
 near the shore they re- 
 ceived a scattering fire from the muskets of the militia. This was promptly respond- 
 ed to by Mulcaster's great guns, loaded with grape and canister, and by his first fire 
 Colonel Mills, who was standing near bis men, was shot dead. 
 
 The British formed in good order on the island, and with the grenadiers of the One 
 Hundredth at their head, pommanded by Colonel Bayncs, they pressed rapidly across 
 the shallow strait. The rank and file of the American militia had suffered no mat^ 
 rial injury, but the Bonnd of bullets among the bushes, and the din of the oncoming ; 
 foe, struck the whole line with an extraordinary panic, and before th»._, had time to j 
 give a second fire they rose from their cover behind the gravel bank and fled with \ 
 precipitation, leaving their 6-pounder behind. The efforts of the gallant Major Her- 
 kimer to arrest their flight were vain.' 
 
 This disgraceful retreat astonished and perplexed General Brown, who was on the j 
 
 < It Is said that one of the militia commandere, who had talked very valiantly and hopefully, became mnch diuour-j 
 aged ae soon as he saw the enemy's boata approaching the shore. As they came forward In a swarm he became lev : 
 and less hopeful, until nt length he told bis men that he doubted the ability of the American force to cope with tlie ec-j 
 cmy. " I fear we shall be compelled to retreat," he eald. After a pouee ho continued, " I know we shall, and as I ami 
 a little lame I'll start now," and away he went npon the road leading to Adams, as fast as his legs could carry bin. josl J 
 as Mulcaster's guns opened their fire. He was among the "missing" at the close of the battle. 
 
 t\i 
 
OF TIIU WAIi UF 18 13. 
 
 on 
 
 Panic »nd miiht. 
 
 Cow»rdly Flight of Mlllll«. 
 
 OtIlMtry of Captain M'NItt. 
 
 D««tnictiuii of Pnbllc StorM. 
 
 Icftof lii« little army. lie expected the inilitin wouM Imvo reiimiiied firm until tlio 
 cminy were finally on the niuin. IJut their movement wiiH so Hiidfleii, general, and 
 raiiiil, that he found himself completely alone, not a man Htandiiijj; within ncvcral rodn 
 of him. Stung l»y this nhameful conduct, lie ran idler the fugitivcH and endeavored 
 to arrest their flight, lliw effortH were unavailing. Forgetful of their proiniMert of 
 coiiniije, and unmindful of the orders tliey had received to rally in tlio woods in the 
 (•vciil (»f^ their being driven hack, they continued their flight until they were sure of 
 beinn out. of harm's way. Some of them were not lieard of again during the <fay. 
 TlioHO under Colonel Tuttle were equally recreant to duty, and joined in the dis- 
 (,'raecftil Hight, although they had not in any way been exposed to the enemy's fire. 
 Hut there was an honorable exception. Captain Samuel M'Nitt, with uiitliuchiiig 
 courage, had maintained his position on the extreme lefl, and stood blazing away ut 
 the ciieiny after his companions had fled. Seeing the panic, he started in pursuit of 
 the fugitives, and, with the aid of Lieutenant Mayo, succeeded in rallying almost one 
 liundrcd of them behind some fallen timber. From that cover they annoyed the en- 
 emy exceedingly, who were then marching through tjic woods toward the town.' 
 Meanwhile Colonel Backus and his regulars had advanced, and, with the Albany Vol- 
 unteers, who had stood firm when the militia fled, and liatl retired slowly along a 
 wanon-road by the margin of the lake before superior uumbers, was disputing tbo 
 march of the invaders incli by inch. 
 
 These demonstrations of courage revived tlio sinking liopes of the commanding 
 i;cneral. In hastening from M'Nitt's gallant band to liackus's line, his affrighted 
 horse had broken from him in the woods. Fortunately, he soon met a man on horse- 
 back, whoso animal he seized and mounted, and then pushed forward to the extreme 
 ri^ht. There he found Colonel Backus with his dismounted dragoons on the right, 
 assisted by Miijor Lavall, the gallant Albany Volunteers on the left, and infantry and 
 artillery in the centi while the gun at Fort Tompkins was playing upon the advanc- 
 iiii; column of the lie. For an hour the conflict continued, and so great was the 
 weijjht of the enemy that the American line was constantly pressed back. Lieuten- 
 ant Fanning, in command at Fort Volunteer, perceiving no danger of an attack there, 
 had led his little force forward and engaged gallantly in the fight. Still the foe bore 
 heavily upon them, and when the Americans were most in want of encouragement a 
 disheartening event occurred. Dense smoke arose in their rear, and it was soon as- 
 certained that the store-houses on the margin of the Harbor, filled with the spoils of 
 York and a vast amount of other valuable property, also the new ship General Pike, 
 were in flames. Had a portion of the enemy landed in the rear and apjilied the torch ? 
 No. In the almost universal panic that prevailed when the militia fied. Lieutenant 
 Wolcott Chauncey, of the Navy, who had the stores in charge, was informed that all 
 was lost, and that the victorious enemy was rapidly marching upon the post. A 
 train prepared for the emergency Avas lighted, and in a few minutes stores and ship 
 were in flames. The friendly incendiary was soon named to General Brown, much to 
 his relief, and he hastened to inform and reassure Colonel Backus. Ho arrived just 
 in time to see that gallant officer fall, mortally .wounded, and to wipe his pallid brow 
 with his own hand.^ 
 
 Pressed back, back, back, the wearied and worried Americans took refuge in some 
 new log barracks in an open space near the town. The enemy made desperate efforts 
 to dislodge them. Brown saw that all would be lost should they be driven from that 
 
 ' Samnel M'NItt was a Scotchman, and a brave and active man. He wbb for some time a member of ForByth'a corps, 
 ind,as each, saw much active service at the beglnnlnp of the war. lie commanded a militia company at the time we 
 ire now considering. He was In Wilkinson's expedition that went down the St. Lawrence In the antnmn of 1S13, and 
 WM In command of a company of reRularg In the battle at Chryeler's Field. Ho died on the 9th of September, ISOl, at 
 Hfpanvtlle, in .Jefferson County, at the age of about ninety years. 
 
 ' Elettns Backus was a native of New York. He was commissioned major of the First Light Dragoons In October, 
 IW.and In February following was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He died eight days after the battle (June T, 1813), 
 ud m% burled at Backett's Harbor with military honors. 
 
f 
 
 mm 
 
 wtV'S 
 
 i ■■ 
 1! 
 
 1 
 
 612 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Hllttin reosBembled. 
 
 Prevost alarmed. 
 
 Ills cUsjjraccful Hctrcat, 
 
 shelter, and he determined to rally the fugitive militia, if possible, who, he was in- 
 fcined, were on the outskirts of the villajfe and on the roads leading from it and 
 with tiiem feign a descent upon the enemy's boats. lie sent out mounted dia<'()oib 
 instructed to proclaim a victory gained, knowing that in the supposed absence of dan- 
 ger most of them would return. The stratagem was successful. About thiii; lnuid. 
 red of them were collected, tliough in great disorder, on the eastern side of tlic vi|. 
 • lago, about three fourths of a mile from the place where the battle was still ra<fin(r. 
 There they were addressed by the commanding general, who loaded them with re- 
 proaches, and informed them that measures had been taken to shoot every man ol' 
 them who should be found attempting to run again. Many of them, stung by tlic 
 words of the general, begged to be led into the thickest of the fight, and ahnost two 
 hundred of them formed nndej- the direction of Westcott, a Sackett's Harbor butclicr 
 and Caleb, a volunteer, and, while others went toward the Britisli landing-place, tluv 
 attacked a flanking party of the enemy under Captain Grey, the adjutant goiicrai, 
 just as they were about to assail the log barracks. Grey was a gallant soldier. He 
 was walking backward, Avaviug his sword, and had just shouted " Come on, boys ; re- 
 member York! Tiie day is ours!" when a drummer-boy among the rallied militia 
 cried out, "Periiai)S not yet !" and shot him. Grey fell, and instantly expired.' 
 
 This rallying of tlie fugitive militia and menacing of the enemy's boats decided tlio 
 fortunes of the d.'-y in favor of the Americans. Sir (ieorge Prevost, sweejjing tl-.o ho- 
 rizon with his glass from a high stump, perceived the militia on his flank and roar, 
 and sujjposii'^v them to be re-enforcements of regulars in large numbers, imiiiediatelv 
 sounded a retreat while the way to their boats was open.^ It was conimenciHi in 
 good order, but soon became a disorderly flight. It was so precipitate that tlK> fa- 
 tigued Americans could not overtake them. They readied the squadron in safety, 
 leaving a large portion of their dead and wounded behind.^ At about ten o'clock in 
 the morning, Sir George, with cool imj)udence, sent a flag to demand the surrender 
 of the posi which he had failed to capture. The summons was treated with deserved 
 contempt. lie then asked permission to send surgeons to take care of his wounded. 
 This was dei.i<'d ; but an assurance was given by General Brown that Americans 
 were " distinguished for humanity as well as bravery." 
 
 It was believed that the enemy intended to renew the attack. His squadron con- 
 tinued at anchor, and his boats remained filled with soldiers for some time not t'n 
 from Horse Island. At noon they returned to the squadron, and the whole flotill; 
 sailed for Kingst m. It entered that port on the morning of the 30th, to the great 
 mortification of the inhabita'its, who had expected to see the expedition return witli 
 
 ' Captain Grey was a son of General Grey, tlie commander of tho corps In tlie massacre of a part of Wayne's delacb- 
 inent at Paoll, In Penr«.lvania, In September, 177T. « Oral statement of E, 'ilam,/, Esq., of Sackett's Hnrtar 
 
 5 The British lost 60 killed ana -ill wounded. The Ameri os lost 4T killed, 84 wounded, and a* missing. Most of ihe 
 latter were the cowardly militia, who were ashamed to sbovt ibelr faces t'gatu. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 613 
 
 Dgraccful Uctreai 
 
 o, he was in- 
 IVoin it, and 
 ted drasiiooib 
 isenco oi'tlan- 
 t three huud- 
 dc of llic vil- 
 a Htill ru<,'iiiir. 
 Jieui with re- 
 jvery man nl' 
 stuii'^ \>y {\\v 
 id ahnost two 
 iirhur \)utcli(r, 
 iiig-l)hu'e, tln'j 
 uliiiit goncKil, 
 it soldier, lit 
 e oil, hoys; rt- 
 riiUied militia 
 expired.' 
 
 How public Property wan unved. 
 
 Conceit and Inefflclency of Sir George Prevost. 
 
 A Sort of "Greek Fire." 
 
 ats deciJotltk' 
 eepiiiji; tlio lio- 
 auk and roar, 
 •s, imniediatoly 
 conuneiicoil in 
 \te that tlu' la- 
 idron in saiitv, 
 ,t ten o'eloclv in 
 the snrreiulov 
 with deservotl 
 f his wouiicli'il 
 ,hat Ameriean^ 
 
 squadron cim- 
 
 le time not far 
 
 whole flotilli' 
 
 th, to the great 
 
 Ion return witli 
 
 L of Wayne's (letacb- 
 1, ofSacketl'sHiirhw 
 Inlsslng. Mostofihe 
 
 ■ill the garrison at Sackctt's ITarhor and the puhlic property tlu-re.' The whole af- 
 fair on the part of tlie Britisli, was pronouiieed at the time, and lias heen hy tlieir own 
 writers since, " in a high degree disgraceful."^ The skill, courage, and energy of (ien- 
 cmI Brown, under the most appalling difti(uilties, seconded by the like <iiialities in a 
 nart of the troops, made it a brilliant aehievomeht for the Americans, and a subject 
 for jnst praise of the commanding general.^ 
 
 As soon as the battle was eiuled the efforts of the men were turned to the salva- 
 tion of the public property from the flames. Because of the gnienness of the timber 
 „f the General Pike she had bunied but little, and was saved. The JMike of Gloiices- 
 ur caiitured at York, also escaped destruction. She was saved by the gallantry of 
 huMiteiKant Talman, of the army, who, notwithstanding he knew then* was a large 
 iiuaiitity of gunjiowder on board of her, hastened to her deck, extinguished the kind- 
 liiiir flames, and brought her from vmder the fire that was consuming the store-houses. 
 'X\\i> Imir American and Pert had cnt their cables and retreated up the Jilack Uiv- 
 or Several of the guns on Navy Point were spiked. The value of the property de- 
 stroyed by the fire was about half a million of dollars. The loss was severely felt, 
 liccause tiie distance from Albany, from which most of these stores w-ere drawn, was 
 such tlip.t they could not be seasonably replaced.* 
 
 No further attempts were made by the enemy to capture Sackctt's Harbor, and it 
 remained, as it had been from the beginning, the most important place of de|)osit for 
 the army and navy stores of the Americans on the Northern frontier. During the 
 
 HAUKKTt'h IIARIIOB I.N tS14.'^ 
 
 1 James's MiUtarij Ofrurrmcen, I., 17.1. 
 
 : Thctfoiidiat of Sir Ocorjjc Prcvost In this and nthor occnrrcncee where lie became military commander was severely 
 triliclsed. WilkliiHoii, in his Mminim, i., B'fn, dccli.res that Sir James Yeo was av-rsc to the retreat. He says he was 
 iDtDrmeil that Major Drnmmond (afterward Liculcnant Colonel Drummond, kilW;d at Fort Krio), when Sir Cmrffe cave 
 iho nrder to retn'nt, stepped up to him mid said, " Allow me a few inlnulc", sir, and I will put you in possession of the 
 |.lifc." To this the hanRhty haronet replied, "Obey yonr orders, sir, and learn the first duty of a soldier." The oon- 
 impt for Sir Georijc on the jinrt of the army, which his conduct on this occasion engenderetl, was mnch intensified by 
 his iiijlorions retreat from Plattsburg the following year. 
 
 ■ Tlie nuthoritles consulted In the preparation of this narrative are the official i 'port- ..f the respective commanders ; 
 Uie wveral American histories of the war ; Auchlnlcck, Christie, and .lames on the British side ; Wilkinson's Memoirs : 
 i.«)|ier'3 Naval History or the United States ; manuscript statement found among General Brown's papers, and narra- 
 liiM of survivors. 
 
 ' Id a letter to the author In October, 18«a, the late venerable Robert Carr, who was a lieutenant colonel on the North- 
 (ra frontier, gave the following account of a sort of" Grjek fire" that wan exhibited at Sackctt's Harbor at about the 
 meofthcovents recorded in the text. "AtSacketfs Ilarlmr," says Colonel Carr, "In September, WIS, a person from 
 :(e«r England called on General Brown *o exhibit some preparation which he called (iijtii'f/ /frc, or some such name. 
 lienml Cnvlniiton called at my tent and invited mo to go «lth him t<. witness the trial to be mndr that morning; bnt 
 tflwaaamemher of a court-martial then sitting, I could not en with him. On his return he informed me that the af- 
 fiirwaaniost astonishing The Hqnld resembled ink, and he had it in two small porter-bottles, one of which ho threw 
 Wlnitasmall hemlock-tree, which was Instantly in a blaze from top to bottom. The other bottle ho also broke against 
 
 ii'iihvr Iroe w'th a similar result. He asserted that water would not extinguish it. General Covington remarked that 
 ^imijlitberalleu 'helljire.'" 
 This view la from a print firom a drawing by BIrcb, pabllshcd In the Port Folio 'a ISIO. On the left Is scon Pike's 
 
i ' m 
 
 614 
 
 PICTORIAL WIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sackett'B Uarbur, and Occurrences there. 
 
 Description of Its Derciiscs. 
 
 Map of the Some. 
 
 summer and autumn of 1813 several expeditions were fitted out there, which we shal' 
 hereafter consider, and labor was vigorously applied by the troops stationed there in 
 the autumn, and by the sailors in the winter, in strongly fortifying the jtost. Kow 
 
 I'l.AN or »iOKEl • S lIAItllliK A.M> ITS Dtl t.NM ■■, 1>, i-.J. 
 
 Tompkins was strengthened, and several 
 other works. were constructed, and Ix'foiv 
 tlie midsummer of 1814 the post sceiuid 
 to be secured agamst any force the enemy might bring to bear upon it.* 
 
 cantonment, where were bnrrnckH erected bj' MnJor Darby Noon.-- Sec pace 2(i2. On the rocky binff nt the ri};lit is geen 
 Fort T()mi)kiu8. Near Pike's cantonment is seen a block-hon»e, on the site of Fort Volunteer, and tmmedintcly l)aik 
 of it, a circular building with battlementcd toj) represents Fort Chuuncey. The little figures near the Buiall boat, toward 
 the centre of the picture, are on Navy Point, where the ship-house now stands. 
 
 • Jopeph Bouchette, one of the most eminent writers on the statistics of the Canadas, gave the following dcsoripiinn 
 of the place at the close of 1S14 : " A low point of laud rnns out from the northwest, upon which is tlie dock-yard, «iH 
 largo storc-housos and all the requisite buildings bcUniging to such an establiKhmeut. Upon this point is a verjpow. 
 crful work, called Fort Tompkins, having within it a strong Ijlock-liouse two stories high ; on the laud side it is covortil 
 by a strong picketing, in which there arc embrasures ; twenty guns are mounted, besides two or three mortars, witlii 
 ftirnace for heating shot. At the bottom of the harbor is the villr.ge, that contains from sixty to seventy housof, ami to 
 the southward of it a barrack capable of accommodatii. • two thousand men, and gcunally used for the marines lielunp- 
 iug to the licet. On a point eastward of the liarbor 'il.iids Fi-.rtPikc, a regular work surrounded by a ditch, in advance 
 of which there is a strong line of picketing. In the centre of the principal work there is a block-house two stories lii:li. 
 This fort is armed with twenty guns. About one hundred yards from the village, and a little to the westward of Fori 
 Tompkins, is Smith's cantonment or barrack, strongly bnilt of logs, forming n squa.o, with a block-house at carli ror- 
 lier. It Is loop-holed on every side, and capable of rnakinir a powerful resistance. Twenty-five hundred men liavp liic: 
 accommodated in it. A little" farther westward another fort presents itself [Fort Kentucky], built of earth and stniiiLit 
 palisaiied, having in the centre of it a block-house one story high. It mounts twenty-eight guns. Midway knvon 
 these two works [a little farther iniandl is a powdc- magazine, inclosed within a very stong picketing. 
 
 "l!y the side of the road that leads to Henderson Harbor stands Fort Virginia, a sipiaro work with bastions atHf 
 angles, covered with a strong line of palisades, 1)U', no ditch. It is armed with sixteen guns, and has a l)lock-lio».«( is 
 the middle of it. [See sketch on p.lilV.] Fort fhauncey is n small circular tower, covered with piank, and IcKjp-lioki 
 for tlie nse of musketry, Intended for a small-arm defense only. It is sitnated a small distance from the villiij;c, aid 
 commands the road that leads to Sandy Creek. In addition to these works of strength, there are several Ijlodi-hiis* 
 In difl'erent situations, that altogether render the i)lace very secure, and capable of resisting a powerful attack ; iiulml, j 
 ttmn recent events, the Americans have attached much importance to It, ann, with their accustomed celerity, have spared 
 no exertions to render it formidable."— Bouchctte's CanaJn, page 620. To this account may be added the slaliiiiiiii 
 thi.t, after the battle in May, lS1!t, a breastwork of logs was thrown up around the village from Ilorso Island to the «li 1 
 of Madison Barracks. 
 
 The above map, showing a plan of Sackett's Harbor and its defenses in 1^14, as dcscril)ed by Bouchette, in from s | 
 tnanuBcript drawing by Patrick May, a soldier who was staliouod there for two years. The topograi)hy may not be \ix- i 
 
 
OF THE WAll 01 1812. 
 
 615 
 
 Map of the Same. 
 
 Iiicli we shall 
 jned there in 
 ) jiost. Fort 
 
 A VUlt to Snckett's Unrbor. 
 
 C'omtnuduro Tattnall. 
 
 Illetoricul LuculitlcH, 
 
 Henry Kekford. 
 
 tV"":,,/ 
 /^ ■, r.RAMDCAnAoc 
 
 r.CHdUNCCY 
 
 fe-^^jj 
 
 TB 1)KIKNH1:S liN llU. 
 
 iccl, and several 
 ictecl,au(lbuf()iv 
 
 le post seeintd 
 
 it' 
 
 luff at the rlijht is FPcn 
 \A immediiilely hatk 
 tlie Binall boat, toward 
 
 ,; foUowiiic ilcsfript'aa 
 J ibthcdock-jnril.wiih 
 ii« poliil 1b a very \im- 
 1 laud side It in covcml 
 ■ three mortars, Willi 1 
 seventy hoUBCf, ami tu 
 for the niariiics Iwliiiii;- 
 1 by n ditch, in ailvaiicc 
 liinisi! two stories liish. 
 o the wcetwardoflorl 
 lock-liouse at cacl> f» 
 luudred men have Imis 
 it oV earth and slron;i.t 
 U118. Midway helwctB 
 licting. 
 
 •k with bastions at Ik' 
 id has a lilock-lirai'o it 
 J piank, and l"»l)-li"''i 
 ;e from the villn.;' . 
 re BGVcral l)lotli-li' »■ 
 iwcrful attack; iiuK'l, 
 led celerity, have fiawi 
 le added the ftalcmriii j 
 lorfio Island to liw' «k | 
 
 r Bnnchette, 1« fn™ > j 
 tgrnpliy may not \k ]i:(- ' 
 
 I visited Sackett'8 Harbor in the summer of 1800. I roiln up from Sandy Creek 
 diirin" a sultry moniinjjf, tlirough the wealthy agrieultural tinvns of Eilishiirg and 
 lltiiderson, after a heavy rain. Before noon the sky was almost cloudless, and I 
 spoilt the afternoon in visiting places of interest around Sackett's Harbor. Coinino- 
 (loreJosiah Tattnall, one of the most accomplished men in the navy, and then in com- 
 mand of the naval station at the Harbor, accompanied me. I found him an cxceed- 
 iii'ly courteous man, of medium size in stature, and in tlie sixty-fourth year of his 
 jiirc. He had been commander of the East India stpiadron for some time, having the 
 i'oichatati for his Hag-shij), in which he brouglit over the seas tlic Japanese embassa- 
 ilors in the spring of 18G0. Having be(;n for several years in arduous service, the 
 ('overnnient had kindly orJ'ored him to the Sackett's Harbor station to enjoy a season 
 lit" rest. There he deserted the flag of his country, under which he had been cherished 
 for almost half a century. He rec;igned his commissic/ii, joined the traitors in the 
 >lave-labor states Avho were then in open rebellion against his government, and be- 
 came commander-in-chief of the " Confederate Navy."' 
 
 Yet I can not forget the commodore's kindness. He accompanied mc to the ship- 
 lioiise on Navy Point, in which is the JVeio Orleans, juiit as she was left in her untin- 
 islicd state at the end of the war in 1815, He also went with mc to the site of Fort 
 Pike, to Madison Barracks and the burial-ground, and to visit the Avidow of Ca|)tain 
 William Vaughan, whose exploits have alrt ady been mentioned in these pages.^ Mm. 
 Vaiiglian (a small, delicate woman) occupied the Sackett mansion, which was her resi- 
 dence in 1 81 2. At the time now under consideration, Colonels JJuckus and Mills l)oard- 
 (•(1 with her there. The house was near the site of Fort Tomi)kins. It was a substan- 
 tial lianio building, with a fine portico, and was embowered in shrubbery and trees. 
 
 The JV^eio Orleans was to have been a huge vessel, made to cope with the iSt.Zaw- 
 rcnce,a, three-det'k man-of-war of 120 guns, which the British launched at Kingston 
 in the autumn of 1 813. Henry Eckford^ Avas the constructor, and Henry Eagle, late 
 uf Oswego, Avas foreman of the navy yard. Time was precious, and Eckford applied 
 
 cisoly correct, bnt it gives n general idea of the pains taken, and the method adopted for making the post as secure from 
 capture as possible. It Hhows the localities of the forllHcations, and of the vessels In the harbor in the nutumn of IS 14. 
 
 1 .losinh Tattnall was liorn at Hcniaveuture, four miles from Suvanunh, (leorgln, in November, ITflB. lie is a grandson 
 111 Clovernor Tattnall, lie entered the navy as a midshipn n in 1S12, and was commissioned a lieutenant in HIS. lie 
 wan promoted to commander in February, lS;ts, and to cap; i in February, ]K60. lie tirst served In tlie frigate CuniiM- 
 li/ii>ii,and was in the afl'air al Craney Island in June, 1813. He was in tlie Alpirii i war under Decatur, was with Perry 
 niithccoaPt of Africa, and wiili Porter in his expedition nemnst the pirates In i im (inlf of Mexico. He was in command 
 iiftlie Spitfire in the bombardment of Vera Cm/ ^ 'he war with Mexico, and in the attacks on Tuspan, Tampico, and 
 .Mariidi). lie was In command of the Knst In(' uulwu during the trunblo with the Chinese in the minmcr of 18,W, 
 
 andin the spring of ISfiO brought the Japanese Hudois to thU count ly. lie resigned his eomml^r . in ISfll, and 
 
 acfcptcd one from the "government" of the so-calleil Confei! latoRtat^ of America." Hewa- in ■ mni indofthe ves- 
 rtlsofllie rebels nt Norfolk when the Merrimack wa desti ^vfd, ni'd in l»«i:( was In command of "niusqnito fleet" 
 at Savannah, (Jeorgia. His services were soon afterward dispensed th, and lie sunk Inin '■hseuril.v. = See pagctftS. 
 
 : Ilcnry Eckford was born in Scotland on the 12th of March, U.:>, iiud at the ago of lixi. > ii became an apprentice to 
 liis uncle, John Hlack, an eminent naval 
 cinistnictor at Quebec. In 1700 be com- 
 menced the business of Bhi|>-bnllding in 
 
 tlie city of New York, and soon rose to /y^ / j^ L^^ /' -'"N 
 
 liiclicadofhisprofession, and New York- .^'^ / ^^^^^''7'TL--/ /^"y- ..r^^ y J 
 
 liailt (hips were most sought after. Eck- ^ ^"^ ^ X^, ^'^'^■-^A^^ <C- (^ ^ /^ 
 
 fird liiid become thoroughly Identilled 
 iviih the interests and destiny of his 
 iiiopted country when the war coni- 
 mi'iiceil in I^l'i, and he made large con- 
 iracK with the govcninieiit for vessels on the Lakes. His achievements were wonderful, cr" lering (he theatre mi 
 "hich they were performed. At the close of the war, his accounts with the government, lnv ; several millions of 
 
 iliiliars, were promptly and hon<iral)ly settled. Soon after that he constructed the IhiWn r , ,i steam-ship of a tliou- 
 ■iiiii tons, to run between New York and New Orleans, lie became naval constnictfji Brooklyn dock-yard of the 
 
 .ivemment. His genius was too much hampered by government Interference, and be -non left the position and eii- 
 sa.td extensively In his jirofession. Orders came to him from foreign governments to ccmstruct war vessels. At the 
 wiuest of (Jcncral Jackson he furnished a plan for a new organlzalion of tlie navy. He had now amassed an ample 
 firtnnc, and had set aside $'.'0,000 for the endowment of a iirofessorshlp of Naval Architecture in Columbia College, 
 whou an mifortunatc c<mnectioii witli an insurance company reduced liim almost to penury. In IVil Mr. Kekford built 
 
 loop of war for the Sultan of Turkey, and he sailed in her to Cimstantinople. The sultan made him chief naval con- 
 Hractor of the empire. He died euddculy at Constantinople on the I'Jth of November, 1S3.', lu the llf.y-^cveuth year 
 ol Ills age, 
 
 I 
 
 i\\ 
 
,i mi '' 
 
 h 
 
 , 'fiS" 
 
 ^ 
 
 •y 
 
 
 'i'i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 016 
 
 PICTOIUAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The AVi» (trltan* Krlunlc. 
 
 Madison Barracks. 
 
 A neglected Mi)nmncni. 
 
 to the work ull the force that ho coultl commaiul. So vigorous were liig efforts, ilmt 
 ■ Jmiimry iind Within twcMity-sevt'ii (hiys'' from the time wlien tiie axe waH first laid to 
 February, isiB. jj^j timber ill the Kurioiuulinii; fore«t for the great uliip slie was ahiidst 
 ready to be huiiicheil. Hlie was to have been a tliree-deeker, jiierced for 1 10 guns Imu 
 
 cajiable of carrying 120 eighlrcus aiiil 
 forty - fours. Her frame was all com. 
 pleted, and planks nearly all on, win,, 
 tidings of jx-aee caused work ujion lur 
 to cease. In the condition in wliich sin. 
 was then letl she has ever sinro re 
 iiiained. She was never laiiiulicd. ,\ 
 sj)acious liouse was built over her, ami 
 so well has she been taken care of tbt 
 her timbers remain perfectly suiiiiil. 
 Her keel, according to a slateinciit nt 
 Mr. Henry Metcalf, tlic shiivkeeficr, is 
 IH.'t feet 7i inches; breadth of licani, 
 5(i feet; depth, 47 feet ; length overall, 
 214 feet; tonnage, 3000. She was tu 
 draw 27 feet. Within the time abov,. 
 mentioned all the timbers for other pur- 
 poses coiiii'ctcd with the vessel miiv 
 got out. J he annexed sketch shows ihc 
 apjiearance of her bow as seen at the entrance to the ship-house. Near this buiidiii!;, 
 on the south side, may be seen the sunken hulk oi the Jtfi'ersov. 
 
 From the Xeir Orleans we went up to MdJison Barracks, on the high ground over- 
 looking the village, the harbor, Hlaek liiver Bay, and the wooded country beyoml. 
 These barracks are spacious stone buildings, covering three sides of a square, ncur the 
 remains of Fort Pike. Tlu y were erected soon after the war, under the direction ul 
 Deputy Quarter-master (ieneral Thomas Tucker, at an expense of $85,000. Tluv 
 have not been occiijiied by troojis for a number of years. 
 
 AVe strolled into the burial-ground attached to the barracks, and visited tlie woodni 
 monument erected to the memory of (Jeieial Pike and others who gave their lives to 
 their country during tlie war. That monu- 
 ment, utterly neglected, was rajiidly •rumb- 
 ling into dust. I was there iive years be- 
 'Juiy, fore,'' when it was more leaniag than 
 tlie Pisa tower, and fortunately made a 
 
 ISfiS. 
 
 sketch of it and copied the fading ii scrii)tions 
 upon it. Sergeant Gaines, who wa.* then tak- 
 ing charge of the barracks, accompMiied me, 
 and assisted in deciphering the insfiptions. 
 He liad placed a copy of them, writion on 
 parchment, in a bottle, which was tightly 
 scaled, and was then hanging under the uin, 
 as tlie best way to j^reserve the precious rec- 
 ords on the spot. When I was there in 1860 
 the urn and the bottle had disappeared, the 
 jianels were niucli decayed, and the inscrip- 
 tions were illegible. The remains of the gal- 
 lant dead were collected there during the ad- 
 niinstration of Colonel Hugh Brady, who commanded the post for ten years after tlio 
 war; and the monument, w' ch was about eeven feet iu height to the top of the nrn, 
 
 I'lKK H UUNUMKMT. 
 
OP THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 617 
 
 5^^^^^^^ 
 
 glected MoDumcoi. 
 
 i«on» Pike and Virginia. 
 
 Au evening Ride to Watertown. 
 
 A Vlalt to the Widow of (lenerul Brown. 
 
 ff 
 
 BEHAIMB Or^OUT PLKK. 
 
 as erected by tlie officers of tlio garri- 
 son.' 1'^*^^ '*'"n ^^''" ""'" "iitionivl gov- 
 ifiimfiit sufVer just roproiich for neglect 
 in not erecting enduring monuments over 
 llie uraves of thcHo lierooH ? 
 
 oil leaving the barracks wo wont out to A_ 
 the roniains of Fort Pike, Houtli of them, L ,, "*■ 
 whose grassy mounds skirt the brow of li^ai' 
 the lii'-f'i hank. Within these were a mag- p|^^. 
 azine a i\'sv cannon, and lieaps of balls; 
 ;intl across the parade, the deelining sun, 
 sliiniiig brightly, was casting long sliad- 
 ows of the poitlar-trees whieh were i)lant- 
 0(1 there when the fort was built in 1814. 
 It was a beautiful spot, and we lingered 
 119 long as time Avoidd ])ermit, when we 
 returned to the village and went to the 
 site of Fort Virginia, whose block-honse, 
 
 made of heavy hewn timber, was yet stand- 
 ing in perfect preservation, and used iis a 
 barn. It was on the premises of Mrs. Tisdale, 
 about twelve rods south from Washington 
 Street. 
 
 We returned to the commodore's residence 
 at five o'clock, and after tea I started in a 
 light wagon for Watertown, on the IMack 
 River, about twelve miles distant, where I 
 spent the Sabbath" with the fam- •An-jiista?, 
 ily of an old friend. On Monday ***"''• 
 morning he accomiianied mo to Brownsville, 
 four miles distant, where I had the jileasure 
 ui.<i<'K-iii>i»E, HAiKKTi'H HAiimiu. of sjieiiding a p.'irt of the forenoon at the ele- 
 
 U.int mansion of the widow of General Hrown. There many mementos of that gal- 
 lant officer wore j)resorved. Among them was the' portrait painted by John Wesley 
 .larvis, from which the engraving on ])age 008 was copied; also a monochrome drawn 
 by Sully, of Philadelphia (now [1867] the oldest painter in the United States), for the 
 medal voted to General Brown by the American Congress for his meritorious con- 
 duct on the Niagara frontier. That medal was also there. There too was his sword ; 
 also the elegantly written and well ornamented diploma Avhich by vote of the Com- 
 mon Council of New York conferred njion him the "freedom of the city," and the 
 2old box in which it was presented to him. Of the latter mementos of the gallant 
 soldier I shall have occasion to write hereafter. 
 
 The mansion of General Brown, which he built in 1814-'1.5,i8 spacious and elegant. 
 It is of blue limestone, and stands on the borders of the village of six or seven hund- 
 it'd inhabitants, in the midst of a lawn of about eight acres, ornamented with shrub- 
 
 ' The following were the Inscriptions on the montiniont: 
 
 ll'«( /Vint/.-" In memory of Hrigndler Gcnernl Z. Af . Pike, killed at York, IT. c, 2Tth April, 1818. Captain Joseph 
 Nicliolsoii, 14th Infantry, iiirt-de-cnmp to General Pike, killed at York, U. C, 27th April, isia." 
 
 Smth IMnel.—" In memory of Brigadier Oenernl L. Covinijtoii, killed at Chryfiler'g Field, U. C, Nov. 11, 1813. Lleu- 
 :oiiaiil Colonel E. Hackns, lf>t nragoons, killed at SacV-'tt's Harbor, "nth May, 1S13." 
 
 Katl AiiiW.— " In memory of Colonel Tuttle, Lientennnt Colonel T)lx, Major iTohnson, Llentenant Vandeventer."' 
 
 ''Mlh I'anfl.—"lu memory of r.ieiitenant Colonel .Tohn Mills, Volunteer, killed at Sackett'fl Harbor, 20th May, 1818. 
 Captain A. Spencer, 29th Infantry, killed at I.nndy's Lane, 2mh .I.ily, ISU." 
 
 Ocncrnl Pike was first bnried near Fort Tompkins, not far from the ship-honse. The remains of all were deposited 
 in the rcmotcry of the barracks lu ISIO, when the monnraent was erected. Those of Colonel Mills were token to Albany 
 Immediately after the battle. 
 
 !l 
 
ill 
 
 ^Iffi: 
 
 iJiJII 
 
 ii 
 
 618 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Ueueral Browu'ii I{e!<Ulciicc In lirownvville. 
 
 Return to Watcrtown. 
 
 The Whitllewy Rock. 
 
 bery and stately trees. The view of it here given is from tlie banks of a little stream 
 that runs through a gentle SNtale along the skirt of the lawn. 
 
 MAiNtllUM Ol' libKKlSAl, BliOWN. 
 
 On our return to Watcrtown avc rode along the margin of the Black River, where 
 it sweeps in swift current through the village after leaping the precipice at the fall , 
 and halted at the entrance to a cavern which extends to an unknown distance ximh 
 
 the town. In front of it, projectint! 
 into the stream like a huge buttress, 
 is a mass of limestone known as tlio 
 Wliittlesey Rock, it being the place 
 where the guilty wife of a man (if 
 that name jumped into the stream 
 and perished over fifty years ago. 
 Her liusband Avas a lawyer from 
 Connecticut, and settled in Water- 
 town in 1809. Toward the close of 
 the Avar he v.-as appointed brigadi 
 paymaster, and in the performaiiee 
 of his duties Avcnt to the city of New 
 York for funds, accompaiiicil by lii'- 
 wife. He received thirty tlioiisaml 
 (hdlars. On the Avay back she ro1> 
 bed him of several thousaTid dollars; 
 W1IITTLE8KV BOCK, wATKBTowN. rj^j Jig -^y^s iuduccd by tlio inacliiiiii- 
 
 tious of his Avife — a Avoman of education, but thorouglily dejjraved, who AA-orked ujwn 
 liis fears — to report himself robbed of all, in order to secure the money for tliem 
 selves. This was done on an occasion Avhen he Avent out on a tour to pay off the 
 drafted militia. He oftered two thousand dollars reward for the robber, and made 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 610 
 
 A Conresaion extorted. Suicide of the gnllty Party. Captaiu Uollina. Hovoments uu the Niagara Froutier, 
 
 other demonstrations of honesty. But ho was not believed by many ; and his securi- 
 ties Fairbanks and Keyos, of Watertown, were so well convinced of foul play, that 
 they decoyed him into a lonely place* not far from the village, and extorted -July it, 
 from him a confession, and the assertion that a larger portion of the money ***'"■ 
 mifht be found with his wife. One of the sureties and two or three others proceed- 
 ed to the residence of Whittlesey, which stood near the bank of the river, forcibly 
 entered the house, and there, between beds and quilted in a garment, most of the 
 money was found. Whittlesey was taken to his home, and husband and wife, bitter- 
 ly criminating each other, were placed under a guard. Unperceived by these, in a 
 moment of confusion IMrs. Whittlesey glided from the house, crossed the present cem- 
 etery of Trinity Church to the river, and plunged in. Her body was found floating 
 near tlic lower bridge. Public opinion fastened all the guilt upon the wretched wife, 
 Wliittlesey went into a Western state, where he led a correct life, and held the offices 
 of justice of the peace and county judge. Mr. Fairbanks, one of the actore in the af- 
 fair is yet (1867) living at Watertown, and from his lips, on our return to the village, 
 I received an account of the tragedy. > 
 
 At the Woodruff House, in Watertown, I met Captain HoUins, of the navy, a stout, 
 thick-set man, sixty-one years of age. He was a midshipman in our navy toward the 
 close of the War of 1812, and in the course of long years rose to the rank of captain. 
 He too, deserted his flag in the hour of his country's peril, went South, and, during 
 the Great Rebellion, played traitor with all the vigor his abilities would allow.^ His 
 accomplished wife, who was with him in Watertown, was a daughter of the pa- 
 triotic Colonel Sterett, of Baltimore, and, true to her family instincts, tried, it is 
 said, to persuade her husband to stand by his flag. She was in Poughkeepsie, 
 New York, when he arrived at Boston from a cruise in the Massachusetts in IMay or 
 June, 1861, and hastened to him to prevent his apprehended purpose. She failed, 
 and he fell. 
 
 I left Watertown on Monday evening for Cape Vincent, for the purpose of visiting 
 places of historic interest on the St. Lawrence. Concerning my visit to Carleton Isl- 
 and, French Creek, and other places near the Thousand Islands, I shall hereafter write. 
 Let iis now return to the Niagara frontier, and consider the hostile movements there 
 soon after the battles at Sackett's Harbor, Fort George, and Stony Creek. 
 
 We left the Americans, under General Dearborn, at Foit George, and the enemy's 
 advance, at the same time, occupied a strong position at the Beaver Dams, among the 
 hills, and at Ten-mile Creek (now Homer village, three miles eastward of St. Catha- 
 rine's), nearer the lake shore. At the former place, De Cou's house, a strong stone 
 huilding, was made a sort of citadel by the enemy, where supplies were collected 
 from the surrounding country, especially from those of the inhabitants who favored 
 the American cause. The character and position of the place had been ascertained 
 by a scout of mounted riflemen under Major Cyrcnius Chapin, of the New York Vol- 
 unteers, who was under Tov»'son in the capture of the Caledonia at Fort Erie the 
 preceding autumn.^ It was an important post, and General Dearborn determined to 
 Attempt its capture. For that purpose he detached five hundred and seventy men, in- 
 eluding Chapin's corps, some artillerymen, and two field-pieces, under Lieutenant Col- 
 ; • , . 
 
 1 A mlnnte ncconnt of this affair, with a portrait of Mr. Fairbanks, may be found in Hough's Histanj qf Jefferson 
 ''ountji, page 203. 
 
 i Gcoijc N. Hollins was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on the 20th of September, ITOW. lie entered the navy a8 mid- 
 fhlpmnn in Fcbrnary, 1S14, on the sloop-of-wur ISnlh'mnre, Captain Rldjiely. He was a volunteer, under Barney, in the 
 battle ofllladcnsburg. He was also an aid of Commodore Rodgcrs during the attack on Baltimore, and carried mes- 
 sages to Fort M'llenry. Up was in the battle between the Prem'dent and Enitirmwn, off Sandy Hook, in January, ISIB, 
 nhen he was taken prisoner and carried to Bermuda. He is supposed to be the last survivor of the men of the Prm- 
 itnl. lie was with Decatur in the Mediterranean. His exploit in the attack on Grcytown, Nicaragua, is fresh in mem- 
 ory, »nd not productive of pleasant reflections on the part of American citizens. Hollins scorns not to have been highly 
 prized by the leaders in the Rebellion, and is almost unknown to honorable fame among them. 
 
 ' See pat,o 380. He was very efflclcnt as lieutenant colonel commanding in skirmishes near Fort George in October 
 following. He died in Buffalo in February, 1838. 
 
 ■I * 
 
620 
 
 riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Expedition against the British at the Beaver I)am«. 
 
 Enconnter with Indians. 
 
 An old Ocrmnn Chnrcb, 
 
 <:J^ 
 
 onel Charles G. Bo-rst. 
 
 ^e^'t-^--'2>^l-^'''^f—^ Infantry.' Tluy !,,(■, 
 
 Fort CJooi-rrc! oil the 
 evening of the 2.'!(l of June, marched up the Niagara River to Queenstoii, niid tlan 
 lialted for the night. Early the next morning they proceeded toward St. Da\ idV 
 ibur miles west of Queenston, and Avhen near it several British ofticers were koch to 
 leave houses, mount their horses, and ride off westward in haste. They fiied alann 
 guns and sounded a bugle, by which means the several cantonments of the eiieim 
 were aroused. 
 
 The Americans moved steadily forward until they reached the " Ten Road," a lit- 
 tle eastward of the present village of 
 Thorold, and at an old German church^ 
 commenced the ascent of the " Mountain" 
 (as the Canadians call the gentle emi- 
 nences that extend from the Niagara to 
 Hamilton and beyond), through a forest 
 of pine and beech trees, to the more level 
 country on the summit, where they halted 
 for some time. On resuming their march 
 and proceeding about a mile, they saw In- 
 dians in a cleared field (Hoover's) and 
 open woods running toward a more dense 
 forest of beech-trees that skirted each side 
 of the read, near the p-esent toll-gate, close 
 by the residence of the Rev. Dr. R. II. Ful- 
 ler, rural dean. Cliapin was immediate- 
 ly ordered forward with his mounted men, 
 Avho Avere kept considerably in advance of 
 the main body. These had passed the beech woods, and a greater portion of tlio otli- 
 ers had also gone by, when a body of MohaAvk and CaughnaAvaga Indians, four Imnd- 
 red and fifty in number, under Captain John Brant and Captain William John Kerr- 
 (Avho afterward became his brother-in-law), AA'ho had been lying in ambush, foil upon 
 BtErstler's rear, Avhere about tAventy light dragoons were posted. Bocrstler imme- 
 diately recalled Chapin, formed his troops, charged upon the half-concealed foo, and 
 drove them almost a mile. The Indians might have been entirely routed had B(crst- 
 ler followed up the advantage gained. He hesitated. The Indians rallied, and hung 
 upon his flank and rear, keeping up a most galling fire at every exposed situation. 
 The Americans pressed onAvard, over the Beaver Dam Creek, fighting the wily foe to 
 immense disadvantage, and made conscious that they were almost, if not altogether 
 surrounded by them. For about three hours this annoying contest Avas kept up. 
 Boerstler's cannon liad been posted on a rise of ground at the turn in the road near 
 the residence of Mr. Schriner at the time of my visit, and the Indians fell slowly 
 back before the American bayonets. 
 
 At Icngtii Bccrstler defennined to retire and abandon the object of the expedition. 
 
 ' Charles Q. Boerstler was n native of Maryland, and was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the Fonrtecnth lufaiilr; 
 In March, 1812. Ho was active, as wc have seen (page 428), In affairs at Black Rock toward the close of that je.ir. 
 Three days hefore his unfortunate expedition to the Beaver Dams he was promoted to colonel of the Fourteenth. Ai 
 the close of the war he was disbanded. 
 
 » This is a view of the oldest building erected for the worship of God In that section of Canada remaining »1 tlit 
 time of my visit. It was a little more than half a mile from the vlllogs of Thorold. The German refugees from lh( 
 Mohawk Valley at the close of the Revolution built it. It was formed of logs, and was abont twenty-five feet sonare. 
 It stood In the midst of a bnrlal-gronnd. 
 
 ' Captain Kerr was a (rrandson of Sir Wlllinra Johnson, b., Molly Brant, sister of the great Mohawk chief, ond \rt! 
 one qnartcr Mohawk. He married Elizabeth, the beantifDl and accomplished youngest child of Brant. 
 
 GKBMAN CUUBCH. 
 
 Wk^ 
 
 11 
 
 ii!l ,>: 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12, 
 
 921 
 
 Id Ocrmnn Charch. 
 
 rlcs (i. HciTM- 
 Kourtcciitli 
 ' Tlu^y l,.f, 
 orgo on the 
 stoii, and then 
 i-(l St. David's, 
 i were Kt'i'ii tn 
 oy tiivd alarm 
 of tlie oueiiiv 
 
 n Road," a lit- 
 
 ion of tlio otli- 
 ians, four luind- 
 lam Jolui Kerr 
 nbush, fell upon 
 Boerstler immc- 
 nccalcd foe, ami 
 ited had B(crst- 
 lied, and imng 
 loscd situation. 
 the wily foe to 
 not altogether 
 t was kept \\\). 
 a the road near 
 ans fell slowly 
 
 tlie expedition. 
 
 B ronrtccnth lufaiiiry 
 le close of that year. 
 f the Fourteenth. .M 
 
 nclB remaining at ikf 
 an refui!ec8 from Ihi 
 ■enty-five feet snuiire. 
 
 ihnwk chief, and \w 
 tront. 
 
 Rritlib Troopi Mved by a Uerolne. Hni. Secord's Services and Reward. Bontler and bis Command captnred. 
 
 W'hile moving off he encountered a (unall body of militia, under Lieutenant Cohmel 
 Thomas Clark, in tlie IJeech Woods. They had hastened to tlie field from all (iiiarters. 
 Iterstler lialted, and sent a courier to Dearborn for re-enforcements. Very Boon after- 
 ward Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, 
 ,vho was in coinniand at De (Jou's, 
 iippeared with forty or fifty men of 
 ihe IJritish Forty -ninth,' lie had 
 lieeii warned of tlic expedition of 
 Birrstler, and the danger to his post 
 iind coinniand, by Mrs. Laura Hecord, 
 then a resident of Queenston, and 
 now (1S07) dwelling at Chi})pcwa, 
 who liud been privately informed of 
 the plans of General Dearborn, Ke- 
 solviiig to reveal them to her endan- 
 (rercd friends, she made a circuit of 
 nineteen miles on foot, and gave tlie 
 int'ormation which led to the Indian 
 anibush and the check of IJaTstler's 
 maich.^ Fitzgibbon displayed his 
 men, and, perceiving much confusion 
 in the American ranks, conceived the 
 plan of boldly demanding their sur- 
 render in the name of Major De Ha- 
 ven, the commandant of the district. Fitz- 
 ;!il)bon himself approached with a flag. 
 He falsely assured Ba'rstler that his ])arty 
 was the advance of fifteen hundred Jiritisli 
 troops and seven hundred Indians, then approaching under Lieutenant Colonel Bissh- 
 
 > A blacksmith in Smoky Uollow, two miles north from St. Catharine's, named Yocum, piloted Fitzgibbon from De 
 Cou's to the Beaver Dams. 
 
 I Mrs. Secord was then, as now, n woman of light and delicate frame, and her patriotic jonrney was performed on a 
 very hot enmnier's day. She is now (1807) living at the Canadian village of Chippewa, on the Niagara River, at the age 
 of ninety-two years, her mental faculties in full play, and her eyesight sufficiently retained to see to read without spcc- 
 uclei. She is the widow of James Secord, Esq., who commanded a company of militia in the battle at (Jneenston In 
 ni2,an(l was severely wounded there. In a letter to me, written on the 18th of February, ISOl, Mrs. Secord has given 
 i!ic fiillowlni,' interesting acconnt of her exploit here mentioned : " After going to St. David's, and the recovery of Mr. 
 Sicord, we returned again to Queenston, where my courage again was much tried. It was then I gained the secret |)lan 
 :.iid to capture Captain Fitzgibbon and his party. I was determined. If possible, to save them. I had much difflcutly in 
 
 .'itini; through the American guards. They were ten miles out in the country. When I came to a field belonging to 
 . Mr. De Cou,'in the neighborhood of the Beaver Dams, I then had walked nineteen miles. By that time daylight had 
 i-fi me. I yet had a swift stream of water to cross over an old fallen tree (Twelve-mile Creek), and to climb a high hill, 
 which fatigued me very ranch. 
 
 "Before I arrived at the encampment of the Indians, as I approached they all arose with one of their war-yells, which 
 iiiiieed awed me. You may imagine what my feelings were to behold so many savages. With forced courage I went 
 Done of the chlef:^, told him I had great news for his commander, and that he must take me to him, or they would be 
 .11 loet. He did not understand me, but said, ' Woman 1 what does woman want here V The scene by moonlight to some 
 :;iijhthave been grand, but to a weak woman certainly terrifying. With difflcnity I got one of the chiefs to go with me 
 
 ' Ihdr commander. With the Intelligence I gave him he formed his plans and saved his country. I have ever found 
 
 iif brave and noble Colonel Fitzgibbon a friend to me ; may he prosper in the world to come as he has done in this. 
 
 "Laoba Seooud. 
 
 "Chippewa, U. C, February 18, 1801." 
 
 Lieutenant Fitzgibbon was promoted to the rank of captain in the British army, and is now (I86T) a Poor Knight of 
 Hindmr Castle. Ue gave Mrs. Secord a certificate setting forth the facts above recorded. It is signed "James Fltzglb. 
 iwn.rormerly lieutenant in the Forty-ninth Regiment." That certificate is printed In the Angto-Ameriean Magazine, 
 mdon page 178 of Anchinicck's HUtonj qfthe War ()/1812, published in Toronto in 1(566. 
 
 When the Prince of Wales was making a tour in Canada In 1S60, the veteran soldiers of 1812 on the Niagara fi'ontler 
 went In Niagara to sign an address to his royal highness. Mrs. Secord apiilied for permission to place her name on the 
 IM. "Wher,-!f()re?" was the natural question. She told her story, and it was agreed that she was one of the most em- 
 inently deserving of honor among the patriots of thut war. The story was repeated to the prince on his arrival at 
 ijuccniton, and it made such an impression on his memory and kind heart, especially when it was said that I ho. brave 
 : ad patriotic woman was not " rich in this World's goods," that, soon after his return home, tie caused the sum of one 
 linndred pounds sterling to be presented to her. The likeness above given la from a daguerreotype kind'y eonl Ui me 
 !:m Mrs. Secord by the liand of Mr. J. P. Merrttt, of St. Catharine's. 
 
 ^^t-f-tisi^ 
 
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 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 imi 
 
 i. 
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 1 Hi^ 
 
 
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 1 
 
 M 
 
 \r 
 
 
 
 
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 5 ' ;' 
 
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 vlifflWi 
 
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 If 
 
 IMilll 
 
 622 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Terms of Surrender violated by the ludlans. A bold Stroke for Lll)erty. Fort Qeorge inveated by the Brltlik 
 
 opp, ftml that the savages were bccominj? ho cxaHpemted that it would bo (Htruult 
 to keep them from massacring the Americans. Hcerstler believed, and was alarnicd 
 lie agreed to surrender on the eonditions that the officers should retain their arms 
 liorses, and baggage, and that the militia and volunteers, with Colonel liocrstler (wlio 
 Avas slightly wounded), should be permitted to return to the United States on parole i 
 By tlie time the capitulation was agreed to in final form, Do Haven, who had liccn 
 sent for by Fitzgibbon, came up with two hundred men and received the sulmiissiou 
 of the captives. The number of prisoners 8urren<lered was five liundred aiul j'oitv- 
 two, and the spoils of victory wure one 12-pounder, one 0-pounder, and a staml of 
 colors. 
 
 The surrender ^'.as scarcely completed when the articles of the capitulation wcii 
 violated. The Indians immediately commenced plundering the prisoners of tlicir 
 arms and clotliing, and the militia and volunteers, instead of being released on parole, 
 were taken to Burlington Heights and kept there as prisoners of war. ^./ine oi'tiieni 
 escaped through the adroit management of Major Chajjin, Avho was soon sent, with a 
 number of his volunteers, in two bateaux, in charge of Captain Showers and a guanl, 
 to Kingston, there to be held as prisoners. When within two? vo miles of York tluv 
 arose and overpowered the guard, crossed the lake in the night, .."'^ arrived safely at 
 Fort Niagara with their jailers as prisoners. '^ 
 
 Wlicn Boerstler's courier reached Dearborn, that commander sent Colonel Christii 
 with three liundred men to re-enforce liim. They pushed forward rapidly to Queens- 
 ton, Avhere they heard of the surrender of the Americans. Christie hastened hack to 
 camp with tlie sad intelligence. It caused alarm there that was speedily justifitil 
 by events. The British advanced upon Queenston, and, occupying that place ami 
 vicinity, soon invested the Americans at Fort George with a formidable force. Gen- 
 eral Vincent, with a small force, held Burlington Heights, and General De Kotten- 
 burg was encamped with a strong body at Ten-mile Creek. Dearborn, whose career 
 as chief had been singidarly unsuccessful, was soon superseded by a more iiieom- 
 potent and less trustworthy man, General Wilkinson,^ Avhose movements on theJs'orth- 
 ern frontier present a series of blunders and disasters.'' 
 
 > This capltnlation, In four brief articles, the substance of which Is given In the text, was signed on the port of Colo- 
 nel Boerstler by Captain Andrew M'Dowcll, and on that of Lieutenant Colonel Bieshopp by Major P. V. De Havon, 
 Captain Merrltt, in his MS. Narrative, says that Captain Norton, of the Indian force, bnmorouely declared that ik( 
 Caughnawagas fought the battle, the Mohawks got the plunder, and Fitzgibbon got the credit. "The greater part ot 
 the Caughnawagas," says Merrltt, " were displeased, and returned home in a few days afterward, which at this time iti- 
 a very great loss." 
 
 ' Major Chnpin, in his Revieio o/ Armatromj's Notices of the War o/1812, page 10, says that he was placed in oiieboii 
 with a principal part of the guard, and Captain Sackrlder and a greater portion of the prisoners iu the other bunt, (ir- 
 ders had been given for the boats to keep some rods apart, one ahead of the other. After they had passed out of Bur- 
 lington Bay upon the open lake, Chapln made a signal to Sackrider in the hinder boat, which the Ameriians were rnw- 
 ing, to come up closer. lie gave the word in whispers to the men, and while the major was amusing the Britisli caplaio 
 with a story, tlie hinder boat came up under the stern of the forward one. It was ordered back, when Chnpin, witli loa I 
 voice, ordered his men not to fall back an Inch. Captain Showers attempted to draw his sword, and sonic of his rani 
 thrust at Chapln with bayonets. The latter prostrated the captsin with a blow. He fell in the bottom of (he boat, ami 
 two of his men who were thrusting at Chapln fell upon him. The latter Immediately stepped upon them. The mianl 
 iu both boats were speedily overcome and secured. "I succeeded to the command of oar fleet of two biiteaus," mts 
 Chapln, " with no little alacrity. We shifted our course, crossed Lake Ontario, and with the boats and prisoners arrived 
 the next morning safe at Fort Niagara." 
 
 » Congress was in session when this "climax of continual tidings of mismanagement and misfortune" renchedWa* 
 ington. The late Charles J. Tngersoll, one of the historians of the war, was then a member of the House of Ifi-iircsenla- 
 tives. The intelligence produced great irritation. " On the Cth of July, 1813, therefore," says lugersoll, " afier a fhon 
 accidental communion of regret and impatience In the lobby of the House of Representatives with the Spealcer and 
 General Ringgold, of Maryland, I was deputed n volunteer to wait on the President, and request General Ue.irlmni- 
 removal fl-om a command which, so far, had been so unfortnnate." The recall of General Dearborn immediately fol- 
 lowed this request, and on the 16th of July that officer, who had performed noble service in the Continental army, tool; 
 leave of that on the Niagara fnmtier, at Fort George, puranant to an order from the Secretary of War that he (houlJ 
 "retire from command until his health should be re-established." "The Northern army," says Ingersoll, "relieved of | 
 a veteran leader whose age and health disqnalifled him for active and enterprising services. In his successor, General ; 
 Wilkinson, did not get a younger, healthier, or more competent commander."— Hi'storica! Sketch of the Second War,iV.. 
 1., 28R. 
 
 « The authorities consulted in the preparation of the foregoing narrative are the official dispatches; statements ot 
 officers! the Histories of Thompson, Perkins, Conner, Brackenridge, Ingersoll, James, Christie, Auchluleck; Stone'.' j 
 Life of Brant ; Chapin's Review of Armstrong ; MerrittJe MS. narrative ; personal narratives of sun-Ivors, etc. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 688 
 
 ited l)jf tbe Briilih, 
 
 id bo dilViciilt 
 wiiH alarmwl, 
 in thoir arniii, 
 liojrfitU'r (wild 
 tes on purolc,! 
 who had hww 
 the suhmisMiMi 
 red ami forty- 
 nd a stand of 
 
 )itulation wen 
 ioners of tlit'ir 
 jas'od on parole, 
 ^^llnc• of them 
 )on sent, with a 
 rs and a ijuard, 
 ?8 of York tiny 
 irrivcd safoly at 
 
 Colonel Christii' 
 lidly to Qiu'cih 
 lastcnc'd hack t'l 
 pcedily jutitifiM 
 that place aii'l 
 Mo force. Gen- 
 icral Do Kottin- 
 irn, whose career 
 r a more iueom- 
 iits on the North- 
 
 led on tliepartotCokv 
 
 Mnjor P. V. De Hnveii. 
 
 jiiHly declared that tb 
 
 The grentcr pan of 
 
 which at thiB limo n ■ 
 
 was placed in one bi .u 
 in the other boat. Or- 
 hud passed out ut Bur- 
 
 Americans were rm- 
 Bing the BritlBh captain 
 i-hen Chapin, with loud 
 
 and some of his men 
 iottomof theiiiiai,,,!.: 
 ,p<)n them. The -i; 
 . oftwo l)ateaus,"si;( 
 18 and prleoncrs arrivtl 
 
 fortnne" reai-hodWash- 
 le House ofllcirMenti- 
 upersoll/'afiei' »''""' 
 I with the Sjieaker acd 
 est General Boarboni'! 
 
 rborn immedlntel!: W- 
 Continental army, tocli 
 
 of War that he shoalJ 
 
 InRersoll," relieved ot ^ 
 ^1 his successor, General ' 
 
 io/theSecondVat,tU' 
 
 Ipatches: statement! ol ! 
 \e, Anchliileclt; Stone's 
 TsurN'ivorB, clc. 
 
 A Vltlt to St. Catbartoe'i and tbe lleaver Unmi' Battle-gronnd. 
 
 De Cou's and De Con'* Pallf . 
 
 It was in sultry August, 1 860, that I visited the scenes of Bcoi-stler's march and dis- 
 iifitcr and places in the vicinity. I have already mentioned my trip from Qnoenston 
 to St. Catharine's, and so on to Hamilton, Paris, Brantfonl, and the Indian settlements 
 on the (trand River in Canada.' It was at that time that I Hto]»i)ed at St. Catharine's 
 for the purpose of seeing the Honorable William Hamilton i\Ierritt,tho brave British 
 cavalry officer already mentioned, and of visiting places of interest near. I arrived 
 there on Saturday evening, and at a boarding-iiouso wlicro I procured lodgings I had 
 the iileasiiro of meeting the family of a once valued actpiaintance in Virginia, who 
 were seeking health from tlie use of the powerful mineral waters that flow up copi- 
 ously there from the deep recesses of the eartli.'* Little did I think that within a few 
 montlis tlie accomplislied head of that family, Avhom I had learned to esteem most 
 hi'dily, would bc.sedueed from his allegiance to the flag of his country, under which 
 he liad served with fidelity and distinction for five-aiid-tliirty years, and become the 
 .'eiieral-in-chief of armies in rebellion against the government of tlie Republic! Ho 
 held tlie narrow view of American citizenship, engendered by the doctrine of supreme 
 state sovereignty, expressed in the words "I go witli my state," and followed the 
 terrible fortunes of his native Virginia when iier political charh.tans — her selfish 
 trading politicians — declared her secession from tlie Union, and brought ruin on her 
 licople. 
 
 I was unfortunate in not finding Mr. Morritt at home. As a member of the Cana- 
 dian Pai'liament, he had gone to (Quebec to receive the Prince of Wales. To his son, 
 Mr. J. P. Merritt, I am indebted for many kind courtesies while there. He gave me 
 free access to.his father's military papers, and kindly lent me the MS. Narrative of 
 Events in the campaigns on the Canadian Peninsula already referred to. 
 
 Early on Monday morning,* Jvfter a night made memorable by a f( rful •AuRnstso, 
 tiiunder-storm, I started for the Beaver Dams, accompanied by Mr. Mer- ^*'''- 
 ritt. On the way I sketched the ancient German church delineated on page 620 ; 
 and early in the forenoon wo reached the house of the Reverend Dr. Fuller by the 
 famous IJeech Woods where Boerstler was first attacked. From the roof of his 
 dwelling we obtained a fine view of the Beaver Dams' battle-ground and the thea- 
 tre of Bocrstler's misfortunes, and from that elevation made the sketch seen at the 
 top of the pictn ■ the following page. On the right is seen the Beech Wooc'i, 
 snd through tl , re Beaver Dams' Creek. On the left is seen the turn of the 
 
 road where Bui filer's cannon were planted, and a little to the right of it is the 
 stone house of Mr. Shrincr, whose orchard, adjouiing it, was the place where Bojrst- 
 ier surrendered to De Haven. The two-story house on the right of the picture 
 is De Cou's, and the cascade on the left is a view of Dc Cou's Falls, in Twelve-mile 
 Creek. 
 
 From Dr. Fuller's we rode on through Beaver Dam village to De Cou's, passing 
 on the way the smoking ruins of a barn which had been fired by lightning during 
 the night. The famous house Avas of stone, two stories in height, spacious, Avith or- 
 namental shrubbery around it. It was in an elevated, fertile, and beautiful region. 
 After sketching the building we passed on to the lake slopes of the hills, and, follow- 
 ing a farm-road a little distance, came to De Cou's Falls, where the Twelve-mile 
 Crc'k pours over a ledge of rocks, semicircular in form, hito a Avild ravine, in a per- 
 pendicular cascade of sixty feet. The sides of the ravine are very precipitous, and 
 covered chiefly with evergreens. With much difliculty and some danger, I made my 
 
 1 See page 420. 
 
 ' The city of St. Catharine's, on tho Twclve-milo Creek, the Welland Canal, and the Great Western Railway, was 
 known a8"Chipman's" during the war. It is between twelve and thirteen miles west from the Niagara River. It is 
 a port of entry (Port Dalhonsie is at the month of the creek), is heantifuliy situated, and threatens to rival Hamilton. 
 Its mineral springs are very noted for their belling properties, and St. Catharine's has become a place of great -esort 
 for invalldB and fashionable people. It is a very desirable place for those who love a quiet watering-place for a few 
 weeks in summer. The population is about seven thousand. 
 
624 
 
 PICTORIAL VIELD.BQOK 
 
 Skatch of Da Cun'i Falln. 
 
 A Veteran of the War uf \HU. 
 
 Meturn to 81. (.'uthirtiwi, 
 
 A fourth of a mile licl 
 
 IHV 
 
 It'll, Biiaut'ii Dy cc 
 dars and hemlocks, were 
 tlie remains of an ohl mill. 
 
 was another fall of thirty feet, wliere tlie ravine (Icciuns 
 and darkens, for tlie whole declivity down which the 
 stream pours toward the plain is covered with a tleuse 
 forest. 
 
 Wo made our way along a most picturesque road 
 among tlie hills to tlio I'ertilc rolling plain below, and 
 stopped at the little log cottage of Captain James Dit 
 trick, a bachelor 
 of seventy -five, 
 
 and a veteran of ^//C^y^t^ 
 the War of 181 2. ^-^ 
 
 He was commandi r ot the Fourth Lincoln company, and 
 was in the battles at Queenston, Fort George, and M. 
 agara, or Lundy's Lane, and was active on the froiilin 
 and over the peninsula during tlie whole of the Avar. Ik 
 arrived at the Beaver Dams a few minutes after the sur- 
 render of Ba'rstler, and participated in the joy of the oc- 
 casion. C.'iptaui Dittrick was a bald-headed, heavy man, 
 very pleasant and communicative — ready to " fight his 
 battles o'er again" by his hearthstone. Our visit was 
 made too short for our pleasure and profit by the mm. 
 bling of thunder. We rode on to St. Catharine's, wlicrc 
 we arrived in time to escape a drenching shower. I 
 dined Avith Mr. Merritt and his fathei-'s family, and bad 
 the pleasure of meeting at the table the widow of the eminent Jesse Hawlcy, who 
 was a distinguished citizen of Western New York, to whom Governor De Witt Clin- 
 ton (autograph letter now before me) gave the credit of being the chief projector of 
 that great work of internal improvement, the Erie Canal. He published a series of 
 
 UK UOU^ FALLS. 
 
> St. Cuthitlnt'i. 
 
 OF TlIK VVAK OF 1812. 
 
 625 
 
 TWtWilMnlltoD Md Stony Creek. 
 
 A Renjgee hrom the Wyomlnn Valtay. 
 
 Departure Ibr Brsntford. 
 
 ablp It'ttcrH ovpr the sipnnturo of "Hercules," whoso wise »upfjj[eHtionH led to tlie eon- 
 striictioii *>' t'"^^ iiii^lity work wiiic.ii itnmortulizi'tl tin; nuiiKt of Clinton, und uddod 
 millions to tho wimlth of New York.' 
 
 I left St. Ciitharine'M toward ovcninj? for tho heantiful city of Hamilton, at the head 
 ,,| ihc livke. The railway piisHeH throiiirh a most cliarininj; country lying between 
 I lif "Mountain" or uneient shore of Ontario and the lake. This mountain approaches 
 the liiko within three fourths of a mile at Humilton, and then, turning more soutli- 
 «iir(l assists in forming the deep valley in which iJundas lies nestled. I passed the 
 iiiifjit at the Royal Hotel in Ilamiltoit, and at six o'clock the ne.\t morning started in 
 i liclit wagon for Stony tireek, seven miles eastward, over a tine stone road. I was 
 iliriftt'tl to Colonel Daniel Lewis for information concerning tho battle and its local- 
 jij,,^. His residence was a little northward of the village, but he was absent. From 
 jif jlcuh's, residing there, I obtained all needful knowledge respecting tho place of 
 ihc eiu'iunpment and the combat. After making the sketch on page t(0:3, 1 returned 
 M till! village, made my way half a mile southward of it, and took a hasty glance at 
 the pouring down of Stony Creek from the "Mountain" in a perpendicular fall of one 
 liuiidred mid thirty feet into a deep, narrow gorge. Wishing to depart from Hamil- 
 ton for I'jvris at twelve o'clock, I did not linger long at the falls. On my way back I 
 stoppcil lit the house of Mr. Michael Aikman to obtain sonic information concerning 
 ilie pliu'c of tho liritish encamjiment on Jiurlington Heights. He too was absent, but 
 I -pout a most interesting half hour with his mother, Mrs. Hannah Aiknnin, a small, 
 ililicate woman, then ninety-one years of age. She was the daughter of Michael 
 Showers, a Tory refugee from the Wyoming Valley. She and her family were in 
 Wiiiterino'^t's Fort, and her father was one of IJutler's liiingers. After the battle 
 ilure they were comjielled to fly. They went up the Susijuehivnna, and across the 
 (Oiintry by way of the Genesee, intending to go to Niagara by the lake in a small 
 li(i;it whicli they took with them. It Avas so injured that it could not be tised. The 
 liither walked to Fort Niagara for relief, and for a week his family subsisted on roots 
 wlmli they dug from tho soil. They were timely relieved by some Mississagua In- 
 ,li;iiis. Her father was one of the settlers with Butler's Hangers on tlie Canadian 
 iHiiiiisula, and for almost seventy years she had lived at her then place of abode.-' 
 \Vhcii I told her of my visil to Wifttermoot's house, and described it as she remem- 
 liorid it, and sjioke of the Wintermoots, the Burnets, the Hallenbecks, the Dorrances, 
 mil others whom she knew, her eyes brightened, and she said it seemed as if one of 
 kr old neighbors had come to see her. 
 
 1 reached Hamilton^ just in time to take the cars for the West, and, as I have al- 
 ready mentioned, arrived at Brantford, on the Grand River, that evening. Of my 
 visit to the Indian settlements in that vicinity I have elsewhere written.* 
 
 : It is proper to sny here that the project of a cnnal to connect the waters of Lake Krle with those of the Hudson 
 Kivrr wi\8 contemplated by General Philip Schuyler, Elkanah Watson, and Christopher Colles, many years before Mr. 
 llswley wrote his con"incing letters. 
 
 ' I have liefore mentioned in this work that, after the Revolntion, Butler's Rangers and other refugees fVom the 
 limed States settled on the Canadian peninsula. Each one of Butler's Rangers, almost tic hundred in number, was 
 iri'H'nted with a thousand acres of land in this then wilderness, and that district, of which there were four in the prov- 
 I intf.wns called Nassau. Governor Uuldlmand, a German, named tho four districts respectively, beginning at the De- 
 I troll, Hesse, Nnssan, Mecklenburg, and Lunenburg. Haldimand was a great friend of the Canadians ; but Simcoe, de- 
 I iltoo! of making the province as English as possible, and denoting native nationality, gave British names to almost 
 I mrj place. In this spirit he changed the name of Toronto to York, in honor of a victory by the Duke of York on the 
 I Continent. 
 
 ' Hamilton was laid ont in 1813, and Is sitnated on the southwestern extremity of Burlington Bay. It is the chief city 
 I ofWcst Canada, having a population of about 24,000. Burlington Heights are composed of an immense deposit of 
 I invel, sand, aud loam. The village of Turlington was the germ of tho city of Hamilton, and stood on its site. The 
 I Gtftt Western Railway passes along the shore of the bay, at the foot of the heights, aud crosses the Des Jardins Canal, 
 I rtlch Is cut directly through the great hill north of the cemetery and the residence of the late Sir Allan M'Nab. The 
 I present railway bridge over the canal is of iron, and seventy feet above the water. The first one was of wood. It gave 
 I my, (rilh a train of cars uj)on It, in March, 1867, when flfty-six persons were killed. In the cemetery may be seen the 
 I tenutas of General Vincent's fortitied camp. They form a ridge across the grounds (which comprise about twenty-seven 
 I ims), mnning east and west. The palatial residence of the late Sir Allan M'Nab is called Dundum Castle. It is built 
 I ollimestoiie, ft-onts sontbeast, overlooking the bay and Ilnmllton, and is sarrounded by about forty acres of laud. 
 • See pages from 420 to 426, tnclnsive. 
 
 Rb 
 
 
 II 
 
 ilm ' 
 
 . I 
 
 : -■ 
 
 li 
 
n 
 
 \ 
 
 wiS' 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 m 
 
 ■ "? ; 
 
 ^1 ' ' 
 
 w\ 
 
 
 626 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Raids on the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 A Maesacn by Western Indians. 
 
 Statement of Captain Merritt and othcrt 
 
 Genera' BoyJ, liMng the senior officer on the Niagara frontier, became temporary 
 commander-in-cliief there after the depurture of General Dearborn. He found liis .,0. 
 sition an important and arduoas one. The success of the British at the Beaver Daiib 
 made them bold, and they were gradually closing upon the Americans at Fort Geor<'( 
 and Newark. Frequent picket skirmishing occumd, and bold raids into the Ameri- 
 can territory were performed. One of these occurred on the night of the 4tli of 
 July.* A party composed ot Canadian militia and Indians, and led hy Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Thomas Clark, crossed the Niagara from Chippewa to Schlosscr 
 captured the (^""rd there, seized a large quantity '."provisions, one brass 6-pouiulci 
 cannon, several .'^tands of arms, and some ammunition. With these spoils they re- 
 turned in triumph to the Canada shore. 
 
 Four days later a sad tragedy was performed near the residences of John and Peter 
 Ball,' about a mile and a half from Fo'-t George. The gallant young leader, Merritt. 
 then just twenty years of age, was sent with a, small party to recover some metlicini"- 
 near Ball's wh'ch the British had concealed when they fled from Fort George in JIav. 
 A body of one hundred and fifty savages, just arrived from the Western wilderiHw, 
 under Captain M. Elliott, and led by the bloody Blackbird, of Chicago faino,^ wm 
 employed as a covering party. Merritt was encamped, and while breakfastins; ai 
 Bail's a skirmish vith an American picket-guanl took place not far off. Lieutciiam 
 fi^ldridge (then adjutant), with *. irty-nine volunteers, went out to the relief of tin 
 guard, and a larger force, undor M.ijor Malcolm, prepared to follow. Tiie irnjxtiious 
 Eldridge dashed forward into the *.hick Avood. and fell into an ambush prepared for 
 liim by Blackbird and hi.i followers. The foe was repulsed at first, but overwiulm- 
 ing numbers crushad Eldridge and his little party.^ Only five escaped. The prison- 
 ers and Avounded were butchered and scalped by the Western savages, whose con- 
 duct on the occasion Avas marked by the most atrocious barbarity.^ This was su 
 shocking and exasperatir..,' that General Boyd resolved to adopt Washington's ])lan 
 of having " Indians fight Indians," and to accept the services of the Scnecas andTns- 
 
 I The Ball family ftill occnpied ihls dwelling, I was 'uformed, when I visited Niagara In 1800. They have, as a cher- 
 ished re'ic, the military f hapeau woni by the g;;llant Brock whc :. he fell at Qucemton. s Sec pr.L'c » 
 
 ' Joseph C. Eldridge was a native ot New York. He entered the army as second lieutenant in the Thirteenth Wfii- 
 lar Infantry in the spring of 1S12. A year afterward he was promoted to first lieutenant, and appointed adjutan; He 
 was difitlnguislied for bravery at Stony Creek a month earlier, and was a yonng officer of great promise. 
 
 ♦ Tlicrc are statements by American and British writers concerning this affair too widely differing to admit of rociu- 
 • illation. Soiii 'if the American writei s say that the force which fell upon Eldridge was composed of liritith atiii In- 
 dians, while Brit if U writers declare that un white man was present. The only statement that I have ever met from an 
 oye-wiliicss Is that of the late Hon.AA'illiani Hamilton Merritt in his MS. narrative, now before me, and from thai 1 have 
 drawn the facts up to the ambnsh. He says that he had no expectation of being in the tlglit, and that he and John fell 
 were the only two white persons engaged ii, it except a boy thirteen years old, whose father was a jjrisoncr and d.in- 
 geronely wounded, and whose eldest brother was killed at Fort George. "This little fellow," says Merrill, "was it- 
 terminer to revenge the loss his family had sustained, and would not be pcrsm\ded to leave the field until his moiher 
 ! Mrs. Law, whose house was on the ground] canic out and took him away in her arms by force." An American officer. 
 writing from Fort George the nexi day, sold that two of the five survivors, and who were at first taken prisoners, Haini 
 that there were British soldiers in the ambufii, i:airted as Indians, " with streaks of green and red around their eyet." 
 — A'lJ. I's Heimter, iv., .S52. 
 
 Mr. Merritt says that his \vho;c attention, after the fight, was given to the prisoners in the hands of Blackl)ird ie^ 
 his followers, and that his own life was threatened because he made intercession for tliosc of the captives. "Tl ; ■ 
 devils," he snys, "were crying nnd imploring me to save their lives, as I was the only white man they saw." II' ■ 
 that the Indians, after getting an Interiireter, promised him that " the lives of the prisoners slnnild he spared-woui 1 
 only frighten thorn ft great deal, to prevent them coming again. I made a solemn vow," he continue.", "if a \mmn 
 was killed, never to go out v 1th an Indian again." Tlie savages violated their pledge, and butchered their prisonvr; : 
 witli a barbarity too revolting to bo repeated here. The American officer above allnded to says : " I break open ihi- j 
 letter fo- the purpose of stating that the body (as is supposed) of Lieutenant Eldridge, the adjutant of the Thirlctnib. 
 has been brought in this moment, naked, mangled in the manner mentioned of the other." The excuse made for ibf i 
 murder of Eldridge was that, after he was made prisoner, he treiicherously drew a concealed pistol and shot one oflbe 
 chiefs throutrl- the bead. This was Blackbird's reason for niuruering a/(. Mr. Merritt speaks of Eldridge as " the offl- 
 rer who forfiiited his life by firing at an Indian while a prisoner." He does not speak from his own knowledge. At ] 
 investigation proved th" assertion of the savage leader to be wholly untrue, and this crime (strange as it may appai; 
 stands, unconrtcmned by British writers, one of pure barbarian cruelty. 
 
 The following least revolting recital is from a letter from an American officer to his fUcnd In Baltimore, dated at Fun j 
 George, July 12 : "A recital will make you shudder. I will merely mention the fate of a young officer who came nmln 
 my UKiire, whose bod> was fcnind, the day after the action, cut and mangled in the most shocking manner Immlim I 
 liirn fmii liM hmlii, and nis ueabt btukfeo in nis moctu 1 We are resolved to show no quarter to the ludiuus ato [ 
 Uiis."— -Vi/i's's Weekli/ Itmjiiikr, iv., 362. 
 
OF THE WAli OF 1812. 
 
 «27 
 
 11 Merritt and utheit. 
 
 ame temporarv 
 le found liif i)()- 
 le Beaver Dams 
 I at Fort Gcoi'iii' 
 into the Amcri- 
 it of the 4tli of 
 ,nd led by Lieu- 
 ;wa to Schlosscr, 
 brass 6-poun(lcr 
 ? spoils they n- 
 
 f John and Peter 
 r leader, Merritt, 
 r some medicines 
 t George in May. 
 istern wildcrnet'S, 
 cago fame,^ weve 
 3 Lreakfastinp; at 
 • ofl". Lieutenant 
 1 the relief of tlie 
 , The impetiimis 
 l)ush prepared for 
 t, but overwlielm- 
 ,ped. Tlic prison- 
 vages, whose eon- 
 ty.* Tills was so 
 rVashington's iil;i!i 
 ! Senecas and Tus- 
 
 iO. Thcyhave, asacher- 
 
 '■ See \)t.i( >■ 
 In the Thirteenth Uf.ii- 
 
 nppolnted adjutaii! lit 
 
 t promise. 
 
 frei-iii? to ndmitotrf.uo- 
 
 iipopcd of Ilrilitli nod In- 
 I have ever met from sn 
 nil-, iind from that 1 have 
 
 ml that he and John Bell 
 was a ))i-isoncr and iia- 
 " i^ays Merritt, "was |^^ 
 lie liold tiiitil his moihet 
 '," An American oUccr, 
 ■et taken priponcrp.ftaidi 
 id red aroimd their ove.C 
 
 hands of Blaclil)ird anJ 
 
 Jthc captives. "Tl.eiiw 
 
 Inan they saw." lie ^r^ 
 
 Ishoiild he epnred-ivoiiH : 
 
 1 continues, "if a prisonei 
 
 butchered their prisoners 
 
 Lays : " I break op«n tbis 
 
 Litant of the ThlrtccniK 
 
 [The excuse made for the 
 
 listol and shot one oftle ■ 
 
 ,jofEldridgca8"thco(l- 
 
 liis own kuowlcdRC. .At 
 
 f trange as it rany appra 
 
 -inaltlmore,datedatFoni 
 
 Ig officer who came nnilfi 
 Iking manner. /n>fii(rm» 
 Irter to the Imliaus all« ' 
 
 ;,Ti;i il:i ' u :i!,'HlnBt Black Roek. 
 
 Qeueral Porter harrieii to its Detetae. 
 
 Bepolse of the Britiiib. 
 
 laroias, who had proffered them, under certain conditions which humanity would 
 
 impfse. 
 
 Clark's success at Schlosscr suggested another and more important expedition. It 
 «as the surprise of the American naval station and deposit for stores and munitions of 
 war at Black Hock- near BulValo. It was organized by the gallant Lieutenant Colonel 
 (Veil liisshopp, of the British Forty-first, ile left his head-cjuarters at Lundy's Lane 
 in the afternoon of the lOtli," with detachments from the lioyal Artillery, and • jaiy, 
 The Eighth, Forty -first, and Forty -ninth Regiments, and at Chij)pewa was *^'^- 
 joined by Lieutenant Colonel Clark, with a body of Lincoln militia and volunteers, 
 iiiaking his whole force between three and four hundred in numlxT. They embarked 
 it Chippewa early m the evening, and at half an hour before dawn^ landed 
 iiiiperceived on the American shore, a short distance below Black Kock. 
 Tiie block-house there, called Fort Tompkins, was in charge of less than a dozen ar- 
 tillerists; and the only other available military force at the station was about two 
 hundred militia, under ."Major Adams, with two or three pieces of artillery. At Buf- 
 falo, two miles distant, were less than a hundred infantry and dragoon recruits from 
 the South, on their way to Fort George, and a small body of hulians under Henry 
 (VBail, the young tJorn-planter, who had been jiartially educated at Philadelphia, but 
 who, Indian-like, could not brook the restraints of civilization, and had gone back to 
 i IS blanket and feather head-dress. These forces were under the command of Gen- 
 iral Peter B. Porter, who was then residing at his house near Black Rock.' 
 
 Bicshopp was accompanied by Colonel Warren. They surprised Major Adam's 
 tamp, and he and his alarmed militia fled precipitately to Buffalo, leaving the artil- 
 li'iy unharmed on the ground. General Porter narrdw^ly escaped capture in his own 
 hutise. lie made an unsuccessful attempt to reach Adam's camp when he learned 
 iifthe flight of the militia and the garrison at the block-house. lie followed on foot 
 t iward Buffalo, and on the way met Ctiptain Cummings, with one hundred regulars, 
 who, having heard of the invasion, was advancing toward Black Rock. In the mean 
 lime the enemy had fired the block-house and Itarracks, attacked the navy buildings 
 and a schooner lying there, and the principal officers had gone to the house of(ten- 
 I lal Porter, where they ordereil breakfast. Their followers, and the re-enforcenuuits 
 luiitinually coming over from the Canada shore, were employed meanwhile in plun- 
 <\emg the inhabitants and public stores not destroyed by fire. 
 
 Oil meeting Captain Cummings, Porter ordered liim to lialt. Then, mounting the 
 < of one of the dragoons, he hastened to buffalo, rallied about one half of Major 
 .VilaniV militia, and, with these and about fifty volunteer citizens, he soon rejoined 
 t'iiiiitnii:^'s. With the united force and about forty Indians, he attacked the invaders, 
 at eiirht o'clock, from three different points. Tiu^ Indians, who were concealed in a 
 nviiie, arose from cover, tmd gave the appallintj; war-whoop at the moment of the 
 aSlaek, and added much to tiie surprise and ctnifusion of the British, who did not ex- 
 ptet the return of the Amcricaus. After a short, spirited contest, the foe were beaten, 
 jinl driven in confusion toward their botits, now nnxtred ne!>r the present ferry, where 
 ility rnllic<L I'orter now concentrated his own. forces, and fell upon Bisshopp with 
 so much power that, after a contest of not more than twenty minutes, he fled with 
 ireeipitation to his boats, leaving nine killed and sixteen or eighteen ])risoners, among 
 «!i(ini was Captain Saumlers, of Bisshopp's regiment, who was badly woundeil.'- He 
 was earried gently by the Lxlians in blankets to General Porter's house.^ The Brit- 
 
 ' ^ page 4M. 
 
 ■ '<(one'» l.lfe of Brant, paijc 242; Lientenant Colonel Clarkc'o Oflfleial Report to Llcnteuaiit Colonel Hanrey, dated 
 
 '»'«*««, July Vi, 1S13. Mr. Stone miyd th«t, after he had written his account of the affair at Black Hock, ho placed hlii 
 
 "■.jiiiniript In the hands of Oeneral Porter, who was then llvtog. The general not only corrected It, bat rewrote the 
 
 fh.lc narrative, the snhntnnce of which in (ilven In the text. 
 
 Tlic Indians, after taking from Captain Hannder* his cap, ppnnlettes, sword, and helt, carried hlra (jrntly to Porter"* 
 
 !«>■ llu was wonnded by a rlflc-bnll passing throiij;h his chest and lungs, and another shattering bis wrint. Ua re- 
 
iH 
 
 
 1. ^^^H 
 
 
 m 
 
 i^HBJI 
 
 s 
 
 ,'^iplisii 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 ■ 
 
 m 
 
 628 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Death of BUshopp. 
 
 His Monnment. 
 
 Expedition to Barliagton Heights. 
 
 Descent on York. 
 
 ish suffered a greater loss after they had reached their boats.' Among those mor- 
 tally wounded was the commander of the expedition, a gallant .young man tliiitv 
 years of age. He was conveyed in sadness to his head-quarters at Lundy's Lane 
 where, after Ihigoring live days, he died. He Avas buried in the bosom of a ereen 
 slope, in a small cemetery on the south side of Lundy's Lane, a short distance from 
 
 the great cataract of the Niagara, by liis brother officers 
 who erected over his grave a neat monument. In tlJ 
 course of time it fell into decay, and thirty-three years 
 afterward the sisters of the young soldier replaced it liy 
 another and more elegant one. Upon the recumbent slaii 
 that surmounts it is an appropriate inscription.^ 
 
 During the remainder of the summer there Avoi-e fre. 
 qucnt skirmishes in the ncigliborhood of P'ort Gi;or"c 
 caused by attacks ttpon American foraging parties inu 
 no enterprise of much importance was undertaken ex- 
 ^^^<;>-^^v ->"— ' cepting an attempt to capture the British stores at Bur- 
 uiBBHOPi-'H aoNUJfENT. llugtou Heights, knowii lo be in charge of a feeble (juaril 
 
 under M.ijor Maule. This was attempted toward the end of July. Colonel Win- 
 field Scott had just been promoted to the command of a double regiment (twenty 
 companies), and had resigned the office of adjutant general. He was eager for dis- 
 tinction and useful servitic, and he volunteered to lead any land force that mifrlit lie 
 sent to the head of Ontario, Chaunccy was then making gallant cruises about iIk 
 lake. He liad twelve vessels, and felt strong enough to cope with any force that 
 might aj)pcar under Sir James Yeo. 
 
 Tlie expedition to Burlington Heights was under the chief command of Chauncey, 
 He appeared at the mouth of the Niagara River with his fleet on the 27th ofJnlv, 
 and on the following day he sailed for the head of Ontario, with three hundred lan.l 
 troops under Colonel Scott. Meanwhile Colonel Harvey had taken measures fertile 
 security of the British stores at Burlington. Lieutenant Colonel Battersby was or 
 dered fiom York with a part of the Glengary corps to re-enforce the guard umlw 
 Major Maule. By forced marches Battersby joined Maule before Chauncey's arriyal. 
 That officer and Scott soon perceived that their force was insufficient for the pro- 
 scribed work. Convinced of thij, and informed of the defenseless state of York on 
 account of the withdrawal of Battersby's detachment, Chauncey spread his sails, went 
 across the lake, and entered that harbor on the 31st. Colonel Scott landed his troops 
 without opposition, took possession of the place, burnt the barracks, public store- 
 houses and stores, and eleven transports, destroyed five pieces of cannon, and boro 
 
 maincd at Porter's, Itlndly treated nnd attended by Iiis wife, who wna sent for, for about three weelcs, when he waffif- 
 ficientiy recovered to bo sent to the rende/.vous of prisoners at Willliimsvllie.— Stone's Life of lied Jacket, page 246. 
 
 ' The entire loss of the British dnring this expcd'tion, in liiticd, wounded, and missinp;, must have been nlmont m- 
 enty. Rome estimated it as hi-ih as one hundred. The loss of the Americans was three liilled and five wonndpd. T»ii 
 of the latter were Indians. "The destruction of property was not so great as has been generally represented. The 
 Americans did not lose, by destruction or plunder, more than one third of the valuable naval stores at Black HiK-k.rol. 
 lected for Commodore Perry, nor did they reach a particle of the military stores for the use of the army, then doposiifJ 
 at Buffalo. The enemy destroyed or captured 4 cannon, 17T English and French musljcts, 1 three-poiuuiertravcliiiL'car 
 Hage, (! ammunition kegs, a small quantity of round and case shot, I'iil barrels of salt, 40 barrels of wiiisky, conBldoralli 
 clothing and blankets, and a Bm.all quantity of other stores (lurk's Ofllcial Report. 
 
 ' The following is a copy of the inscription : 
 
 "Sacred to the memory of Lieutenant Colonel the ITonoraWc Cecil Bisshopp, 1st Foot QnnrdB, and tnspcciini; flel'- 
 ofllcer in TTpper Canada, eldest and only surviving son of Sir Cecil BIsshop]), Bart., Baron de la Fouche, in Enj;liiiiil. 
 After having served with distinction in the British army in Holland, Spain, and Portugal, he died on the ICth of.Iuly, 
 1.S13, aged .SO, in consequence of wounds received in action with the enemy at Black Rock on the llth of tlic same 
 mouth, to the great grief of his family and friends, and is buried iicrc. 
 
 "This tomb, erected at the time by his brother ofBrers, becoming much dilapidated, is now (184(1) renewed byhlsaf 
 fectionate sisters, the Baroness de la Fouche and the Honorable Mrs. Rechcll, in memory of an excellent man and Ix- 
 loved bro'iter." 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp received n severe, but not mortal wourd while on shore, and four orflv-e other? after lif 
 entered his boat. The gallant Fitzgibbon took charge of him, and conveyed him a» tenderly as possible from Cliip- 
 pewa to Lundy's Lane. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 029 
 
 :ent on Totk. 
 
 hose mor- 
 an, tliiity 
 iy's Laiu' 
 )f a green 
 ance from 
 cr officers, 
 
 t. Ill tin- 
 
 hree years 
 laced it In- 
 inbent sluii 
 
 1.2 
 
 e were fre- 
 irt George, 
 |)artios,l)ut 
 jrtaken ex- 
 ires at Bur- 
 icble guanl 
 )lonel Win- 
 (lit (twenty 
 ,gcr for (lis- 
 it might lie 
 s about tli( 
 ' force tliat 
 
 f Chauncev. 
 nh of July, 
 uiulreil h]\'\ 
 iurcs for the 
 'sby was or- 
 Tuard uiulor 
 cy's arrival. 
 for the pro- 
 of York on 
 s sails, went 
 (1 liis troops 
 ubllc storu- 
 n, and bore 
 
 i-hen he was ful- 
 ct, page 'M. 
 Iheen almost wv- 
 ! womulpd. If" 
 bpvei-cntoil. Tkf 
 J Black RiKk, col- 
 ly, then (lf|iosili\l 
 Voi'travcliiicta:- 
 sky, coniiiiicrnblf 
 
 J inspcctini! W- 
 jclic, in Enslail. 
 
 llth of tlif ^:i^!,■ 
 
 Incweilbyhifst- 
 lent man and bfr 
 
 lo others after hi 
 luible from Chip- 
 
 (Jeneral Dcarboru Bucceeiled by Geuerul Wilkiuson. Arrival of the Latter at Wasbiugton. Indian eklrmlsbiug. 
 
 away as spoilH one lioavy gun and a consitlorable quantity of provisions, cliierty of 
 flour. The expedition returned to the Niagara on tlie 3d of August, carrying with 
 tlieiu tlic sick and wounded of Boerstler's conunand found in York. No military 
 movements of much importance occurred on that frontier after this until late iii the 
 
 year.' 
 
 Four days after the return to the Niagara, while Chauncey's fleet was lying at an- 
 chor ill tlio nioutli of the river, a British squadron under Sir James Yeo made its ap- 
 pearance. Chauncey went out to attack the bjironet. They manceuvred uU day, and 
 after midnight, during a lieavy squall, two of the American vessels wore capsized and 
 ]o8f witli all on board excepting sixteen. Tliis movement we sliall consider here- 
 after ill giving a connected account of the naval o2)eratious ou Luke Outario dur- 
 ing the year 1813. ' ,.s »,>;<•.■ , ' 
 
 We have noticed the retirement of General Dearborn from the command of the 
 Xortheiu Army. That measure had been decided upon by General Armstrong, tlie 
 Secretary of War, full six months before it occurred. He considered the command 
 of that army "a burden too heavy for General Dearborn to carry with advantage to 
 the nation or credit to himself," and two remedies were suggested to the Secretary's 
 ,pi„j — "the one a prompt and peremptory recall, the other such an augmentation of 
 Ills staff as would secure to the army better instruction, and to himself the chance of 
 wiser councils."^ The former remedy Avas chosen, and General James Wilkinson, tlien 
 in command in the Gulf region, and General Wade Hampton, stationed at Norfolk, in 
 Virginia, were ordered to the Northern frontier. These men had been active oflicers 
 in the old War for Independence, the first on the staff of General Gates, and the sec- 
 ond as a partisan ranger in South Carolina in connection with Marion. Unfortunate- 
 ly for the good of the public service, they were now bitter enemies, and so jealous of 
 each other that they would not co-operate, as we shall observe, at a critical moment. 
 
 It was early in March when the Secretary's orders were sent to Wilkinson, and 
 with them was a private letter from the same hand, breathing the most friendly spirit, 
 and saying, " Why should you remain in your land of vyjyi-ess when patriotism and 
 ambition equally invite you to one where grows the laurdf .... Lf our cards be 
 well played we may renew the scenes of Saratoga."^ Wilkinson Avas flattered, and 
 as soon as he could make his arrangements he left the " land of the cypress," jour- 
 neyed through the Creek country by way of Fort Mims to the cajdtal of Georgia, 
 and thence northward to Washington City, where ho arrived, Aveary and Avorn Avith 
 several liuiidieds of miles of travel, and Aveak Avith sickness, on the Slst of July. He 
 was cordially received l»y Armstrong and the President, and, after being alloAved to 
 rest a few days, and becoming formally invested Avitli the power of commander-iii- 
 ehiefoftlie Army of the North in place of Dearborn, a plan of the proposed opera- 
 tions of that army during the remainder of the campaign, Avhich the Secretary had 
 laid before the Cabinet on the 23d of July,'' Avas presented to him for con- « isia. 
 
 sideratioii,'' Avith an expressed desire that if he should perceive any thing " -August 6. 
 ohjeetioiiable in the plan he Avould freely suggest modifications. 
 
 At the beginning of the campaign Armstrong Avas anxious to secure tbe control 
 
 ' There were frequent picket Hklrmishes. Among the most oonoplcnons of these -n-ns one that occurred near Fort 
 OeDrge on the Itlth of Angust while the belligerents were near each other. It wiis the first, of any accotmt, in which 
 ihe Indians of Western New York engaged after their alliance with the Americans, which had been made with the ex- 
 plicit understanding that they were not to kill the enemy who were wonndcd or prisoners, or take scalps. The occa- 
 ►ion referred to was an effort to capture a strong British picket. About three hundred volunteers and Indians under 
 Major Chapin and General Peter B. Porter, and two hundred regulars under Major C'nmmings, were sent out by General 
 Ikiyd for the purpose. The primary ol)Jcct was defeated by a heavy rain, but a severe skirmish ensued, In which the 
 ratmy was routed, and twelve British Indians and four white soldiers were captured. The principal chiefs who led 
 thoAmorican Indians were Farmer's Brother, Red Jacket, Little Billy, Pollard, Blncksnake, Johnson, Silver Heels, Cap- 
 lain Half-town, Major Henry O'Bail (Complantcr's son), and Captain Cold, chief of the Onondagas.— Boj/rf'.< Ih'upakh. 
 
 ' SWm aS the War of 1812, 11., 28. 
 
 ' .trmclronj; to AVilkinsoii, March 12, 1S13. Armstrong and Wilkinson were both members of General Oates'g mill- 
 IMj (taff during the campaign which resulted in the aipturc of Burgoyne at Saratoga in the autumn of 177T. 
 
 i 
 
Tssmmmmmm 
 
 ir'i 
 
 « 
 
 4 
 
 I'l 
 
 B1 
 
 630 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Secretary ArmstroiiK aud Oeueral WilkinsoD. Generals Wilkinson and Hampton. IlanglitiuesB of Uarapton 
 
 Oil' 
 
 of the St. Lawrence by the capture of Kingston, but circumstances, as we have s 
 prevented an attempt to do so. That project was now revived, and liad received the 
 approval of the Cabinet. It did not strike Wilkinson favorably, and on the Ctli nf 
 August, in a written communication to tlie Secretary, the general freely sutffrostcil 
 modifications, saying, " Will it not be better to strengthen our force already at Fort 
 George, cut up the IJritish in that quarter, destroy Indian estal>lishments, and (simiiM 
 General Harrison fail in his object) march a detachment and capture IMaldeii? After 
 which, closing our operations on the peninsula, razing all works there, and Icavinfr 
 our settlements on the strait in tranquillity, descend like lightning^ with our w) ,1. 
 force on Kingston, and, having reduced that place, and captured both garrison an,] 
 shipping, go down the St. Lawrence and form a junction with Hampton's column'- it 
 the lateness of the season should permit."-' The object of that junction was to mak, 
 a combined attack on Montreal. The Secretary of War, always impatient when lii- 
 opinions were disputed, at once conceived a dislike of his old comj)aiiion in ariih 
 whom he had invited so kindly to come North and win laurels, and from that tinun 
 widening estrangement existed. Long years afterward the Secretary wrote, "Tlii< 
 strategic labor of the general had no tendency to increase the executive contiilwn, 
 in either his professional knowledge or judgment. Still the President hoped tliatii 
 the opinions it contained were mildly rebuked, the general would abandon tlioni, ami, 
 after joining the army, would hasten to execute the plan already communicated tu 
 him."'* 
 
 Armstrong replied courteously to Wilkinson. He adhered to his own plan,bnt al- 
 lowed that the fall of Kingston and the attahiment of the control of the St. Lawreiii.i 
 might be as etfectually accomplished indirectly by a quick movement down tiie rivtr 
 against Montreal, masked by a feigned at tack on the former place. But he decidedlv 
 objected to any fixrther movements against the enemy on the Canadian peninsula, a« 
 they would but " wound the tail of the lion ;"^ and Wilkinson departed for Sackott's 
 • AiiKustii. Harbor* without any definite plan of operations determined upon, wliili 
 1S13. Armstrong sent instructions to General Boyd to keep within his lines at 
 
 Fort George, and 8im])ly hold the enemy at bay, notwithstanding the American IW 
 was much larger than that of the British. 
 
 On his way to Sackett's Harbor Wilkinson sent from Albany his first orders i 
 Hampton, as commander-in-chief of the Northern Army. This aroused the ire of tlif 
 old aristocrat, whose landed possessions in South Carolina and Louisiana were almost 
 princely, and whose slaves were numbered by thousands. His anger was intensifiod 
 by his hatred of Wilkinson, and he immediately Avrote to the Secretary of 
 War,'' insisting that his was a separate command, and tendering his resif 
 nation in the event of his being compelled to act under Wilkinson. Wilkinson at tin 
 same time was distrustful of Armstrong, and evidently quite as jealous of his own 
 rights, for on the 24th of August he wrote to the Secretary of War, saying, "I trust 
 you will not interfere with my arrangements, or give orders within the district of my 
 command, but to myself, because it would impair my authority and distract the piiV 
 lie service. Two heads on the same shoulders make a monster." "Unhappily for 
 the country," says Ingersoll, " that deplorable campaign was a monster with tlin* 
 heads, biting and barking at each other with a madness which destroyed them allaul 
 disgusted the country."^ This calamity we shall have occasion to consider hereatlor, 
 Wilkinson arrived at Sackett's Harbor late in August,'' and found liiiii 
 self nomintilly in command of between twelve and fourteen tlioiisaml 
 troops, four thousand of them, under Hampton, at liurlington, composing the riglii 
 wing, and the remainder equally divided between Sackett's Harbor, the centre, ami 
 
 I See pa^f 58B. » Hampton was on Lake Champlain, with his head-quarters at Burlingtci 
 
 ' Noticfn 'fa! War i<1812, li , 31. « The same. 
 
 » Amistri iig'8 letter to Wilkinson, Angust 8, 1313. « Hintorieal Sketch of the Setond War, etc., I., !9 | 
 
 >• August 23. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 631 
 
 ,'htiiic«B of Uamplon. 
 
 1 we have -> tn,' 
 lad received the 
 i on the 6th of 
 recly suggftitcil 
 already at Fort 
 iiits, anil (should 
 INlaklen? After 
 ere, and lcaviii',r 
 with our w)' I 
 )lh garrison und 
 ton's columii,2 if 
 ;ion was to make 
 patient when liis 
 iipanion in ariii-, 
 from that tinn- u 
 ary wrote, "Tlii« 
 Mitivc coniiilwiic 
 ent hoped that if 
 landon them, and, 
 communicated Id 
 
 1 own plan, hut al- 
 i" the St. Lawrinct 
 nt down the river 
 
 But he decidedly 
 idian peninsula, as 
 arted for Saekett"s 
 lined upon, vliile 
 thin his lines at 
 
 le American I'orw 
 
 tiis first orders to 
 scd the ire of tk 
 
 isiana Avere almost 
 er Avas intensififd 
 
 o the Secretary of 
 ndcring his rcsi2- 
 Wilkinson at tlir 
 alous of his own 
 , saying," I triM 
 tlie district of my 
 distract the ])\^y 
 "Unhappily fii: 
 onstcr witl> tlun 
 •oyed them all and 
 consider hereaftor, 
 it,<^ and found him- 
 fourteen thousand I 
 mposing the riglu 
 lor, the centre, and 
 
 Wllklnso" at Sackett's llnrbor. 
 
 Afiuirs ou the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 Scutt marcliea fur Sacliett's Harbor. 
 
 Fort George, the loft wing.' But his real effective force did not exceed nine thousand 
 men. It had been a sickly summer on the frontier, especially on the Canadian penin- 
 sula and the hospitals were full. The British force opposed to him amounted to 
 about eight thousand. Their right was ou Burlington Heights, their centre at Kings- 
 ton, and their left at Montreal. 
 
 Wilkinson called a council of officers on the 28th.* It was attended by n. August, 
 Generals Lewis, Brown, and Swartwout, and Commodore Chauncey. It was ^**^' 
 determined to concentrate at Sackett's Harbor all the troops of tliat department ex- 
 cent those on Lake Champlain, preparatory to striking " a deadly blow somewhere."^ 
 Wilkinson accordingly hastened to Fort George, leaving Lewis in command at the 
 Harbor, and arrived there on tlie 4th of September, extremely ill, after a fatiguing 
 voyage tlie whole distance in an open boat. As soon as his strength would allow he 
 assumed active command there, and on the 20th held a council of officers, at which 
 Generals Boyd, Miller, and Williams, eleven colonels and lieutenant colonels, and ten 
 majors, attended. It was resolved to abandon and destroy Fort George, and transfer 
 the trooj)S to the east end of Lake Ontario. But orders came from Washington to 
 "put Fort George in a condition to resist assault; to leave there an efficient garrist)ii 
 of at least six hundred regular troops; to remove Captain Nathaniel Leonard, of the 
 First Regiment of Artillery, from the command of Fort Niagara, and give it to Cap- 
 tain George Armistead, of the same regiment ; to accept the services of a volunteei' 
 corps offered by (Tcneral P. B. Porter and others, and to commit the command of Fort 
 George and the Niagara frontier to Brigadier General Moses Porter."^ These histruc- 
 tions were but partially obeyed. Leonard was left in command of Fort Niag.'ra ; no 
 arrangements were made for the acceptance of the volunteers ; and Colonel Scott, in- 
 stead of General Moses Porter, was placed in command of Fort George, with a garri- 
 son of about eight hundred regular troops, and a part of Colonel Philetus Swift's reg- 
 iment of militia, instructed, in the anticipated event of the British abandoning that 
 frontier, to leave the fort in command of Brigadier General JM'Clure, of the New York 
 Militia, and with his regulars join the expedition on the St. Lawrence. Having com- 
 l)leted his arrangements, Wilkinson embarked with the Niagara army on Chauntey's 
 fleet, and sailed eastward on the 2d of October. 
 
 Colonel Scott immediately set Captain Tottcn, of the Engineers, at work to strength- 
 en the post over which, a few months before, he had unfurled the American flag for 
 tlie first time. Much had been accomplished at the end of a week, when, suddeidy, 
 to the surprise of all, the British broke camp and hastened toward Burlington Heights, 
 (iencral Vincent had received intelligence of the defeat of Proctor on the Thames,* 
 and he instantly directed the concentration of all. his forces at the head of the lake, 
 to either meet Harrison, should he push in from the field of victory, or to renew the 
 attempt to repossess themselves of the Niagara frontier. Proctor, with the small 
 remnant of his vanquished army, joined Vincent on the 10th. This retrograde move- 
 ment of the British was the contingency which Scott longed for, because he preferred 
 ;i( tive service down the St. Lawrence to garrison duty. He accordingly placed Fort 
 (ieorge in command of General M'Clure, and crossed the river to the American shorts 
 with all the regulars on the 13th of October. '' He marched to the mouth of 
 the Genesee River, where he expected to find lake transportati(Ui for his troops. 
 He was disappointed; and in drenching rain, and through deep mud, he pressed on 
 with his little army by way of the sites of Rochester* and Syracuse^ to Utica,'' where 
 
 " 1813. 
 
 ad-quarters at Burllngloi | 
 lie Seamd War, etc, i., » j 
 
 ' Report of tlie adjutant pcneral, August 2, 1818. ' Minutes of the council. 
 
 ' Armstrong's Notices of the H'ar of ISli. * Sec page 664. 
 
 ' The only dwelling then at the Palls of the Genesee, where the city of Rochester now stands, was the log house of 
 Knos Stone, hnilt in ISilT. Now (18«7) the population of Rochester is about 66,000. 
 
 ' Syracuse was then in embryo, in the form of a few huts of salt-boilers, and called by the village name. South Salina. 
 It uow (1S«7) contains a population of about 34,000. 
 
 ' Utica is on the site of old Fort Schuyler, a few miles eastward of the later Fort Schuyler, originally called Fort 9t«n- 
 wii, uow Rome. It was then an incorporated post vlllngo, and considered the commercial capital of the great Western 
 
 ^^ ', 
 
 Mi 
 
H ^. 
 
 .—• j.r]mn»CTiy.-,«.i~ 
 
 1,1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 It ■ I 
 
 
 'i 1 
 
 iii^^m 
 
 mm '^ 
 
 MmKm 
 
 s 
 
 IIP 
 
 ';■' ' ( 
 
 a^^ e; t u i !a " ; .B! wj5« S! S IHP!HWWI 
 
 632 
 
 ■I ^ 
 
 ■ ' i 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 AmiRtroDg on the Frontier. 
 
 The British threaten Fort George. 
 
 It la abandoned. 
 
 Newark buret. 
 
 ^ November 10. 
 
 he struck tlie road that from there penetrated the Black River country. • There he met 
 General Armstrong, who luid left liis post at Washinajton for the double purpose of rec- 
 onciling the differences between Wilkinson and Hampton, and to superintend in per- 
 son the movements of the St. Lawrence expedition. The Secretary permitted Scott to 
 leave tiis troops in command of Major Ilindman, and to push forward to Ogdeiishurc 
 where he joined Wilkinson, and took part in subsequent events of the expedition. 
 • October 13, When Scott left Fort George" it was believed that tlie British troops 
 1813. jiad been called from the west end of Lake Ontario to re-enforce the "ar- 
 
 rison at Kingston. Such order had been sent to Vincent by the timid Sir George 
 Prevost when he heard of Proctor's disaster. On the receipt of it Vincent called a 
 council of officers, when it was resolved to disobey it, and not only hold the penin- 
 sula, but endeavor to repossess every British post on the Niagara frontier. Mean- 
 while M'Clure was sending out foraging parties, Avho greatly alarmt >| and distressed 
 the inhabitants. They appealed for protection to General Vinccn . and he sint a de- 
 tachment of about four hundred British troops under Colonel Murray, and about one 
 hundred Indians under Captain M. EUictt, to drive the foragers back. The work was 
 accomplished, and the Americans were very soon hemmed within their own lines Lv 
 the foe, who took position at Twelve-mile Creek, now St. Catharine's. 
 
 While affaii-s were in this condition at Fort George General Harrison arrived there 
 as we have seen,^ Avith the expectation of leading an expedition against Burlington 
 Heights. But he was speedily ordered to embark, with all his troops, on Chauncey's 
 squadron, for Sackett's Harbor. M'Clure was again alone'' with his vol- 
 unteers and militia. The time of service of the latter was about to ex- 
 pire, and none could be induced to remain.^ Gloomy intelligence came from the St. 
 Lawrence — Wilkinson's expedition had failed. Startling intelligence came from the 
 westward — Lieutenant General Drummond, accompanied by Major General Kiall. 
 had lately arrived on the Peninsula, with re-enforcements from Kingston, and as- 
 sumed chief command ; and Murray, with his regulars and Lidians, was moving to- 
 ward Fort George. Its garrison was reduced to sixty effective regulars of the Twen- 
 ty-fourth United States Infantry. These were in great peril, and M'Clure determ- 
 ined to abandon the post, and place his little garrison in Fort Niagara. The weather 
 was extremely cold. Temperature had been faithful to the calendar, and winter hail 
 commenced in earnest on the Ist of December. Deep snow was upon the ground. 
 and biting north winds came over the lake. " Shall I leave the foe comfortable quar- 
 ters, and thus increase the danger to Fort Niagara ?" he asked of the Spirit and Usage 
 of War. They answered No, and with this decision, and under the sanction of an or- 
 der from the itinerant War Department,* he attempted to blow up the fort while iiis 
 men were crossing'' the icy flood.^ Then he applied the brand to the 
 beautiful' village of Newark. One hundred and fifty houses were speed- 
 ily laid in ashes.* The inhabitants had been given only a f^w hours' waruiiig ; and, 
 
 District of New York. 1 ( was first called Old Fort Schuyler Village. At the time wc arc considering it had .ibont KOO 
 Inhabitants, and was a central point for all the principal avenues of communication. Its population now is nboiil 'i5,(«M'. 
 
 1 Tlic present Jefferson County was then known as the Black River country. ' Sec piigo »!', 
 
 3 " I offered a bounty of two dollars a month," says M'Clure, in the Huffalu GazetW, " for one or two monthn, butwiti- 
 out effect. Some few of Colonel Bloom's regiment took the bounty, and immediately disappeared." 
 
 * From Sackett's Harbor the Secretary of War wrote as follows : 
 
 "War Department, October 4, 1S13. 
 
 " Sib,— Understanding that the defense of the post committed to your charge may render it proper to dextrmj the Ima 
 of Newark, yon are hereby directed to apprise the inhabitants of this circumstance, and Ipvite them to remove ttiem- 
 selves and their effects to some place of greater safety. John Ar.iibtkoso. 
 
 " Brigadier General M'Clure, or officer commanding at Fort George." 
 
 Behind this order General M'Clure took shelter when assailed by the public indignation. 
 
 ' Mr. E. Giddings, a printer, kept the ferry between the fort and Youngstown opposite at that time, and for many years 
 succeeding the war he had charge of Fort Niagara. He narrowly escaped capture when the British took the fort in De- 
 cember, 1818. 
 
 « Only one house was left standing. Mr. Merritt, in his Narrative, says : • Nothing but heaps of boats, and streets 
 taW of furniture that the Inhabitants were fortunate enough to get ont of their houses, met our eyes. Hy old quarter;, 
 Gordon's house, was the only one standing." 
 
 « December 10. 
 
OF THE WAIi OF 18 12. 
 
 683 
 
 Newark buret. 
 
 Fhcre he met 
 Lirpose of rec- 
 iitend in per- 
 itted Scott to 
 Ogdensburg, 
 expedition. 
 British troops 
 force the gar- 
 id Sir George 
 icent called ii 
 old the penin- 
 )ntier. Mean- 
 and distres-sed 
 i he st'iii a de- 
 aud about one 
 The work was 
 r own lines by 
 
 1 arrived there, 
 inst Burlington 
 , on Chauncey's 
 e'' with his vol- 
 ^as about to ex- 
 me from the St. 
 ( came from the 
 ■ General Kiall. 
 ingston, and as- 
 Iwas moving to- 
 vrs of the Twen- 
 I'CUire dcterm- 
 . The weather 
 and winter had 
 pen the ground, 
 imfortable quar- 
 pirit and Usage 
 .notion of an or- 
 iie fort while his 
 le brand to the 
 [1809 were speed- 
 ' warning -, and, 
 
 leringithadabontW 
 Ton now is about '&,(**>■ 
 r a See imj;e 8W. 
 
 ItwomonlhB.butwitti- 
 
 led." 
 
 Jient, October 4, 1913. 
 [oper to deatroy the Imn 
 Ithem to remove ttteni- 
 Jomi Abmbtboso. 
 
 Ime, and for many years 
 l8h took the fort in De- 
 
 of boats, and streets 
 tyes. Myoldqnnne"! 
 
 SufferiDKB of the luhabitants. 
 
 Jnst Indignation of the Brltieb. 
 
 Furt Niatsora Burrendered. 
 
 with little food and clothing, a large number of helpless women and children were 
 driven from their homes into the wintry air houselesu wanderers.* Oh ! it was a 
 cruel act. War is always cruel, but this was more cruel than necessity demanded. 
 It excited hot indignation and the spirit of vengeance, which soon cau.sed the hand 
 of retaliation to work fearfully. It provoked the commission of great injury to Amer- 
 ican property, and leflb a stain upon the American cliaracter. 
 
 Murray was at Twelve-mile Creek when he heard of the conflagration of Newark. 
 He pressed on eagerly, hoping to surprise the garrison. lie was a little too late, yet 
 his swift a])proach had caused M'Clure to fly so precipitately that he failed to blow 
 up the fort or destroy the barracks on the bank of the river ; and he lefl behind tents 
 sufficient to shelter fifteen hundred men. These, with several cannon, a large quan- 
 tity of shot, and ten soldiers, fell into the hands of the British. That night the red 
 cross of St. George floated over the fortress, and Murray's troops slumbered within 
 its walls. 
 
 "Let us retaliate by fire and sword," said Murray to Druramond, as they gazed, 
 with eyes flashiiig with indignation, upon the ruins of Newark. " Do so," said the 
 commander, " swntly and thoroughly ;" and on the night of the 1 8th of December — 
 a cold, black night — Murray crossed the river at Five-mile JMeadows, three miles 
 above Fort Niagara, with about a thousand men, British and Indians. With five 
 hundred and fifty regulars he pressed on toward the fort, carrying axes, scaling-lad- 
 ders and other implements for assault, and shielded from observation by the thick 
 cover of darkness. They captured the advanced pickets, secured silence, and, while 
 the garrison were soundly sleeping, hovered around the fort in proper order for a sys- 
 tematic and simultaneous att.ack at different points. Five companies of the One 
 Hundredth Regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton, Avere to assail the main 
 gate and escalade the adjacent works ; three companies of the same regiment, under 
 Captain Martin, were to storm the eastern demi-bastion ; the Royal Scots Grena- 
 diers, Captain Bailey, were to assault the salient angle of the fortification; and the 
 tiauk companies of the Forty-first Regiment were ordered to support the principal 
 attack.^ 
 
 These preparations were unnecessary. Gross negligence or positive treachery had 
 exposed the fort to easy capture. M'Clure had established his head-quarters at Buf- 
 falo, and when he left Niagara on the 12th,* he charged Captain Leonard, > December, 
 commander of the garrison, to be vigilant and active, for invasion might ^^^^■ 
 
 lie expected. This vigilance and activity the invaders had prepared for; but when, 
 :it about three o'clock in the morning, Hamilton went forward to assail the main gate, 
 lie found it standing wide open and unguarded ! Leonard had left the fort the even- 
 m before at eleven o'clock, and spent the night with his family at his house three 
 miles in the rear. He gave no hint to the garrison of expected assault, and his de- 
 parture was without their knowledge.^ They were between three and four hundred 
 ^trong in fairly effective men, and, with a competent and faithful commander, might 
 have kept the invaders at bay. They had neither, and when the foe came there was 
 no one to lead. The sentinels were seized, and in fear gave up the countersign to the 
 i"i,aiid the fort was entered without much resistance. The occupants of the south- 
 lastera block-house, and the invalids of the Red Barracks, made such determined op- 
 
 Kisitiou for a few minutes that Lieutenant Nowlan and fivo men were killed, and Col- 
 
 ' The nnfcrnpulons James <il., 8) Bays : " General M'Clnre gave abont half an hour's notice to the Inhabitants of New- 
 i Hk ttat he should bum down their village," and says very few believed him to be in earnest. G.;ncral M'Clnre, In a 
 I coiumnnication to the BtiffaU) Oazette, says : " The luhabitants had twelve hours' notice to renovc their effects, and 
 |;llios«wlio chose to come across the river were provided with all the necessaries of life." 
 • Colonel J. Murray's Report to Lieutenant General Drummond, December 19, 1S13. 
 
 ' Capinin Leonard was suspected of treason. It was stated by General M'Clure, six days after the capture of the fort, 
 I Umt be had given himself up to the enemy, " and that his family are now on the Canada side of the strait." It is known 
 lliat lie returned to the fort and became a prisoner. He was "disbanded," or dropped from the service not long after- 
 tard. 
 
-^^PIPP 
 
 ■n 
 
 «34 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Muasncrc ut Fort NIngnra. 
 
 Snvagc Atrocities near Lewistoii. 
 
 Desolation of the Niagara Pruntier 
 
 NTKKIOU OK KOIIT NIAOAHA. 
 
 mtMm 
 
 oncl ^Murray, three men, and a surgeon were wounded. This conflict was over bcfori 
 the remainder of the garrison were fairly awake to the cause of the tumult, and tin 
 fort was in possession of the foe. It might have been an almost bloodless victorv 
 had not the unhallowed spirit of revenge for the outrage at Newark demanded vic- 
 tims. Murray did not restrain that spirit, and a large number of the garrison, main 
 of them invalids, were bayoneted after all resistance had ceased \^ This horrid work 
 Avas performed on Sunday morning, the 19th of December, 1813. 
 
 When Murray had gained full possession of the fort, he fired one of its largest can- 
 non as a signal of success for the ear of General Riall, who, with a detachment of 
 British regulars and about five hundred Indians, was waiting for it at Qucenston. 
 Riall immediately put his forces in motion, and at dawn crossed the Niagara to Lcw- 
 iston, and took possession of the village without much opposition from Major Bennett 
 and a detachment of militia who were stationed on Lewiston Heights at Fort Gicy. 
 At the same time a part of Murray's corps plundered and destroyed the little villajje 
 of Youngstown (only six or eight houses), near Fort Niagara. 
 
 Full license was given by Riall to his Indian allies, and Lewiston was sacked, plun- 
 dered, and destroyed — made a perfect desolation.^ This accomplislied, the invaders] 
 pushed on toward the little hamlet of Manchester (now Niagara Falls Village) ; bnt, 
 when ascending Lewiston Heights, they Avere met and temporarily checked and driv- 
 en back by the gallant Major Mallory, who, with foi'ty Canadian volunteers, caint I 
 down from Schlosser and fought the foe for two days as they pushed him steadily I 
 back toward Bufliilo.^ He could do but little to stay the march of the desolator, [ 
 The whole Niagara frontier on the American side, from Fort Niagara to Tonewants 
 Creek, a distance of thirty-six miles, and far into the interior, was swept with thcb^^l 
 
 ■ The loss of the Americans was 80 killed— many of them hospital jjatients — 14 wounded, and 344 made prifojm. I 
 Of the entire garrison only 20 escaped. The epulis consisted of 2T pieces of cannon, 8000 stand of arms and many rilK I 
 nn immense amount of ordnance and commissariat stores, and a large quantity of clothing and camp equipage of evti; I 
 description. I 
 
 ' A letter to the editor of Xilea's Weekly RegiMer from a gentleman on the frontier said ; " They killed at and Dtnrlft-J 
 iston eight or ten of the inhahitants, who, when fonnd, were all scalped with the exception of one, whouc hoadn-aMsil 
 off. Among the bodies was that of a boy ten or twelve years old, stripped and scalped." 
 
 ' General M'Clurc'e Report to Governor Tompkins, dated at liuffulu, December '22, 1813. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 635 
 
 NiRgara Fruntltr. 
 
 peaolatton of the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 New York Mllttla at Buffalo. 
 
 The Brlllah at Black Rock. 
 
 ^16»,. 
 
 it was over bcforo 
 ,e tumult, and \\\v 
 bloodless victory 
 irk demanded \ic- 
 he garrison, many 
 This horrid work 
 
 of its largest can- 
 a detachment of 
 it at Queenstoii. 
 Niagara to Lew- 
 •om Major BeumU 
 Its at Fort Griv, 
 I the little villajie 
 
 n 
 
 .. was sacked, pliin- 
 ishcd, the invaders j 
 alls Village) ;H I 
 checked and driv- 
 in volunteers, caino I 
 ushed him steadily 
 of the desolator. 
 gara to Tonewaiml 
 swept with the be- j 
 
 ^"^aiiinadeprUojml 
 ind of arms and many* I 
 ind camp equipage otevd! I 
 
 Phcykllledatan(lne«fl"] 
 ofone,whobehcadwa!« 
 
 
 som of destruction placed by British authority in the hands of savage pagans.' Man- 
 cliester, Schlosscr, and Tuscarora Village shared the fate of Youiigstowii and Lewis- 
 ton.^ Free course was given to the blood-thirsty Indians, and many innocent persons 
 were hutcliered, and survivors Avcre made to fly in terror through the deep snow to 
 some forest shelter or remote cabin of a settler far beyond the invaders' track. Buf- 
 falo too, would have been plundered and destroyed had not the progress of the foe 
 been checked by the timely destruction of the bridge over the Tonewunta Creek. 
 
 But the respite for doomed Buffalo was short, lliall and his followers returned to 
 Lewiston, crossed over to Qucenston, and on the morning of the 28th appeared at 
 Chippewa, under the command of Lieutenant General Drummond. In tlie mean time 
 the alarm had spread over Western New York, and the inhabitants were thoroughly 
 iiroused. General M'Clure had sent out a stirring address* to the "in- • December is, 
 habitants of Niagara, Genesee, and Chautauqua," urging them to repair '*'^' 
 
 immediately to Lewiston, Schlosscr, and Buffalo.^ General Amos Hall, with his usual 
 alacrity, called out the militia 
 
 c^. 
 
 iind invited volunteers. His 
 liead-qnartcrs were at liatavia, 
 where the government had an 
 arsenal, thirty or forty miles 
 eastward from Buft'alo, and 
 there General M'Clure resigned his command, and took orders from Hall. As fast as 
 men were collected they were- sent to Black Kock and Ihitt'alo, and thitherward Hall 
 hastened on the morning of the 25th. He reached Bull'ilo tAventy-four hours after 
 his departure from Batavia, and there found " a considerable body of irregular troops 
 of various descriptions, disorganized and confused. Every thing wore the appearance 
 of consternation and dismay."* He ordered their immediate organization ; and when, 
 on the 27th, he reviewed the troops, he found their number to be a little more than 
 two thousand at Buffalo and Black Rock.* 
 
 General Drummond advanced to a point nearly opposite Black Rock on the 29th, 
 and reconnoitred the American camp. At midnight General Riall crossed with reg- 
 iildrs, Canadians, and Indians, about a thousand strong, and landed where Bisshopp 
 did, about two miles below Black Rock. JMoving immediately forward, they encoun- 
 tered mounted pickets under Lieutenant Boughton, who, after a brief skirmish with 
 the British vangimrd, fled across Shogeoquady Creek." The enemy took possession 
 of the " Sailors' Battery" there and the bridge, and then paused, while Boughton 
 
 1 This was n hamlet. Augiistns Porter, Esq., had valuable mills there. These were destroyed. 
 
 ' A linndbill printed at Montreal on the 28th of December, and cited by the Plattuhurri Republican of .lanuai-y 1, 1S14, 
 fontniiied an extract of a letter from "an officer of high rank" (Lieutenant General Drummond?) at Queenston, written 
 on the Ifltli, in which the following passage occurs : " A war-whoop from five hundred of the mn»t savage IntliaiM (which 
 ihcy gave just at daylight, on hearing of the success of the attack on Fort Niagara) made the i,nemy take to their heels 
 [M Lewiston J, and our troops ari' in pursuit. We shall not stop until we have cleared the whole frontier. The Indians 
 are retaliating the conflagration of Newark. Xot a house within my right bttt is inflames. This is a melancholy but just 
 retaliation." 
 
 'This address was Issued on the day preceding the capture of Fort Niagara, M'Clnre having been Informed by his 
 sconta of the preparations of the British to make a descent upon the American side of the Niagara. 
 
 ' Hall's Report to Governor Tompkins. 
 
 s There were 129 mounted volunteers, under Lieutenant Colonel Boughton ; 433 exempts and volunteers, under Llen- 
 Icnant Colonel Blakcslee, of Ontario; 13B Buffalo militia, under Colonel Chnpin : 9T Canadian volunteers, under Major 
 Mallnry:* 332 Genesee militia, under Major Adams. These were at Buffalo. At, Black Rock were stationed .382 effect- 
 ive men, under Brigadier General Hopkins, composed of corps commanded by Lieutenant Colonels Warren and Church- 
 ill, exclusive of a body of 3T mounted Infantry under Captain R.insom; 83 Indians, under Lieutenant Colonel Granger; 
 •a nrtillcry, under Lieutenant Seely, with a «-ponnder ; and about 300 Chautauqua Indians, under Lieutenant Colonel 
 M'Mahnii.— WaU's Report to Oovemor Tompkins, January 0, 1814. 
 
 ' See map on page 382. 
 
 • Mi^or Benajah Mallory had been, in early yonth, in the military service toward the close of the Revolutionary War. 
 He had settled in Canada, but, with others, took sides with his own country, and became the commander of the famous 
 partisan corps known as the "Canadian Refugees." He was in the severe battle at Niagara Falls, or Luiidy's Lane, and 
 ,i.«.«i»ted General Scott from the fleld after he was wounded. He resided many years In Lockport, New York, and when, 
 iu 1^52, Scott stopped there ou a journey, he recogulzed the veteran as one of his loved companions in arras. 
 
 ! 
 
•! ! 
 
 H 
 
 «M 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bad Conduct of the MtlltU. 
 
 Battle near Black Rock. 
 
 The Amcricniii repulwa. 
 
 hafiti'ncd with news of tho fact to General Hiill'8 quartci-H, between IJuffiilo and Hlmk 
 Rock. Tlie niglit waH very dark. The trooj)H at liead-<)uarter« were panKhil, ainl 
 Lieutenant Colonels Warren and I'luirohill ((General Hopkins was abfient from caiui,) 
 were ordered to go forward with tlieir corj)s and feel the position and strength of ilic. 
 enemy. Th(;y met the foe, and at the first fire they l)roke an<l fled, and were no hkhv 
 seen during the following day. Hall then ordered Adams and Chapin, with tliiir 
 eommands, to the same duty, and tho same result ensued; and at the dawn of the 
 SOtli lie found himself in command of eight hundred troops less than at the evcnin,' 
 twilight of tho 20th. They had actually deserted. 
 
 Hall now advanced with his whole force, and ordered Lieutenant ('oluucl Blak(".|ic 
 to move forward and commence the attack on the enemy's left. They iiiarelud to 
 ward iJlack Rock on the Hill Road, and in tho dim light of early dawn •^aw a Hntillii 
 of British boats making for the slioro near General Porter's mansion. Tliese hoic tin 
 Royal Scots, eight hundred in number, who landed under cover of a five-gun battciv 
 on the American shore, in the face of severe opposition. Their })lan of attack « ;,^ 
 soon revealed to the American general, and he made his dispositions accordinirlv, 
 Oolonel Gordon, of the centre, with about four hundred Scots, coni mnced the attack, 
 while the JJritish lefl wing attempted to flunk the American right. Hall (luicklv 
 foiled this design by throwing Granger and his Indians, and Mallory and his Caiiii- 
 Jian Refugees, in the way of the enemy's advancing left wing. At the same time 
 Blakeslee and his Ontario militia confroirted the centre, and M'Mahon and IiIh C'liau- 
 tauqua troops were posted as a reserve at the battery of Fort Tompkins,' which w;i> 
 commanded by the gallant Lieutenant John S'-e'y. 
 
 The batteries on the Canada shore and the cannon of the Americans opened tin 
 simultaneously and vigorously, while Rlakeslee's men, cool as veterans, disputed tlu 
 ground with the foe inch by inch. But the Indians and Canadians, lacking iiiornl 
 Btrengfl ve way almost before a struggle was begun, and M'Mahon and liis re- 
 serves w .)rdered to the breach. They, too, gave way and fled, and could not In 
 rallied by their officers. ILall's power was thus completely broken, and he was 
 placed in great peril. Deserted by a large portion of his troojis, oj»posed by veter- 
 ans, vastly outnumbered, and almost surrounded, he was compelled, for tlie safety of 
 the remnant of his little army, to sound a retreat, after he had maintained the un- 
 equal conflict for half an hour. He tried to rally his troops, but in vain. The gal- 
 lant Chapin, with a few of the bolder men, retired slowly along the jiresent Niagara 
 Street toward Buffalo, keeping the enemy partially in check,^ while Hall, with the 
 remainder, who were alarmed and scattered, retired to Eleven-mile Creek, where ho 
 rallied about three hundred men, who remained true to the old flag. With these he 
 was enabled to cover the flight of the inhabitants, and to check the advance of the 
 invaders into the interior. 
 
 The British and their Lidian allies took possession of Buffalo,^ and proceeded ti 
 plunder, destroy, and slaughter. Only four buildings were left standing in the town, 
 These were the jail (built of stone), the frame of a barn, Reese's blacksmith-Kin ip, and 
 the dwelling of Mrs. St. John, a resolute woman, who, more fortunate than her neigh- 
 
 > This battery, of three Rtino, was on the elto of William Bird's house, and Fort Tompkins was on gruinid now ocrn 
 pied by the stables of the Niagara Street Railway Company. It had six pretty heavy guns, and was the largest work 
 there. 
 
 a " Among these was Lieutenant John Scely, a carpenter and joiner, who lived on the comer of Auburn ami Nlaeara 
 Streets, and was lieutenant of a company of artillery at Black Rock- lie had fought his pieces <m the brow of the hill, 
 on what Is now Breckinridge Street, until he had bnt seven men and one horse left. Mounting the horse, which wa- 
 harnessed to the gun, he brought It away with him, firing upon the enemy whenever occasion ofrerc<l Neiir where 
 Mohawk Street joins Niagara was then n slough. Here Seely turned upon his foe. The gun was thrown off from it? 
 carriage by the discharge, but was quickly replaced, and taken to the village.— Bi/jfoto duriruj the War qflS12; a paper 
 read before the Buffalo Historical Society, March 13, 19«3, by William Dokkiikimeb, Esq. 
 
 ' The place was nnoflicinlly surrendered by Colonel Chapin to prevent farther bloodshed. He approached the Brit- 
 ish with a piece of his shirt as a flag of tmce, and agreed to surrender on condition that private pro))erty shonld he re 
 spocted. It was agreed to, and he and some other clti7,on6 became prisoners. When General Rinll found that Chapii: 
 had no authority to surrender the city, he declarcl his own agreement void, and gave bis marauders free play. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 037 
 
 Imeiicana rcpulwii. 
 
 Dentructiun uf Buffulu uud Uliick Ruck. 
 
 Hurden by the Indians. 
 
 Uorroni of raUllatory Warfare. 
 
 lior MrH. Lovejoy (who was murdered and burnt in her own house), saved her own 
 lit;. uikI her property.' At Black ISock only a Hintjle Ixiiiding escaped coiiflagnitiuii. 
 It \v;iH a log house, in which women and children liud taken refuge. The Ariel, LiU 
 tie Belt, Chippewa, and Trippe, vcHMels that performed hcrvicc in the battle on Lake 
 Kric a little more than a hundred days before, were committed to the Hames. Fear- 
 ful was the retaliation for the destruction of half-inhabited Newark, w//erc not a life 
 icas mcnjiccd! Six villages, many isolated country houses, and four vessels were 
 consumed; and the butchery of innocient persons at Fort Niagara, Lewiston, Schlos- 
 scr, Tiiscarora Village, Ulack Kock, and Buffalo, and hi farm-houses, attested the fierce- 
 ness of the enemy's revenge.'* 
 
 1 Mrs. St. John was a stout, reeohitp wnmnn. I wna Informed by the vcnernbic Dr. Trowbridge, of Bnffnlo, who wag 
 tbero i\t tho tlinu, ilmt ho went to the houBe of MrH. St. .Tohn, hcKucd her to leiu i' hccnudo the Indiana wiiiild kill her, 
 olTircd her tho use <if hlH horse for the imrpose, and imHurcd her that he would take care of her iliildrcn. She Hnlil, " I 
 i-an'l do It; here Is all I have In the world, anil I will stay and defend It." She did flo, not by force but kIndnoHS of 
 iiiaiincr, and her life and i)rii|iorty wore spared. Mrs. Lovejoy was not so prudent. She, too, was resolute, hut resisted 
 the linliiiiis by force when they canio to the house. They killed and sculped her, and left her body, covered with tho 
 i<llk In which she was dressed, npon tho floor. On the following day, when the savaRes came Into tho town a(;aln to 
 cora|)letc their work uf destnictlou, her house and corpse wen consumed. The latter had been laid out across the cords 
 ,if a bedstead hy a nel{»hl)or. Her son, Henry Lovejoy (sec note 2, iiBRO 3S7), now (ISOi) living in Buffalo, was then a lad 
 twelve yeiirii "T age, and was In tho alTalr nt Black Ruck when IJisshopp was repulsed, where ho carried u fllut-lock 
 ransket, too liuu'e for his strength to bear It long. When tho enemy approached at the tlnio we aro considering, this 
 lirave-hcarted woman said to tho boy, " Henry, you have fought against tho British ; you must run. They will take 
 viin prlflouer. I am a woman ; they'll not harm mo." Ho fled to tho woods. Her house stood ou the situ of the pres- 
 ent Phffiiilx Hotel. 
 
 'Ill ft letter of a gentleman to his wife in Albany, written on the «th of .January, 1814, from Lo Roy, he says: " Nu- 
 merous wllnCBRes testify to the following facts; Tho Indians mangled and burned Mrs. Lovejoy In Bufl"alo; massacred 
 wo Inrgo families at Black Rock, namely, Mr. LnlTcr's and Mr. I.ecort'8 ; murdered Mr. Gardner ; put all tho sick to death 
 at Ymiiigstown, and killed, wcalpcd, and mangled sixty at Fort Niagara after It was given up. Many dead bodies arc 
 vet lying nnhuried at Buffalo, mangled and scalped. Colonel Marvin counted thirty-three this morning. I met be- 
 twecu Cayuga and this place upward of one hundred families In wagons, sleds, and sleighs, many of them with nothing 
 but what they had on tlnir backs ; nor could they find places to stay at." The sufl'erlng of the fugitives was terrible. 
 
 The almost universal condemnation of Ocnoral M'Clure for tho dosfnictlon of Newark, and the manifold greater enor- 
 mities committed in retaliation, caused Sir George Provost to hasten before tho world with an assurance that he should 
 ondeavor to stop that sort of warfare. He well knew that the Judgment of mankind would pronounce farther prosecu- 
 tion 'if war on that plan to be atrocious, and. In a proclamation Issued on the 12th of •January, 1S14, after jUHlifying the 
 retaliation thus far, said: "To those possessions of the enemy ah)ng tho whole line of frontier^ which have hit licrto re- 
 mained undisturbed, and which are now at the mercy of the troops under his command, his ?;xcclloncy has determined 
 III extend the same forbearance, and the same freedom from rapine and plunder which they have hitherto experienced ; 
 and from this determlnatlou the future conduct of the American govemmcut shall aloue Induce him to depart." 
 
 %\ 
 
 i^^&fjSi- 
 
nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ihla PnrcM. 
 
 Tba NMNtary of Wu >t Hackctt'i llartHir. 
 
 Colonel J u |^^f^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX . 
 
 " For a nnutlral knight, ■ lady -bi'iKh-bo I - 
 Fell her lioiirt and her heart-iitrln(t» to arhcj 
 To vIkw hU ileiir iKtrmiii hIih liH>ku(l to iiinl fro. 
 Tbr name of the knight wiin HIr Juinca I.iicai Yco, 
 And the //odj/'-'twu iih« <^tlu- iMkr" 
 
 Old H<>nd--Tiiii CoiRTKom Kniiibt, ok Tna Fi-viita (Ui.n.ii 
 
 KNKllAL WILKINSON, aH w« hav«» wm, arrivotl nt Satictt'. 
 Harbor on ihc. 20tli of August, 1813, whtTO lio I'oinially UNHiitmi 
 (•oimnniid of tlio Nortlufii Aniiy, ami, with tho co-oporation , i 
 loiuicil of oftitHirs, formt'il u gfiu-ial j)liin of o|)«rat ioim iii'inn. 
 tho enemy at Kingston and down the St. Lawrence. IIin fj^ 
 care waH to concentrate the forces ofliis conintand, which wn. 
 scattered over an extensive and spar^cIy-settled counlry, sciin 
 on the Niagara frontier, some at liie eastern end of Lake Ontan. 
 and on tlu- Si. Lawrence, and some on Lake Champhtin. lie accordingly diivci, - 
 tliose on the Niagara and at Sackett's Harbor to rendezvous on (irenadicr Islami, ii. 
 the St. LaMrence, about eigliteen miles from the Harbor, and at French Creek (aovr 
 Clayton), about the same distance further down the river. Tliose compoHim,' tin 
 right wing, on Lake Chatnjthiin, were directed to move at the same time to the (an 
 
 ada border, at " tlie mouth of the t'lmtcan 
 gay, or other point which would favni tl. 
 junction of the forces and hold ilic cin 
 my in check." 
 
 For t!ie purpose of promoting hamiom 
 of action between Wilkinson ainl llaMi|, 
 ton, as we have observed, and to add ifii 
 cioncy to projected movements, the Sen 
 tary of War, accoiii])anieil by the adjiitai, 
 •general. Colonel Walbach, established th 
 seat of his department at Sackett's llai 
 bor." He, and Wilkinson, .8qm.rai,.r' 
 and the late venerable (Jen- '''" 
 
 eral Joseph (rardner Swill (then chief en 
 gineer of the Northern Anny, and l)i:ir 
 ing the commission of colonel') hold eon 
 saltations with (Jovernor Tonipkins ni 
 Albany, who, from the beginning, had em- 
 jdoyed his best energies for the pninietinn 
 of the general good, and especially furiiH 
 defense of his commonwealth against ii; 
 vasion. 
 
 Before considering Wilkinson's expcli 
 tiori, let lis turn back a little, and taki a 
 
 ^^^^1 
 
 
 ' JnR«pb Oardnfr Swift wan horn In Nantnrket on the last day of the year 1TSS. He entered the army as « cuilftM 
 Newport, Rhode Island, lu isfto, and was the tlrst cradiiate of the MHiljiry Academy at West Point. He beoBiiie ttl'.» 11 
 to a corps of United States Knirinceri", and in ISOT, having attained the rank of captain, he was «ii)>olnl<!(l cominaii lie: 
 of West Point. Ue waa military agent at Fort Johnson, Soath Carolina, early In 1812, and was eoon afterward nmlf i.- 
 
 m ^ J 
 
tlmtcl J.O.RwUL 
 
 OF TIIK VVAll OF 18 13. 
 
 689 
 
 Uoner^l Oeuboni mai«Mlal»OMMl». 
 
 Oowrni.™ Tonipkliu »iirt (l«laih». 
 
 ithw'c "t niilitftry iiiul niival opcrntioiiH on Lnko Chnmplnin iip to the nutumn of 1818. 
 \V(' sliall tlu'ii lii'ttor uiuUrHtiiiKl hi'vitiiI ivspcctrt ot'tlmt > puditioii. 
 
 WIk'II Wiir was (ii-chinMl in Juin', IHI2, zciiltnis Hiipportt'is of tlu- iiiitional adininiH- 
 tnitii'ii were govt-riiorH of New York and Vermont,' hi'tween wliicli lay important 
 |,!iki' Cliamplain. Tlicsi' majjistratcN, HiiHtained by tlit'ir re»pt'C'tivo Le^iHlaturcs, si'C- 
 (iiiili'd till' administration in all its nu-aHnri's. Tiu! Lci^islatiiri' of V^-rmont proliibitcd 
 ;ill iiitcrcoiirHi! with Canada except with tlie permiHuion of the governor, and they 
 ;i(l(ii)t(d ineasureH for eallinfj out the militia of the state when needed. New York 
 was not a wliit behind her sister of the (ireen IVIonntains in zeal and ettieieney. 
 
 Dmini' the summer of 1H12 J}ri<.;adier tieiieral Hloomiicld was sent to the Cham* 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^VWfX^r,. 
 
 plain frontier with several regiments, and on the Ist of September had collceted 
 about eight thousand men at I'hittsburg— regulars, volunteers, and militia — besides 
 some small advanced parties at Chazy and Cliamplain. General Dearborn arrived 
 tiiero soon afterward, and assumed direct connnand ; and on the lOth of November 
 lie moved toward the Canada line Avith three thousand regulars and two thousand. 
 militia, and encamj)ed upon the level ground near the jiresent village of Ko'tise's 
 I'oint. There he advanced across the line towa'-d Odell Town, for what ultimaic ob- 
 ject no one knew, ;vnd on the banks of the La Colle, a tributary of the Sorel, he was 
 confronted by a considerable force of volti- 
 (;cur8, chasseurs, militia, and Indians, under 
 Lieutenant Colonel De .Salttberry, an active 
 IJritisii commander. 
 
 On the morning of the 20th, just at dawn, 
 Colonel Zebulon JM. Pike, with about six < 
 liiuulred men, crossed tl!e La Colle, and sur- 
 rounded a block-house which had been occupied by a strong picket-guard of Cana- 
 dians and Indians. These had tied during the previous evenirg. At about the same 
 time a body of New York militia, who had been detached by an ■-} ;er road, approached 
 for the same purpose, and in the dim light of the early m' iio; were mistaken by 
 those at the block-house for enemies. Pike's men openc' liVe upon them, and for 
 
 ] U-cflinp to Major General ( ■. {". PInckney, of South Carolina, with tlie rank of lieutenant colonel. lie succeeded 
 ' nitlian Wmii'- ;« ns commander of the United States corps of En;;ineerfl, with the rank of colonel. For his valuable 
 ■ rviira on tlie St. Lawrence frontier in IRIS and 1814, and in defense of the city of New York, he was breveted as brlf;n- 
 : TL'onornl. He was connected with the Military Academy at West Point for several years after the war, and in 1S18 he, 
 >::li >fvfrnl officers of the corps, left the service because of the appointment of Oencrnl Bernard, a French ofllcer of dls- 
 " linn, t(i the control of itnpdi tant eucineering services on the coast. For nine years General Swift was Surveyor of 
 !, port of New York, and from 1S20 to imti he was snporintendent of the harbor Improvements on the Lakes. lie was 
 
 1 1 liiirte of several important works as civil engineer, nnionc; which may be named the Baltimore and Snsquchanna 
 I!ailro.'.d, the New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain Railroad, and the Harlem Railroad, lie went on a mission of peace, 
 by imlpr of President Harrison, to the British American Provinces in 1S41, and in 1852 he made a tonr in Europe. Ocn- 
 ml Swift contritmted many valuable papers to publications on scientific subjects. After ls;tO he resided in Geneva, 
 Nfw York, spendinR his winters in Brooklyn, Lone Island. I am Indebted to him for many valuable letters relating to 
 ihp fiilijcct of this work. He retained his mental faculties in great perfection until near the time of hia death, which 
 
 vnrrrd at Geneva on the i.ld of .luly, ISWi. 
 
 ■ Daniel D.Tompkins was Governor of New York, and Jonas Gnlnsha of Vermont. 
 
 » 
 
mmmmmmmmm 
 
 040 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Repulse ot the Britleh at La Culje. 
 
 They rally uud defeat the Amrricnns. 
 
 Llcnt.Ward atid Lioiit. Col. Carr 
 
 nearly half an hour a sharp contest was 
 sustained. When they discovered their 
 mistake, they found De Salaberry ap- 
 proaching in force with a strong ad- 
 vance guard, when Lieutenant Ward,* 
 of the Twenty-ninth New York Militia, 
 with his company of fifty men, moved 
 slowly upon the enemy, and, after re- 
 ceiving three discharges from them 
 without returning a shot, gave the or- 
 der to fire and charge. This was 
 promptly obeyed, and the appalled foe, 
 taken completely by surprise, were 
 driven back to the main body. This 
 gallant performance of the lieutenant 
 elicited the highest praise from his su- 
 l)eriors. But De Salaberry's force was 
 too overwhelming to be successfully 
 withstood. To the Americans a re- 
 treat was sounded, and they fled so 
 precipitately that they left five of their number 
 dead and five wounded on the field.^ It was a 
 fruitless expedition, and the army returned to 
 , November 23, Plattsburg^ out of luuuor and de- 
 pressed in spirits. Three of the regiments of regulars went into winter 
 
 isia. 
 
 ' Lieutenant Aaron Ward received hie commission on the 30th ><' April, 1813. He was i)roninted to captain ii yc jr 
 later. At the close of the war he was charged with the conducting oi the first dotachnicnt of Dritlsh prisoners from the 
 States to Canada. Law was his chosen iirofession, and in IS'JS he became a lawmaker by being elected a i f|irestnta- 
 tive of his district in the State of New York in the National Congress. He was an actlvf and efHcicut worker, aiici his 
 constituents were so well satislied with hi i services that he kept his seat twelve out of eighteen consecutive yenrs. Ui 
 assisted in fiaming the new Constitution of the State of New York in lS4fc, and after that he declined 'r, cnc,age in pub. 
 lie life. He traveled extensively abroad in 1859, and afterward jjublished a very Interesting volume, entitled ylroiind* 
 Pyramids. For many years he was niiijor g(!tieral of the militia of Westchester County. He died early in ISiiT. Ills res- 
 idence was at a beautiful spot overlooking the village of Sing Sing, and the Hudson and its scenery from the Ilighiand; 
 to Hoboken. 
 
 'MS. Journal of Colonel Robert Carr. Chrinttc's HiHtori/ «/ tlte War in the Canadaii, page 90. Robert Carr, whose jour- 
 nal Is here cited, was born in Ircl.iud on the '.".tth of January, H";*. He came to America at the age of six ye:^r^!, and m- 
 tled, with his father, in Philadelphi", They lived next door to Dr. Frank'ln, and he was often employed by that jrest 
 man as an errand-boy. Helearnnl the art of printing wit' Benjamin Franklin Bachc, a grondson of Dr. Franklin, viih 
 whom he commenced his appreniicoship in 1792, He r .-o to the liead of Ills profession, and in ISW received n ilrM 
 premium as the best ijrmter iu Philadelnhia. He printc . Wilmn's (>rnilholn<f;i from rannuscrlpt ; also Kees's Ciirtni^lin 
 In M Tch, ISl'i, he received tlie commishion of major in ilie Sixteenth Ki'L'iment of Infantry, and in August, l-i:i,\™ 
 pron-- ted to Lieutenant Colonel of the Ninth, from whicii he was transferred to the Fifteenth. He was disbauded in 
 ISlft, and for several years he was the last surviving flelil-ofticer of the army of 181'J in Pcunsylvanla, Now .TiTwy.ot 
 Dclmvare. He was a member of the M'l'ImHon lUmn of Philadelphia, and one of the tiring party on the occasion of ike 
 Congressional funeral of Washington ip that city. See note 4, page lin. 
 
 Colonel Carr married a danghter of William Bartram, proprietor of the celebrated Botanical Gardens nenr PliiU&l- 
 pbin, and, ii. right of his wife, carried on tlie estnlilishment from the year ISfts to IStiO, a period of nin.-e than liiri.i 
 years. Fr -n 1S21 to l'!24 he woe adjutant general of the State nf Pennsylvania : and, by order of the Legie'alure, te 
 compiled .' work ou " Kiiles ond Regulations for the Field F.xercise." He was a long time an aldcrtnan and justice 
 of the pt..co In Phiiii !■ Iphia, and has ever l)eeii held in the highest esteem by his fallow-citizer.s. Deprived of lii-* prop- 
 erty in his eld age by the viclssitn;li"< ol fortnue, he was for some time gate-keeper at the Pennsylvania AHiiliimfnrik 
 Iiuane, .iltiwited a a beautiful spm yond the Schuylkill. There 1 visited him on a blr.stiy afternoon late in Nmea- 
 be.', ;S01, when he was almost eighiy-fo-ir years of age. IIo was In excellent health and spirits, and assured nu' t!i.ii be 
 bad nut been sick in raon; than sixty yecrs. He had led a strictly ;emperi',te life, never having been intoxicat-d ba: 
 once. It was when he was a boy, oud wan pr-,dnced by eating rum-chcrrles. A month before I vinited liim lietuJ 
 been among the American camps in Vir-'ini.., near Arlingtji; Heights, where he walked deventecn miles in one d.iy, nil 
 o"'3, ded a theatre in Washington the same evening. ' I could have danced a cotillon after thit," lie B«nt lie nlteml- 
 cd the celebi.ition of Bradford's birth-day by the N w York HIsloriial So-^iety In May, ls«3, at- n delegate fl-om Phili- i 
 lielphia, and \< is then doubtless the oldest printer in the United Siates. On the 22(i of February, ISM, Cnl'^ncl Cstr. 
 then past eiglity-aix years of age, read W:;Hhington's Farewell Address befoe the 'eternp soldiers of the War of i-i; 
 iit the t'lilon so'diers' ccleb-ation in Phiiadehdiia. He never used spectacles, eicep'mg when his photograph who Mtefc \ 
 yet he ftnle with grace and facility niitil the time of his death, which recurred n Philadelphia on the l.^ih of .Mstcli. 
 ;8<W1 I! kindly lent me his Diary, kept during the War of 15)12. It is written ! i a line hand, and cimtMns mnchvsl» ] 
 ab'< loalter I shall ever rememl)er with plcoirare my interview with an errand'ho)ir, Ur.JfrmMtih, an>l utke ;rAo Wiu; 
 t^t^r, asapriiiter,viith Pruide>\tWathi>igU>n >0.itia>rr(!rliiighi»(iv>neonip(i»itiQ>i*. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Carr. 
 
 :^^^ 
 
 i/cnt into winter 
 
 intcd to cnptn\n n jcar 
 llsli prisotRT^^ fi'im llic 
 g elected a vcprcpcma- 
 Bcleut worker, and ais 
 conBCUlivo year». he 
 liiiea •■■•. eiii,age in put)- 
 mc, eutitlcilvlroiind* 
 early linSCiT. IHsrf^- 
 cry from the Uigtilonii^ 
 
 oljcrt Carr, whose jour- 
 >e of ?ix year!", and ►•'i- 
 "mlilovcdliy lliii' ■' 
 L,i „fl)r. Krauliliii.' 
 jiii IBW receiveil n i. ■. 
 • nlao Ree»'» r.i/clnjxilM. 
 ml in August, lxlH,vrj( 
 1 He was disbanded in 
 ylvani«,New.Ierfey,ot 
 ' on the occasion o!ili« 
 
 JoardpnBiiearPhil««tl- 
 liod of mo.-o than hiitr 
 Ter of the Leiris'.atnrcta 
 aUlcrman ami ■ jnslin 
 , Deprived oflii" prop- 
 l8ylvBni,i-1";(l"'".'»'* 
 ficmooii late in Kovf* 
 J and assured met!* be 
 
 |i<r bopn intoxiOiU"'' biij 
 Iro I vi-H'^d him hf U 
 l.nndlesin»iied.iy,Mi 
 
 It " lie MK' "f """"'• 
 . ft delejjalc from Phi* 
 
 ilerVofthcWnrc.ii-'i 
 ffphotoprnphwa"!*** 
 WonthelS>hotM.rct. 
 laiidcont-.insmncliv* 
 
 In. oivi !«•«"'"' "*''"' 
 
 Rsd of Deirborn'a Canada Bzpedltion. Praparatlons for War on I«ka CkampMB. Bwly If i 
 
 041 
 
 ther*. 
 
 niiartors at Plattsburg, and three others at Btirlingto*, the former under the com- 
 mand of Ooloiiel I'iko, and the latter under Jingadier liencral Chandler. The liylit 
 artillery and dragoons returned to (Trcen1)u*H (opptjsit*' Albany), tW head-quartern 
 ot'lTt'neral IVarborn, and the militia were disbanded. 
 
 Tlicrc were no further military movements os Lake C'hamplain of special import- 
 unco until July, 181.'}. Naval preparations ha<i b«»'n somewhat active under tlie su- 
 iKiintondence of Lieutenant Thoini*« Mafdonoujrh. «ho, in the fall of 181'ii, super- 
 -iUhI Lieutenant Sidney Smith in the eomBr«and fM Lake Oamplain.' When war 
 was declared the whole American naval force on the jake "onsisted of only two gun- 
 li.iats that lay in IJasin Harbor oi th«' Vermont shore. Two small sloops and four 
 i,;it(iiux were fitted up and armed 'ach carrying a lonif cighteen-pounder. The IJrit- 
 ;,|, liad two or three gun-boats ai-l armed galleys in the Richelieu, or Sorel Kiver, 
 ilic outlet of Lake Champlain into ine St Lawr'-ne^. 
 
 In ihe spring of 1813 Macdonouffh put the nt»w-armed sloops Growler and Eagle 
 iiflnat, the former eominaiidi'd by Lieutenant Smith and the latter by Mr. Loomis. 
 At tiie beginning of .Fune intelligi'W**' came that the Ibitish gun-boats had attacked 
 Mime American small craft near I{<mi*<- * Point. Macdonough ordered Smith, with the 
 Growler a. id Eagle, and one hundred and twelve men (including Captain Herrick and 
 thirty-three volunteers), t look aJter the matter, and, on the evening of the 2d of 
 Jiiiu',* these vessels anchr d near K<»yse's Point, within a mile of the Canada 
 u>. On the fidlowing morning they went down the Sorel with a stiti favoring 
 hivczc from the soutli, and at Arch Island gavi chase to three British gun-boats. 
 Ww ]pui'siiit continued to a point within sight of the fortifications on Isle aux I^oia-, 
 win rt^ prudence caused Smitl; to tack and beat up the Sorel against the wind. When 
 tills iiiovenient was discovered by the British, thn'c armed row-galleys were sent out 
 lioiii the shelter of the lialteries on the island, and gave chase. They soon opened 
 iiiidii the Hying sloops with long twenty-four pounders. At the same time a land 
 ; force was sent out on each side of the river, who poured severe volleys of musketry 
 ii)H)n the decks of the Groicler and Eagle. Tliese were answered by grape and can- 
 ister. This running fight had been kept up for about four hours, when a heavy can- 
 [ii'iii-shot lore planking from the Eagle below Avater, and she M'cnt down almost im- 
 mediately. At about the same time the Growler became disabled and ran ashore, 
 [jiiiithe people of both vessels were made prisoners. The Americans lost in the en- 
 jaacment one killed and nineteen wounded. Tlu loss of the British was much great- 
 i— probably at least one hundred. But they gained a victory, and with it secured, 
 [tor the time, the full control of the lake. The captured sloops were refitted by them, 
 tiiamcd respectively Finch and Vhuhb^&wA placed in the British naval service. Mac- 
 donough recaptured them at Plattsburg in September the follow ing year. 
 I Vacdonough wis not dislieartcned by his loss. It stimulated him to greater ex- 
 jenions, and bj tlie 6th of August he had fitted out and armed three h1oo})S and six 
 jun-hoats. Meanwhile a British force of soldiers, sailors, and marines, fourteen hund- 
 riil strong, under Colonel J. Murray, conveyed in two sloops of war, three gun-boats, 
 pi forty-seven long boats, had fallen upon Plattsburg." That place was en- ^ ^ 
 taly uncovered, tliere being no regular troops on the west side of the lake. 
 fhi'eiu'my landed on Saturday afternoon without opposition, and began a Avork of 
 WKtruction which lasted until ten o'clock the next day. Major General Ihimpton 
 pw at Burlington, only twenty mil«>8 distant, with almost four thcmsand men, yet he 
 1 not attempt to en ss the lake, or in aiiy way oppose the inroad of x.Iurray. The 
 'rotlicur shamefully violated the promises made to the civil authorities of I'latts- 
 
 1 Sidney S.nHh T?a« flflh lionteriaii*, nndi>r C'nmmftdore Burron In the Chetapeakr at the time of her nfliilr with the 
 In IKiii hp wi^a ordered tti Lnk« Champlain, and remained In command there nntil the arrival of'H&cdonougb 
 jiOTfeir in rank. He diet! n. eommardcr in the .ctvico In ISSil . 
 
 I' Hi'in Harbor '« eoBsldeicd the best on I^ake Chumplaln. It is near the sonthwest comer of Ferrlaburg, Addison 
 p.y, Turnout, nud nearlv yppofite Wcslpml on the New York .>!dc of tlic lak?. 
 
 I 
 
042 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Colonel Hurray's Knid. 
 
 Movements ofUamptou in Northern New York. 
 
 Operatlous on LakeOntaHo. 
 
 ftifi#i 
 
 bijrg when he entered the villaso, that private property should bo respected, and tliai 
 non-i'oinbataiits should remain uiiniolestod. After destroyiiij^ the bloek-liuusc arw.. 
 iiul, armory, and hospital in the town, and the military eantoninent (known as Pike's) 
 near Fredenburg Falls, on the Saranac, two miles above the villaj^e, he waiitonlv 
 burned three private store-houses, and plundered and destroyed private iner(liaii(lis(' 
 furniture, etc., to the amount of several thousand dollars. The value of public pMi). 
 erty destroyed was estimated at twenty-Hve thousand dollars. ^ 
 
 Having accomplished the object of his raid, Colonel Murray retired so hastily tlim 
 he left a picket of twenty men, who were eaj)tured. He went uj> the lake Rcvcnil 
 miles above JJurlington on a marauding expedition, destroying transjiortation l)oiitk 
 and on his way back to Canada he jilundered private property on Cumberland Ilra.| 
 on the Vermont shore, and at ('hai.y Landing. Such w;is the condition of afl'aiis m. 
 Lake Champlain at the close of the summer of 181 ;t, when Wilkinson took conuniiiKl 
 of the Army of the North, and prepared for his expedition down the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The right wing of the army, imder (Jeneral Hampton, was first put in motion, whin 
 it was thought that Kingston would be the first point of attack. He was ordered k. 
 penetrate Canada toward Montreal by way of the Richelieu or Sorcl,to divert the at 
 tention of the enemy in that direction. For this purj)ose his forces were asseinMi,! 
 on Cumberland Head at the middle of September, consisting of four thousand etl'eit. 
 ive infantry, a squadron of horse, and a well-appointed train of artillery. On ili, 
 "September, lOth* he inovcd forward to the Great Chazy Uiver, the infantry in |ji,;ii< 
 
 isi.s. convoyed by 3racdi)nough's flotilla, and the squadron of horse and anil- 
 
 '■ September. ^^^^ |^y jj^jj^j rjij^py formed a junction at Cham])lain on the 20tli,'' and im 
 the same day the advance, under ALijors Wool, Snelling, and M'Neil, marched as far 
 jis Ovlell Town, just within the Canada borders, westward of House's Point. A seven 
 drought was jirevailing over all that region. Hami)ton was convinced that lie weiilii 
 not be .able to procure water on the route northward over that flat country fur hi- 
 ' September 21. horses and draught-cattle, and he at uiicc returned to Chanqdain' ami 
 took the road westward, which led to the Chateaugay River. At the "FomCer 
 
 ners," not far from the present village of Chateaugay, he cncamnei'- 
 " September 'J4. ' • , i • • i • i ' 
 
 and nunamed there awaiting orders twenty-six days. 
 
 In the mean time preparations for the expedition were going or- at the easteni end I 
 of Lake Ontario, over whose waters (.'ommodore Cliauncey and Sir Ji.ines Yen ' 
 lieeii for some time pl.iying a sort of hide-and-seek game. As Chauncey's fleet w:;-, 
 co-operative force in the expedition of Wilkinson, wc may here appropriately consider ! 
 the naval movements on Lake Ontario not already described, up to the departure uf J 
 the expedition down the St. Lawrence. 
 
 We have already observed the active co-operation of the naval with the landforowj 
 in the capture of York^ and Fort Oeorge,^ and the atteiiqit of Sir Janu^s Yeo tosiw I 
 or destroy the post at Sackett's Harbor.^ Intelligence of the fact that the Hriiiskj 
 Kqiiadron was out upon the lake reached Chauncey on the 30th of May, while iyinjl 
 in the mouth of I lie Xiagara ?^>ver. He immediately v,'eighe<l anchnr, crossed >virj 
 the lake and looked into York, and then ran for Kingston. Nt> foe was to be seen,} 
 and he sailed for Sackett's Harbor, where the embers of the recent conflagration nm I 
 smouldering. Chauncey felt some dcuibts of his ability to cope with the heavy v(*j 
 sels of the enemy, and he used every exertion to have the new shiji, the General Pikl 
 put afloat. She was a corvette, pierced for twenty-six long twenty-fours. Slie i vuj 
 
 ' HUt':r;i nf iMKf Chaniptaiii frmn IBflft to I'iU, by PetiT S. I'nlmcr. pn^e t<W. Mr. Piihner snys: ".SiililiorHWrnililltitl 
 into priviito (Iwclllngs, imd henr off bnck-lond.s of property to the hosts in the iiresence of British officer?, whi,"!- 
 lemoniitmteii with by the pliiiulored cltlgcni", repHed that they could not prevent tt, nn the men did not hclont" ' 
 partlealnr company.' Amoey the BUfferer? In thi« Wfiy. HceordinR to an inventory made at ihc time, and piililisi 
 Mr. I'al'oir, were .Iiidije I). Lord, who lost properly to the amount of $10V!> s] : I'elcr.Siillloy, ifSST iT, heslilc* l«v 
 honnes >'Blned at Jlimi ; .I-idfte Palmer. $3sn W: Pnctor Miller, *1«00: Hoi«twick Hiirk,$1«HP0; ,T:ii;ub l''iirlf,iiTi* 
 lesser amounts by other citizens. A stor«-boaj<e belonging to Major Piatt was also burned. 
 
 2 R.M •pn(;c BST. » See page IBS. ♦Hecpat'-fW 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 643 
 
 a nn Lake OiUirlo. 
 
 ctcii, and thai 
 :;k.-lioUM', iirse- 
 iwn as I'iWs) 
 , he wantonly 
 p mi'rclian(Vis( , 
 of iiublic \)v><Y 
 
 80 hastily thai 
 \(i lukt- si'venil 
 :)ortat\on IkhiIv 
 nbcrhiiul \\m\. 
 ioii of affairs (ni 
 1 took ("oiunaiiil 
 St. LawreiK'f. 
 in motion, whm 
 L' was (iv(k'ivil 111 
 , to divert the at 
 I were assonililci! 
 ; thousand cffcrt- 
 rtilli'vy. Cn tlk 
 infantry in 1j»;i'~, 
 if horse and arlil- 
 the '2ntli,'' an.l nn 
 ■il, marehcil a- in 
 8 Toitit. A si'vrti 
 iced that ho vdaM 
 lat country for 'm 
 o Chainiilaiii • 
 U the " Four * 
 ay, he cncani) 
 
 at the eastern cml i 
 ;ir Jr.ines Yco hinil 
 
 unoey s 
 
 fleet \va< J ] 
 
 )voi>riately omsiiltt \ 
 [> I lie departure 
 
 IviththclanAfoTO 
 Ijjinies Yco tosoiif I 
 let that the IiriiiAJ 
 If May, wlulelyin;! 
 Inehov, crossed vvii I 
 
 Ifoe was to be sow. I 
 eouflafijratioiiwmj 
 
 Lith the heavy v»l 
 |), the General Pk\ 
 i^iy-dnir^. She f.»j 
 
 tysT" 9"W'e™ would btt4| 
 r British officer?, wti".''*^ 
 LndUinnl betas I'-l 
 Ju)cUmc,andimWW,rfH 
 
 ♦ the pig? »* 
 
 Commodore Cbauncey tries to engage Sir James Yeo. Serious DUaster. The British Commander avoids a Conflict 
 
 launched on the 12t}i of June, and on the day before, Captain Arthur Sinclair had ar- 
 rived and was placed in command of her. But it was late in the summer before she 
 was fully equipped and manned, for niucli valuable material intended for her had 
 liecn consumed, and men came from the sea-board tardily, a part of wliom were sent 
 to the importunate Perry, then an.xiously preparing liis squailron on Lake Erie to co- 
 uperate with (ieneral Harrison. Meanwhile the keel of a fast-sailing schooner, after- 
 ward nainetl the Si/fp/i^v/as laid by Eckford at the Harbor; and a small vessel was 
 kept constantly cruising as a scout between the Ducks (a group of islands) and Kings- 
 ton, to observe the movements of Sir James. On the 10th of June the Lcufi/ of the 
 7;rtic, Lieutenant W. Chauncey, engaged in that serviiie, captured the Britisli schooner 
 /;«(/(/ Murray, loaded with ]irovisions, shot, and fixed ammunition, and took lier into 
 ll)e Ilarbor. At about this time the British squadron made a cruise .vestward, and, 
 lis we have seen, interfered seriously with vessels hearing supplies for the Americans 
 at Fort George, and destroyed stores at Sodus.' Sir James, as we have observed, had 
 looked into Oswego, but thought it prudent not to land.^ 
 
 We have alluded to the a])pearance of Sir James and his squadron off Niagara on 
 the 7th of July, just after Chauncey, with the troops under Colonel Scott, had re- 
 turned from the second expedition to York.' The lirilish squadron was first seen 
 about six miles to the northwest. Chauncey immediately weighed anchor, and en- 
 deavored to obtain the w'cather-gage of his enemy. He had thirteen vessels, but only 
 tlirce of them had been originally built for war purposes.* The enemy's 8(iuadron 
 oonsisted of two shi])s, two biigs, and two large schooners. These had all been con- 
 structed for war, and Avere very etKcient in unnament and defensive shields. 
 
 All day the belligerents manrouvred, with a good breeze, without coming into con- 
 tliot. At sunset there fell a dead calm, and sweejis were used. When night came 
 nn the American fleet was collected by signal. During the evening the wind came 
 trom the westward, freshened, and at midnight was a fitful gale. Suddeidy a rushing 
 -ainid was heard astern of most of the fie 't, and it was soon ascertained that the 
 Umdlton, Lieutenant Winter, and Samrge, Mr. Osgood, had disappeared. They were 
 lapsizedby a terrific squall, and all the officers and men, excepting sixteen of the lat- 
 ter, were drowned. This was a cvere blow to the lake service, for these two ves- 
 sels, carrying nineteen guns between them, were the best in it. 
 
 Soon after dawn* the British squadron was seen bearing down, as if for ac- . jniy s, 
 
 tion, but when within a league of the Americans it bore away. Again the *^^^- 
 
 klligerents commenced mananivring for advantages. Alternate wind and calm made 
 
 the service severe, and at length the considerate Chauncey, whose men had been 
 
 at quarters full thirty-six hours, ran in and anchored at the mouth of the Niagara 
 
 River. AU night the lake was swe[)t by squalls. When, in the morning,'' 
 
 the enemy was seen at the northward, Chauncey weighed anchor and stood 
 
 lout to meet him. Another day and night were consumed in fruill'ss manopuvres. 
 
 : At length, at six o'clock on the morning of the 10th, having the weather-gage, Chaun- 
 
 [oey, with a light wind, formed his fleet in battle order, and a conflict seemed immi- 
 
 [iiont.' .But varying breezes, and an unwillingness on the part of the enemy to engage. 
 
 ' July 9. 
 
 1 See pnpc «pB. » See pnpe OOfi. ' See psge 628. 
 
 ' The I'ikf, ifnilimn, Ontida, Hamilton, Scourge, Ontnrin, Fair ArMriinn, Govtmot Trrmpktru, Conq^ifst, Growler, Julia, 
 ji(«p, «nJ /V|■^ 
 
 >Onthe iiiKht of the !>tti, t'hnnnccy, becoming convinced Hint lis, could not get tl;o wind of the British while the lat- 
 
 llnirert (llpposed to avoid an nctlon, formed hin floi't in nn order of battle well culcul.dod to draw the enemy down. It 
 
 Iwu consiilerert nn admirable movement, lllc vesBels were formed In two lines, one lo windward of the other. "The 
 
 pesther line," pnys ('iii)per, in giving an ncrnunt of it, "connlslod altogether of tlie sninilest of the schooners, hnvlhg in 
 
 1,1b tlie order in which they nre named from the van to the rear, the .hiKa, Grnieler, /'.rf, Afp, Ontario, and Fair Amer^ 
 
 Tl.e line to leeward eonlnlned, in the same ordiir, the Hkr, Onfirta, Mmlifnn, Gvvfrnnr Tompkins, and Oonquett."— 
 
 i Hi«fm/ <\nhe Fnitrd .S7n/<'«, 11., 304. Commodore 1 'lintinrey, In his dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy on the 
 
 Blh. Mid, " Tlie Mliooncrs, wiih long, heavy bnuH, ronm d nboiit six hundred ynrdj to wiriilward, with oidcrs to com- 
 
 prace ,1 Are upon the enemy as soon as they could tiMith him with effect, and, an he approached, to edg • down the line 
 
 nleeanni, Tue Jului, Grmeler, Pert, and .In;) in pass through the Intervals, and form to leeward, the Ontario anJ Fair 
 
 fi u-an to tate their tlatlons in the line." The same dippositlou waa made ou the night of the '.Otb, when so action en- 
 
•B€)^K 
 
 m 
 
 :i ^ M 
 
 Oaftant of American VmmhU. 
 
 rtn^wrjr pmdant. 
 
 A Battle at hut. 
 
 Uni o'clock at nisjht the enfinv 
 
 ••rnnioHl of the schooiicrH) op»;r»wi 
 
 to draw uheacl, and a gi'iicrul ac- 
 
 Im* <rroinler (Lieutenant Deacon) and 
 
 i* iliiir vcMtels out of the pnscril),!^ 
 
 Hf'cl, lid were captured after a 
 
 I \va» hut littU- tightinp elscM'hcri' 
 
 • •UTiipi ■'! ' run for she iter into ihc 
 
 ^Aused anotlicr day t. 
 
 Mild'' cha«(', and at el< \ . / /?/ 4: 
 
 ftee n^Hi the advancinj? l<x». 'fJic ewmy 
 
 tion SHf-^tM'd unavoidable. T 
 
 Julia (iir, Trant'), in the ex( i >- i / 
 
 Hfie. Th**Y became separated from the rest 
 
 aevere hut short stnij/glc, with funall loss, i 
 
 and »t midni<5ht, the gale increasing, ('haun<^_, 
 
 Genese*". He o.h<»»}fed his course, however, and w«»t to j^a/'|i«at'8 Harbor, wheiv, after 
 
 encountering a cairn, he arrived with th(! reniainn <»f IiIh fleet on the 13th. On the 
 
 same day he took in provi^iouH for five weeks and sailed on andher cruise, witli iiu|,( 
 
 vessels. Off Niagara, on the J 6th, he fl'll in with the enemy, who had the samt 
 
 number of vessels ; )iut, afler a cruise of three days nu)re, lie returned to the Flar 
 
 •Juiyij, bor," where lie found the new vessel (the Sylph) launched, (^ireat siekiH» 
 
 \m. prevailed in the fleet, and Chauncey lay uiaclive in the Harbor for some tiine.^ 
 
 On the 2Hth of August ('hauncey put out again upon the lake, but it was not until 
 the 7th of Septendx^r that he came in sight of the enemy. At dawn of that day the 
 Jiritish 8<ptadron wa« seen off the Niagara, and Chauncey, with the Pike, Madimn, 
 aad a^ph, ea/'h v'itli a schooner in tow, made chase. For six days lie endeavored tii 
 h r hy fciw antSkjKfonist into action; but Sir James Voo, following the strict iiij unctions 
 «4Vm imperiors U/ rit»k nothing, avoided a contest. The critical situation of Canmlu 
 at fhftt ijKK- made the preservation of a naval force sufficient to protect harbors im; 
 \n'i>ii CliuMdcey employed, very important. 
 
 i)H 1I//I \\\h Hir 3mtui> lay becalmed off the Genesee. Catching a gentle bree,:i 
 from tlie nor(hw<'M(, Channcey bore down upon him, and was within gun-shot di- 
 lance of his enemy when i\ii Mf(/I«h sails took the wind, and their vessels, beiiii.{ tin 
 (HtftPr sailer'' escaped, not, howevof, ^U)ii\\\i Hiistnining considerable damage durin^' 
 a niiinllig Hgiil fo;- more than three houiM. 'f'h< I'lkii jnirl been hiilliMl several tiinen. 
 lull not seriously hurt, while the Urititli vessels were a good i\tn\ I III up. Vco tinal 
 ly escaped to Amherst Uay, whoso navigation was strange to the Ainerlciiii j)||nIi, 
 and he was not followed, t hannccy lay off the Pucks until the 1 7th, when Sir.lnimt 
 made his way into Kingston harbor. Chauncey jiow ran into .Sackctt's Ilarhort'or 
 supplies. 
 
 On the 18th the American squadron sailed for the Niagara for troops fo he con 
 veyed to Sackett's Harbor, and was followed by the enemy. AH or remaining a th 
 days, Chauncey crossed the lake with the JH/ir, Madison, and Sylph, eaili with a 
 schooner in tow, having been informed that the enemy was in York harbor. Whwi 
 he approached, Sir James fled, followed by Chauncey in battle order and with tk 
 wcatlu!r-gaga The ])aronet was now compelled to tiglit, or to cease boasting of un- 
 satisfied desires to measure strength with Americans. An action commenced ;ii ii 
 little past noon, when the Pike for more than twenty minutes sustained the dosiKrv. 
 assaults of tin- heaviest vessels of the enemy. She was managed admirably, and de- 
 livered tremendous broadsides upon her antagonists. She was gallantly as.'»ist(il s 
 part of the time by the Tompkins, Lieutenant W. C. I?. Finch, of the Madimn ; and 
 when the smoke of battle passed away, the Wolfe (Sir James's flag-ship) was found to 
 
 sued. "Notliiiifr conldlinTC beon Blmplpr or b<-ttcr devtnp(l," snye Cooper, "tliaii ttiis order i^ aUln; nor Is It pw.-iii'i J 
 to say wliat wonid have been llie coiise<-aonccB had circnmBlanccn allo-.iod tlio plan to be rigidly observed." A AMI 
 of tlie poBltloua of the Tesael.-i in this en);a«;e>r.ent »'aB »ent by Chauncey with h(« report of the affair to itic X«h lk-| 
 partment. 
 
 1 ilamea Trant was a nat've of Ireland, and came to America in ITSl with Cnpiain Barry, in the AUiawc V 
 i«allinuiiiagtcr in the Unilcil State? Navy from it."^ forniution. He was marke^i by eccentricities of (tmriuioi 
 InnB, iind for the nioet iinfllnclii.' jj con-nee. ITc livi-d nntil he wa."! nbont aevenf y years of ape. Toward tli.- 
 Ilfi> 111- was commlwloned a lieutennnl (May f>, ISl"), which gave him <{reat comfort. He died at Phiiudili 
 llthofSeptemlwr, I-hSO. 
 
 • It appears, b-' the offloialreportJ'nindc at almnt that lime, l.hatom fifth of the men were left on shore incd: 
 of illneM. Of tw<i hundred men on board the Madimm, eighty ware on the sick-llit at one time. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 64S 
 
 ABtttleatliM. 
 
 PeriloM Sltttltlon of the British Sqoadron. 
 
 British Ti ansportB captared. 
 
 A new Expedition. 
 
 be too Boriously injured to sustain a ooiiHict any longer, Slic had lost hor main and 
 mizz*"" top-masts, and her main yard, liosidcs recv'vinsr other injuries, and when dis- 
 covered slie wa.i pushinji; away (lei'd heforc tius wind, c.owded with canvas, and gal- 
 lantly protected by the Royal Georye in her flight. A general chase was immediate- 
 ly commenced, and a running fight was maintained for some time. The pursuit was 
 coiitiiiued toward Burlington Bay for two hours, wiien C'liauncey called ofl'his vessels. 
 Xo doubt, by pressing sail, and with i)roj)er support, he might have captured or de- 
 stroyed the British S(iuadron,' but the wind was increasing, and there was no good 
 harbor or place of shelter on the coast, where, in tlie event of being driven ashore, 
 capture by land troops would be almost certain. Taking counsel of prudence, Chaun- 
 rcy s-fiiled into the Niagara, and there lay safely during a severe gale that lasted for- 
 tv-ciglit hours. 
 
 For two days after the gale had subsided the wind blew strongly from the east, 
 when it shifted to the westwai'd.* All the transports with troops had now . October 2, 
 ijcjiartod for Sackett's Harbor, and (!hauncey went out again in search of *'*^''- 
 the foe. The weather was thick, and the Lady of the Lake, sent to reconnoitre Bur- 
 linfjtonBay, reported that only two gun-boats were to be s(,'en there. Supposing the 
 tiicniy to have escaped under cover of mist or darkness, Chauncey sailed away east- 
 ward, and at sunset of the 5th of October, when near the Ducks, the Pike captured 
 three British transports, (JonJiancCy ILxmiUoui,'- and Mary. The Sylph captured the 
 !)rHi)iiuo)i(l cutter, and the armed transport Lady Gore. These carried from one to 
 \.\iKC guns each. The whole numl>er of persons found on the five vessels, and made 
 piitioners, including the ofl?cers, was two iiundred and sixty-four. Among the latter 
 was a lieutenant and two muster's males of the royal navy, four masters of the pro- 
 vinciiil marine, and ten army ofticerH. During the remainder of the season Sir James 
 Vio remained inactive in Kingston harbor, and Commodore Chauncey was employed 
 ill wiitcliiMg tlie movements of the enemy there, and in aiding the army in its descent 
 
 „llliC HllMM/MfVti. 
 
 .Mler much (lineKHdhx) (i( Hackett's Harbor between the Secretary of War, (ieneral 
 WilMilHon, find other oflheis, it was det ined to pass Kingston and make a descent 
 ii|i(iii Modlniil (''or weeks the busti i" preparation had been great, and many 
 ;irmed boats and transports had been built at the Harbor. Everything was in readi- 
 msi< by tlie 4th ofOctober.^ Yet final f>rdcr8 were not issued until the 12th, when 
 apian of encampment and order of battle a as given to each general oflficer and corps 
 comiiiaiider, to be olmerved when circumstances would permit. Four days more 
 wcic consumed without any apparent necessity, when, on the 17th, orders were given 
 for the embarkation of all the troops at the Harbor destined for the expedition. At 
 tlie same lime, (teneral Hampton, who, as we have seen, bad been halting on 1 1 banks 
 of the C'liateaugay, was ordered to move down to the mouth of that river. 
 
 1 Chuincey was indignant and loud in his complaints of a want of support on thin occasion. Bpeaklni; of this, the 
 
 Eon. Alviii Broniidn, of Oswego, New York, in a letter to nic, dated Augimt 28, ISOO, iiii,v» : " While on board the British 
 i Stft as » prisoner in May, 1S14, and asBoclntlnK familiarly with its mibordinate ofliccrB, I received ample conHrmntion of 
 ifporU tliiit hn.i been cHrrciit in the army and navy of tlie bad conduct of sonic of the officcrH under Comnioiiorc < baun- 
 I nylnatlien late naval cnKagemeut at the head ofthc lalie. It was a runnlnt; fight, and the British sailors facetiously 
 iilMIt the IhirHngtan liofta, as it was fought partly off Hurllngtoii Heights. Chauncey was the assailant, and would 
 j lire destroyed the British fleet, or have driven it on shore, bad he been properly sustained by his best and heaviest 
 I tewli, pnrtlcularly the Madimn, tlommandcr Crane, and the lieavily-arnicd and fast-sailing brig Si/lpk, Captain Wool- 
 I Ry. Tliesc vessels never gol into close action." The only excnso was that tliey had gnn-boats in tow ; but (liiiuncey'g 
 Jiipul for close action, which he ktpt flying, implied that the vessels must cist ofl' every e- 'umbrance. "The British 
 I titen," continues Mr. Bronson, " awarded Cliaunccy all credit for skill and bravery, and «d;nit jd that their fleet must 
 I bjichpcn destroyed If ho had licen properly sustained by his subordinates " 
 
 'loiircr of a flag of truce whr went into Sackctt's Harbor on the \'Hh of October admit^.ed that Sir James Yeo wa« 
 ' V hc;itf n on this occasion that he had made preparations to burn ;:N vessels, and would have done so had Choun- 
 — : •nm twenty minutes longer. )'v. •yfjun f>!i tho ITot*'* starboard side was dlsmniintod.—I..etter to the Kdltor 
 Mi(ic /VcM, dateil atSackett's B^ rbor.Octolier 13, 1818, and copied InTAs (Tar, ii., 80. 
 ' ..Hiiiiiia' and llamilum were the (Irmeltr and Jttlii, captured fl'om the Americans on thb night of tb« 10th of An- 
 I'lieir names had been changed by the captors. 
 :.;icral Morgan Lewis's testimony on the trial of Wilkinson. 
 
 it . 
 tl 
 
 !.! 
 
m 
 
 646 
 
 riCTOIlIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Wilkluaim'a Bxpaditlou leaves Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 A disaatrouB Voyui;e. 
 
 Oallantry of Capulii Mjet,'. 
 
 With a reckleHS diHregard of life and property, tin- ti()(>]i,s under Major (n-neral 
 Lewis were embarked at the beginning of a dark night, wlieii portentn of a Htorm 
 wore liovering over tlie lake, at ;i aeasoti when sudden and vioh'iit gulen were likdv 
 to arise. They weri' j)acked in seows, bateaux, Durham boats, and common hike suii- 
 boats, with ordiuince, ammunition, hospital stores, baggage^, camp e()uipiige, and two 
 months' ))roviHion8. The voyage was among islands and j)ast nunutrous j)oiiits u{ 
 land where soundings and currents were known to few. Tliere was a scarcity uf 
 pilots, and the whole flotilla seemed to have been sent out with very little of mjin's 
 wisdom to direct it. The wind was favorable at the beginning, but towanl mid. 
 night, as the clouds thickened and the darkness dee|)ened, it freshened, and latorc 
 morning became a gale, with rain and sleet. The flotilla was scattered in every di- 
 •October 17, rcctioii, and the gloomy dawn* revealed a sad spectacle. The shores ot 
 '*'•'• the islands and the main were strewn willi wrecks of vessels and proi). 
 
 erty. Fifteen large boats were totally lost, and many more too seriously daiuasici] 
 to be safe. For thirty-six hours the wind blew fiercely, but on tlie 20th, there lim- 
 ing been a comparative calm for more than a day, a large pro|)ortion xjf the troniis, 
 with the sound boats, arrived at Grenadier Island.' These were chiefly the bilgaclis 
 of Generals l?oyd, Hrown, ('ovington, Swartwout, and Porter^ (the three former liai| 
 encamped at Henderson Harbor), which had 
 arrived. 
 
 General Wilkinson in the mean time was 
 j)a8sing to ami fro between the Harbor and 
 Grenadier Island, looking after the smitten 
 expedition. A return made to him on the 
 2'Jd showed that a large number of troops 
 were still behind, in vessels " wrecked or 
 stranded." The weather continued boister- 
 ous, and on the '24tii he was com])elled to 
 write to the Secretary of War, " The ex- 
 tent of the injury to our craft, clothing, 
 arms, and provisions greatly exceed our ap- 
 prehensions, and has subjected us to the 
 necessity of furnishing clothing, and of 
 making repairs and ecpiipments to the flo- 
 tilla generally. In fact, all our hopes have 
 been nearly blasted; but, thanks 
 to the same Providence that 
 placed us hi jeopardy, we are sur- 
 mounting our diffi'nilties, and, 
 God willing,! shall pass Prescott on the night of the Ist or 2d proximo." 
 
 The troops remained encamped on Grenadier Island until the 1st of NovemWr, 
 except General Brown's brigade, some light troops, and heavy artillery, which went 
 
 ' The now venerable Ms^or Mordecal Myers, of Schenectady, New York, to whom I am Indebted for an iiilrwlin; 
 narrative of the events of this campaitrn, was very active in savlnp: lives and property diirlnj; this boiateroiin woathft 
 It was resolved to send back to Sackctfs Harbor all who could not endure acMve service in the campaien. Nearly rw.i 
 hundred of these were put on board two srhooncrs, with hospital stores. The vessels were wrecked, and Captain Mmt 
 on his own solicitation, was sent by General Jloyd with two liirtje boats for the rescue of the passenpers a..d crew, li 
 found the schooners lylnu' on their sides, the sails napping, and the sea breaking over them. Many had pcrishcisDi! 
 the most of those alive, '.uvlng drank freely of the llqnors among the hospital stores, were nearly all Intoxlrntnil. Tit 
 hatches were open, and the vessels were half-illled with water. By great exertions and personal risk Captain .Mk> 
 succeeded in taking to the shore nearly all of the two hundred persons v\\o had embarked on the schooners. For, 
 or fifty of them were dead. 
 
 ' t'olone! Parr's MS,,Ionmal. "October 10, first brigade, under Boyd— fith, 12th, and 18th Heglmenta; secomlbji 
 gade, under Hrown— Gth, l.Mh. and 22d Regiments, already arrived and encamped. October 20, the third bripade. niwie 
 Covington— »th, 10th, and 5Mh Regiments i and fourth brigade, nnder Swartwout— 11th, 21sl, and 14th, hnvo arrin-i 
 The flflh, under Porter— light troops and artillery -arriving hourly. The weather sill! stormv, and continual ruii,* I 
 the laat two days." 
 
 V.tSk'.i 
 
 ^u 
 
OF THK WAIi OF 1812. 
 
 Ut 
 
 otCip\.\\nU]»n. 
 
 klivjor Ui'iKTal 
 ts of ii storm 
 08 wiTi' likely 
 imon laki' sail- 
 |)ii<4(', mill t\\(i 
 rous points uf 
 ^ a scarcity dt 
 little of iiunv 
 ,t toward niiil- 
 led, iintl bcldfc 
 c<l in every iH- 
 The shores of 
 SHels iiiid |iroji- 
 oiisly ilamai^cii 
 iOtli, there liav- 
 n xA' the tr()u|l^, 
 fly the h'-isTiiiKs 
 irce former IkuI 
 
 flinipton In the Chateangay Country. 
 
 Poittlon of the Belllfrerenti. 
 
 Uampton'a criminal Negligence. 
 
 limo." 
 
 Ist of Novemlior, 
 llery, which wtin 
 
 Jebted for an liitcrMlin.' 
 fills boisterous wcathei 
 Irnmpai^n. >>«''> "" 
 led, andCnptninMym, 
 
 IsHcnpers ii..d crew. 11 
 Mnny hurt perished, «<' 
 lly all intoxlonli^il- Thi 
 linnl risk Captain M«rs 
 the schooners. Font 
 
 InenlmentB : sworn! W- 
 Ithc third bricsdf, I'M'' 
 land I4th, linv.^ sf'i'*' 
 1 and coutinnal niics [o: 
 
 • October, 
 
 down the St. Lawrence on the 29th,* and took post at French Creek. In 
 the mean time Hampton, pursuant to Wilkinson's orders, moved'' down Wie- 
 the ("hateaugay toward the St. Lawrence for the purpose of forming a ''" *' ' 
 innction with Wilkinson from above. He found a forest ten or twelve miles in ex- 
 ti'iit along the river in the line of his march, in whicii the vigilant and active De 
 Siilaherry had felled trees across the obscure road, and placeil Indians and light troops 
 to (li.spiite the passage of the Ameritans. (Jeneral (leorge Izard was at once sent 
 out with light troops to gain the rear of these woods, and seize the Canadian settle- 
 ments on the Chateaugay in the open country beyond, while the remainder of the 
 aiiiiv ma<le a circuit in an opposit.' direction, and avoidetl the obstructed forest alto- 
 irether. The movement was successful, and on the following tlay*^ a great- ^ 
 er portion of the army encamped at Spear's, near the confluence of the 
 Outard Creek and the Chateaugay Iliver.' It was an eligible position, and thery 
 llam|)ton remained until the stores and artillery came u]) on the 24th. 
 
 Iniiiiediately in front of the army at Spear's was ar> open comtry, seven miles along 
 the river, to Johnson's,^ where another extensive forest lay in the way. These woods 
 had hecn formed into abatis, covering log breastworks and a log block-house. On 
 tlie latter were some pieces of ordnance. In front of ihese defenses were Indians and 
 iiliuiht corps of Beauharnais inilitia, and behind th"m, under the immediate command 
 of Lieutenant Colonel De Salaberry, was the remainder of the disposable force of the 
 enemy, charged with the duty of guarding a ford at a small rapid in the river, and 
 keeping open communication with the St. Lawrence. De Salaberry's force was almost 
 a tliousand strong, and Sir George Prtvost and General De Waitville were within 
 liiigle call with more troops. 
 
 Ilanipton determined to dislodge De Salaberry, take possession of his really strong- 
 hold, and keej) it until he should hear from Wilkinson, from whom no tidings had 
 heen received for several days. lie was informed of the ford oi>])osite the lower flank 
 iif the enemy, and on the evening of the 25th he detached Colonel Robert Purdy, ot 
 tlie Fourth Infantry, and the light troops of Boyd's l)rigade, to force the ford, and fall 
 upon the British rear at dawn. The crack of Purdy's musketry was to be the signal 
 tor the main body of the Americans to attack the enemy's front. But the whole 
 movement was foiled by the ignorance of the guides and the darkness of the night. 
 I'lirdy crossed the river near the camp, lost his way in a hemlock swamp, and could 
 mutlior find the ford nor the place from which he started. His troops wandered 
 about all night, and diiFerent corps would sometimes meet, and excite mutual alann 
 by the supposition that they Iiad encountered an enemy.^ In the morning Purdy ex- 
 tricated his command from the swamp labyrinth, and, within half a mile of the ford, 
 halted and gave them permission to rest, for they were excessively fatigued. In tiie 
 iman time Hampton put three thousand five hundred of his "rmy in motion, under 
 (li'tieral Izard, expecting every moment to hear Purdy's guns; but they were silent. 
 The forenoon wore away ; meridian was past ; and at two o'clock Izard was ovdered 
 1 1 move for\\ ard to the attack. Firing immediately commenced, and the enemy's 
 i j keta were driven in. The gallant De Salaberry came out with about three hund- 
 ^~•^ Canadian fcncibles and voltigeurs, and a few Abenake Indians, but Izard's over- 
 whelming numbers pressed him back to liis intrenchraents. 
 
 Kiting was now heard on the other side of the river. Purdy, who seems to have 
 neglected to post pickets or sentinels, had been surprised by a small detachment of 
 
 'This point Is seen at the junction of " Hamptou'H ronte" and "Smith's road" on the map on page 881. The stream 
 *en along " Smith's road" is the Oiitard. • Sec Map on page SSI. 
 
 '"Incredible as it may apjiear," said Pnrdy, in his ofBclal report to Wilkinson, "Oenernl Ilamptou intrusted nearly 
 «M half of his army, and those his best troops, ti> the guidance of men foch n/ vhmn repeatfdlfi asmtred him that fA«y 
 vri ml nn/iiaintf-d with the euuntrii, and were not compctciit to direct such an expedition." "Never, to my knowledge," 
 Kill Pnrdy, in another part of his report, "during our march into Canada, and while wc remained at the Four Comers, 
 alenn oftwenly-six days, did General Hampton ever send off a scouting or reconnoitring party, except in one or two 
 cues at Speur's, lu Canada." 
 
 m 
 
;;, 
 
 |:! 
 
 1 1 
 
 it 
 
 if 
 
 m 
 
 648 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Dlagraceftil Events. 
 
 Hamptun't inglorioni Retreat 
 
 Wllklu8ou'« Expedition on the Hi. Lawrence 
 
 ^^ 
 
 chasseurs and Canadian militia, who gained his rear. His troops, utterly dis<";ii(ertoi] 
 fled to the river. Several oflicers and men swam across, bearing to (ienonil llaiiijiton 
 alarming accounts of the gieat number of the enemy on the other side of the HtiCiim 
 That enemy, instead of being formidable, had Hc^d atler his first tii-e, and the Uulicnju^ 
 scene was presented of frightened belligereius running away from each other. All 
 was confusion; and detachments of Purdy's scattered men, mistaking each otlicv tor 
 enemies in the dark swamp, had a spirited engagement. The only sad fruit of tin. 
 blunder was the death of one man. 
 
 De Salaborry liad perceived that superior numbers might easily outflank him, am] 
 he resorted to stratagem. He posted buglers at some distance from eadi ollur, and 
 when some concealed provincial militia opened fire almost upon Hampton's Hank. 
 these buglers simultaneously sounded a charge. Hampton was alarmed. Krdni tin 
 
 seeming extent of the Britisli line 
 as indicated by the buglers, ho sup- 
 I)Osed a heavy force was about ii, 
 fall upon his front and flank. He 
 immediately sounded a retreat, and withdrew from the Held. The enemy in a body 
 did not venture to follow, but the Canadian militia' harassed the army as it IMl 
 slowly back to its old cpiarters at Cljateaugay Four Corners, where its inglorious 
 campaign ended. The whole affair was a disgrace to the American arms, and, as om 
 of the surviving actors in the scenes (now a distinguished mnjor gcnenil in tlic I'nitiil 
 States Army) lias said, "no officer who had any regard for his reputation would vn] 
 untarily acknowledge himself as having been engaged in it."'^ In this attair, wliiil 
 has been uns.arrantabiy dignifled with the character of a battle, the Ameiiiiiiis lo>i 
 about fifteen killed and twenty-three wounded. The British lost live killed, si-xtim 
 wounded, and four missing.^ 
 
 Storm followed storm on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Snow fell to tk- 
 deptii of ten inches, and the troops collected by Wilkinson on Grenadier Island siit'- 
 fen'(l much. The season was too far advanced — a Canadian winter was too near— to 
 allow delays on account of weather, and (ieneral Brown and his division moved for- 
 ward, in the face of the tempest and of great ])eril, on the '20th of October. Tlicv 
 landed at French Creek, and took post in a thick wood about half a mile up from tln' 
 present village of Clayton. Chauncey in the mean time attempted tc blockade tlir 
 enemy in Kingston Harbor, or at least to prevent his going down the river either to 
 pursue the Americans or to take possession of and fortify the important old military 
 post at the head of Carletoti Island, just below Cape Vincent, lint Chuuncey's l>lo(k- 
 ade was ineffectual. British marine scouts were out among the Thousand Tslaml*: 
 and when, on the afternoon of the 1 st of Xovember, they discovered Brown at Fremli 
 Creek, two brigs, two schooners, and eight gun-boats, filled Avith infantry, were m\\ 
 and ready to bear down upon hii»i. They did so at about sunset of the same (iuy. 
 Fortunately Brown had planted a battery of three IB-pounders on Bart'.ett's Point,;! 
 high wooded bluft' on the western shore of French Creek, at its mouth, under the cmii- 
 mand of Captain M'Pherson, of the light artillery. This battery, from its elevation, 
 was very effective, and it was served so skillfully that the enemy were driven away 
 after some cannonading. Ai, dawn the next morning the conflict was renewed wiiL 
 
 ' In Ills offlclal diBpntch Sir George Provost nnltcd /ron> t'le Prince Regent a stand of colora for each of the live >jl- 
 talions of Canadian mllllin as ii mar); of opprohation. Tliey were granted. 
 
 a Major Generjljohn E. Wool, who then held the commlsRlon of major In the Twenty-nluth HegimentUniieil Stain 
 Infantry. I am Indebted to written and OTal statements of (Jcneral Wool for many of the facts given concemine ili( 
 affair near Johnston's, on the Chateangay. Hon. Nathaniel S. Bentop, of Little Falls, New York, late Auditor of it. 
 State of New York, and anth r of a Hintori/ of Herkimer Onivti/ and Ur <'pper Muliawk yallfij, wis captain of a iniliia 
 company engaged in ihis affair. He informed me that his company n.imSered loa men, and oH of them his o 3 beigfc 
 — eix feet. 
 
 , ' American and British OfHclal Keporte ; General Orders ; Christie's, Auchinlcck's, Thompiion's, Perkins's, and lew 
 toll's Histories ; Armstrong's Notices, etc. 
 
 i I 
 
OF THE WAB OK 1912. 
 
 hii 
 
 \ the St. Lawrence. 
 
 discoiioertcj, 
 (Till llaniiiton 
 oi" iho Hticiim. 
 
 I the lu(^K•l•()ll^ 
 
 ch otlu'v. All 
 each otlii'v fur 
 ttd fruit of till' 
 
 Lflank him, and 
 L'lK'h olhc'i', iiiiil 
 imptoirH Hunk. 
 It'll. From tin 
 the British line 
 bugU'Vs, 111! siiji- 
 e was ahinii tn 
 
 and flank. \h 
 neniy ui a hoily 
 
 army as it loll 
 •e its iniiloriiiii- 
 irnis, and, us urn 
 ral in tho United 
 ation Avoulil vhI- 
 this afl'air, wliicli 
 e Americans lost 
 ve killed, sixteen 
 
 Snow fell to the 
 ladier Island snl- 
 was too near— 1» 
 ■ision moved for- 
 ' October. Tliiy 
 mile u]» from iIk- 
 tc blockutlc tile 
 he river ehlii'v to 
 jtant. old military 
 laimcey'shlock- 
 'housaml TslamU; 
 Brown at Fremli 
 iifantry, were out 
 of the sanie d;iy. 
 «artlett'sPoint,;i 
 h, under the com- 
 •om its elevation, 
 ere driven away 
 ■as renewed , witli 
 
 I for each of the Ave M- 
 
 jHeslmentUnileilSHW 
 Its Riven coiiccraini; lk» 
 fork, late Auditor of tt« 
 
 I WAS captain of a railiw 
 
 II of them hl» a beigb 
 
 li's, Perkins'*, an^I^'?'^ 
 
 Amerlctn Camp at French Creek. The attacktu^ Brttlih repulaed. Wllklnaon pursued down the 8t. Lawrence. 
 
 the same result, the enemy in the two enpaffemi'nts having- snffered irinih loss. That 
 of the Americans was two killed and four wounded. It was with much difficulty 
 that tlie British saved one of their brigs from capture. 
 
 Troops were coming down from Grenadier Island in the 'iieau time, and lamling 
 upon llie point on which Clayton' now stands, and along the shoni of French Creek 
 as far as tlic lumber and rafting yard on what is still known as Wilkinson's Point. 
 Wilkinson arrived there on the ;ul, and on the 4th'' he issued a general or- . Novemtwr, 
 dcr preparatory to final embarkation, in which he exhorted liis troops to ***"*• 
 
 sustain well the character of American citizens, ami abstain from r ipine and plunder. 
 "Tlie u'eiieral is determined," he said,*' to have the first person who sliall be detected 
 in plundering an inhabitant of Canada of the smallest amount of property made an 
 example of."* 
 
 MODTU ur VKENOII UKKKK.* 
 
 On the morning of the 
 5tli, a clear, bright, crisp 
 morning, just at dawn, the 
 whole flotilla, comprising al- 
 most three hundred boats, 
 moved down the river from 
 Fri'iu'li Creek witli banners 
 furled and music silent, for 
 they wished to elude dis- 
 covery by the British, wlio, 
 until now, Avere uncertain 
 whether the expedition was 
 intended for Kingston, Pres- 
 cott, or Montreal' The vig- 
 ilant foe had immediately 
 discovered their course, and, 
 with a heavy armed galley 
 and gun -boats filled with 
 troops, started in pursuit. The flotilla arrived at Morristown early in the evening. 
 It had been annoyed by the enemy all the way. Several times Wilkinson was dis- 
 posed to turn upon them ; and at one time, near Bald Island, about two miles below 
 Alexandria Bay, he was compelled to engage, for the enemy's gun-boats shot out of 
 the British channel on the north, and attacked his rear. They were beaten ofl", and 
 Wilkinson determined to run by the formidable batteries at Prescott during the night. 
 It was found to be impracticable, and his boats lay moored at Morristown until morn- 
 ini;. A corps of land troops from Kingston had also followed Wilkinson along the 
 hoithern shore of the river, and arrived at Prescott before the American flotilla reached 
 Ogdenshurg. 
 
 For the purpose of avoiding Fort Wellington and the other fortifications at Pres- 
 cott, Wilkinson halted throe miles above Ogdensburg, where he debarked his ara- 
 iMUuition and all of his troops,^ except a suflicient number to man the ' November e. 
 
 ' This wne formerly called Cornelia, and Is yet called by the name of French Creek. It was named In honor of Senator 
 ' ilm M. Clayton, of Delaware, iu ISai!. French Creek was called by the Indians Fallrn Fort, from the circumstance that, 
 : A\i bi'fcire a white man was ever seen there, a fort had been captured on its banks by the Oneidas. 
 
 : IJeiiiTal Order, French e:rpek, November 4, 1813. 
 
 ' The loat that conveyed Wilkinson and his military family was commanded by the now venerable William John- 
 't.iii, who was an active spy on that frontier during the war. lie is better known as " Bill Johnston, "by some called the 
 
 llfro." and by others the " Pirate," of the Thousand Islands. Of Mr. Johnston and his remarkable career I shall write 
 |)re«ently. 
 
 ' Thifl is from a sketch made In the .inmnier of l.sflfl, fi-om the place of Brown's encampment, at the Inmber and raft- 
 II:; yard on Wilkinson's Point. In the water, in the fire^round, ia seen a raft partly prepared for a voyage down the 
 ^' Ijiwrencc. The bluff in the distance, beyond the little aail-vnssel, is Bartlett's Point, on which M'Pherson's battery 
 • IS pinced, The vessel without sails Indlc tea the i)lacc where the British stjuadron lay when It was repulsed. Tiie 
 
 ;:\ seen lioyond Is Grindstone Island, from behind which the British vessels came. The point In the middle dlstsnce, 
 
 II ihe extreme right, la the head of Shot-bag Island. 
 
 
600 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■ ■ - , ' ' 
 
 Pll 
 
 Mmi^4 
 
 DlfflcuUlei lu Wllkinaun'i W»y. 
 
 A Council of Offlcem. 
 
 Nomber and Poiltlon of tbo Hiiclib Porcr. 
 
 U;ll,l> IHI.A.1II AM> UII.K1MIU.n'S tl.UTlLLA.> 
 
 boats. These were to be conveyed by land to the "Red Mill," four miles IhIdwOo 
 densbiirg, on the American shore, and the boats were to run by the batteries ihiu 
 night. At the place of debarkation he issued a proclamation to the Canadians, in 
 tended to n.ake them passive;-' and there, at noon, lu; was visited by ('oloml Kiuij 
 Hampton's adjutant general. By him he sent orders to Hampton to press forward to 
 the St. Lawrence, to form a junction with the descending army at St. liegis. 
 
 By the skillful management of General Brown, the whole flotilla passed Prtscoti 
 safely on the night of the Gth, Avith the exception of two large boats heavily laden 
 with provisions, artillery, and ordnance stores,'' which ran aground at Ogdt tisbmi;. 
 They were taken off under a severe cannonading from Fort Wellington, and soon 
 •NovemberT, joined the Others* at the " Red JNIill." Wilkinson was now informed that 
 ^*'^- the Canada shore of the river was lined with posts of musketry and anil 
 
 lery at every eligible point, to dispute the passage of the flotilla. To meet and n 
 move these impediments. Colonel Alexander Macomb was detached, with t\vilv( 
 hundred of the Uitf of the army, and on Sunday, the 7th, landed on the Canada shore. 
 He was soon followed by Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth and his riflemen, who did ex- 
 cellent service in the rear of Macomb. 
 
 The flotilla arrived at the " White House," opposite Matilda,* about eighteen milc> 
 below Ogdensburg, on the 8th, and there Wilkinson called a council of his oftiecis, 
 consisting of (ienerals Lewis, Boyd, Brown, Porter, Covington, and Swart wout. Alt- 
 er hearing a report from the active chief engineer. Colonel Swift, concerning the re- 
 ported strength of the enemy,* the question. Shall the army ])roceed with all |)ossil)li' 
 rapidity to the attack of Montreal? was considered, and auswered.in the attinuative. 
 
 ' This Is from ft sketch by Captnin Vnn Cleve (see note 1, page BIT), who kiudly allowed me the use of It. Bnld Island 
 Is one of the Thousand Islands, and lies on the left of the American or steam-ljoat cbnuucl of the river. It ib mostli 
 bare, and rises to the height of about thirty or forty feet above the water hi the centre. At some distance beyomlii. 
 nortliward, Is the British channel. The gun-bouts that attacked Wilkinson's flotilla came out at the lower end ufBtld 
 Island, through a lateral channel in which the sall-vesscl lies. 
 
 » He assured them that he came to Invade, and not to destroy the province— "to subdue the forces of his Brltanni 
 Majesty, not to war against unoffending subjects. Those, therefore," he said, " who remain qniet at home, should vic- 
 tory incline to the American standard, shall be protected In their persons and property ; but tho.«e who are founii in 
 arms must necessa'ily be treated as avowed enemies. To menace is unmanly ; to seduce, dishonorable ; yet it is juft 
 and humane to place these alternatives before you."— ^Proclamation, November 7, 1813. 
 
 ' Thi- tlolllla moved at eight o'clock in the evening, under cover of a heavy fog, General Brown, in his gig, leading the 
 way. There waA a sudden change In the atmosphere, when the generaVs boat was di«c.->vered at Prescott, and aliiws! 
 fifty 24-pound shot were fired at tier, vithout effect. The gleaming of bayonets on slmre. In the light of llic iuodh in 
 the west, caused a heavy cannonade In the direction of the American troops on the march, also without effect. Browa 
 baited the flotilla until the moon went down, but its general movement was perceived by the enemy. For three hniii- 
 they poured a destructive Are upon it, aiul yet, out of about three hundred boats, not one was touched, and oulyom 
 man was killed and two wounded.— General Wilkinson's Journal, November 6, 1S13. 
 
 According to the statement of Captain Mordecal Myers, already referred to (note 1, page M6), there were traltoreic 
 Ogdensburg. He says that the British at Prescott were apprised of the approach of the flotilla by the burning ofWof 
 lights lu one or more honscs in Ogdensburg. 
 
 * Matilda Is a post vlUa'^e In Dundas County, Canada West, on the Point Iroquois Canal. The " White House " hi.l 
 disappeared when I visited the spot in 185B, when the place belonged to James Parlor. 
 
 ' Colonel Swift employed a secret agent, who reported to him that the enemy's forces were as follows in number Mil 
 position : aOO under Colonel Murray, at Coteau du Ijic, strongly fortified with artillery . about 300 men of tiie Briliih 
 line of artillery, but without ammunition, at the Cedars; 300 sailors, 400 marines, and an unknown number uf militia (.; 
 Montreal, with no fortifications; 2600 regular troops expected dally from Quebec; and the mllilla between Kinetlon 
 and Quebec, 20,000. Wilkinson reported his own force to be 7000 men, and that he expected to meet 40<io, under Ilamp^ 
 ton, at St. Regis.— Journal of Dr. Amasa Trowbridge, quoted by Dr. Hough lu his Uittmy nfSl. Latereuee Cuunlj, page 63t. 
 
OF TU£ WAIi OF 1819. 
 
 esi 
 
 the Britbh Font. 
 
 0<Derll Brown Invade* Caaad*. 
 
 WIlklnMn In Ptrll. 
 
 PrapAmtlou* for Buttle »t Chrjrslar't Farm. 
 
 ' White House" hid 
 
 (iiMiinil Hrowii WUH at onco ordcrofl to croHS the river with hi?* briirade and the drn- 
 liiioim, for tiie purpowe of murchiiii^ down tlie Caiiadii nide of ilie river iu conuectioii 
 ttiih Colonel M:i('oml), and the remaiinler of the day and nigiit waH coimmncd in the 
 initii'l'ortation. ' Meanwliii<' Wilkinson waH informed that a British le-enforeenient, 
 full i>ne thousand wtronj^, had been sent down from Kingston to Preseott, under the 
 ,.,,iiiin;ind of Lieutenant Colonel Moi rison. They had come in the armed Hcliooners 
 Ikn^/i'rd .md Sidney Sinit/ . txjul several gun-boats anil bateaux uiuler Captain Mul- 
 eiiHter, whieh had eluded Chaiuieey's inetticient bloekading s(juadron. They were 
 jciiiu'tl at Prcscott by provincial infantry and dragoons under Lieutenant Colonel 
 
 irsoii, an<l on the nioriiing (/f the !Mh they were (dose upon Wilkinson with the 
 visself in whieh they came down the river, and a large portion of the land troops 
 wiTo debarked near Matilda for the puqmso of pursuing the Americaim. General 
 Miiyd and his brigade were now dctacdied to re-enforc(! Hrown, with orders to cover 
 his inarch, to attack the pursuing enemy if necessary, and to co-operato with tbo 
 oilier commanders. 
 
 Wilkinson now found liiinself in a perilous position. Tlie Hritisli armed vessels 
 wore following his flotilla, and a heavy IJritish force was hanging upon the rear of 
 iiis liuid troops, ready to co-operate with the water craft in an attack upon the Amer- 
 ieuiis. They constantly harassed lirown and Boyd, and occasionally attacked the 
 ri-aioftiie fljtilla. The forces on the shore also encountered detachments coming 
 u|i from below, and were com|)elled to make some long and tedious circuits in their 
 luiircli l)e(!aiise of the destruction of bridges in the f'-ont. 
 
 On the morning of the lOth," when Wilkinson was approaching the "November, 
 "Loiigue Saut," a perilous rapid in the St. Lawrence, eight miles in extent, **'"• 
 
 he was informed that a considerable body of the enemy had collected near its foot, 
 coiistnu'ted a block-house, and were i)repareil to attack hini when he should come 
 (lott II. General Brown was ordered to advance at once and dislodge them, and at 
 uooii cannonading was heard in that direction for some time. At the same hour the 
 eiu'iiiy came pressing [)on Wilkinson's rear, ami commenced cannonading from his 
 min-bouts. The Amer. an gun-barges were, so slender that the eighteen-])ounder8 
 could not be worked effectively, so they were landed, jdaced in battery, and brought 
 10 bear upon the ei.^iuy so skillfully that his vessels fled in haste up the river. In 
 these operations the day was mostly consumed. The pilots were unwilling to enter 
 the iJipids at night. It was necessary to hear from Brown, for when the flotilla 
 should once be committed to the SAvifl current of tli(? rapids there could be no retreat. 
 Tiiese considerations caused Wilkinson to halt for the night, and his vessels were 
 mooiod a liitlc below Chrysler's Island, nearly in front of the farm of John Chrysler 
 (ii British militia captain then in the service), a few miles below Williamsburg, while 
 Hoyd, with the rear of the land force, encamped near. 
 
 At ten o'clock in the morning of the 11th Wilkinson received a dispatch from 
 Brown, addressed from " five miles above Cornwall," announcing his success in his 
 attack upon the British post at the foot of the rapids, informing him of the wounding 
 of Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth and one of his men, and urging him to come forward 
 with the boats and supplies as quickly as possible, becatise his wearied troops were 
 "without covering in the rain."^ This dispatch found W^ilkinson extremely ill, and 
 his reply, in which he told Brown of the presence of the enemy upon his rear, and his 
 apprehensions that he intended to pass him with bis guu-b«iats and strengthen the 
 British force below, was addressed " From my bed." " It is now," he said, " that I 
 feel the heavy hand of disease — enfeebled and confined to my bed while the safety 
 
 ' A p«rt of th' fiirco Innded on the property of Christian Pelftbooifh, near Matilda, owned, In 1858, by Daniel Shaw. 
 Another imrtin, luled at Snydcr'c, now Pillar's 15ay. 
 
 ' General Brown's MS. Letter-book. Colonel Carr, In his MS. Journal before me, says ; " We are wet to the skin, and, 
 bavin; no tents or shelter but boshes, must pass a very uncumfortable night." Dat^ " Near Cornwall, November 10, 
 
 iiir.ii." 
 
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 ^, 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 lA^lM ■2.5 
 
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 liii 112.2 
 
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 1.1 l.*^"! 
 
 2.0 
 
 L2I ill u 1 1.6 
 
 'V % 
 
 Hiotograpbic 
 
 ^Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 8TZ-4503 
 
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 '^^ 
 
 v^^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 ^<^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
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ir-ii 
 
 061 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Position of the British on CL.ysIer'a Fann. 
 
 Character of the Oronud. 
 
 Assault on the British Vaniftiart. 
 
 CUUVbl.Kll'H IN ll~66. ' 
 
 of the army intnistcd to my command, the honor of our armies, and the greatest in- 
 terests of our country are at hazard.'"^ 
 
 Wilkinson now ordered the flotilla to proceed, and Boyd and his command to re- 
 sume their march. At that moment information reached the commanding general 
 that the enQmy were advancing In column, and that firing from their gun-boats was 
 heard. He immediately sent Colonel Swift with an order for Boyd lo form lii.i di- 
 tachment into three columns, advance upon the enemy, and endeavor to outflank iiini 
 and capture his cannon, At the same time the flotilla was ordered to lie moored v^i 
 the Canada shore, just below Weaver's Point, while his gun-boats lay off'Cook's Point. 
 
 The brave Boyd, anx- 
 ious for battle, instantly 
 obeyed. Swart wout Mas 
 detached with tlieibnilh 
 brigade to assail the van- 
 guard of the enemy, 
 which was composed of 
 light troops, and Cov- 
 ington was directed to take position at supporting distance from him Avith tiie thin! 
 brigade. Swartwout, on a large brown horse, dashed gallantly into woods of second 
 growth, followed by the Twenty-first Regiment, commanded by Colonel E. W.Kipley, 
 and with them drove the light troops of the enemy back upon their main liiie in open 
 fields on Chi-ysler's farm, below his house.^ That line was well posted, its right rest- 
 ing on the St. Lawrence, and covered by Mulcaster's gun-boats, and the left on a 
 black-oak swamp, supported by Indians and gathering militia, under Colonel Tlionias 
 Fraser. They wore advantageously formed back of ''avinef. that intersected tiie ex 
 tensive plain and rendered the advance of the American artillery almost inijiossible, 
 and a heavy rail-fence.* 
 
 • This is a view of Chofsler's honie and the ontbnildlngs as they appeared when I visited the spot In AnRUSt, lSSi,i 
 cirnmstance to be noticed premsntly. The house fronted the St. Lawrence, The road, in which the oxen and cart m 
 sect, Is the fine highway along the river from Cornwall to prescott. » General Brown'H MS. I,ctter-lrook. 
 
 > This conHlct is usually called the battle of Chrysler's Field. It is sometimes called the battle of Wllllanidrarp, Ihit 
 Village beinf; almost within cniinon-shot rauge of the battle-fleld. Chrysler's na-ne Is fl-fiucntly Hpelled with r t. 
 
 ♦ Ttio British army, on this occasion, was slightly superior in numbers, countlnii; its Indian allies, to the Aracrlcum 
 and had the double advanta^'u of stronc position behind ravines and of frcxhncss, for the Americans hnd nndcri;"n^ 
 great fatigue. They were formed in what Wellington called m ichehtii, or the flgnre of steps, with one corps niorf ii- 
 Tjaiced than another, as follows : Three companies of the Eighty-ninth Regiment were posted on the extreme right 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 ess 
 
 the BrItlLh Vanguard. 
 
 BatUe on Cbrjrsler'B Farm. 
 
 locidenta of the Cuntoat. 
 
 The Aniericanh repntaed. 
 
 d the greatest iii- 
 
 8 command to re- 
 imanding gen('r;il 
 eir gun-boats was 
 d lo form hi? do- 
 or to outflank him 
 I to lie moored o'l 
 off Cook's Point. 
 brave Boyd, anx- 
 battle, instantly 
 S wart woul was 
 ed with tlie fourth 
 to assail the van- 
 of the enemy, 
 ■was composed of 
 ■oops, and Gov- 
 im -with the third 
 woods of second 
 onelE.W.Kiplcy, 
 main liae in open 
 ted, its right rest- 
 md the left on a 
 r Colonel Thomas 
 itorsccted the ox- 
 Imost impossible, 
 
 apot In AiiRMt,!*''''' 
 II the oxen nml carl art 
 Irown'B MS. Utter-l.ii"k 
 tleofWinianiKlrarp.tbsi 
 ly spelled with a I- 
 allies, to the AracricMt 
 icrlcana had nndcre"« 
 flth one corpe more "a 
 1 on the extreme right, 
 
 .1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Swartwout's sudden and successful dash was qni( kly follo\,'('d by an attack on the 
 enemy's ielt by the whole of the fourth brigade, and a part of the first, under Colonel 
 Coles, who advanced across plowed fields, knee-deep in mud, in the face of a heavy 
 shower of bullets and shrapnel-shells.' At the same time General Covington, mount- 
 ed on a fine white horse, gallantly led the third brigade against the enemy's left, near 
 the river, and the battle became general. By charge after charge, in the midst of 
 diffieulties, the British were pushed back almost a mile, and the American cannon, 
 placed in fair pontion by General Boyd, under the direction of Colonel Swift, did 
 excellent execution for a few minutes. Tlu- squadron of the Second Regiment of 
 Dragoons Avas early on tlie field, and much exposed to the enemy's fire, but, owing 
 to tiie nature of the ground, was unable to accomplish much. At length Covuigton 
 fell, severely wounded,^ and the ammunition of the Americans began to fail. It was 
 soon exhausted, and the fourth brigade, hard pushed, fell back, followed by Colonel 
 J. A Coles. This retrograde movement affected the third 
 brigade, and it too fell back, in considerable disorder. The 
 British perceived this, and followed up the advantage gained 
 with great vigor, and were endeavoring by a flank movement 
 to capture Boyd's cannon, when a gallant charge of cavalry, 
 led by Adjutant General Walbach, who had obtauied A'-m- 
 
 strong's permission to accompany the expeditioi,, drove 
 them back and saved the pieces. The effort was re- 
 newed. Lieutenant Smith, who commanded one of the 
 cannon, was mortally wounded, and it fell into the ene- 
 my's hauds.^ 
 
 The conflict had lasted about five hours, in the midst of cold, and snow, anil sleet, 
 when the Americans were compelled to fall back. During that time victory had 
 swayed, like a pendulum, between the combatants, and would doubtless have rested 
 with tlie Americans had their ammunition held out. Their retreat was ])romising to 
 be a rout, when the flying troops were met by six hundred men under Lieutenant 
 Colonel Timothy Upham,* of the Twenty-first Regiment of Infantry, and Major Mal- 
 colm, whom Wilkinson had sent up to the support of Boyd. These checked the dis- 
 orderly flight, and, taking position on the ground from which Boyd's force had been 
 driven, they gallantly attacked the enemy, seized the principal ravine, and, with a se- 
 vere fire at short ransket range, drove ^he British back and saved the day.* Mean- 
 while Boyd ha! reformed his line in battle order on the edge cf the wood from which 
 Swartwout dro ■ the foe at the beginning, and there awaited another attack. It was 
 notmafle. Both parties seeired willing to make the excuse of oncomuig darkness a 
 warrant for suspending farther fighting. The Americans, under cover of night, re- 
 tired unmolested to their boats, and the British remained upon the field. Neither 
 
 ^-/ c^.^fi!^t>tA^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 party had gained a victory, but the advantage was with the British.^ 
 
 resting on the river, with a 6-,)onnrter, and commanded by Captain Bamea On their left, and a little In the rear, were 
 llankinf; companies of the Forty-ninth and a detachment of fepclbles, with a fl-pounder, under Lieutenant Colonel I'ear- 
 <on. Still further to the left and rear ■were other companiee of the Forty-ninth and Eighty-ninth Rpjfiments, and a 0- 
 liounder, under Lieutenant Colonel Morrison, whose left rested on a pine foreat. In ftont of all were voltigeure, under 
 Mulor Herrlott, und some Indians, nndcr Lieutenant Anderson. 
 
 ' HIiellB cnntninlnpr a quantity of musket-halls, which, when the shell explodek, arc projected still farther. 
 
 ' Covington was killed a short distance from Chrysler's barn (sec picture on pa^c 652), which was yet stnnding, well 
 bored by inillots, when I visited the battle-ground In 1866. The British flred from that barn, and It Is belicv i 4 that a 
 bullet from it was the one fatal to the general. The plaoe where he foil was on the site of a nursery of thrifty trees in 
 IWB. 
 
 ' William Wallace Smith was a cadet in 1809. He wos \ natlre of New Jersey. He was commissioned second lien- 
 tenant of light artillery on the lat of June, 1812, and promoted to first lieutenant In October, 1813. In the battle on 
 Chrysler's Field he was serving his field-piece himself, havinR loat all of hie men, when he was mortally wounded. He 
 illeil. II prisoner, at Port Presoott, on the 13th of December, 1813. 
 
 ' Hptiam wan a gallant soldier. We shall meet him ngnin on the NIajrnra frontier. 
 
 ' MS. hkelch of the mlllt.iry career of Colonel Timothy Upham, by an officer of the army. 
 
 ' OfflcinI dispatches of Wilkinson and Boyd, and LlentenanI Colonel Morrison ; Wilkinson's Journal ; Life of OenenI 
 Hiconb, by Captain Oeorg* H. Richards ; Cl«neral Brown'i MS. letter-book ; Colonel Robert Carr'a MS. JoutuaI i the 
 
iji 
 
 'H 
 
 
 '! 
 
 jl 
 
 '' 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 
 
 hi 
 
 654 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Thfl American Flotilla descends the 8t. Lawrence. 
 
 Bad Conduct of General Uampum. 
 
 JR -..., - ''.:fe»i^-^ ^ .yr^^ iJIMfB^MM^^ after the battle the 
 
 ^^ '---"■^BiiiBME^^B^^^EMB^BSBi ^i^^^^ ^^ flotilla and gun-boat8 
 
 passed safely down 
 the Long Kapids 
 without discovering 
 any signs of an ene- 
 my, and at the same 
 time the land troops 
 marched in the same 
 direction unmolest- 
 ed. At Barnhart's, 
 three miles above 
 Cornwall, they form- 
 ed a junction witli 
 the forces under Gen- 
 eral Brown, and Wil- 
 kinson expected to 
 hear of the arrival of 
 Hampton at St. R{>. 
 
 gis, on the opposite shore of tlie St. Lawrence. But he was disappointed. General 
 lirown had written to Hampton the day before informing him of rumors of a liattit 
 above, and saying, "My own opinion is, you can not be with us too soon," and beg- 
 ging him to inform ihe writer by the bearer when he might bo expected at St. Rcijis.' 
 Soon aller Wilkinson's arrival, Colonel Atkinson, Hampton's inspector general, ap- 
 peared as the bearer of a letter from his chief, dated the 11th, in which the command- 
 er of the left of the grand army of the North, who had fallen back to Chateaugay 
 Four Corners, declari;d his intention not to join Wilkinson at all, but to co-operate 
 in the attack on Montreal by returning to Champlain and making a descent from that 
 place.2 Wilkinson was enraged, and declared that he would " arrest Hampton, ami 
 direct Izard to bring forward the division." He was too feeble in mind aiul body to 
 execute his threat, or do any thing that required energy ; and, after uttering a few 
 
 varions pnbllshed Histories of the War; oral statementg to the author In 1866 by Peter Bronse, a survlvlDg flrltish sol- 
 dier In the Dattle, living near the ground ; Dr. Amaea Trowbridge's narrative, quoted by Hough. 
 
 The loss of the British In this engagement was 22 killed, 160 wounded, and 16 missing. The Americans lo?tl(l! 
 hilled and 23T wounded. Among the killed and mortally wounded were General Covington, and Lieutenants Smith, 
 Hunter, and Olmstead ; and their wounded olBcers were Colonel Preston, Majors Chambers, Cummings, and Nooii, df- 
 tains Foster, Campbell, Myers, Murdoch, and Townsend, and Lleutenantsi Heaton, Pelham, Lynch, Williams, Browt. 
 and Crary. Among the offlcers specially mentioned with praise were General Covington, Colonel Pearce, wlio took 
 command of his corps when he fell. Colonels E. P. Gaines, E. W. Blpley, and Walbach, Lieutenant Colonel AKpinwa;;, 
 Majors Cummlogs, Morgan, Grafton, and Gardner, and Lieutenants Whiting (his aid) and (late Mi^r General) W.J. 
 Worth. 
 
 The wounded In the battle were pitced In barns and log houses, and the mansion of Chrysler was made a hnspltai. \ 
 bnllet passed through Cbptaln Myers's arm, near his shoulder, while at the head of his men In assailing the Hritisli if- 
 hind the stone wall. The dcsperateness of the encounter may be conceived when the fact Is stated that of S9 men he 
 lost 23. He shared General Boyd's qu.irter8 at French Mills. Dr. Man, a noted phypician, took him to his house. ini 
 miles distant, where he remained four months. He there became acquainted with the daughter of Judge Wiiiiam B»i- 
 li-y, of Plattsbnrg. and In March following they were married in that town. 
 Mordecai Myers was born at Newport, Khodc Island, on the Ist of May, 17T6, and Is now <1867) In the nlnety-Mconj 
 
 year of his age. He was educated In New York City, and became a mcrcliant in 
 Richmond, Virginia. There he served In a military company under Colonel («(!■ 
 erwnrd Chief Justice) Marshall. He soon returned to New York, engaged in bo! 
 Ines3 there, and ser\-cd In an artillery company nnder the command of Cfliitir. 
 .Tohn Swartwont. He was afterward commissioned an officer of infantry, aiiiKnr 
 two years studied military tactics assidnonsly. When w.ir was threatenoii hew 
 active in raising volunteer companies, and In March, 1812, he was commis-sioiinl » 
 captain In the Thirteenth bntted States Infantry, and ordered to report to Colonel Peter B. Schuyler. Dnrinf; the m- 
 he performed laborious and gallant services under several commanders In the Northern Departnent, and in ISIS Ihf 
 disability produced by his wound caused him to be disbanded and placed on the pension roll fjr the half pay of « tip 
 tain. Then ended his military career. He has resided n'any years iii Schenectady. He has been mayor r f that cily.iiii 
 represented Now York city In the Legislature of the Statt for six years. ' Brown's MS. Letter-book 
 
 » Letter of General J. G. Swift to the author of this work, dated "Geneva, N. Y., February l.t, 1S6fl." 
 
 %^^^ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 066 
 
 of Oeneral Hampton. 
 
 the tnoniing 
 the battle the 
 la and gun-boats 
 ;d safely down 
 Long II a ]) ids 
 out discovering 
 signs of an ene- 
 and at the same 
 ! the land troopg 
 ohed in the same 
 ction unmolest- 
 
 At Barnharl's, 
 • ee miles above 
 ■nwall, they form- 
 a junction witli 
 forces under Gen- 
 1 Brown, and Wil- 
 son expected t(] 
 irofthe arrival of 
 irnpton at St. lit- 
 pointed. General 
 munors of a hattli' 
 30 soon," and Vici;- 
 .'Cted at St. Ueiris.i 
 icotor general, iiji 
 hich the commaiul- 
 ick to Chatcaugay 
 [but to co-operate 
 
 lescent from thai 
 rest Hampton, and 
 mind and body td 
 ler uttering a few 
 
 se, a surviving SritlehBol- 
 
 igh. 
 
 The Americans lo?t 10! 
 J and Lieutenants Smith, 
 'ammlng«,an(lNooii,(aiv 
 Lynch, Williams, Brown, 
 Colonel Pearce, who took 
 tenant Colonel Afplii»a„, 
 (lato Major General) W.J 
 
 waemadeahoppitnl, A 
 aMBiUugthcBritlelike- 
 is stated that of S9 men h 
 ■took him to his house, itn 
 titer of Judge William B.! 
 
 (IMT) in the nlnety-stconil 
 jtid became a merchant i« 
 mpany under Coloiirl|-« 
 [ew York, enq«Kf " '" 
 the command of Oa| i 
 officer of Infantry, till f'" 
 w-xrwaBthreatenenheirti 
 12 hewascommiwloiirt' 
 Schuyler. DnrinRtbewK 
 ep«rtnent,andinl815tb» 
 
 ^11 fjr the half pay "'«'"; 
 ecn ma vorrf that city, Mil 
 'Brown's MS. Utter-book 
 
 13, 1S60." 
 
 j^ American Army at the French Mills. 
 
 Character of tta chief Leaden. 
 
 Hampton censured. 
 
 1H13. 
 
 curses he called a council of war, and left Hampton to do as ho pleased. That coun- 
 cil decided that the " conduct of Major General Hampton, in refusing to join his di- 
 vision to the troops descending the St. Lawreme, rendered it expedient to remove 
 the army to French Mills, on the Salmon River.'" " The opinion of the younger 
 members of the council was," says General Swift, " that, with Brown as a loader, no 
 character wou-d be lost in going on to Montreal ;"'^ but the majority said no, and on 
 the folic winp day,* at noon, when information came that there was a . November i«, 
 I'onsidcrable British force at Coteau du Lac, the foot soldiers and ar- 
 tillerymen were all em- 
 barked on the transports, 
 under the direction of 
 General Brown, and de- 
 parted for the Salmon." 
 Tlie horses of the dra- 
 goons, excepting about 
 forty, were made to swim 
 across the cold and rap- 
 idly-flowing river, there 
 a thousand yards wide, 
 and the squadron pro- 
 ceeded to Utica. The 
 flotilla passed up the Big 
 Salmon liiver about six 
 miles to its confluence 
 with the Little Salmon, 
 near the French Mills, 
 when it was announced 
 that the boats were scuttled, and the army Avas to go into winter quarters in huts.' 
 
 Thus ended in disaster and disgrace an expedition which, in its inception, prom- 
 ised great and salutary results. It was composed of brave and patriotic men; and 
 justice to those men requires the humiliating confession from the historian that their 
 failure to achieve complete success is justly chargeable to the incompetency of the 
 chief commanders, and the criminal indulgence on the part of those commanders of 
 personal jealousies and animosities. The appointment of Wilkinson to the command 
 of the Northern Army was a criminal blunder on the part of the government. His 
 antecedents were well known, and did not recommend him for a responsible position. 
 Tlie weakness of his patriotism under temptation, and his too free indulgence in in- 
 toxicating liquors, were notorious. Hampton was totally unfitted for the responsible 
 station in which he was placed ;* and Armstrong, who was a fellow-soldier with them 
 both in the old War for Independence, lacked some of the qualities most essential in 
 the administration of the extraordinary functions of his office in time of war. His 
 presence on the frontier during the progress of the expedition was doubtless detri- 
 mei.tal to the service, and he left for. the seat of government at a moment when the 
 poimsel and direction of a judicious Secretary of War was Uiost needed.' 
 
 I-LM1E OK IIEUARKATIUN ON TUE SALMON UIVKU.* 
 
 ' "The grounds ou which this decision was taken were— want of '.-road, want of meat, want of Hampton's division, 
 •nil a belief that the enemy's force was equal, If not greater tl.an our own."— Oenernl J. G. Swift to General John Arm- 
 nroiig, June 17, 1836. ' General Swift's Letter to Get eral Armstrong, June 17, 1886. 
 
 ' In n general order Issued on the morning of the 13th, General Wilkinson said, " ' 'ho commander-in-chief In com- 
 Vllfii to retire [from the Canada shore] by the extraordinary, nnexpecled, and, it iipp lars, unwarrantable conduct of 
 M i.ii.r Oener.tl Hampton in refusing to join this army with a division of fonr thousand nen under ills command agree- 
 I'llo to positive orders from the commauder-in-chlef, and, as he has been assured by the b jcretary of War, of explicit In- 
 'pn rions from the War Department." 
 
 ' Tliln Id a view of the place where Wilkinson's flotilla was moored. The boats wer; soon frozen In the Ice, and in 
 ''■'■■' i.iry, apprehensions being felt of their captnrr by the enemy, they were cut nni' i.'urnt do^vn even with the surface 
 
 ' i!f kv, and sunk when It melted In the spring. ' Colonel Robert Carr's V.i. Illary. • See page 680. 
 
 Uu Ibe Ulh of Noveml)er, General Brown, then in command of the army at I rench Mills, wrote, with coiwiderable 
 
 P' 
 
 t V 
 
 i-.i 
 
^"^"fll 
 
 } ■ 
 
 a * 
 
 \\: 
 
 ■fir f 
 
 
 till 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 J ■ 
 
 - !- t 
 
 
 m\ 
 
 A '\ 
 
 056 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ^a^a^jA- 
 
 
 1S13. 
 
 D«ath f nd fln-lal of (ieneral CoYtngton. Head-qnaitere of General Offl cer*. Hampton's Disobedience of OrdT" 
 
 On arrivii:L,' at Salmon River the army 
 was immediately debarked on the frozen 
 shores, r.nd set to work in the construction 
 of huts for wint«r quarters. Their first la- 
 bor was the sad task of digging a grave 
 for the remains of General Covington. He 
 was shot through the body on the 11th, 
 and died at Barnhart's on tlie morning of 
 the 13th, just before the flotilla departed 
 for French Mills.' Wilkinson at once loft 
 for Malone, after transferring the coram«.r d 
 •November 16, of the army to General Lywis,* 
 who, with General Boyd, made 
 
 LKWIS'C ANP BOVD'b lIRAD-QtlABTEIlg. 
 
 his head-quarters at a long, low building, 
 yet standing in 1860, a dingy red in color, 
 on the left bank of the Salmon, near the 
 present lower bridge over the river at 
 French Mills or Fort Covington.^ Lewi< 
 and Boyd obtained leave of absence, and 
 the command of the army devolved upon 
 Brigadier General Brown, who made las 
 head-quarters on the right bank of the riv- 
 er, in a house built by SpafFord in 1811 
 (store of P. A. Mathews in 1 860, corner of 
 Water and Chateaugay Streets), and tiioro 
 he received his commission'' of " Febmary ii, 
 major general of the United '*'*■ 
 
 States Army. Hampton, in the mean time, had retired to Plattsburg with his four 
 thousand men. By special orders, sent from Malone by the hand of Colonel Swift 
 (when on his way to Washington with dispatches),' Wilkinson directed Hampton tn 
 join the army at French Mills. This, like other orders, were utterly disregarded by 
 
 feeling to the Secretary of War, saying, " fou have learned that the grand army of the United States, after marching 
 and countermarching most Inglorlouely, arrived at this place on the 13th instant. I must not express to yon my IndiL-- 
 nation and sorrow. I did not expect you would have left us." In the same letter he said, " Colonel Scott will hand von 
 this, and can give yon all the information you wish relative to our movements since he joined us [see page Kl-.'l, and 
 the present situation of oar army. The public Interest would be promoted by the advancement of snch men as Scotl." 
 —MS. Letter-book. 
 
 ' Leonard Covington was n brave soldier. H'. was a native of Maryland, and bom In October, 176S. In 179-2 he was 
 a comet of cavalry, and was dlstinguishcu lOr braver> under Wayne in the defense of Fort Recovery (see page 62) in 
 June, ITM. He was i a the battle at the Manmee Rapids in August following, where Wayne achieved a victory over th« 
 Indians. At the time of the first engagement he held the commission of lieutenant ; in the last he was captain. ]]f 
 resigned in 1T96. From 1806 to 180T he represented a district of his native state in the National Congress. In isonhf 
 was commissioned colonel of light dragoons, and In August, 1813, was breveted brigadier general. He accompunitd 
 Wilkinson in his unfortunate expedition that ended at the French Hills. At the time of bis death, on the 13tb of No- 
 vember, 1813, he was about forty-five years of age. 
 
 » There was a block-house at French Mills sltnoted on the property, owned, when I visited there in Isso.byMr. 
 M'Crea. General Covington's body was buried jnst outside of the hlock-honse, In the present gardjii of Mr. M'Cra. 
 There also was buried the remains of Msjor John Johnson, of the Twenty-first Infantry,* who died at the station on lli» 
 11th of December, 1813. The block-house was named Fort Covington in honor of the slain general, and the villazf 
 that grew up around the French Mills na also called Port Covington. The place was first settled by a few Frencli 
 Canadians, who built mills there, and from this circumstance It was called i^'rench Milli- until after the war. 
 
 3 " I found Mr. Madisoa mn ;h grieved by the failure of the campaign," General Swift wrote to the author in Fcbn- 
 ary, 1860. " It was generally believed that, had younger oiilcers been placed In command of the armies of Wilkinsra 
 and Hampton, Montreal world uave been taken without the Inconseqnenthtl conflict at Chrysler's Field, thonih ihii 
 affair gave distinction to several ofBcers for meritorious BerN'ices." M^or Totten sacceedcd Colonel Swift as chief™- 
 gineer after he left, of whom Brown spoke in the highest terms. 
 
 * MnJor Johnson was from Pennsylvania. He entered the service as a marine in 1800, and woa first lieutenar * nodcr 
 Prsble St Tripoli in 18M. In April, 1813, he waa aulBtont a4Jatant general with the rank of major. In June be wu 
 commissioned major. 
 
 BBOWN 8 UBAD-OCABTIBS. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 657 
 
 ibedtctice of Ordert. 
 
 hqdabtkm. 
 
 g, low building, 
 ajy red in color, 
 Salmon, near the 
 Br the river at 
 nngton.'* Lewis 
 of absence, an'! 
 D- devolved upon 
 I who made his 
 t, bank of tlie riv- 
 Spafford in 1811 
 1 1860, corner of 
 trcets), and tLere 
 
 n*" of FebniiTj U, 
 
 nited 
 
 urg with liis four 
 
 of Colonel Swift 
 
 ,cted Hampton to 
 
 ly disregarded by 
 
 Ld States, after maxchiog 
 
 fcxpress to yoa rov innii:- 
 
 flonel Scott win hand TOO 
 
 due [6eepRge«l'>l,aDd 
 
 at of Boch men asScoU. 
 
 nerilTeS. InlTOvihPW! 
 tec'ovcry (see page M> ia 
 hleved a victory over ite 
 
 last he was captain, llf 
 lal Congress. InWto 
 Incral. He accoinpawM 
 \\eoth,onthel3thof:(o- 
 
 ,veathereinlS6fl,l)yMr. 
 ltgard::n"fMr.M'CK-s. 
 Idied at the station on tli( 
 1 Boneral, and the villas 
 J gettled by a few FrenA 
 lafter the war. 
 ■e to the author in Fcta- 
 
 Ithe armies of Wilkin« 
 Ller'g Field, thoash tlisl 
 tolonel Swift OS chief ft- 
 
 l»BBflrgtHeutenar'aii4tr 
 f major. luJuncbcim 
 
 nt Army relieved of Hampton's Presence. Sufferiugs of the Army at the French Hills. Departure of the Troops. 
 
 Hampton. He had accomplished the defeat of eiForts to take Canada,' and, leaving 
 General IzaT , of South Carolina, in command, he abandoned the service, and returned 
 to his immense sugar plantations in Louisiana,'^ followed by the contempt of all vir- 
 tuous and patriotic men. 
 
 General Brown at once adopted measures for making the troops as comfortable as 
 possible. Huts were constructed, but this was a work of much labor, and consumed 
 several weeks. Meanwhile severe winter weather came. They were on tlie forty- 
 lifth parallel, and at the beginning of December the cold became intense. Most of 
 the soldiers had lost their blarkets and extra clothing in the disasters near Grenadier 
 Island, or in the battle on Chrysler's Field. Even tlie sick had no shelter but tents. 
 The country in the viciu ty was a wilderness, and provisions were not only scarce, 
 but of inferior quality. A great quantity of medicines and hospital stores had been 
 lost through mismanagement, and these could not bo procured short, of Albany, a dis- 
 tance of two hundred and fifty miles. The mortality among the sick became fright- 
 ful and disease prostrated nearly one half of the little army before they were fairly 
 lioused in well-regulivted cantonments. ^ Taking advantage of this distress, British 
 emissaries tried, by the circulation of written and printed placards, to seduce the suf- 
 ferintj soldiers from their alL Ljlance. One of these written ])lacards (see a fac-sirailc 
 on the next page), found one moniing upon a tree in one of the American camps, and 
 presented to me by Colonel Carr, reads thus : 
 
 "Notice. — All American Soldiers who may wish to quit the unnatural war in 
 which they are at present engaged will receive the arrears due to them by the Amer- 
 ican Government to th(! extent of five month's pay, on their arrival at the British out 
 Posts. No man shall be required to serve against his own country." 
 
 It is believed that not a single soldier of American birth was enticed away by such 
 allurements. 
 
 The enemy frequently menaced the cantonment at French Mills, as well as at 
 Plattsburg, and toward the close of January Wilkinson received orders from the War 
 Department to break up the post on Salmon River. Early in February the move- 
 ment was made. The flotilla was destroye'l as fully as the ice in which it was frozen 
 would permit, and the barracks wore consumed. The hospital at Malone was aban- 
 doned ; and while Brown, with a larger portion of the troops, marched up the St. Law- 
 rence and to Sackett's Harbor, the remainder accompanied the commander-in-chief to 
 Plattsburg The enemy at Cornwall were apprised of this movement, and crossed 
 the river on the ice on the day when the last American detachment left French Mills. 
 Tacy were regulars, Canadian militia, and Indians, and plunder seemed to be their 
 chief object. In tiiis they were indulged, and the abandoned frontier suflered much. 
 No discrimination seemed to be made between public and private property, and it 
 was estimated that at least two hundred barrels of provisions were carried away. 
 
 Tims closed the events of the campaign of 1813 on the Northern frontier. 
 
 I visited the theatre of the scenes described in this chapter partly in the year 1866, 
 
 ' See note 8, page 2Se. 
 
 ' lismpton tiad Immense sngar plantations in Louisiana, and was donhtless the most extensive planter and wealthiest 
 man in tlie Sonthcrn States. He owned at one time five thousand negro slaves. He was a native of South Carolina, 
 indwssbom in TTM. He was an active partisan soldier with Sumter and Marlon. In 1803 he was commissioned a 
 ft rolosel of light dragoons, and a brigadier general in 1809. On the 2d ofMarch, 1S18, he was promoted to major general. 
 Hi« inelllcient caroer is recorded '" i the text. In April, 1814, he resigned his com.nission, to the great Joy of the North- 
 m .\rmy, with whom his deportment and habits had made him nnpopular. He died at Colambla, South Carolina, on 
 ihe 4th of February, 1838, at the age of eighty-one years. 
 
 ' The srmy was cantoned as ft)llows on the Ist of January, 1814: 
 
 The artillery, under Colonel .^lexander Macomb, of the Engineers, at the block-honee on Mr. John H'Crea's property. 
 Tlio woujded fi-om Chrysler's n ere taken Into the block-honse. This was called the Centre Camp. The Ecut Camp, un- 
 il' r tlie charge of Colonel F.. W. Ripley, was on Selh Blanchard's properly. The North Camp, under Colonel James Mll- 
 l»r. wan on Ihe property of Allen Lincoln. The Wett Crnnp, under Colonel Campbell, was on W. L. Manning's property. 
 Tiiv Hmth Camp was on Hamlet Mear's property. The owners above mentioned were the proprietors of the land when 
 Iv'itedForl Covington in tjie cummer of 1800. 
 
 Tt 
 
a ' 
 
 'mm 
 
 i ■ 
 
 '■f tv 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 wh 
 
 1:1 
 
 [M|i 
 
 IttE 
 
 "M« il 
 
 mi: 
 
 n 
 
 '! n 
 
 658 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Attempt to eedace the American Boldlen from their Allegiance. 
 
 ancl partly in 1860. In the evening of Monday, the 23d of July, in the latter }wl 
 journeyed with a friend, as already mentioned on page 619, from Watertowu toCf I 
 
v 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Mt 
 
 Remains of Portlflotioni there. 
 
 Lin the latter )W.l 
 lnWatefto\viitoCai«l 
 
 Their Illitory, 
 
 TUIt to C»rIeton liland. 
 
 , ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Vincent' by railway, and lodged in an inn connected with the road station tliere, 
 standing on tiie margin of tlu' St. Lawrence. It waH a. chilly night. The next morn- 
 ing was clear and blustering, and tiic siirfaco of the river was dotted with the white 
 caps of the wavcK. After an early bi-eakfast we started for Carleton Island, three 
 miles down the St. Lawrence, in a skift' rowed by a son of the proprietor of the hotel. 
 As we approached the rocky blutt" at the head of tho island we oljserved several chim- 
 neys standing alone (built of stone, some perfect, some half hi ruins), which mark the 
 remains of strong and somewhat extensive fortifications erected there by both the 
 French and English during the last century, that post being a key to the internavi- 
 (jation of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. We moored our boat in a small 
 sheltered creek by which the head of the island is made a pleasant peninsula of eiglit 
 or ten acres. On this stand the residences of Mr. Chai-les Pluche, an intelligent French 
 Canadian (who owns five hundred acres of the western end of the island*), and of his 
 brother. That creek separates the peninsula from the higher bluff on which the ruins 
 of Fort Carleton are seen. Mr. Pluche kindly accompanied us to these ruins and 
 other interesting places near, and, but for the increasing violence of the wind, which 
 became almost a gale at noon, our visit would liavc been one of unmixed satisfaction. 
 Tlie ruins of Fort Carleton are upon the most elevated portion of the island, and 
 from 'he ramparts may be viewed some of the most picturesque scenery of the famous 
 Thousand Islands and the New York shore. At what precise time fortificat%ns were 
 first erected there is not positively known. The English found it quite a strongly 
 fortified post at the time of the conquest of Canada, at a little past the middle of the 
 last century, and, perceiving its value in a military point of view (for it commands the 
 main channel of the St. Lawrence), they greatly strengthened it.^ They occupied it 
 until 1812, On the declaration ot war that year most of the barracks to which the 
 now standing chimneys 
 belonged wei-c in good 
 order, and before Cape 
 Vincent was settled two 
 or three families resided 
 on the island. A garri- 
 son, composed of a ser- 
 geant ind three invalid 
 soldiers, and two women, 
 occupied the fort when 
 the war broke out. As 
 soon as intelligence of 
 the declaration reached 
 tlie frontier. Captain Ab- 
 ncr Hubbard, of Hub- 
 bard's (now Milieu's) 
 Bay, a soldier of the Rev- 
 I olution, started in a boat, 
 with a man and boy, to 
 
 SKMAIHS OF rOBT CABLETON.* 
 
 I This was Ijnown ns Gravelly Point at the time of the War of 1S12. It was laid out as a village in ISIT. It is the 
 northenimost town of Jefferson County, and Is the terminus of the Rome, Watertown, and Cape Vincent Railway. From 
 ihiK imint is a ferry to Klnffston, passing through Wolf or Orand Island by a canal dug for the purpo»e a few years ago. 
 The railway wharf Is 3000 feet In lengtli, with large store-houses and a grain-elevator. 
 
 ' The island contains 1274 acres. The portion here alluded to was a military class-right, located tliere In 1786. The 
 island forms a part of Cape Vincent Township, Jefferson County, New York. The Island received Its name from Gov- 
 ernor Sir Gay Carleton. 
 
 ' \Mg. In his Voiia/iet, printed in London, 179t. after speaking of Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), says, " Carleton is higher 
 op the river, and has greater conveniences to it than Oswegatchie, having an excellent harbor, with strong fortifications, 
 tmi well garrisoned, excellent accommodations for shipping, a naval store-house for Niagara and other porta." 
 ^ • This view is from the N. N. E. point of the fort, and shows eight of the nine chimneys yet standing. On the ex- 
 Itteme right, beyond the lltti" vessel, is seen Cape Vincent. 
 

 I . !.a 
 
 6eo 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 IMUIAN AUHI.ET. 
 
 FIniSetsDraor* MlMMyVoit lutcreitiDg Relica on Carlaton liUod. Perilous Vojrig* on the Ht. |..,u r „. 
 
 capturo Fort Carleton. He sncceedcd, and thiH was the firut 8t>i/.urc of a military 
 pOHt artiT the di'clarali"ii of Vf'ar. lie sent a boat on the lollowiiij; day to briiij^ away 
 the HtoieH, and soon atlerward the l)arraek8 were burned. Niui^ bare cliinnieyM ha^ 
 stood there ever ninee, gray and solitary tokeim of oliange. There were ai)out iweiity 
 originally within the fort, Home of whieli are in rninB. There were also eliiinncys on 
 the little peninsula near Mr. I'luehe's house, and ahnig the shore northwiinl, \vhiiv,oii 
 a fine grassy point, vestiges of the gardens that were attached to the otVieers' (|u,'iiui> 
 may yet be seen. The moot tliat surrounded the fort was dug in the rock, and so 
 was the well in the norti»western portion of the works. 
 
 A little northward of tlie fort was the garrison cemetery ; and beyond this, a fourth 
 of a mile from the ramparts, is an ancient Indian burial-ground, in a grove of small 
 trees on the verge of the river. In a grave that was opened there in the spiinij of 
 1H«0 was found the skeleton of a chief, bearing evidence that the body was Hm 
 wiupped in the hide of a bufl'alo, then swathed in birch-bark, and next deposited in a 
 
 board coffin. With the skeleton was found a sil- 
 ver gorget, on which was engraved a runnini,' deer, 
 also a line silver armlet (now in jiossession of tlio 
 writer) bearing the royal arms of England,' silver 
 ear-rings, and other trinkets. Near this burial- 
 ground was found, tlie year before, a silver imdal 
 giv(>n by the British government to Colonel .lolm 
 IJutler. It is known that Hutler and Sir John 
 .Johnson encamped, with the Iiidians from the Mo- 
 liawk Valley, on Carleton Island in 1775, when on 
 their M'ay to join the British at Montreal. The 
 medal w.is doubtless lost there at that time, and the chief who bore the armlet ami 
 gorget was probably one of the expedition, who perished there. 
 
 After partaking of some refreshments from the hands of Mrs. PlucKe and daujjh'er, 
 we re-embarked in our little boat at noon. The wind was blowing almost a gale 
 from the direction of Lake Ontario, bringing down waves that made the voyage a 
 dangerous one. At times, when in the trough, we could not see the land. Our oars- 
 man, a stout, resolute young man, labored faithfully, with the boat's bow up sticain, 
 but he could not make an inch of headway toward Cipe Vincent; so, alter heavy ex- 
 ertions and some anxiety, we were driven to the southern shore of the river, at a 
 point opposite our place of departure. There we abandoned the boat and stn.rted mi 
 foot for Cape Vincent, when we met a farmer, with his wagon and rick, going to lii- 
 field for hay. We hired him to take us to the Cape, and on soft, sweet dried "ii- 
 we lay and rested in the cool air to the end of the wagon journey. The reniaimki 
 of the afternoon was spent at the Capo in strolling about the little village, tor tin 
 river .was too rough to make a wished-for voyage to Grenadier Island either safo er 
 pleasant. There we met General W^illiam Estes, who was conspicuous in the " Patritt 
 War" in Canada in 1 838, and visited the dwelling of Dr. Webb, the kitchen part oi 
 which is the remnant of the house of Richard M. Esseltyne, which, with otherfs, wa- 
 destroyed by the British. In it an American was shot. 
 
 We lodged at Cape Vincent that night, and at five o'clock the next morning depnrti ' 
 in a lake steamer for Clayton (French Creek), sixteen miles below, Avhere we lanli 
 and breakfasted at the "Walton House," kept by a son of William Johnston, known 
 among his British contemporaries in 1838 as "the Pirate of the Thousand Islands." 
 
 1 This armlet is little mare than ten Incbei In length and two and a half In width, and the ornamentntlon is emboswl 
 work. In addition to the royal arms is a trophy group, composed of helmet and cnirase, cnnnon, 8pear!<, and bannen, 
 the latter bearing the letters G. R., the monogram of the king ; and n group Inclosed within branches uf the olive ant 
 palm, composed of a crown resting upon a sword and sceptre crossed. These armlets, gorgets, and other silver onu- 
 ments were distributed freely among the Indian chiefs by the British government, as one of the means of secoringlW j 
 loyalty. The gorget was always sospended tram the neck, and rested npon the upper part of the breast. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1818. 
 
 Ml 
 
 on the HI. UwrcBcc. 
 
 e of a miliuiry 
 r to br'mi; awuy 
 cir.mm'yn liavi 
 re ubiiut iwi'uij 
 Iso ohimm-yH im 
 iwiir<l, wlii'iv,on 
 
 ihi! rock, an J m 
 
 Mill ihit*, a fourtl 
 [V grovo of Hinall 
 in tin! Hpniif: tit' 
 e 1jo«ly wan tii>i 
 ixt (Icpositcil ill a 
 was founil a sil- 
 (1 iiruuuinittlwr, 
 ^)08«eHsioii of till' 
 f England,' silver 
 Near this Vmiial- 
 ire, a silver iimlal 
 t to Colonel .Tolin 
 t,ler and Sir .Tuliii 
 lians from the Mi 
 I in 1775, wk'non 
 at Montreal. Tii^ 
 jre the aruilut ainl 
 
 iche and daujjh'cr, 
 .-ing almost a j;alo 
 lUide the voyagi' a 
 lie land. Our oars- 
 .t's bow ui) strtam, 
 BO, after heavy «• 
 . of the river, at a 
 joat and sto.rled mi 
 [d rick, going to his 
 1 sweet dried siu- 
 [V. Tlie remaiiui' I 
 tie village, for the 
 iland either Kafc it 
 ions in the " Patri. t 
 ■he kitchen part 
 [h, with others, ws- 
 
 [t morning deparu 1 
 ]-, Avhere we laiii'.oi. 
 '.Johnston, known 
 Irhousand Islamk" 
 
 Jornamentatlon is emt« ■■ 
 tnnon, speaw, and !!«■■«'■■• 
 
 n branches of the olive .nd 
 deeU, and other silver om- 
 EhemeanBotBecunngito 
 
 i)t the hteaat 
 
 yUt to Rock bland, Ui« Home v/f Johniton of the ThoBMDd Iilands, 
 
 Pc«l Itland ud Ito AModatloiif. 
 
 Thew we were informed lliat tlie hero of many ft romantio legend of the frontier WM 
 still living,'" the light-honHe <<f which he wan keeper, on a Holitary island a few rods 
 in circumference, five inileH below, where, in comjmny with two young ladieH — trav- 
 eling companions — I liad visited him two years before. Hiring a liout, and a good 
 tisherinan as oarsman, we set out aflt^r breakfast to visit Mr. Johnston, prejmred with 
 tisliing tackle to indulge in sport on the way. We trolled faithfully, but oidy a sol- 
 itary pickerel of moderate size rewarded our watclifulness of the lines. Onr tlrearas 
 (if iniglity inasipielonges, forty pounds in weight, which some young ladies, they say, 
 ^ynietimes " hook," were dispelled ; but the kindly oarsman came to the assistance 
 ofour humbkul pride as sportsmen with the pleasant suggestion that the late storm 
 „f wind had so roiled the water that "nobody couldn't do nothin' at fishiii' when the 
 (Tceturs couhln't see the spoon." And we were no more successful in catching a hero. 
 Silence reigned on Itock Isl- 
 anJ.' Not a living thing was 
 seen. Johnston lived there 
 entirely alone, at the age of 
 seventy-eight years. He was 
 now absent, and the island 
 was dcscrted.2 After making 
 a sketch of the light-liouse and 
 Its locality, we left in disap- 
 pointment, and again trolled 
 unsuccessfully as we floated 
 iloivn the current about two 
 miles to Peel Island, the scene 
 uf Johnston's exploit which 
 laiiscd him to be declared an 
 outlaw by his own govern- 
 ment, and gave him tlie name 
 of" Pirate." This exploit v as the destruction of the British mail steamer Sir Robert 
 Peel at this jilace on the night of the 29th and 30tli of May, 1838, by Johnston and 
 some disguised associates, who were engaged with the Canadians in their armed re- 
 sistance to government. The immediate object of the assailants appears to have 
 been the capture, and not the destruction of the steamer, and with her aid to seize, 
 on the following day, the steamer Great Britain, and convert the two into cruisers 
 on the lake. Johnston had but thirteen men with liim, but was promised that two 
 
 hundred should be 
 within call on the 
 shore of the neigh- 
 boring main. They 
 were not there. He 
 had not sufficient 
 men to manage the 
 powerful steamer, 
 and, toward morn- 
 ing, he committed 
 her to the flames. 
 She was seized at 
 
 LK/UT-U0C8K KEPT BY JOUMSTON, 
 
 ^t^.^?^ 
 
 FEXI. IBLAKD. 
 
 ' Tils Is an appropriate name. It I* a groap of bare rocke, with a few trees and shrnbs growing In the interstices. 
 Johseton hnd filled some of the hollows with earth, bronght from the main shore in his boat, and we fonnd them cot- 
 tni with vegetables and flowers. The barren island possessed a pleasant little garden. 
 
 > Thi) is in the midst of the Tbonsand Islands, five miles be'ow Clayton, on the sonth side of the steam-boat channel. 
 At the tini of my visit there in 1808 1 asc-^nded to the lantern, and from that elevation coanted no less than seventy 
 uludt, valuing f^om rods to miles in clrcomference. 
 
■Wi^i^ir" 
 
 602 
 
 riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 JotiiMtoii'i Kxplnlti amonir the ThooMUid IaUn4i. Ht« ArratU uid ImprtmnmenU. HI* CommlMlon u Commodoic 
 
 Ki])l(>y'B dock, on VVt'lls'H IhIuikI, tak*>ii into tho Btrcam, set on tiro, and floated down 
 and lodged uguinHt a Htnall island near (i'o|)i-(>Hent(>d in the Hkutuh on tlio liic-cciliiiir 
 page), which liutt uince been known aH I'eel Island.' 
 
 ' From the llpd of Mr. Johnston I received a very nilimto nncl partlcninr noconnt of thl« tranroctton. He wa* living 
 tt Ciiiytiiii when the " I'atilol" war broke out. lloiug a bold, advuiiliironH man, a;id rordinlly hnlliiK thi; llrlivh Km. 
 
 erumeut and Itn employ^o, he was easily iM-muiidcrl liy t|,(. 
 American sympalhlzers with tho " I'atrliits" to eiiKii^i; |„ 
 the strife. Ills thoroMgh knowledge of tlie rit. I^wrniri' 
 from Kingston to th« l..imK><a Hault polntod tlw"i|i,tr|. 
 ots" to him as u valuable man for the service on that rniiil. 
 ler. lie says that tho leaders promised him aniiilo iimIk. 
 anco In men and moans, hut disappointed him. Tlioy ciii. 
 ployed lilm to cuptnrc the /Vtl and seiw" the (Irral llrilm,, 
 The former was a new and stanch > 'ssel, built iil llrnrk. 
 vUie In 1S8T. She was 110 feet wide ni d liio in li'n(;ili, miii 
 was commanded by Captain John H. Armstrong, (in tij,. 
 evening of tho KDth of Moy, IV,H, she was on lior way up 
 from Proscott to Toronto, with nlnotef.n pnsBeiii!er», mul 
 stopped at M'Donncll's Wharf, on Wells's Island, fiirwcm] 
 Johnston and thirteen men In dlsjfulso were lyiun in wait 
 at Uiplcy's wood wharf near by. Tlicy were nrmeil win, 
 muskets and bayonets, and pnlntcd like ludlniin, Thry 
 rushed onboard, crying out, " Ittnwmbrr Ihe (\:i .lUiu I" {m 
 American vessel that the Drltish had destroyed at iin Amir 
 lean wharf a lew months before), and conipoilcd the immen 
 Jers, In terrible alarm, and In their nlKht-clothes, tti p, on 
 shore. Their bttt!K«Ke was taken on shore llkowln', ami 
 in this p'lght they remained, in a woodman's shanty, luuil 
 morning, when they were conve cd to KiuRston l)y th,' 
 Oneida. When the InsurRents hud taken pofischiou (ifihi 
 Aw/, they hanled her out into the stream, exiu-otliii:, ii,< »v 
 have observed In the text, to be Joined by u larj^e niiinlur 
 of olbera from the main. They did not appear. JuhiiMoii 
 jnd his men, who, he says, "looked liki- 
 devils," could not mauiiL;o her, aii<i Khc 
 was set on Are. Oovi nor Miircy de- 
 clared Johnston an outlaw, and olTc reil n 
 reward of !f,'iOO for his person, and small- 
 er sums for each of his con federates whj 
 might be convicted of the olTeuiie. The 
 Earl of Durham, governor of Canada, offered $aOM for tlie conviction ol any person concerned lu tho " Infamoun outraije- " 
 Johnston boldly avowed himself the leader of that party, In a proclamation which ho issued from " Fort Wiillace" dm 
 th« Kith of June, 1838. lie declared that tho men under hi i command were nearly all Englishmen, and that liia lieail- 
 quarters were on an island in the St. Lawrence, not within tho Jurisdicthm of the United States. " I act uucKt orderi'," 
 ho said. "The object of my movements Is the Independence of the Canadas. I am not at war with the commerce or 
 property of the United States." " Fort Wallace" was a myth. It was wherever Johnc- 1 .n happened to be, 
 
 Johnston was now placed In peril between the officers of the two governments, and for several monllis he was a ref 
 ugce, hiding among the Thousand Islands, and receiving food at night from his daughter, u boautifiil girl tij;htoeii 
 years of ago, email lu stature aud delicate In appearance, who handled oars with skill, and who, in u light boat, i<nii<:ii! 
 Ills hiding-places under cover of darkness. Slie was ofteu watched and followed by persons In the Intereiit of iln' 
 I'nitcd States government, but her thorough knowledge of tho Islands and skill In rowing allowed her to elude llicni. 
 Finally Johnston Joined in the expedition to Prescott, to " keep out of the way of both parties," he said. After tlie M- 
 feat of the Insnrgentii at Windmill Point [see page SH31, he was seen publicly iu the' streets of Ogdensburg, where he 
 had many syn^)athlzers, and was not arrested. He saw that all was lost, and, weary of hiding, he resolved to give bliu- 
 self up to the authorities of the United States, and cast himself upon the clemency of bis country. Ho mad) nn nrrani;e- 
 nient with his son John to arrest him and receive the $500 reward. On the ITth of November (1838) he left Oudeii*- 
 hurg in a boat, with his son, when Deputy Marshal M'Culloch pursued him in aboat over which floated tho revenue li«;'. 
 Johnston was overtaken about two miles above Ogdensburg. He was armed with a Cochran rifle, t^vo large rlHc-pUtol!. 
 and a bowie-knife. Ho agreed to surrender on condition that he should give up hjs arms to his son. He was tlieu con- 
 ducted back to the village, and delivered Into the custody of Colonel (late Major (Jeneral) Worth. He was taken tu 
 Syracuse, tried before Judge Conklin on a charge of violating the neutrality laws of the United States, and acqniiliil. 
 Ho was again arrested, and escaped, when a reward of $!!(K) was offered for his arrest. He gave himself up at All)ai..v. 
 and, aftT lying three months lu jail, was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to one year's irapris"!iraent, aud a flue "( 
 $250. Ills faithnil daughter, who had acquired tho Just title of the " Heroine of the Thousand I dands," hnsteiieil 1 1 
 Albany, and shared prison life with her father. After being there sir months, with his falthfr child at his side, hi 
 found means, by making a key of some zinc furnished him by a friend, to escape. The plan w « made known to lii^ 
 danghfcr, who left the prison, and waited for him at Rome. One evening, at eighl o'clock, he If '! the Jail, and Infore 
 daylight had walked forty miles toward Rome. When he arrived there. Anally, at the bouse of a lend, he was dread- 
 fully exhausted. He went home, and was unmolested ; but the " Patriots" were determined to i -Ive him into active j 
 service, and he received a commission creating him commauder-in-chlef of all tho naval forces in " Patriot «ervicc" un ( 
 the lakes.* This position had been accorded to him by common consent the year before. Eat he had seen enmi^'h of : 
 that kind of service, and ho declined tho office. A year or more afterward, when the agitation on the frontier hud pretty j 
 
 • Johnston's commission as commodore Is Iwfbre me, printed and written on thin paper. On the margin of It, onn- . 
 pylng nearly one half of the space, is a rough engraving, a copy of which Is (fiven on tho opposite page, reduced to li.ilfj 
 the size. Above this design (in which the American eagle is seen bearing off the British lion, whose crown has fallen- 1 
 » maple leaf, symbolic of Canada, aud two stars representing thfe two provinces) were little Fic'n"''* of the anusofitei 
 
 ^"22::^^ 
 
or THE WAR OF iSlS. 
 
 668 
 
 I Commodon, 
 
 aU'd tlown 
 pvecciUng 
 
 H« w»» llv'.nir 
 tlu^ Hrlwh Kiiv- 
 
 KM KUlull'l\ tiy lllP 
 
 ,t»" to eiiKiiK" t" 
 Ihe rtt. Lawroncc 
 nlcd t>w"Biitrl- 
 rice nil Uinl fro\il- 
 lilin iunii\f umIiI- 
 ;l him. Thoy cm- 
 tlio Crwit Hrilniw 
 e\, b\ilU M Bri"-k- 
 Kill ill li'n(!lli,ii"'i 
 rmntniiiK. "" H"' 
 m« on li<T W'ly "V 
 
 f.ll llllKWIll!"'". 'I'l'i 
 i'b iBlullli, fur itm]. 
 , were lyiiit! 1" «aii 
 y wcru nrmcii wlili 
 IkB luillnii"- fhcy 
 «i-(/i«f'.J>"li"' •'"(«" 
 Bdtroycd ttt lUi Amcr- 
 onipellcrtllii'l""'*';''- 
 ,.lit-clothc», til K" oil 
 , lihorfl llkewl^^^ m\ 
 ulniiui'" Kliaiity, «»lil 
 to KliiR"""' >'y *'■ 
 iheii poBKP.-blmi lit Itif 
 eiiiii,«xiH-et'"l.'.«»«'' 
 ed by a li'i;*' »"'"''" 
 „ot appear. J;ili"»t"" 
 
 maiiiiKe her, ami »he 
 
 Oo\. iior MMiy '>'• 
 n outl.iw, ami "(TerecU 
 r hlH person, and mM- 
 LfbiBcmifedcrnlcewho 
 ■d (,f Ibe olT<-iii'e. Tlie 
 
 lio"iiif aw"" ""'""'''■ 
 iom " Fori WuH'icc" im 
 
 .cii.WKltb.ilW"'"'* 
 " 1 act ii»*'r ""^"'' 
 with the commcfx ot 
 
 ciicil to bo. 
 •almoulbKhcwMttrct 
 
 'DcautlfulgW'^'t:'"''"; 
 .!uaU!!htboai,.«u2 
 
 g iu tbeliileri'»'"'>'" 
 Led ber to elude theni. 
 
 Uc »ald. After the fc 
 tOadeiiBburi,', where fe 
 he resolved to give hi..^ 
 
 L il« mad ) nn nrran* 
 Ier('.838)helettOplo,«- 
 aoatcdthereveiinefl.^ 
 'ie t-vo large rlfle-piet*' 
 ,;ou He waa then con- 
 
 Td8tate«,andacqi.Uod. 
 
 ,ebiroHeU«patAltoi 
 
 iB-....meiit,aiirtft«»Y' 
 dldand.,"hfte.ml 
 
 .f. ■lera,bewa8(bMil- 
 
 L in ..patriot -ervice"' 
 VhehadB.enenou«h| 
 
 «tb«trOTj.ier^'i*Jf"- 
 
 rutirmarginotlt,*;^^! 
 
 t.„-,ottheanu»o(iM| 
 
 johnitoD'i h- pit Oangbttr. 
 
 III! BlrthpUc*. 
 
 au SnrlMt tn tho War of Mil. 
 
 We retunuMl to Clnytoii, ruul there Ibmul " C'ommotloro" Johnston, a hulo man, full 
 of spirit, but Hutli'rinjj moiih' from recmt ilhioHH I Hjiont two hours pleasantly and 
 iiroHtahly witii him ami his cuura^oouH daughter, liHtening to narratives .)f the Htir- 
 rinj? BceneH in whieh they had l)een engaged twenty-two years before, a"d of wliieh 
 I have given a meagre cutline in noie 1, page 002. 'Hie " Heroine of the Thousand 
 Islands" was now Mrs. Ilawes, an intelligent and interesting woman, and mother of 
 several children. Mr. Johnston is a man of nu'dium size, compactly built, and fidl of 
 pluck. His life-liistory was a stirring oiu' previous to the "Patriot War." During 
 the War of 1812 he was employed by Chauncey and Wilkinson in active servico on 
 the frontier waters ; and he gave the British, whom he cordially disliked, n great deal 
 of trouble. He was a n.itivo of Canada.' On the breaking out of the war lit^ was 
 residing at Hath, above Kingston, and conveyed some Americans across the lake to 
 Saekett's Harbor in a large bark canoe. Not being satisfied with the militia service, 
 in wiiich he had been engaged, he remained on the Amorican side, and from that time 
 until the close of the war was engaged in the secret service on Lake Ontavio and the 
 St. Lawrence, with, a permit to capture all llritish public property that he might find 
 afloat. His vessel was a gig, or light, swill boat, called the JiMffelci/, and his com- 
 panions were a coqioral and live arnu'd sennieu. With tliese ho captured bateaux 
 and stores; with these he conveyed Wilkinson down the St. Lawrence, beyond the 
 Longue Hault f and with these lie bore the body of the gallant Covington from Harn- 
 liart' i to the French Mills.^ On one occasion he captured the Canadian dispatch mail 
 on its way from Governor Prevost at Montreal to tho lieutenant governor at Toronto, 
 which, on delivery to Chauncey, was found t contain information of great value to 
 the American commander. On another occasion he was out in Chauncey's boat, and 
 
 nmch ccarcd, & petition for bla pardon was numerounly RJgned. He took It to Washington hlmnelf, and, Just at the close 
 of Mr. Van Biircn's administration in March, IMl, presented It to the Fri's'ilent. "Mr. Van Hnren," ho said, "scolded 
 me for presuming to come there with such a petition ; but I waltcil ten days, presented It to President Harrison, and he 
 l>anioiied mo." 
 
 Mr. .Johnston has lived at Clayton ever since. His ofTeuse was Anally overlooked, and for several years the govem- 
 nifiit that offered a roivnrd of $500 for him as an "iitlaw Ihisbecn paying him $!160 a year for taking charge of one of its 
 lighl-houscB, In sight of the spot (Peel Island) where the offense was oommitied ! Time makes groat changes. When 
 Ihc late Kchclllon broke out in ISfll , Johnston, then about eighty years of age, v.'ent to Wa«hiugton City, called on Qen- 
 iral Scott, and ofTered his services to his government. 
 
 State of f'cw York, and below two others representing lui eagle on Its nest arrang- 
 ing ears of wheat. The commission runs thus : 
 
 " Utad-quarters, Windsor, U. C, September B, 1889. 
 "William .ToHNBTOH, Esg. : 
 
 " Sir By anthorlty of the Oranu Council, the Western Canadian Association, 
 
 the v'roat Orand Eagle Chapter, and the Grand Kaglc Chapter of tapper Canada, 
 on Patriot Executive duty— You are hereby CommiKiioncd to the Ranlc In Line of 
 a Commodore of the Navy, Commander-in-Chief of all the Naval forces of the Ca- 
 nadian Provinces, on Patriot service In Up'^ - Canada. 
 
 " Yoani with respect, 11. S. ITanp, 
 
 " Commander-in hief of the Northwestern Army on 
 Patrlo, service iu Upper Canada, 
 "E. J. KoHEBTB, Adjutant Oeneral, N.W. A. P. Si." 
 This commission Is Indorsed by '.John Montgomery, of the Qrand Eagle Chap- 
 ter of Upper Canada, on Patriot Executive duty. 
 
 .' RoiiKiiT RonRBTsoN, Secretary." 
 " Sworn to before me, at Windsor, TI. C, this 2Bth day of September. ISilH. 
 
 "H, 8. IlANn." 
 The seal attached to the commission appears to have been Impressed by a com- 
 mon glass signet, on which are the words, "JUmfVtbfr me to aU/riendH." 
 These "Chapters" refer to the secret leagues of sympathizers with the InHiirijents that were formed along the entire 
 frontier, under the name of " Hunters' Lodges." These « < to suppressed by President Tyler, who issned a proclamation 
 tor Ihe purpose on the Bth of September, 1841. 
 
 ' He was bom at Three Rivers on the 1st of Febrnary, 1T82. Ills father was an Irishman, aud his mother was a Dutch 
 firl ftom New Jersey. After the war he lived at Sackett's Harbor and Watcrtown, and kept a tavern for a while In the 
 Ultcr village. He Anally settled ot French Creek (now Clayton), where he and niont of his family have since resided. 
 ' S«e page (»1. Johnston was well acquainted with Chrysler, and tried to get the army below big residence, that It 
 might not suffer during the engagement that seemed inevltoWe. During the battle of Chrysler's Field or Farm, John- 
 itm carried powder n-om the boBt« to the dragoons, who delivered it to those in the Aght. It Is well known that Oen- 
 ''iil Wilkiuson Indulged too fl-eely in spirituous liquors. Johnfcton assured me that, at the tirao of the battle of Chrys- 
 M Field, the commauder-lu-chief was so intoxicated ("indisposed," as chaiity phrases it) that he could not leave his 
 ^t. > See page 006. 
 
 JObNSTON 8 OOUUIBHION. 
 
664 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Johnston's Ferilg in Canada. 
 
 Jonrney trom Clayton to Halone. Vblt to French Mills or Fort Covingtoo. 
 
 was wrecked on the Canada shore in a stonn. The boat was a ruin. They were dis- 
 covered. Johnston was identified, and a body of militia and Indians A'eie nent out 
 trom Kingston (where he had been hung in effigy) to arrest him. He directeil liin men 
 not to a' ^id capture, but to affirm that they had been sent out for deserters, and wore 
 returning home when struck by the storm. Their story was believed, and within a 
 week they were sent home on parole. Johnston meanwhile concealed himself in a 
 huge hollow stump, in a field of oats, for several days, and it was three weeks before 
 he found a way to retuni to Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 There was a crowd "f visitors at the " Walton Hoi'.sc," for it is a favorite place of 
 summer resort for those who love good fishiukf, boating, and the luost picturesque 
 scenery of the Thousand Islands. The St. Lawrence, filled with these islands, is there 
 about nine miles wide. During an afternoon I visited the place of Brown's encamp- 
 ment when attacked by the liritish,' and made the sketch on page 649. Toward 
 sunset the diet of the little village was disturbed, and the faces of all the inhaliitants 
 were turned skyward to observe the passage over them of a man in a balloon, a 
 thousand feet in the air, who had ascended from Kingston, and, as we were iiif'oinu'd 
 next day, descended far toward the Sorel, the outlet of Lake Champlain. On tlie fol- 
 lowing morning I went down the St. Lawrence to Ogdcnsburg, and made the visits 
 th>'re and in the vicinity recoided in Chapter XXVHL On Friday, the 27th, I break- 
 fasted at Malone,^ and after a brief interview with Sidney W. Gillett,Esq., whose ele- 
 gant nf^w manaio" stood fronting on Main Street in that village, on the site of the 
 arsenal establish d there in 1812,1 rode out to Fort Covington (French Mills), about 
 fourteen miles northward, in a light wagon drawn by a sj)an of fleet black ponies. 
 
 FHK.NOU KILLS IN ISUO.^ 
 
 Tlie Honorable James Campbell, who was an ensign, and was stationed at Freneii 
 Mills and vicinity during a greater portion of the war, in the service of the Quarter- 
 master's and Commissary Departments, was yet living, and residing with his daugh- 
 ter at Fort Covington. I had been at his liouse, on the road between Massena Sitriiii.'!- 
 and St. Regis, a few years before ; and I found him now, as th'jn, able to say that lie 
 had never been sick iu his life, though almost fourscore years of age. His nientnl 
 
 ' See page 048. 
 
 ' MaloQc Is the capital of Franklin Connty, and Is pleasantly sitnated on the Salmon ilWer. It was the only Iiicotk'- 
 rated village in the connty, and had a popnIat<on of abont 2000. The banks of the river there, below the railway bridft. 
 are rneKed and picturesaae- Settlements were made there i\t the beginning of this centnry. 
 
 3 The buUdlDg on the right, with its i^nble next to the dam, i« the original mill erected there by the French Caudlnu- 
 
)r Fort Coviugton. 
 
 I the French Can«dli»i 
 
 OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 665 
 
 THE UL00K-U0D8E WKLI.. 
 
 Veteran Soldiers ot Fort Covington. Journey to Rouse's Point La Colle. PasnAge of St. Lawrence Rapids. 
 
 vifor seemed perfect, and his momory of events in his experiencp was vivid. He was 
 stationed at French Mills early in the war, 
 in clLirge of rations, which were served 
 re«ci'lar!y to the St. Regis Indians in order 
 to keep them quiet.' He was assistant 
 store-keeper, and when Wilkinson left there 
 he was placed in charge of all the provisions of the army. He continued in that serv- 
 ice until its depai'ture in February, 181 i. Judge Campbell kindly accompanied me 
 to places of interest about Fort Covington, namely, the original mill ;^ the head-quar- 
 ters of Boyd and Brown ;3 the place of debarkation, 
 where the gun-boats were destroyed ;* the site of the 
 respective cantonments of the army ; and of the block- 
 house on the M'Crea property,* whose well, contained 
 within the building, was yet standing. 
 
 While on the lower bridge over the Salmon, sketch- 
 ing the picture of the Mills on the opposite page, an old 
 gentleman approached, and was introduced to me by 
 Judge Campbell. He was Colonel Ezra Stiles, the dep- 
 uty collector of the port at Fort Covington,* who en- 
 listed in the Eleventh Regiment in December, 1812, when a little moi-c than fourteen 
 years of age. He was with Harapton in the affair at Chareaugay, and was with Gen- 
 eral Brown in all of his military operations on the Niagara frontier during the re- 
 mainder of the war He left the service when the army was disbanded in 1815. 
 
 I returned to Malone in time to take the cars for Rouse's Po.nt at about three 
 o'clock P.M. It WIS a bright and very delightful day. In that journey, fifty-seven 
 miles, we crossed the foot of the great Adirondack slope, the noi thernmost portion 
 of the Alleghany or Appalachian range of mountains, that travei'se tlie sea-board 
 states from Georgia io the St. Lawrence level. The lofty peaks of the Adirondacks 
 were in sight southwird, while the eye, glancing northward over an immense wood- 
 ed prairie, rested upon the Mountain back of Montreal. At near six o'clock I took a 
 hurried meal at the village of Rouse's Point, and hiring a light wagon, fleet horse, and 
 intelligent driver, rode to La Colle River, a tributary of tl.e Sorel, and made a sketch 
 of a block-house there before sunset. By a slight circuit we rode through La Colle 
 vilbge and Odelltownin the twilight. J spent the night at Rouse's Point, and on 
 the following morning journeyed to Champlain, Chazy, and Plattsburg. Of the eveits 
 which have made all the places just named famous in our history, and of my visit 
 tlier'.', 1 shall hereafter write. 
 
 hi the summer of 1865 I spent a short time at Massena Suli)hur Springs, on the 
 Racquette River, seven miles by road from the St.Lawr?nce. While sojourning there 
 I visited St. Regis, as a'ready mentioned, and, on leaving, crossed th,; St. Law- 
 rence from Lewisville, at the herd of the Longue Sault, for the purpose of visiting 
 the battle-field on Chrysler's Farm, It wap a warm and pleasant day late in Au- 
 liust,* and a friend accompanied me. At Lewisville we hired a water- t August 22, 
 man, who engaged to take us safely across the switl and, in some places, ^^■ 
 turbulent stream, there divided by two or three islands. W^e shot obliquely across 
 ::ih1 down the first channel, rounded the lower cape of an island, went up its farther 
 shore in an eddying ccrrcnt, and in a similar manner shot across to another island. 
 In this zigzag way we made the really perilous passage of the rapids to the village 
 of Chrysler, where we lunched on apple-pie, cheese, and coid water, and hired a con- 
 veyance to the battle-ground and Williamsburg beyond. 
 
 ' See page 376. • See picture on page 6fti. a See plctnres on pige 680. • See paeo C58. » See note 2, page (WO. 
 ' Port Covington Is a port of entry ; but the steam-boats seldom go shove Dandcp, a small village a niUe below, and 
 about hall way bctweei^ the HUls and the boundary-line between the United States and Canada. 
 
 fill 
 
 Irt 
 
660 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Visit to the Battle-groand on Chrj-slcr'B Farin. A Brltiah Suldler and liig Hedal of Honor, Pceno on tlie St. Lawrence 
 
 We were kindly welcomed at the Chrysler mansion, delineated on page 652, by llr. 
 James Croile, the proprietor, who pointed out the various localities of the battle 
 
 and accompanied us to the 
 house of his nearest neigl,- 
 bor, Peter Brouae, wlio 
 waK a soldier in the Dun- 
 -"H^ ///^ f/yQ^.>^,y^y^JL^ ^^^ militi-i, and partici- 
 ^ 1/ L/ y'^ C^'^^^^^ pated in the fight. Mr. 
 
 Brouse related AvitU mucli 
 self-satisfaction the exploits of the British on that day, and, with much genuine pride, 
 exhibited a small silver medal, suspended by a ribbon, 
 which he had lately received. These had been presented 
 to the surviving soldiers of that and otlier battles, from 
 1703 to 1814, by the British queen as a sort of "Legion of 
 Honor." The picture here given is the exact size of the 
 original, and exhibits both sides. On one side is the effigy 
 of the queen and her name ; and on the other a repre- 
 sentation of her majesty crowning a soldier with a civic 
 wreath, and the words," To the 
 BKITISn ARMY— 1814-1793." 
 
 One of Chrysler's barns, 
 pierced and battered by bullets, 
 was 5'et standing, and appears 
 the larger (tliough the most re- 
 mote) i:i the group of outbuild- 
 ings in the picture on page 662. 
 In the orcliard, between the 
 mansion and the river, may be 
 seen the burial-places of the 
 killed in the battle. 
 
 We dined with Mr. Croile and his family in the Chrysler mansion, and at two 
 o'clock started for Williamsburg, four and a half miles up the river. Our road lay 
 along the margin of the stream, through one of the most fertile districts of Canada. 
 We had not proceeded far before a small clpud, v.'hose gathering we had scarcely no- 
 ticed, sent down a violent shower of rain. We sought shelter under a wide-spreaJ- 
 ing tree in front of a plain dwelling, from which came the giggling of girls who wciv 
 ftUH'sed at our plight. The ti-ee was no shelter, and we unceremoniously took ref- 
 uge from the storm in the house, Avhere those who had innocently made merry over 
 our di'enching kindly regaled us with strawberries and cream, and made the balance- 
 sheet of courtesy in their favor. The storm was brief. The sun burst forth in sudden 
 si)lendor, and its rays, wedded to the retirijig rain-drops, wove a gorgeous iridescent 
 vail, marked, like the bow on the cloud, with specific curves, but lying prone upon tin 
 bosom of the St. Lawrence, and bathing its surface and islands in prismatic beauty. 
 It was a charming spectacle, and has left an inoftaceable picture on the memory. 
 
 At fcnr o'clock we reached Williamsburg (whose name had just been changed to 
 Morrisville, in honor of a distinguislied oflicer in the postal department of Canada), 
 where we dismissed our carriage, ijitending to go by water to Prescott. We were 
 directed to the " Grand Trunk Ilote^" as the best in the village, which is remarkable ni 
 oui* recollection for swarms of flies, flocks of spiders, and an obliging host. Tiiere we 
 supped and lodged, and before dawn took passage in » Montreal steamer for Prescott, 
 where we breakfasted. Crossing to Ogdensburg, we spent the day and night then', 
 and on the following day made a voyage through the Thousand Islaiuls to Cape 
 Vincent, from whence I jounieyed by railway to ray home on the banks of the Hudson, 
 
 VIOTOBIA MEDAL. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 667 
 
 the 8t. Lawrence. 
 
 The Britlnh resolve on vigorous War. Blockade of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. The Blockadlnt; Squadron, 
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 " She comes I the proud Invader comei 
 To waste onr country, spoil car homes i 
 To lay our tovr and cities low, 
 And bid our mothers' tears to flow ; 
 Our wives lament, our orphans weep- 
 To seize the empire of the deep 1"— A»arB tTuPHBAViu.E. 
 
 ASTISE THE Americans into submission ! was the fiat of the 
 British Cabinet at the close of 1812, and it was determined to 
 send out a land and naval force sufficient to do it. It was evi- 
 dc'it that efforts such as have been recorded in preceding chap- 
 ters would be made by the Americans for the invasion and con- 
 quest of Canada, and that the successes achieved by them on 
 the ocean would stimulate them to the performance of more 
 daring exploits on the waves which Britannia claimed to rule. 
 These efforts must be met, and Great Britain put forth her strength for the purpose. 
 It was determined to blockade and desolate the coasts of the United States, lay waste 
 their sea-port towns, destroy their dock-yards, and thus not only endeavor to divert 
 tiieir military strength from the Canada frontier, but destroy the centres of their co?n- 
 incrcial and naval power, dispirit the people, intensify the domestic resistance to the 
 tartlier prosecution of the war, and secure the absolute submission of the nation to 
 British insolence and greed. Admiral Warren's fleet in American waters was re-en- 
 forced, and Sir Georjre Cockburn, a rear admiral in the British navy, and willing in- 
 strument in the accomplishment of work which honorable English commanders would 
 not soil their hands with, was made his second in command. lie was specially com- 
 missioned to wage a sort of amphibious and marauding warfare on the coasts, from 
 the Delaware River southward. 
 
 On 'he 2(5th of December, 1812, an order in Council declared the ports and harbors 
 in t'lG Ciiceapeake and Delaware Bays to be in a state of rigorous blockade. Soon 
 afterward additional ships of war and transports arrived at Be rmuda, bearing a con- 
 siderable land force, and well furnished with bomb-shelis pnd Congreve rockets, to be 
 used in the conflagration of sea-board towns.' A part of the land force consisted of 
 Fieiich prisonera of war, who preferred to engage in the British marine service to 
 risking indefinite confinement in Dartmoor Prison, in England. 
 
 The first appearance of blockading vessels was on the 4th of February," when 
 four 74-gun ships and several smaller armed veosels* entered the Virginia Capes 
 and bora up toward Hampton Roads. The fleet was under the command of Admiral 
 Cockburn (tvliose flag-ship was the Marlborovg/i), assisted by Commodore Beresford, 
 whose 5)ennant was over the Poictiers.^ They bore a land force of about eighteen 
 iiundred men, and were well >nipplied with small surf-boats for landing. Tb'ir ap- 
 ]Karance alarmed all lower Virginia, and the militia of the Peninsula and the region 
 about Norfolk were soon in motion. An order soon went out from the Secretary of 
 
 ' Ttla rocket is a very destructive si^ecles .)f flrc-work. Invented by Sir William CongreTC, an English artillery officer, 
 In 1804, and flrst used against Boulogne ip liOfi. The body of the machine Is cylindrical, and Ita hea>. conical. It is 
 Itlled with very inflammable materials, ou the combustion of nhich, as in the common sky-rocket, the body is impelled 
 I'llli continued accoleratlon. 
 
 ^ Afni»«)ro«^A, Admiral Ooc.kbnm ! DrojTOfi, Captain Berry ; /\)fc<i(T«,Coramiinder Beresford; and rict')Wot(«, Captain 
 Tilbot, were the T4>. These were accompanied by the A rnula, 44, Kerr ; Jitwn, 38, Kerr ; fStatira, S8, 8t«chi«)le ; MaU- 
 
 I'w, ,10, Bni iletl ; Kdviilera, 30, Byron : Sitrcimnts, 3i, Aylmer ; Laurittimus, 21, Gordon ; Tartartu, W, Pnt-to. Others 
 foon juiced these, making a very formidable fleet. ' Bee page 461. 
 
 • 1813. 
 
688 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 MBFcb 10, 
 1813. 
 
 Defeiuea ofNorfulk anJl Haroptca Konds. Discretion of the Blockaders. Patrlotlam on the Shores of Delaware But 
 
 the Treasury' for the extinguishment of ali the beacon-lights on the Ches- 
 apeake coast. 
 
 It was supposed that Hampton and Norfolk would be attacked. The latter plucp 
 was pretty well defended by fortifications which General Wade IIami)ton had caused 
 
 to be thrown up on Craney iHlaiul, five 
 miles below the city, under the superin- 
 tendence of Colonel Arm'-^tead. The 
 masters and mates of merchant vesstlR 
 in Norfolk harbor joined themselves iiito 
 volunteer military companies and jrarrj- 
 soned old Fort. Norfolk. The frigate 
 Constellation, 38, Captain Tarbelle, was 
 lying near, supported by a flotilla of gun- 
 boats. Old Point Comfort soon bristled 
 with bayonets ; and the British com- 
 manders thought it more prudent at that 
 time to destroy the small merchant craft 
 found in Chesapeake Bay than to enter 
 Hampton Roads. They did little more 
 than this for several weeks, when Com- 
 modore Beresford was sent, with the 
 iNTEmoB or OI.I. KOBT NOBFoi.K IN 1SB8. .PoictieTs, BclvicUra, and some smaller 
 
 vessels, to blockade the Delaware Bay and River, and teach the inhabitants along 
 their shores the duty of submission. He found his unwilling pupils very refractorv; 
 for when, on the 16th of March, he pointed the guns of the Poictiera toward the vil- 
 lage of Lewis, near Cape Henlopen, and said, in a note to " the first magistrate" of 
 that little town, " You must send me twenty live bullocks, with a proportionate quan- 
 tity of vegetables and hay, for the use of Lis Britannic majesty's squadron," oficring 
 to pay for them, but threatenhig, in the event of refusal, to destroy the place, the 
 " first magistrate" of Lewistown, and all the people, from Philadelphia to the sea, said 
 in substance, as they every where prepared for resistance, " We solemnly refuse \(\ 
 commit legal or moral treason at your command. Do your woist." They had hoard 
 of his coming, and had already, on both sides of the bay and river, assembled in armed 
 bodies at expected points of attack to repel the invaders. The spirit of the fatiier. 
 Avas aroused, some of whom, full of the fire of the flint, were yet abiding among thorn. 
 At Dover, on the Sabbath day, the drum beat to arms, and men of every denomina- 
 tion in politics and religion, to the number of almost five hundred, responded to the 
 call. Among the:n was Jonathan M'Nutt, an age-bent soldier of the Revolution, wlio 
 exchanged his staff for a musket and engaged in the drill. Pious Methodist as he 
 was, he did not regard the day as too holy for patriotic deeds, and he spent the whole 
 afternoon in making ball-cartridges.' This was the spirit every where manifested. 
 At Smyrna, New Castle, and Wilmington, the inhabitants turned out with spades or 
 
 muskets, prepared to cast up the earth for bat> 
 teries and trenches,^ or to be soldiers to meet the 
 foe. At the latter place, the venerable soldier of 
 the Revolution, Allan M'Lane, took the direction 
 of military aflTairs.^ The specie of the banks of 
 New Castle and Wilmington was sent to Philadelphia lor safety ; and in the latter 
 city Captain William Mitchell and his Independent liltees, and Captain Jacob H. Fis- 
 
 m 
 
 > Niles'i WeeUj) Begitler, W., 08. 
 
 • They erected a stronR work, to completely command the Chri«tiana Creek, at Wilmin^on, which was called Port 
 Union. It waa believed that It conld wlthatand any force that might approach It by water.— See SIceteh qf Military Oiur 
 oMoiM on tht Delaware during the lot* War. > Nilea'i Weekly BtgUUr, It., ^- 
 
 1^^ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 669 
 
 Tlie Britixh threaten and heiltate. 
 
 Attack on MwUtown. 
 
 Cockbnrn'B Operations. 
 
 ler ami his Junior Artillerists, formed in three days for the occasion, volunteered to 
 j/arrisou Fort Mifflin. 
 
 Bercsford was astonished by the spirit of the people, and held the thundere of his 
 threat at bay for almost three weeks. Governor Ilaslet, in Jie mean time, summoned 
 the militia to the defense of the menaced town, and on his arrival at Lewis on the 
 23d he reiterated the positive refusal of the inhabitants to furnish the invaders with 
 supplies, Bcresford continued to tlireaten and hesitate ; but at length, on the even- 
 ing of the 6th of April, ho sent Captain Byroti, with the Belvidera and smaller ves- 
 sels, to attack the village. They drew near, and the Belvidera sent several heavy 
 louiicl-shot into the town. These were followed by a flag of truce, bearing from By- 
 ioi> a renewal of the requisition. It was answered by Colonel S. B. Davis, who com- 
 manded the militia. He repeated the refusal, when Byron sent a reply, in which he 
 expressed regret for the misery he should inflict on the women and children by a 
 horabardraent. " Colonel Davis is a gallant ofiicer, and has taken care of the ladies," 
 was the verbal answer. This correspondence was followed by a cannonade and bom- 
 liiuduient that was kept up for twenty-two hours. So spirited was the response of a 
 battiTy on an eminence, worked by Colonel Davis's militia, that the most dangerous 
 of the enemy's gun-boats was disabled, and its cannon silenced. Notwithstanding 
 tilt" British hurled full eight hundred of these eighteen and thirty-two pound shot 
 into tiie town, and many shells and Congreve rockets were sent, the damage inflicted 
 was not severe. The shells did not reach the village ; the rockets passed over it ; 
 l)ut the lieavy round shot injured several houses. No lives were lost. An ample 
 supply of powder was sent down from Dupont's, at Wilmington, while the enemy 
 supplied the balls. These fitted the American cannon, and a large numbtr oi" them 
 \si^\\' sent back with effect. • 
 
 On the afternoon of the 7 th the British attempted to land for the purpose of seiz- 
 ing live-stock in *.he neighborhood, but they were met at the verge of the water by 
 the spirited militia, and driven back to their ships. For a month the squadron lin- 
 sioreil, and then, dropping down to Newbold's Ponds, seven miles below Lewistown, 
 boats filled with armed men Averc sent on shoi-e to obtain a supply of water. Col- 
 onel Davis immediate. y detached Major George II. Hunter with a few men, who 
 drove them back to the ships. Failing to obtain any supplies on the sliorcs of the 
 Delaware, the little blockading squadron sailed for Bermuda, where Admiral Warren 
 was fitting out re-enforgements for his fleet in the American waters. 
 
 The blockaders within the Capes of Virginia were very busy in the mean time. 
 The fleet was under the command of Admiral Cockburn, and took chief position in 
 Lynn Haven Bay.^ He continually sent out marauding expeditions along the shoces 
 of the Chesapeake, who plundered and burnt fann-houses, carried off negroes and 
 armed them against their masters, and seized live-stock wherever it could be found. 
 The country exposed to these depredations was extensive and sparsely settled, and 
 it was diflicult to concentrate a military force at one point in sufficient time to be 
 effective against the marauders. In some instances they were severely punished, but 
 these were rare. 
 
 More felicitous and more honorable exploits were sometimes undertaken by the 
 blopkaders under Cockburn. On the 3d of April 
 a tlotilla of a dozen armed boats from the Brit- /^ /x y^ ^f 
 i«h fleet, under Lieutenant Polkingthomo, of the L^ ,/r '^ ^^'t^'i/^ ^ 
 at.Dominffo, 74, entered the month of the Rappa- 
 hannock River, and attacked the Baltimore pri- 
 vateer /)o/;)A?*m, 10, Captain Stafford, and three armed schooners prepared to sail for 
 France. The assault was unexpected and fierce. The three smaller vessels were 
 soon taken, but the struggle for the Dolphin was severe, i^he was finally boarded, 
 
 > NUet'a WteOy BtgiUtr, iv., 118. 
 
 > See page IIMI. 
 
 i^ii 
 
 ^^^Hlitl 
 
 ; ^^^Hi ! , 
 
i nil 
 
 610 
 
 PICTORIAI< FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Cockbarn's OealreH reitraiued by Fear. 
 
 The Brltlih capture Frenchtown. 
 
 Havre de Grace -hrcatened. 
 
 and for fifteen minutes the contest raged fearfully on her deck. Overpowered by 
 numbers, Captain Staftbrd was compelled to submit.' Li this affair the loss \vas 
 much heavier on the British than on the American side. No official account of tlu- 
 casualties were ever given by either party, but contemporary writers agree that the 
 capture of the Dolphin cost the victors many lives. 
 
 Emboldened by this success, Cockburn resolved to engage in still more ambitious 
 adventures. He thought of attacking Annapolis and Baltimore, and even dreumi'd 
 of the glory and renown of penetrating the country forty or fifty miles and destroy- 
 ing the national capital. Prudence restrained obedience to his desires. His friends 
 among the " Peace men" of Baltimore doubtless informed him that the vigilance of 
 the people of that city, under the eye of the veteran General Smith, was sleepless; 
 that look-out boats were far down the Patapsco ; that riflemen and horsemen were 
 stationed along the shores of the river and bay ; that Fort M'llenry was beiiif; 
 strengthened by the mounting of thirty-two-pounders ; that the City Brigade num- 
 bered almost two thousand men; and that an equal number of volunteers for the de- 
 fense of the place were within trumpet-call. He wisely concluded to pass by tlio po- 
 litical and commercial capitals of Maryland, and fall upon weaker objects. Witli a 
 large force he menaced Baltimore as a feint on the 16th of April, and on the 29th, 
 with the brigs FmUome and Mohaick, and tenders Dolphin, Racer, and IRghflyer,\[Q 
 entered Elk River, toward the head of Chesapeake Bay, and proceeded to destroy 
 Fienchtown, on the Delaware shore. It was a village of about a dozen buildings, 
 composed of dwellings, store-houses, and stables. The blockading vessels had driven 
 the trade between Philadelphia and Baltimore from the ordinary line of water-travel, 
 and this place had become an important entrepOt of traflic between the two cities. 
 
 Admiral Cockburn made the Fantotne his flag-ship, and sent First Lieutenant West- 
 phali, of the Marlborough, with about four hundred armed men in boats, to destrov 
 the public and private property at Frenchtown. The only defenders were quite a 
 large number of drivei-s of stages and transportation wagons who were assembled 
 there, and a few militia who came down from Elkton. The former gan-isoned tiie re- 
 doubt, which had just been erected, upon which lay three iron four-pounders, first 
 used in the old War for Independence. They fought manfully, but were compelloil 
 to retire before overwhelming numbers. The store-houses were plundered and burnt, 
 but no dwelling was injured. The women and children were treated with respect. 
 Property on land to the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars was consumed, and 
 on the water five small trading-vessels.' This incendiary work accomplished, the in- 
 vaders withdrew, and on the Fantonie, the following day. Sir George wrote an ac- 
 count of the affair to Admiral Warren, taking care to assure that humane commander 
 that he was following out his orders in giving a receipt for property taken from non- 
 combatants. 
 
 Havre de Grace, near the mouth of the Susquehanna River, was the marauding 
 knight's next object for visitation. It was a small town, two miles up from the head 
 of Chesapeake Bay, and contained about sixty houses, built mostly of wood. It was 
 on the post-road between Philadelphia and Baltimore, as it now is upon the railway 
 between the two cities. For some time the enemy had been expected there, not be- 
 cause there were stores or any other seductions for him, but because the love of plun- 
 der and wanton destruction appeared to be Cockbuni's animating spirit. Several 
 companies of militia had been sent to the vicinity; and upon the hi^^h bank of tlie 
 
 > NIles'B Weeldy Regitter, It., 119. 
 
 » Nlles's Waikly RegUter, iv., 104. A letter In The. War (I., 196) enyg : " On their arrival at the Stage Tavern, which wu 
 nearest their landing, the British otHcer told th<! landlady not to be ft-ighteued, ai they woald not hnrt her or her prop- 
 erty, and ordered eomethinf; to regale himneir. Soon afterward some nnder officers came la and said they had poswfion 
 of the stores, and asked what they should do with them. The officer replied that if there was any thing they w«iitf<l 
 they might take It and then bum the hojses. In a few minutes every British sailor was rigged In an American mi 
 form, after which they set the stores on flre, and consumed them and all the goods In them to a consldernble araonnt * 
 A greater portion of the merchandise consumed was private property. 
 
 IIMf »{ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 671 
 
 I OTKce '.hTcatened. 
 
 Prep*ratioDi for the luvndcra at Havre de Qrace. Cockbnm agsalls the Village, Flight of the Inhabitant*. 
 
 river, just below the village, near the site of the present (1867) iron-works of Whitta. 
 ker A ^o., a battery was erected, on which one eighteen-pounder and two nine-pound- 
 ers were mounted. This, for reasons unexplained, was called the "Potat-^ Battery." 
 On the lower, or Concord Poin* where the light-house now stands, was a smaller bat- 
 terv and both were manned by militia exempts. Patrols watt'hed the shores all the 
 way to the Bay looking for the enemy, and for about three weeks this vigilance was 
 nnslunibering. The enemy did not appear. All alarm subsided ; and the spirit that 
 brought out armed men began to flag. Some returned home, and'apathy was the rule. 
 Cockburn was informed of this state of things at Havre de Grace, and prepared to 
 fall ujwn the unsuspecting villagers on the night of the Ist of May. A deserter car- 
 ried intelligence of his intentions to the town, and the entire neighborhood was speed- 
 ily aroused. The women and children were carried to places of safety, and about 
 two hundred and fifty militia were soon again at their posts. But Cockburn did not 
 come. He purposely lulled them into repobo by a postponement of the attack. The 
 deserter's story was disbelieved. It was thought to be a false alarm. What is there 
 to call the British here ? common sagacity queried. Tlie militia again became dis- 
 organized, and many of them rctumed home. 
 
 On the night of the 2d of May there was perfect quiet in Havre de Grace. The 
 inhabitants went to sleep more peacefully than they had done for a month. They 
 were suddenly awakened at dawn by the din of arms. It was a beautiful serene 
 morning; "not a cloud in the sky nor a ripple on the water," said the venerable Mr. 
 Howtell, of Havre do Grace, to me, in the autumn of 1861, as we stood upon the site 
 of the "Potato Battery." He was there at the time, and participated in the scenes, 
 p'iftecn to twenty barges, filled with British troops, were discovered approaching 
 Concord Point, on which the light-house now stands. The guns on higher Point 
 
 Comfort, manned by a few lingering militia, oi)encd uj jn 
 them, and the^l• were returned by grapeshot from the "ue- 
 my's vessels. The drums in the village beat to arms. The 
 affrighted inhabitants, half dressed, rufhed t'^ the streets, the 
 non-combatants flying in terror to places of safety. The 
 confusion was cruel. It v, as increased by a flight of hissing 
 rockets, whi-^h set houses in flames. These were followed 
 by more destructive bomb-shells ; and while the panic and 
 the f.re were raging in the town, the enemy landed. A 
 iitrong party debarked in i>e cove by the present light- 
 house, captured the small battery tliere, and pressed forward 
 to seize the larger one. All but eight or ten of the militia 
 had fled from the village ; and John O'Neil, a brave Irish- 
 man, and Philip Albert, alone remained at the battery. Al- 
 
 & 
 
 '>■ r- 
 
 4 
 
 i*^ 
 
 ":'^;«a<^ 
 
 •0iL-'r*'mmm-' 
 
 LAjmiNO-ptAOB nr thi UKinsn. 
 
 bcrt was hurt, »nd O'Neil attempted to manage the heaviest gun alone. He loaded 
 and discharged it, when, by its recoil, his thigh was injured, and he was disabled. 
 'Fliey both hurried toward the town, and used their muskets until compelled to fly 
 ward the open common, near the Episcopal Church, pursued by a British horse- 
 
 hJ 
 
liiiiifl 
 
 W8 
 
 I'lCTOKIAL FlELD-l'OOK 
 
 Luic .u-£ p' ;ti«> British at Havre de Qrace. 
 
 Their cmel Couduct. 
 
 Ueatnictluu of private Projiertj. 
 
 mfvii. There O'Neil was captured, but Albert escaped. The brave Irishman was 
 
 carried on board the frigate Maidstone, and in the course of a few days was set at 
 
 liberty. 
 The guns of the captured battery were turned upon the town, and added to tho 
 
 destruction. A greater portion of the enemy (almost foi;r hundred in number) went 
 
 up to the site of the present railway ferry lauding, and debarked there. They rn.slied 
 
 up to the open common, separated into squads, and commenced plundering and de- 
 
 sti'oying systematically, officers aud men entering into the business with equal alac 
 
 rity.> Finally, when at least 
 one half of the villaj;;(' had 
 been destroyed, Cockliurn, 
 the instigator of tlie erinie 
 went on shore, and was met 
 on the common by several 
 ladies who had taken refucc 
 in an elegant brick liouso, 
 some distance from the vil- 
 lage, known as the Piingle 
 manhion. They entreated 
 him to spare the remainder 
 of the village, and especially 
 the roof that sheltered thcra, 
 He yielded with reluctance, 
 and at length gave an order 
 for a stay of the plundering.* 
 Meanwhile a large detacii- 
 ment of the enemy went up 
 
 the Susquehanna about six miles, to the head of tide-water, and there destroyed tlie 
 
 extensive iron-works and cannon foundery 
 
 belonging to Colonel Hughes. A number 
 
 of vessels that had escaped from the Bay 
 
 and were anchored there were saved from 
 
 the flames by being sunk. At a point be- 
 low, Stump's large Warehouse was burnt. 
 
 Finally, when all possible mischief had 
 
 been achieved along the river bank — wlien 
 
 farm-houses had been plundered and burnt 
 
 a long distance on the Baltimore road — 
 
 when, after the lapse of four houn?, forty 
 
 of the sixty hovises in the village had been 
 
 destroyed, and nearly all the remainder of 
 
 the edifices, except the Episcopal Church,^ 
 
 were more or less injured, the marauders 
 
 assembled in their vessels in the stream. 
 
 TUE PBIMULK UOC8E. 
 
 SPISOOPAaitOIItrBOH. 
 
 > The late Jared Spark?, LL.D., was on eye-witness of the conduct of the maranders, and has left on record, in tbr 
 North American Hevieu) (July, ISIT), an account of real barbarities committed by them ; and William Clmrlcs, the car 
 caturlst, perpetuated their cmeitles and robberies with bis pencil. A few of the British ofiicers, who did not eharsiu 
 the spirit of Cockbiim, remonstrated, but In vain. 
 
 » Among those who took shelter there were the wife of Commodore Rodgers, Mrs. William Plnkncy, and Mm. Golds- 
 borough. The latter begged the ofBcer who lind been sent np with a detachment to bum Mr. Pringle's house to simr 
 it, for nhe had an aged mother In It. He replied that his orders were from Admiral Cockbnm himself, and that she niii»i 
 gee him. This was the occasion of the deputation of women meeting hira on the common. >^en they returned ito 
 house was on flre,«nd mka were leaving it with .plunder. By great exertions the flames were extlnguiiihed. Sucb ms 
 the statement of a lady living near to her brother In Baltimore, published in Niles'siZciTistn-, iv.,l()S. She mentionssef- 
 ernl instances of vandalism. 
 
 ' This building is of brick, and gtanda on the comer of Union Street and Congress Avenue. It was two stories i; 
 
1 of private Propcrtj. 
 
 he. It WM two stories Ip 
 
 OF THE WAR OV 1813. 
 
 678 
 
 AVWt to Havre Ue Orace. 
 
 Ulatortcal LocalitleB there. 
 
 John O'Neill, hli 8word and Dwelliug, 
 
 and at sunset sailed out into the Bay to pay a similar visit to villages on the Sassa- 
 fras River.' Havre de Grace was at least sixty thousand doUarH poorer when they 
 left than when they came twelve hours before. 
 
 It was a sunny but blustery day" when I visited Havre de Grace and • November w, 
 the scenes around it, made memorable by its woes. I arrived in the ^^'• 
 
 cvt'iiiiig by railway from Baltimore, Avhere I hud spent three days in visiting the 
 battle-ground at North Point and other interesting places hereafter to be described. 
 The town was full of soldiers, many being stationed there to guard the ferry and 
 public property from the violence of the sympathizers with the rebels in Maryland. 
 The only hotel in the place was entirely filled with lodgers, and private houses were 
 in like condition. The prospect for a night's repose was unpromising. For myself, 
 f. settee or an easy-ohair might have sufficed ; but I had a traveling companion (a young 
 woman and near relative) who required better accommodations. The obliging pro- 
 prietor of the hotel, after much eftbrt, succeeded in placing ub in the unoccupied fur- 
 nished house of his son-in-law, wh"ve we -^assed a dreary night, the windows of my 
 room clattering continually at the oiddin^, of" the gusty wind. Early the next morn- 
 ing I went out, in search of celebrities, and, after sketching the old resideuc e of Com- 
 modore Kodgers, printed on page 182, 1 fortunately fell in with Mr. Ilowtell, already 
 mentioned, who became my cicerone. Under his direction I was enabled 
 to fiud every piace sought after. 
 
 While sketching the landing-place of the British near the light-house 
 (page 671), the keeper of the pharos came to know my business. He was 
 an aged man, and I soon discovered that he was one of the oldest resi- 
 dents of the place, having been a half-grown boy at the time of the Brit- 
 ish visitation. " Did you know John O'Neil, who behaved so gallantly at 
 the Potato Battery ?" I asked. " I ought to," he replied, " for he was my 
 father." Caii you tell me any thing about the sword presented to him by 
 the authorities of Philadelphia for his bravery on that occasion ?" I in- 
 quired. " If you will go with me to the house," he replied, " it will speak 
 for itself." When I had finished my sketch of the weather-beaten light- 
 house (from which most of the stucco had been abraded) and the cove, 
 with the distant Turkey Point, Spesutia Island, and the Maryland main 
 on the right, I followed Mr. O'Neil to his little cottage near by, and there 
 not only saw and sketched the honorary sword, but from the brave John 
 O'Neil's own family Bible obtained a few ficts concerning his personal 
 history. He was born In Ireland on the 23d of November, 1 768, and came 
 to America at the age of eighteen years. He was in the military service 
 under General Harry Lee in quelling the Whisky Insurrection in Western 
 Pennsylvania, and in 1798 entered the naval service against the French. 
 He became an extensive nail-maker at Havre de Grape, sometimes em- 
 ploying as many as twenty men. The destruction oithe place ruined his 
 business. When the present light-house was built on Concord Point in 
 1829 he became its keeper; and on the 26th of January, 1838, he died in 
 the house where his son and successor resides. The sword had a hand- 
 somely-ornamented gilt scabbard, on which was the following inscription : 
 "Presented to the gallant John O'Neil fob hib valor at Havkb 
 DE Grace, by Philadelphia — 1813." In Charles's caricature just men- 
 tioned, a British officer, who has arrested the bold cannonier and con- 
 
 JOHH O'nEIL'B 
 aWOKD, 
 
 hclsht at the time of the destmctlon of Havre de Grace. Between thirty and forty years ago It was fired by a lightning 
 ftrtikt and partially consamed. The aqnare apaces in the walls over the windows show the lower portions of the old 
 windawa In the aecond story. Althongh the British did not apply the torch to the chnrch, they amused themselves by 
 hnrllnir atones throneh the windows. 
 
 ' Tn the alTair at Havre de Grace the Americans lost one man (Mr, Webster), killed by a rocket. The British lost three 
 kUled oud two wounded. 
 
 Uu 
 
 
 
e74 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 'Tjn.-:OTi 
 
 
 "4<fff^ 
 
 
 '31* 
 
 I vMMmI 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 'M' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 The " Pringle Iloau." Iti Owner sVoternu of tbe War. PInudor aud Ueatructlon of Villages bjr Cockbum 
 
 fronts him, is made to say, "I tell you what, Mr. O'Neil, you are certainly a bravo 
 fellow, but as a prisoner of war must go on board with us." Tliey did not kcoj) him 
 long, for on the 10th, seven days after his capture, he wrote to a friend in Baltiniorc 
 saying, " I was carried on board the Maidstone frigate, where I remained until re- 
 leased three days since." Ills letter opened with the quaint sentence," No doubt bi- 
 fore this you have heard of my defeat /" and this was followed by a brief narrutivi. 
 of the affair. 
 
 Toward noon I rode up to the " Pringle House," the residence of the Honorable 
 Elisha Lewis, who had just been elected a member of the State Legislature by the 
 Unionists of his district. His estate is called Bloomsbury, an old English title, ami 
 contains six hundred acres of land, with a front of a mile on Chesapeake Bay. When 
 the mansion was built in 1808 by Mark Pringle, a wealthy Baltimore merchant, ii 
 was the finest country residence in the state, and even when I visited it few rivale(l 
 it either in appearance or comfort. It stood upon an eminence overlooking Ilavie dc 
 Grace, the Susquehanna River, and Chesapeake Bay. It was very large, and sub- 
 stantially built of pressed brick. Mr. Lewis was one of the brave defenders of Balti- 
 more in 1814, when that city was threatened by General Ross and his army Hf 
 served as a volunteer sergeant in Captain Perring's company. Twenty-seventh Rofri- 
 ment — the brave Twenty-seventh — Maryland 3Iilitia, which did such gallant service 
 in the battle of North Point, His gun was disabled by a shot through the stock, 
 when he took the musket of a slain companion by his side, and continued the hAw. 
 Founder of a commercial house in Baltimore, he was engaged thirty years in trade, 
 and passed much of his time in England. For sixteen years he had been enjoyin,' 
 the quiet of country life. 
 
 After spending an hour pleasantly at Bloomsbury I rode back to the village, and 
 to the quarters of Colonel Rodgers, son of the commodore, who was then raising a 
 Maryland regiment for the war. At half past three we left Havre de Grace, and weiv 
 with friends in Philadelphia in time for suppc* 
 
 Let us resume the historical narrative. 
 
 Cockburn and his marauders went up the Sassafras River, that separates Cecil and 
 Kent Counties, Maryland, and attacked the villages of Fredericktown and George- 
 town, lying on opposite banks of that stream, about eleven miles from its mouth, 
 The former is in Cecil County, the latter in Kent County. Both of them at tliat 
 time, and especially Georgetown, had a flourishing trade with Baltimore. Those vil- 
 lages contained from forty to fifty houses each, and at Fredericktown several small 
 vessels that had run up from the bay for shelter were moored. 
 
 It was on the 6th of May, a warm and beautiful morning, that Cockburn, with six 
 hundred men, in eighteen barges, went up the Sassafras. He first visited Frederick- 
 town, on the northern shore of the stream. Less than one hundred militiamen, under 
 Colonel Veazy, were there, with a little breastwork, and a small cannon to defend it. 
 When the enemy opened his great guns all but thirty-five of them fled. With these 
 Veazy made stout resistance, but was compelled to retire. The marauders landed, 
 and the entreaties of the women to spare the town, especially the more humble dwell- 
 ings of the poor, were answered by oaths and coarse jests and the application of the 
 fire-brand. The store-houses, the vessels, and the beautiful village were set in flames 
 after the invaders were glutted with plunder. The marauders then crossed over to 
 Georgetown, and served it in the same way. So delighted was Cockburn with his 
 success in plundering and destroying unprotected towns, that, with characteristic 
 swagger, he declared he should not be satisfied until he had burned every building in 
 Baltimore, 
 
 After having plundered and destroyed these quiet villages, and despoiled them of 
 an aggregate of at least seventy thousand dollars, Cockburn and his pirates returned 
 to their ships. This kind of warfare, so disgraceful to a civilized government, created 
 
^m 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 e7» 
 
 >f Villages b; Cuckbuni. 
 
 certainly a hravc 
 did not keep him 
 end in Baltimore, 
 eniained until re- 
 ce, " No doubt W- 
 r a brief narrutivi' 
 
 of the Honorable 
 jegislature by the 
 
 English title, and 
 icake Bay. When 
 more merchant, 'n, 
 lited it few rivaled 
 srlooking Havre df 
 ry large, and sub- 
 defenders of Bait i- 
 ,nd his army. ]h 
 enty-seventh Recti- 
 ich gallant service 
 through the stock, 
 ontinucd the fight. 
 rty years in trade, 
 had been enjoyin;; 
 
 to the village, ami 
 was then raising u 
 de Grace, and were 
 
 leparates Cecil and 
 town and George- 
 .es from its moutii. 
 th of them at timt 
 timore. These vil- 
 town several small 
 
 ICockbum, with si-x 
 It visited Frederick- 
 militiamen, under 
 lannon to defend it. 
 fled. With these 
 marauders landed, 
 tore humble d well- 
 application of the 
 w^ere set in flames 
 len crossed over to 
 ICockburn with his 
 with characteristic 
 d every building in 
 
 despoiled them of 
 lis pirates returned 
 lovernment, created 
 
 The blockadlDg Korcc itreuKtheued. 
 
 Nurfulk meiuiced. 
 
 Stirring Hcenet In Ukinptoii Koadi'. 
 
 the most intense liatred of the enemy, and uroused a war spirit throughout the land 
 that for a time appalled the cowardly " Peace Party," and nearly silenced the nows- 
 papci-H in their interest. 
 
 On the 20th of May a British order in Council extended the blockade to New York 
 and all the Southern ports ; and on the Ist of June Admiral Warren entered the Ches- 
 apeake with a considerable naval re-enforcement for Cockburn and Beresford, bearing 
 a large number of land troops and marines under the command of Sir Sidney Beck- 
 with. The British force now collected within the Capes of Virguiia consisted of eight 
 ships of the line, twelve frigates, and a considerable number of smaller vessels, and it 
 was evident that some more important point than defenseless villages would be the 
 next object of attack. The citizens of Baltimore, Annapolis, and Norfolk were equally 
 menaced, but when, ak the middle of June," three British frigates entered 
 Hampton Itoads, and sent their boats up the James Kiver to destroy some 
 small American vessels there and pluhd<u' the inhabitants, it was evident that Nor- 
 folk would be the first point of attack. The Constellatioti^ and a flotilla of twenty 
 i»un-bottts, as well as Forts. Norfolk and Nelson (one on each side of the Elizabeth 
 kiver), and Forts Tar and Barbour,'- and the fortifications on Craney Island, were all 
 
 ' 1813. 
 
 <Si.^''-^«!'^^<__ 
 
 UK.NEKAL VIEW OF OKAHKY I8LAMU. 
 
 put in the best state of defense possible; while Commodore Cassin, then in commanr' 
 of the station, ordered Captain Tarbell to organize an expedition for the capti.. :> '^f 
 the frigate that lay at anchor at the nearest distance from Norftlk. 
 
 Toward midnight on Saturday, the 19th of June,*" Captain Tarbell, with 
 fifteen gun-boats, descended the Elizabeth River in two divisions, one under 
 Lieutenant J. M. Gardner, and the other under Lieutenant Robert G. Henley. Fifteen 
 volunteer sharp-shooters from Craney Isl- ^^--^ 
 
 and were added to the crews of the boats. -^-"^'^ 
 
 Because of head winds the flotilla did not .^^^i/^ c/co^f^, 
 
 approach the nearest vossel until half 
 past three in the morning. She lay about 
 three miles from the others, and under 
 cover of the darkness just before daylight, and a heavy fog, the Americans approached 
 within easy range of the vessel without being discovered. At four o'clock Tarbell 
 opened fire upon her. She was taken by sui"prise, and her response was so feeble and 
 irregular that a panic on board was indicated. The wind was too light to fill her 
 sails, while the gun-boats, managed by sweeps, had every advantage. They were 
 formed in crescent shape, and during a conflict of half an hour Tarbell was contin- 
 ually cheered by sure promises of victory. It was snatched from his hand by a breeze 
 that suddenly sprung up from the north-northeast, which enabled the two frigates 
 anchored below to come up to the assistance of the assailed vessel, supposed to be 
 
 > Daring the spring efforts had been made by officers of the British blockading sqaadron to capture the CenfteUation, 
 then in command of the now (186T) renerable Admiral Stewart Some stirring events bad occnned in connection with 
 these efforts. 
 
 > Fort Tar was a small redoubt south of Armistead's Bridge. Fort Barbour was east of Church Street and south of 
 the Princess Anne Road. These were to defend the land-side approaches of the enemy. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 H^^^^^^^^H 
 
 
 h l« 
 
 670 
 
 I'ICTUUIAL FIKLD-UOOK 
 
 Hklnnlih In Utmptua Road*. 
 
 A Brltlvb FlMt eotan tb* Roada. 
 
 Admiral Dhobrlek'i pobllc Lib. 
 
 S^^m^ 
 
 tho Junon, 3H, Captain SiuiderR. Thcftc opened a 
 
 Hcvori) {'amionade on i\\v, Hotillu, and tho Aiiiofi- 
 
 cans were obligi'd to Imiil of!'. jVh tliey retired in 
 
 go()<l order, they kept up a tiro on tho liritish ves- 
 
 Bcla for almost an hour.' Tlioy damaged their 
 
 cnomy Heriously, while Home of tiieir own boats 
 
 were ba<lly bruised. Master's Mate Allison was 
 
 killed, and two seamen were slightly wounded. Tlioso composed tho entire Ionh of 
 
 the Americans, llow mueh the liritish seamen suft'ered is not known. 
 
 This attack brouglit matters to n cri- 
 sis. Kft'ortH for the capture of Norfolk 
 with its fortilicartons, tlie armed vcswis 
 there, and tho navy yard, were iiniiic- 
 diately made by the British admiml. 
 The cannonade had been diHtincily 
 heard, and *vitli the very next tide aft- 
 er tho conflict on that foc^gy Suiidnv 
 morning fourteen of the enemy'H ves- 
 sels entered the Koads, ascended to tli« 
 m^uth of tho JanicH River, and took 
 position between tlie point called Xcw- 
 j)ort-Newce and Pig Point, at the mouth 
 of the Nanseniond. These vcHsels 1 ad 
 on board the One Hundred and Socoiul 
 Regiment of British Infantry, the hoy- 
 al Marino Brigade, and two companies 
 of French volunteer prisoners, who, in 
 compliment to their language, Merc 
 called Chasseurs Jirita.mques. These 
 /^ ^ t^^ J y^ - ^f"if^ troops were 
 
 /y/// ^ y J // y ^y commanded by Gen- 
 
 (i>^J>V y^4>»i.^^^^^7->/^>4.^^^ eral Sir Sidney Beck- 
 
 ^ Avith, asfiisted hy 
 
 1 In tbtfl affair Llentenaut (uuw Admiral) W. B. Shubrick performed a gallant part. I was Informed by Commodore 
 Tattnall tliat after the engagement had conttn> ii. about an hour Captain Tarbell made general signal to withdraw frum 
 the contest. The boat commanded by Sbubrick at that time happened to be nenreat the enemy, and that brave yuuiig 
 ofBcer, then twenty-three years of nge, satisfied that a few more shots would damage the enemy, obeyed the order vcrj 
 slowly, and continued to l)1aze away at the frigate. This caused the concentration of the enemy's Are upon his «iDglc 
 boat. Still be moved off slowly, tiring on his retreat, until a signal made specially for him directed him to leave, and 
 take In tow a disabled gun-boat. This he did without losing a man.— A'otes of Convtrmtion with Commodore Tattnall in 
 Julij, IMO. 
 
 William Branford Sbubrick was bom near Charleston, South Carolina, on the Blst of October, 1790. He was at tchool 
 in New England about three years, from his twelfth to his fifteenth year, the latter part of the time In Harvard Univer- 
 sity, from which he was called home, and In Charleston wan Instructed In the science of navigation. In June, ISOC, lie 
 entered the navy as midshipman, but continued his studies until 180T, when he Joined the sloop of war Wasp at Norfolk. 
 She left that port about three days before the attack of the Leopard on the Chemptake. He was actively engaged in 
 service until the war broke out, when be made a cruise In the Hornet with Commander Lawrence, when he was traat 
 fbrred to the ConsleUation, then under the command of the now venerable Admiral Stewart. He then bore the conimlB- 
 elon of u lieutenant. He behaved gallantly In the attack on the Junon and In the defense of Craney Island. After thai 
 he followed Stewart to the Conntitution, and In that vessel he served until the close of the war, always taking an nciive 
 part li her brilliant conduct. Pursuant to a resolution of Congress (February 22, 1S16), he received a silver medal as one 
 of Stewart's officers. In 1834 the Legislature of South Carolina presented him with an elegant sword In testimony of 
 their appreciation of his gallant services In the ConaHtutimi when she captured the Cjiane and T^ant. He was acting 
 first lieutenant during her remarkable escape ft'om the British squadron, hereafter to be recorded in these page). M 
 the close of the war he was commissioned first lieutenant, and In the Wa»hinttton, 74, under Chauncey's flag, he crulred 
 In the Mediterranean. He was promoted to master commandant In 1820 Eleven years later, after several wdl-con- 
 dncted cruises, he was promoted to captain, and until 1838 was engaged In service on shore. He was afloat again in 
 1888 as commander of a squadron In the West Indies. In 1846, on the breaking out of the war with Mexico, he was «i- 
 signed to the command of a squadron In the Pacific, and actively participated In events there. In 1863 be was In com- 
 mand of a squadron on our Eastern coast for the protection of the fisheries, an Important and delicate duty. In 1888 he 
 commanded a powerhil squadron sent to demand satisfaction for Injuries trom the government of Paraguay, and having 
 dlacretionar; power to commence hostilities should that satisfaction not be made to the United States Commluiunert. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 677 
 
 linbrlek'i pabltc LIfc. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 VliiloU Mllttta OMtf Nurfolk. 
 
 Orutjr UlMd. 
 
 American Kurcei than. 
 
 Ganarkl Taylor. 
 
 ^ 
 
 u> ciitiro lo«» of 
 
 n. 
 
 timttprs to a cri- 
 
 )ture of Norfolk, 
 
 ,lu) armed vcsseU 
 
 iml, were iinmc- 
 
 IJritish lulmiriil. 
 
 been distinetly 
 ?ry next tide aft- 
 it foggy Suiidiiy 
 tlie cnemy'H vcs- 
 s, iiHceiuled to tli" 
 
 Uiver, and \mV 
 point called Now- 
 'oint, at the mouth 
 These veHselH 1 iid 
 ndred and Sccaml 
 [nfantry, the U.'y- 
 id two companies 
 
 prisoners, who, in 
 r language, were 
 ta.'niqucs. Tiicso 
 lid troops wi'ie 
 mmanded by Gen- 
 ial Sir Sidney Beck- 
 
 th, assisted by 
 
 Informed by Commodore 
 Ll s\gDa\ to withdraw from 
 [ny, nnd that brave young 
 Ly, obeyed the ordir verj 
 Vmy's Are upon his single 
 jllrected him to leave, and 
 ith Commodore Tattnall in 
 
 If, 1190. He was at Khool 
 I time In nar>'ard Unlvcr. 
 Igatlon. In Jiiiic,18«i,lic 
 p of war Wtup at Norfolk. 
 I was actively engaged in 
 ence, when he was trans- 
 lie then bore the commlB- 
 praney Island. After thai 
 i, always taking an active 
 lived a silver medal as one 
 IntBWordlntcBtlmonyot 
 Id /-want. He was acting 
 lirded In these pages. At 
 Ihanncey'sflag.UecmW 
 ler, after several wclkon- 
 1 He was afloat again in 
 Ir with Mexico, he was u- 
 \ In 1868 he was In com- 
 J delicate dnty. inmit 
 It of Paraguay, and having 
 led Stales Commtalonen. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Napier and other eminent leaden. The whole force of the one- 
 iiiy, iiii'luding sailors, was about five thousand men. 
 
 Jiiines Harbour was tlicn (Jovernor of Virginia. lie was patriotic and active, and 
 by untiring energy ho had nssenibled several thousand militia. A large portion of 
 tlii'Kt", with some United States regulars untler Captain I'olliird, were at old Fort Nor- 
 folk mill vicinity. They had been <lrawn chiefly from the coast districts most iinme- 
 (liatt'ly menaced by the enemy. Tim governor had been zealously seconded in Ids 
 oD'orts by the Richmond press and leading provincial journals, who, as usual, a]^)ealed 
 voiiiinently to state pride. The appeal was eifectual, and gallant men flocked to the 
 standard of their common country. 
 
 C'rancy Island, then in shape like a ])ainter'H pallet, and rising a few feet aVwve the 
 water, was separated from the main by a strait that was fordable at low or half tide. 
 Across this a temjiorary foot-bridge had been constructed, which led to Stringer's 
 faini-house. The island at that time contained about thirty acres of land. On the 
 southuastern side of it, and commanding the shij) channel, were intrenchments, on 
 which two 24, one 1 8, and four pound cannon were planted. These formed the 
 most remote outpost of Norfolk, and were the key to the harbor. The defense of this 
 island was demanded by stem necessity, and to that end the efforts of the leaders 
 in that vicinity were directed. The chief 
 of these was Brigadier General Robert B. 
 Taylor, the commanding officer of the dis- 
 tiict. Tlie whole available force on the 
 island when the British entered Hampton 
 Roads consisted of two companies of ar- 
 tillery from Portsmouth, led by Captains 
 Emerson and Richardson, under the com- 
 mand of Major James Faulkner, of the Vir- 
 ginia State Artillery; Captain Roberts's 
 company of riflemen ; and four hundred 
 and sixteen militia infantry of the line, 
 commanded by Lieutenant Cclonel Henry 
 Bcatty, assisted by Major Andrew Wag- 
 goner. These were so situated that, if 
 attacked and overpowered, they had no 
 means for escape, and yet, as one of the 
 newspapers of the day said, they were 
 " all cool and collected, rather wislung the 
 attack." 
 
 On the arrival of General Taylor^ at 
 Norfolk he perceived the necessity of re- 
 enforcing the troops on Craney Island, 
 
 President Lopez compiled with the demand, and he returned in 1850. Before leaving he visited General Urqulza, Pres- 
 ident of the Argentine Republic, who presented him with a splendid sword. The United States Congress by Joint res- 
 olution authorized him to accept it. This closed his sen service, In which he has held every rank and ezercli<cd every 
 command, from midshipman to rear admiral. He has aliio performed faithful shore service of every kind pertaining to 
 his rank. lie has commanded three different navy yards, and held two bureaus In the Navy Department. He has been 
 chairman of the Light-bouse Board since Its establishment In 18S3, and In a service of over sixty-one years has been 
 only six years and eight months unemployed. His father was an officer of the Revolution. 
 
 ' Robert Barnard Taylor was an eminent man. He was bom on the -/0th of March, 1TT4, and wab educated at Wil- 
 liam nud Mary College, Williamsburg. He studied law with Judge Marshall, and was associated at the bar with Wil- 
 liam Wirt, L. W. Tazewell, and other eminent lawyers. In 17»8-'99 he was a member of the Virginia Assembly, of the 
 Federal school. He was one of the grand Jurors (John Randolph, foreman) In 1807 who found a bill of indictment 
 against Aaron Burr, charged with treason. During the same year he was counsel for Commodore Barron, after the af- 
 fair of the Chesapeakt and iMipard. Ho took pride in military affairs, and at the breaking out of the War of 1812 he was 
 appointed to the command at Norfolk as brigadier general oi the Virginia forces. He was very .t<9cient lu defense of 
 thai city lu the summer of 1818. He retired from tlie command In February, 1S14, when General Parker succeeded to 
 his place. On that occasion the citizens of Norfolk gave him a public dinner, and flrom the ml'.lury^ he received the 
 most flattering teatlmonies of their esteem and affection. When, as the national guest, Oencrnl Lafuyette visited the 
 
ii'l' 
 
 678 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ArtlllorisU on C.'aney Island. 
 
 Lauding of the British. 
 
 Preparations for Battle. 
 
 where the first blow of the coming battle was likely to fall. He accordingly sent 
 down thirty regulars under Captain Richard Pollard, from Fort Norfolk, and tliirtv 
 volunteers under Lieutenant Johnson, of Culpepper, and Ensign Archibald Atkinson 
 (member of Congrees in 1849), of Isle of Wight, most of them riflemen. Tliese were 
 
 followed by about one hundred and fifty 
 seamen, under Lieutenants B. J. Neale 
 W. B. Shubrick, and James Sanders, and 
 fifty marines under Lieutenant Breckin- 
 ridge These, on the solicitation of Gen- 
 eral Taylor, were sent by Tarbell to work 
 the heavy guns. The whole force on the island, on the evening of the 21st, num- 
 bered sf ven hundred and thirty-seven men. 
 
 At midnight the camp was alarmed by the crack of a sentinel's musket. Ho 
 thought he discovered a boat in the strait.' The troops were called to arms, and 
 stood watching until dawn, when a bush, and not a boat, was found to have been the 
 cause of the commotion. The troops were dismissed, but they had scarcely bnjkcn 
 ranks when a horseman came dashing rcross the fordable strait, and reported that the 
 enemy were landing in force r ear Major Hoffleur's, a little more than two miles dis- 
 tant. The drum beat the long roll, and as the daylight increased the British were 
 seen passing continually in boats from the ships to the shore. Major Faulkner at once 
 ordered the three heavy guns in the southeastern portion of the island to be trans- 
 ferred to the northwestern part, and had them placed in battery tlicre with tlio four 
 6-pounders. These seven pieces constituted a pretty formidable battery. A short 
 distance in the rear of it, the infantry, riflemen, 
 and Richardson's artillerymen acting as infant- 
 ry, were formed in line, so as to face the strait 
 at the mouth of Wise's Creek. 
 
 The command of the IS-poundcr ^^ as given 
 to Lieutenant B. J. Neale, assisted by Lieuten- 
 ants Shubrick and Sande.'s, and about one 
 hundred sailors and marines, chiefly from the 
 Cotistellation. The two 24's and four G's were 
 under the charge of Captain Emerson, with his 
 company of artillery, and aided by Lieutenants 
 Godwin and Howie, Sergeants Young and Liv- 
 ingston, Corporal Motlatt, and Captain Thomas 
 Rooke, master of the merchantmiin Manhat- 
 tan, who had been of great service in transfer- 
 ing the heavy guns from one end of the island 
 to the other. These heavy guns were worked 
 chiefly by the men from the navy. The entire 
 battery was under the supreme command of 
 Major Faulkner, a cool and skillful artiller- Jy /^ j. 
 
 ist.^ The whole force on the island was P/1 / J^j MAJ>'^'^''Z>nJLyl 
 
 commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Beatty. 
 
 'J 
 
 United states in 13'i4, and a grand reception wan given him at Yorktov.'n, In Virginia, the scene of his warfare nod tri- 
 umph In youth, flenerai Taylor was the chosen orator for the assomhlcd mnltitnde. " In all my time I never heard smh 
 eloquence," said a vcleran to me iu the spring of 18C3. " In all my time I never saw so many m«i In tears." 
 
 General Taylor filled the position of judge and legislator with distinction. He was in the Convention in lSl-,iO, 
 -charged with amending the Constitution of Virijinia. In that body he iutrodnced enlightened raeasnres In rcaanltn 
 the elective franchise, i ■ the winter of lh31-'32 he was made Judge of the Oeneral Court of Virginia, and held the offict 
 until his death on the 13th of April, 1S34. 
 
 ' This sentinel was William Shutte. He wis stationed upon a small Island that once lay near the month of ffiK'f 
 'I'reelc. See map on page 679. Shutte made tho usual challenge, and, receiving no answer, fired, and continued tulire 
 uiutil the camp was (\illy aroused. 
 
 ^ James Faulkner was bom In Ireland in 1T70, and came to Atnerica when a boy under the charge of a dUtaiit reli- 
 
OF THE WAK OF 18 12. 
 
 679 
 
 paratlons fi>r Battle. 
 
 l^ofhiBwarfmcamltri- 
 Iny time I never heard siitti 
 ly mm In tears." 
 lie Convention !n 18i-30, 
 led meaBuren In m»nj« 
 hrgiuia, and held the offlct 
 
 Advaoce of the British on Land. 
 
 A sharp Conflict. 
 
 Advance of the British on Water. 
 
 A long pole was procured, the national flag was nailed to it, and then it was planted 
 iirmiy in the redoubt. The gun-boats were anchored in the form of a segment of a 
 "ircle extending from Craney Island to Lambert's Point, while the Constellation lay 
 nearer the city. Thus prepared, the Americans calmly awaited the approach of the foe. 
 The British landed about ^^- 
 
 twenty-five hundred men, in 
 fantry and marines, at Hof- 
 fleur's Creek. The morning 
 ,;ky was cloudless ; and for 
 more than two hours tho flash- 
 ing of their burnished arms 
 micht be seen by the Ameri- 
 cans as they manoeuvred on 
 tlie beach and on the edge of 
 an intervening Avood. Stealth- 
 ily they crept through the 
 thick undergrowth of the for- 
 est, and appeared suddenly on 
 the point at the confluence of 
 Wise's Creek and the strait. 
 They immediately opened a 
 cannonade from a field-piece 
 and a howitzer, and sent a 
 bevy of Congreve rockets upon 
 the island, to cover the move- 
 ment of a detachment sent to 
 cross Wise's Creel:, and gain 
 tlie rear of the American left 
 flank in position on the main. 
 They were partially sheltered 
 liytiie house ofCaptairi George 
 Wise, known as Wise's Quar- 
 tos, and a thick wood. Some 
 of the heavy guns of the bat- 
 tery on the island were opened 
 upon them with great preci- 
 sion and rapidity, and a show- 
 er of grape and canister shot soon drove the enemy out of reach of the artillery. 
 
 Almost simultaneously with this advance of the British land -force fifty large 
 barges, filled with full fifteen hundred sailors and marines, were seen approaching 
 t'lom the enemy's ships. They hugged the main shore to keep out of range of the 
 gnn-boat artillov ?, and moved in column order, in two distinct lines, in the direction 
 of the strait, led by Admii-al Warren's beautiful barge. This vessel was fifty feet in 
 length, painted a rich green, and employed twenty-four oars. Because of her shape 
 ami numerous oars she was called the Centipede. In her bow was a brass 3-pounder, 
 
 live. He established himself in mercantile business in Martinshnrg, Berkeley Connty, Virginia, at the age of twenty- 
 irae years, and that was tho place of his res'dence nntil his death, lie long tried in fain to obtain a commission in the 
 reeiilar army of the United States. When \ '« brolie out he hastened to Norfolk with the volunteer troops of his ado|)t- 
 fd state, and was there commissioned a major of artillery. In that capacity he served gallantly on Craney Island, and 
 wss the cJMef actor in the repnlse of the Erltlsb. Major Fanlkner married the only daughter of Captain WlUlnm Mackey, 
 iif the Bevc'ationBry Army. He died in 181T fi-om the effects of exposure and fatigue (n camp. His wife was then dead. 
 They left but one child, who thus became an orphan In tender years. This was Charles J. Faulkner, who was an active 
 imbllc man In Virginia, and who was sent to the French court as minister pltnipolentlary by President Buchanan. To 
 him I am Indebted for the likeness of his father on the opposite page. When the Orcal Rebellion broke out he took 
 •idee with the insnrgents, and dishonored the memory of hij gallant and patriotic father by ubaudouiug the flag which 
 his ancestor had so nobly defended. 
 
 Point 
 
 NOnfOLH 
 
 I'LAM OF Ol'KUATIONB AT DBANKV IBI..VM>. 
 
 ^^' 
 
 w^^^- 
 
 
 ^^H^ 
 
 ; ^P5^!T 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
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 \ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
iPiPPIP^iH 
 
 ^mk 
 
 
 
 n\ 
 
 l A 
 
 iWiiii 
 
 M 111; 
 
 
 680 
 
 riCTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tho nrltinb KlottllR driven buck. 
 
 AttomMt to iolrc Norfolk and the Navy Yard abandoned. 
 
 Hnmpton, 
 
 ^.^ onger, M 
 
 called a " grft88hop])er," and hIio was comniandod by Captain Hanchett, of the flag, 
 ship Diadem, a natural Bon of Gcvorge the Tliird. 
 
 Ah tho firRt division oi thp flopt of barges approached, tho eager Emerson onuM 
 hardly be restrained by the more prudent F'aulkner. At length they reached the 
 fair range of the gui-i. Faulkner gave a Hignal, when Emerson shouted, " Now, niy 
 'orovo boys, are you ready?" "All ready," was the quick respoiise. "Fire!" ox- 
 tiaimea Faulkner. The whole battery, except two dismounted guns, inanft<];ed by 
 Goodwin and Livingston, belched forth fire and smoke, and round, grape, and cnnistpr 
 shot. The volley was fearful, yet in tlu^ face of it the barges moved steadily forward 
 until the storm of metal was too terrible to be endured. The boats were thrown into 
 the grerttest confusion. The Centipede was hulled by a heavy round shot that pa.s8i'(l 
 through her diagonally, wounding several of the men in i.c, cutting ofl' tho Io<;8 of 
 one of them, and severely hurting the thigh of Captain Hanchett. Orders for retreat 
 were given. The (kntipede and four other barges were sunk in shoal water, and tlie 
 remainder of the flotilla escaped to the ships. Lieutenant Neale was directed to send 
 some of his bold seamen to seize the admiral's barge and all in it, and Inuil it on shore, 
 This was gallantly performed under the direction of Lieutenants Tattnall' and (Jeis- 
 
 onger, Midshipmiiii lila- 
 Dulaney, and Act- 
 
 ('^^ ^■''^Z^C'-Ol/^T^ r^//^i,,.^/«'7'7^,<j^ C^ f'^'^ '".'? Master Goortrc F. 
 
 '{oche. Tiu'v se- 
 cured several prisoners and tho admiral's fine barge. This was aflerward repaired, 
 and performed good service as a guard-boat during many a cold, dark night in the 
 ensuing autumn.* 
 
 Thus ended the battle. "Tims, not long before the time when the Regent of Great 
 Britain congratulateil his kingdom on the pitch of grandeur it reached by dictatini; 
 peace to France in the Fiench capital, a brother of that regent was repulsed bv a 
 liandful of militia in an attempt to capture a small island in Chesapeake liay."^ It 
 w as a most mortifying i-esult for the British.* So certain was Sir Sidney Beckwith 
 of success, that ho promised the troops the opportunity of l)r»'akfa8ting on Cramv 
 Island that morninj,;. Some of the officers took their shaving ai)paratuH with tlieiii, 
 and others their dogs. At ten o'clock the scene was changed, and before sunset the 
 British commanders, abandoned all hope of seizing Norfolk, the Constellation, and tlie 
 navy yard. It was the last attempt there during tlie war. 
 
 Exasperated by their ignominious rejjulse at Craney Island, the British proceeded 
 to attack the village of Hampton, a flourishing borough on the west side of Hampton 
 Creek, two miles and a half from Old Point Comfort. It was the capital of ElizalK'tii 
 City County, Virginia, and was a mile from the confluence of the creek with the wa- 
 ters of Hampton Roads. It was defended at the time by about four hundred ami 
 fitly Virginia soldiers under Major Stapleton Crutchfield, whose adjutant general 
 was Robert Anderson, Esq., whom I had the pleasure of meeting at Yorktown in 
 1848. . Tliey were composed chiefly of militia infantry, and a few artillerymen and 
 
 ' Soo page (116. 
 
 » "Wo waded out to the Ontipedf," Raid Commodore Tattnall, "and found a Frenchman In her with both Icp rtot 
 off. Soversl othern were In her, wounded In the legB 
 and fi'ot by the pnfinase of the bal'. We carried the 
 Frenchman ashore In a hammock, and he died noon aft- 
 erward. We b1»o found a little terrier dog sitting upon 
 ■he small cannon in hor bow, and Rcvernl cntlaft.'es, plH- 
 lols, et cetera. I had many a oohl nteht's gnard dnty In the admlrnl'i" haree after that." .VofM o/a ronvrrnnlvm inU 
 ('i)inmorfor<» Tnltnall at S<xkrtf» Harbor in Ih* Summrr nf 1800. Onr little picture of the CfrtUprit Is from iin exact nimlf! 
 of It, on a mnall scale, which was made by order of Commodore Warrington, Tho black spot near the stem sho«« llK 
 place where the cannon-hall entcri>d It. 
 
 ' Ingcrsoll's HiMoriral Skrtfh <\f thr Sfrond War, etc. He la mistAken as to the locality of Craney Island. It i( In (he 
 Ellzaheth River, and not In Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 « The Americans met with no loss. The British, according to their own account, loat 6 killed, M wounded, m^ lit 
 missing. Of the latter 40 were prisoners and deserters. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 681 
 
 Id. 
 
 Hnmptnn, 
 
 Anwriuiu at UimpUiu. 
 
 Landing of the Brttiih near Hampton. 
 
 Armed Boats appear lu Front. 
 
 lott. of thi' flag- 
 
 Emerson ro\iltl 
 hey reached the 
 ute<l,"Now, my 
 ge. " Fire !" ox- 
 inB, manafrpd hy 
 ■ape, and canister 
 
 steadily forward 
 were tlirown into 
 I shot that passed 
 ig off the Uvj;8 of 
 Orders for rctroat 
 )al water, and tlie 
 g directed to send 
 d haul it on shore. 
 'attnall' and (ieis- 
 r, Midshipman 151a- 
 Dnlaney, and Aot- 
 Masler George F, 
 I lioche. They 8o- 
 fterward repaired, 
 , dark night in the 
 
 le Regent of ( J rent 
 ■ached by dictating 
 was repnlsoil by a 
 sapeake Bay."' It 
 Sidney lk>ckwith 
 listing on Craiuy 
 vratus with tluni, 
 I before sunset tin 
 mstellation, and the 
 
 British proceeded 
 St side of Hampton 
 capital of Elizabeth 
 
 creek with the w;i- 
 t four hundred and 
 e adjutant general 
 ng at Yorktown in 
 w artillerymen and 
 
 In her with l)oth leg* A»i 
 
 ] .V„fM of a Cnnrfrmlim rf* 
 IjWnBfrnTHnnPxactm™!'. 
 lot near the stem ehoiraiM 
 
 [craneyWand. It 1« lull* 
 
 killed, M wonndcd, an'' H* 
 
 cavalry. Tlicy were encamped on the " Little 
 p]iigland" estate of five hundred acres, a short 
 distance southwest from the town, where they had a heavy battery composed of four 
 6, two 12, and one IR pounder cannon, in charge of Sergeant William Uurke, to defen'i 
 the water-front of the camp and the village.' 
 
 On Friday night, the 24th of June, twenty-five hundred British land troops, includ- 
 intr the rough French prisoners (Chasseurs Britanniques), were placed in boats and 
 oniall sailing vessels, and between dawn iind sunrise of the 25111* were lan/'.ed ..nine, 
 l)ehind a wood near the house of Daniel Murphy, a little more than two miles *•*'*• 
 from Hampton, under cover of the guns of the Mohawk sloop of war. llu'se were 
 designed to fall upon Il'impton and the little American camp in the rear, while Ad- 
 miral Cockburn, with a flotilla of armed boats and barges, should make a feint in 
 front. 
 
 Tlie land troops, under the general command of Beckwith, assisted by Lieutenant 
 Colonels Napier* and Williams, moved stealthily and rapidly forward toward the 
 doomed town, while the armed boats appeared suddenly oft" Blackbeard's Point, at 
 the mouth of Hampton Creek. The latter were first discovered by American patrols 
 at Mill Creek, who gave the alarm. Tlic camp was aroused, and a line of battle was 
 formed. At that moment a messenger came in haste with intelligence that the Brit- 
 isii were moving in force on the rear of Hampton. The woods toward Mur])hy'8 were 
 iTJowing with scarlet, and a grain-field near was verdant with the green uniforms of 
 the French. Tlio inhabitants of the village, who yet remained, fled toward York- 
 town, excepting a few who could not leave or who were willing to trust to British 
 lionor and clemency. 
 
 The brave Crutchfield resolved to stand firm and defend the town against the in- 
 vaders on land and water. He sent Captain Servant and his rifle company, out to 
 ambush on the road leading to Celey's plantation, beyond Murphy's, who were to at- 
 
 ' ThlB picture, sketched In the sprlnpr of 18M from a window of Burcher'n Hotel, near the ^team-boat wharf In Hamp- 
 ton, '8 a view of the portion of the " Little Rnglnnd" estate, lylnpr on Hampton Creek, mentioned In the text. A line 
 drawn porpendlrtilsriy beneath each nnroeral on the cloads wonld touch the locality Intended to be Indicated by Huch 
 namcral. Figure 4 shown the place of Cmtchflold'a encampment, and 1 the place where the fonr-RUn battery was plant- 
 M. Flmre 2, the place of n smaller battery j 8, Bla ■;kl)enrd"s Toint, at the mimth of Hampton Creek, from behind which 
 ilic Brltli'h flotilla came ; 5, the forest behind which Bcckwith's troops landed ; fl, Hampton Roads ; 7, n portion of the old 
 maiKlnn of the Little Rnpland estate ; K, the month of the west branch of Hampton Creek ; and, 9, Bully's bouse, that 
 ftopd there In 1818. The " Little England" estate was the ancestral possession of the family of Commodore Barron. 
 In (hp foregnmnd of the picture Is seen the steam-boat wharf at Hampton, with the creek on the rliiht. 
 
 ' Thin was Charles James Napier, afterward a dlstlnenlshed general In the British Army, who was kni|;hted for his 
 «n1rp« In the East Indies, where he became commander-in-cbief of the British forces. He was bnm in 1782, and died 
 \n .\nCTst, lS!i6, bearlns the honors of a worthy llentenant general. He was a sprightly writer, and his biographer tays 
 ;:.iit "when he was not lighting he was writing." 
 
 w 
 
 •tm 
 
 m 
 
t (llfll 
 
 i : 
 
 p iiili;' 
 
 il\i :ii 
 
 682 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tbo British Invaders confronted. 
 
 A severe Skirmish. 
 
 Struggle for the Possession of Hampton. 
 
 tack and check the enemy ; and when Cookburn ventured within Blackbeard's Point 
 and opened fire on the American camp, Crutchfield's heavy battery responded with 
 80 much spirit and effect that the arch-marauder was glad to escape for shelter behind 
 that point, and content himself with throwing a shot or rocket occasionally into the 
 American camp. 
 
 Crutchfield gave special attention to the movement in his rear, being convinced 
 that Cockburn's was only a feint. From his camp was a plantation road, that crossed 
 cultivated fields, and by the edge of the woods behind which the British had landed 
 unobserved, to a highway known as Celey's Road, that connected with the public 
 road to Yorktown a short distance from Hampton. Connected with this road was a 
 plantation lane leading to Murphy's, on the banks of the James River. Along this lane 
 or road the British moved from their landing-place, and had reached rising ground and 
 halted for breakfast when they were discovered by the Americans. Captain Pryor 
 of the artillery in camp, immediately detached Sergeant Parker and a few picked 
 men, with a field-piece, to go up the Yorktown Road to Celey's Junction, to assist the 
 ambushed riflemen. Parker had just reached his position and planted his cannon, 
 when the British moved forward with celerity. They had just crossed the head of 
 the west branch of Hampton Creek, at the Celey Road, when the advanced guard of 
 Servant's corps (Lieutenant Thomas Hope and two others), who were concealed by a 
 large cedar-tree (yet standing when I visited the spot in 1853), opened a deadly lire 
 with sure aim upon the French column in front, led by the British sergeant major, a 
 large and powerful man. That officer and several others were killed ; the invaders 
 were checked, and great confusion in their ranks ensued. The main body of the rifle- 
 men now delivered their fire, and the commander of the Marines, the brave Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Williams, of the British army, fell dead. 
 
 The British soon recovered from their temporary panic, and pressed forward, com- 
 pelling the riflemen to fall back. In the mean time, Crutchfield, hearing the fiiins, 
 had moved forward from his c mp with nearly all of his force, leaving the position on 
 the Little England estate to be defended by Pryor and his artillerymen from tlie at- 
 tack of the barges. While he was marching in column by platoons along the lane 
 from the Little England plantation toward Celey's Road and the great highway, ho 
 was suddenly assailed by an enfilading fire on his left. He immediately ordered hu 
 men to wheel and charge the enemy, who were on the edge of the M'oods. This was 
 done with the coolness and precision of long-disciplined soldiers, and the foe fell back. 
 The victors were pressing forward, when the British opened a storm of grape and 
 canister shot upon them from two G-pounders, and some Congreve rockets, and ai> 
 peared iu force directly in front of Crutchfield. Tlie Americans withstood the fire a 
 few minutes, when they fell back, and a part of them broke and fled in confusion 
 across the Yorktown Road and the Pembroke estate. 
 
 Parker in the mean time had worked his piece with good effect. Now his ammu- 
 nition failed. Lieutenant Jones, of the Hampton Artillery, hastened to his relief; but 
 when they saw an overwhelming force of the enemy moving along the Celey Road, 
 they fell back to the Yorktown Pike. Jones now found that his match was extin- 
 guished, so he ran to a house near by, snatched a brand from the hearth, and con- 
 cealed himself in a hollow near a spring. When the British drew near and almost 
 filled the lane, supposing the cannon to be abandoned, he arose and discharged his 
 piece with terrible effect. Many of the foe were prostrated by its missiles, and dur- 
 ing the confusion that ensued in the British ranks he attached a horee to his cannon 
 and bore it off toward the camp. When he drew near that camp he saw that it was 
 occupied by the enemy, who had come in force from the barges and compelled Pryor 
 to spike his guns and flee. This he did in safety. He and his command, after fight- 
 ing their way through the surrounding enemy with their firelocks, swam the West 
 Branch of Hampton Creek, .and, making a circuit in rear of the enemy, fled to what is 
 
oBsesBion of Hampton. 
 
 .ckbeard's Point, 
 
 responded with 
 
 or shelter behind 
 
 .sionally into the 
 
 being convinced 
 ■cad, that crossed 
 ritish had landed 
 with the public 
 li this road was a 
 . Along this lane 
 rising ground and 
 Captain Pryor, 
 ind a few picked 
 ction, to assist the 
 anted his cannon, 
 ossed the head of 
 idvanced guard of 
 ere concealed by a 
 lened a deadly fire 
 I sergeant major, a 
 illed ; the invaders 
 in body of the rifle- 
 the brave Lieuten- 
 
 jssed forward, corn- 
 hearing the firing, 
 j-ing the position on 
 •ymen from the at- 
 )on8 along the lane 
 great highway, he 
 lately ordered his 
 woods. This was 
 ,d the foe fell back 
 ;torm of grape and 
 ve rockets, and ai> 
 ithstood the fire a 
 fled in confusion 
 
 t 
 
 Now his ammu- 
 jd to his relief; hut 
 ng the Celey Road, 
 match was extin- 
 \e hearth, and eon- 
 w near and almost 
 and discharged his 
 ts missiles, and dur- 
 horee to his cannon 
 . he saw that it was 
 ,nd compelled Pryor 
 jmmand, after fisiht- 
 ^ks, swani the West 
 icmy,flcdto vhatis 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 683 
 
 imericans driven from Hampton. The Vlllago t,'iven up to Rapine and Pillage. A Committee oflnveBtigatton. 
 
 now known as Big Bethel, without 
 losing a man or a musket. Seeing 
 this Jones turned and fled, after spik- 
 ing his gun. He followed Pryor's 
 track to the same destination. 
 
 Crutchtield, with the remainder of 
 iiis troops, liad rallied on the flank 
 of Servant's riflemen, and renewed 
 the fight with vigor. He soon ob- 
 served a powerful flank movement by 
 the enemy, yhich threatened to cut 
 off his line of retreat, when he with- 
 drew in good order, pursued almost 
 two miles across and beyond the Pem- 
 hroke farm. Tlie pursuit was term- 
 inated at what is now known as New- 
 bridge Creek. Thus ended the bat- 
 tle. The British had lost about fifty 
 in killed, wounded, and missing, and 
 the Americans about thirty. Of 
 eleven missing Americans, ten at least 
 liad fled to their homes. 
 
 Tlie victorious British now entered 
 Hampton by the Yorktown Road, 
 bearing the body of the* brave Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Williams. Beckwith 
 and Cockburn made their head-quar- 
 
 PLAN OF OPEKATIONB AT IIAUPTUN 
 
 11E1I)-I41'ABTEBS or UEOKWITH AND COOKnrBN. 
 
 ters at the fine brick mansion of Mrs. West- 
 wood, which stood upon the street leading to 
 the landing. In her garden the remains of 
 Williams were buried with solemn funeral 
 rites on the same day. Then the village was 
 given up to pillage and rapine. The atroci- 
 ties committtJ. at that time upon the defense- 
 less inhabitants who remained in Hampton, 
 particularly on the women, have consigned 
 the name of Sir George Cockburn to merited 
 infamy, for he was doubtless the chief author 
 of tliem.^ The reports of them at the time 
 were much exaggerated, but sufficient was proven by oflicial investigation to cause 
 the cheeks of every lionest Briton to tingle with the deepest blush of shame. " We 
 are sorry to say," said Commissioners Thomas Griffin and Robert Lively, appointed 
 to investigate the matter, " that from all information we could procure, from sources 
 too respectable to permit us to doubt, we are compelled to believe tliat acts of vio- 
 lence have been perpetrated which have disgraced the age in which we live. The 
 sex hitherto guarded by the soldier's honor escaped not the rude assaults of superior 
 force."' A correspondence on the subject occurred between General Taylor and Sir 
 
 ' There can be little donbt that Cuckbnra promised his men " Booty ar.d Beanty" to their hearts' content. It waB 
 like him. But no one conld gnfiect the right-minded Admiral Warren, or even the more latitudinarian Sir Sidney, of 
 nch a crime against civiliznti and Christianity. 
 
 ' In his dispatch to Governor Barbonr on the iSth, Major Crntchflcld, the American commander at Hampton, said, 
 after giving an account of the battle and the excesses of the soldiery, " The imfortunste females of Hampton who could 
 not leave the town were abnsed in the most shameAil manner, not only hy the soldiers, bnt by the venal savage blacks, 
 who were encouraged in their excesses. They pillaged, and encouraged every act of rapine and plunder, killing a poor 
 man by the name of Klrby who had been lying on hlB bed at the point of death for more than six weeks, shooting bis 
 
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 1 
 
 
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 1 
 
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 ■ 1 1 
 
 
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 aMJC ' 
 
 
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 Slfl 
 
 11 
 
 J aW 
 
 iHi^ 
 
 684 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Official Correspoudonce coiiccrulng Ontrages, 
 
 A Visit to Norfolk and lt» Vicinity. 
 
 Old Fort Norfolk. 
 
 • March 13 and 14. 
 
 Sidney Beckwith, in which the latter, while ho did not deny the charges, attempted 
 to justify the atrocities by pleading the law of retaliation, falsely alleging, as was 
 proven, that the Americans had waded out from Craney Island after the battle there 
 and deliberately shot the crew of a barge which had sunk on the shoal.' And wliilc 
 it was not denied that British officers and soldiers had engaged zealously in the bus- 
 iness of plundering the private houses at Hampton of every thing valuable that 
 might be easily carried away,* the more horrid crime of ravishing the persons of mar- 
 ried women and young maidens, was charged by the British commanders upon tlie 
 French soldiery. " The apology," said the commissioners just mentioned, " that these 
 atrocities were committed by tlie French soldiers attached to the British forces now 
 in our waters appeared to us no justification of those who employed them, bolievinff 
 as we do, that an officer is, or should be, ever responsible for the conduct of the troops 
 under his command." So shameful were these atrocities — too gross to be repeated 
 liere — that the most violent of the British partisan writers were compelled to de- 
 nounce them ; aiid Admiral Warren and General Beckwith, in obedience to tlie in- 
 stincts of their better natures and the demands of public opinion, dismissed the C'/uts- 
 aeitrs Britanniquis from the service. 
 
 At the '"ides of March," in the year 1853,* I visited Norfolk, Craney 
 Island, and Hampton, for tlse purpose of collecting materials for this 
 work, and I had the good fortune to meet several persons who were well acquainted 
 with places and events in that region pertaining to the War of 1812, I had spent 
 the 4th of March at the national capital, " assisting," as the French say, at the inau- 
 guration of President Pierce; a day or two with the late George Washington Parice 
 Custis at his beautiful seat of " Arlington," opposite Washington City ; then a few 
 days in Richmond; a little time in a trip and visit to '' Monticello," near Char- 
 lottesville, the home of the living and the grave of the departed Thomas Jeifereon; 
 and then part of a (iay on the James and Elizabeth Rivers on a voyage to Norfolk. 
 I intended to go to Orkney Island the next morning, but the wind was so high that 
 no boatman was willing to venture upon the water, so that day I visited the Navy 
 Yard at Gosport, Old Fort Norfolk, and other places of interest in and around tiip 
 city. At the former place wtre seen the skeleton of the famous Constellation ; tiie 
 useless monster ship Pentisylvania ; the work-shops and yards where full eight hund- 
 red men found employment, and .more than twenty-five hundred huge iron cannon, 
 with a complement of balls. All of this property, valued at several millions of dol- 
 lars, with other government vessi^ls, was destroyed or seized by the insurgents of 
 Virginia in April, 1861, at the breaking out of the late Civil War, 
 
 Old Fort Norfolk, a structure made during the old War for Independence, on the 
 right bank of the Elizabeth River, was in a dilapidated state, and was occupied only 
 by a keeper and his family. That custodian was a queer old man, seventy years of 
 
 wife In the hip at the same time, and killing a falthfbl dog lying under his feet. The mardered KIrby was lying lait 
 night weltering in his blood." 
 
 Sir Charles Napier (see note 2, page 681), In his diary of these events, In which he bore a part, says, " Every horror wi; 
 perpetrated with impunity— rape, murder, pillage— OTid not a man tpaa punished," Again : " Strong is my dislike to rtii 
 is, perhaps, a necessary part of our job, viz., plundering and mining the peasantry. We drive all their cattle, imd o( 
 course ruin them. My hands are clean ; but It is hateful to see the poor Yankees robbed, and to be the robber." 
 
 ' General Taylor addressed Admiral Warren, and was answered by Sir Sidney Beckwith as the commander of Ihf 
 land forces. In bis note to Admiral Warren General Taylor said: "The world will suppose these acts to have In 
 approved. If not executed by the commanders, If suffered to pass by with Impunity. I am preptred for any species of 
 warfare which yon are disposed to prosecute. It Is for the sake of humanity that I enter this protest." Oenernl Beck- 
 with, as we have observed, charged cruelty on the part of the Americans as a palliation ; to which Taylor replied thit 
 he was satisfled that no such act as charged ever took place, and if it had, It was no excuse for the crimes committed il 
 Hampton against the helpless and innocent. A board of officers was convened to investigate the matter, when It wm 
 ascertained that, during the engagement off Craney Island, two of the British boats were sunk by the American psw, 
 nnd the crews were In danger of being drowned ■ that, beiii); In line of action, the firing necessarily continued, but Hut, 
 In order to avoid Injuring those in the water and helpless, the firing of grape was discontinued. One man, who btd em- 
 rendered, but endeavored to escape, was fired npon to bring him back. 
 
 » Among other "property," according to the laws of Virginia, taken away by the British, were negroes. Cnderi 
 promise of freedom, a large number of them flocked to the British standard. Most of those whom Cockbum enticed » 
 board his vessels by these promises were afterward sold Into a worse slavery lu the British West Indies. 
 
wm 
 
 OP THE WAll OF 18 13. 
 
 68S 
 
 Old Fort Norfolk. 
 
 irgcs, attempted 
 
 alleging, as was 
 the battle there, 
 oal.' And while 
 lously in the bus- 
 ng valuable that 
 c persons of mar- 
 oanders upon the 
 ioned, " that these 
 iritish forces now 
 i them, believing, 
 duct of the troops 
 )89 to be repeated 
 
 compelled to de- 
 ledience to the in- 
 ismissed the C'/km- 
 
 jd Norfolk, Craney 
 
 ; materials for this 
 
 re well acquainted 
 
 1812. I had spent 
 
 sh say, at the inau- 
 
 Washington Parke 
 
 1 City ; then a few 
 
 ticello," near Char- 
 
 . Thomas Jefferson; 
 
 voyage to Norfolk. 
 
 ,d was 80 high that 
 
 ; visited the Navy 
 
 in and around the 
 
 Constellation; the 
 
 lere full eight hund- 
 
 lUge iron cannon, 
 
 eral millions ofdol- 
 
 the insurgents of 
 
 dependence, on the 
 
 was occupied only 
 
 m, seventy years of 
 
 rderedKirby was lying lad 
 
 rtrt, says, "Every horror TO 
 Strong iB my aiBlike to vrhJt 
 Irivealltholr cattle, imd of 
 «nd to be the robber." 
 S BS the commnnrtcr otm 
 .88 these acts to have ton 
 prepired for any epeciw o( 
 ilB protest." General Beck- 
 o which Taylor replied that 
 for the crimes committed It 
 rate the matter, when it wM 
 Innk by the American pln^ 
 peBsarHy continued, but tlnl, 
 ed. One man, who had m- 
 
 teh, were negroes. 
 
 Coder I 
 
 1863. 
 
 liniTlSU UONHUl'h UOL'SK.' 
 
 ( whom CockbumentlcedoB 
 t West Indies. 
 
 BritUi Consul at Norfolk and hU Hevldence. Thomas Muore and the Lake of the Utsmul Swamp. Craney lalaud. 
 
 jjge, With boundless garrulity he gave me his domestic history, and insisted upon 
 bringing out his last baby, the sixth child by his fourth wife. His third wife appears 
 to have been " a thorn in his side." When speaking of her, he thrust his hands into 
 his pockets, looked upon the grass, sighed, and, in a subdued voice, said, " The Lord 
 was good to me, and took her away soon, I really believe she would have died 
 happy could she have seen me die first. I didn't think it best to gratify her, and so 
 she had to give it up." On leaving the fort I went to the residence of Robert E. Tay- 
 lor Esq., son of General Taylor, the defender of 'Norfolk, to whom I am indebted for 
 much information concerning events in that vicinity in 1813. On the folowing morn- 
 ing' I breakfasted with the British consul, the late G. P. R. James, the cm- .March u, 
 inent novelist. The circumstance is mentioned to introduce the fact that 
 his residence was the same (118 Main Street) as 
 that occupied by Mr. Hamilton, the British consul 
 at Norfolk in 1807, at the time of the affair of the 
 Chesapeake and Leopard, whose personal popular- 
 ity alone saved his house from demolition by the 
 exasperated people.* In that house Thomas Moore, 
 the Irish poet, lodged in 1 804, and there he wrote 
 his beautiful poetic paraphrase of a popular legend 
 connected with the Lake of the Dismal Swamp. I 
 passed the morning delightfully with Mr. James and 
 his interesting family, and at ten o'clock started for 
 Craney Island in a skiff manned by a negro seventy 
 years of age, and a mulatto boy of sixteen, both 
 slaves. The air was balmy. Scarcely a ripple ap- 
 peared on the water, and the sun was pleasantly obscured by a slight haziness of the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Just after passing Fort Norfolk we came abreast Lambert's Point, and, stretching 
 far to the right, toward the Rip Raps, was seen Sewell's Point, made famous to this 
 generation by the stirring events of the late Civil War with which it is associated. 
 
 The waters in that vicinity 
 were dotted with oyster- 
 vessels at anchor, engaged 
 in receiving cargoes from 
 numerous small boats that 
 were hovering over the 
 oyster-beds in every direc- 
 . tion, each bearing two men 
 with fishing rakes. As we 
 ncared the head of Craney 
 Island,! hailed a brace of 
 these fishermen in a boat, 
 and asked them for a " fip's 
 worth" of oysters for my watermen. To my astonishment, they dropped two rake's- 
 fuU— at least a peck — into our boat, and on them the oarsmen feasted while I strolled 
 over the island, viewing and sketching the remains of military works erected there 
 during the War of 1812. These are seen rising above the common surface of the isl- 
 and in the little sketch on page 676. These works were erected immediately after 
 the repulse of the British from the island in June,'' and were quite formidable.^ „ 
 They consisted of a fort on the southeast part of the island, and a magazine 
 
 > See page 158. ' This is ft-om a aketrh made by the author on New Year's Day, 1800. 
 
 ' The troops on the island at the time here mentioned were n-itho\ t any shelter excepting indifferent tentB, and suf- 
 fered much for lack of water. They dug hollows on the island In which they caught rain, and then strained th« mnddy 
 
 Baler for uee. 
 
 OYBTEB FIBUIKQ. 
 
'I M 
 
 ! t 
 
 ( 
 
 •m 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Fortlflcations on Cranoy Uland. 
 
 BKMAINH or ruHTiriUATlONB ON UIIANKY IgLAMD. 
 
 and brcast-worka on the north wostorn nide/on tlie spot where Faulkner's dlicionl 
 battery was planted. There was an intervening and connecting line of intrineli. 
 mentH along the channel side of" the island, with emhraRures for camion. Tlicsi' liad 
 
 almost disappeared, hut the eiiibank- 
 ments of the fort wereten or twelve 
 feet in lieight. They indoKcd a lu x- 
 agonal block-liouse,huilt of hri(k,aii(l 
 surrounded by an arcade below the 
 jjorts. It was two stories in height, 
 but the upper floor docs not aiiiRai 
 to have been laid. Near tlic block 
 house was a magazine, also built uf 
 brick. Nothing remained of tiicdlil 
 main gate, on the land side, but nii 
 iron hinge, and of the gateway a 
 broken arch. This block-house, or 
 citadel, when I was there, was per- 
 fectly preserved. 
 The magazine on ihc opposite end 
 of the island was also built of bricik, and was well preserved. Around it were Bome 
 remains of breastworks, but many had perished from the encroachments of the sea, 
 These and the whole island were almost wholly submerged during a very high tide 
 
 1II.OUK-UOIIBK ON OIIA^KY IHI.A.NU. 
 
 HAQAZIME ON OBANEY I8LANII, 
 
 a few weeks before my visit there. Much of the old em- 
 bankments was washed away, but the solitary cedar, 
 mentioned as being there in 1813, remained unbanned 
 on the southern slope of the island.* From the maga- 
 zine we had a fine view of the entire scene of action on the 22d of 
 June. The schooner on the right, in the annexed picture, designates 
 the place of the barges at the time of their repulse ; and the distant ) 
 point between the vessel and the shore by the magazine shows the 
 landing-place of the British, who moved through the woods up to Wise's Creek. Jiut 
 
 ' This tree la seen in the Eketcb on page OTS. 
 
 \.i 
 
[o Wise's Creek. hA 
 
 OF THE VVAU OF 1812, 
 
 687 
 
 , g|)VD'» Krucilom |)ur('liui<«(l liy lilii Wife, A VIelt to IlnmiHon and VIcltiily. 
 
 NiiiiilliiK-pluco of the UrltlHli. 
 
 ill tlu( It'ft of the magiizino, across the strait, is soon a small lioiise, at the mouth of 
 \Vi«''« t'rt'ck. It was near tlie site ofWise's (iuiirtor," which was demoliHhed 
 many yi'in's nj?"- 1" *^l'*' more modern house we found an intelligent colo'-ed man, 
 al)()ut eigiity yearw of age, rejoicing in tlu! fact that his freedom had just been pur- 
 cliiistHl hy his wife, a wonuin almost as old as himself. She earned money by mid- 
 witi'ry, iu wliich proft'ssiou she was very proficient. " IJress de Lord!" said the old 
 man, " f<>'' <i'' *'''y when 1 murriiMl Dinah. She ailers said Pomp shoiUdn't die a slave, 
 1ml she's worked hanl almost fifty years afore she made her promise sure." lie was 
 liviiijr near there at the time of the light, and assisted in the orectiuu of the fortifica- 
 tions on Craney Island. 
 
 It was about four o'clock when I returned to Norfolk. I spent the remainder of 
 till! atVernoon in strolling' about the city, and im the following morning departed in 
 the steamer Seklun for Hampton, eighteen miles distant. There \ ha<l the good for- 
 tune to meet Colonel Wilson W. Jones, brother of the lieutenant who went to the as- 
 sistance of Parker with his cannon, and so gallantly took it from the field.' The col- 
 onel was a sergeant in Servant's rifle company, and was in the battle on Celey's lload 
 when the British sergeant major and Lieutenant Colonel Williams were killed. He 
 kindly accompanied me to places of interest around Hampton. First we visited the 
 lipiul-ipiarters of JJeckwith and Cockburn (printed on i>age 0H.3), and were kindly 
 shown the rooms occupied by them, and the grave of Williams in the garden, by Mrs. 
 
 Savage, who then resided there. We 
 
 • ._^.,'^' %' V then rode up to the latuling-plac(! of 
 
 the liritish, where stood Captain Mur- 
 phy's house in j)icturesque ruins upon 
 a grassy point, from which we had a 
 fine view of Hampton Roads. From 
 Murphy's we followed the line of 
 march of the 13ritish to the place 
 whore they were attacked by the rifle- 
 
 1.AN1>1.VU-I'I.AI1K UF llIK UUITIBII AT MUUI'IIY'B 
 
 men, and afterward by Jones with his field-piece, and then went to the mansion of 
 the Pembroke farm, over which the Americans fled toward Little Bethel, In that 
 mansion lived an aged couple at the time, named Kirby, whose treatment by the ])ur- 
 suing British soldiers who entered tlie house was the cause of the invoking of many 
 an imprecation throughout the land upon the head of the enemy. '^ Near it stood the 
 mansion of the Bethel estate, the dwelling of another aged man, named Hope, under 
 whose roof great atrocities were committed.' From these we returned to llampton 
 
 ' See page 6S2. 
 
 • Mr. Klrby was an aged man, very sick, and at the point to die when the soldiers entered the bonee. His wife was 
 hyhle bedside, when they shot bim thmnjih the body and wonnded her In the hip. This was procluimcd as a wanton 
 murder, aud excited the greatest Indignation. Colonel Jones know Mrs. Kirby well, and her version of the story was 
 tliat, with vcngeftil feelings, the soldiers chased nn ngly dog into the hotise, which ran '.inder Mr. Kirby's chair. In which 
 he wa8 Bitting, and, in their eagerness to shoot the dog, shot the aged invalid, the bnllct grazing the tilp of Mrs. Kirby. 
 Mr«. Kirby always considered the shooting of her hnsband an accident. 
 
 ' The conduct of the British at Mr. Hope's was barbarons In the extreme. He was sixty-flvc years of age. They 
 'tripped hini entirely naked, wounded him intentionally with a bayonet, and tort\ired him with menaces of death. 
 They would doubtless have killed him had not their attention been directed to a woman who bad sought refnge la bis 
 
 ! I 
 
 , f 
 
 m 
 

 i'l 
 
 
 ir: 1 
 
 Wm 
 
 
 688 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Commodore Bu-ron'B DanKhter. 
 
 ColoDal Jooci ud bU Family. 
 
 D— trnetlon of Hampton, 
 
 ^"^:'.vV 
 
 KIBUY UOU8K.> 
 
 by the Yorktown Hoad, still foUowiiiji; tint line 
 of the invailor'a march, and viHitod Mrs. Jain' 
 A. Hope, daughter of Commodore Jaiiu-H Bur- 
 ron, who kindly furnished me with the por 
 trait and autograph of her father, copies of 
 which are printed on page 159. She Mpokc 
 feelingly of the treatment her father received 
 at the hands of the government, and exprcsHed 
 a hope that History might yet be just to his 
 memory. She was a somewhat aged lady 
 delicate in form and feature, and excecdiiigly 
 pleasing in convei-s'ation. When the blight 
 of the Rebellion fell' upon Hampton, Mrs. Hope 
 went to Warrenton, in North Carolina, where 
 she died in January, 1862. 
 
 I spent the evening with Colonel Jones and his excellent wife, and saw in their lit- 
 tle parlor two original crayon drawings by the eminent Sharpless, the faithful delin- 
 eator from life of the profiles of Washington and his wife. These were profilcH of 
 Jefferson and Monroe. I made a careful copy of the former. Early the next morn- 
 ing I drew the sketch from my window at the hotel presented on page 681, and at 
 the appointed hour left Hampton for Richmond in the James River steamer. 
 
 This was my second visit to Hampton, with an interval of five years, and both times 
 I carried away with me pleasant remembrances of courteous inhabitants and a cliarm- 
 ing village. All is now changed. Hampton has been made a desolation by the smit- 
 ings of civil war. Very few of its inhabitants were faithful to the old flag, and that 
 county of which Hampton was the capitrd furnished no less than six companies to the 
 rebel army. Colonel Jones remained a stanch Union man — faithful among the faith- 
 less — and was the last man to leave the doomed village when, at a few minutes past 
 midnight on the 7th of August, 1861, the torch was applied by order of the rebel Gen- 
 eral Magruder during the maudlin delirium of intoxication. He (the aged veteran 
 of 1812) was not allowed to take any thing from his house — the house in which the 
 family of Commodore Barron long resided — and he and his equally aged companion 
 had scarcely left it when they saw it in flames. Within twelve hours, four churches 
 and four hundred and seventy dwellings were laid in ashes. Among the churches 
 was one of the most ancient in Virginia,^ which stood apai*t from the town. Iih de- 
 struction was an act of purest barbarism, 
 
 •June, The British remained in Hampton until the 27th,'' when they re-embarked, 
 ^***- and on the morning of the 29th Major Crutchfield entered the plundered vil- 
 lage and took possession. On the Ist of July the blockading '•.juadron, consisting at 
 that time of seven ships of the line, seven frigates, and eleven smaller vessels, left 
 Hampton Roads and entered the mouth of the Potomac River. A portion of the 
 fleet went up that stream, exciting the most intense alarm at Alexandria, George- 
 town, and the national capital. The only fortification on which those cities could 
 rely at that time for the arrest of the invading squadron was old Fort Warhurton, 
 then called Fort Washington,^ situated on the Maryland side of the Potomac, a few 
 miles below Alexandria. This was strengthened and its garrison increased by call- 
 house. They left him, seized her, and subjected her to Indignities of which savages would be ashamed. Becanse of 
 these atrocities, M'Ijiws, of the Veteran Corps at Wilmington, need the word Hampton, in place ot Attention, when call- 
 ing them to order. 
 
 > This house was of brick, and beantiAilIysltnated. At the time of the British invasion It belonged to John SWeit- 
 wood. MThen I visited it it was the property of his family. In trout of it were some tomb-stones, near the site of the 
 old Pembroke church. 
 
 > For a drawing and ftill historical description of this ancient chnrch, see Lossing's Pietorlal IHHd-book of the Radf^ 
 t<pn, U.,S2«. 
 
 ' This fort bad been put in good condition. It had about twenty 18 and 88 pounder cannon moonted, that bore im- 
 mediately upon the channel ; also a water battery of eight 82-pounders advantageously placed. 
 
OF THB WAR OF 1813. 
 
 iMtraction o( Uunpion. 
 
 bllowiiijj; tlm lino 
 viHited Mrs. imv 
 )dorc Jami'K Bur- 
 nc with tlni por 
 I'uther, <H)j)ie8 of 
 169. She spoke 
 •r father received 
 )iit, and expresned 
 yet bo juHt to his 
 what aged laiiy, 
 1, and exeeedingly 
 When tlie Wight 
 itnpton, Mrs. Hope 
 ,h Carolina, where 
 
 nd saw in their lit- 
 , the faithful dulin- 
 10 wore profiles of 
 rly the next morn- 
 n page 681, and at 
 Br steamer, 
 lars, and both times 
 itants and a charm- 
 olation by the smit- 
 old flag, and that 
 ix companies to tlu 
 ul among the faitii- 
 a few minutes past 
 cr of the rebel Gen- 
 (tho aged veteran 
 house in which the 
 ly aged companion 
 lours, four churches 
 mong the churches 
 the town. Its de- 
 
 they re-embarked, 
 the plundered vil- 
 idron, consisting at 
 Ismaller vessels, left 
 A portion of the 
 Alexandria, George- 
 those cities could 
 |d Fort Warhurton, 
 the Potomac, a few 
 increased by call- 
 
 J be oBhamed. Because o( 
 lace ot Attention, when Mil- 
 
 I belonged to John S.Weit- 
 Istoneg, near the site of tte 
 
 MPMd-iooko/theRad'- 
 
 \>n monnted, that tore in- 
 hi. 
 
 unckburn Id the Potomac and on the Cooit of North Carolina. 
 
 Alarm In Booth Uarollna. 
 
 in({ in the militia from the surrounding country. Breastworks wore thrown up at 
 Alexandria, Georgetown, and Washington, and vigorous measures were taken to meet 
 the foe. The alarm soon subsided. The British did not approach nearer to Wnsli- 
 iiiL'toii than seventy miles, and then withdrew, went around to the Chesapeake, and 
 ereated equal alarm at Annapolis and lialtimore. Assured that those cities were 
 amply defended, they withdrew, and a ])ortion of the fleet, under Admiral C'oekbum, 
 went southward to plunder, destroy, and spread alarm along tho coasts of the Caro- 
 linas and Georgia. His vessels wera tho Sceptre, 74 (flag-ship) ; Jiormilns, Fox, and 
 
 On the 12th of July Cockbnrn anchored off" Ocracoko Inlet, and dispatched Lieu- 
 tenant Westphall, M'ith about eight liundred men in barges, to the waters of Pamlico 
 Somul. They found within the bar the Anaconda, of New York, and Atlas, of Phil- 
 adelphia, both pi-ivatc armed vessels. Tliey fell upon the Anaconda, whose thirteen 
 men after stout resistance, blew holes in her bottom with her own guns and esenped. 
 The British plugged the holes and saved her. They captured the Atlas and some 
 smaller craft, but a revenue cutter escaped, and gave timely warning at Newborn. 
 Westphall proceeded to attack that place, but it was too well defended by the new- 
 ly-rallied militia to warrant an attack, so ho proceeded to Portsmouth, not far ofl', 
 took possession of the town, and for two o/ three days engaged in the pastime of 
 plundering and desolating tho surrounding country. The rapid gathering of tho mi- 
 litia caused them to decamp in haste on tho 16th, carrying with them cattlo and other 
 property, and many slaves, to whom freedom was falsely promised. These Cockburn, 
 it is said, sold in the West Indies. 
 
 Leaving Pamlico Sound, the arch-marauder went down the coast, stopping at and 
 idiindoring Dewoes's and Capers's Islands, and filling the whole region of the Lower 
 Santee with terror. Several plantations on Dewees's were desolated, and from Ca- 
 pers's a largo quantity of live-stock was taken away, with a few slaves. Other ex- 
 ]ioscJ places along the coast expected a simi- 
 lar visitation. Breastworks wore thrown up 
 around Charleston ; Fort Moultrie and other 
 fortifications wore strengthened, and a con- 
 siderable body of militia were assembled on 
 lladdrell's Point, or Point Pleasant, where 
 might have been seen, before the late Civil 
 War, a monument erected to the memory of 
 some soldiers who perished there by.disoaso.^ 
 No battle was fought on South Carolina soil 
 during the war. Her politicians were among 
 tiie most clamorous for hostilities, and some 
 of her citizens made fortunes by privateer- 
 ing; but few of her sons were found in the 
 ranks of their country's defenders. She suf- 
 fered most from the fear of losing property, 
 especially slaves, which her state law de- 
 clared to be property ; and during tho time eoiniKBe' jioncmen-, point pleasant. 
 
 ■ This monnment was bniU of brick, having in shallow recesses in the base of the crowning pyramid marble tablets 
 bearing the following inscriptions: 
 
 fiMtSMe.— "On the 18th of June, 1812, the United States of America declared war against Great Britain. At the first 
 sinnd of the trumpet the potriot soldiers who sleep beneath this monnment flew to the standard of Liberty. Here they 
 fell beneath the scythe of Death. The sympathies of the brave, the tears of the stranger, and the alow dirge of the camp 
 lUeaded them to the tomb. 
 
 " ' How sleep the brave, who sinlt to rest 
 With all their country's wishes blest 
 The laurel wreath of shining preen 
 Will still around their tomb be seen.' " 
 Tet; SUt,—" Sacred to the memory of Sergeant Troman Goodrich and Adam C. Spencer. Also of Bnvld Aarantj 
 
 Xx 
 
 m 
 
 

 i 'J 
 
 i ' 11 j; • 
 
 ' 'jet i tj 
 
 t;in| 
 
 llil 
 
 11 II 
 
 690 
 
 PICTORIAL PIKLD.BOOK 
 
 ti«re> OrgaalMtlant MBoag lh« >I*t«*. 
 
 A rtvolntlonarj Bjnnii. 
 
 Tb«Oni»ei.r()iir*,l, 
 
 when Cockbiirn wiim hovcriiiK aloii^ the comt l\w larfifc Kliivt!lii)l<l(»rM wero iiKilutcd U 
 tlu< <l('0])(mt aiixit)t,y l(>Ht n torco of tint HriliHli mIioii!,! IiukI iukI dfcliirtt fVctMloiii to all 
 ■orfH who should join their Htuudiini. Iliiil tlioy «lon(i ho, ih) doubt lui iirniy orniiiiiy 
 thuuHnnd colort-d pcoplo wotdd hiivo flocked to that Htaudiird, Ibr tlui ncj^rocn liml 
 h«'ard of tho liberiition of tlioir bri-tliren in Virj^inia by tlu) HriliHli, but not oftlu. \,f\\^. 
 mo»i8 treachery of their Ht'ducer, who hoM tlu'ui iiito worHc Hcrvitu(U! in tlic West h|. 
 dicH. All alonf? tho coaHt, and far into the interior, Heoret orf^ani/atiouH j'xiHtcd anions 
 the lU'grocH for united efTortH to obtain their freedom ; aiul, in anticipation of tin. ,.„iii 
 hig of a HritiHh army of liberation, they were prepared to riHe in large numbcrH, at ;i 
 given Nignal, and Htrike for freedom.' Hut Co(!kbuni waH content to fill \m ])<tvh'{>i 
 by plundering, and a petty Hiave-trade on his own account ; ho, after kec^ping the Cur 
 olinaH in a state like fever and ague for many weekH,* ho went down to the (Jeoriri,., 
 ooaHt, and at " DungenncsH IIouhc," the neat of the fine CHtate of (Jcneral Natlmnicl 
 Gi-eenc, of tho Itevolution, on Cumberland iHland, he nuide his head-cpiarterH for tji, 
 winter. His marauderH went out in all diroctiouH upon the neighboring (iouHtjHpicad. 
 ing desolation ond alarm. Among tlio estates visited was that of IJonaventurcjUiinv 
 
 Wllllnm KntlaDd, John William*, WllllBm M'l^llnn, Ilonry KIlKoro, John Tnylur, Johu Bruce, and Ilarrla Uiicuicr, 
 prlvntn Kolillom oflliti Tlilrd KcKlniniit orHliitv Triiopn." 
 
 Whoii I vlnllBd tli« "pot u fow ycarii iMiforo llio IhIo wnr, tho tnhlota worn much rtcfnci-d l)y tho cffoctH orbiillctn whirli 
 had bcoii flrvd at thorn fur Iho Mport of Homo youiiK mun ofCharloiitoii, It wan xnd to hco mich cvidviircH iif utter cart. 
 lensnoB* uf Iho moniory of thoKa whom another and better Kcnoratlon had delighted to honor. And yet there won ira. 
 tiuiony not flir off- Jnat ncrou a broad chaanol— that rcnpuct for.a really Krcat man, tliouKh rnnkod In hUtory aa aur- 
 
 ago, was not wautln|{. I refer to Oiceola, tho celebrated Heniliinln warrior, 
 wlio for a lon)( lime out|{oiioralcd Homo of tho boat commundorH nt tliti rriiul)- 
 lie— Scott, Taylor, Ualnei<, and Jeiiup— In their attompta to expi.'l hla |)C(i|,;e 
 IVom tho KverKladca of Florida, which had belonged to hlH fnlherii rnimtlmc 
 Immemorial. A ntouo alab marka hla laat roatlnK-placn on CHrth.JuKtntlhe 
 cntrance-|;ate to Fort Moultrie ; and when I waa thero not nvuu n pciicll.mark 
 defaced tho aurface, ou which wna Inacribed, In lar^o Icttera, 0h<ik(ii,a. Ami 
 HO It remained through tlio late Civil War, unacutbed amid the riilnn aroiiml 
 it. I aaw it, well preaerved. In the aprin){ of IHOO. Oaceolu woa made a iiri-- 
 oner by treachery, having boon arreatcd In tlio camp of Oonoral Jcsnp, whlH- 
 or ho had been invited to a conforonco under the generally aucred protcctli'n 
 of a flag of truce. Ho wna imprlaoncd, and hla great heart woa brnkcn. The 
 warrior became like a llttio child, and died nt the close of January, 1839, Xn 
 ouo can look upon that pimple monument, Juat outalde of thegntv of a putter- 
 fill fortreaH, without flndlng In it nnd the huge walla near Hlgnlflcnnt cmblrirH 
 of the comparative atrength of tho European and tho native American od ibe 
 continent; nor can an American citizen, acquainted with the history of the 
 latter yeara of that warrlor'a life, avoid the blnab of ahamo for the govemmcni 
 that aancttoned auch treachery. 
 
 1 I am indebtod to nn accompliahod American acholar and profeaaor in one of onr collegoa for on accnont of oncot 
 these secret organizations, which mot regularly during the aummcr of 1818 upon an ialand In tho vicinity of Charleston 
 Tho lender waa a man of great angnclty and influence, nnd their mcotlnga wore opened and closed by aingliig ihc mb- 
 Joined hymn, composed by that leader. They hold roeotlnga every night, and had arranged a plan for the rising of all 
 the Hlavca in Charleston whon the nrttiah should appear. At one of their meetlngB, tho qucHtion " Whot shall be done 
 with tho white people t" waa warmly discussed. Some advocated their indiscriminate slaughter aa tho only scourlly 
 for liberty, and thia aeemod to be tho prevailing opinion, when the author of tho hymn came in and said, "Brother!' 
 yon know me. You know that I am ready to gain your liberty and mine. But not one needleas drop of blond mtut be 
 shed. I have a rr^nster whom I love, and the man who takes hla lifb must paaa over my dead body." Tho fullowlDgU 
 a copy of thoh). .n -a sort of parody on the national aong "Uait, Columbia:" 
 
 UHOKOLA 8 QBAVK. 
 
 (11a".! .;i ' «!11 ye Afi-lc clan I 
 Septal. "I llaa I y> oppreased, ye Aflrlc band ! 
 
 (who t li and awcnt In slavery bound, 
 And when your health and atrength are gone, 
 Are left to hunger and to mourn. 
 Lot indepmdenee bo your aim. 
 Ever mindful what 'tis worth ; 
 Pledge your bodies for tho prize, 
 Pile them ever to the skies 1 
 
 CAoru*.— Firm, united lot us be, 
 
 Besolved on death or liberty ! 
 Aa a band of patriots joined, 
 Peace and plenty we aball And. 
 f Look to heaven with manly trust, 
 Rrpeat. ■< And swear by Ulm that's always Jnat 
 (That no white foe, with impious hand, 
 
 Shall slave your wives ond daughters more, 
 Or rob them of their virtue door I 
 Bo armed with valor firm and true, 
 Their hopes are flzed on Heaven nnd yon, 
 That Truth and Justice will prevail. 
 Chorus.— Tlrm, united, etc. 
 
 I Arise! arise! shako off your chains! 
 Bspeat. i Your cause la in",t, so Heaven ordains ; 
 
 (To you shull freedom bo proclaimed I 
 Raise your arms and bare your breasts, 
 Almighty Ood will do the rest. 
 Blow the clarion's warlike bloat; 
 Call every negro ft-om his task ; 
 Wrest the scourge Crom Buokra's hand. 
 And drive each tyrant ttom the land 1 
 CAoru*.— Firm, united, etc. 
 
 > Cockburn londed at Hilton Head and one or two other places, from which he carried off aome cattle and a nointo 
 of slavea ; and Savannah waa much agitated for a time with the fear of hla grasp. 
 
OF TlIK WAIl OF 1813. 
 
 UUI 
 
 \\\ 
 
 Thil «»r«v«of()w«()|i 
 WiTt) Ilu'llllU'd liy 
 
 irii rri'cdoni t(i nil 
 nil iiniiy of many 
 • tlu! in'^rofH liml 
 imt not oft lie inl'ii. 
 U' in tlif West. In 
 oim I'x'mti'd iuiwiii;; 
 l)ution ot'tlu^ ciiin 
 ir^o nunibtTH, III ;i 
 to till tiiH i»H'k('t!. 
 ir koopiiifj; tin? I'm 
 wn to tli«i (iiMirj^ia 
 (Jcncnil Niilliaiiicl 
 iiil-cjUftitcrH lor the 
 Drill j^ c.oiiHt, t<|»r('i\il- 
 IJoiiaventuif,ai'i'\v 
 
 uce, and Ilnrrta LancMtn, 
 
 the effof in of bnllctn wbkli 
 icli ovUtoiircn (if utter care- 
 or. And y«t thoro wm iw- 
 1 rnnkod In hlHtory a« a Mr- 
 iloWrntod Sfniliioli! warrior, 
 tcommandcrHiif tlinrrirali 
 .tomiitn to exiii'l hid \Ki<\i,f 
 HoA lo hl» fnthflrs trnm time 
 H-plnci) on CHrtli.Juntntthi; 
 llipro not ovon n pcurll-matk 
 Inrgo letterc, Ohokh.a. Anil 
 ithod ntnld llm rulim aroiiiiil 
 1. Oncoola wnn mnilc a iirl«- 
 mp of (Icnornl .Icmip, whllh- 
 I goncrnlly Hucreil protcctlm 
 rcM liciirt wnn lirokeii. The 
 1 eloBO of January, ISSK. Nn 
 ilHlilo of the Katoi'f «!><«"'■ 
 illH near Bluiilflcant cmblfiw 
 I tho native American on ih« 
 ntod with tho hiatorynfthe 
 of shamo for tho govemmenl 
 
 igoB for an account of one ot 
 In tho vicinity of Chnrleslon. 
 
 id cloBod by ulnRhiK 't>c "'>■ 
 BdaplanforthcrlBlngotjIl 
 uestlon " What Bhall 1)0 doM 
 laughter an the only aecnrlt; 
 ame In and "Bid, "Brother!: 
 edlcBS drop of blond mniilbo 
 !adbody." ThefuUowbgii 
 
 Us and daughters more, 
 
 r virtue dear 1 
 _• firm and true, 
 Id on Heaven and yon, 
 Itlce will prevail. 
 1 united, etc. 
 i oir your chains I 
 |o Heaven ordains-, 
 n be proclaimed 1 
 
 J bare your brcaste, 
 
 jdo the rest. 
 
 tarllke blast; 
 
 Im his task ; 
 
 Jiom Br.ckra's hand, 
 
 Intftom the land! 
 
 3 nnlted, etc, 
 
 lofTBOme cattle and a number 
 
 ■nTIANOC TO IIONAVENTDBB. 
 
 (-Mkhnrn on Um OomI of a«orgl«. DMatnr riiH Dm WMkada at N«w York. Ua U driven iino iim' rhninm. 
 
 iiiiU'H '•■oni Hiiviuiniih, 
 tho |tro|)i'rty of tlu' 
 Tiilliiiill tUinily, on 
 whicli, in 11 Ki-ovn «)f 
 livtMmk (lnii)(!<l with 
 llio S|i!iijiMli nioHH, in 
 OIK' of tin' ">oHt |ii(!- 
 liiromiui) oi!inoteri('» 
 ill the world, tlio cn- 
 iranctt to whi(!h Ih 
 Hoon in tlio i)i(!tnro, 
 iiittde from ft Hkt!t(di 
 by tlid nrtiHt T. Ad- 
 dlBon ItichnrdH. 
 
 Wliilo Oo(5kl>urn, 
 tiie murftuder, wftH on 
 the Soutliem coftHt, 
 Hiirdy, tho pontlc- 
 iiian, was blockading 
 11 portion of tho N»!\v 
 England coast. Tho 
 
 hftrbors from tho IJolawarc to Nantucket wcro regularly watched, and ingrcHH and 
 t'grt'88 were very difficult. 
 
 We have given an account of tl»c arrival at New York of tho frigates UhiteAl States 
 and Macedonian,^ tho former in tho American service, under Decatur, and tho latter 
 a prize captured by him from tho IJritiwh in tho previous autumn. These had been 
 repaired and fitted for sea, and tho gallant Captain Jones had been placed in com- 
 mand of the Macedonian. At this time the Poic^ierfl, Captain Bcresford, and a num- 
 Iter of other vessels, were carefully guarding the entrance to New York Harbor 
 through tho Narrows, but Decatur, anxious to get out upon tho ocean, resolved to 
 run the blockade. Ho found it unsafe to attempt it at tho Narrows ; so, with his two 
 frigates, accompanied by the sloop of war //omef, Captain Biddle, which was anxious 
 to join the Chesapeake at Bosto*\ he jjassed up the East lliver and Long Island Sound 
 for the purpose of escaping between iVIontauk Point and Block Island.* For a month 
 
 Sir Thomas Hardy, with his 
 flag-ship the liamiUies, the 
 Orpheus, Captain Sir Hugh 
 y^ I^igot, the Valiant, Acasta, 
 
 ^ and smaller vessels, had been 
 
 keeping vigilant watch in that region. During that time Sir Thomas had won the 
 good opinion of the inhabitants along the coast because of his honorable treatment 
 oftliein. 
 
 When Decatur approached tho mouth of tho Tliames," he was met by the • jnne i, 
 Valiant and Acasta, and, knowing that tho Ramillies and Orpheus were **'^- 
 near, he deemed it prudent to ri»n into New London Harbor. He was pursued by 
 the enemy as far as Gull Island, at which point tho British anchored in position to 
 command tho mouth of the Thames. Then commenced a regular blockade of New 
 London, which continued full twenty months, and was raised only by tho proclama- 
 tion of peace. The squadron in sight of Now London was soon strengthened, and 
 when, at the latter part of June, Hardy assumed command of it, it consisted of two 
 74's, two frigates, and a number of smaller vessels. 
 
 ■ See page 480. 
 
 > This is ont at sea, sonth of Rhode Island, and forma a part of that State's Jurisdiction. The British had now raised 
 their standard on this island. 
 
 lim. ^oiA^^ 
 
I ' 
 
 
 •flKJl 
 
 ' ^^^^^^^1 
 
 wKf 
 
 '■'^ m' ''" ' ' 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 -l,4Mi.^-- !- 
 
 
 If 
 
 'i' ' 
 
 
 
 .■ i ■■'■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 693 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Blockading Squadron off New London. 
 
 Alarm of the InhabitantK. 
 
 Decatar finds a Place of Safety, 
 
 MKW LONDON IH ItJiU.' 
 
 The presence of this fleet created much anxiety. The more aged inhabitants, who 
 rem nbered Arnold's incursion in 1781, were filled with apwi'ehensions of a repetition 
 of the tragedies of that terrible day. It was generally expected that the enemy 
 would enter the river p.nd attack Decatur's squadron, and the neighboring militia 
 were summoned to the town ; the specie of the banks was conveyed to Norwich, at 
 the head of ti(^e-water; and women, and children, and portable property were sent 
 into the interior. The character of Sir Thomas was a sufficient guaranty that neitlicr 
 life nor private property would be wantonly destroyed ; but, in the event of the bom- 
 bardment of the ships, the town could not well escape destructioiL by fire. Decatur, 
 in anticipation of such bomba.dment of his vessels, after lightening them, took them 
 five or six miles up the river, beyond the reach of the enemy, and upon an emiiience 
 near Allyn's Point, from which he had a fine view of the Sound and New London 
 Harbor, he cast up some intrenchments, and placed his cannon upon them. The spot 
 was named Dragon Hill.^ 
 
 At about this time an event occurred oiF New London which caused great exas- 
 peration in the blockading squadron, and came near bringing most disastrous effects 
 upon the New England coast. It was the use of a torpedo, or submarine mine, whose 
 invention, construction, and character have already been given in these pagos.^ Tlie 
 government of the United States, it will br remembered, refused to employ them. It 
 was left for private enterprise to attempt the promotion of the public good by their 
 use in weakening the power of the enemy. One of these enterprises was undertaken 
 in New York city. In the hold of the schooner Eagle, John Scudder, junior, the orii;- 
 inator of the plot, placed ten kegs of gunpowder, Avith a quantity of sulphur niixwl 
 with it, in a strong cask, and surrounded it with huge stones and other missiles, whitli, 
 in the event of explosion, might inflict ^reat injury. At the head of the cask, on the 
 inside, were fixed two gun-locks, with cords fastened to their triggers at one end, and 
 two barrels of flour at the other end, so that when the flour should be removed the 
 
 ' In thie view, looking down the river, the old conrt-house, yet standing on State Street, is seen near the centre of Ihe 
 picture. Upon the rocky peninsula ftirther to the right (erroneously made to appear like an Island) Is seen Port Tram- 
 bull. Beyond it, in the distance, at the mouth of the river. Is seen the ilght-honse, and in the open sound the Brilifh 
 blockading squadron. In the extreme distance is seen, as if In connecting line, Oull and Fisher's Island. Ou the ex- 
 treme left are the Heights of Qroton, east of the Thames. 
 
 a IlUUmj of New Lmulnn, by Miss Frances Manwaring Canlkins, author of a Bistnri/ of Norwich, Connecticut. Tlie'C 
 volumes justly rank among the best arranged and most interesting of the local histories of our country. 
 
 ' See pages from 238 to 240 inclusive. 
 
km 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 093 
 
 inde a Fliicc of HaHy. 
 
 A Torpedo Vessel off New London. 
 
 Alarm and Precaatlons of the British. 
 
 Other Torpedo Vessels. 
 
 I inhabitants, who 
 
 on8 of a repetition 
 
 i that the enemy 
 
 3ighboring militia 
 
 'ed to Norwich, at 
 
 roperty were sent 
 
 iranty that neitlier 
 
 [ event of the bom- 
 
 by fire. Decatur, 
 
 them, took them 
 
 upon an emiiieiico 
 
 and Now Loudon 
 
 them. The spot 
 
 sausod great oxas- 
 
 , disastrous effects 
 
 larine mine, whose 
 
 hese pagcs.3 The 
 
 (Mnploy them. It 
 
 blic good by their 
 
 !8 was undertaken 
 
 T, junior, the oris- 
 
 of sulphur mi.veil 
 
 ler missiles, which, 
 
 jf the cask, on the 
 
 irs at one end, anil 
 
 d bo removed the 
 
 ten near the centre of ite 
 ilanfl) is seen Fort Trmn- 
 lo open sound the Brltith 
 her's Island. Onthces- 
 
 Hch, Connecticut. Thc-e 
 Ir country. 
 
 Q 
 
 locks would bo sprung, the powder ignited, and the terrible mine exploded. Thus 
 prepared, with a cargo of flour and naval stores over the concealed mine, the Eagle, 
 Captain Riker, late in June, sailed for New London, where, as was expected and de- 
 sired, she was captured by armed men sent out in boats from the Ramillies. The 
 crew of the Eagle escaped to the shore at Millstone Point, and anxiously awaited the 
 result. The wind had fallen, and for two hours unavailing etforts were made to get 
 the Eagle alongside the Ramillies for the purpose of transferring her cargo to that 
 vessel. Finally boats were sent out as lighters, the hatches of the Eagle were opened, 
 and when the first barrel of flour was removed the explosion took place. A column 
 of fire shot up into the air full nine hundred feet, and a shower of pitch and tar fell 
 upon the deck of the Ramillies. The schooner, and the first lieutenant and ten men 
 from the flag-ship on board of her, Avere blown into atoms, and most of those in the 
 boats outside were seriously, and some fatally injured. 
 
 The success which this experiment promised caused others to be tried. A citizen 
 of Norwich, familiar with the machine used by Bushnell in attempts to blow up the 
 Eagle, British ship-of-war, in the harbor of New York during the Revolution, invented 
 a submarine boat in which he voyaged at the rate of three miles an hour. Li this he 
 went under the Ramillies three times, and on the third occasion had nearly com- 
 pleted the task of fixing a torpedo to her bottom, when a scrcAv bioke, and his effort 
 was foiled. He was discovered, but escaped. A daring fisherman of Long Island, 
 named Penny, made attempts on the Ramillies with a torpedo in a Avhale-boat, and 
 Hardy was kept continually on the alert. So justly fearful was he of these mines, 
 that he not only kept his ship in motion, but, according to Penny, who was a p'-:soner 
 on the Ramillies for a while, he caused her bottom to be swept with a cable every 
 two hours night and day. He finally issued a warning to the inhabitants of the 
 coasts that if they did not cease that cruel and unheard-of warfare, he should proceed 
 to destroy their tOAV'ns and desolate their country.^ 
 
 An attempt of Mr. Mix, of the navy, in July, to blow up the Flantagenet, 74, lying 
 off Cppe Henry, Virginia, was almost successful. The torpedo was carried out, under 
 cover of intense darkness, in a heavy open boat called The Chesapeake Avenger, and 
 dropped so as to float down under the ship's bow. It exploded a few seconds too' 
 soon. The scene was awful. A column of water, twenty-five feet in diameter, and 
 half luminous with lurid light, was thrown up at least forty feet, with an explosion 
 as terrific as thunder, and producing a concussion like the shock of an earthquake. 
 It burst at the crown. The water fell in profusion on the deck of the Plantagenet, 
 and at the same moment she rolled into the chasm made by this sudden expulsion of 
 water, and nearly upset. Torpedoes were also placed across the Narrows, below New 
 York, and at the entrance to the harbor of Portland. This fact made the British 
 commanders exceedingly cautious in approaching our harbors, and they and their 
 American sympathizers expressed great horror at this mode of warfare. It was re- 
 plied that the wanton outrages committed on the defenseless inhabitants of the coast, 
 from Havre de Grace to Charleston, fully justified any mode of warfare against such 
 marauders, and that stratagem in the horrid business of war was always justifiable.^ 
 
 > Hardy had been in the habit of allowlnar trading vessels to pass, the blockade being chiefly against Decatur's little 
 sqnadron ; but on the morning after the explosion of the EarjU he informed Qencral labam, the commander of tLe mi- 
 lillo at New London, that no vessel would thereafter be allowed to pass the British squadron except flags of truce. And 
 on ihe 28th of August, after an attempt npon the RamiUie» by Penny from the south side of Long Island, Hardy wrote 
 to Justice Terry, of Southold, desiring him t > warn the Inhabitants along the coast that if they allowed a torpedo boot 
 to remain another day among them, he would " order every house near the shore to be destroyed." The leniency and 
 courtesy extended to the Inhabitants by Captain Kardy gave him claims to their respectful consideration. 
 
 "The Philadelphia Anrnra said. In xpcaklng of the complaints of the mischievous " Peace party" of that day, "Wc 
 would respecli^iUy solicit the pioiis men to explain to us the difference between waging war with mibmarine macMnes 
 and with aerial doscructive weapons -fighting under water or fighting In the airr The British, too c wardly to meet 
 U! on shore (except when they are certain of finding little or no opposition) like men and soldiers, send us Cungreve 
 rwHji to burn oar towns and habitations ; wc, iu tarn, dispatch some of our torpedoes to rub the copper off the bottoms 
 of their ships." 
 
 m 
 
 i f 
 
 m 
 
 1 vUft^^^l 
 
W' 
 
 M 
 
 694 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 VlgoroDS Blockade of tbe Coast of Connecticnt. 
 
 The local Militia. 
 
 Colonel Burbeck. 
 
 Although Hardy did not execute his threats, he made the blockade more rigoroog 
 than ever, and many trading vessels became prizes to the British cruisers. A tiny 
 warfare was kept up along the Connecticut coast, for, whenever a chased vessel was 
 driven ashore, the inhabitants would turn out to defend it. One 
 of these encounters occurred a little west of the light-house late 
 in the autumn.* The sloop Roxana was chased "November 28 
 ashore by three British barges, and grounded.. ^**^- 
 
 Within half an hour a throng of people had assembled to rescue 
 her, when the enemy set her on fire and retreated. The Amer- 
 icans attempted to extinguish the flames, but a heavy cannonade 
 from the ships drove them oif. Although many were exposed 
 to the cannon-balls on that occasion, not one was hurt. " Dur- 
 ing the whole war," says Miss Caulkins, " not a man was killed 
 by the enemy in Connecticut, and only one in its waters on the 
 coast."' 
 
 i,iuur-uui;a£ at new lumiu2<. 
 
 At near the close of June, the 
 veteran colonel of artillery in the 
 regular service, Henry Burbeck, 
 who had been stationed at New- 
 port, arrived at New London to 
 take charge of that military de- 
 partment.^ He f-^'.ind the militia, 
 who were b' on 'mbued with 
 the mischie\^ iS i/ (otrine of state 
 supremacy, unwilling to be trans- 
 ferred, according to late orders 
 from the Secretary oi War, from the service of the state to the service of the United 
 States. He accordingly, under instructions from Washington, dismissed them all. 
 The people, misconstruing the movement, were alarmed and exasperated. They re- 
 gai-ded themselves as unwarrantably deprived of their defenders, and betrayed to 
 the enemy, who might come and plunder and destroy to his heart's content. At the 
 same time, it was known that Hardy's fleet had been re-enforced by the arrival of 
 the Emlymjon and Statira, vessels equal in strength to the United States and Mact- 
 donian. A panic of mingled fear and indignation prevailed, and it was only allayed 
 by the quick response of the Governor of Connecticut to the invitation of Colonel 
 
 > History of Xew London, page 034. 
 
 » Henry Burbeck was born in Boston on the 8th of June, 1764. He was a soldier of the Rcvolntlon, and in 1T87, ander 
 the Confederation, he was commissioned a captain. He was appointed y^^4^ yt 
 
 captoin of artillery In 1789, and promoted to major in 1791. He was raised — - — y/^TifJ^^ijP i i '^ 
 to lieutenant colonel of artillery and engineers in 1708, and to colonel In ^ fCy C*^»-«-*'-^ *>^ 
 
 1802. During his service at New London, on the Iflth of September, 1813, . ^— — — "" x 
 
 he was breveted a brigadier general, and held that commiseion until the x-- — ~2>^^^ ' '\ 
 
 dose of the war, when, after thirty-eight years of military service, he re- ' '■" ^''^~^»,-— "' ' 
 
 tired from the army, and took up his abode in New London. He died tl.^ ' 
 the 2d of October, 1848, at the great age of uincty-lbnr years. He was bnii j 
 in the Cedar Grove Cemetery at New London, and over his grave the Maeea- 
 ch'isetts Society of the Cincinnati, of which, at the time of his death, he w«s 
 president, and last survivor but <me of the original members, erected a band- 
 some granite monument, under the direction of Honorable R. G. Shaw, of Bos- 
 ton, the late General H. A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, and the Reverend Alfrfd 
 L. Baury, of Newton Lower Falls, a committee of the society. Upon the front 
 i)f the obelisk, on a shield, is the following inscription : " Brigadier General 
 Heniiy BuBiiKiiK, bom In Boston, Mass., June 8, 17IM. Died at New London, 
 October 2, 1848." Upon the cube on which the obelisk stands the following 
 words are deeply engraven : " The Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati 
 dedicate this monument to the memory of their late honor?'' President. He 
 was an officer of the United States from the commoncemcr ' the Uevoln- 
 tlonary War nntll near the close of his life. By a patriotic - d fttltlil\il dU- 
 charge of the high and responsible duties of a Gallant '^ ' ■' and nn Ex- 
 emplary Citizen, he became as Justly ond eminently distlUj," >;: ti iw lis wu 
 uobuxok's mumumknt. rightfully and universally respected. Erected MDCCCL." 
 
PVP 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 695 
 
 Colonel Burbeck. 
 
 [e more rigorous 
 
 ruisers. A tiny 
 
 lascd vessel was 
 
 defend it. One 
 
 light-house late 
 
 3ed • November 28, 
 
 ed.. ''''■ 
 
 emblcd to rescue 
 ted. The Amer- 
 heavy cannonade 
 ny were exposed 
 vas hurt. "Dur- 
 a man was killed 
 its waters on the 
 
 lose of June, the 
 )f artillery in the 
 Henry Burbeck, 
 tationcd at New- 
 New London to 
 that military dc- 
 f-^und the militia, 
 ty; ■ 'mhued with 
 V lotrine of state 
 illing to be trans- 
 g to late orders 
 •vice of the United 
 ismissed theui all. 
 perated. They re- 
 I, and betrayed to 
 content. At the 
 jy the arrival of 
 States and 3Iace- 
 t was only allayed 
 vitation of Colonel 
 
 rolutlon, una in 1787, andet 
 
 ) 
 
 .ondon. He died tl.. 
 anr years. He was bni. .; 
 over his grave tbe Massa- 
 time of his death, lie was 
 members, erected a hand- 
 lorable K.G.Shaw, of BoE- 
 , and the Reverend AIM 
 I'e society. Upon the troDt 
 itlon: "Brlpadicr General 
 iM. Died at New Loudon, 
 ellsk stands the followinp 
 Society of the Cliiclmnu 
 te honorp'' President. He 
 loncemer. ' the Revoln- 
 patriotic - .1 faithW ^" 
 
 i4. 
 
 lallant 
 
 ly dIstlUii 
 
 X'CL." 
 
 and m Ki- 
 
 u*slis Vfil 
 
 Decatur endeavors to get to Sea. The BIne-llghts and the " Peace Party." A Challenge. Tour In New England. 
 
 Burbeck to call out the militia for the temporary defense of the menaced town. Brig- 
 adier Gential Williams was appointed to the command of the militia, and the alarm 
 subsided. 
 
 Decatur watched continually during the summer and autumn for an opportunity 
 to escape to sea with his three vessels ; and hoping, as the severely cold weather came 
 on to find the enemy at times somewhat lax in vigilance, he slowly dropped down 
 the river, and at the beginning of December was anchored in New London" Harbor, 
 opposite Market Wharf. With great secrecy he prepared every thing for sailing. 
 He fixed on Sunday evening, the 12th,'' for making the attempt to run the . December, 
 blockade. Fortunately for his plan, the night was very dark, the wind ^*^^- 
 
 was favorable, and the tide served at a convenient hour. When all things were in 
 readiness, and he was about to weigh anchor, word came from the row-guard of the 
 Macedonian and Hornet that signal-lights were burning on both sides of the river, 
 near its mouth. They were ft^we-lights, and Decatur had no doubt of their being 
 signals to warn the enemy of his movement, which was known in the village that 
 evening. Thus exposed by " Peace Men," of whom there were a few in almost every 
 community, he at once abandoned the project, and tried every means to discover the 
 betrayers, but without effect. The Opposition, as a party, denied the fact, while oth- 
 ers as strongly asserted it. In his letter to the Secretary of the Navy*" ^ 
 on the subject, Decatur said, " Notwithstanding these signals have been 
 repeated, and. have been seen by twenty persons at least in this squadron, there are 
 men in New London who have the hardihood to affect to disbelieve it, and the ef- 
 frontery to avow their disbelief." The whole Federal party, who were traditionally 
 opposed to war with Great Britain, were often unfairly compelled to bear the odium 
 of actions which justly pertained only to the " Peace" faction. They were compelled 
 to do so in this case, and for more than a generation members of that party were 
 stigmatized with the < pithet of "Blue-light Federalist." 
 
 The United States and Macedonian were imprisoned in the Thames during the re- 
 mainder of the war.^ In the spring of 1814 they were dismantled, and laid up about 
 three and a half miles below Norwich, and their officers and men made their way by 
 land to other ports and engaged actively in the service. The Hornet lay at New 
 London almost a year longer, when she slipped out of the harbor and escaped to New 
 York. 
 
 Of the more stirring operations of the blockading fleet in this vicinity the follow- 
 ing year I shall hereafter write, and it remains for me now only to make brief men- 
 tion of the circumstances of my visit at New London and its vicinity late in the au- 
 tumn of 1 860. I had been on a tour East as far as Castine, at the mouth of the Pe- 
 nobscot, and up that river to Bangor, and was thus far on my way homeward, after 
 spending Thanksgiving-day with the acting surgeon of Perry's fleet. Dr. Lusher Par- 
 sons, at his house in Providence, Rhode Island. I had reached New London at an 
 early hour, and, with a pleasant day before me, went out to visit places of historic in- 
 terest in the town and its neigliborhood. Before doing so, I called on the accom- 
 plished author of the History of New London (Miss Caulkins^), and, after the brief in- 
 
 ' In January, 1814, Captain Moran, master of a sloop that had been captnred by the blockaders, reported that Hardy, 
 in his presence, expressed a desire that the Micedunian and Statira should h.ive a ',on.hat, they being vessels of equal 
 power, but that he would not permit a challenge to that effect to be sent DecF.mr at once Infoi-med Hardy (ITlh of 
 January, 1,S14) that he was ready to have n meeting of the Maoedonian and Statira, and the United Statei and Kndymion, 
 and invited him to the contest. This messagi was sent by Captain Blddle, of the Hornet, who was informed that an 
 answer would be sent the next day. The crew « of the two American frigates were assembled, and when the proposi- 
 lion was submitted to them they received It with hearty cheers. They were eager for release, and did not duubt their 
 ability 10 secure a victory. On the following day an answer came. The challenge was accepted so far as the Maeedo- 
 ilmian and Statira were concerned, but a meeting between the United Slates and Endymion was declined because of an 
 olle^'ed disparity In strength, which would give great advantage to the American vessel. Decntnr, being under sailing 
 orderii, and anxious to get his little squadron to sea, would not consent to its separation by detaching the Maeeidonian 
 for a duel, so the matter druppcd. 
 
 > Ml88 Caulkius Is also the author of an admirable History of Norwich, Connecticut. 
 
 m 
 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 : 
 
 ■■HI 
 
 1 
 
 
I iKI 
 
 i 
 
 .1 i ^ 
 
 ...'iiiii 
 
 696 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 OOUUOUOBK KOUUBBHH UONCSIINT. 
 
 Cemetery at New London and its OccnpantH. Commodore Rodgers. New London Harbor and Fort TrumbnII 
 
 terview which limited time allowed, I was well prepared to find the places (and ap- 
 preciate the interest attached to them) in and around that pleasant little city of ten 
 thousand uihabitants. I shall ever remember that intervicv with pleasure. 
 
 Near New London is the " Cedar Grove Cemetery," in which are the graves of 
 many of the honored dead, Among these, over which affection has reared monii- 
 ments, may be found those of General Burbeck and Commodore George W. Rodgeis. 
 
 I made sketched of the monuments erected t(i 
 the memory of each, and present them to the 
 readers of these pages. Commodore Rodders 
 was a gallant officer of the navy, and died in 
 the service of his country at Buenos Ayrcs, in 
 South America, on the 21st of May, 1832, at the 
 age of forty-six years. He was then in com- 
 mand of an American squadron on the coast of 
 Brazil. He was a veteran officer, having been 
 a midshipman in 1804, and a lieutenant in 
 active service during the War of 1812.' By 
 order of the Navy Department, his remains 
 were brought home in the ship Lexington in 
 1850, and conveyed to New London in cliarje 
 of Commodore Kearney. Their re-intcrmcnt in 
 " Cedar Grove Cemetery"^ was the occasion of 
 a great civic and military display, in which the 
 Governor of Connecticut and his suite joined/ 
 His monument is a plain obelisk of freestone, on which is a simple inscription. 
 
 From the cemetery I rode back to the town by another way, which passed by the 
 older part of the place, and the " Hempstead House," the last remaining of the three 
 original houses built at New London. It was erected and occupied by Sir Robert 
 Hempstead, whose descendants yet own it. It was fortified against the Indians at 
 one time, and was the nearest neighbor to the mansion of Governor Winthrop, at the 
 head of the Cove — that cove out of which, within twenty rods of the " Hempsteail 
 House," sailed the first vessel that went from New London to the West Indies. 
 
 From the "Hempstead House" I rode down to the light-house at the mouth of the 
 Thames, sketched the view of it on page 694, and, returning, visited Fort Trumbull, 
 so called in honor of the first Governor of Connecticut of that name. It is a most 
 delightful drive along the river fro.n the light-house and Pequot House to the city, 
 and it is much traveled for pleasure during the summer season. Outward is seen the 
 broad expanse of the Sound, with Fisher's and Gull Islands in the distance ; while up 
 the river is seen the fort and city on one side, and Fort Griswold, the Groton Jlomi- 
 ment and village, and the green hills stretching away toward Norwich on the other. 
 Fort Trumbull is a strong w^ork, built chiefly of granite from the quarry at I\Iillstonf 
 Point. It is the third fortress erected on the spot. In 1775 a strong block-liouse 
 was built upon that rocky point, some embankments were cast up around it, and the 
 whole was named Fort Trumbull. In 1812 these embankments were only green 
 mounds. These were cleared away, and a more formidable work Avas erected, leav- 
 ing the old block-house within the lines. This fort, retaining the original name, fell 
 into decay, and all but the ancient block-house was demolished preparatory to the 
 commencement of the present structure. There the block - house still stands, a 
 monument to the memory of the patriotism of our fathers of the Revolution. The 
 
 I He was nade master commandant in 1810, and captain iu1R28. One of bis sons (Lieutenant Alexander P. Bodttn) 
 was killed at cbe battle of Chapaltepec, in Mexico, In Septem1)e.', 184T. 
 
 > This cemetery was laid ont by Dr. Horatio Stone for an association in 18S0, and consecrated In 1861. Tbe flretii- 
 tennent of a person living when it was laid out was fnat of Joseph S. Sistare.— Hiss Caolklus. 
 
 ' Cunllcins'a History of Conixtelimt, 002. 
 
or imd Fort Trumbull, 
 
 places (and ap- 
 little city often 
 Icasure. 
 
 e the graves of 
 as reared n\onu- 
 rge W. Hodgers, 
 raents erected to 
 3cnt them to the 
 imodore Kodgcrs 
 :iavy, and died in 
 Buenos Ayres, in 
 •May, 1832, at the 
 was then in com- 
 an on the coast of 
 fficcr, having been 
 1 a lieutenant in 
 ^Tar of 1812.' By 
 ment, his remains 
 ship Lexington in 
 London in charge 
 [leir re-interment in 
 ft' as the occasion of 
 isplay, in which the 
 nd his suite joined.' 
 e inscription, 
 sfhich passed hy the 
 [laining of the three 
 ipied by Sir Robert 
 ainst the Indians at 
 lor Winthrop, at the 
 of the " Hempstead 
 e West Indies, 
 at the mouth of the 
 ited Fort Trumbull, 
 name. It is a most 
 „ House to the city, 
 Outward is seen the 
 distance ; while up 
 d, the Groton Monu- 
 rwich on the other. 
 quarry at ^Millstone 
 . strong block-house 
 ip around it, and the 
 its were only green 
 .-k was erected, leav- 
 le original name, fell 
 i preparatory to the 
 ouae still stands, a 
 ,e Revolution. The 
 
 ^TAle^rP.Rodef") 
 IcratedlnlSBl. Theflrttin- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 eoT 
 
 Block-houBe erected in 1812. 
 
 The old Conrt-hoase and its ABsociations. 
 
 Peace. 
 
 new fort was built under the 
 superintendence of (then) 
 Captain George W. Cullum, 
 of the United States Engi- 
 neers, and was completed in 
 1849, at a cost of about two 
 hundred and fifty thousand 
 dollars. The views from its 
 battlements are extensive; 
 and from the grassy espla- 
 nade sloping to the water 
 
 AHOHKT BLOOK-nOCBK, FOBT TBCHOCLL, 
 
 NEW LONDON HABBOB KBOM FOBT TBUUBDLL. 
 
 southward may be obtained 
 a very pleasant view of the 
 harbor, the mouth of the riv- 
 er, and Long Island Sound 
 beyond. 
 
 The last object of interest 
 visited in New London was 
 the old court-house built in 
 1784, three years after its 
 predecessor was burnt at the 
 time of Arnold's invasion.' 
 
 It stands at the head of broad State Street, 
 upon a rocky foundation. It had an ex- 
 ternal gallery around it at the second 
 story, but this was removed at the be- 
 ginning of the present cimtury, and it 
 now bears the appearance that it did at 
 the close of the Second War for Inde- 
 pendence, when it was the scene of joy- 
 ous festivities immediately after the Pres- 
 ident's proclamation of peace reached 
 the town in February, 1815.2 Friendly 
 greetings between the British blockading 
 squadron and the citizens then took place. 
 The latter soon went to sea, and the U^iit- 
 ed States and Macedonian departed for 
 Xew York after an imprisonment of 
 about twenty months. Then " the last shadow of war departed from the town." 
 
 I left New London for Stonington by railway at evening, whither I shall invite the 
 reader before long. 
 
 We have now considered the military events during the year 1813 in the North 
 and West, on the Lakes, and along the Atlantic coast ; let us now look out upon the 
 ocean, and observe the hostile movements of the belligerents there. In the mean 
 time sounds of war with the Indians come up from the Gulf region. 
 
 See Miss Caulklns's Histanj qf Xcw London, page 628. 
 
 ' Admiral Hotham, wliose flag-ship was the Superb, then commanded the blockading sqnadron iff New London. On 
 he 21.st of February the village was splendidly illnmlnated. Ilothaui determineJ to mingle in the festivities. An- 
 iionnctng the parole on the Superb to be "America,' and the countersign "Amity," he and his offlcers went ashore 
 and mingled freely and cordially with the inhabitants. The admiral was received with distinguished courtesy, for, like 
 Hardy, he bad won the merited esteem of the citizens by his gentlemanly conduct. At about this time the Pactolu» 
 and i'ordMii* came Into the harbor, bringing Commodore Decatur and Lieutenant (now Admiral) W. B. Shnbrick, 
 who had been captured in the frtgate Pre»ident. A public reception, partaking of the character of a ball, was held at 
 . the court-house, to which all the British offlcers on the coast were invited. Several were present, and the guests were 
 received by Commodorce Decatur and Shaw, 
 
 TUB OIJ> OOUBT-UOnSB. 
 
 
 , : 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ■ ■ '« . 
 
 ' I 
 
 1 I 
 

 
 ■11*^ 
 
 I' 'If 
 
 _Ji_L ' '"' 
 
 . .- J.I . J 
 
 'li 
 
 698 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Homtt on the Coaat uf 8uuth America. 
 
 Her Contest with the I'tanirt, 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 "O, Johnny Ball, my Joe, John, year Peaeoek* keep at home, 
 And ne'er let British seamen on a Frolic hither come, 
 For we've Hornets and we've Waupa, John, who, as yon donbtless know, 
 Carry stingers in their tails, O, Johnny Bull, my Joe." 
 
 BnoTUXB Jonathan's Epistle to Johnny Bcll, 1814. 
 
 " Then learn, ye comrades of the illustrious dead. 
 Heroic faith and honor to revere ; 
 For Lawrence slumbers in his lowly bed, 
 Bmbolm'd by Albion's and Columbia's tear." 
 
 HoNODT ON Tns Death of Lawberoe. 
 
 FTER the destruction of the Java off the coast of Brazil in De- 
 cember, 1812, Commodore Bainbridge, as we have observed, 
 sailed for the United States,* leaving the Hornet, Cap- . jannanj 
 tain James Lawrence, to blockade the Bon Citoyenne, '^'^ 
 a vessel laden with treasure, in the harbor of San Salvador.' 
 On the 24th of January, the British ship of war Montagu^ 74, 
 made her appearance. She came up from Rio Janeiro to raise 
 the blockade. The Jlornet was driven into the harbor, but es- 
 caped during the very dark night that followed, and went cruising up the coast. She 
 was thus employed for a month, and captured a few prizes. Finally, on the 24th of 
 February, at half past three o'clock in the afternoon, while chasing an English brig 
 off the mouth of the Demerara River, Lawrence suddenly discovered a vessel, evi- 
 dently a man-of-war, with an English ensign set, just without the bar.^ He determ- 
 ined to attack her. The Carobana bank lay between the Hornet and this newly-dis- 
 covered enemy. While she was beating around this another sail was discovered, 
 bearing down cautiously on her weather quarter. When she drew near she proved 
 to be a man-of-war brig, displaying British colors. The men of the Hornet were 
 called to quarters. The ship was cleared for action, and as the American ensign was 
 flung out she tacked, contended for the weather-gage unsuccessfully, and then stood 
 for her antagonist. The latter was on a like errand, and both vessels, with their 
 heads different ways, and lying close to the wind, passed within half pistol-shot of 
 each other at twenty-five minutes past five, delivering their broadsides from larboanl 
 batteries as the guns bore. Immediately after passing, the stranger endeavored to 
 wear short round, so as to get a raking fire at the Hornet. • Lawrence closely watclieil 
 the movement, and promptly imitating it, and firing his starboard guns, compelled 
 the stranger to right his helm. With a perfect blaze of fire the Hornet came down 
 upon her, closed, and in this advantageous position poured in her shot with so raucli 
 vigor for fifteen minutes that her antagonist not only struck her colors, but raised 
 the union down in the fore rigging as a signal of distress. Very soon afterward tlif 
 mainmast of the vanquished fell, and went over her side. Lieutenant J. T. Shubrick 
 was sent to take possession of her, and ascertain her name and condition. She was 
 the British man-of-war brig Peacock, 1 8, Captain William Peake. Her coramander 
 was slain, a great portion of her crew had fallen, and she was in a sinking condition. 
 She already had six feet of water in her hold. Lieutenant David Connor and Jliil 
 shipman Benjamin Cooper were immediately dispatched with boats to bring offtk 
 wounded, and endeavor to save the vessel. For this purpose both vessels were an- 
 
 > See page 401. 
 
 > She was the Knpiegle, muuuting sixteen 32-pound carrouades and two lung 9 
 
wmmm 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 690 
 
 uutOBt with the I'mnri. 
 
 Conduct of Captain Lawrence. 
 
 Prowess of the Americana respected. 
 
 1 Bull, 1814. 
 
 OF Lawbkhce. 
 
 ast of Brazil in De- 
 we have observed, 
 
 niet. Cap- • Jannarj 6, 
 
 'Uoyenne, 
 
 jr of San Salvador.' 
 of war Montagu, 74, 
 Rio Janeiro to raise 
 o the harbor, but es- 
 ig up the coast. Sk 
 nally, on the 24tli of 
 sing an English Irig 
 jovered a vessel, evi- 
 le bar.'* He determ- 
 it and this newly-dis- 
 sail was discovered, 
 [rew near she proved 
 of the Hornet were 
 [American ensign was 
 jfuUy, and then stood 
 [th vessels, with their 
 lin half pistol-shot of 
 adsides from larboard 
 ranger endeavored to 
 Irence closely watched 
 loard guns, compelled 
 lie Hornet came down 
 ler shot with so mncli 
 [her colors, but raised 
 vy soon afterward tk 
 itenantJ.T.Sluihrick 
 condition. She was 
 ike. Her commander 
 In a sinking condition. 
 [avid Connor and Mid- 
 boats to bring off tit 
 both vessels werejui; 
 "cwTouSeTandtwotog !>''■ 
 
 Xlie Deitrnction of the Ptaeock. 
 
 chored. The guns of the Peacock were thrown overboard, the holes made by shot 
 were plugged, and every exertion was made to keep the battered hulk afloat until 
 the wounded could be removed. Their efforts were not wholly successful. The 
 short twilight closed before the work of mercy was accomplished. The vessel filled 
 rapidly ; and while thirteen of her crew and several men belonging to the Hornet 
 were yet on board of her, she suddenly went down. Nine of the thirteen, and three 
 of the ffomefs men,* perished. Connor and several other Americans, and four of the 
 Peacock's crew, had a narrow escape from death. The latter saved themselves by 
 running up the rigging to tlie foretop, which remained above water when she set- 
 tled on the bottom, for she sunk in only about five fathoms. Four prisoners, in the 
 confusion of the moment, had lowered the Peacock's stem boat and escaped to the 
 shore. Those who were saved received every attention from the victors. The crew 
 of the Hornet cheerfully divided their clothing with those of the Peacock; and so 
 sensible were the officers of the latter of the generosity of the American commander 
 and his men, that, on their arrival in New York, they expressed their gratitude in a 
 public letter of thanks to Captain Lawrence.'' 
 
 The loss of the British in this engagement, besides ship and property, is not ex- 
 actly known. Captain Peake and four men were known to be killed, and four offi- 
 cers and twenty-nine men were found wounded. Nine others Avere drowned.- The 
 entire loss of life on the part of the enemy was probably not less than fifly. The 
 Hornet was scarcely touched in her hull, but her sails and rigging were considerably 
 cut, and her mainmast and bowsprit were wounded. Of her crew only one man was 
 killed^ and two wounded in the fight, and three, as we have observed, went down 
 with the Peacock.* Two others were injured by the explosion of a cartridge. The 
 strength of the Hornet in men and metal was slightly greater than that of the Pea- 
 cock She carried eighteen 32-pound carronades and two long ! 2's. The Peacock 
 was aimed with sixteen 24-pound carronades, two long 9'8, one 12-pound carronade 
 in the forecastle, one 6-pounder, and two swivels. Her men numbered one hundred 
 and thirty, and those of the Hornet one hundred and thirty-five. 
 
 Captain Lawrence found himself with two hundred and seventy-seven souls on 
 board, and short of water. He determined to return immediately to the United 
 States; and he did not cast anchor until he reached Ilalmes's Hole, Martha's Vine- 
 yard, on the 19th of March. On that day he wrote an official letter to the Secretary 
 ofthe Navy giving an account of his success, and on the 25th he arrived at the Brook- 
 lyn Navy Yard. Intelligence of the exploits of the Hornet went over the land, and 
 produced the liveliest joy, as well as the most profound sensation in both countries. 
 The prowess and skill of American seamen were fully vindicated and acknowledged, 
 and the " Mistress of the Seas" found it necessary to move with the humiliating cau- 
 tion of a doubter conscious of danger. " If a vessel had been moored for the sole 
 purpose of experiment," said a Halifax (British) newspaper, " it is not probable she 
 , could have been sunk in so short a time. It will not do for our vessels to fight theirs 
 single-handed. The Americans are a dead nip." The President ofthe United States, 
 in his message to Congress at the special session in May, said, " In continuance of the 
 [brilliant achievements of our infant navy, a signal triumph has been gained by Cap- 
 
 ' John Hart, Joseph Williams, and IlaDnibal Boyd. 
 
 : "So much," they said, " was done to alleviate the uncomfortable and distressing sitnation In which we were placed 
 Nhen rmeived ou board the ship yon command, that we can not better express our feelings than by saying we cpiiscd 
 ho consider ourselves prisoners \ and every thing that friendship could dictate was adopted by yon and the officers of 
 rthcWwM to remedy the inconvenience we otherwise should have experienced from the unavoidable loss ofthe whole 
 lofour property and dotheg by the sndden sinking of the Peaeoek." This was signed by the first and second lieuten- 
 {IM», the mafter, the surgeon, and the purser of the Peacock. 
 ' John Place, who was in the top. It Is a sln^lar fact that there was scarcely a mark of a ball seen below the main- 
 top. The captain's pennant was shot tram the mainmast at the beginning of the action. 
 ^ ' To Ibis fhct ft poet of the time. In an elegy on the death of Lawrence, wrote : 
 
 " For 'twas the proud Peacock to the bottom did go ; 
 He lost more in mvimj than conquering bU foe." 
 
 M^ 
 
 ^M 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Uonon to Captain Lawrence and bin Men. 
 
 Pabllc Dinner in New York. 
 
 The Lawrence Mednl. 
 
 
 tain Lawrence and his companions, in the Hornet sloop-of-\var, Avith a celerity so un- 
 exampled, and with a slaughter of the enemy so disproportionate to the loss m tln' 
 Hornet, as to claim for the conqueror the highest praise."' 
 
 The Common Council of New York resolved to present the "freedom of the city" 
 with " a piece of plate with appropriate devices and inscriptions," to Captain Law- 
 rence, and to give a public dinner to the officers and crew of the Hornet? Afterward 
 • jannary 4, when Lttwrenco was slain, the Congress of the United States requL'sted* 
 
 ^^^^- the President to present to his nearest male relative a gold medal com- 
 memorative of his Bervices,^ and a silver medal to each of the commissioned officers 
 
 UKllAl. AWABIIKD TO CAPTAIN LAWBENOE BT CONUKE88. 
 
 who served under him in the Hornet. Every where throughout the land the namo 
 of Lawrence was honored; and, as usual after a victory, Art and Song made contri- 
 butions to the garland of praise with which the people delighted to crown the chief 
 victor.* 
 
 ' Message to Congress, Special Sesslpn, May 25, 1813. In tlie Memoirs of Sir Charles Napier inuy be found the fol- 
 lowing paragraph : " When in Bermuda, in 1S13, with his regiment. Colonel Napier, writing to his mother, aays : 'Tm 
 packets arc quite due, and we fear they have been taken, for the Yankees swarm here ; and when a frigate goes out to 
 drive them off by force they take her 1 Yankees light well, and are gentlemen in their mode of warfare. Dccatnr re- 
 fused Cardeu's sword, saying, "Sir, you have used it so well I should be ashamed to take it from you." These Yankees, 
 though so much abused, are really line fellows.'" 
 
 ' This dinner was given at Washington Hall, on Tuesday, the 4th of May. I have before me one of the origoal to- 
 vitations Issued by Augustus H. Lawrence, Ellsha W. King, and Peter Mesier, Corporation Committee. It lias a »im;i 
 wood-cut at the head representing a naval battle, which was drawn ana engraved by Dr. Alexander Anderson, whoi- 
 yet <lS(i7) engaged In his profession, though in the ninety-third year of his age. " In the evening the gallant tare were 
 treated to a seat in the pit of the theatre," says TheWar, "by the managers, and roused the house by their jollily ami 
 applause during the performance. The representations wore adapted to suit the taste of the visitors and gratify lh( 
 patriotic enthusiasm of the audience. Captain Lawrence, with General Van Rensselaer, General Morton, and a nra- 
 ber of other official characters, fllled one of the side boxes, and made the house ring with huzzas on their appearance." 
 
 ' The above is a picture of the medal, proper size. On one side Is seen the bust of Captain Lawrence, with the legetj 
 
 " lAO LAWRENCE. UULOE ET DEOOBnSI EST I'BO PIIIU 
 
 MOBi." On the reverse is seen a vessel in the act ofsint- 
 ing— her mizzen mast shot away ; a boat rowing towari 
 her fl-om the American ship. Legend— "MAnnrnm 
 MAJ. QUAM vioTOBiA." Exergne— " inter ikirmit mi 
 
 A.MERI. ET PEAOOOK NAV. AKQ. BIE XXIV. FEII. MI1CCC5III." 
 
 « Amos Doollttle, an engraver of New Haven, Com«- I 
 ticut, who ensraved on copper, Immediately after ll» 
 skirmishes nt Lexington and Concord, fonr lUiMtn- 
 tlons of the events of that day, drawn on the ppol bi 
 Earl, engraved and published a caricature concfraiK 
 the light of the Hornet and Peacark, of which the annnfi 
 picture is a miniature copy. An immense hornet, ctrii; [ 
 out "Free trade and sailors' rights, yon old raKsl,'» 
 seen alighting on the head of a bull (John Bull) with*' I 
 wings and tail of a peacock, and, by piercing W^\ 
 with his sting, makes the mongrel animal roar"B(»* | 
 
 UORNET AJtl> PEAOOOK, 0-0-hOO I 1 I" 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 The Lawrence Mednl. 
 
 li a celerity so un- 
 to tho loss m till' 
 
 odom of the city," 
 " to Captain Law- 
 ^met? Afterward, 
 States reciuestcd" 
 a gold medal com- 
 mmissioncd officers 
 
 Cruise of the Cht»apeake. 
 
 Her Character. 
 
 Lawrence in Comniuud of her. 
 
 A Challenge. 
 
 iut the land the namo 
 
 Hid Song made contii- 
 
 id to crown the chief 
 
 , Napier mnyte found the tol- 
 [iuctohls mother, says: 'Two 
 Ld when a frigate goes out to 
 Lode of warfare. Uecaturn- 
 It from you." These \aiike«, 
 
 iforemeoneoftheorignalfc 
 Ion Committee. IthasMmil 
 \t Alexander Anderson, Ab 
 le'evcnlng the gallant tar. «re 
 d the house by their jolty. ^ 
 ^ of the visitors and gratify ihf 
 L General Morton, au4 a Ml- 
 Ih'huizas on their appemnc, 
 Lin Lawrence, with the les-.d 
 
 L FT I.EC0BUM EBT rBO PATW 
 
 VJenavesselintheacto* 
 lot away; a toat rowing town! 
 Ship. i«?e»1-"MA«.rna 
 
 Sxergne-" •""■"'"""'"" 
 
 InOTaveT of New Haven, Com* 
 teer, immediately »«H 
 In and Concord, four ilW» 
 [hat day. drawn on the .pot bj 
 
 iHshed a caricature con«m« 
 
 While the Hornet was making her way homeward, tlic Chesapeake, 38, Captuiu 
 Evans, wliich luul been lying in Boston Harbor for 
 some time, was out on an extensive cruise. She 
 
 'l^^Uy 
 
 left Boston toward the close of February, passed 
 the Canary and Capo Verd Islands, crossed the 
 equator, and for si.v weeks cruised in that region. 
 
 She tiien went to the coast of Soutii America, passed the spot where the 
 went down, sailed througli the West Indies, and up the coasi of the United States to 
 the point of departure. During all that long cruise she met only three ships of war, 
 and accomplished nothing except the capture of four merchant vessels. As she en- 
 tered Boston Harbor in a gale she lost a top-mast, and several men who were aloft 
 went overboard with it and were drowned. Tlie Chesapeake had tho reputation of 
 heing an " unlucky" ship before the war, and this unsuccessful cruise and melancholy 
 termination confirmed the impression. A superstitious notion prevailed in the navy 
 cdnccrning " lucky" and " unlucky" vessels, and officers and seamen wore averse to 
 serving in the Chesapeake on account of her " unlucky" character.' 
 
 Captain Evans Avas compelled to leave the service at the close of this cruise on 
 account of the loss of the sight of one of his eyes, and danger that menaced tho oth- 
 er. Lawrence, who had just been promoted from master commandant to captain, 
 was assigned to the command of the C/iesapeake. He accepted it with reluctance, 
 because the seamen would not sail in her with the spirit that promised success. 
 
 British vessels were now blockading the harbors of Massachusetts. Hitherto that 
 blockade had been very mild on the New England ccr.ot, for the British Cabinet be- 
 lieved that the people of that section, being largely opposed to tho ".ar, would, it 
 properly cajoled, prove recreant to patriotism, and either join the enemy outright, or 
 separate from and thus materially weaken the remainder of the States. This delusion 
 now began to yield to the stern arguments of events, and the blockade was made 
 more rigorous every hour. Blockading ships hovered like hawks along the New 
 England coast, and the Shamioti, 38, and Tenedos, 38, were closely watching Boston 
 Harbor at the close of Maj'. 
 
 Tlie Hornet was now commanded by Captain Biddle, and had been placed under 
 the orders of Captain Lawrence. They were to cruise together if possible, going east- 
 ward and northward from Boston for the twofold purpose of intercepting the British 
 vissels boimd to the St. Lawrence, and ultimately to seek the Greenland whale-fish- 
 tries. Every thing was in readiness at the close of May, Avhcn the Shannon, the com- 
 plement in strength of the Chesapeake, appeared alone off Boston, in the attitude of a 
 iliallenger. She was observed by Lawrence, and on Tuesday, the 1st day of June, 
 that commander wrote as follows to the Secretary of the Navy : 
 
 "Since I had the honor of addressing you last I have been detained for want of 
 men. I am now getting under weigh, and shall endeavor to carry into e-vocution the 
 instructions you have honored me with. An English frigate is now in sight from my 
 ileek. I have sent a pilot boat out to reconnoitre, and should she be alone I am in 
 hopes to give a good account of her before night. My crew appear to be in fine spir- 
 its, and, I trust, will do their duty."^ (See fac-simile on page 702.) 
 
 At a later hour Captain Philip Vere Broke, the commander of the Shannon, wrote 
 • a challenge to Captain Lawrence, saying: "As the Chesapeake appears now ready 
 f for sea, I request you will do me the favor to meet tho Shannon with her, ship to sliip, 
 |to try the fortunes of our respective flags. To an officer of your character it requires 
 |some apology for proceeding to farther particulars. Be assured, sir, it is not from 
 
 "In the navy, at this particular Juncture, the Corwtitvtion, Conttellation, and Enterprise were the luchj vessels of the 
 f lenice, and the "hempeake and Pretident the unUichj. The different vessels named went Into tho War of 1812 with 
 [Ihi^se characters, and they were singularly confirmed hy clrcnmstances."— Cooper, 11., J4fl. 
 
 ' Atitograph letter in tlie Navy Department, Washington City. This was the Inst letter written by Captain Lawrence. 
 
 pi!i 
 
liiiiii!* 
 
 ..ai a i ;iit 
 
 ! r^ 
 
 ll 
 
 • i! 
 
 :o2 
 
 PICTORIAL I'lEL -BOOK 
 
 Captain Lawrence's lait Offloial Letter. 
 
 any doubt I can entertain of your wishing to close with my proposal, but merely to i 
 provide an answer to any objection which might be made, and very reasonably, upo« j 
 the chance of our receiving any unfair support." 
 
 Captain Broke then, in a long appendix to his challenge, explained his object, men- 1 
 tioned his own strength, the disposition of other British vessels in the neighbor^ 
 
 tf ( H ■ (it 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 103 
 
 jroposal, but merely to 
 , very rea8onably,«p«M 
 
 CipUin Broke's CballeDge. 
 
 The Shannm. 
 
 ilosignated the place of combat,' asked for a plan of mutual signals, offered arrange- 
 ments concerning the presence of other vessels, and assured him that th(.' Chesapeake 
 could not get to sea without " the risk of being crushed by the superior force of the 
 Biitish squadron" then abroad.'' 
 The Shannon ranked as a 38-gun ship, but mounted fifty-two gun?.'' According 
 
 ' "I will send all other ships beyond the power of Interfering with ns, and meet yon wherever It Is most agreeable 
 lo yon, within the limits of the under-mentioned rendezvous, viz., Prom six to ten leagues east of Capo Cod Llght- 
 hoQic, from eight to ten leagues east of Cape Ann's Light, on Cashe's ledge, in lat. 48° N., at any bearing and distance 
 you please to fix, off the sooth breakers of Nantucket, or the shoal on 8t. George's Bank."— J/S. Chal'enge. 
 
 ' MS. Letter, with Captain Broke's signature, In theNavy Department, Washington City. This letter was sent by the 
 iiandofOnptain Slocnm, of Salem. He was landed at Marblehead, and made his way to Boston as speedily as possible. 
 The Chempeakc had gone to sea, and he placed the letter in the hands of Commodore Bainbrldge, the commandant of 
 the station. 
 
 ' The Shannon was bnllt at Chatham, in England, in 1806. She wag also known as " unlucky" by the British seamen 
 liecaase two ships of the same name had been previously lost. One, a 32-gun frigate, was built in 1T96, and lost by 
 iihipwrcck In 1800 ; the other, of thirty-six guns, was bnllt in 1803, and in the same year struck the ground in a gule, and 
 was wrecked under the batteries of Cape la Ilogue.— James's .Vnval OcctiTTtnctt. 
 
Ilil 
 m 
 
 
 nmn 
 
 704 
 
 I'lCTOltlAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Condition of the Chtmpeake. A mutluoai Foeliug dlicuvered. Lawroiics uccpti Broke'i Chdleacg, 
 
 to Broke's challenge, she " mounted twenty-four guns on her broadside, and one liirlit 
 boat-gun; IH-pounders on her main-deck, and 32-i)ound carronades on her <iUiiitir- 
 deck and forecastle ; and was manned with a complement of three hundred men iiml 
 boys, besides thirty seamen" who had been taken out of captured vessels." SIk' 
 was perfectly equipped, and her men were thoroughly disciplined ; and officers and 
 men had unwavering confidence in each other. Quite different was the case of tin. 
 Chesapeake, The seamen, as we have observed, naturally superstitious, reganUd lui 
 as " unlucky," and this opinion was disliearteuing. Captain Lawrence had latii in 
 command of her only about ten days, and was unacquainted with the abilities of her 
 officers and men. Some of the former were absent on account of ill health. First 
 Lieutenant Octavius A. Page, of Virginia, a very superior officer, was sick with a iiuii' 
 fever, of which ho died in Boston soon afterward. Second Lieutenant Thompson was 
 absent on account of ill health, and Acting Lieutenants Nicholson and Pearce were 
 also absent from the same cause. The consequence was that Lieutenant Augustus 
 Ludlow, who was the third officer under Evans in the last cruise of the Chcmpeuke, 
 became Lawrence's second in command. Tie was very young, and had never acted 
 in that capacity, yet he was an officer of merit, and already distinguished. Thurc 
 was but one other commissioned sea officer in the ship. 
 
 Captain Lawrence was beset with other difficulties. The crew wore almost mutin- 
 ous because of disputes concerning the {.rize-raoncy won during the last cruise. Tlieri' 
 were also a large number of mercenaries on board, among them a troublesome Por- 
 tuguese, who was a boatswain's mate. Many of the crew had but recently enlisted; 
 and in every way the Chesapeake was wholly unprepared for a conflict with an equal 
 in men and metal. But in armament she was almost equal to the Shannon. Siie 
 mounted twenty-eight long IS-pounders on the main-deck, sixteen 32-lb. carronades 
 on the quarter-deck, and four carronades of equal weight and a long 1 8-pounder on 
 the forecastle.^ 
 
 After Captain Broke had dispatched his ( ygo to Salem he prepared his shiji 
 
 for combat, displayed his colors in full, and Is Joston light-house under easy sail. 
 
 Captain Lawrence understood this as a challenge, and when the pilot-boat, sent out 
 to reconnoitre, returned with the assurance that the Shannon was alone, he determ- 
 ined to accept it. lie well knew his disabilities, and told his officers that he would 
 rather fight the Shcmnon and Tenedos in succession, after a twenty days' cruise, than 
 to fight either alone on first putting to sea, when the thoughts of homes just left, sea- 
 sickness, and other depressing circumstances would seriously affect his men. Yet, 
 innately brave, and always self-reliant, ho acted upon his own impulses, and, without 
 consulting any one on shore, he weighed anchor toward noon.^ 
 
 Captain Lawrence attempted to conciliate his crew by giving them checks for their 
 prize-money, and addressed them eloquently for a few minutes. He then ran up three 
 ensigns, one on the mizzen-royal-mast-head, another on the peak, and a third in the 
 starboard main-rigging, and attempted to stimulate the quickened enthusiasm of iiis 
 men by unfurling at the fore a broad white flag bearing the words first used n tin 
 Essex* Free Trade and Sailors' Rights. Yet they still murmured, for the lortii- 
 guese was rebellious, and active in fomenting discontent. 
 
 ' Captain Broke'B MS. Letter to Captain Lawrence. Lientenant George Badd, who became a pnrser on board the 
 Shannon, said, in bis dispatch from Halifax to the Secretary of the Navy, that she had, in addition to her complemeii, 
 " an officer and sixteen men belonging to the Brffe Pmde, and a part of the crew of the Tenedos" 
 
 ' The guns of the Chesapeake were all named. James, in his XavaX Occurrences, page 232, has preserved the names ol 
 those composing one broadside of the main-deck, and some of those on the qnarter-deck aad forecastle, as fullow< 
 Main-deck— Urotto- Jonathan, True Blue, Yankee Protection, Putnam, Raging Eagle, Viper, OenertU Warren, Had An- 
 thony, Anieriea, Washimiton, Liberty /or Ever, Dreadnmufht, Defiance, Liberty or Death. Qcartkb-peok— £uB-''»'< Spit- 
 fire, Naney Dawsoi%, Revenge, Bunker's Hill, Pocahontas, Towser, WiU/ul Murder. 
 
 The Chesapeake was bnilt at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1797, at a cost of $221,000, and was considered one of the fluest tcv 
 sets of her class. 
 
 3 At nine o'clock the Shanrton captnred a small schooner off Boston Light. The Cheaapeake saw this, fired a gun, mi 
 loosed her foretop-sail as a signal for putting to sea. * See page til. 
 
OF THK WAU OK I H I a. 
 
 706 
 
 ccpU DroUo't ChaUeDg^ 
 
 side, and one light 
 iH on her qiiiirtir- 
 
 hundn-d nu'u imd 
 red voHse-ls.' S!h' 
 . ; and oflici-rw and 
 ?a8 the case of tlic 
 tious, roij;ar<U'(l her 
 rrenco had hotii in 
 
 the abilities of Iut 
 )f ill health. First 
 -as sick with a Imii,' 
 lant Thompson wus 
 )n and Pearco wiro 
 icutcnant Augustus 
 
 of the Cfiempeab, 
 ,nd had never aotcd 
 stinguished. Thtrc 
 
 were almost uiutiii- 
 ic last cruise. Tlioro 
 
 a troublesome For- 
 ut recently enlisted; 
 lonflict with an e([u:il 
 1 the Shannon. She 
 een 32-lb. carronades 
 L long 18-pounder on 
 
 he prepared his ship 
 
 ouse under easy sail, 
 pilot-boat, sent out 
 as alone, he detenu- 
 
 fficers that he would 
 ty days' cruise, than 
 
 if homes just left, sen- 
 ffect his men. Yet, 
 pulses, and, without 
 
 them checks for their 
 
 IHc then ran up three 
 
 jk, and a third in the 
 
 led enthusiasm of his 
 
 ^rds first used n tlie 
 
 luredjfortheiortu- 
 
 lecnme a pnrBcr on board the 
 \ adaitlon to her complemeni, 
 
 b, has preserved the names ot 
 tk oad forecastle, as foUo^ti: 
 ler, General Warrm, Jfud -I'l- 
 
 nBldered one of the finest ve-- 
 
 ! saw this, fired a gna. ml 
 « See page «!■ 
 
 im Chimptakt goes out U> fljfht. 
 
 (Ircat Kxcllemeut In lluDtun, 
 
 BeglnoliiK of the Battle. 
 
 * June 1, 
 1N13. 
 
 It was now noon — a pleasant day in early summer," after a chilling mist 
 had hrooded for a week over Boston Harbor. The anchor of the Vhesapeake 
 was lifted, and she rode gallantly out ii.to the bay in the direction of her menacing 
 fi)C, followed by the eager eyes of thousands,' Ah her antagonist was in sight, her 
 decks were immediately cleared for action, and both vessels, under easy sail, bore 
 away to a position about thirty miles from Boston Light, between Capo Cod and 
 Cape Ann.* 
 
 At four o'clock the Chesapeake fired a gun, wliieh made the Shannon lieavo to. She 
 was soon under single-reefed top-sails and jib, while the Chenapcake, under whole top- 
 sails and jib, was bearing down upon her with considerable speed. The breeze was 
 freshening, an<l as the latter approached her movements were watched on board the 
 Shannon with great anxiety, because it was uncertain on which side she was about 
 to close upon her antagonist, or whether she might not commence the action on her 
 quarter. Having the weather-gage the Chesapeake had the advantage; atid "the 
 history of naval warfare," says Mr. Cooper, " does not contain an instance of a ship's 
 bciiif more gallantly conducted than the Chesapeake was now handled."^ 
 
 Onward came the Chesapeake until she lay fairly along tlio larboard side of the 
 Slutmion, yard-arm and yard-arm, within pistol-shot distance. It was now between 
 half past five and six o'clock in the evening. The Chesapeake was luflTed, and ranged 
 up abeam, and as her foremast came in a line with the Shannon^s mizzen mast the 
 latter discharged her cabin guns, anu the others in quick succession from afl forward. 
 Tiie Chesapeake was silent for a moment until her guns bore, when she poured a de- 
 structive broadside into her antagonist. Now came the tug with lieavy metal. For 
 six or eight minutes the cannonade on both sides was incessant. In general effect 
 tlic Chesapeake had the be t of the action at this juncture, but she had suffered dread- 
 fully hi the loss of ofticci uid men. Compared with that of the foe, it was as ten to 
 one,* 
 
 While passing the Shannoii's broadside, after a contest of twelve minutes, the Ches- 
 apeake's foretop-sail-tie and jib-sheet were shot away. Her spanker-brails were also 
 loosened, and the sail blew out. Tims crippled at the moment when she was about 
 to take the wind out of the Shannon's nails, shoot ahead, lay across her bow, rake her, 
 and probably secure a victory, the Chesapeake would not obey her helm ; and when 
 the sails of her antagonist filled, she by some means got her mizzen rigging foul of 
 tlie Shannon's fore-chains. Thus entangled, the Chesapeake lay exposed to the raking 
 iire of the foe's carronades. These almost swept her upper decks. Captain Lawrence 
 was slightly Avounded in the leg ; Mr. White, the sailing-master, was killed ; Ludlow, 
 the first lieutenant, was badly Avounded in two places by grape-shot ; and Mr. Brown, 
 the marine officer, Mr. Ballard, the acting fourth lieutenant, and Peter Adams, the 
 
 ' There was great excitement at Boston and in Its neighborhood when it was Icnown that the Chempeake had gone 
 ont to meet the Shannon. Thousands of hearts heat quicker with the desire that Captain Lawrence should add new 
 janrcls to those he had already won in his combat with the Peacock, and the harbor was soon swarming with small craft 
 making their way out to the probable scene of action. Yet there were those who were moved by opposite feelings. 
 The party opposed to the war was strong in Massachusetts, and when, a fortnight afterward, it was proposed in the 
 Legislature of that state to pass a vote of thanks to the then slain Lawrence for his gallantry in the capture uf the /Va> 
 fofi, a preamble and resolution were adopted by the Senate declaring that similar attentions already given to military 
 and naval officers engaged In a like service had "given great discontent to many of the good people of the Common- 
 wealth, it being considered by them as an encouragement and excitement to the continuance of the present unjust, nu- 
 necessary, and Iniquitous war. The resolution was as follows : 
 
 "Tto'IixW, asthe sense of the Senate of Massachusetts, that in awarlike the present, waged without justifiable cause, 
 and prosecuted in a manner which indicates that conquest and ambition are its real motives, it is not becoming a moral 
 and religious people to express any approbation of military or naval exploits which are not immediately connected with 
 the defense of our sea-coast and soil." — June 15, 181S. 
 
 > From the high grounds near Salem the inhabitants had a distant view of the engagement, and the booming of the 
 cannon was heard far inland. 
 
 ' Cooper's Wmal Hittnrn of the TTnited States, ii., 248. 
 
 ' "Of one hundred and fifty men quartered on the upper deck," said Lieutenant Ludlow to an officer of the Shannon, 
 "1 did not see fifty on their legs after the first fire." The Shannon's topmen reported " that the hammocks, splinters, 
 and wreclig of all kinds driven across the deck formed a complete cloud."— Stati-ntfitt uf Captain R. U. King, qf the Bayal 
 Xavij. 
 
 Yy 
 
 ^K 
 
 i 
 
 : 1 
 
 hh ' i 
 

 706 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle of the Chesapeake and iVmnjioi*. Captain Lawrence mortally wounded. "Don't give up the Shin " 
 
 'lUK UUEHAPKAKE UIUAllI.KD UT TU£ SUAMNO^'h UBOADalDEB. > 
 
 boatswain, were all mortally wounded. The latter was boatswain of the Constitutm 
 in her action with the Guerriere. 
 
 Whftii Captain Lawrence perceived the entanglement of the ships he ordered his 
 boarders to be called up. Unfortunately, a negro bugler was employed to give the 
 signal instead of the drummer, as usual. Dismayed by the aspect of the fight, the 
 bugler skulked under the stern of the launch, and when called to duty he was so ter- 
 rified that he could not give even a feeble blast.^ Oral orders were immediatclv 
 sent to the boarders, but these Avere imperfectly understood amid the din of battle. 
 At that moment, while Captain Lawrence was giving directions concerning the diiai- 
 aged foiesails, that the ship might be rendered manageable, he was fatally wounded 
 by a musket-bpU, and carried below by Lieutenant Cox, aided by some of the men/ 
 Ilis last Avords when he left the deck Avere in substance, " Tell the men to fire faster 
 and not give up the ship. Fight her till she sinks !" These words of the dying lieTi 
 were remembered, and '^ Doii't give up the Shijy''' was the battle-cry of the Aiiiericaii 
 Navy during the whole war. It was the motto upon the banner borne by Perry's 
 flag-ship in battle thi-ee months later, and is still a proverbial word of encouragement 
 to the struggling and faltering in life's various battles.* 
 
 The keen and experienced eye of Captain Broke quickly comprehended the weak 
 
 1 Thin Is from a Bkeii.h hy Captain B. H. King, of the Royal Navy, who was with Captain Broke In the Shannon from 
 ISOC nntil 1814, excepting a short time In the spring of 1813. Ho rose to the rank of commander in 1828, and to captaiD 
 in 1839, when he withdrew from service afloat. 
 
 ' His name was George Brown. He was exchanged. Afterward he was tried at New London, fonnd guilty of cow 
 ardicc, and sentenced to the punishment of three hundred lashes on his bare hack. 
 
 ' Lieutenant Cox commnndcd the middle division of the gun-dock. He heard the oral orders for the bourileii', ant 
 ran up at the moment when Lawrence fell. 
 * The following are the f.rst and last stanzas of a stirring poem by R. M. Charlton : 
 
 " A hero on his vessel's deck " Oh, let these words your motto be, 
 
 Lay weltering in his gore. Whatever Ills l)efall ; 
 
 And tattered sail aun shattered wreck Though foes beset, and pleasures flee, . 
 
 Told that the ilght was o'er ; And passion's w'les t. /tU.all. 
 
 But e'en when d>,ath had .'lazed his eye, Though danger spreads her ready snnro 
 
 nis feeble, quivering lip Your erring steps to trip, 
 
 Still uttered, with life's latest sigh, Bemomber hat dead hero's prayer, 
 
 • 1/oj't, don't give up the ship I' And ' dont yive vp the. ship V ' 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 101 
 
 "Don't give up the Ship," 
 
 A desperate Struggle. 
 
 Treachery of a Portnguese. 
 
 Capture of the Chcsapeate. 
 
 tin of the Constitutm 
 
 B Bliips he ordered his 
 lemployed to give the 
 ipect of the fight, \h 
 [to duty he was so tor- 
 ■rs were immediately 
 jmid the din of battle, 
 s concerning the dn.ai- 
 was fatally wounded 
 by some of the men.' 
 the men to fire taster 
 jrds of the dying he'-o 
 ,e-cry of the Amerleaii 
 pner borne by Perry's 
 ord of encouragement 
 
 iprehended the wcnk 
 
 Jain Broke In the Shannon from 
 lmnnderlnl828,andtocaptm 
 
 • London, found gnllty of co« 
 
 lal orders for the boarder?, am! 
 
 Rg your motto \>e, 
 
 Jefall ; 
 
 It, and plcafinrca nee, 
 
 Vies I itli.all. 
 
 treads her ready Buaro 
 
 Ipx to trip, 
 
 lend hero's pmyer, 
 
 \ip the ship r ' 
 
 ness of the Chesajteake at this moment, she having no officer on the quarter-deck 
 shove the rank of midshipman. He immediately ordered his boarders forward. 
 Placing himself, with his first lieutenant, at the htad of twenty of them, and passing 
 cautiously from his fore-channels, he readied the q>iarter-deck of the Chesapeake 
 without opposition, for the gunners, finding all their officers fallen, and themselves 
 exposed to a raking fire without the means of returning a shot, had left the guns and 
 fli'd below. Meanwhile Lieutenant Budd had ordered the boarders to follow him up. 
 Only fifteen or twenty obeyed, and with these he gallantly attacked the British at 
 the gangways. He was almost instantly disabled by a severe wound, and thrown 
 down on the gun-deck. His followers were driven toward the forecastle. These 
 disasters aroused the severely-wounded young Ludlow, Having laid his commander 
 in the guard-room, he hurried upon deck, where he almost instantly received a fatal 
 sabre-wound, and was carried below. 
 
 Broke now ordered about sixty marines of the Shannon to join him, Tliese kept 
 down the Americans who were ascending the main hatchway, I'rovoked by a shot 
 iiom below by a boy, they fired down the hatches, and killed and wounded a great 
 many men. The victory was soon made easy by treachery. The boatswain's mate 
 (the mutinous Portuguese already mentioned) removed the gratings of the berth- 
 deck, and then, running below, followed by a large number of the malcontents of the 
 morning, he shouted, maliciously, " So much for not paying men prize-money !" This 
 act gave the British complete control of the vessel ; and while a few gallant marines, 
 animated by the injunctiors of the bleeding Lawrence, were yet defending the ship, 
 First Lieutenant Watts, of the Shannon, hauled down the colors of the Chesapeake 
 and hoisted the Bi'itish flag. At that instant he was slain by a grape-shot from one 
 of tlie foremast guns of his own ship, 
 
 wliieh struck him on the head.* 
 
 History has recorded but few naval 
 battles more sanguinary than this. It 
 lasted only fifteen minutes, and yet, as 
 Cooper remarks, " both ships were char- 
 nel-houses." They presented a most dis- 
 mal sjjectacle. The Chesapeake had lost 
 forty-eight men killed, and ninety-eight 
 wounded. The Shannon had lost twen- 
 ty-six killed, and fif^y- eight wounded. 
 Among the killed were Lieutenant Watt, 
 already mentioned, Mr. Aldham, the pur- 
 ser, and Mr. Dunn, the captain's cK-rk.^ 
 
 Both ».hips presented a most dismal ap- 
 pearance. ]\Iarks of carnage and desola- 
 tion every Avhere met the eye.^ Captain 
 Broke, who luid ordered the slaughter to 
 eease when the victory M^as gained, had 
 become delirious, Lawrence, too severe- 
 
 :%■'- 
 
 I'llIMP U0WK8 VEBE UKOKK. 
 
 'Captain Broke behaved most KaUnntly in this coi.llict, lie received, according to hla report, "a eevcre eabre- 
 mmA at tlin first onset while charging a part of the enemy who had rallied on the forecastle," yet he continued his 
 'irlpn until he was assured of victory, when ho partly fainted from loss of l)loo(l. While a soiiman was tying n hand- 
 kcrciiicf nriiiind the captain's wounded bead, there was n en,-, " Thero, sir, there troes up the old cisign over the Yankee 
 I olors !" Washington Irving, In an account of the engagement. In the A nalivtic. ifaijazine, says that Samuel Llvermore, 
 "f Boston, who, from personal attachment to Lawrence, bad nccomi)anied him as chaplain, attempted to avenge his fall. 
 He shot at Captain Broke, hut missed him. Broke made a stroke at Livcrmore's head with bis sword, which the latter 
 warded off, bit In so doing received r. severe wound 1" the arm. " Captain Br<ikr's Report. 
 
 ' There Is a cii, ions coincidence In the history of the Shannon and the American ft'igate roiuttihiHim. Within a few 
 (lava of each other, in the summer of 1«(I0, these two vessels, whose names are deurtotlieir respective nations, and both, 
 ill maritime parlance, ranking as inrnliilit, were equipped and saileci on a cruise. The conqueror of the Chenapeake left 
 PorUmouth, Eogland, nud at about the same time the Constitutimi left Portsmouth, Virginia, on a short cruise, preparn- 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Chesapeake taken to Uulifax. 
 
 Biographical Slcctcli of Captain Lawrence. 
 
 r ' 
 
 n I. 
 
 ■■:i 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 -i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 f ' 
 
 m^ 
 
 '■■' 
 
 ly wounded to bo earned to his shattered cabin, was left in the ward-room Avith his 
 own surgeon, seldom uttering a word except to indicate his wants. White lav- 
 dead,' Ballard,^ Broome,^ and Adams were dying, and the gallant Ludlow was sui- 
 faring severely from a mortal wound. 
 
 TllK SHANNON AMU GUESArEAKE ENTEBINU THE UAUUOtt Or UALIKAX.* 
 
 As soon as the two ships were disentangled, the Sfiannon started for Halifax with 
 •Jnne, her prize, where she arrived on the 7th.* Lawrence had expired the day be- 
 1813. foxQ^ and his body, wrapped in the flag of the Chesapeake, lay upon the quar- 
 ter-deck.* As the ships entered the harbor, the men-of-war there manned their yards 
 
 tory to her talcing her .«tation at Annapolis as a school-ship. Each was abont to be broken up many years ago, and each 
 was saved by poetical remonstrances — one by Tennyson, and the other by Holmes. Tbo stirring poem by Holmes may 
 be found on page 4i)7. 
 
 ' William Augustus White was a native of Rutland, Vermont, and was only twenty-six years of age. He was repre- 
 sented as a noble and generous youug man. His loss was greatly deploi !;d by bis friends, who regarded him as a yonog 
 man of great promise. A friendly hand wrote : 
 
 "Columbia's page In gcn'rons strain shall tell 
 Those deeds of courage where her Lawrence fell ; 
 Honor shall gild the JicrcTs spotljss shrine, 
 And thine, O Wiiitk ! willi kiudred lustre shine." 
 
 ' Edward J. Ballard was an active ond very promisinf yonng man. He was appointed ft midshipman in Fcbrn.irT. 
 1609, and was commissioned a lieutenant on the day after the action in which he lost his 1'';. The commi^slnii wnn is- 
 sued before news of the action reached the Department. " Anxious to render himself useful, f.ri to '^{••■•■•p 'n (lie plory 
 acquired by ^ur naval heroes," wrote n fUcnd, "he left ('hough scarcely recovered from an indisposition of several 
 months) the y ;aceful asylum of friendship for his home on the ocean, aiid terminated with honor a well-spent life of 
 virtue." 
 
 ' James Broome, the commander of the marines, was n native of New Jersey. He was appointed a midshipman in 
 July, ISOT. Of the forty-four marines under his commend on board the Chesapeake, twelve were killed and twenty 
 wounded. 
 
 • From a sketch by Captain R. H. King, R. N. 
 
 « James LawTcncc was bom ot Bnrlington, New .lersey, on the Ist of October, 1T81. Ho was left to the tender cm 
 of two sisters, his mother having died a few weeks after his birth. He exhibited a passion for the sea nt the nw ot 
 twelve years, but his father designed bim for the profession of the law. He entered upon a course of studies with hi( 
 brother John at Woodbury at the ape of fourteen years, and soon afterward lost his fatlier. Law was distasicful to 
 him. He longed for the sea, and bis brother gave him the opportunity of acquiring preparatory knowledge. He ap- 
 plied for a situation In the navy at the age of eighteen years, and entered the service as a midshipman In tlie nhip 
 Ganges, Captain Tingey, in the autumn of 179S. He was transferred to the Adams. He was commissioned a lienlenani, 
 and was first officer of the Enterimse in the war with Tripoli. Hecntur, in his offlclol reports, acknowlcdircs his son- 
 ices In the bombardment of Tripoli. After his return from the Mediterranean he was for some time attncheil to He 
 Navy Yard at New York. He became first lieutenant on the Cnnstittition, and in succession commanded tlie Vii^ 
 Wasp, Argus, and Uurnet. He married in New York In 1808. At the commencement of the war in 1812 be sailed In 
 
OF THE WAB OF 1812. 
 
 700 
 
 tch of Captalu Lawrence. 
 
 ard-roora with his 
 rants. White lay 
 t Ludlow was suf- 
 
 Joy of the British. 
 
 Admiral Warrcu's Thanks to Cnptalu Broke. 
 
 Effect of the Victory in Knglaud. 
 
 •ted for Haliftix with 
 expired the day he- 
 lay upon the quar- 
 manned their yards 
 
 up many years afjo, and each 
 tlrriug poem by Holmes may 
 
 years of ago. He was reprc- 
 nho regarded him as a younf 
 
 a midshipman in Fcbniarr. 
 
 '\ The commission wan it- 
 'fui, r.*-a to'•^.■•.••p"^tIlcs'.o^y 
 „ nn Indisposition of several 
 ith honor a well-spent life of 
 
 J appointed a midshipman in 
 elve were killed and Iwenly 
 
 ,„ was left to the tender CM 
 ion for the sea at the aeeo 
 a course of studies with hi( 
 her Uw was dlBtasicful lo 
 laratory knowledge. He «P- 
 M a midshipman in the ship 
 IB commissioned a lieutenant, 
 lorts, acknowlcdicK his fon- 
 ,r sometime attarhci tnlht 
 ,sion commanded the VJi'^ 
 f the war In 1812 he sailed it 
 
 in honor of the conqueror. The eager inhab- 
 itants crowded to the water-side, and cov- 
 ered the wharves and houses. Shout after 
 shout went up from the multitude, and joy- 
 tilled every heart on shore, except of those 
 who mourned friends among the slain. ^ 
 
 The capture of a single ship of war prob- 
 ably never produced a greater effect upon 
 the contending parties tl.an this victory of 
 the Shannon over the Chesapeake. Tlie re- 
 cent almost uninterrupted b'uccess of the lit- 
 tle navy of the United Stales had made the 
 Americans believe that it was invincible, and 
 a similar idea was taking hold of the British 
 miucl. The spell was now broken. The 
 Americans were desponding, the British jubi- 
 lant. In his letter of thanks to Captain 
 Broke and the men of the Shannon, Sir Jolin 
 Borlasc Warren, tlie com- 
 mander-iii-cliief of tlie Brit- 
 ish Navy on the Ameri- 
 can station, observed that 
 they had "restored the re- 
 nown which luid ever ac- 
 companied the British Navy from the foul and false aspersions endeavored to be 
 
 BIO>ArCBE ANI> SEAL OF AllMllUl .iaih>. 
 
 tlirown upon it by an insidious • .iv, m\A had by their exer- 
 tions added one of the brightest ■.mrels to the wioath which 
 liail hitherto encircled the British aniiS." 
 
 Tiie joy in England was intense. It was ,.ccd by publi( 
 speeches in and out of Parliament,^ bonfires, and il'mninations 
 Tlie Tower guns were fired as in the event of a victoi y like those 
 of the Nile and Trafixlgar. The freedom of the city of London ami Nword of the 
 value of one hundred guineas ($500) were voted to Captaii Brokc^ by the Corpora- 
 
 lommand of the Hornet, having been made master commandant In November, 181 OfTDemerara he fought the Pea- 
 mk and euuk her. He returned to New York, where he was soon ordered to Bostou to take command of the CAeao- 
 ixakf. In her he died on the 5th of June, 1S13. 
 
 ' Cooper's Xaml Ilinlarij of the United States; Thomson's SketcIieK of the War; Perkins' 'lirtory of the late War; 
 .faracs's Xaval Occiirreneen ; Memoir of Captain Broke, in Xaral (London) Chrmuele; !rvi Memoir of Lawrence, 
 
 AiiaUetk Magazine; Nlles's Iteijister; The War; Captain Brokc's Report of the BiittI' iliinlcck's lliKtori/ of the 
 
 War; Lieutenant Budd's Beport to Secretary of the Navy; O'Byrne's \aval Blojira; The Essex Register, lloston 
 Chrniiicle, and Xational Intelliqeneer. 
 
 ' Mr. Croker, principal secretary to the Lords of the .\dmiralty, said In his place in the House of Commons, " It was 
 not-nnd he knew It was a bold assertion which ho made— to be equaled by any engagement which graced the naval 
 auniilj of Oreat Britain." 
 
 ' Philip Bowes Vere Broke was bom In Snffolkshirp, England, on the 9th of September, ITTfl. He was educated at 
 the Royal Academy in Portsmouth, and entered the navy In 1792. He served In the war between Prance and England, 
 imd commanded the Shanntm in cruises for the protection of the British whale fisheries in the Greenland seas. Ho wan 
 In that service when war between the United States and Great Britain was declared. He was then dispatched with a 
 mnall fqiindron to blockade the New England ports. Because of his services in the capture of the Chesajteake he was 
 rai'od to the dignity of baronet, and made Knight Commander of the Bath. Sir Philip married in early life Sarah Lou- 
 is.!, daughter of Sir William Fowle Mlddleton. He was one of the most active and useful offlcers of the British Navy un- 
 
710 
 
 PICTORIAL riELD-liOOK 
 
 Honura to Captuin Broke. 
 
 Silver Plate presented to him by bis Ncighborf 
 
 tion of that city. He was knighted by the Prince Regent ; compliments were show- 
 cred upon him from every quarter ; and the inhabitants of Suffolk, his native county 
 presented him with a gorgeous piece of silver plate as a testimonial of their sense of 
 his eminent services.* 
 
 SILVER ri.ATK PKKf KNTEI> TO CAPTAIN HKOKE. 
 
 til liis retirement, bearing the commission of Rear Admlr.M of the Red. He died in SuflTolk County on the .-(d of Janu- 
 ary, 1841, at the nfre of pixty-flve years. 
 
 1 A picture of this plntc was published in London on the 2d of December, 1816, a copy of which, on a reduced realf, 
 is Riven above. The piati' is describe'' us being made of silver, and forty-four inches in diameter. It was ciirlchtil 
 with emblematical devices runimemovative of the acts of the ricipient on the occasion of his capture of the Chmimiii. 
 These devices are described as follows: The centre, enriched wiih a wreath of palm and laurel leaves, with prniipsot 
 Nereids and Tritons, presents llie spectacle of the battle between tLe Shannon and Chesapeake. A deep and hiL'lily-lin- 
 ished border composes the exterior of the circle, in which are signiflca.it devices in four principal divisions. In the flr^i 
 compartment, in the form of an escalop-shell, U seen Neptnne receivin - the warrior. The former is issuing from thf 
 fCA with his attendants, and presenting to the hero (who is home in a triumpnal car, attended by Britannia and IJI- 
 erty bearing the British flag) the naval coronet. In the compartment opposite Britannia Is seen on a sen-horso, liolJ- 
 ing the trident of Neptnne in one hand, and with the otherhurls the thunder of her power at the American engic, which 
 is expiring at her feet in the presence of ocean deities. In n third compartment the device represents the triumph of 
 Victory. The winged goddess, bearing a coronal, approaches in her shell-car drawn by ocean steeds, and offers pfaco 
 to the vanquished. In the fourth compartment Is represented the four quarters of the worid, in the form of fl mires, »«■ 
 sembled under the protection of the British lion, commerce having been secured to the world by British prowess. Be- 
 sides these are the figures of Fortitude, Justice, Wisdom, and Peace, Intended to represent the charactcrietics of tlie 
 British nation. 
 
 On the plate the following inscription was p Tared: "Struck with the gallantry, skill, and decision displayed by Sir 
 Philip Bowes Vere Broke, Baronet, K.C.B., commander of his Majesty's frigate, the Shannnn, in the attack, boaiitin". 
 and capture of the American frigate, the Chr-^'pmkr, of superior force in men and metal, and under the comn^aiid ofi 
 dlBtinguiehed captain of light horse, on the 1 of June, 1813, achieved In the short space of fifteen minutes, the liilwbi:- 
 
>^!^aBMM 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 711 
 
 to him by hlB Ncij'hborp. 
 
 iments were show- 
 , his native county, 
 .al of their sense of 
 
 l)lk County on the 3ii of Jatu- 
 
 1 of which, on a reduced rale, 
 In diameter. It was eiirichcl 
 1 hlB capture of the ChcmiKai'. 
 llniirel leaves, with eronpsol 
 Irate. A deep and hi-tilyHn- 
 Irlnclpal dlvl3ior.8. In the UN 
 Ihc former Is Issuing from iht 
 Itended by Britannia andli''- 
 la la seen on a sea-hor*c. b* 
 I- at the American cn?lp,wliK6 
 [ice represents the tnuinpli"! 
 locean steeds, and offers pcaco 
 brld,lntheformofflinire!,»- 
 L.rld by British prowess. Be- 
 tent the characteristics of lie 
 
 J, and decision displnyert by Sir 
 Imion, In the attack, boarfc 
 T and under the comn.aiid ot J 
 k)f fifteen minutes, the iiilwW- 
 
 Respect for the Itemalns of Lawrence and Ludlow. Funeral Ceremonies. The Bodies of the Slain taken to Balem. 
 
 The most gratifying respect was paid to the remains of Captain Lawrence on their 
 arrival at Halifax, and also to those of Lieutenant Ludlow, who died there on tlie 
 13th of the month.' The garrison furnished a funeral party from the Sixty-fourth 
 Kcgiment three hundred strong. The navy also furnished a funeral party, with pall- 
 bearers, and at the appointed hour the body Was taken in a boat from the Chesa- 
 peake to the King's Wharf, where it was received by the military under Sir John 
 Wardlow. Six companies of the Sixty-fourth Regiment preceded the corpse. The 
 officers of the Chesajjeake (headed by Lieu- 
 
 tenant Budd,^ who became the command- ^.,/^j, / ^ y^P • 
 
 er after the fall of his superiors) followed y^'-^^^^t-X^ <>b^-t^ cC^ ^(^ 
 it as mourners. The officers of the Brit- ^ 
 
 ish Navy were also in attendance. These were followed by Sir Thomas Saumerez, the 
 staff, and officers of the. garrison. The procession Avas closed by a number of the in- 
 liabitants of the town. The funeral services were performed by tlie rector of St. 
 Paul's Church, and three volleys were discharged by the troops over the grave. 
 
 Tlie feeling of depression in the American mind passed away as soon as reflection 
 ■ n-ted its dignity. All the circumstances Avere so unfavorable to the Chesapeake 
 • lat it was reasonable to suppose that such a misfortune would not occur again, 
 'flic deep mortificatioii that assumed the features of censure was momentary, and the 
 irallant Lawrence and his companions were honored with every demonstration of re- 
 spect. The most remarkable of these was exhibited in the patriotic and successful 
 efforts of Captain George Crowninshield, Jr., of Salem, Massachusetts, to restore the 
 bodies of Lawrence and Ludlow to their native land. He, with others, had seen the 
 contest in the distance from the hoio^hta around Salem, and the feelings then excited 
 were deepened by the intelligence of the fate of the gallant Lawrence and Ludlow, 
 and some of their companions. ' He opened a correspondence with the United States 
 irovernmcnt, asking permission to proceed to Halifax in the brig Henry, of Avhich he 
 was master, with a flag of truce, to solicit from the authorities there the remains of 
 the honored dead. Permission was granted. The President of the United States 
 gave him a passport for the purpose," and on the Tth of August he and some • juiy 28, 
 associates sailed in the Henry from Salem for Halifax.' He arrived there on ^^'^• 
 the 10th. His errand was successful, and on the i:ith of the same month he sailed 
 from Halifiix for Salem with the remains of Lawrence and Ludlow. The Henry 
 reached Salem on the 18th of August, and on the following day Captain Crownin- 
 shield wrote to the Secretary of the Navy informing him of the fact, and saying, 
 "The relatives of Captain Lawrence have requested that his remains might ultimate- 
 ly rest in New York, but that funeral honors might be paid here, and, accordingly, 
 the ceremonies will take place on Monday next at Salem. Commodore Bainbridge 
 has been consulted on the occasion." 
 
 The funeral obsequies were performed at Salem on Monda^, the 23d of August. 
 The morning was beautiful. The brig Henry lay at anchor in the harbor bearing her 
 precious freight, and near her the brig Rattlesnake. Almost every vessel in the wa- 
 
 mits of Suffolk, the victor's native county, anxious to evince their sense of his spirited, judicious, and determined con- 
 duct in thus adding another brilliant trophy to the unrivaled triumphs of the British Navy, with a spoutaneons bnr^t 
 of feeling voted him this tribute of their atfectlon, gniiitude, and admiration." 
 
 ' Angnstus C. Lndlow was son of Robert Ludlow, Esq., ond was born at Newbuig, New Vork, in 1702. He entered 
 llie navy as a midshipman in April, 1S04, and in the summer of that year sailed in the Premlent for the Mediterranean 
 Sea. He relumed home In the ConnHtution, then commanded by Captain Campbell, in ISflT. lie remained in her, under 
 Commodore Rodgers, until promoted to lientenant, in dnne, 1810, when he was placed in the Hornet. When Lawrence 
 lieeamc her commander ho was charmed with Lndlow's character, and his knowledge of his young friend's worth made 
 liim choerflilly continue him in his service on the Chemjieake as his first lleuteniint. 
 
 " For Lieutenant Budd's dispatch to the Secretory of the Navy from Halifax, June 16, 1813, see Brannan's Official Letr 
 'iTii,Jfi(iy<ir?/ niirf AVirr/.Washingtor, 1823, page lOT. He was appointed midshipman in the antunin of 1S05, commis- 
 sioned a lieutenant in itny, 1812, and master commandant in March, 1820. He died on the 3d of September, 1837. 
 
 ' These were Holton .L Breed, first officer ; Samuel Briggs, second officer ; and .lohii Sinclair, .leduthan Upton, Ste- 
 phen Burchmore, Joseph L. Lee, Thomas Bowdltch, Benjamin Upton, and Thorndike Proctor, all musters of vessels. 
 -Mark Messnrrey, cook, and Nathaniel Cummings, steward. 
 
 ■1 I 
 
:i' ! 
 
 '^iP^' 
 
 712 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 11 
 
 mm 
 
 )mi 
 
 Funeral CeremunleH at Snlcm. 
 
 Removal of the Bodies to New York. 
 
 TestimoulalB of Regard. 
 
 THB COFFINS. 
 
 ters, !iml flag-.staif in the town, exhibited the American ensign at lialf-mast, and im- 
 merous flags were displayed in tlie streets through which the funeral procession was 
 to pass. Thousands poured into the town from the surrounding country at an caily 
 hour. The streets were thronged. The Boston South End Artillery were theio with 
 the " Adams" and " Hancock," brass cannon of the Revolution, and men of distinction 
 in every pursuit of life participated in the funeral obsequies. 
 
 At a little past meridian the bodies were taken from the Henry and placi'd in 
 barges, accompanied by a long procession of boats manned by seamen in blue jankots 
 and white trowsers, their hats bearing the words on Lawrence's Avhite flag, Fri:e 
 Trade and Sailors' Rkjuts. At India Wliarf hearses were ready to receive tlicm, 
 and at the same time the Henry and Rattlestiake were firing minute-guns altcrnattly,' 
 The bells commenced tolling at one o'clock,^ and an immense procession moved to slow 
 and solemn music, escorted by a company of light infantry under Captain J. C. M'mn, 
 They passed through the principal streets to the Rev. Mr. Spalding's meeting-house.' 
 The corpses were received by the clergy at the door, and 
 placed in the centre of the large aisle by the sailors who bore 
 them to the shore. These stood leaning upon the coflins dur- 
 ing the services. The coflins were covered with black velvet, 
 with the monograms of the heroes inclosed in Avreaths, swords 
 crossed, and a marginal border all embroidered in silver. Tiie 
 interior of the church was hung in black, and decorated with 
 cypress and evergreens ; and in front of the sacred desk the 
 names of Lawrenck and Litdlow appeared in letters of gold. 
 An eloquent and touching funeral oration was delivered by 
 the Honorable Joseph Story, and the rites of sepulture were 
 performed by the Masonic societies and the military, when 
 the bodies were placed in a vault.* 
 
 Preparations were soon made for removing the remains of Lawrence and Ludlow 
 to New York. Because of some delay in procuring an extension of the passport of 
 the Henry (so as to allow her to go to New Yoi'k) from Acting Commander Oliver, 
 of the British blockading squadron off" New London, they were conveyed to the navy 
 yard at Charleston on the 3d of September, and from thence taken to New York by 
 land. They were placed on board the United States sloop of war Alert, lying in New 
 York Harbor, while the city authorities made arrangements for a public funeral.' 
 
 1 A company under Captain Peabody flred minnte-guns In Wneliington Square. 
 
 » Tl:e bells In Boston, fifteen miles distant, were tolled at the same time, and the flags upon the shipping in the hai. 
 bor were displayed at half-mast. Minute-guns were fired by the Comtilulim and other vessels there. 
 
 ' The committee of arrangements applied for the use of the North Meeting-liousc <Dr. Barnard's), " particularly on 
 account of its size and tha fine organ which it contained." They were refused, the committee of the proprietors Baying 
 that they had no authority "Jp open the house for any 
 other purpose tiian public worship." 
 
 • The death of Lawrence was the theme of several ele- 
 giac poems written and published In different parts of the 
 country. Some of them were printed on satin, with em- 
 blematic devices, and were framed and hung up in houses. 
 The annexed rough picture is a fnc-simlle of one of these 
 devices, i>ne third thu size of the original, designed and en- 
 graved by A. Bowen, of Boston, and i)ri!itert at the head 
 of an elegy, on satin, at the offlce of tlie Boston Chrnmde. 
 I am indebted to the kind courtesy of Mi.»5 Caroline F. 
 Ome, of Cambridgeport, for a copy of the original, and 
 for other interesting papers made use of in this work. 
 
 1 In the arrangements made for the fnneral a substan- 
 tial testimonial of regard was agreed to, in the form of an 
 appropriation of one thousand dollars each for tl'(! two 
 children of Captain Lawrenre, to be vested in the Com- 
 njtssioners of the Sinking Fund of the Corporation, the 
 Interest to be applied to the use of the recipients, and the 
 principal to be given to the daughter when she should 
 •rrive at the age of eighteen years, and to the son at the 
 age of twenty-one years. i.ah kenoe me.\iokiai.. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 TeatlmonialB of Regard. 
 
 lit 
 
 
 
 
 III il 
 
 III 
 
 Funeral Ceremonies In New York. MonumenU to the Memory of Lawrence and Ludluw. The luxcrlptiong on them. 
 
 These were completed on the 1 4th, and on Tliursday, the IGth, the romauia of the gaUant 
 dead were laid in their resting-place near 
 the southwest corner of Trinity Churcli 
 burying-gi'ound, far removed from public 
 observation.' Soon after the war the Cor- 
 poration of the City of New York erected 
 ivn elegant marble monument over the re- 
 mains of Lawrence, bearing approi)riate 
 inscriptions.^ In the course of time it be- 
 came dilapidated, and in 1847 the Corpo- 
 ration of Trinity Church resolved to re- 
 move the remains to a more conspicuous 
 place. They were deposited near the 
 southeast comer of the church, a few feet 
 from Broadway, and over them the vestry 
 erected a handsome mausoleum of brown 
 freestone in commemoration of both Law- 
 rence and his lieutenant.^ Eight trophy 
 cannon were pliiced around the mauso- 
 leum, which, with chains attached, form 
 an appropriate inclosure.* 
 
 LAWBENOE ANU LUDLOW 8 MOMMEM'. 
 
 ■ This wnB the third time that funeral honors had been paid to the remains of the hero. On this occasion the procos- 
 bioa, composed of members of both branches of the mllltar) service and civilians, was very large, and moved from the 
 
 Pattcry through Greenwich Street to Chambers, up Chambers to Broad- 
 way, and down the latter street to Trinity C'lmrch-yarJ. 
 
 ' The design of the monument was simple and appropriate, for Lawrence 
 was a young man at the time of his death. It was a broken column of 
 '.vhlte marble, of the Ionic order, the capital broken off and lying on the 
 base. The inscription, simple and dignified, was as follows : 
 
 "In memory of Captain James Lawrence, of the (Tnlted States Navy, 
 wlio fell on the lat day of June, ISIIt, In tlie thlrty-scc(nid year of his aire, 
 in the action between the frigates Cliemjieake and Sliannnn. He dlftin- 
 guished himself on various occasions, but particularly when he command- 
 ed the sloop of war Ilorm-t, by capturing and sinking his Britannic Majes- 
 ty's sloop of war/Vacocfc after a desperate action of fimrteen minutes. Ilia 
 bravery in action was only equaled by his modesty in triumph and his mag- 
 nanimity to the vanquished. In private life he was a gentleman of the 
 most gei'.erons and endearing qualities; and so acknowledged was his 
 public worth, that the whole nation mourned his loss, and the enemy con. 
 tended with his countrymen who most should honor his remains." 
 
 On the reverse v/cre the words: "The hero whoso remains are here de- 
 posited, with his expiring l)reath expressed his devotion to his country. 
 Neither the f\iry of battle, the anguish of a mortal wound, nor the horrors 
 of approaclilng death could subdue his gallant spirit. His dying words were, ' Don't 
 
 GIVE VV THE Snlf r " 
 
 I saw fmcjinents of this old monument lying by the side of a small building in 
 Trinity Chirrch-yard late In the autumn of 188H. The slabs bearing the above in- 
 scriptions were afterward deposited in the Lll)rary of the New York Historical So- 
 ciety, where thev may now bo seen carefully preserved. 
 
 3 It bears the following inscriptions : North Side.— " In memory of Captain James Lawrence, of the 
 United States Navy, who fell on the Ist day of June, 1S1;(, in the thirty-second year of his age. In the 
 action between the Chempeake and Shannon. He was distinguished on various occasions, but espe- 
 cially when, commanding the sloop of war Jliirnet, he captured and sunk his Britannic Majesty's 
 sloop of war reaeoek after a desperate 6"tion of fourteen minutes. His bravery in action was equaled 
 only by his remarkable modesty In triumph and his magnanimity to the vanquished. In private life 
 ho was n gentleman of the most generous and endearing qualities; the whole nation mourned his 
 loss, and the enemy contended with his countrymen who should most honor his remains." KaM 
 shie.-" The heroic commander of the frigate Chfmpmke, whose remains are here deiiosited, expressed with his cxplr- 
 iiiL' breath his devotion to his country. Neither the fury of battle, the anguish of a mortal wound, nor the. horrors of 
 aitpronchliig death could subdue his gallant spirit. His dying words were, ' Don't give vp the Ship I' " Hf't .Sirfc— A 
 lon-.rcllef sculpture representing the hull of n douWe-deckcd slilp of war. Svulh Side.-" In memory of Lieutenant Au- 
 L'ustiis C. Ludlow, of the Ignited States Navy. Born in Ni-wburg, 1702. Died at Halifax, isii). Scarcely was he twenty- 
 unc years of ngc when, like the blooming Enryalus, he arcompaiiled his beloved commander to battle. Never could It 
 liiive been more tnily said, ' Rir amor «n»M erat paritnrqvf in Mia r^irhnnt' The favorite of Lawrence, and second in 
 lommand, he emulated the patriotic valor of his friend on the bloody decks of the Chesapeake, and when required, like 
 him, vieldlng with courageous resignation his spirit to Him who gave it." 
 
 ' These cannon were i-nrchased from the government by Oetieral Prosper M. Wctmore, then Navy ^g«nt at New 
 York, and by him presented to the Corporation of Trinity Church for the use to which they are devoted. They were 
 
 MUEKNCKS EAK' 
 1.V .MO.MMENT. 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Stirring Scene in ChesnpeRke Bay. 
 
 Capture of the Aii}>. 
 
 >l - Ij 
 
 ■' i I 
 
 The Argun beorH Minister Crawford to Fr«nc«. 
 
 Tlie loss of the Chesapeake was followed by the capture of the little sch(,.)ner Asp 
 and the sloop of war Argua^ the former in the waters of Virginia, and the latter off 
 the British coast. The career of each was brilliant — the former in its death-stniiriri,. 
 and the latter in its bold cruise just previous to its capture. Their misfortunes were 
 80 tempered, in the estimation of the American mind, with deeds of great prowcs^ 
 that they did not seriously affect the hopeful feelings of the nation. 
 
 The Asp was one of the small vessels fitted out by the United States government 
 for the purpose of defending the harbors and tributary streams of the Chesa])eakc 
 from the British marauders. She carried three small guns, and was commanded liv 
 Midshipman Segauny. She and the Scorpion Avere in the Yeocomico Creek at tlio 
 middle of June, and went out together on the morning of the 14th on a cruise of ob- 
 servation. At ten o'clock they were discovered by a flotilla of British light vessels, 
 which immediately gave chase. Their number was overpowering. The Scorpion fled 
 up the Bay, and escaped ; but the Asp, being a slow sailer, ran back to the Yeocomico, 
 hoping to find shelter in shallow Avaters beyond the reach of the enemy. She was fol- 
 lowed by two hostile brigs. They anchored at the mouth of the stream, and sent 
 armed boats after the little fugitive. She Avas overtaken by three of them, Avlien a 
 sharp fight occurred. The assailants Avore repulsed, and retreated to the brigs. In the 
 course of an hoar, five boats, filled Avith three times as many armed men as the oflicers 
 and crcAV of the As}), attacked her. A desperate engagement folloAved, MidsJiijjnian 
 Segauny and one half of his companions Avere disabled by death or Avounds. Fifty 
 of the enemy boarded the little vessel, overpoAvcred her pcojde, and refused to give 
 quarter to tliose Avho remained. The unhurt fled from her, Avhcn the enemy, in full 
 possession, set her on fire and returned to the brigs. On their departure, Midsliij)m!ni 
 M'Clintock, the second oflicer of the Asp, Avho had escaped to the shore, returned td 
 her, and, after great exertion, extinguished the flames.' Her commander's body wa> 
 consumed on the deck where he Avas barbarously murdered.^ 
 
 The Argus sailed from Ncav York on the 18th of Juno," bearing William II. 
 Crawford, of Georgia, Avho had recently been appointed resident minister at 
 the French Court in place of Joel Barlow, deceased. She had lately returned from ;i 
 cruise under the command of Lieutenant Conmianding Arthur St. Clair, and Avas now 
 in charge of Lieutenant William Henry Allen, a brave Ithode Islander, Avho had re- 
 cently served in the United States frigate as Decatur's second in command. She wa> 
 a fine vessel of her class, and carried twenty 32-pound carronades and tAvo bow guns. 
 She eluded the British cruisers, and, afler a voyage of tAventy-three days, laiuki 
 Mr. CraAvford in safety at L'Orient.'' 
 
 b July 11. , "^ , . , 
 
 At that time the merchant marine in the waters around the British Island^ 
 was under no apprehensions of danger from American cruisers, and there Avas no na- 
 val force in the British or Irish Channels for the protection of commerce there. In- 
 formed of this, Allen resolved to repeat the exploits of Paul Jones in the Bonhommt 
 Jiichard. He tarried only three days at L'Orient, and then sailed on a cruise in Brit- 
 
 selected by him from among the cannon at the navy yard which had been captured from the English during the war, 
 as most appropriate for the purpose. The strict requirements of the law were complied with In the transaction. Ear. 
 gnr bore its national insignia, with an inscription declaring the time and place of its capture. When the cinnou wef 
 planted .'u the place they now occupy, the vestry of the church, with singular courtesy, put them so deep In th' 
 ground thai the Insignia and trophy-marks are out of sight. The reason given was that, In a community like New Yuri: 
 where there are so many English residents, it might seem like an unfriendly act to parade such evidences of triunip 
 before the public eye. 
 
 1 Midshipman M'Clintock's Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, July 13, 181.1. 
 
 » Thomson, in his Historical Sketches of the War, page 22B, says that Commander Segauny was shot through the bod,' 
 with a mnsket-ball, and was sitting on the deck against the most when the British brought down bis colore. In tbi< 
 attitude, and while suffering severely, he animated his men in the fight around him to repel the boarders. Seeing thi" 
 a cowardly British marine stepped np and shot him through thi .lead, killing him iii.>«tantly. Observing this, and cot- 
 eluding no quarter was to be given, M'Clintock ordered a retreat for shore. This was safely accomplished by aboa: 
 half of the twenty-one defenders of the Anp. 
 
 .1. B. Segauny was fVom Boston, and had served nnder Lawrence In the llornet. He waa only about twentynjne yfsR 
 of age at the time of bis death, and had been tlve years In the service. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 na 
 
 lister Crnwford to Fr«ncf. 
 
 little Hchooncr Asp 
 
 and the liittcr off 
 
 its (U'atli-str\i(,'<.'lc. 
 
 ir misfortunes wfro 
 
 s of great prowess, 
 
 11. 
 
 States government 
 I of the Chesapeake 
 was commai\ile(l \i\ 
 ■omico Creek at tlie 
 th on a crniso of oli- 
 Britisii light vessels, 
 r. The Scorpion fleil 
 Ik to the Yeocomico, 
 enemy. She was fel- 
 the stream, and sent 
 irec of them, Avlien a 
 1 to the brigs. In the 
 ed men as the officers 
 Uowed. Midshijjman 
 th or Avovinds. Fifty 
 e, and refused to ji'ive 
 lieu the enemy, in full 
 leparture,Midsl\i])m!ii! 
 the shore, returned tu 
 oramauder's body wa^ 
 
 [.,» bearing William 11. 
 ] resilient minister at 
 ately returned from n 
 St. Clair, and was \m 
 Islander, who had n- 
 n command. She wa> 
 los and two bow guns. 
 ity-three days, landed 
 
 und the British Islan(V 
 I, and there was no na- 
 'commerce there. In- 
 jues in the Iionhomm> 
 iled on a cruise in Brit- 
 
 ,m the EngUsU during the TO. 
 Iwithinthotrnnsiiction. tau 
 »pture. When the camion «er- 
 tUy, put them bo deep in tl> 
 InR community like New\.r, 
 UdeBUcU evidences of triunip 
 
 LnywM shot through the boJ! 
 ■ought down his colors. In ti- 
 fenel the boarders. Seetagtte 
 Vntly GbservinRthlMnaco"- 
 L safely occompliBhedhyato 
 
 Las only about twentyoM yw 
 
 nuAf'.nm In UrItlHh Waters. 
 
 Her Uestrnctlon of Property thorn. 
 
 Her t'omliat with the I'elioan. 
 
 \Mi.Li.v.u nE.snv allk.n. 
 
 ish waters. lie roamed the " cliops" of 
 the Channel successfully. When satisfied 
 with operations tliere, he sailed around 
 Land's End, and by celerity of move- 
 ment, audacity of action, and destructive 
 energy, spread consternation throughout 
 commercial England.' In the course of 
 thirty days he captured and destroyed 
 no less tliaii twenty valuable IJritish mer- 
 chantmen, valued at two millions of dol- 
 lars. Too far away from friendly ports 
 into wliich he might send liis prizes, Allen 
 burned them all. He was a generous foe, 
 and elicited from the enemy vc'untary 
 acknowledgments of_>ustice and courtesy. 
 He allowed all non-combatant captives to 
 remove their private property from the 
 captureil vessels before he a])plied the 
 torch. All prisoners Avere jiaroled, and 
 sent on shore as speedily as possible. 
 The Argus, after playing a winning game for a month, became the loser. On the 
 13th of August she captured a ship from Oporto Ijwlen with wine. Some of her cargo 
 was taken secretly on board the Armies in the evening, and was so freely partaken of 
 Ijy her exliausted crcAV that many of them were disabled for a time when tlieir best 
 energies were required. She had set fire to her prize, and Avas moving away under 
 easy sail, just before daAvn, Avhen a British brig, Avhich had discovered her by the light 
 of the blazing vessel, Avas seen bearing doAvn upon her under a clone! of canvas. The 
 British authorities had been aroused to vigorous action by the daring of the Art/us, 
 and had fitted out several cruisers to attempt lier capture. The hostile vessel that 
 noAV appeared Avas one of them, the Pelican, 18,^ Captain J. F. Maples. She came 
 dashing gallantly on, and Commander Allen (then master commandant by a commis- 
 sion dated July 24, 1813), finding it impossible to get the Avind of his enemy, short- 
 ened the sail of the Argus to alloAV the brig to close. He flung out her colors, and at 
 six o'clock wore and delivered a larboard broadside at grape-shot distance. The fire 
 was immediately returned, and Commander Allen's left leg Avas carried aAvay by a 
 round-shot. He bravely refused to be carried beloAV, but in a fcAV minutes, Avhen un- 
 conscious from loss of blood, he Avas taken to the cock-pit. First Lieutenant Watson 
 took command. He too Avas soon disabled and carried below% having been stunned 
 by a grape-shot that struck his head. Only one lieutenant (William Howard Allen) 
 now remained. He continued to fight the brig gallantly under the most discoura- 
 f;ing circumstances. Her main-braces, main-spring-stay, gaft', and try-sail mast Avere 
 shot aAA'ay, yet never Avas a vessel more admirably liandled. The enemy attempted to 
 get under the stern of the Argus so as to give her a raking broadside, but young Al- 
 len,' by a skillful manoeuvre, gave his antagonist a complete and damaging one. The 
 
 • Her operations were so alarmin? that for a while very few vessels left British ports, and the rates of Insurance rose 
 to niinoua prices. In several instances insurances could not be effected at all, so great was the rlslc considered. 
 
 ' She carried one 12 and sixteen 32 pound carronades, and four long 6's. 
 
 ' William Howard Allen was not nearly, If at all, related to Commander Allen. His career in the navy was an honor- 
 alile one. He was in command of the United States schooner Alligator in 1822, and in the autumn of that year he lost 
 Wi life in a contest with pirates. The main incidents of his life are given briefly In the following inscriptions on his 
 monnment, a structure eighteen and a half feet In height, erected to his memory in the Hudson Cemetery, in the city of 
 Ilndson, Colnmbia County, New York, his birth-place : 
 
 We»t Side.—" To the memory of AVii.liam Howabu Allex, lieutenant in the United States Navy, who was killed in 
 the act of boarding a piratical vessel on the coast of Cnba, near Matanzas, on the 9th of November, 1S22, M. 82."* 
 
 * On her way home, after this encounter with the pirates, the Alligator was wrecked. This accident was the occasion 
 of « poem by John Q. C. Bratnerd. 
 
 (S't;. 
 
718 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 itii 
 
 II 
 
 I "W 
 
 i' !™" 
 
 i 
 
 At! BliiHfir — 
 
 
 Harrander of the Argu». Her Luhh Iu Men. Monument to the Memory of Lientennnt Allen. Commander Allen. 
 
 Arffus was nadly wouiuled, and began to rod. All her braces were sliot iiwiiy and 
 she cDuld not bo kept in position. The J'elican now crossed her stern ami raked her 
 (Ireadliilly, and at twenty-five niinuteB past six, her wheel-ropes and nearly nil \in 
 running rigging being gone, the An/us itecame unmanageable. Five minutes later 
 Lieutenant Watson came on deck, when the Pelican, lying under the Ari/us\'i sttrn 
 was pouring in a terrific fire without resistance. Farther contest seemed useless, yet 
 an effort was made to lay the crippled American alongside of the vigorous eiieiiiy for 
 the j)urpose of boarding her. The effort failed, ami, after a most determined coinbat 
 for about three fourths of an hour, Avhen the JSea J/orse, the J'elicati'a consort, hove in 
 sight, the colors of the Argus were struck. At that moment the enemy boarded her 
 at the bow and took possession. 
 
 The loss of the Argus was six killed and seventeen wounded. Of the form, were 
 Midshiimieu Delphy and Edwards, and of the latter Commander Allen, Lieutenani 
 Watson, boatswain iM'Leod, and Carpenter White. The Pelicdu lost two killed ami 
 five wounded. Conunander Allen survived until tlie next day, liaving in the mean 
 time been taken into Plymouth, and ])laced in the Mill Sj)ring Priso. Hospital with 
 the rest of the wounded of the yir//'^». On the 21st his remains were buried in a 
 Plymouth church-yard Avith military honors.^ 
 
 A month before the intelligence of the loss of the Argus reached the United States, 
 a naval victory liad been gained by the Americans Avithin sight of the Now Eiiglainl 
 coast, which compensated, in a measure, for the loss of the Chesapeake, Among tho 
 smaller vessels of war, such as the Nautilus and Vixen, eacli 14, Avas tho J'Jnterpm, 
 14, Avhose reputation for being "lucky" has already been mentioned. Her sisters, 
 with the Sire?i, 1 0, of the class of the Argus, had been unfortunate. The Nautilttn, a> 
 Ave have observed, was captured by the enemy at the beginning of the Avar. Tin 
 
 South Side.—" William IIowabd Ai.i.kn. His rcmnlno, flrst burled at Matao- 
 zas, were removed to this city by tlio United States Bovcriiinciit, and liiterrod, 
 under the direction of the Common Council of this city, beneath this marble 
 erected to his honor by the citizens of his native place, 1833." 
 
 Jiast Sitle.—" William Howard Allen was born In tho city of Ilndson, JnljS, 
 17110; appointed a midshipman In 1801 and a lieutenant In 1811, he tooli neon- 
 Hplcuous part in the engagement between the Argun and Pelimii iu lS13,and 
 was killed while In command of tho United States schooner Alligator." 
 North iS)'i(/c.—" Pride of his country's banded chivalry, 
 
 Ills fame their hope, his name their battle-cry; 
 He lived as mothers wish their sons to live — 
 He died as fathers wish their sons to die 1" 
 A beautiful model of this monument may be seen in the navy yard at Cliarlc!- 
 town, Massachusetts. 
 
 William Leggett wrote a poem on the death of Allen, In which occurs ttae fol- 
 lowing stanza : 
 
 "Mother of Allen, weep not for your son ! 
 Ills race was glorious, but too soon 'twas run. 
 Yet weep not I Vengeance sleeps. She is not dead ; 
 She yet will thunder on his murderer's head. 
 Sisters of Allen, dry your tearful eyes ; 
 The hero's soul hath down to yonder skies, 
 And long his name, iu memory's holiest shrine, 
 AVill wear the wreath which matchless virtues twine 1" 
 
 > William Henry Allen was bom at Providence, Khode Island, on the ik[ «i 
 October, 1784. His father was an olBcer in tho Hcvolution. He entered the natj 
 in Ills eighteenth year (April, 1800), and made his first cruise with Dalnbridi'* 
 in the Washington. In 1305 he was acting lieutenant in the ConMtiition, under Rodgers, and was the lientennnt ofik* 
 Chesapeake when she was attacked by the Ijcopartl In 1807, who touched off, by means of a live coal, the <inly fn.. M 
 at the enemy on that occasion. See page IftS. He was with Decatur in the capture of the Maeeilonian, and gained ptn. 
 credit at that time as executive ofHcer of the ship, and for his skill and celerity In repairing the damage to the priic. 
 See page 450. He was esteemed as one of the best men of his class in the navy. He was very gentle in his dcpiirtmeni. 
 and, as we have observed in the text, he won the esteem of the British nation while spreading consternation thron»h- 
 out its commercial circles. That esteem won for him an honorable burial among those who were his enemies oulyii 
 war. He was not quite twenty-nine years of age at the time of his death. 
 
 A London paper of August '27, 1813, contained a long account of the ceremonies on the occasion of the funeral of Com- 
 mander Allen. Officers of the Royal Marines formed a guard of honor, attended by the Royal Marine Band. Kidit csf- 
 tains of the Royal Navy were pall-bearers. Allen's own officers were chief mourners. The American vice-consul »|| 
 in at' lance, and a large procession of the Inhabitants followed the hearse. The colUn was covered with the Amni- 
 can fl<,„. In the church (St. Andrew's) to which it was taken the vicar read the funeral service of the Auglicin Cbunl 
 
 LIKU■^E.NA^T ALLEN H MO.NljMKNT. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 717 
 
 n. Commundcr Allen 
 
 rc shot iiwiiy, and 
 eni tiii'l viiktd lur 
 mid noivrly nil licv 
 ^'ivc miiyitcs later 
 the Aryus'H storii, 
 socTnt'd UHi'lfss, yet 
 kfigorous I'lieiiiy tor 
 ilctcrm'uH'd comlui 
 h'« fonsortjhovc in 
 enemy bourdt'd liir 
 
 Of tlic form, wiro 
 >r Allen, Lieiiteiianl 
 
 lost two kilU'd ami 
 hav'uis; in the iniim 
 >n8o.- Ilospitul witli 
 lis were buried in a 
 
 ed the United States, 
 of the New Ennlaiul 
 mpeake. Ani(m<,' ih 
 I, was the Enterprut 
 itioned. Her sirters, 
 ite. The Nautilus, a> 
 ing of the war. Tlu 
 
 rematnc, flrst burled at Matan- 
 itcs government, and tnterrfj, 
 [this city, bciictttU tills matblt 
 
 place, 1833." 
 I In thocity ofllndsmi.JnljN 
 utcnautlnlSll.lictookacou- 
 |u,„wnndAd>ni. lnlS13,and 
 
 c9 schooner AlligaUir." 
 
 liiviilry, 
 
 Wir battle-cry ; 
 [gons to live— 
 ,„s to die '." 
 niuthcnavyyardatCharlcf. 
 
 r Allen, In wWch occurs the M- 
 
 leonl 
 'twas run. 
 She Is not dead ; 
 
 ler'8 bead. 
 
 lea ; 
 
 Ir skies, 
 
 fllcst fhrlne, 
 
 lesB virtues Uvlncl 
 
 leHbodcWaud,onthe2l!to! 
 
 Solution. He entered the a»T; 
 
 lis tirst cmisc with Bninlirulw 
 I, and was the llcutcnaiil ottbf 
 If a live coal, tlie (.Illy !:n..«red 
 lc.Vnr«!mi'an,and!:aliie(lpMl 
 
 Irln" the damage t.. the jm 
 Ivcrv senile m his depcrtraeM. 
 leading consternation thronr ■ 
 5 who were his enemies oBlyn 
 
 (occasion of the funeral of » 
 Lval Marine Band. Ei.l. c.^ 
 iThe American vlce-comul« 
 In was covered with the Amm 
 L^-icc of the Anglican CUutd 
 
 Cniltc of the Knttrprim. 
 
 Her Combat with the Axxr. 
 
 Death of th« two 
 
 1818. 
 
 Vixen^ after cruising a while on the Southeni coast and among the islands, command- 
 ed first hy Captain (Jadsden, of South Carolina, and Cajdain Washington Hoed, was 
 captured hy the (S'oM</ja»</><wn, 74, Commodore Sir James Lticas Yeo, ofLake Ontario 
 farao. Hotli vessels were soon afterward wrecked on the coast of one of the ISerinnda 
 Islands, where Captain livvA perished hy the yellow fever. Tlie Siroi performed 
 very ^^^^^^ service, and in the summer of 1HI4, while cruising tar southward, undo.' 
 Lieutenant Nicholson (her commander. Captain Parker, liaviiig died on the voyage), 
 sill' was captured hy the British ship Medwai/, 74, Captain Bruce, and taken into Cape 
 Town, Cape of Good Hope. These, as we have seen, had won renown in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea.' 
 
 Hotter was the fortune of the " lucky" J^nterpnsp. She cruised for a long time otf 
 the Now England coast, the terror of British ju-ovincial privateers, under Johnston 
 Blakoloy, until he was promoted to the command of the new sloop of war TFcf.'i;), when 
 Lieutenant William Burrows l)ecame her commander. She continued on her old 
 cruising ground, watching for the enemy from Caj)o Ann to the Bay of Fiindy. 
 
 On the morning of the 1st of Scptemher* the Enterjyrise sailed from J'orts- 
 mouth, New Hampshire, and chased a schooner, suspected of being a British 
 privateer, into Portland Harbor on the morning of the 3d. The ne.xt day she put to 
 80.1, steering eastward in (piest of British cruisers reported to ho near Manlu gan Isl- 
 and, oft' Lincoln County, Maine. When approaching Pcmaquid Point on the ."ith, 
 Burrows discovered in a bay what he supposed to be a vessel of war getting under 
 way. He was not mistaken. She was a British brig. On observing the Enterprise 
 she displayed four British ensigns, fired several guns as signals for boii -; that liad 
 been sent ashore to return, and, crowding canvas, bore down gallantly for the Enter- 
 prise. Burrows accepted the challenge, cleared his ship for action, and after getting 
 at proper distance from land to have ample sea-room for conflict, he shortened sail 
 and edged toward the stranger. 
 
 It was now three o'clock in the afternoon. At twenty minutes past three the brigs 
 closed within half pistol-shot, and both vessels opened fi>'e at the same time. The 
 wind was light, there little sea, and the cannonading was destructive. Ten min- 
 
 utes later the Enter] iiged ahead of her antagonist, and, taking advantage of her 
 
 position, she steered a ross the bows of the stranger, and delivered her fire Avith such 
 precision and destructive energy that, at four o'clock, the British officer in command 
 shouted through his trumpet that he had surrendered, but his flag, being nailed to 
 the mast, could not be lowered until the Enterprise should cease firing. It was done. 
 The brig was surrendered, and proved to be the Boxer, 14, Captain Samuel Blyth, 
 who, in the engagement, had been nearly cut in two by an 18-pound ball. Almost at 
 the moment when Blyth fell on the Boxer, Burrows, of the Enterprise, was mortally 
 wounded. He was assisting the men in running out a carronade, and, in doing so, 
 phccd one foot against the bulwark to give lever power to liis efforts. While in that 
 position, a shot, supposed to be a canister ball, struck his thigh, and, glancing from 
 the bone into his body, inflicted a painful and fatal wound. 
 
 Both commanders were young men of great promise, and were highly esteemed in 
 the service to which they respectively belonged. Blyth was killed instautly. Bur- 
 rows lived eight honrs.^ He refused to be carried below until the sword of the com- 
 
 ' .See Chapter VI. 
 
 ' Portland Argxin, September R, 1813 ; Perkins, page 181. 
 
 William Burrows was bom at Kenderton, near Philadelphia, on tbe 6th of October, 1TR6. His father was wealthy, 
 and he was left mostly to the guidance of his own Inclinations concerning life pnrsnits. He gave early indications of a 
 lute for the naval service. In November, IVOD, he entered the service as a midshipman, lie was in active service until 
 ihc cloee of dlfllcnlties on the Barbary coast, and applied himself diligently to the study of his profession. He contin- 
 ned in service until the breaking out of the war, when, on his way to the United States from the East, he was made a 
 |irl8oner. Be reached home In .Tune, 1813, and went Immediately Into the service. His movements with the Enterprise 
 are recorded in the text. His death was a cause for sincere grief throughout the Land. No portrait of the young hero 
 ' was ever painted, and for that reason the medal struck In honor of the victory of the EnUrpriae does not contain hla 
 tUSh as usual. 
 
* urn 
 
 ' j 
 
 IM 
 
 1 
 
 : ' ■< 
 
 m 
 
 igM 
 
 rSS- ■ 
 
 
 i|| 
 
 «l ' 
 
 
 Ifl 
 
 
 iB 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 V ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 IS' 
 
 ■ 
 
 S(!' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 jH 
 
 
 718 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 (Mllantry of Lleiitonnut M'Ciill. 
 
 Funeral of Burrown and Blyth. 
 
 Their Mnmiineni,. 
 
 iiiatulor of the viiiKiuiMhed vessel slioiild 1h' pn'scntt'd to liitn. Ho prasp('<l it cii^'crlv 
 ami HiU(l,"N«>w I am siitisti* d ; I diii coiitonttMl." IJolli rocoivod tlii'ir dfivtli-wimiKK 
 at tlio hogimiiiii; of the action ; and tlio rominand of the JiJntcrjvine devolved npii,, 
 the j^aiiant Lieutenant Kdward IJ. M'Oall, of South Carolina, wlio condueted iiis pari 
 of the eiiLiai^enientr to the close with j^reat skill and couraixe.' lit; took hotli vessels 
 into Portland Harbor on the inornini; of the 7tli, and on the followint? day the re- 
 mains of both commanders were conveyed to the same cemetery, and buried sido Ijy 
 side, with all the honors which their rank and powers couhl claim. The reiiiaiiiH df 
 Midshipman Kervin Waters, of the J'Jiitcrjtn'.ie, the oidy one of her jjcopie nimtallv 
 wounded except her commander, were laid by the side of those of his gallanl leaiKr 
 ill less than twenty days afterward, and over the graves of ail commemoialive nioii- 
 uinents have been erected.* 
 
 ' Eilwiircl Itiitlcdgc M'CuIl was bom nt CliiirlpBtoii, South Cftrollnn, on the Btli of Angimt, ITW, nnd wan flvo yrm ihf 
 Junior of hid comnmnilcr. Ilo cnterud the navy iih i» nildKhlpnmn at the ago of Hfteen yearx, and was Hrnt mi dulvln 
 tha Hornet, (Japlain Dent. He Joined the Kiili-r-iiriiic, under Hhikcley, In isil, as n llenlenant, and waH Kervliiir ||, (lu, 
 capaelly under Burrows nt the time of the battle above recorded. He wrote to I'oniniodore Hull a very Inlere; [ingu- 
 count of that engagement. Ilo wan afterward trannfcrrcd, tlrxt to the (hitnrui, and then to the Jitfa, ('omniodorc IVrrv 
 nnd with that oflUer cruised In the Mediterranean Hen until lsl7. On his return he took command of the olcjo), uf »,|J 
 I'Menck, nlHo preparing to crulBO In the Mediterranean. In March, isan, ho was promoted to matter commnudum, and lu 
 Mnrch, is;ift, he received the commission of captain. 
 
 ' The funeral ceremonies on the occasion were s<dcmn nnd Imposing. I nm Indebted to the Ilonnrnble Wll!;nmffi|. 
 Ill, of Portland, who participated In them, for much Informnllon concerning the event. At his soUcltnllon, Mr. l'harlf« 
 E. Beckell, of the name city, kindly furnished mo with the sketch of the tombs of Burrows, Blyth, nnd Waters printed 
 below. 
 
 The two bruised vessels lay nt the end of the Union Wharf, and from them tho coffins of tho two deceased nfflctrj 
 wore received by the civil and military procession, which had been formed at the court-house nt nine in the immilii,; 
 of the 9th of September, under the directlim of Hobert Ilsley nnd Levi Cutter, nsslsted by twelve mnrshnls. The rofflu, 
 containing the bodies were lauded from the vessels in bnrges of ten oars each, rowed by minute strokes of shlp-mnsierj 
 and mates, nccompanled by most of the barges nnd boats In the hnibor. When the barges commenced to move, ami 
 during the solemn march of the procession from the whnrf up Foro nnd Pleasant Streets to High Street, thence iun 
 Main and Middle Streets to the Rev. Mr. Payne's meeting-house, minute-guns were tired by the artillery conipiiiiies ot 
 (Captains Bird and Varnnm. These were continued while the i)rocession marched from the meeting-house to the Ea«i. 
 em Cemetery, about a mllo distant. The chief mourners who followed tho corpse of Lieutenant Burrows were Dr. 
 Washington, Captain Hull, and officers of the Kntrrpriw. Those who followed tho corpse of Captain Blyth wore He 
 officers of the ftacr, on parole. Both were followed by naval and milit;\ry officers In the I'nited Slates scrvlce.thf 
 crews of the two vessels, civil officers of the state and city, military companies, and a large concourse of cltljcne. Cap. 
 tain Blyth was one of tho pall-bearers at the funeral of Lawrence, at Halifax, a few weeks before. 
 
 The remains of Burrows, Blyth, and Waters were burled by the side of each other. Over their graves stand obloiiL' 
 monuments about six feet In length, two and n half feei In width, and about the same In height. Blyth's, seen nearw 
 In the accompanying sketch by Mr. Beckell, Is n brick foundation covered with a marble slab, on which is the fdlloaim 
 Inscription: "In memory of Captain Samuki. Bi.vtii, late commander of his Britannic Majesty's brig Boxer, lie iiuMv 
 fell, on tho Bth day of September, ISlii, in action with tho United States brig tMei-priiie. In life, honorable ; In death, 
 glorious! Ills conntry will long deplore one of her bravest sons, his fii'iiils long lament ono of the best of men! ,£ 
 
 20. The surviving officers o' 
 his crew offer this feeble tribnte 
 of admiration nnd respect." 
 
 Burrows's monuniciit Is com- 
 posed of red snndstnne, form. 
 lug deep, broad panda on sifc 
 and ends, nnd bearing a return- 
 bent marble slab. It is the mid. 
 die one in tho sketch. On ih« 
 slab Is the following inscripliua 
 — " Beneath this stone niouM- 
 crs tho body of Wii-i.nn Bn- 
 nows, late comnnnider of Ik-' 
 United States brig KnUqim. 
 who was mortally wounded m 
 the Bth of September, 1S13, ii 
 an action which contributed to 
 Increase t*io fame of Araericu 
 valor, by capturinu' liln Briiai- 
 nic Majesty's brig lloxn iideri 
 severe contest of fortv-Hvp min- 
 utes. M. 28. A pnssini; Mm- 
 ger has erected this mcmraw 
 of respect to the niaues of a pi- 
 trlot who, in the honr of peril 
 obeyed the loud summons ofaa 
 Injured country, and who ga'- 
 inntly met, fought, and coc- 
 quered the focmnu." 
 
 Stilr-iCw ''-■ 
 
 
 UltAVLa OF liUUUOWB, liLYlUi ANX> WATEES. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 710 
 
 Tbeir MDmimfntu 
 
 rrnspoil it oiii^'crly, 
 iii'ir (U'ivtli-W(iuiul> 
 iae tlevolvcil ujwn 
 
 ) took l)otli vtsscU 
 owiiit? iliiy till' re- 
 juul buried nidc by 
 1, Tho roiniiiiis nf 
 iT j)i'o|)k! nutrtally 
 if bis giillaiil Iciidir 
 mmeiuorali\ e moii- 
 
 ITOn, mill wn« live yiMirs thf 
 irK, and wtt« flrxt mi iliily In 
 nt, iiiul wn» »«nliiu' In thai 
 (. Hull 11 viTy liitcros lliig u- 
 llic ./cira, Ciimintiilnri' I'crry, 
 ■omninml of tlio cluoiiof war 
 I master commnndunt, and lu 
 
 , the llonnriililp \Vll!;am\Vil. 
 ,t bin BolkltntUiii, Mr, Charlen 
 1-9, Ulylh, axil Wii'ura lirlulcd 
 
 I of tho two deceased nfflcfrs 
 House at nine In llie indniliii; 
 twelve marshiils. Tlic niffln* 
 iilnutc HtrokcH of Btili)-mn»lor! 
 •gen rommenced tu move, ami 
 8 to IllRh Street, tliciuc Aun 
 l)y ilie artillery ci)inimiiU» ul 
 l\\e mcetlni;-lioil«e to the Ea-i- 
 Lieutenant BurrowH were llr, 
 i,»c of Captain Blylli wore ihc 
 the I' lilted States xorvlce.lho 
 ■c concourse of cltlzeiiB. tap. 
 [s before. 
 
 Ivor tliolr Rravcfl stniul nWont 
 liol"1>t. niytli'i'i seen neatftt 
 .hliili'on which is the followinE 
 ajesty'H brig Boxer, lie iiubly 
 In life, honorable ; In death, 
 it one of the bent of men! .£ 
 in The Furvlvlnt! "fllccrs of 
 liVs crew offer thl» feeble tritac 
 ifadmiratlon and respect." 
 Burrows's monument Is com- 
 lOPed of red sandstone, form- 
 iiiL' deep, broad pniicl« "D sidti 
 liiid ends, and beariii}? a recum- 
 bent marble slab. It is the mid- 
 dle one In tho Hketcli. On the 
 ilab Is the following inscriptioa 
 _.i Beneath this stone nwiiM- 
 icrs the body of Wii-i-ns Bn- 
 C,„WB, late comiuiiiider of ih- 
 United States brig K"'^"*. 
 who was mortally wounded OB 
 
 the 6th of Heptember,lS13,in 
 
 L action which contrlhutcdw 
 
 Lcrcasc ttio fame of Amen« 
 
 valor,bycapt.irln.-hi»Br.!»- 
 
 nic Majesty's brlp/;"W«to' 
 Perecontestofforty.iive.»- 
 
 utes ^.28- Apasshigi'tra- 
 Cr has erected this n.e«.» 
 Sf respect to the n>anca Ota p- 
 trlotwho,lnthehonrofp«n 
 obeyed the loud smnmon«o»^ 
 Injured conntry, and who ^■■ 
 lantly met, fought and c» 
 queted the foeiuau. 
 
 SUtUia awarded to Hurrowii and M't.'nII. 
 
 Thit OnivH of Burrow*. 
 
 Oil the 0th of January followintj^* tlio CongroHs of tlio United Stfttos, by , 
 joint R'Holution, roquosted tlio CJIiicf MiigiHtrato of tlio Kt'puMio to j>ro8t'iit to 
 tlic in'iUTHt niiilc! roiativt! ut" Lit'iitonunt lliirrows "ji ji;old medal, with stiitivhle em- 
 liU'iii!* and devicoH, in testimony of the hi<;h Hensu entertained hy Coni^ress of the ,i;al- 
 liiiitry and j^ood eondiiet of the ottieerw and erew in the confliet with the Ihitish hloop 
 Ihrer on tho 4th of September, 18i;t."' Hy tho BUtno joint reHohition CongresH re- 
 
 TIIK nCBBOWH MKTIAI.. 
 
 quested the President to present to Lieutenant M'Call,"as second in command of the 
 Enterprise iu tho conflict witli the lioxer, a gold medal, with suitable emblems and 
 devices.* 
 
 In this engagement tho Jiosrer was very much cut up both in hull and rigging, 
 while the Enterprise suffered very little. The battle was a i'air test of the compara- 
 tive nautical skill and good gunnery of tho combatants. Justice accords the palm 
 tor both to the Americans. A London paper, speaking of the battle, said, " The fact 
 seems to be but too clearly established that the Americans have some superior mode 
 
 The "passing stranger" above mentioned was Silas M. Burrows, of New York, who, being In Portland, visited tho 
 lemetery, saw tlic neglected condition of the youug hero's grave, and ordered n monument to be built. A poet uaknowu 
 ',0 the author afterward wrote thus : 
 
 " I saw tho green turf resting cold 
 Ou Burrows's hallowed grave ; 
 No stone the Inquiring patriot told 
 Where slept the good and brave. 
 Heaven's rains and dew conspired to blot 
 The traces of the holy spot. 
 
 At length a 'passing strnnger' came, 
 Whose hand Its bounties shed ; 
 
 He bade the sparkling marble claim 
 A tribute for the dead ; 
 
 And, sweetly blending, hence shall flow 
 
 The tears of gratitude and woe." 
 
 The tomb of Midshipman Waters Is a marble slab resting on four round sandstone pillars. On the slab is the following 
 inscription ; " Beneath this marble, by the side of his gallant commander, rest the remains of Lieutenant Kcrvin Waters, 
 anative of Georgetown, District of Columbia, who received a mortal woniul, September B, 1S13, while a midshipman on 
 board the United States brig Enterprine, in an action with his Britannic Majesty's brig Dnxer, which terminated in the 
 capture of the latter. He languished in severe pain, which he endured with fortitude, until September 25th, 1813, when 
 he died with Christian calmness and resignation, aged eighteen. Tho youug men of Portland erect this stone as a tes- 
 timony of their respect for his valor and virtues." 
 
 ' The pictnre above given is the exact size of the medal. On one side Is seen an urn standing upon an altar, around 
 which arc grouped military and other emblems, on one of which (a trident) hangs a victor's chaplet of lanrel leaves. 
 Upon an elliptical panel on the side of the altar Is seen " W. Briinows," In prominent letters. Around the whole is the 
 legend" VioToaiAM xim olaram. patri^. m*stam." On the reverse is Ecen the two brigs engaged in combat, the main- 
 top mast of the Boxer shot away. Over them the legend " V-vrrr bat vinoerk." Kxergue, " Inter Kntebprizs mav. 
 .\«Ksi. ET Boxer mav. Brit. i>ie it Sept. mdooooxiii." The date should be the 5th Instead of the 4th. 
 
 ' On one side the bust of Lieutenant M'Call and the legend " Edwarp R. M'Call navis Enterpeisb rB.EPBCTUB." Ex- 
 ergue, " 8io itdr An ASTRA." The reverse the same as on that of Burrows. 
 
 |i 
 
720 
 
 nCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Li/88 of Life (. the two ' jgsels. 
 
 Last CruUe of the Enlfrprut, 
 
 ' ; . if 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 m 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^ INTEB ENTERFBIZE VAV. 
 ^^ AMEBI. ET BOXER WAV. 
 >^s. BHIT. DIE rVSEPT. 
 ^^^ MDCCCXm. 
 
 TnS M'OALL MEDAL. 
 
 of firing, and we CVi,n not be too anxiously employed in discovering to what circum- 
 stances that superiority is owing. The loss of the Boxer was a great mortification; 
 and there can bo no doubt thar, Captain Blyth felt full assurance of victory when k 
 Avent into the contest. Indioative of this was the nailing of the fl.ig to the mast, al- 
 Avays a most foolish and perilous boast in advance.' The loss of the Boxer was sev- 
 eral killed besides her commander, and seventeen wounded. The HJntcrprise lost only 
 one killed besides her commander, and ten wounded. This was the Boxer's last 
 "ruise as a war vessel. She was sold in Portland, and sailed from that port for scv- 
 eri.l years as n, merchantman. The Eittcrjyrise made only one more cruise during tin 
 war, under the command of Lieutenant lienshaw. She sailed southward as far as tlie 
 Wc'i, indies in company w'th the fiist-sailing brig Rattlesnake, Lieutenant Crcigliton. 
 While ott" the coast of Florida she captured a Pntish privateer, and both vessels were 
 chased by an English seventy-four. The liattlesnake soon fled from the sight of Ixitli 
 consort and pursuer, while the Enterprise Avas hard pressed by the Englisliinaii tor 
 seventy liouvs. Kenshaw cast all her guns overboard in order to increase her sjiiiii. 
 It was of littio avail. Nothing saved the " lucky" little brig from capture but a tii 
 Torable sliifting of the wind. Not long afterward she sailed into Charleston Harbor. 
 and was there made a guard-ship. She did not appear again at sea during the war. 
 The melancholy tolling of the funeral bells over the slain Burrows and Blyth had 
 scarcely died away when merry peals of joy were heard all over the land in attesta- 
 tion of the delight of the people caused by Perry's victory on Lake Erie, already fullr 
 recor'^ed in these pages. With that victory ceased rejoicings over the exploits of 
 the vessels of the regular navy during the remahider of the year, because, with a sin- 
 gle exception, they were rot remarkable ; but the privateers then swarming upon tin 
 ocean were doing excellent service every where. The history of their doings may W 
 found toward the clofe? of the volume. 
 
 1 Coopp"- relaiei (ii., 200, nolo) tlmt, whcu the Enterprim hailed to liiiow if the Roxcr had strucic, as nhe Iccpt herflaf 
 flylujl. one <>f the oftlccrs of the British vc«sel leaped upon n pun, Bhoolc both flsta at tlic AmericaiiB, and shoiitod"X', 
 U(t, no '." at the same time nsinpr some strong opprobrions epithets. The excited uentlemau's superiors were coiupclieJ 
 to order him do'vn. His movcmcut created much merriment on board the Unterpriae. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 721 
 
 t CrulBC of the Entfrpritf. 
 
 VTt kucsa of the American Navy. 
 
 Beginning of the wondorfnl Crnise of the K»»ae. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 rins to what circnm- 
 X great mortitii'ation; 
 -e of victory Avlieii he 
 10 flag to the mast, al- 
 ol' the lioxer was scv- 
 lie -E>(<crp-isc lost only 
 was the Boxer's h<\ 
 rom that port for «'\- 
 more cruise Auriiig tin 
 fouthward as tiir as \h 
 Lieutenant Crciglitoii. 
 and both vessels woro 
 'from the sight of luitli 
 ,y the Engiishmai ti>r 
 to increase her hymi 
 Worn capture hut a fa- 
 iito Cluirleston IIail)OT, 
 vt fca during the war. 
 lurrows and Blyth had 
 ,.cr the land in attesta- 
 .akc Eric, already fully 
 k over the exploits of 
 iar, because, with asm- 
 Lcn swarming upon tk 
 oftheir doings may l>e 
 
 le Americans, and slw""''' ]\ 
 Imau's superiors were compeliri 
 
 " War-doom'd the wide expanse to plow 
 Of ocean with a Bingle prow, 
 Midst hosts of foes with lynx's eye 
 And Hon fang close hovering by, 
 You, Porte-, dared the dangerous course. 
 Without a home, without resource. 
 Save that which heroes always find 
 In nantic skill and power of mind ; 
 Save where your stars in conquest shone. 
 And stripes made wealth of foes your own." 
 
 Ode to Davih Pobteb, 1614. 
 
 S we take a survey from a stand-point at mid-autuimi, 181.3, 
 we observe with astonishment only three American frigates at 
 sea, namely, the President, 44 ; the Congress, 38 ; and the Es- 
 sex, 32. The Constitution, 44, was undergoing repairs ; the 
 Constellation, 38, was blockaded at Norfolk ; and the United 
 States, 44, and Macedonian, 38, were prisoners in the Thames 
 above Ne\f London. The Adams, 28, was undergoing altera- 
 tions and repairs, while the John Adams, 28, iVti/c York, 36, 
 and Boston, 28, Avere virtually condemned. All tlie brigs, ex- 
 cepting tlie Enterp'ise, had been cap- 
 tured, and she was not to be trusted at 
 sea much longer. The Essex, Commo- 
 dore Porter, was tlie only government 
 vessel of size which was then sustain- 
 ing the rej)utation of the American 
 Navy, and she was in far distant seas, 
 with a track equal to more tlian a third 
 of the circumference of the globe be- 
 tween her and the home port from which 
 she sailed. Slie was then making one 
 of the most remarkable cruises on rec- 
 ord. Let us liere consider it. 
 
 We have observed the Essex starting 
 from the Delaware in the autumn of 
 1812,* with orders to seek a 
 junction with the Constitu- 
 tion and Hornet, under Commodore 
 Ihiinbridge, at designated places, but al- 
 lowed, in the event of failure to do so, 
 to folloAV the dictates of the judgment 
 of her commander.' She did not fall in 
 with her consorts of Bainbridge's little 
 squadron, and she sailed on a Ions 
 cruise in the South Atlantic and Pacific 
 Oceans. In anticipation of such cruise 
 Captain Porter took with him a larger 
 
 I See piige 488. 
 
 Zz 
 
 ' Octoher 23. 
 
722 
 
 nCTOBIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Jfocton a Prize to the Jiimai. 
 
 A Search for Batnbrldge. 
 
 An EngltBh Governor deceived. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 m 
 fit i 
 
 lunnber of officers and crew than was common for a vessel of that size. Ilcr mus- 
 ter-roll contained three hundred and nineteen names ; and her supplies were so am- 
 ple! that she sank deep in the water, which greatly impaired her sailing quality. 
 
 The Uasex took a southeast course for the purpose of crossing the tracks of vessels 
 bound from England to liermuda, but met only a few Portuguese traders with whom 
 she had no hostile business. On the 27th of November she sighted the bold mount- 
 ains of St. . J ago, and ran into the harbor of Port Praya in search of the commodorp, 
 There Porter received unbounded hospitalities from the Portuguese governor; ami 
 when he had waited a proper time for the expected arrival of Bainbridge, he depart- 
 ed with his ship loaded with pigs, sheep, fowls, and tropical fruits of every kind. Ih 
 concealed his destination fro.a the governor, and, sailing eastward when he loft port 
 gave the impression that he was bound for the coast of Africa. When beyond ttle- 
 scopic range he changed his course, stood to the southwest, and crossed the equator 
 on the 1 1 th of December in longitude 30° west. On the following day he captured 
 his first liritish prize, the Nocton, 10, a government packet, with a crew of thirty-ono 
 men, bound for J^almouth. She had fifty-five thousand dollars in specie on hoard. 
 This treasure and her crew were transferred to the Essex, and Lieutenant Finch (aft- 
 erward Captain William Compton Bolton), ^vith a crew of seventeen men, was diicct- 
 ed to go to the United States with her. She was captured by a British frigate he- 
 twcen Bermuda and the Capes of Virginia. Only the specie of the Nocton Avas se- 
 cured by Porter, 
 
 • Deccmi)er 14, Two days after this victoiy* the pyramidal mountain peak of tlio 
 1812. dreary penal island of Fernando de Noronha, whereon no woman was 
 
 allowed to dwell, loomed up sullenly from the waste of waters. This was one of the 
 specMfied places of rendezvous of Bainbridge's squadi'on. Disguising the Essex as a 
 menthantnnm, and hoisting English colors, Porter sailed close to the island, anchored 
 and sent Lieutenant Downes to the governor with a polite message, asking the piiv- 
 ilege of procuring water and other refreshments. Downes soon returned with a pres- 
 ent of fruit iVom tiu; governor, and intelligence that only the week before the Ihitiiili 
 ships Acasta, 44, and Morgiana, 20, had sailed fi'om the island, and left with the mac- 
 istrate a letter for Sir James Yeo, of Hi?; Majesty's ship Southamjyton. Porter \v;\s 
 satisfied that the "British shi})s" s[)oken of were the Constitution nwA Hornet; that 
 the writer of the letter was Commodore Bainbridge, and the Sir James Yeo addiesij- 
 ed was himself With this conviction, he sent Downes back to the governor with 
 tiie truly English present of porter and cheese, and the assurance that a gentleman 
 on board his vessel, intimately acquainted with Sir James, and who intended to sail 
 directly to England from Brazil, would be happy to carry the letter to the haroiiet, 
 The governor sent the letter to I'orter, The latter broke the seal and read as follows: 
 
 "My dear Mediterranean Friend, — 
 "Probably you may stop here. Don't attempt to water; it is attended with twi 
 ranch difficulty. I learned before I left England that you were bound to the Brazil 
 coast ; if so, we may meet at St. Salvador or liio Janeiro. I should be happy to meet 
 and converse on our old affiiirs of captivity. Ktcollect our secret in those times. 
 " Your friend of His Majesty's ship Acasta, Kerk." 
 
 f 
 
 The last clanse in this letter gave Porter a needed hint. lie called for a liglitcl 
 candle, and, holding the sheet of paper near the flame, the following note, written in 
 .symi)athotic ink,' was revealed by tlie heat: 
 
 " I am bound off St. Salvador, thence off Cape Frio, whore I intend to cruise until 
 
 ' Sympathetic luk is coinposod of compounds which, when written with, wHl remain liivisllile until heated. Mo- 
 tions of cobalt thus become blue or green, lemon-Juice turns brown, and a very dilute aniphuric acid btncken;. 
 
OF THE WAll OF 1812. 
 
 728 
 
 :ngUBh Oovernor deceived. 
 
 at size. Her mus- 
 ppUes were so am- 
 lailing quality, 
 lie tracks of vessels 
 traders with whom 
 ted the bold mount- 
 I of the commodore. 
 ;ue8C governor; and 
 liiibridge, ho depart- 
 8 of every kind. He 
 rd when he k-ft port, 
 When beyond tele- 
 i crossed the equator 
 ring day he captured 
 1 a crew of thirty-one 
 s in specie on l)oard. 
 ;jicutenant Finch (aft- 
 itcen men, was direct- 
 ir a British frigate be- 
 o{ the Nocton was se- 
 
 mountain peak of the 
 icreon no woman was 
 This was one of the 
 guising the ii'sw.? as ;i 
 to the island, anchored, 
 pssago, asking the priv- 
 n returned with a jues- 
 kvcek before the Uritisli 
 and loft with the mas;- 
 'hampton. Porter \v;\s 
 ition unA Hornet ; iU 
 ir James Yen address- 
 , to the governor with 
 ■ance that a gentleman 
 who intended to sail 
 letter to the hnroiict. 
 •al and read as follows: 
 
 it is attended with tw 
 jrc bound to the Brazil 
 lould be happy to \m\ 
 jcrct in those times, 
 Kkkr." 
 
 Tic called for a lishtf'l 
 llowing note, written 111 
 
 It intend to cruise nntil 
 
 in invlfllhlc nntil heated. Solf 
 iBnlphurlc acid bl.ickcuf. 
 
 Failure to find Bnlnbridge. 
 
 The b'sHiiX sails Tor the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 llcr Arrival at Valparaiso. 
 
 tho Ist of January. Go off Cape Frio, to the northward of Rio Janeiro, and keep a 
 look-out for me. Youk Friend."' 
 
 With these instructions Porter sailed for Cape Frio. Ho came in sight of it three 
 days before the Constitution captured tho Java^ and for some time cruised up and 
 down the Brazilian coast between Cape Frio and St. Catharine. He met many Por- 
 tucnese vessels, but could obtain no reliable informii,tion concerning the s(puidron. 
 His situation was becoming more and more perplexing. English influence was pow- 
 erful all along the coasts of the South American continent, while the power of his 
 own government was little known or respected, lie was, in a degree, in an enemy's 
 waters, with no friendly port into which he might run for shelter, carry prizes if ho 
 should catch them, or procure necessary supplies. lie was compelled, as he says in 
 his Journal, to choose between " capture, a blockade, or starvation." lie was letl to 
 Ills own resources, for he could not find the commodore, and he resolved to sweep 
 around Cape Horn, pounce upon the English whalers in the Pacific Ocean, and live 
 upon tho enemy. The specie obtained from the Nocton would be a reliabU? resource 
 in an hour of need, and he could not doubt his success. With this determination he 
 spread the sails of the Essex to tho breeze in the harbor of St. Catharine on the '26th 
 of January, 1813, and after a most tempestuous and jjeriloiis voyage made Cape Horn 
 on the 14th of February. At the close of that month the pleasant southwest breezes 
 came over the calmer ocean, and under their gentle influence the inhospitable coasts 
 of Patagonia and Lower Chili were soon passed. Or. the 5th of March the glittering 
 peaks of the Andes were seen hundreds of miles distant, and on the evening of that 
 day the anchor of the Essex Avas cast at tho island of Mocha, oft' the coast of jVrauca- 
 nia,for the first time after leaving St. Catharine. Its solitary mountain pe.ak towered 
 more than a thousa.id feet in the clear blue firmament ; immense flocks of birds hov- 
 ered over its unpeopled shores, and in its surrounding waters shoals of seals were 
 sporting in the surf. A joyous hunt for a day by the delighted crew brought to the 
 ship an ample supply of coveted fresh meat, for the island, inhabited by S])aniard8 
 before the reign of the buccaneers in that ix'gion, abounded with fat wild hogs and 
 horses. The flesh of the latter proved more savory than that of the former, and was 
 preferred by the people of tho Essex. 
 
 Porter had now spent two months without falling in with a hostile vessel. His 
 supplies of naval stoi-es were portentously diminishing, and he anxiously hoped for 
 prey by which he might replenish his exhausted materials. With that hope he 
 cruised northward, enveloped for several days in thick fogs, when suddenly, on the 
 14th of March, as the liksex 8we])t around the Point of Angels, the city of Valpa- 
 raiso, the chief sea-port town of Chili, burst upon the vision like the creation of a ma- 
 sjieian's wand. She liad been runnuig gallantly before a stiff breeze ; now she was 
 suddenly becalmed under the guns of a battery, so unexpectedly and near had tiie 
 turning of that point brought her to the town. Tho harbor and its shipping were in 
 lull view. Several Spanish vesselsi were about departing ; and an armed American 
 brig, heavily laden, seeing the English colors at the mast-head of the Eisex, had triced 
 up her ports and prepared for action. Unwilling to have a knowledge of the arrival 
 iif an American frigate in those waters spread by tlie Spanish vessels along the coast, 
 and perceiving a British whaler preparing for sea, I'orter bore off to the northward, 
 and in an hour or two lost sight of the town. He returned on the following day, ran 
 into port and anchored, and soon learned two important facts, namely, that Chili had 
 'just become independent of Spain, and the people were prepared to give him a cor- 
 dial reception ; and that the Viceroy of I'eru had sent out cruisers against the Amer- 
 ican shipping in that quarter. Porter's appearance with a strong frigate was there- 
 
 ' Jburnaf -a Cfuitie niailn to the Pae{fte Octan by Captain David Porter, in the United State* Frigate Ennex, in the Ymr» 
 1S12, 1813, and 1814, 1., .10. » Sec page JiiO. 
 
) III 
 
 liii 
 
 I 
 
 !,[: 1 
 
 724 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 FriendlioeaH of the Cbillang. 
 
 The Essex in Search of British Whalers. 
 
 Cruise amung the Oalapngos Uhu 
 
 fore exceedingly opportune, for American commerce lay at the mercy of English pri- 
 vateers among the whalers, and the Peruvian coi-sairs. 
 
 The Essex was welcomed by the Chilian authorities by a salute of twenty-one guns 
 at the forts, and of nine guns from the American brig, which proved to be the Colt 
 1 8 ; and Mr. Poinsett, the American Consul General, hastened from Santiago, the cai)- 
 ital of Chili, to join in the festivities which had been arranged for giving Porter a 
 formal reception. Dinners, balls, excursions on land and Avatcr followed, and the ofli- 
 cers of the Essex never forgot the delightful hours which they spent with the Cliiljan 
 beauties, by whom they were exceedingly petted. In this welcome, these entertain- 
 ments, and the bright prospects of usefulness to their countrymen and a profitable 
 ciuise for themselves, the people of the Essex found full compensation for all tlieir 
 hardships during the teriible voyage from the stormy Atlantic around the dark cape 
 into the Pacific Sea. 
 
 As soon as she was tolerably victualed the Essex put to sea, and on the 25th fell 
 in with an American whaler, from whom Porter learned that two other vessels, the 
 Walker and Barclay, haA just been captured by a Peruvian corsair off Coquimbo, ac- 
 companied by an English ship. Porter pressed on up the coast, and soon oveihauled 
 the corsair. She was the Nereyda. He took from her all her captured Americans 
 and, after casting her cannon, ammunition, and small-arms OA'erboard, sent her to Cal- 
 lao with a letter to the Peruvian viceroy, in which he denounced the piratical con- 
 duct of the commander of the cruiser, and asked for punishment due for his crime. 
 Tiie Essex then looked into Coquimbo, but, seeing nothing discernible, sailed for Cal- 
 lao. As she neared the harbor she recaptun 'I the Barclay, and, making her her con- 
 sort, sailed for the Galapagos Islands, the alleged resort of English whalers. Fi-om 
 the master and crew of tiie Barclay Vortcr ascertained that there were twenty-thid 
 American and about twenty English whale-ships in that region. The latter were, in 
 general, fine vessels of between three and four hundred tons burden, and would af- 
 ford good prizes for the Essex. The most of them were armed, and bore letters of 
 marque. 
 
 On his way over the quiet Pacific toward the Galapagos, Porter made preparation? 
 for fierce struggles with the armed English whalei-s. The ships were put in perfect 
 order, and then seven small boats were arranged as a flotilla and placed under the 
 command of Lieutenant Downes.^ They made Chatham Island on the 17th of April, 
 but found no enemy there. Similar disappointment awaited them at Charles Island 
 on the following day. Lieutenant Downes went ashore, and found a box nailed to a 
 post, over Avhich was a black sign with the words Hatha way's Post-office painted 
 on it in white letters. The contents of the post-office were conveyed on board tlic 
 Essex, and gave, by a list of English whalers that had touched there a few month* 
 before, positive evidence that those islands were a resort for British vessels in that 
 service. With this assurance Porter ciiiised eagerly among the Galapagos, but al- 
 most a fortnight was spent without seeing a single vessel. On the morning of the 
 ■April, 29th* the welcome cry of "Sail, ho!" was heard, and a ship Avas seen to the 
 1813. westward. Soon afterward two others were observed a little farther to the 
 south. Porter immediately gave chase to the first-seen vessel, and at nine o'clock in 
 the morning she was his prize. She was the English whale-ship Montezuma, with 
 fourteen hundred barrels of oil on board. Placing a prize-crew in her, he made sail 
 alter the other two vessels. The wind fell, and there was a dead calm. The flotilla 
 of small boats under Downes pushed forward. Tiiey pulled for the larger of the two 
 
 1 John Dowoes was born in Massnchusetts. He entered the naval service as midshipman in 1802, and was activtir: 
 lii.> attaclt on the shipping in the h:irl)or of Tripoli. He accompanied Porter, as lieutenant, In the entire cruise ofilif 
 &«»», and l)ecan. i-nmmaoder of lln^ Essex Junuir. In 1831 he was promoted to captain, and commanded the ftforaf 
 in the piinishmeL, if the Qnallah Bui loo people for outrages on American commerce. Hin Inst sea service was In is3t 
 He died in Boston on the Uth of August, 1884, and was burled with the honors due to his rank. Secretary Dobbin di- 
 rected the officers at the Navy and Marine Con's to w .r crape on the left arm for thirty days. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 725 
 
 mg the QalapagoB Inlani.. 
 
 ;rcy of English pri- 
 
 of twenty-one guns 
 (ved to be the Colt, 
 11 Santiago, the caj)- 
 for giving Porter a 
 llowecl, and the ofli- 
 ent with the Chilian 
 »me, these entertain- 
 len and a profitahlo 
 nsation for all tlitir 
 round the dark cape 
 
 and on the 25th fell 
 wo other vessels, tlie 
 lair off Coquimho, ac- 
 and soon overhauled 
 captured Americans, 
 joard, sent her to Cal- 
 led the piratical con- 
 ■nt due for his crime, 
 erniblo, sailed for Cal- 
 
 I, making her her con- 
 iglish wiialers. From 
 ere were twenty-thm 
 
 II. The latter were, ill 
 burden, and would at- 
 id and bore letters of 
 
 •ter made preparation? 
 ms were put in perfect 
 and idaced under \h 
 lion the iVthof Avril, 
 Ihem at Charles Island 
 jnnd a box nailed to a 
 I's rosT-OFFu:E painted 
 •onveyed on board tin 
 >d there a few montlis 
 [British vessels in tlwt 
 (the Galapagos, hut al- 
 >n the morning of tlie 
 ship Avas seen to tlic 
 a little farther to tk 
 [ and at nine o'clock in 
 ■ship Montezuma, will 
 ?w in her, he made pail 
 >adcalm. The flotilla 
 Ir the larger of the two 
 
 Itann In 1S02, and wnfactiveir 
 ■nant.lnthecntirocrmfeoftl' 
 ln,audcommandodtheM.(»^^ 
 I lliHlni-t Ben service was Id 1»^ 
 
 Ills rank. Secretary Dobbin ili- 
 
 Ity days. 
 
 t'lptnre of the Ocorijiana and other English armed Whaling-shlps. 
 
 Porter in Command of a Squadron. 
 
 ■May. 
 
 vessels, which kept training her guns upon the flotilla as it approached ; but between 
 two and three in the afternoon she surrendered without firing a shot. She was the 
 KnuTish whale-ship Oeorgiana. Her companion was captured in like manner. She 
 was the PoHcj/, also a whaler. These three prizes furnished Porter with many need- 
 ed su])p!ies. Among these were beef, pork, cordage, water, and a large number of the 
 huge Galapagos turtles, whose flesh is delightful to the appetite and healthful to the 
 stomach. 
 
 Captain Porter fitted up the Georgiana as a cruiser. She had been built for the 
 service of the East India Company, and liad the reputation of being a fast sailer. She 
 was pierced for eighteen guns, and had six mounted when taken. The Policy was 
 also pierced for eighteen guns, and had ten mounted. These were added to the ar- 
 mament of the Georgiana, and she became a fitting consort of the Essex, with sixteen 
 lidit guns, under the command of the gallant Lieutenant Dovnes, Avith forty-one 
 men. He raised the American jiennant over her on the 8th of May," and it 
 was saluted by seventeen guns. Tlie crew of the Essex, officers and men, was 
 now reduced to two hundred and sixty-four souls. 
 
 Tlie reputation of the Georgiana for fleetness was unmerited, yet Porter expected 
 to make her useful. She and the Essex parted company on the 12th of May, Avith a 
 clear understanding concerning places for rendezvous at specified times. The Essex, 
 accompanied by the Policy, Montezuma, and Barclay, did not cruise far from tl;c Gal- 
 apagos, and it was sixteen days before a strange sail was seen by her. On the after- 
 noon of the 28t]i'' one was seen ahead, and a general chase w.as made. At sun- 
 set she was visible from the frigate's deck, and she was still in sight on the 
 following morning. It was not long before tlie Essex got alongside of and captured 
 her. She was the English whale-sliip Atlantic, mounting eight 1 8-pounder carron- 
 adcs, and manned by twenty-three men, under the command of a renegade Nantucket 
 captain. Slie was pierced for twenty guns. 
 
 During this chase another vessel was seen. With characteristic energy. Porter 
 placed Lieutenant M'Knight, of the Montezuma, in command of the Atlantic, and or- 
 dered him to chase the newly-discovered stranger. The Essex also joined in the pur- 
 suit, and the Greenicich, a vessel little lighter than the Atlantic, mounting ten guns, 
 and manned by twenty-five men, was added to the list of prizes in Porter's liands. 
 The Atlantic and Grecmoich had letters of marque, and, being fast sailers, were very 
 danirorous to American commerce. 
 
 AVith all his prizes but the Georgiana, now five in number, Porter sailed for the 
 mouth of the Tumbez, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, on the South American Continent, 
 where he anchored on the lOtli of June, off" the miserable village of Tumbez. There 
 the little squadron was joined by the Georgiana^ bringing with her two 
 prizes, the Hector, 1 1 , and Catharine, 8. Downes had captured a third, the 
 Rose, 8, which he liad filled with tlie superabundant prisoners and sent to St. Helena. 
 She was a dull sailer. Ho removed h jr oil, threw her guns overboard, and gave the 
 prisoners the sliip on condition that they should sail for that rocky isle in the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 Porter now found himself, at the end of eight months after he sailed from the Del- 
 aware, in command of a squadron of nine armed vessels ready for formidable war- 
 fare. The Atlantic being every way superior to the Georgiana, Lieutenant Com- 
 manding Pownes was transferred to her, with his crew. Twenty guns were mount- 
 ed in her, and she was named Essex Junior. She was manned by sixty picked men. 
 The Georgiana was also armed with twenty guns, and converted into a store-ship, 
 under the command of" Parson" Adams, the cliaplain of the Essex. 
 
 Tlic squadron left Tumbez on the 30th of June, the^.'?ea; and Essex Junior sailing 
 in company until the flth of July,"^ when the latter was dispatched for Val- 
 paraiso with the Catharine, Hector, Montezuma, Policy, and liarday in con- 
 
 ' June 24. 
 
 ' 1613. 
 
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 726 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ^Jnly. 
 
 Capture of the dreaded Seringapatam. Sncoesgfnl crnlsiiig among the Galapagos Islaude. Porter warned uf Danger. 
 
 voy. Tlic £Jssex at the same time, accompanied hy the Oeorgiana and Greeincich 
 ■July, sailed westward toward the Galapagos. On the ISth" she captured the En- 
 1B13. glish whale-ship Charlton, armed with ton guns, and manned by twenty-one 
 men. Two other vessels had been seen in her company, the larger of which, the pris- 
 oners from the Charlton said, was the Serimjapatam, mounting fourteen guns, and 
 manned by forty men. She had been built in England for the Sultan Tippoo Saib 
 for a cruiser, and was the most fonnidable enemy of American shipping in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Porter longed for her capture, and was soon gratified. The Greenwich hoiv 
 gallantly down upon her, and, after exchanging a few broadsides, the English vessel 
 surrendered. She soon afterward made an unsuccessful effort to escajie. The small- 
 er vessel, called the New Zealander, was captured without difficulty. 
 
 Porter's prisoners were now so numerous that he was compelled o admit a large 
 number to parole. These were placed in the Charlton, and sent to liio de Janeiro 
 under a pledge of honor. The guns were taken out of the Neio Zealander and placed 
 in the Seringapatam, giving her an armament of twenty-two heavy pieces, but with 
 an insufficient crew. She Avas thus converted into a formidable cruiser. The Oeor- 
 oiana, with a hundred thousand dollars worth of spermaceti oil, was sent to tlic 
 United States, bearing in irons the captain of the Seringapatam, who was found with- 
 out a commission as privateer, and liable to the penalties of piracy. 
 
 The Essex, with the Greenwich,, Seringapatam, and Neio Zealander, now sailed for 
 Albemarle Island, the largest of the Galapagos group. On the morning of the 
 28th'' they discovered a strange sail. Chase was given, and continued all 
 day, but she eluded her pursuers during the ensuing night. This was the first 
 time that the Essex had failed to place herself alongside of an antagonist since she 
 entered the Pacific Ocean, and Porter and his people were much mortified. The 
 cruise continued, and on the 4th of August the little squadron anchored off James's 
 Island, a short distance from Albemarle. There they remained more than a fortiiisiht, 
 and on the 22d anchored in Banks's Bay, between Narborough Island and the north 
 head of Albemarle, where the prizes were moored, and from whence the Essex pro- 
 ceeded" on a short cruise alone. After sailing for some time along the 
 Galapagos without meeting any vessels. Porter was gratified by the ap 
 parition of a strange sail on the 15th of September, apparently lying to, far to the 
 southward and to the windward. The Essex, disguised, approached her, and discov- 
 ered her to be an English Avhale-ship engaged in the process of" cutting in," or get- 
 ting on board the ship the blubber of the great fish. When the Essex was within 
 about four miles of the whaler, the latter became alarmed, cast off her fish, and made 
 sail. The Essex threw off her disguise and pursued, and at four o'clock in the after- 
 noon had the stranger within range of her guns. A few shots brought her to, and 
 she became a prize She was the Sir Andrew Hammond, armed with twelve guns, 
 and manned by thirty-one men. She was the vessel that escaped the Essex on the 
 night of the 28th of July. She had on board a large supply of beef, pork, bread, 
 wood, and water, of which the Essex was in need. With this prize she returned to 
 Banks's Bay, where she was soon afterward joined by the Essex Junior from Val- 
 paraiso. Downes had there moored three of the prizes, and sent the fourth, the Pol- 
 icy, to the United States with a cargo of spermaceti oil. 
 
 While at Valparaiso Downes learned two important facts, namely, that the exploits 
 of the Essex had produced great excitement in the British Navy, and caused the gor- 
 emment to send out the frigate Phoebe, with one or two consorts, to attempt her cap- 
 ture ; and that the Chilian authorities were becoming more friendly to the English I 
 than to the Americans. Surveying the situation in the light of this information, Por- 
 ter resolved to go to the Marquesas Islands, refit his vessels, and return to the United 
 States. His cruise had been remarkably successful. He had captured almost everj' 
 English whale-ship known to be off the coasts of Peru and Chili, and had deprived 
 
 = August 24. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 12t 
 
 Sorter warned of Danger. 
 
 la and Gi-eemcich, 
 s captured the En- 
 iied by twenty-one 
 ■ of which, the pris- 
 fourteen guns, and 
 sultan Tippoo Sail) 
 pping in the Pacific 
 rhe Greenwich horu 
 1, the English vessel 
 e8caiH>. I'lie small- 
 
 Ity. 
 
 ed ;o admit a large 
 it to T'io de Janeiro 
 lealander and placed 
 avy pieces, but with 
 cruiser. The Ocor- 
 oil, was sent to the 
 ■who -was found witli- 
 
 icy. 
 
 ander, now sailed for 
 the morning of the 
 
 jn, and continued all 
 
 it. This was the first 
 antagonist since she 
 
 nuch mortified. The 
 anchored off James's 
 nore than a fortnight, 
 Island and the north 
 
 rhence the Essex pro- 
 some time along the 
 
 Is gratified by the ap- 
 
 ly 'lying to, far to the 
 ached her, and discov- 
 
 If" cutting in," or get- 
 
 the Essex was within 
 off her fish, and made 
 [ir o'clock in the after- 
 ts brought her to, ami 
 ,ed with twelve guns, 
 iped the E^»ex on the 
 J of beef, pork, bread, 
 prize she returned to 
 Lear Junior from Val- 
 jnt the fourth, the Pol- 
 
 nely, that the exploits 
 ^, and caused the gov- 
 Its, to attempt her cap- 
 
 l-iendly to the EngUsli 
 ■ this information, For- 
 i return to the United 
 i;apturcd almost ever)- 
 [lili, and had deprived 
 
 Porter, with his Squadron, sallH for the Marqnoi!a8 lelande. Arrival at Nooulieuvah. White Kesideuts ou the Island. 
 
 the enemy of property to the amount of two and a half millions of dollars, and three 
 hundred and sixty seamen. He had also released the American whalers from danger, 
 and inspired the Peruvians and Chilians with the most profound respect for the 
 American Navy. Accordingly, on the 2d of October, he spread the sails of the Es- 
 sex to the breeze, and she sailed westward from Banks's Bay, followed by the Essex 
 Junior, Serinyapatam, New Zealander, Sir Andrew Hammond, and Greenwich. Moat 
 of these were slow sailers, and kept the Essex back. The impatient Porter, fearing 
 the delay might cause him to miss an English vessel bound for India of which he 
 had heard, sent the Essex Junior forward to the Marquesas with instructions to at- 
 tempt to intercept and capture her. Meanwhile the squadron crept lazily over the 
 calm sea, and on the 23d of October the group of the Marquesas was seen looming up 
 from the western horizon. On the following day they neared the shores, and saw the 
 natives thronging the beaches and swiftly navigating the waters in light canoes. 
 After passing among the islands a few days, the Essex finally anchored in a fine bay 
 of Nooaheevah with her prizes, except the Essex Junior, which came iu soon after- 
 ward. 
 
 "The situation of the Essex^'' says Cooper,' "was sufiiciently remarkable at this 
 moment to merit a brief notice. She had been the first American to carry the pen- 
 nant of a man-of-war around the Cape of Good Hope, and now she had been the first 
 to bring it into this dietant ocean. More than ten thousand miles from home, Avith- 
 out colonies, stations, or even a really friendly port to repair to, short of stores, Avith- 
 out a consort, and otherwise in possession of none of the required means of subsist- 
 ence and efficiency, she had boldly steered into this distant region, where she had 
 found all that she had acquired through her own activity ; and having swept the seas 
 of her enemies, she had now retired to these little-frequented islands to refit with the 
 security of a ship at home. It is due to the officer who so promptly adopted and so 
 successfully executed this plan, to add, that his enterprise, self-reliance, and skill indi- 
 cated a man of bold and masculine conception, of great resources, and of a high de- 
 gree of moral courage — qualities that are indispensable in forming a naval captain." 
 
 The bay in which the squadron was moored, and its surroundings, presented very 
 picturesque scenery to the navigators. A beautiful valley was seen extending back 
 from it among the lofty hills, and here and there a native village dotted its margins. 
 Rich vegetation crowned the eminences, and cultivated fields smiled along the slopes 
 and beautiful intervales. The natives every where among the group of islands had 
 appeared very friendly, and Captain Porter expected nothing but quiet and full suc- 
 cess in fitting his vessels for his long homeward voyage. In this he was disappoint- 
 ed, for during his stay he was compelled to engage in a military campaign, and take 
 possession of Nooaheevah by force of arms. It happened in this wise : 
 
 The anchor of the Essex had just been cast when a canoe shot out from the shore 
 and came alongside the frigate. It contained three white men, one of whom was 
 naked and tattooed like the natives. This man was an Englishman, named Wilson, 
 and had been on the island twenty years. One of his companions was Midshipman 
 John Maury, of the United States Navy, who had been lc*'t on the island to gather 
 sandal-rt'ood while the merchant vessel that bore him to it should go to China and 
 return. He was accompanied by a seaman. These were the only Avhite men on 
 Nooaheevah. They informed Porter that war was raging on the island between the 
 native tribes who inhabited the different valleys, and that it was quite fierce between 
 the Taeehs, who dwelt in the one before them, and the Happahs over the mountains. 
 He was farther informed that he would j)robably be compelled to take the part of 
 the Taeehs against the Happahs in order to get from them such supplies as he de- 
 siied and the island afforded. 
 
 Wilson understood the native language well, and became Porter's interpreter. 
 
 \h 
 
 1 SavaX BUtorg of the Unitti Statu, U., 222. 
 
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 C'tyll War In Nooahcevah. 
 
 Porter tlireatcna to engn^o In It 
 
 The "mighty Oattanewa." 
 
 With him the captiiin landed, and was met on the beach by a throng of men, wniiii'n 
 and children, who not only Avelconied him, bnt gave cordial greetings to the marines, 
 who followed him with beating drums, and tired volleys of musketry in tlu' air, 
 These unusual sounds brought swarms of the Haj)pah8 to the crest of the niountuin 
 where they brandished their spears and clubs in the most threatening manner. Tliov 
 had lately spread desolation through portions of the valley of the Taeehs, dcHtroyini; 
 houses, plantations, and bread-fruit-trees. Porter immediately sent them word that 
 he had come with force stilficient to take possession of the whole island, and tliat if 
 they ventured into the Tienhoy Valley as enemies while he remained h.e would ))iin- 
 ish them severely. He gave them permission to bring hogs and fruit to the shore, 
 and promised them protection while trafficking. Tins bold message delighted the 
 Taeehs, and filled the IIa|)i)ahs with awe, because of the powerful ally which good 
 fortune had brought to their enemies. 
 
 Porter had just returned to his ship when ho was informed that the great Gatta- 
 newa, the mighty King of the Taeehs, a descendant of Oateia, or Daylight, tlirouijli 
 eighty-eight generations, had returr jd from a tour of inspection to one or two ot'liis 
 strong-holds among the mountains. A boat was sent to bring the monarch on boanl 
 the J2ssex, and all hands 
 waited in expectation 
 of seeing a most digni- 
 fied personage, for their 
 eyes had already seen 
 the really beantiful and 
 stately granddaughter 
 of the monarch. They 
 were disappointed. Be- 
 fore them appeared a 
 tottering man leaning 
 u{)on a rude stick, bent 
 with the weight of years, 
 naked, excepting tem- 
 ples covered with with- 
 ered palm - leaves and 
 loins swathed in dirty 
 tappa or native cloth, his 
 skin black with tattoo- 
 ing, and made almost 
 leprous in appearance by 
 the eficcts of excessive 
 indulgence in the use of 
 kava, a native intoxicat- 
 ing drink. He was then 
 stupefied by its effects, 
 and it Avas not until aft- 
 er he had slept long in 
 the cabin of the Essex 
 that he was able to talk 
 of public affauu 
 
 Porter agreed to assist 
 Gattanewa against the Happahs and Typees, his chief enemies. He established a 
 camp in a shady plain not far from the beach, and at the same time active labor wa> 
 commenced in the service of preparing the Essex for her long voyage. Days passeii 
 on, and so peaceful did the Americans appear that the Happahs were emboklemil, 
 
 TUE MIUUTY OATTANEWA. 
 
OF TlIK WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 i2i 
 
 rho "mighty Oattiinewa." 
 
 ing of men, wnu.cn, 
 iijjs to the lUiuiiu's, 
 .iKkctry in the air, 
 st of the iii()ui\tiiiii, 
 line; manner. Tluv 
 s Tacchs, dcHtroyiii!; 
 cat them word thai 
 e island, and thiit it 
 lined h.e woukl jiiin- 
 id fruit to the shore, 
 issage delitjhtoil the 
 rful ally which good 
 
 Aiat the great Gatta- 
 or Daylight, thront;li 
 I to one or two ofliis 
 he monarch on hoard 
 
 Battlea with the NotlvcB. 
 
 Purter victurluua. 
 
 Cbuu(;e lu tbo Name of tbo Island and Uarbor. 
 
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 K^'i^ 
 
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 ^m 
 
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 K«/ -^ rJK 
 
 
 
 lies. He established a 
 time active labor « 
 
 1 voyage. Days F^^fJ 
 Lbs were eraboUeiuHl 
 
 Tlii'v poured into tlio valley, menaced the camp, and sent a messenger to Porter to 
 tell liiui that he was a coward. The old monarch and his chief warriors urged Por- 
 ter to strike a withering blow. lie complied with their reipu'st. Ili' lauded a 0- 
 pounder cannon, and the natives carried it to the summit of tiie mountain. He then 
 sent Lieutenant Downes, with forty men with muskt'ts, to attack \\\v lliippahs. They 
 were driven from hill to liill until they reached one of their forts on the brow of 
 an eminence. There, four thousand strong, they made a stand, and hurled spears 
 and stones at the assailants. The fort was stornu'd and cajiture<l, and tlu^ awe-struck 
 Ilappahs fled in every direction. Their hostility was overcome, and they hastened 
 to send messengers with prayers for peace. Within a week envoys from almost ev- 
 ery tribe on the island appeared bearing tribute-treasures and tokens of friendship. 
 Porter's power was supreme. lie took possession of a conieal hill overlooking his 
 encampment and the harbor, cast up a breastwork formed of Water-casks filled with 
 earth, mounted four guns upon it, raised the American flag over it, and on the 19th 
 of November took formal possession of the island. He named Nooaheevah Madison 
 Island, and the breastwork Fort Madison, in honor of the i'resideiit of the United 
 States; and to the beautifid expanse of water before him he gave the name of Mas- 
 sachusetts liay, in token of his attachment to his birth-place. The fort was )>laced 
 
 •niK i;hmi;x and iieu riu/.KH in masbachi skits uav, nooaukkvaii.' 
 
 in command of Lieutenant John M. Gamble, of the Marines, and Messrs. Feltus and 
 Clapp, midshipmen, with twenty-one men, were placed under liis orders, and remained 
 there until the squadron was ready to sail. This was wise precaution to secure the 
 speedy repairs of the Essex. 
 
 The powerful Typees had rcmrvined hostile, and became more and more defiant, 
 to the great discomfort of Gattanewa's people and the annoyance of the Americans. 
 At length Porter resolved to make war upon them. An expedition, consisting of 
 thirty-five Americans, including Captain Porter and five thousand Taeehs and TLip- 
 pahs, moved against the incorrigibles. The Typees, armed with slings and spears, 
 met them with such overwhelming numbers and fierce determination, that at the end 
 of the first day they were compelled to falhback to the beach, and numbering among 
 their casualties a shattered leg belonging to Lieutenant Downes, caused by a blow 
 from a sling-man's stone. That night the valley of the Typees resounded with shouts 
 of victory, and the sonorous reverberations of many beaten drums. 
 
 Porter renewed the attempt the next day, and led his motley army boldly over 
 the nigged hills into the Typee Valley, in the midst of great exposure to hostile mis- 
 
 > From a drawing by Captain Porier. 
 
IJIi: 
 
 (hi ? 
 
 \m 
 
 130 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tba Typau Valley UeNolated. 
 
 The Women of Nuouheevab. 
 
 Porter arrive* at Vaiparalro. 
 
 MAUOCEHAH J ..ut 
 
 Biles irora concealed foc8, ami many privations. Village after 
 village WiiH deHtroyod until they came to the principal town, 
 in which were line l)uil(lingH, a large public wiuare, lempleB 
 and gods, huge war-canoes, and other exhibitions of half-sav- 
 age life. These M'crc all reduced to ashes, and by the broom 
 of desolation that beautiful valley, four miles in Avidth and 
 nine in length, was made a blackened desert. The Tyi't'es, 
 utterly ruined and humbled, now submissively paid tribute, 
 and Porter could say 
 
 " I am monarch of nil I survoy ; 
 
 My rljjlit there Ih iiouo to illsptlto." 
 
 Porter i.ad allowed his crew full indulgence while at Nooahevah. The natives 
 were lavish in that species of savage hospitality which gives concubines to straiiirurs 
 in the persons of their wives and daughters. The women of that island were really 
 bp^^ntiful in figure and feature, and not much darker in complexion thtu' most Spanish 
 women. Warm attachments were formed between them and the seuiiieii, and when 
 on the eve of departure. Porter forbade his men going on shore, they were greatly 
 disc ntented. For three days during this restraint they became almost mutinous, 
 "The girls," says Porter in his ./oMr«a^, " lined the beach from morniiii; imtil night 
 and every moment importuned me to take the taboos off the men, and laughingly ex- 
 pressed their grief by dipping their fingers into the sea and touching their e\ is, so as 
 to let the salt water trickle doAvn their cheeks. Others would seize a chip, and, hold- 
 ing it in the manner of a shark's tooth, declared they would cut themselves to pieces 
 in their despair; some threatened to beat their brains out with a spear of grass, some 
 to drown the'" ^Ives, and all were determined to inflict upon themselves some dread- 
 ful punishni t'l did not jjcrmit their sweet-hearts to come on shore."' Porter's 
 men did not tune the deprivation so good-naturedly. Their situation, they said, Avas 
 worse than slavery ; and a man named Robert White declared, on board the IJusa 
 Junior, that the crew of the Essex had come to a resolution not to weigh her anclior, 
 or, if they should be compelled to git the ship under weigh, in three days' time aller 
 leaving the port to seize the ship and hoist their own flag. Porter thought it neces- 
 sary to notice the affair. He assembled his men and addressed them kindly. He 
 spoke of the reported threat, expressed his belief that the rumor could not be true, 
 but added, " should such an event take place, I will, without hesitation, put a match 
 to the magazine and blow you all to eternity." He added that perhaps there might 
 be some grounds for the report, and said, "Let me see who are and who are not dis- 
 posed to obey my orders. You who ai-o inclined to get the ship under weigh, conn 
 on the stai-board side ; and you wlio are otherwise disposed, renniin where you are.' 
 All hastened to the starboard side. The men showed great willingness to be obe- 
 dient. Then White, the ringleader of the mutineers, if there were any, was calleil 
 out. After infonning the crew that this was the man who had slandered tlicni, I'di- 
 ter sent him ashore in one of the numerous canoes in Avhich the natives were .swarm- 
 ing around the ship, and left him behind. 
 
 The Essex was thoroughly fltted for her long voyage and for encountering ene- 
 mies early in December, and on the 12th'' slie sailed, with her prizes, from 
 Nooaheevah, taking with her Mr. Maury and his companion. They stretcheii 
 away eastward to tlie South American continent, and early in January the peaks of 
 the Andes were visible. On the 3d of February'' Porter entered the harbor 
 of Valparaiso, exchanged salutes with the fort, went on shore to ])ay liis re- 
 spects to the governor, and on the following day received a visit from his Excellency 
 and his wife, and some other officers. Meanwhile the Essex Junior cruised off the 
 port as a scout to give warning of the approach of any man-of-war. Notwithstaud- 
 
 1 See Porter's Journal, U., 13T. 
 
 • 1S13. 
 
 » 1S14. 
 
OF TUE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 781 
 
 ter nrrivei at Val|iuralto. 
 
 iDcldenM In the Horbor of Valparalio. 
 
 Porter's Oenoroclty. 
 
 He tries tu flt;bt,or run the Blockade. 
 
 MAUtJlIKSAH I .CM. 
 
 ovah. The natives 
 cubim'rt to Htraugurs 
 it island were really 
 n thiin most Spanish 
 e Heiuiii.'U, and wIumi, 
 0, they were prcatly 
 ne almost nuiti\ious. 
 morniuL; until night, 
 n, and laughingly ex- 
 •hing their eyi'S,8oa9 
 eize a chip, and, hold- 
 , themselves to pieces 
 a, spear of grass, some 
 craselvcs some dvcail- 
 on shore.'" Povtir's 
 tuation,they said, was 
 , on board the Ensu 
 to weigh her andior, 
 three days' time aller 
 .•ter thought it neces- 
 sed them khidly. He 
 ^or could not be true, 
 citation, jiut a miitcli 
 perhaps there might 
 and who are not (lis- 
 ip under weigh, coiiu 
 main where you are.' 
 . illingness to be ohe- 
 were any, was calW 
 slandered thcni, I'uv- 
 natives were swarm- 
 
 for encountering ene- 
 With her prizes, tVom 
 liion. They stretched 
 January the peaks of 
 [r entered the harhor 
 _ shore to pay his re- 
 It from his Excellency 
 \inior cruised off the 
 Iwar. Notwithstaud- 
 
 intf the friendly dcnionstnitions of the governor, it was evident to Captain 
 the English were in higher favor than the Americans with the Cliilian gi 
 
 Porter that 
 the English were in higher favor than the Americans with the Cliilian government. 
 J'orter had not been long in Viilj)araiNO when two Englisli men-of-war were report- 
 ed in the offing. They saileil into the harbor all pre|)ared for action, and seemed 
 ready to violate the hospitalities of a neutral port. These vessels were the Phoebe, 
 3C Captain Ilillyar, and the Cherub, 20, Captain Tucker. The former mounted thirty 
 loD'^ IH-pounders, sl.vteen 32-p()und carionades, and mw howitzer, and si.v ;J-pounders 
 in iter tops. Her crew consisted of three- hundred and twenty men and boys. The 
 Cherub mounted eighteen .'J2-ji()iind earronades below, with eight 24-pound carron- 
 iides and two long O's above, making a total of twenty-eiglit guns. Her crew mus- 
 tered one hundred and eighty. Tho^sea; at this time could muster only two hund- 
 red and twenty-live souls, and tlie -Essex Junior only si.xty. The Unsex had forty 32- 
 iiound earronades, and six long ri-pounders; and the Essex Junior bore only ten 18- 
 pound earronades, and ten short O's. The weight of men and metal was heavily in 
 favor of the British vessels. 
 
 As the Phii'he canu! sweeping into the harbor with her men all at quarters, and ran 
 close alongside the Essex, Porter warned Hillyar that if his vessel touched the Amer- 
 ii an frigate he should open upon her, and much blood would be shed, for he was fully 
 prepared for action. " I do not intend to board you," exclaimed the Englishman, 
 who perceived Porter's readiness to fight, but as he luffed up his ship was taken 
 ahack, and his jib-boom was thrown across the forecastle of the Essex in a menacing 
 manner. Porter summoned his men and bade them spring upon the Pho'he, cutlasses 
 in hand, the moment when the two vessels should touch each other. She was com- 
 pletely in the power of the Essex., and with the aid of the Essex Junior the American 
 tVicate might liave sunk the Phoebe in fifteen minutes. Hillyar saw his helplessness, 
 and, throwing up his hands in consternation, declared that his present position was 
 an accident. The chivalrous Porter accepted the apology, and the frightened En- 
 glishman was allowed to ])ass on. It was afterward generally believed that Hillyar 
 had positive orders to attack the Ekscx, even in a neutral South American port, and 
 that his intentions were hostile untii the moment when he discovered his imminent 
 ptri! in the poAver of the gallant American. • 
 
 Alter obtaining some supplies, the English vessels went out and cruised off Val- 
 paraiso. During a period of more than six weeks Porter tried in vain to bring on an 
 engagement Avith the Phcebc singly, or with the Essex Junior in company. On the 
 2Tth of February he felt sure of a tight, for the Phoebe stood close in for the harbor, 
 displaying a banner on which were the words " God and our Country ; British Sailors' 
 best Rights ; Traitors offend both." Porter accepted this as a challenge, quickly pre- 
 pared his vessel, and hoisting a banner under his old motto, "Free Trade and Sailors' 
 Kights," with the words " God, our Country, and Liberty ; Tyrants offend them," he 
 eaiiedboldly out. Ilillyar, who liad doubtless been instructed not to light the Essex 
 alone, quickly showed the stern of his ship, and ran down to the Cherub, to the great 
 disgust of the Americans. 
 
 Informed that other English cruisers might be expected soon, Porter determined 
 lo run the blockade and put to sea. On the 28th of March he spread his sails to a 
 stiti" southwest breeze, and made a bold dash for the open Pacific. A heavy squall 
 struck the Essex as she rounded the Point of Angels, carrying away the maintop- 
 mast, and over into the deep the men who were aloft reefing. They were lost. The 
 British ships, lying in wait outside, immediately gave chase, while the crippled frig- 
 ate crawled toward the friendly port to repair damages. She could not reach her 
 old anchorage in time to escape the enemy, so she took shelter in a bay not far from 
 a battery, and anchored within pistol-shot of the shore. Notwithstanding that was 
 neutral ground, the enemy's vessels bore down upon the Essex, and Captain Hillyar, 
 unmindful of the courtesy rter when the Phoebe was within his power, proceed' 
 
732 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 m 
 
 The Kmtx cripptvil. I'lirtur'a Ueneroalty not reclpmrated. Battle betweoa thn Kiuex and tw(> ilrltliih N|i|m 
 
 •d to (ifta(!k her. Tho I'Jkhcx prcpftivd for coiitl'uit, ivikI cndi'iivonMl to place n sjirinir 
 on her eiihlo. IJcforc thin could he lU'compliHlicd tlic Phivhe fi;ot, in an udvaiita"('oii» 
 •Mnroh lis, position, and, at a li'w iiiiimlcs hi'forc live o'clock in t'lc allcrnoon," oiu'ikhI 
 
 iHU. (j,.^, „|„,|, j^in, Htcrn of tlio American frij^ate witli liim ionjj muiH. The Vjhtr- 
 nh at tlie same time assailed tlie starboard bow of the Kaatjc, while the Eaiex Junior 
 was nnabic to render her consort any assistance. 
 
 The Chcruh was soon driven ott'by the bow-<j;uns of tlie Aiacr, and joined witli tlio 
 Phd'he. in a severe rakini? fire on the American. For a while tlu! latter was uiialilc 
 to reply, bnt at length three of her lonj? twelves were run out of her stern ports, ninl 
 were handled with so much dexterity and power that, at the end of half an hour aft. 
 cr the action commenced, both of the Knjjjlish ships were compelled to haul oil" and 
 repair damacjes. The ^Jnaex had heeii much bruised in the conflict, and many tif'licr 
 crew 'vcro killed or wounded. Her ensijjn at the fjaff and her battlc-flafj had Wn 
 shot away, but her barnier, inscribed " Fki:k Tuadk and Sailous' liiuirrs,"' was still 
 flyint? at the foro. Every man, from the commander down, resolved to defend lur to 
 the last. 
 
 The Phcehe and Cherub soon renewed their attack in a position on the starbodid 
 quarter of the J^Jsscx where she could make no effectual reK'.ntance, tlie distanci' be- 
 tween her and her antacjonists being too great to he reached by her carroiiadcs, 
 Their fire was very galling, and I'orter was driven to the alternative of surrendeiiiiir, 
 or running down to close quarters with his enemy. lie decided on the latter iiiovi'. 
 ment, notwithstanding his ship had suffered a farther loss of important sparH and 
 rigging. So badly was she crip|)led that the only sail that could be made availatdf 
 was the flying jib. This was hoisted, the cable was cut, and slowly the 7im« cilijcd 
 away toward the Pha'he until she was within range of tlm frigate's carronados, wlicn 
 for a iaw minutes the firing on both sides was tremendoiis. The PluD'hc changed her 
 position to a long range, and ke])t up a terrific cannonade upon her helpless aiita',ni- 
 nist, whose deck was now strewn with the dead, her cockpit and ward-i'oom filled with 
 the wounded, and a portion of her hull in Hames. Many of her guns were disabled; 
 and at one of them no less than fifteen men — three entire crews — fell dead or iudf- 
 tally wounded. Yet she drove off tl>e Cherub, and for two hours maintained the 
 terrible combat with her principal antagonist. 
 
 Porter now perceived no chance for boarding the Plwebe, and the raking of liir 
 long guns was producing horrible carnage in his ship. lie resolved to attempt t" 
 run her ashore, land her people, and set fier on fire. The wind was favoniliic; Imt 
 when she was within musket-shot distance from the beach, it sliifted, payiiin; tlio 
 shi[)'s head broad off, leaving her exposed to a raking fire from the Phcehe. At this 
 moment of extreme peril, Lieutenant Downes came from the Essex Junior in an ojion 
 boat to receive orders. He was directed to defend, or, if necessary, to destroy hi.« 
 own vessel. He returned Avith some of 1;he wounded, and left three sound men who 
 came with him. 
 
 The slaughter .;n the Essex continued, the enemy's shot hulling her at almost every 
 disdiarge. Still Porter held out, hoping to lay his ship alongside the cautious Ph'At 
 He let go an anchor, by which the head of his vessel was brought round and cnableJ 
 to give his enemy a broadside. It was efiectual. The Phoebe was crippled by it, 
 and began drifting away with the tide. Porter was hopeful of success, wlioii his 
 hawser parted, and the Essex, an almost he'pless wreck and on fire, floated toward 
 her antagonist. The fiames came up both the main and forward hatchways. Tliero 
 was no longer a chance for saving the ship. The magazine was threatened. Already 
 an explosion of powder had added to the confusion. Porter was unhurt. He calN 
 a council of officers. Only one man (Lieutenant Stephen D. M'Knight'^) came ! Tlif 
 
 ' See pope 441. 
 
 » Stephen Decatur M'Knight was a native of CoDDecticnt. After the capture of the Essex, he, with a companion 
 
OP TIIK WAll OF 18 12. 
 
 7a8 
 
 « mill two Brltlth Hblpo. 
 
 I to pliu'o a h\ty\wji 
 1 an mlvunliii,'c(ms 
 iilYcrnooii," oikikmI 
 ; tjfunH. Tlic aiicr- 
 J the J'jUSi'J'' >li>ni(ir 
 
 111(1 joiiiofl Avitli tlio 
 ', livttor WHS mialilc 
 lior Btcrn ports, iiml 
 of half an lioiir iift- 
 Hod to liiiiil otV ii'iil 
 ct, and many of her 
 battU'-flaf? had hcin 
 ' UuiiiTH,"' wa-i still 
 ved to defend her to 
 
 ion jn the Btavhoaid 
 iiicc, the distance be- 
 I liy her carroiiudcs. 
 itive of suriTiulcriiiir, 
 il on the hvtter movt- 
 hniiortant siiars ami 
 lid he made availnbk' 
 owly the J'JsKCX i'(li;wl 
 ite's earronadcs, wlu'ii 
 he rh(*'he (^han<,'wl her 
 n her helpless autai.'u- 
 ward-room tilli'il witli 
 (runs were disiibk'il; 
 ^^,g_fell dead or \m- 
 hours niaintained tlic 
 
 ;uid the raking ofkr 
 (■solved to attempt tu 
 d was favorable; but 
 lit shifted, pay ilia; tk 
 
 I the Pfuvbe. At tliis 
 Lea; Junior in an o\m 
 hessary, to destroy lii? 
 [three sound men wlio 
 
 Ins her at almost every 
 lie the cautious P/mk 
 iht round and enabled 
 the was crippled by it, 
 
 II of success, when Ins 
 Ion fire, floated toward 
 Ird hatchways. Tliere 
 
 .threatened. Already 
 fas unhurt. Ho ealW 
 I'Knisiht*) came ! Tbe 
 
 riurnuilnr of tha 
 
 The Uoodnot of the Urltl^h ('(iiniiiiiinlcr. 
 
 PorUr ntBTM 8a«M. 
 
 rent were either slain or woiindi'd. llo then told his men tiiat thoHc who jircliricd Id 
 tiikc the risk of <lr(>wiiiii}^ liy jumping ovcrhoard and Mwiinmiim for llm shore, to tlie 
 ccrtuinty of being Idown up, might ilo so. 3Iuiiy atreepted the otVer. Some reached 
 llif beucli ; a large nuinher were drowned. JV>rler hauled down liis tiag. Tiie ves- 
 gi>| was surrendered, and the flames were extinguished. Of tiie two hundred and 
 t«iHlv-tive l)rave men who went into tlu^ light, only seventy-live* effective ones re- 
 mained. Kilty-eigiit had been killeil, sixty-six wouinled, and thirty-one weri' missing, 
 'flic two vessels of tlie enemy lost, in the aggregate, only five killed and ten wounded. 
 
 m 
 
 AtniDN IIF.TWer.N TIIK 1.HHKX AMI TIIK I'luKDK A.SI> DIIKllUU. I 
 
 Thus ended the wonderful and brilliant cruise of the E88ex. Her closing exploits 
 were as gallant as her former career. "We have been unfortunate, but not dis- 
 graced," wrote her noble commander. "The defense of the JiJunex has not been less 
 lionorable to her ofticers and crew than the caj)ture of an equal force; audi now 
 eonsider my situation less unpleasant than that of Commodore Ilillyar, who, in vio- 
 lation of every princijile of honor and generosity, and regardless of the rights of na- 
 tions, attacked the Esnex in lier crippled state within jiistol-sliot of a neutral shore, 
 wiicn for six weeks I had daily oftered him fair and honorable combat."^ 
 
 IJy an arrangement with the victorious Ilillyar the Essex Junior was made a car- 
 tel, and in her Porter and his surviving companions sailed for the Un't-od States. Aft- 
 er a voyage of seventy-three days they arrived on the coast off Lo'.'' ^ dand, and fell 
 in with the Saturn, a British ship of war, whose commander (Nn questioned the 
 papers of the Essex Junior, and detained her. The indignant I'c .'jv considered this 
 treatment a violation of his arrangements with Ilillyar, and escaped in a whale-boat. 
 After sailing and rov.ing about sixty miles, he landed near Babylon, on the south side 
 of Long Island, where he was suspected of being a British officer. His commission 
 settled the question, and he enjoyed unbounded hospitality. He made his way to 
 New York, where he was received with demonstrations of most profound respect ; 
 anil when intelligence Avent over the country of the exploits of the ^«ea;, every city. 
 
 named Jnmes liytnnn, were sent to Rto de Jniiciro as prisoners of war, where they were shipped for England In a Swed- 
 ish vcgsel. They were never heard of afterward. The vessel arrived In safety, but the captain of the ve»sel never gave 
 auy account of them. ' From a drawhij^ by Captain Porter. 
 
 ' Porter's DUpntch to the Secretary of the Navy, July ii, 1S13. Porter relates that when he was about to part with 
 Ilillyar at Valparaiso, he alluded to his conduct in attacking the Essex under such circumstances, when the Brit Isb com- 
 mander, with tears in his eyes, said, "My dear Porter, you know not the responsibility that hnni; over me with respect 
 to your Bhip. Perhaps my life depended on tnklnjj her." "I asked no explanations at the time," says Porter, when 
 witlni; of the alTalr several years afterward. " If ho can show that the responsibility rests on his government, I shall 
 Jo liira Justice mth more pleasure than I now impeach his conduct."— Jour;iai, II., 15T. 
 
fHu 
 
 
 village, and hanilot was vocal with his praises. Municipal honore were lavislie 1 upon 
 him ; and several State Legislatures and the National Congress thanked him for hjs 
 services. By universal acclamation he was called the Hero of the Pacific. Piiilip 
 Freneau, the popular bard of the Revolution, wrote a dull ode on " The Capture of tin 
 Essex;" and a livelier poet, in his "Battle of Valparaiso," thus sang: 
 
 "From tho laurel's fiiircat bouffli 
 
 Let the muse her garland twiue, ,^ . 
 
 To adorn our Pi)rtcr's brow, 
 
 Who, beyond the burning line, 
 Led his caravan of tars o'er tho tide. 
 To the pilgrims fill the bowl, 
 Who, around the southern pole, 
 Saw new constellations roll. 
 For their guide." 
 
 This cruise was Porter's most eminent service afloat. ITo aided in the defense of 
 Baltimore a few weeks after his return home ; and at the close of the war he was aii- 
 pointed one of the commissioners on naval affairs. In 1817 he commanded a small 
 fleet sent to break up a nest of pirates and freebooters in the Gulf of Mexico. In 
 182i3 he resigned his commission in the navy, and afterward became the representa- 
 tive of the United States in Turkey, 
 as resident minister, at Constantinojilc, 
 He died near that city in 1 84.'?, at tin 
 age of sixty-three years. His remains 
 were brought to the United State*; 
 landed at Philadelphia; borne to 8t, 
 Stephen's- Church, South Tenth Stieti. 
 wherein religious services for the o(( i 
 sion were performed ; and he was buiid 
 on the north side of that cliurch. Tlicy 
 were afterward removed to the grounds 
 of the Naval Asylum on the banks of 
 the Schuylkill, pikI buried at the foot of 
 the flag-staff. Once more they Avcre re- 
 moved, and now find a resting-place !«- 
 leath a beautiful monument in Wood- 
 lawn Cemetery, Phila(lelj)hin. Ills coim 
 1 rymen remember him with just pride, 
 Wliile Commodore Porter was in \\.> 
 Pacific with the Essex, Comraodcnv 
 Rodgers was on a long cruise in tm 
 North Atlantic in his favorite fngate. 
 uAviu i-osTKK'B MOMUMENT. thc JF^csident, i'i. Hc lefl Boston uii 
 
 > David Porter was born in Boston on 1*10 1st of Pcbrnnrj-, 17S0. Ills first cxpcriorce in tho navy was in tlie friolf 
 r<mat"llatiim, iu wlikh ho entered as mid•^i|.•nl.'^n in ITltS. Me was In the xilou l)etwecu that vespcl uud l,'IimirijMi, 
 In February, 1T0«, wlien bis gallantry was -o consniciions that -k- was Immediately promoted to lieuteuaut. He mm- 
 panied the flr«i' I'nitcd States squadron that ever saji. ! to tho Miuliterrnnean in ISOii, and was on board the yhPMd/i),' • 
 when she slriu k on the rock in Ih'i Harbor of Tripoli. The'P he suffered imprlHonnui.t. In ISOfl he was npimiii! 
 the cominnni! of the Entfrprixi; mid rruiflcd Ir the ivledlterrnnoan lor six years. On his return t.) the United ht 
 was plar :l in command of the lloUlla station near Now Ori ans, where he remained until war wn' Icclarod n i 
 when he was promoiod to captain, and assigned to the command of the frigate Kaaex. Tlis exploits .n her hnvelmii 
 recorded in tho text ■•f this chapter. 
 
 The following are the inscriptions on Porter's monumer:t in Woodlawn Cemetery, Phiiao .'Iphia ; 
 
 A'rtrtA .Vide. " (^ommotoihk Oavio Porter, o'lr of themeit heroic sons of Pannsylvanl ., having long reprcscnti 1' ' 
 rouutry wiih Adellty as minister resident at Cortstantlnopie, died at that citv in the r-itriotic discharge of lil» 1: 
 Afnrch h, I'-t" " 
 
 South ,s "In the War of 1812 his merits were pxblhitcd not merely as an intrepid commander, b.it in ctplut; . 
 
 new fteliW ' luccess and ^.dory. A career of brillian' s^oc.d fortune was crowned by an en,i.'agement again«l sniv ■ 
 force and fearfnl advantages, which history records as an event among tho most remarkable in nnval warftirc.'' 
 
 Wifi Kide.— 'll\«cin\y youth was conspicuous for skill and gallantry in tho naval servien* of tho United Hui>- > 
 the American airog were exercised with romar.tic chivalry before the battloments of Tripoli. He wan on ull oc' .s- 
 
 mm 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 yfP 
 
 SiH Death and Munumcut 
 
 were lavishelupon 
 hanked him foi- his 
 }ui Pacific, riiilip 
 The Capture oi'ilie 
 mg : 
 
 Uojgern'B unBUCcossfiil Cnileo. 
 
 Caplimv »r Merrtiant . . n^elg and the Bi^ftiMV. 
 
 led in tbe defense of 
 )fthe war he wasap- 
 commanded a small 
 Gulf of Mexico. In 
 icame the representa- 
 d States in Turkey, 
 er, at Constantinopk'. 
 t city in 1 843, at thf 
 1 years. His remains 
 , the Unitfd States; 
 Iclphia; home to St. 
 ;, South Tenth Strci 
 services for the oit i 
 lod; andhe washuTinl 
 of that ciiurch. Tiny 
 imoved to the groim.U 
 lum on the hanks of 
 ,d buried at the foot of 
 |nce more they were n- 
 find a resting-place tu- 
 1 monument in Wood- 
 I'hiladelphin. Iliscoun- 
 ir him with just pvick- 
 lore Porter was in il; 
 Essex, Cominodui. 
 a long cruise in • 
 u his favorite fn.aiui'. 
 He left Boston un 
 
 IcinthenavywaBintlietriiiiw 
 
 lciillKavc8!'el..uii;//"''i'r!l.'»"' 
 
 Inotert to Ikmteuant. Hy«.»- 
 
 ll was on board the ;•/..:<■<"¥■« 
 
 It iulS0flhewauapt>«™»«'" 
 Is'tcturn to the United wm.-JK 
 
 I until war wa- .l--clare1 i» .. 
 ■ His exploits -n her have 1« 
 
 |;.Ur;ou'm.chur.oofbi.« 
 
 irt.nnn..,>naer,butinexplon"! 
 |„en>..«^emcnt«i:nl«>";"l>*«" 
 
 ir!,.ftl>c United SUt.-l« 
 frlpui.. Hewa^jooallo..:.':.*' 
 
 the 27th of April, 1813, and President. Road <j»n the 9*«A, in company with the Con- 
 ifrm, 38, an(^ after a cruise of one hundit-d and f<»rty-«s^t days, arrived at Newport, 
 Rhotle Island, having captured eleven sail of rae*«-hant vessels and the British armed 
 schooner Highflyer. 
 
 Rodgers sailed northeasterly, in the dire*;tion n<" the southern tidge of the Oulf 
 Stream, until the 8th of May, when the P/-m«fcn< imA Hon^nmn parted company,' tlio 
 former cruising off more to the southward in <f»e«t of the Ritish commercial ships 
 in the West India trade. She wsi unsueccss+^ul, and Rod^rs turned Iter head in a 
 direction that promised the good I >rtune of i«-<terceptiH«: vessels trading between the 
 West Indies and Halifax, St. JohnV and Quebec. Again there was no success; and 
 after beating about among almost ?*)rpef ual fogs, the President was off the Azores 
 early in June. Rodgers now determined to try his fortune in the North Sea in soardi 
 of British merchantmen. Afuch t'- his astonishment, he did not meet witii a single 
 vessel until he made the Shetland Hands, and there he found only Danish ships trad- 
 iiiif to England under liritish licenK*-*^. 
 
 Kodgers's supplies now began to fail, and he put into North Bergen, in Norway, for 
 tlie imrpose of replenishmti.i. In thiK, too, he was disappointed, An alarming scarc- 
 ity of iiiod prevailccl over ;. i the country, .and he was able to obtain only water. lie 
 nut to sea, and cruised about in those high latitudes with the hope of falling in with 
 a fleet of English merchantmen wliich were to sail from Aichangel at the middle of 
 .fiily At the moment when he expected to make prizes of somjc of them, he fell in 
 with two British ships of war. Ihi.able to contend with them, the President fled, 
 jiotiy pursued by tlie foe. Owing to the perpetual daylight (the sun at that season 
 li(ino' there several degrees above the horizon at midniglit), they were enabled to 
 keep up the chase more than eighty lioiirs, during which time they were much nearer 
 liie President than was desirable on the part of the ])Hr8ued. She finally escaped; 
 and Rodgers, neither daunted nor disheartened, and having his stores somewhat re- 
 ]ilenished by those of two vessels w-hich fell into his hands just before the apj)earancc 
 of the Avar-.ships, turned westward to intercept merchantmen coming out of and gohig 
 into the Irish Channel. Between the 2.5th of July and the 1st of August he captured 
 three vessels, when, finding that the enemy had a superior force in that vicinity, he 
 t'nund it expedient to (ihange his ground. After making a complete circuit of Ire- 
 land, and getting into the latitude of Cape Clear, he steered for the Banks of New- 
 t'.'undland, near which he made two more captures. From one of these he learned 
 that the Bellerophon., 74, and Ili/pcrion frigate (both British vessels) Avere only a few 
 miles front him. lie did not fall in with them, however, and soon stood for the coast 
 ntti' United Stat;s.2 
 
 ()ii the 23d of September the President toward evening fell in Avith the British 
 limed schooner Jlighflyer, tender to Admiral Warren's flag-ship St. Donrivffo. She 
 >vas a tine vessel of her class; a fast sailer, and was eomni.mded by Lieutenant 
 Hutchinson. Wlieii discovered shi> was six or seven miles distant. By a stratagem 
 liodiTcrs decoyed her alongside the President, and captured her without firing a gut;. 
 Hlip did not even discover that the President was her enemy until the stratagem Imd 
 succeeded. It was done in this wise : Previous to his departure on this cruise Rodg- 
 vn was placed in possession of some of the Britisli rignals. These h." had ordered 
 to he made on board his ship, and li<^ now resolved to try their efficacy. He hoisted 
 •M English ensign over the President. The Jlir/hflifer answered by displaying an- 
 other, and lit the same lime a signal from a nuist-liead. To Rodgeis's delight, he dis- 
 
 anirag the bravest of the brave ; zciIohh In the i)P''formanco of every duty ; ardent and resolute In the trying honr of 
 i,.„iuity; composed and stcad.i' in the blR7.i> of victory." 
 
 Kw'.SiVfc— No Inscvlption. On the upper piirt of the column the word " Pouter," In a wreath. On the lovper part K 
 iriilfiit and anchor crossed. 
 
 • The Cmmm conthined at 80;i until tlic 12th of Dccemher. havlnsj crnlscd In the fnr-dlf tnnt waters of the Sonth 
 Amctlran const. She caplnied sevcrnl (Iritisl! vessetf. H.nonir them t'.vo nrred Ikikb often pins each. 
 
 ' Letter of Commydora Rodgers to tlio Nocretarj- of the Navy, dated Nowpo;; September 2T, lalS. 
 
'- ^wmr 
 
 
 im 
 
 (B! 4' 
 
 730 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bow Rodgers captnred the Bighfiyer. 
 
 Antonishment of her Commander. 
 
 Rodgere'* Service to hi« Countrj. 
 
 covered that lie possessed its complement. He then signaled that his vessel was the 
 Sea Horse, one of tlie largest of its class known to be then on the American coast 
 The Ilu/hjlyer at once bore down, hove to under the stern of the President, and re- 
 ceived one of Kndgers's lieutenants on board, who Avas dressed in Britisli unifoim 
 He bore an order fi-om Rodgers for the commander of the Highflyer to send liis m. 
 nal-books on board to be altered, as some of the Yankees, it was alleged, had obtainecl 
 possession of some of them. The unsuspecting lieutenant obeyed, and Rodgers was 
 put in j)osscssion of the key to the whole correspondence of the British Navy.' 
 
 The commander of the Highflyer soon followed his signal-books. He was pleased 
 with every tiling on board the snpposed Sea Horse, and admired even the scarlet 
 uniform of Rodgers's marines, whom he mistook for British soldiers. When invited 
 into the cabin, he jilaeed in the commodore's hands a bundle of dispatches for Ad- 
 miral Warren, and informed his supposed friend that the main object of the Biitish 
 naval eomniander-in-cliief on the American station at that time was tlie capture or 
 destruction of the President, which had been greatly annoying British commerce and 
 spreading alarm throughout British waters. The commodore inquired what kind of 
 a man Rodgers was, when the lieutenant replied that he had never seen him, but liaj 
 heard that he Avas " nn odd fish, and hard to catch." " Sir," said Rodgers, witii start- 
 Ihig emphasis, " do you know what vessel you are on board of?" " Why, yes, sir" 
 he replied, " on board His Majesty';^ sliip Sea Horse P " Then, sir, you labor uiuler a 
 mistake," said Rodgers. " You are on board the United States frigate P'esidcnt,'Aw\ 
 I am Commodore Rodgers, at your service !" At the same moment the band struck 
 up Yankee Doodle on the President's (piarter-deck, and over it the American eiisimi 
 was displayed, Avliile the uniforms of <he marines were suddenly changed from red to 
 blue I" The British commander could hardly be persuaded to believe the testimony 
 of his own senses ; and he was astounded when he found himself in the hands of Com- 
 modore Rodgers. He had been one of Cockburn's subalterns when that marauder 
 plundered and burned Havre de Grace^ a few months before ; and it is aftirmod that 
 Lieutenant Hutcliinson had now in his possession a sword which he carried away from 
 Commodore Rodgers's house on that occasion.* He had been warned by Captain 
 Oliver, when receiving his instructions as commander of tiie Highflyt.r,trt take care 
 and not be outwitted l)y the Yankees. " Especially be careful," said Oliver, "not to 
 fall into the hands of Commodore Rodgers, for if he coinos across you, he will lioist 
 you upon his jib-boom and carry you into Boston I"' But Rodgers treated che sin- 
 ner w ith all the courtesy due to a prisoner of war, and he was soon allowed to go at 
 large on parole.'' 
 
 Tliree days after the capture of the Highflyer'' Rodgers sailed into Newport Har- 
 bor, accom]ianied by his prize, her commander, and lifty-five other prisoners. His 
 cruise, as he said, ha<l not been productive of much additional lustre to the Amorifan 
 Navy, but he had rendered his country signal service by harassing the enemy's omii 
 merce, and keeping more than twenty vessels in search of him for several weeks, lii 
 had caj)ture<l eleven merchant vessels, and two hundred and seventy-one prisoners, 
 All of the latter, excepting thi' fifty-live, had been paroled, and sent home in the cap 
 tared vessels. 
 
 ' Spo b deBcr1[ition of .IfrnaU on pages 182-184. 
 
 » .Statoniont of Cornmodore Rodire'-f iifter the wnr to a ftiead at hU own table In WflBlilugton City. Letter of Com- 
 modore Rodders to the Secretary of ttic Navy, September 27, ISia. ' See page 072. 
 
 • A'nimial A ilrncale, Noveinbt r, 1813. ' A'iJc*'* HegiHter, v.. IS, 
 
 • Oeorse nutcliiiison entered the Brltinh navy a« midthipman In ITIMI, and wa« active In the variinia official i;r,iilr< 
 throHtrh which he pai>f<cd up U> that of commander in the autumn of 1S21. Uo wag commiasloned a lieutenant in HI 
 •vnd in 1^11 he was assifrned tit a utalion on ttii- SI. f>nmin(iii, preparing for llie .\merican coaBt. lie first cninniuiiili'ililt 
 Oolpliiii. a vpHiii'l captured l)y the Britisli from the Americans at the mouth of the Rappabannoclt early In .\|)ril, 1>13, 
 and converted into n lender of the St. Dominrio, Sc' patre 1)09. lie was aflerM'ard commander ;)f 'lUDthiT tender oflln 
 (lac-ship, (he Hiiihili/FT, and was captured In her, as we have observed in (lie (ext, on the 26th of September, 1S1,1. ,W- 
 er his pnmiodon to commander in the British navy in 19-ii], he retired from active seri'ice, and was yet on the tinlf-pj; 
 lUt In 1S4». 8co O'Byme's Naval flioffraphy. ' This was the only man-of-war eve.' captured by H(ii:ir: 
 
 um- li 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 787 
 
 b Service to bin Countrj. 
 
 his vessel was the 
 e American coast. 
 > President, and re- 
 in Britisli unii'ovm, 
 ijer to semi liis sig- 
 leged, had o])tainc(l 
 \, and Rodgors was 
 Iritish Navy.* 
 .8. He was pleased 
 ed even the scarlei 
 iers. When invited 
 f dispatches for Ad- 
 abject of the Brltisli 
 I was the capture or 
 ii-itish commerce, and 
 iqnired what kiml of 
 fer seen him, hut had 
 I Kodgors, with start- 
 f f " Why, yes, sir," 
 sir, you labor under a 
 frisxate B-esldent,M\i 
 ,m>.mt the band stvuek 
 D the American ('iisign 
 y changed from red to 
 believe the teslimony 
 If in the hands of Com- 
 9 when that mtiraudtr 
 and it is affirmed tliiit 
 Ih he carried away from 
 ,n warned by Captaia 
 Ijlhj/ifiyo', to take care 
 1," said Oliver, " not to 
 rross you, he will hoist 
 lodgers treated che sin- 
 soon allowed to go at 
 
 |u'd into Newport liar- 
 otiier prisoners. His 
 J lustre to the Amoncan 
 Ling the enemy's com- 
 1 for several weeks. Ik 
 seventv-onc prisoners. 
 id seat home in ll>e QA\y 
 
 lashlugton city. Letter otC«». 
 ' 5 See pnpc «'^- 
 
 live In tlic various omHul sraKr 
 ImmiBBloued a lleuieuam '":;;; 
 
 lnp,.l-m.nockearlylnA.rl, 1^ 
 
 li.o onth of September, mi- ■■>« 
 ^;:w;rcve/c«ptt>redbyK,%n. 
 
 Another C'rulBC of tlie J'reitideiU. 
 
 She ruus the Blockade at Mew York. 
 
 Honors to Commander Kodgers. 
 
 Cominodore Rodgers sailed from Newport on another cruise in tlie President on 
 the 5th of December,* witli a stitt' breeze from the nortli-northwest, and got 
 well to sea witliout falling in with a British squadron, as lie expected to. On 
 tlie following day he captured the Cornet, whicli had been taken from the Americans 
 by Britisli cruisers, and then sailed southward. In the vicinity of Barbadoes lie 
 captured a British merchantman on the 5th of January,'' on the Tth anot}\- bi8i4. 
 er, and on the 9th another. He remained to the windward of Barbadoes 
 until the ICtli," when he ran down into the Caribbean Sea, and cruised ""^""""y- 
 unsuccessfully in that region for a while. He finally captured and sunk a British 
 merchantman, and then sailed for the coast of Florida. Proceeding .lorthward, he 
 was otf Charleston Bar on the 11th of February,'' but did not enter. He con- ^ 
 tinned his voyjige up the coast, chasing and being chased, and, dashing through 
 a vigilant British blockading squadron off Sandy Hook, he sailed into New York 
 liarhor on the evening of the 18th.' Ho was greeted with lienors by the citizens of 
 New York ; and on the 7th of March a dinner was given in compliment to him at 
 Tammany Hall. Most of the notables of the city were present ; and it was on that 
 occasion that Rodgers gave the following toast, which was received with great en- 
 thusiasm by the company present, and praised by the administration newspapers 
 throughout the country : " Peace — if it can be obtained without the sacrifice of na- 
 tional honor or the abandonment of maritime riglits ; otherwise war until peace shall 
 bo secured without the sacrifice of either." More than three hundred gentlemen were 
 at the dinner, among Vrhom were many ship-masters. A toast to the commodore 
 elicited eighteen cheers, and a song hastily written that morning was sung by one 
 iif the guests.^ 
 
 The President being in need of a thorough overhauling, the Secretary of the Navy 
 atlered to Commodore Rodgers the command of the Giw-rriere, which might mucli 
 sooner he made ready for sea.^ The commodore accepted the ofter, and repaired to 
 I'liiladcliiliia, where the Guemere, 44, was being fitted out. Finding her not so near- 
 ly ready as he liad 8U])posed \wv \ > be,' the commodore informed the secretary that 
 he preferred to retain command of the President. But the Secretary, in the interim, 
 had offered the President to Decatur. Rodgers courteously allowed that command- 
 or to take his choice of vessels, when h(^ chose that which had borne the broad pen- 
 nant of Commodore Rodgers for several years.^ 
 
 Here closes the story of the naval operations of the war for the year 1813. An- 
 other field of observation now claims our consideration. 
 
 1 Letter of Commodore Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, February 19, ISI.B. » See Xilea'» Register, vi., M. 
 
 ' "Commodore Rodgers," said a writer at this time, " is, we conjecture, between forty and forty-flve years of age ; a 
 raan of few words, and not conspicuous for the love of parade or dress ; but his ship, for Interior order, neatness, ele- 
 gance, and taste, may vie with any that floats on the ocean. It is said that his discipline is perfect ; and this, perliaps, 
 mnj account for the opinion tliat he is distant and very reserved to those under him i but his reserve in company car- 
 rip« tlie air of the reserve of the studions man, without the least trait of hanghtiiiess, for humanity and great atteiiliou 
 to tlio care of the youth under his command is a pleasing trait in this brave man's character."— r/ie Vobjanlhxts, Boston. 
 
 ' The Guerrirre, was launched ou the 20th of Jnly, and wa« the first two-decked ship that ever properly belonged to 
 the .\mcrican Navy.— fnopfr. 
 
 ' RiKlfiers's evasion of the tihickade Was n cause of deep mortification to the Britisti, for three of their large ships of 
 war were on tlie alert, the nearest of which was the I'lantwjenet, 74, 1'aptaln Lloyd. Rodgers expected a brush with 
 ihem, and cleared his ship for action. Uc even flred a pun to windward as u prool of his wllllngncos to fight, but he 
 ws not molested. On returning to Enirlnnd, Lloyd excused himself by alleging a mutiny in ills ship, aud on that 
 'W},'e several of ib"" ^ailors were executed. 
 
 3 A 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 4 
 
 ^m 
 
 OOK 
 
 IronlwIiiM md the Flurldax. 
 
 
 Events at Baton Konpe. 
 
 CHAPTER XX)(m. 
 
 "M.dlm waned the moon through the flitlinj? clouds of uit^ht. 
 With a dnbiouH inul Khndowy gli'nniintr, 
 Where the ramparts of Mhn» rose stilly on the sight, 
 And the star-spangled banner was streaming. 
 • •#•«•« 
 
 And fur i^lll that wild horde of savage birth thoy decm'd, 
 
 And fur »"very fearful intnision, 
 Till the war-hatchet swift o'er their fated fortress glnam'd, 
 Midst despair, havot, death, and confusion." 
 
 A SoL'VENIK OK Four MiMB, »V C. L. S. JoNE?. 
 
 yU~t VVHFAiTO, in the course of our narrative, wo liave only observofl 
 liiiitK of liostile operations in the more soutliern portion of tlic 
 republic, beginning with the endeavors of Tecumtlia to iiKbue 
 t}>f Creeks, Cherokees, ("hoctavvs, iiiul other tribes in tlio Gulf 
 ■/i'lii' to become a part of his or(>nt Indian Confederacy against 
 ^y the wliite people. We Iiave now reached a point in the storv 
 ■whey*' a cx>nsideration of the events of the war in that region is 
 necessary to the unity of the history. 
 Let us first consider ()(/■ ^jfcographical and political aspect of the Gulf region. 
 In u former chapter we have eo//^)/|/'/'7'd llio jturciiase by and cession to tlie riiilt,i 
 HlulM III' III'' v!i ' Territory known as LolMimiiL* %mtwnrt\ of llial TerrittU'y, at the 
 lime of the brciiki/ig i id of the war in 1812, and bordering nil MlP (liilf of lilii^im, 
 was a region in possession of the S|)uiiiaras, known as East and WcmI Moriilii, Tin 
 former extended from the Perdido iiiver (now the boundary-line between the Ht;itt> 
 of Florida and Alabama) eastward to the yVtIantic Ocean, including the great penin- 
 sula lying south of Georgia, and stretching over almost six degivis oriatitiidc. Tlic 
 latter extended westward from the Perdido t(/ (as the Si)aiiiar(ls claimed) I lie islMud 
 of Orleans, on the Mississij)pi. The northern boundary was partly on and jiartlya 
 little below the thirty-first parallel. 
 
 During the autumn of 1810, and Avinter of 1810 and 1811, movements were iiiimini- 
 rated which finally led to the absolute jxissession of l)oth Floridas by the T'nitnl 
 States. In October, that portion of the tilaimed Spanish territory lying on the Mi- 
 sissippi became the tlieatre of insurrectionary operations. It Avas inhabited cliiilly 
 by persons of British and American birth. These seized the old fort at I5,it(in Ivenuc; 
 met in Convention ; deelared themselves independent of Spain ; and adopted a Aw: 
 with a lone star iipdu if,ns the revolutionists in Texas did many years later.^ The 
 
 ' These families came under the general name of Mohilinn tribes ; and their territory originally was next in crtwit lo 
 that of Ihc Algonqiiins, stretching along the (iulf of Mcxiru fnini 111'' Ailanlic to the Mississippi River more lliiiii fix 
 hundred miles, up the Mississippi to tlie mouth of tlic Ohio, unil uloiig llie Atlantic to the Cape Fr -. It oompriHi! n 
 greater portion of the present State of Qeorgia, a part of South Carolina, the whole of Florida, Alabama, and Mis«is»ip- 
 pi, and portions of Tennessee and Kentucky. The nathin was divided into tnroe grand confederacies, namely, .lf"«* 
 invD or rrefks, Clinelnivn, and rhM:a»iii'H. The Creek confederacy included the Crei-ki pinpcr, the Nnninikg of Florlila, 
 and the yamoDuen, ■ r Sit raniiahn, of Georgia. 
 
 The Creeks occupied the ciuutry fi-om the Atlantic westward to the high lands which separato the waters oftlv >'' 
 bama and Tombigbee Rivers. 
 
 The (;hoctnws inhabited the beoutlful country bordering npop ibfl Oulf of Mexico, i.u.l extending west of tliu i 
 lo the Mississippi. 
 
 The Cherokces were the mountaineers of the South, nnd Inhabited the veiy benutlfiil land extending from the Car 
 Ilua Broad River on the cast to the Alabama on the west, iiicluilinu the whole of the upper portion of Oeorgia from v 
 head watei-s of the Alatamaha to those of the Tennessee. It is one of the most dcllghtftil regions in the United Sisi' 
 
 » See page 131. 
 
 5 There was a family named Kemper In that region who hail snfl'ereri much at the hands of the 8p:>i \u.l\ T' « 
 
OF TlIK WA]l or 18 12. 
 
 739 
 
 Events at Baton Ronije. 
 
 \Vc»t Florida claimed by the United Stales, Military Mo\ imonts therein. 
 
 Intermeddling of a Brltlxh OfHclul. 
 
 ' ISIO. 
 
 „fthe8par<ards. THeywr. 
 
 Spanish Loya.ists made slight resistance, but it wab soon overcome; anil the iiisur- 
 (veiils a^<kell the government of tlie United States to give them aid and recognition. 
 Ah't'iidy tliat government liad ehiiined a rigiit, under the act of cession, to the entire 
 Territory of West Florida, and tiiat claim was a topic for dispute between it and 
 that of Spain. Instead, therefore, of countenancing the insurgents in their ettbrts to 
 set up for themselves, the President issued a [»ro(!lamation on the 27th of October, in 
 which he declared the Territory of West Florida, as far east as the Pearl lliver, to 
 be iu the i)ossession of tlie United States. W. C. C. Chiiborne, the governor of the 
 Orleans Territory (afterward called the State of Louisiana), then in Washington, was 
 hinried oif to take ))ossession of it, avowedly not only as a right, but as a friendly 
 act toward Spain, wlmse rights were as mucli Jeoparded by the revolutionary move- 
 ment as was those of tiic United States. Claiborne was clothed with ])owers to em- 
 iildv trooj)s then in the Mississippi Territory, if necessary, to enable him to take and 
 liold possession of t he country. 
 
 Not long after tiiis, a body of men, chiefly Americans from Fort Stoddail, on the 
 Mobile Kiver, led by Colonel licuben Keinj)er, who professed to be acting under the 
 .iiitliority of the Florida insurgents, menaced the port of Mobile' Tiiey wei'c driven 
 iiway, but still threatened that post; and the Spanish governor, Folch, thoroughly 
 :ilarined, wrote a letter to Mr. Monroe, the American Secretary of State, ui wliich he 
 expressed a desire, in the event of his not being speedily re-enforced from Havana or 
 Xvrti Cruz, to treat for the surrender of the whole province of Florida. At about the 
 Mime time, Morier, the liritish ("liarge d' Affaires, residing at Baltimore, formally pro- 
 tested against such acquisition ua tlie part of the United States as au act unfriendly 
 t ) S)).iin, then struggling with the gigantic power of Napoleon. 
 
 Whi'U Congress assemlded in December," the question of the occupation of 
 riiiridii by (lie Cniled States iiad assumed a very important aspect in tlie pub- 
 lic mind. The I'cdcnilifls were vehemently opposed to all farther acquisition of ter- 
 litdiV! nnd when, early in January,'' letter of the Spanish governor bj,„„mry3^ 
 mill llie pinlrn( of the Mritish charge ., .e laid before Congress, they ju'o- ^*"' 
 iluced consideraide excileinent. Morier's protest was considered simply an imper- 
 liiicnee by the government jiarty, while 'he intimations of Folch w^ere jjondered se- 
 lioiisiy, and acted upon after some debalt . In secret session a resolution was adopt- 
 eil, ill which was expressed an unwillingness on the part of the United States to al- 
 low the Territory iii question to pass from the possession of Spain into that of any 
 iitlier power. An act was also passed in secret session*^ authorizing the 
 I'resideiit to take j)ossession of both Floriilas under any arrangement that 
 might be entereil into with the local authorities; or, in the event of an attempt to do 
 tlie same by any foreign [lOwer, to take and hold jjossession by force of arms. It was 
 lielieved, and with reason, that the British were about to assume control of that 
 coiintry, under the provisions of some secret arrangement with Spain; and, to fore- 
 
 . men (Reiilicn and 8amncl),nnd resolved to get rid of their hated nilers. Imjiatienl of the delay of the United 
 ■■ ;iti'8 in taking possession of West Florida, they excited the i>cople of Bayon Kara, and others In the neighboihood, to 
 Mkt up iirms. Tliey assembled at St. Franclsvlllc, marched upon Baton Uoiige, took it by suri)rise afcer a slight skirm- 
 i-h, in which Governor firandpre was killed, and the town and fort became the possession of the Insurgents. The 
 f-IJiiniards fled eastward, some to Mobile, nnd some to Pcnsacola. The revoliiticniists then assemlvled in Convention ; 
 irepnrcd and Issued a declaration .if Independence, modeled after that omposed by Jcffert ju, and declared their rljjht 
 ami intention to form treaties and establish commerce with other nations. 
 
 ' His professhms were true. He was dispatched to the Tomblgbee by the Convention fo/ the purpose of enllstln<r 
 men to expel tile Spaniards from 'he Mobile district. In that business he was assisted by a wealthy citizen, Ci.hmel 
 ■Iiraios Culler, who, like most of the residents In that region, hated the Spr.niards. Troops wore secrclly raised. Fliit- 
 Inials, w itli provisions, were sent down the Tensaw Kiver to Smith's plantation. Iiarlnn spirits gathered around the 
 Icaderei and « company ofhorsemcn, under Captain Uernard, scoured tlie country for arms, ainniiiniiion, and provl- 
 i^'un?, Aynunj,' man, named Sibly, was sent to demand She surrendc. of the fort, then C(mimanded by (iove.iior Kolch. 
 Till- iiivnilers gathered near Mobile, and there drank and frolicked to their hearts' co-itcnt. An old man. who drank 
 their whisky nnd won their confidence, betrayed their weakness to the governor. TI: 'itter sent two hundred regu- 
 Inr soldiers, under a competent leader, who surprised them at near midnight, and br:i, up their «' !"i! . This w«. In 
 V'lvcmber, isin. Major Hargrove and nine men were captured, Ironi .. •■ o.::a lo Uavaua,wli.';v tiiiv Kufl>rred#^■e 
 ;i!iir« in the diingeous of Moro Clsile.— See Plckett'B UlxUiry vf JfeV-iir !i., 235. 
 
 lauuary S. 
 
^ 
 
 ■1' 
 
 I. 
 
 !'' 
 
 Jfipj^ 
 
 Y40 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sveute near Mobile. 
 
 Admlaition of Louisiana. 
 
 IniinrrectioQ In KuHt Flurid^, 
 
 stall Ruch action, Governor Claiborne had already asserted the jurisdiction of tlio 
 United States over a considerable portion of Florida eastward of the jVIississippl, aft. 
 
 er some opposition from Ful- 
 war Skipwith, formerly a dii). 
 
 ^;?-r? ^^ // yp lomatic agent of the Uiiittd 
 
 ^ / yi l/i > ' Hyf — ' States in France, who had been 
 
 I (jf-'l/W/hy elected governor of their do- 
 main by the insurgents. Find- 
 ing himself supported chiutiv 
 by the dregs of society only, Skij)with yielded, and retired to private life. Soon uti- 
 crward, a small detachment of American regulars, under Captain (afterward jMajnr 
 General) Edmund P. Gaines, appeared before Mobile and demanded its snrreinlcr. 
 Governor Folch refused. Presently Colonel Cushing arrived from New Orleans 
 with gun-boats, artillery, and troops, and encamped three weeks at Orange (4rovc, 
 wlien he marched up to Fort Stoddart, and formed a cantonment at Mount Vernon, 
 He came professedly to defend the Spaniards against the insurgents, who made uo 
 farther efforts to obtain possession of Mobile. 
 
 Louisiana was admitted into the Union as a state on the 8th of April, 1812. By a 
 separate act, that part of Florida, as far eastward of the Mississippi River as tlic 
 •April 14, Pearl River, was annexed to that new state;* and by another act the ii>- 
 ^®**' maining territory, as far as the Perdido River, eastward of Mobile Bay 
 (with the exception of the post of Mobile, yet in the hands of the Sj)aiiiards), ^vas 
 » M 14 ^"nexed to the Territory of Mississii»pi,'' then asking for admission as a 
 state. 
 An insurrection had broken out in East Florida in the mean time. Its chief llieatro 
 was on the coast, near the Georgia border. Brigadier General George Mathews, of 
 the Georgia militia (a soldier of the Revolution), who had been a])pointed commis- 
 sioner under the secret act of the session in 1810-'ll,to secure the province should 
 it be offered, was the chief instigator of the disturbance, for the Georgians were anx- 
 ious to seize the adjoniing territory. Amelia Island, lying a little below the bound- 
 ary-line, seemed to be a good as well as justifiable base of operations. The fine harl)or 
 of its capital, Fernandina, was a place of great resort for smugglers during the days 
 of the embargo ; and, as a neutral port, might be made a dangerous place. The pos- 
 session of this island and harbor was therefore important to the Americans. A piv- 
 tcxt for seizing it was not long wanting. The insurgents planted the standard of 
 revolt on the blufli' opposite the town of St. Mary's, on the border-line, in March, I8I1;. 
 Some United States gun- 
 boats, under Commodore 
 
 Campbell, were in the \ y (7V^, /^ y^y'<^—t:^ Oi^-* 
 St. Mary's River, and Ma- 
 thews had some United 
 States troops at his command near. 
 
 \u^..p^C^^-^^ 
 
 '>?^^^^^ 
 
 • 1812. 
 
 On the 17th of^Lnrch'' the insurgents two hundred and twenty in nnmhor, 
 sent a flag of truce to Fernandina demanding the surrender of the town ami 
 island. The American gun-boats came down at about the same time. The author- 
 ities bowed in submission, and General Mathews, assuming the character of a pro- 
 tector, took possession of the place in the name of the United States. Commodoiv 
 Campbell declared, in a letter to Don Justo Lopez, the commandant of Amelia Island, 
 that the naval forces were not intended to act in the name of the United States, "l)ut 
 to aid and sujjport," he said, "a large proportion of your countrymen in anus, wlm 
 have thought proper to declare themselves independent."' 
 
 A flag was raised over Fernandina on wliich %^Trc inscribed the words "T'oaj/w- 
 
 ' MS. Letter In the Navy Department. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 741 
 
 rrccllon lu East Flurid;i. 
 
 iristliction of the 
 ic MissiHsippi, aft- 
 josition tVom Ful- 
 th, formerly :x i\\\\- 
 >nt of the United 
 ancc, who luiAbcon 
 ernor of their do- 
 ( insurgents. Fiiul- 
 f 8npi)ortc(l chietly 
 ■ate life, ^oon aft- 
 1 (.iftcrward Major 
 idotl its MirrtMiilcr. 
 from New Orleans 
 1 at Orange Grove, 
 it at Mount Vernon, 
 rents, who made uu 
 
 f April,! SI 2. By a 
 
 issippi River as the 
 
 another act the re- 
 
 vard of Mobile Bay 
 
 the Spaniards), was 
 
 for admission as a 
 
 ne. Its chief theatre 
 George Mathews, of 
 n aiipointed commis- 
 thc province should 
 Georgians were anx- 
 ,tlc below the bound- 
 ons. The fine luivlior 
 rlers during the days 
 ous place. The pos- 
 ■, Americans. A pro- 
 ited the standard of 
 •-line, in March, leii 
 
 Seiiure of Kaat Florida by United Stutes Offlcinls. 
 
 Expcditiun agaluKt Mobile. 
 
 General Wilkinson. 
 
 Id twenty in number, 
 lider of the town and 
 le time. The authoi- 
 L character of a im- 
 Istates. Connnodoiv 
 lant of Amelia Ishuul, 
 |e United States, "Init 
 Itrymcn in arms, 
 
 -ffhii 
 
 the words "r<«_F- 
 
 puli lex sahitia" and on the 19th the town was formally given up to the United 
 States autliorities. A custoni-liouse was immediately establisiied ; the floating prop- 
 erty in the harbor was considered under the protection of the United States flag, 
 and smuggling ceased. Then the insurgents, made eight lumdred strong by re-en- 
 forcements from Georgia, and accompanied by some troops furnished by General Ma- 
 thews, besieged the Spanish governor in St. Augustine, for it was feared that the Hrit- 
 ish might help the Spaniards in recovering what they had lost in the Territory. Tiiis 
 was a kind of lilibusteriiig which the United States government would not counte- 
 nance, and David B. Mitcliell,' govi-inor of Georgia, was appointed to supersede Ma- 
 thews* as comni'ssioner. But the change of men did not eft'ect a change • April lo, 
 of measures. Mitchell believed that Congress would sanction Mathews's ^^^'^' 
 proceedings. The Lower House did actually pass a bill,^ in secret session, "Ji'neai. 
 authorizing the President to take possession of East Florida. The Senate rejected 
 it, for it was not desirable, at the moment when war had been declared against Great. 
 Britain, to provoke hostilities with another power uiuiecessarily. There was incon- 
 sistency in it, which the Opposition were not slow to perceive and make use of. 
 "Say nothing now," they said, " about Sir James Craig, of Canada, and John Ilenry,^ 
 or Copenhagen."^ They denounced the whole movement oi' the government in Flor- 
 ida, East and West, as dastardly — a seizure of the possessions of a friendly power 
 "by Madison's army and navy." 
 
 We have observed that the United States claimed, under the act of the cession of 
 Louisiana, all of West Florida, including Mobile ; and that a large portion of that 
 territory had been annexed to that of Mississipj)i. When the Congress and the 
 Cabinet had determined upon war with Great Britain in the winter and spring of 
 1S12., tiie importance of the post of Mobile to the United States was very apparent, 
 and as early as March in that year. General Wilkinson, then in command of the United 
 States troops in the Southwest, Avas ordered to take jjossession of it. At near the 
 dose ofMarch'^ he sent Commodore Shaw, with a detachment of sjun-boats, to 
 
 . r> ? c 1312 
 
 occupy the Bay of Mobile and cut oft" communications with Pensacola ; and 
 Lieutenant Colonel Bowyer, then stationed with a respectable number of troops at 
 Fort Stoddart, about forty miles above Mobile, was ordered to march on the latter 
 post at a day's notice, for the purpose of investing Fort Charlotte. 
 
 Wilkinson left New Orleais on the 29th of March, and embarked on board the 
 sloop Alligator. The troops were ordered to rendezvous at Pass Christian. The 
 weather was unfavorable for the schooner, and ihe general took a barge. He came 
 near losing his life by the upsetting of this little vessel. He and his fellow-jiassen- 
 i,'crs clung to its upturned keel a long time, when, exhausted and famishing, they 
 were jjicked up by some Spanish fishermen, who towed their barge ashore and right- 
 ed it, and allowed the rescued men to proceed. Tliey reached Petit Coquille at mid- 
 'litfht, and on the following morning an express was sent to Boyer with orders for 
 lum to come dow^n the river, and take a position opposite the little village of Mobile. 
 
 Tlie troops from New Orleans arrived in Mobile Bay on the 12tli of April,'' 
 and at two o'clock the next morning landed oi)posite the site of the Pavilion, 
 not far from the fort, then commanded by Captain Cayet.ano Perez.* The garrison 
 was surprised. The first intimation given them of the presence of an enemy was 
 the sounding of Wilkinson's bugles for an advance. Six hundred men, in column, ap- 
 peared before Fort Charlotte at noou, and demanded its surrender. The negotia- 
 
 •> 1812. 
 
 ' Iliivirt B. Mitchell wns a native of Scotland, and at this time was forty-seven years of ape. He arrived at Savannah 
 ill 1TS3, to take possession of property there which had been bequeathed to him, where he studied law. lie became bo- 
 lirltor general of Georjria in 17(15, and for several years held various offices civil and military. He was elected governor 
 orGoorRln In ISO!), and held that office until 1S13. lie was re-elected in ISIB. He was actl\o in public affairs until hie 
 ilratli, which occurred In lialdwin County, Oeorgla. ' See pages 21fl to 221 Inclusive. ' Note 4, paijc 17T. 
 
 ' On the 13th, General Wilkinson issued a proclamation and sent It into the town of Mobile, In which he assured the 
 iiihabitnits that he came not to Injure, but to protect them, and to extend over them the rltjhtftil Jurisdiction and laws 
 "ttUc United Slates. He gave permission to those who chose to leave the place, to go, with their goods, in safety. 
 
r 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I'l 
 
 Hif 
 
 742 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Surrender of Mobile by the Bpimiardn. 
 
 Teiincssocnim iinrter Andrew JiickHon preparing for War. 
 
 tiotis to tliat end were sliort, and on the 15tl» the Spaniards evacuated the fort and 
 retired to I'ensacola. The Americans at once entered, took |)ossession, and procecilcd 
 to strengthen tlic j)ost. Wilkinson sent nine ])ieees of artillery to Mobile I'ojnt 
 which were ))lace<l in battery there, and, marching to the Perdido, began the con- 
 struction of fortifications there nnih'r the superintendence of Colonel John Uowyor. 
 This work was soon abandoned, :ind Fort Howyer was commenced on iMobilci I'oint 
 by some workmen under Captaui Kcuben Chamberlain. Such was the beginnin<^of 
 movements which resulted in the acquisition of all Florida by the Americans. 
 
 When the war broke out there was an already fanu)us militia general in Tennessee. 
 Avell known all over the settled portion of the iMississippi IJasin. It was Andrew 
 ,Ta(dison, who, as we have observed, became somewhat entangled in tlie toils of tln' 
 wily spider, Aaron Hurr, for a while.' lie was living on a fine plantation a few nijiis 
 from Nashville. 
 
 "War was declared on the 19th of June by the proclamation of tlie President. Ti- 
 dings of it readied Jackson on the 20tli, and on the same day ho authorized Govcnuir 
 Blount to tender to the President of the United States the services of liimself and 
 twenty-five liundrcd men of his division as volunteers for the war. Under other eii- 
 cumstaiu'cs the offer would liavc been rejected. Jackson was no "court favorite;" 
 on the contrary, he was obnoxious to the President and his Cabinet. lie had souiidiv 
 berated the governineiit, when Madison was chief minister, in a speech in the streets 
 of Riclimond, as the "jiersecutor of Aaron IJurr." He had openly shown his prefer- 
 ence for j\Ioiiroe over ^ladison, and had called the Secretary of AVar an " old grannv.'' 
 ]?ut the government needed strength, and was not Avilling to reject any that nii;;lit 
 be offered. The President received Jackson's generous offer witli gratitude, and ac- 
 cepted it, he said," with peculiar satisfaction." The Secretary of War wrote a cordial 
 •April 11, Jftter of acceptance to Governor IJlount," and tliat officer publicly tliaiikei] 
 
 J'^i"'^- Jackson and his volunteers for the honor they had done the State of Toiuies- 
 seo by their jjatriotic movement.^ 
 
 For several weeks Jackson remained on liis farm impatiently aAvaiting orders to en 
 to the field. All was cal'.iness in the Gulf region, fill" the energies of the governinent 
 were bent to the one great labor, apparently, of invading and subjugating Canada. 
 When that effort failed, and Hull's camjjaign ended in terrible disaster ai Detroit, 
 sagacious men believed that tlie British, not needing so many troops on the Xortheni 
 frontier, would turn their attention to the seizure of Gulf ports and an invasion of 
 the sparsely settled country in that region. The government was also impressed 
 M itli this surmise, and late in October'' called on Governor ]>louiit for tif 
 
 ** Octol)6r 21. 
 
 teen hundred Tennesseeans to bo sent to New Orleans to re-enforce Gen- 
 eral Wilkinson. Blount made a requisition upon Jackson for that purpose, and the 
 general at once entered upon that military career wliich rendered his name inuiiortal. 
 On the 10th of December, a day long romeml)ered in IMiddle Tennessee because i>( 
 deep snow and intense cold, Jackson's troops, over two tliousand in number, assem- 
 bled at Nashville, bearing clothing for both cold and warm weather. When organ- 
 ized, they consisted of two regiments of infantry of seven hundred men each, com- 
 manded respectively by Colonels William Ilall and Thomas II. Benton, and a cnrp< 
 of cavalry six hundred and seventy in number, under Colonel John Coffee. William 
 B. Lewis, Jackson's near neighbor and friend, M'as his quartermaster; and his briijado 
 inspector was William C.-irroll, a young man from Pennsylvania. The troops won 
 composed of tlic best })liysical and social materials of the st.'ite, many of the youiii; 
 men being representatives of some of the first families in Tennessee in jwiiit of posi- 
 tion; and on the 7th of January, 181;3, when every thing was in readiness, the little 
 army went down the Cumberland liiver in a flotilla of small boats, excepting tlif 
 mounted men, whom Coffee led across the country to join Jackson at Natchez, on tlie 
 
 > Sco page ISO. 
 
 » Partou's /i/,' o/Amlrew Jackson, l.,3fli5. 
 
k«»n preparing for War. 
 
 iitctl tl\o fort and 
 
 oil, aixl \ir(>(H'('(UMl 
 
 to Mo^'ili' Voiiit, 
 
 0, lK><j;ai» tl\c con- 
 iiiel John Bowye'V. 
 [\ on Mobile Point 
 H tlio l)C'Q;iiiiiin;.i nf 
 
 Aniorii'ans. 
 ;ner:il in Tonnessui'. 
 
 1. It wiis Andrew 
 . in the toils of i\\v 
 mtatiou a few inik's 
 
 the Prcsiilcnt. Ti- 
 authorized Governor 
 /ices of himself iunl 
 r. Under other cir- 
 110 " court favorito ;"' 
 et. He l>i^'^ souniUy 
 sjiccch in the streets 
 ily Bhown his ywivr- 
 riir an " old granny." 
 oieet any that niitrlit 
 ith (gratitude, aiitl i\(- 
 fWar wrote a eordiul 
 icer publiely thanked 
 te the State of Tenues- 
 
 awaiting orders to jro 
 s of the government 
 subjugating Caiuidii. 
 ^ disaster at Detroit, 
 •oops on the Xortlicm 
 s aT\d an invasion ot 
 Avas also impressed 
 pernor I>lount for fil- 
 ms to re-cnforee Uen- 
 that purpose, and tlie 
 d his name inmiortiil 
 Tennessee because ol 
 ud in number, assem- 
 ather. When orsraii- 
 idrod men each, com- 
 Ik'uton, and a corps 
 „hn Coffee. William 
 ister; and his brigade 
 ia Tlie troops wero 
 o','many of the yoniK 
 ossee in pmnt of poJi- 
 iu readiness, the littk' 
 |l boats, exceptin;/ tk 
 Ison at Natchez, on Ac 
 
 ,/ ,1 mb-eto Jackson, 1., 305. 
 
 »V 
 
 OF THE WAIl OF 18 12. 
 
 743 
 
 The TcuncsBecaiiB on the MlHtisHlppI Ulvcr. 
 
 Their Trcutmeut by the (luvernmcnt. 
 
 Jackaou'n KludnoaR, 
 
 Mississippi. With sly sarcasm, wlmso shaft was pointed at some New York and 
 Pennsylvania militiamen on the Niagara frontier at that time, the energetic leader, 
 ill !i letter to thc! Secretary of War, said : " I am now at the head of 2070 volunti-ers, 
 the dioicest of our citizens, who go at the call of their country to execute the will of 
 the government, who have no constitutional serii})les, and, if thc government orders, 
 will rejoice at the opportunity of placing the American eagle on the ramparts of 3fo- 
 hili\ I'ensacola, and Fort Auynstine, effectually banishing from the SoaUiern coasts all 
 liritish inrtuence." Jackson Avas then in his prime of manhood, being forty-six yeare 
 of age. 
 
 After many stirring adventures among the ice in the Cumberland and the Oliio, 
 and the Hoods and tempests of the Mississippi, for nine-and-thirty days, the little flo- 
 tilla reaclieil Natchez," a thousand miles, by the rotite it liad taken, from •February is, 
 its place of departure. Colonel Cotlee, with his mounted men, was al- ''*'■'• 
 
 ready near tliere to welcome them. The troops were in glorious 8])irits. Tiie love 
 (if adventure had been heightened by its gratification, and all were im|)aticnt to push 
 forward to New Orleans, a land of warmth and beauty as it aj)j)eared to tiieir imag- 
 inations. The officers, especiiilly, wished to go rapidly forward, for they dreamed of 
 ;,'iory in the conquest of Mobile and Pensacola, and delicious resting-places among 
 the orange groves of the Gulf shore. Tiu-y were il '^appointed. A messei ger had ar- 
 rived at Natchez with orders from AVilkinson for them to remain where they were, as 
 lie had no instructions concerning them or their employment in his department, nor 
 liad lie any (piarters prepared for their accommodation. lie was evidently ll'arftil of 
 being superseded by Jackson, who was a major general of volunteers in the United 
 States service, for he said in his letter to that leader that caused him to halt, tiiat he 
 slionld not think of yielding his command until regularly relieved by superior aii- 
 tiiority. Jackson disembarked his troops, and encamped them in a jjleasant spot near 
 \ateliez, to await farther orders. 
 
 February passed by, and the -^arly flowers of March were budding and blooming, 
 and yet the Tennessee army was at Natchez. On the first of that ntonth Jackson 
 wrote an impatient letter to the Secretary of War. lie saw little chance for the em- 
 liloynient ofliimself and his followers in the South, and suggested that they might be 
 usefnl in the North. lie hud gone to the field as an tuiselfish patriot, and, as he said 
 in his letter to Wilkinson, "had marched with the s])irit of a true soldier to serve his 
 toiintry at any and "every point where service coidd be rendered." Day after day he 
 waited anxiously for orders to move. At length he was cheered by the receipt of a 
 letter from the War Department. His heart beat quickly with the thrill of delight- 
 ful e.\pectations as lie broke the seal. Icy coldness fell upon his spirits for a moment 
 when his eyes perused the contents. It read thus: 
 
 "Sin, — The causes of embodying and inarching to New Orleans the corps under 
 yonr coimnar.d having ceased to exist, you Avill, on the rec(}ipt of this letter, consider 
 it as dismissed fro'ii public service, and take measures to have delivered over to Major 
 General Wilkinson all the articles of jiublic property which may have been put into 
 its possession." To this was appended a cold tender of the thanks of the President 
 to Jackson and his conis, and the signature of John Armstrong, the new Secretary 
 of War, who, on the date of the letter, had been only two days in office. 
 
 That Avas practically a cruel letter, under thc circumstances. It j)lacod the little 
 itnny in a sad plight, for it was dismissed from service without i)ay, sufficient clotl» 
 Ing, means of transportation, provisions, or accommodations for the sick, more than 
 five hundred miles from their homes by the nearest land route, which lay much of the 
 way through a wilderness roamed by savages, Jackson instantly resolved on diso- 
 bedieuce. lie determined not to dismiss the men until they were restored to their 
 liL.iios; and with that decision and coura-Tfe in assuming responsibility which always 
 marked his career, he made every necessary preparation possible for a return to Ten- 
 
Jackaon'a flery Lettent. 
 
 Return ii htu Troupa to Noahvllle. 
 
 His pecuniary Truoblm on tbeir Account. 
 
 m 
 
 nesHco, at large exi)oiiHi', ami without any money. Tie impressed wagons and teams, 
 and gave orders for pay on the (luarter-muster ot'tiie Suuthorn Department. lu likt 
 manner he incurred other exj)enae8. So confident were the merchants of Natchez in 
 his integrity and tlie justice of their government, that they turned over to iiini l;iicr(. 
 (luantities of shoes and clothing, telling him to pay for them at Mashville when tun. 
 venient. * 
 
 Meanwhile Jackson had written fiery letters to the President, the Secretary of War, 
 Governor lilount, and General Wilkinson. ' He despised the latter, and suspiicted liim 
 of sinister designs; and when, in due time, he received a reply from that officer, in 
 which he suggcmted that great public service miglit be rendered by promoting enlist- 
 ments into the regular army, Jackson's anger knew no bounds. lie watched for re- 
 cruiting officers \<ith hawk-eyed vigilance, and when one was found in his camp, ho 
 notified him that if he should catch him trying to seduce one of his volunteers into 
 the regular army, he would have him instaiitly drummed beyond his lines.^ The Sec- 
 retary of War, on the other hand, by a courteous and explanatory letter, mollified his 
 passion by assuring him that wdien he wrote the letter that appeared bo cruel, he did 
 not suppose that the little army had moved far from Nashville. 
 
 Late in March Jackson commenced his Immeward movement. It was an under- 
 taking of great hazard and difficulty, but was well .accomplished in the course ota 
 month, for tiioy travelel at the rate of eighteen miles a day. lie shared all the pri- 
 vations of the soldiers, and he was beloved by them as few men have ever been be- 
 loved. His endurance was wonderfid during the march, and his men declared that 
 he was "as tough as hickory." From that day until his last on earth, he was famil- 
 iarly and alfcctioiuitely called " Old Hickory." 
 
 Finally, on the borders of his state, Jackson sent a messenger to Washington to 
 convey an oflt'er of the services of himself and volunteers on the Northern frontier, 
 whither Harrison had been sent as chief commander. No response came, and on tlie 
 '22d of May he drew up his detachment on the public square in Nashville, where they 
 were presenjied with an elegantly wrought stand of colors by the ladies of Knoxville.^ 
 There they wei-e dismissed, and dispersed to their homes with feelings of great dis- 
 satisfaction toward the national government. 
 
 Such was Jackson's first effort to serve his country in the field in the War of 1812, 
 and it resulted in holding the fear of absolute pecuniary ruin over his head for some 
 time. His transportation orders were dishonored, and the creditors looked to him tor 
 pay. He was prosecuted for amounts in the aggregate much larger than his entire 
 fortune. The suits were postponed to give him an opportunity to appeal to the na- 
 tional government for justice and protection. The late Thomas IT. Benton was his 
 messenger and advocate on that occasion; and when it was intimated to him that 
 nothing could be done for the general's relief, he boldly assured the President and his 
 cabinet that if the administration desired the support of Tennessee in the war, tlie 
 
 ' "Tliese brave men," he wrote to Wilkiuson, "at the call of their country, voluntarily rallied around its iiisiilioil 
 standard. They followed me to the field ; I shall carefully march them back to thc'.r homes. It is for the agentB of Ihe 
 povernment to account to the State of Tennessee and the whole world for their singular and unusual conduct to tbis 
 detachment." ' Parton's Life ttfJackmm, i.,!!*. 
 
 3 The preparation of these fags %vas commenced soon after the departure of the troops from Nashville. One w:i* i 
 simple national banner made of silk ; the other was a regimental standard. The embroidery, performed by the lailic- 
 in the most exquisite manner, was on white satin. Near the top, in a crescent form, were eighteen stars in oranse 
 color, denoting the then nnmber of states. Next below were two sprigs of lat rel lying atliwnrt. Under these were Ike 
 ^■ords, " Tennessee Volunteers — Independence, in a state of war, is to be maintained on the battk-groiind of the IlepuUie. Tli' 
 t.nted field is the post of honor. Presented b;i the Ladies of East Tennessee, Knoxvillo, February Iflth, Ifil.')." Below all. 
 implements of war were represented, beautifully wrought. The wing of the colors was beautiful fancy lutestrini;, dove 
 color, ornamented with white fringe and tassels. 
 
 In reply to the presentation letter, written by the wife of Governor Blonnt, Jackson said : " While I admire the ele- 
 gant workmanship of these colors, my veneration is excited for the patriotic disposition that prompted the ladles to be- 
 stow them on the volunteers of West Tennessee. Although the patriotic corjis under my command have not had one 
 opportunity of seeing an enemy, yet they have evinced every disposition to do so. This distinguished mark of re^pftl 
 will be iong remembered, and this present shall be kept as a memorial of the generosity and patriotism of the ladles of 
 Bast Tennessee."— Jra»/itii7fe Whig, quoted by Parton, L, aS3. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 746 
 
 roublM on tbelr Accon&t. 
 
 A-aj^ons and ttamR, 
 nurtiiK'iit. Ill likt' 
 Hints ol'NatclR'/, in 
 I ovor to him \:ir»v 
 iiihhvillc when fun- 
 
 e Secretary of War, 
 •, iiiul susi)t'ftc(l iiim 
 from tliiit ollii'iT, in 
 by |)roniotin!4 enlist- 
 111! wiitc'hcil for re- 
 lund in hin ciinii),lic 
 f IviH volunteers into 
 his lines.'' Tlie Sue- 
 y letter, mollified his 
 •aved BO cruel, he ilid 
 
 b. It was an muVi 
 ;d in the course il a 
 Lie shared all the pri- 
 n have ever been l)c- 
 lis men declared that 
 n earth, he was famil- 
 
 »er to Washington tn 
 the Northern iVontiuv, 
 onse came, and on tln' 
 NashvillCjWhere tlK>y 
 ladies of Knoxvilk' 
 feelings of great dis- 
 
 1,1 in the War of 1812. 
 hver his head for some 
 litors looked to him for 
 larger than his entire 
 ly to appeal to the na- 
 lias H. Benton was hie 
 intimated to hun that 
 . the President and his 
 iicssee in the Avar, the 
 
 fiwHied aronnd its tmnllrf 
 Ines Iti^forthenKentsotthf 
 l,r ana unusual conduct to to 
 Ill-ton's U/e iifJaff!»"i'' '••*"■ 
 Ips from NashvUle. Oncwivss 
 l,Ulery, performed by the lute 
 Iwere eighteen star, in orm'. 
 Ithwart. Under the.c«ercOe 
 Xttle-^oundofthelkpubh'- T- 
 lbnrrylOtl.,lH13." Bclo«»ll. 
 Ibcautlful fancy lutestring, to. 
 
 fcaid- " While 1 admire tho * 
 Ithat prompted the InrtK-H tot*- 
 Vcommandhavonothadon, 
 |,<llBtlnfrni»hedmarkofro*P« 
 laud patriotism of the late «t 
 
 Tlie Oovernment Jniit. 
 
 Vienratha In the Oraek Conntrjr. 
 
 Ills dnccPKiirtil Appenln to the Croekt, 
 
 (jovprnment must aflsnme the payment of tho bills in question, for tho volHiiteors un- 
 der Jackson were drawn from the most substantial tiiniilies in the Htato. This argu- 
 ment was convincing. Tho gnvernnictit met the draft promjttly, all concerned were 
 satisfied, aiiilJackson was saved from baiikniptcy antl niin. 
 
 Omens «>f a war tempest soon appeared in tho Southern tirinaniont, and .I.-ickson 
 was not allowed to remain long in (luiet on his plantation. Ilritisii emissaries, ))ale 
 ;iiiil dusky, were busy among the Indians of the (iiiU' region, endeavoring to stir them 
 111) to war against the Amerieans around them, hoping thereby to divide and weaken 
 the military power of the United States, and lessen the danger that menaeed (Canada 
 with invasion and con(|ue8t. Chief among these emissaries in zeal and intliience was 
 'IVcumlha, the great Shawnoesc warrior, who, as early as the spring of 1811, as we 
 liave seen, had, with patriotic designs, visited the Southern tribes, and labored to se- 
 luiv their alliance with Northern and Western savages in a grand confederation, 
 whoso prime object was to stay the encroachments of the white man. lie went 
 among the Seminoles in Florida, the Cherokees and Creeks in Westiin ( Jeorgia and in 
 Alahama, and the DesIMoines in Missouri, but without accomplishing little more than 
 sowing the seeds of discontent, which might in time germinate into open hostility. He 
 ntiirnod to his homo on the Wabash just after the battle of Tippecanoe,* . Novemhor, 
 which his unworthy brother had rashly brought on, and which destroyed ***"• 
 
 his hopes of a purtdy Indian confederacy. Thereafter his ))atriotic efforts were put 
 forth in alliance with the British, who gladly accepted the aid of the cruel savages 
 of the Northwest. 
 
 In the autumn of 1812, after the surrender of Detroit and the Michigan Territory 
 iiromised long (piiet on that frontier, Tecumtha Avent again to the Ciilf region. lie 
 took his brother, the Prophet, with him, partly to employ him as an instrument in 
 managing the superstitions of the Indians, aiul ])artly to prevent his doing mistdiief at 
 home. They were accompanied by about thirty warriors. The Clioctaws and Chiek- 
 asaws, ainonrj whom they j. sed on their way, would not listen favorably to Teeum- 
 tlia's seductive words ; but the Seminoles in Flf)rida and (Jeorgia, and the Creeks in 
 Alabama, lent to hinr Avilling ears. He was among the latter in October, where he 
 crossed the Alabama Kiver at Autauga, in the lower i)art of the present Aiit.'iuga 
 County, and there addressed the assembled Creeks for the first tinu?. His elotinenco, 
 Ills patriotic appeals, and his fame as a warrior Avon him many folloAvers, and Avith 
 these and his OAvn retinue he Avent on to CoosaAvda on the vVlabania,' and at the Hick- 
 ory Ground addressed a large concourse of Avarriors avIio had flocked to see and hear 
 the mighty ShaAvnoesc, Avhose exploits in the buffalo-chase, on the Avar-path, and in 
 tiie council had tilled their ears, even in boyhood, Avith wondrous tales of achieve- 
 ments won. It Avas a successful daj^, and Tecumtha Avas greatly encouraged. He 
 iTossed the Coosa, and Avent boldly forward in the direction of the great falls of the 
 Tallapoosa (in the soutlnvest part of the present Tallapoosa County) to Toockabatcha, 
 the ancient Creek capital, Avhere Colonel HaAvkins, the United States Indian Agent, 
 had called a great council of the Creek.s. HaAvkins Avas liighly esteemed by them, 
 :!iid at his call full five thousand Indians responded in person, besides many negroes 
 ami white people mingled Avith them. 
 
 Tecumtha approached this great gathering Avith Avell-feigned modesty. He kept 
 at the outer circle of spectators until the conclusion of the agent's tirst day's address, 
 when, at the head of his thirty followers from the Ohio region, he marched Avith dig- 
 nity into the square, all of them entirely naked excepting tiieir flaps and orimnunts. 
 Tiieir faces Avere intcd black, and their heads were adorned Avith eagles' feathers, 
 while buffalo tails dragged behind, suspended by bands around their Avaists. Like 
 appendages Avere attaclied to their arms, and their whole appearance Avas as hideous 
 
 ' This Indian town was at the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa RIvcrB, where they form the Alabama. It was 
 on the western side of the Alabama, lu the sonthenslcrii part of Autauga Co\inty. 
 
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 "746 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tecumtha at a great Council 
 
 He traverses the Creek Country. 
 
 Ills Threat and U« Fuimimcni, 
 
 as possible, and their bearing uncommonly pompous and ceremonious. They marched 
 round and round in the square, and then, approaching the Creek chiefs, they conlially 
 gave them the Indian salutation of a shake at arm's length, and exchanged tobacco 
 in token of friendsiiip. Only one chief (Captain Isaac, of Coosa wda) refused to irittt 
 Tecumtha. On his head were a pair of buffalo horns, and these he shook at the Shaw- 
 noose visitor with contempt, for he said Tecumtha was a bad man, and no greater 
 than he.i 
 
 Tecumtha appeared in state in the square each day, but kept silence until Hawkins 
 had finished his business and departed for the agency on the Flint River. Tlien ho 
 was silent no longer. That night a grand council w as held in the great round-house. 
 It was packed with eager listeners. In a fiery and vengeful speech Tecumtha poured 
 forth eloquent and incendiary words. He exhorted them to abandon the customs of 
 the pale-faces and return to those of thair fathers. He begged them to cast away tlie 
 ])low and the loom, and abandon the culture of the soil as unbecoming noble Indiuii 
 warriors, as they were. He warned them that servitude or extinction at tlie hands 
 of the white race would speedily be their doom, for they were grasping and cruel; 
 and iie desired thtm to dress only in the skins of beasts which the Great Spirit had 
 gixen them, and to use for weapons of war only the bow and arrow, the war-club 
 arid the scalp'ng-knife. He concluded by informing them that their friends, tiie Brit- 
 ish, had sent him from the Great Lakes to invite them out upon the war-path for the 
 purpose of expelling all Americans from Indian soil, and that the powerful Kiiiij of 
 Englanvl was ready to reward them handsomely if they would light under liis ban- 
 ner. The wily Prophet at the same time, who had been informed by the British when 
 a comet would appear, declared to the excited wa»'riors that they would see the arm 
 of Tecumtha, like pale fire, stretched out on the vauli: of heaven at a certain time, and 
 thus they would know by that sign when to begin the war. It was almost dawn be- 
 fore this famous council adjourned, and then more than half o^ the braves present had 
 resolved on war against the Americans. 
 
 Tecumtha, full of encouragement, went forth, visiting all of the important Creek 
 towns, and enlisting many recruits for the British cause. Among the most distin- 
 guished of these was Weathersford, a powerful, handsome, sagacious, brave, and elo- 
 quent half-blooded chief. But others equally eminent withstood the persuasions of 
 the great ShaAvnoese. One of the most conspicuous of these was the Big Warrior of 
 Toockabatcha, whose name was Tustinuggee-Thlucco. Tecumtha was extremely anx- 
 ious to win liim, but the Big Warrior remained true to the United States. A length 
 the angry Shawnoese said, with vehemence, as he pointed his finger in the liii; War- 
 rior's face, " Tustinuggee-Thlucco, your blood is white. You have taken my red- 
 sticks and my talk, but you do not mean to fight. I know the reason. You do not be- 
 lieve the Great Spirit has sent me. You shall believe it. I will leave directly, and go 
 straight to Detroit. When I get there I will stamp my foot upon the ground, ami 
 shake down every house in Toockabatcha !" The Big Warrior said nothing, but Icrj 
 pondered this remarkable speech.^ 
 
 It was, indeed, a remarkable speech. Events soon proved it to be prophetic. Nat- 
 ural phenomena — one that might be foretold by astronomers, and the other always 
 beyond the knowledge of mortals — combined to give tremendous effect to Tecumthas 
 words and mission. The comet, the blazing " arm of Tecumtha" in the sky, apripared; 
 and at about the time when the common Indians, who believed in the great Shaw- 
 noese and his mystical brother, knew, by calculation, that Tecumtha must have ar- 
 rived m Detroit, there was heard a deep rumbling beneath the ground, and a heav- 
 ing of the earth that made the houses of Toockabatcha reel and totter as if about to 
 fall. The startled savages ran out of their huts, exclaiming, " Tecumtha is at Detroit I 
 Tecumtha is at Detroit! We feel the stamp of his foot!" It was the shock of an 
 
 > Pickett's History qf Alabama, 11., 342-3. 
 
 « Pickett's Bittan/ qf Alabama,i\.M 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 747 
 
 eat and Its Fulflllinenl. 
 
 , They marched 
 ifs, thoy cordially 
 changed tobacco 
 I refused to greet 
 lOok at the iSliaw- 
 ,1, and no greater 
 
 ice vantil Hawkins 
 , Kiver. Then he 
 freat round-house. 
 Tecunitha poured 
 on the customs of 
 a to cast away the 
 ming noble Indiiiu 
 ction at the hands 
 rasping and cruel; 
 le Great Spirit had 
 ri-ow, the war-cluh 
 >ir friends, the Brit- 
 lie war-path for the 
 ! powerful King of 
 iifht under his ban- 
 by the British when 
 would see the arm 
 , a certain time, and 
 ,'a8 almost dawn he- 
 braves present had 
 
 le important Creek 
 ing the most distin- 
 [ious, brave, and clo- 
 the persuasions of 
 the Big Warrior of 
 was extremely anx- 
 |l States. A length 
 ^^er in the Bij: War- 
 lave taken my red- 
 ion. You do not be- 
 .ave directly, and go 
 )on the ground, and 
 ,id nothing, but Icrj 
 
 I bo prophetic. Nat- 
 lid the other always 
 JeffecttoTecumtha's 
 lnthesky,ari^wed: 
 
 I in the great Shaw- 
 Imtha must have ar- 
 Iground, and a heav- 
 1 totter as if about to 
 lumthaisatDetrmt! 
 Ivas the shocJ(J)f^an 
 
 It.e Creek Natli)U and their Pimitliin. 
 
 General James Rnbert8i)n. 
 
 C'hoctawH and ChlckasawH. 
 
 earthquake that was felt all over the Gulf region in December, 1812.' But it did not 
 move the Big Warrior from liis allegiance. 
 
 Tecumtha's visit proved to be a most sad one for the Creeks as a nation. It brought 
 terrible calamities upon them — first in the form of civil war, and then in almost utter 
 destruction at the hands of the exasperated Americans. lio left seeds of discontent 
 to germinate and expand into violent agitations. Chief was arrayed against chief, 
 iind family against family, on the question of peace or war with the Americans. They 
 were strong as a nation, numbering about thirty thousand souls, of whom at least 
 seven thousand were warriors ; yet 
 
 iicace was the guarantee of their exist- 
 ence. They Avcre hemmed in by pow- 
 erful and rapidly-increasing communi- 
 ties of white people, and between them 
 and the Northern t ibes were the Choc- 
 iaw8 and Chickasaws,^ over whom that 
 i;rand old patriot. General James Rob- 
 ertson, held a powerful sway, like that 
 of a kind fT,ther over loving children.^ 
 Tliese stood as a w^ll of separation bc- 
 tuoen the actual followers of Tecumtha 
 north of the Ohio, and those in the Gulf 
 region whom he was endeavoring to 
 reduce from the pursuits of peace into 
 the war-path under tlie British banner. 
 They were not only opposed to an alli- 
 ance with the British, but Avere ready 
 to fight for the Americans, " My heart 
 is straight," said tlie brave Too-tuma- 
 stnhblc, the " medal chief" of the Choc- 
 taivs, " and I wisli our father, the Pres- 
 ident, to know it. Our young warriors 
 want to fight. Give us guns and plen- 
 
 ' See Pickett'i Alabama, li., 240. Drake, in his Hook iifthe Indimm <\f Xorih Avierica, eleventh edition, page 024, men- 
 lions ttint circnmstance as occinring in December, 1811, and cites Francis M'Henry as denying that if. ever took place. 
 Dut Mr. Pickett, in his carefully-prepared work, .says this earthquake was remembered by all th3 old settlers, and places 
 tlie (inte in December of 1812, which agrees with the incidents of Tecumtha's mission there. 
 
 ' The Choctaws inhabited the country along the Mississippi from the northern borders of the Choctaw domain to the 
 Oliio River, oud eastward beyond the TenuesKee to the lands of the Cherokees and Shawnoese. 
 
 'James Robertson, who has jnitly been called the Father of Tennessee, was a native of Virginia, lie emigrated to 
 the rich regions l)eyond the mountains about the year 17B0, and on tht banks of the Watauga, a branch of the Tennci-- 
 fee.t"! made a settlement, and lived there several years. He was often called upon to contest for life with the savages 
 of llie forest. In 1770 he was chosen to command a fort built near the month of the Watauga, lii 1770 Captain Rob- 
 ertson WHS at the head of a party emigrating to the still richer country of the Cumberland, and on Christmas eve of that 
 ye,ir tliey arrived upon ihe spot where Nashville now stands. Others joined them, and in the following summer they 
 numbered about two hundred. A settlement was established, and Robertson fmuided the city of Nashville. The Cher- 
 okee UAb.Bs attempted to destroy the settlement, hut, through the skill and energy of Robertson aud a few compau- 
 inostlint cnlnmity was averted. They bnilt a log fort on the high bank of the Cumlierland, and in that Ihe setlleis 
 •xm defended against full seven hundred Indians in 1781. The settlement was erected into a county of North Carolina, 
 m\ Roliertson was its first representative In the State Legislature. In 1700 the " Territory sonth of the Ohio River" 
 n> formed, and Washington appointed Robertson brigadier gencriil and commander of the militia in it. In thr.t ca- 
 pacity he wns very active In defense of the settlements against the savages. At the same time he practiced the most 
 eia''t jiirtlce toward the Indians, aud when these children of the forest \i irc no longer hostile, his kindness toward the op- 
 P'esfeil nmnng them made him very popular. At length, when the emissaries, white and red, from the British in the 
 N'orth t>ej{nn to sow the seeds of discontent among them at the breaking out of the war in 1812, the government wisely 
 inpnlnled General Robertson agent to the Chickasaw tribe. He was ever wntchfnl of the national interest. As enrly as 
 March, 1S13, he wrote : " The Chickasaws are in u high strain for war against the enemies of the country. They have 
 ilcclared war against nil passin;; Creeks who attempt to go through their nation. They have declared, If the United States 
 "ill tnke n cnmpnign against the Creeks fbecaui i of some murders committed by them near the mouth of the Ohio], that 
 ilicy are ready to give them aid." A little later he suggested the eraployr.-.ent of companies of Chickasnws and Choc- 
 1.1WS to defend the frontiers and to protect travelers, and he was seconded by Pitchlyn, an active and faithful Indian. 
 
 Dnrinp; the war General Robertson rcm"lned at his post among the Indians, and invited his aged wife to "hare his 
 pnv.itions 1)» quaintly saying to her by a messenger, "If you shall come this way, the very best chance for rest and 
 tke\) which my bed affords shall be given you, 'irovlded aiwn;-i5 that I shall rij'ain a part of the same." He was theu 
 
 fc- ii 
 
i ' 
 
 M I 1 1 ' ■; 
 
 1 
 
 748 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Oivll War In the Creek Nation. 
 
 TliR white Inhabitants in Peril. 
 
 The Mllitln called ont. 
 
 ty of powder and lead, wc fight your enemies. We fight much ; Ave fight stroiij,', 
 .... Our warriors good Americans — fight strong. You tell him so. You, General 
 Robertson, know me ; my heart straight. Choctaw soldiers good soldiers. Give 
 epaulettes, guns, and whisky — fight strong." 
 
 Tecumtha had enjoined the leaders of the war-party to keep their intentions sec et 
 and for many months, while civil war was kindling in the bosom of the Creek na- 
 tion because of a powerful and zealously-opposing peace-party, and the land was 
 filled with quarrels, fights, murders, and violence of every kind, it was difficult for 
 the public authorities to determine with any certainty whether or no aiiy considera- 
 ble number of the Creeks would join the British standard. Colonel Hawkins tlic 
 agent, believed that nothing more serious than a war between native factious Avould 
 ensue. It was well known that Peter M'Queen, a half-blood of Tallahassee, who was 
 one of the leaders of the Avar-party, was doing every thing in his power to accomplish 
 that result, while Big Warrior Avas equally active in eflbrts to avert so great a e.n- 
 lamity. On one hand was seen the hideous " Avar-dance of the Lakes," taught them 
 by Tecumtha, and on the other the peaceful, quiet, anxious, determined deportment 
 of men resolved on peace. Tlie Avhole Creek nation became a seething caldron of 
 l)assion — of angry words and threatenings, which were soon developed into sanguin- 
 ary deeds. 
 
 On account of the civil Avar raging here, and there, and every where in the Creek 
 country, the white settlers were placed in great peril. In the spring of 1813 thev 
 Avere made to expect an exterminating bloA\'. They knew that a British squadron 
 Avas in the Gulf, and in friendly intercourse with the Spanish post at Pensacola. They 
 knew that the fiery M'Queen and other leaders had gone to that post Avith about 
 three hundred and fifty warriors, Avith many pack-horses, intended doubtless for the 
 conveyance of arms and supplies from the British to the war-party iu the interior. 
 Every day the cloud of danger palpably thickened, and the inhabitants of the most 
 populous and more immediately threatened districts of the Tombigbee and Tensaw 
 petitioned the governor of Mississippi for a military force sufficient for their protec- 
 tion. The governor Avas willing, but General Flournoy, who succeeded General Wil- 
 kinson in command of the Seventh Military District, persuaded by Colonel Hawkins, 
 the Indian agent, of the civilization and fi'iendly disposition of the Creeks, would not 
 grant their prayer.* 
 
 Left to their own resources, the inhabitants of the menaced districts prepared to 
 defend themselves as well as they might. They sent spies to Pensacola, who returned 
 Avith the positive and startling intelligence that British agents, under the sanction of 
 the Spanish governor, were distributing supplies freely to M'Queen and his follow- 
 ers, that leader having exhibited to the chief magistrate of Florida a list of Creek 
 toAvns ready to take up arms for the British, in which, in the aggregate, Avt re nearly 
 five thousand warriors. On hearing this report, Colonel James Caller, of Washing- 
 ton, called on the militia to go out and intercept M'Queen and his party on their r^ 
 turn from Pensacola. There was a prompt response, and he set out with a few fol- 
 
 feventy-one, and she sixty-three yeara of age. She wont to him, and was at his side when he died at his poet In the In- 
 dian country the year following. His death occurred on the Ist of September, 1814, and on the 2d his remains were 
 buried at the Agency. In 1S26 they were removed to Nashville, and, in the presence of a large conconrse of ciiizeiM. 
 were reinterred In the cemetery there. A plain tomb covers the spot. The remains of his wife rest by his slde.ud 
 the observer may there read the following inscripticms : 
 
 " GENKBA.L James ^.obkbtbon, the founder of Nashville, was bom in Virginia, 28th June, 1T42. Died 1st September, 
 1914. 
 
 " CuABLOTTE R., wiffe of James Robertson, was bom In North Carolina, 2d January, 1T61. Died 11th June, 1543." 
 
 She was then ninety-two years of age. Tlieir son. Dr. Felix Robertson, who waa bom In the fort, and the llrst whit! 
 child whose bi.-th was in West Tennessee, died at Nashville in 1804. 
 
 ' Thomas Flo-'raoy was a native of Georgia, and a distinguished member of the bar at Augusta, his place ofr«i- 
 dence. lie was In feeble health at this time, and his fhrce was Inadequate to perfbrm the arduous nervices required of 
 tliem. He was commissioned a brlgr.dier general on the 18th of June, 1812, and resigned In September, 1S14. Whra 
 AVilklnsou was summoned to the Northern fhintler, Flournoy wag made bis successor In the Gulf region. In ISIW' 
 he was a commissioner to treat with the Creek Indians. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 749 
 
 The Militia called ont. 
 
 ne,lT42. Died 1st Septemta. 
 
 Tho Militia in the Field. MuiCb of M'Queen and Ills Followers fl-om Pensacola. Battle of Burnt Com Creek. 
 
 lowers, crossed the Tombigbec into Clarke County, passed through Jackson, and biv- 
 ouacked on the right bank of the Alabama Kiver, at Siseniore's Ferry, opposite the 
 southern portion of the present Monroe County, Alabama. He crossed the river on 
 the following morning," and marched in a southeasterly direction across .jniyzo, 
 the Escambia Kiver into the present Conecuh County, Alabama, toward tiie **"*• 
 Florida frontier. lie had been joined m Clarke County by the famous border- 
 er, Captain Sam 
 Dale, and fifty 
 men, who were en- 
 (Tflged in the con- 
 struction of Fort 
 Madison, toward 
 the northeast part 
 of Clarke, and was 
 
 now re-enforced by others from Tcnsaw Lake and Little River, under various leaders, 
 Olio of whom was Captain Dixon IJailey, a half-blood Creek, who had been educated 
 a' " i'delphia. Caller's command now numbered about one hundred and eighty 
 KxO, ilivided into small companies, wel' mounted on good frontier horses, and pro- 
 vided with rifles and shot-guns. During ihat day they reached the Wolf Trail, cross- 
 ed Burnt Corn Creek, and bivouacked. 
 
 On the morning of the 27th Caller reorganized his command. Captains Phillips, 
 M'Farlane, Wood, and Jourdan were appointed majors, and Captain W^illiam M'Grew 
 was created lieutenant colonel.' They were now on the main route for Pensacola, 
 and were moving cheerily forward, down the east side of Burnt Corn Creek, when a 
 company of fifteen spies, under Captain Dale, who had been sent iii advance to recon- 
 noitre, came galloping hurriedly back with the intelligence that M'Queen and his 
 parly were only a few miles distant, encamped upon a peninsula of low pine barrens 
 formed by the windings of Burnt Com Creek, engaged unsuspectingly in cooking and 
 eating. A hurried council was held, and it was determined to attack them. For 
 this purpose Caller arranged his men in three columns, the right led by Captain 
 Smoot, the left by Captain Dale, and the centre by Captain Bailey. They were upon 
 a gentle height overlooking M'Queen's camp, and down its slopes the white men 
 moved rapidly, and fell upon the foe. M'Queen and his party Avere surprised. They 
 fought desperately for a few minutes, when they gave way, and fled toward the 
 creek, followed by a portion of tho assailants. 
 
 Colonel Caller was brave but overcautious, and called back tho pursuers. The re- 
 mainder of his command were engaged in capturing the well-laden pack-horses of the 
 enemy, and Avhen those in advance came running back, the former, panic-stricken, 
 turned ard fled in confusion, but carrying away their plunder. Now tlie tide turned. 
 M'Queen's Indians rushed from their hiding-places in a cano-brako with horrid yells, 
 and fell upon less than one hundred of Caller's men at the foot of the eminence. A 
 severe battle ensued. Captain Dale was severely wounded by a ball that struck his 
 breast-bone, followed the ribs around, and came out near the spine, yet he continued 
 to fight as long as any body. Overwhelming numbers at length compelled him and 
 his companions to retreat. They fled in disorder, many of them leaving their horses 
 behind them. The flight continued all night in much con'iision. The victory in the 
 Batik of Burnt Corn Creek — the irst in the Creek war — rested with the Indians. 
 Only two of Caller's command wer \ killed, and fifteen wounded. Tho casualties of 
 the enemy arc unknown. For some time it was supposed that Colonel Caller and 
 Major Wood had been lost. They became bewildered in the forest, and wandered 
 about there some time. When th.;y were found they Avere almost starved, and were 
 
 I The principal enbordlnate ofBcers werf PhHlips, Wood, M'Parlaue, Jourdan, Smoot, Dixon, Be.ird, Cartwright, 
 i Crejgl), May, Bradberry, Rjbprt Caller, and >ale. 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 i: -A 
 

 ill 
 
 760 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 General Clalboruv in the Creek fimntry. 
 
 RcfliKte Setcler*. 
 
 Mlins'a lluune foriKfi), 
 
 nearly senseless. Thoy had been missinjj fifteen days ! Caller's command never re- 
 assembled. M'Queen's retraced their stejjs to Pensucola for more military 8U|)|ilit.s.i 
 But for the fatal word " retreat" the Indians might have been scattered to the winds. 
 
 While these events were transpiring in the Indian country above Mobile, (JiiuTal 
 F. L. Claiborne/ who Inid been a gallant soldier in Wayne's army in the Indian coun- 
 try north of the Oliio, was marching, by orders of General Flournoy, <'rom Haton 
 Ilouge to Fort Stoddart, on the ]Mobilo liiver, with instructions to direct lii.s priim- 
 jial attentions to the defeiise of iSIobile. He reached Mount Vernon, in the ndrtli- 
 ern part of the present Mobile County, three days after tlie battle of Burnt Corn 
 • July 30, Creek." lie found the whole population trembling with alarm and tcrribK' 
 
 1813. forebodings of evil. Already a chain of rude defenses, called forts, had been 
 built in the country between the Tombigbec and Alabama liivers, a short distance 
 from their confluence where they form the Mobile Kivcr,^ and were tilled witli al- 
 frighted white people and negroes, who had sought shelter in thein from the iuijx'nj- 
 ing storm of war. 
 
 Claiborne's first care was to aftbrd protection to the menaced people. He was anx- 
 ious to march his whole force into the heart of the Creek nation, in the region of tlic 
 Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, but tliis P"'lournoy Avould not allow. " If Governor 
 Holmes [of the Mississippi Territory] shoi'ld send his militia into the Indiiin coun- 
 try," he wrote, "he mast, of course, act on his own responsibility; the army oftlic 
 United States, and tlie ofticers commanding it, must have nothing to do w itli it. " 
 Claiborne was compelled to do nothing better than to distribute his troojjs tlnongli- 
 out the stockades for defensive opcations, lie sent Colonel Carson, with two hund- 
 red men, to the confluence of the Tombigbee aiii] Alabama Rivers, and dispatduil 
 Captain Scott with a company to St. Stephen's, in the northeast part of Wasiiinjjton 
 County, where they occupied an old Sjianish block-house. M.-ijor Hinds, Avitli ilra- 
 goons, was ordered to scour the country in various directions for information ami ns 
 a check ; and some of the militia of Washington County were placed in the stock- 
 ades in Clarke County, between the Tombigbee and Alabama. Captain Dent w;is 
 sent to Okeatapa, within a short distance of the Choctaw frontier, and assumed the 
 command of a fort there. 
 
 Previous to Claiborne's arrival, wealthy half-blood families had gone down the Ala- 
 bama in boats and canoes, and secreted themselves in the thick swamps around Ten- 
 saw Lake. There they united with white refugees in constructing a strong stockiulc 
 around the house of Samuel Minis, an old and wealthy inhabitant of that region, situ- 
 ated a sliort distance from the Boat-yard on Tensaw Lake, a mile east from the Ala- 
 bama iliver, ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee, and about two rniles 
 below the Cut-oiF.* The building was of wood, spacious in area, and one striy in 
 height. Strong pickets were driven around it, and fence-rails placed between thm; 
 and, at an average distance of three feet and a half from the ground, five hnndred 
 port-holes for musketry were made. The pickets inclosed an acre of ground, and tlie 
 stockade was entered by two ponderous gates, one on the east and tlie other on the 
 west. Besides Mims's house there were several other buildings within the pickets: 
 
 ' Pickett's Alabama, li., 26B. Life and Timex qfGen-r,tl Sam Vale, l)y J. F. H. Clalboruc, pnges 68 to 82 Inclusive. 
 
 - Fcrdinnnd Leigh Claiborne, n brother of William C. C. Claiborne, at that time governor of the Orleans Torrltiin-, 
 was born in Snesex County, Virginia, in 1773. Ills family was one of the oldest In that commonwealth. In Ills tmii- 
 tieth year he wr.s appointed an ensign in Wayne's army, and became much attached to Major Ilumtrnmck. Ouc uf lis 
 sons, now (ISlH) living, bears the major's name. lie was in the battle of the Fallen Timbers, ut the Kapids of the Mm- 
 mec, in 1704. He was statiimcd atKichmond and Norfolk after the war, holuing llrst the rank of lieuteiiimtaudllicQ 
 of adjutant. In 1799 he was promoted to captain, and was active as such, and adjutant gencnl In the Northwest, iu,iil 
 1802, when he was ordered to Natchez. He resigned, settled in the Mississippi Territory, presided over the deliberating 
 of Its Legislature, and in 1811 was appointed brigadier general of the Misf ' jsippi militia. In March, 1813, he was coiniiiis- 
 sloned a brigadier general of volunteers in the Ignited Stales Army, and ordered to the command of the post nt Bniiii 
 Rouge. He was nctlvo, as the text avers, during the Creek War. He was a legislative councilor of the Mlsslssipiii Tw- 
 ritory Immediately after the close of the Creek War In 1S14, and died the following year. 
 
 ' These were Forts Cnrry, Madison, Kevler, Siuqueflcld, oud White, situated upon a curve sweeping eastward of Biis- 
 Bctt'e Creek and across Us Lead waters. * Sec Map on the uppueile ]/»(<■ 
 
OF THE WAU OF 181;!. 
 
 751 
 
 Mima's HoUM fortlM. 
 
 muiiuuil \w\vr ic- 
 nilitary suinilii's,' 
 •reel to the' \\m\f, 
 e Mol)iU', (ifiicnil 
 11 th<' luiliiiii conn- 
 ,rnoy, A-oiu Hauui 
 ) ilireot his ])riiiii- 
 iion, ill the imitli- 
 tie of IJurut Corn 
 ahirin :iiul torrilili> 
 lied forts, hail lii'i'ii 
 rs, r. short distaiicf 
 ,-ere tilled with :if- 
 u from the iuipuml- 
 
 oplo. llo was aux- 
 in the region of tlic 
 ow. " If (iiovernor 
 to the Indian couii- 
 y ; the army of tlio 
 in"- to do with it." 
 Ilia troops througli- 
 son, with two huml- 
 i'crs, and dispatchiHl 
 part of Washiivjton 
 jor Hinds, with (h;i- 
 r information ami a- 
 placed in the stock- 
 Captain Dent was 
 |icr, and assumed tlio 
 
 gone down the Ala- 
 5wamps aroiuul Tcii- 
 jicr a streng stockiulo 
 It'of that region, situ- 
 le oast from the Ala- 
 md about two miles 
 •a, and one story in 
 [aced between them; 
 ;ro\ind, five hundrwl 
 re of ground, and tlw 
 land the other on the 
 within the pickets; 
 
 li^KCB C8 to SO Inclu'lvc. 
 fiorofthcOrleftuaTOTitop. 
 
 lommonweaUh. Iuhl«l«™- 
 lijor lliimtrumck. One oil"* 
 V«,ttt«>eU.>l>Ul8onheM». 
 tnmk oflioulciiautaudilion 
 irc-illu the Northwest, ni,i'J 
 Iresldcd over the aeliberaliou. 
 
 TMttrcli,18l3,h«w«»«:o'™* 
 J>mmau(loftUeiH«t»tB«M 
 
 |»uclloroftUcMlBite>PP'T^'- 
 
 )lip<)rii I'lirt of the Creek Co- itry. 
 
 Furt Mini* nnd iu OccupAuU. 
 
 ,e Bweeplug eastward of B;^- 
 EC Map on the opposite V''lf' 
 
 also cahins and board shelters. At tlio southwest comer was a partially-finished 
 block-house. The whole work, which Avas called Fort Minis, was upon a slight ele- 
 vation, yet not eligibly situated ; but such confidence had the people of the surround- 
 iiig country in its strength, that, as soon as it was finished, they poured into it in large 
 mimhers with their effects. It soon became the scene of a terrible tragedy that dis- 
 Jiclled the pleasant dream of Creek civilization and friendship, and inflamed the peo- 
 jile westward of the /Moghanios, Avho had suffered much from savage cruelty and 
 treacherj , with a thirst for vengeance. 
 
 liii 
 
'^ — -w 
 
 \ 
 
 lii i 
 
 ii!i 
 
 •t 
 
 
 788 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Clalbornr'H Anxiety alxiat the Hettlen. Knmun nf liii|>cn<lli]); IiiiUan Ilixitllltteii. Psclflcatlun of the Chuctawa 
 
 T.*<» fliijM nl\fr ho roacluMl Mount V'onioii (u'lioral Claiborne waVkA Flournoy's per- 
 mission to cull for tlio militia. " I am not myHclf auth(>ri7x>d to do so," hiH coiiiniitiul. 
 or ropliod, "an yon will porcoivo if you turn to tlio lato roj-ulatiouH of tlio V'ar Di,. 
 jiartmout." Ajjain foilod in liisgonorous ondoavorw l>y official intorforonco, Claiborne 
 resolved to do wliat lie might in Htrongthouing Fort .Slims. Already Lieutonaiit Os- 
 •Jnlysis, home, and xixtoon soldiers under him, had taken post there." He now dls- 
 
 l»i:i. patehed Majttr Daniel IJeasley thither, with one hundred and seventy-Kve vol- 
 untoors, who was accompanied hy C'aptains Jack, iJatcheldor, and Middleton. Thcv 
 "Autpnto. found seventy citizens there on volunteer duty,'' under Captains Dunn ami 
 ' AuKHKt T. I'lummer, who were inexperienced ottieers. On the following day'^ the HttK. 
 garrison was cheered by the presence of General Claiborne, who had come to make a 
 jiersonal inspection of the fort. lie saw its weakness, and issued orders for it to be 
 strengthened by the addition of two block-liouses. "To respect an enemy," ho said. 
 wisely, " and prepare in the best possible way to receive him, is the certain means of 
 success." He also authorized Major Beasley to receive any citizens who would assist 
 in the defense of the station, and to issue rations to them with the other soldiers un- 
 der his command. Under this order the seventy citizens just mentioned were en- 
 rolled, an<l they immediately elected the brave Dixon Bailey their captain — the half- 
 bl,)o<l who distinguished himself at the battle of Burnt Corn Creek. Claiborne alsn 
 organized a small company of scouts under Comet Rankin, composed of that officer, 
 one sergeant, one corporal, and six mounted men. 
 
 Every day the war-cloud thickened. I?unu)r8 came to Claiborne from the north- 
 ward that there was growing disaffection among the powerful Chcctaws, and he per- 
 ceived the value of an immediate blow at the Creeks before they should be ready t» 
 strike one themselves, or draw over to the interest of the war-party their more i)eaet- 
 ably-inciiued neighbors. He again applied to Flournoy for permission to penetrate 
 the heart of the Creek nation, but with no better success than before. "I liave to 
 entreat you," Flournoy wrote to Claiborne, " not to permit your zeal for the imblic 
 good to draw you into acts of indiscretion. Your wish to penetrate into the Indian 
 country with the view of commencing the war docs not meet my approbation, ami 
 I again repeat, our operations must be confined to defensive operations."' Flnur- 
 noy was impressed with tlie belief that the hostile movements in the Creek countrj- 
 were only feints in the interest of the Spaniards, to draw the American troops from 
 Mobile, so that tlie former might, while that post was weakened and uncovered, at- 
 tempt its capture with a chance of success. 
 
 Again foiled, Claiborne addressed himself to the important task of securing the 
 neutrality, at least, of the Cherokees, for every day gave signs of their constantly- 
 growing disaffection. A belief was gaining ground, and with good reason, that a 
 general Indian war in the southwest was possible, and even probable, and the whole 
 country from the Perdido to the Mississippi was filled with alarms. The stockades 
 were crowded with refugees from their menaced homes early in August, and douht, 
 and dread, and great fear filled the hearts of the white people. Claiborne went up 
 to St. Stephen's, and from thence dispatched a deputation to Pushamataha, the prin- 
 cipal chief of the Choctaws, who was balancing between equally powerful inclina- 
 tions toward peace and wai-. He listened, and was finally induced to visit Claiborne's 
 head-quarters at Mount Venion.'' The general received him with much 
 military pomp, and presented him with the uniform and other insignia of 
 a brigadier general.^ By this means his friendship was secured, and he and a band 
 of his Choctaws — chosen warriors — immediately prepared for the war-path under the 
 flag of the United States, while the rest of the nation agreed to remain neutral. 
 
 ' Angast 15. 
 
 • Flournoy to Clnlborne, August to, 181S, from " Bay St. LouIb." Seo Claiborne's tt/e of Gimeral Sam Dale, page M. 
 ' He gave him a suit of rich regimentals, go'.d epaulettes, sword, silver spurs, and hat and feather, ordered from ^' 
 bile at a cost uf three hundred dollars. 
 
■«!}■■<*«■ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 7S8 
 
 ■!ii|i*l 
 
 IcatluD of the Chucuws. 
 
 •)l Flournoy's per- 
 M>," luH <'()miiiaiiil. 
 m of tht' V'ar iK- 
 •foreiice, Clailxirnc 
 dy LiuiiU'iiiint Os- 
 re." lie HOW ills- 
 k1 Hcveuty-tivc vol- 
 Ikliadleton. 'Diev 
 'aptains Dunn ami 
 wins dfiy'' till! litllo 
 [u\ conic to make a 
 ordors for it to hv 
 in enemy," lie said. 
 le certain means of 
 18 who would assist 
 c other soldiers un- 
 nentioncd were cn- 
 r captain — the half- 
 ck. Claiborne also 
 )08ed of that officer, 
 
 irnc from the nortli- 
 licctaws, and he per- 
 r should bo ready to 
 •ty their more i)eacf- 
 mission to penetrate 
 before. " I liave to 
 r zeal for the imhlic 
 trate into the liuliau 
 itiy approbation, and 
 jperations.'" Flour- 
 in the (!reek countr)- 
 incrican troops from 
 and uncovered, at- 
 
 Itask of securing the 
 of their constantly- 
 good reason, that a 
 Ibable, and the whole 
 Irms. The stockades 
 August, and doubt, 
 Claiborne went up 
 Ishamataha, the \m\- 
 [Uy pov/erful inclina- 
 U to visit Claihornes 
 ived him with much 
 md other insignia of 
 ., and he and a hand 
 |e' war-path under the 
 1 remain neutral. 
 
 r general Sam Vale,V»S<i^ 
 nd feather, ordered fronO' 
 
 glixkadoa threatened. Fort Mima crowded with Kefhgeea. Wamlngt of Olsvei unheeded. IndlMii near the Foit. 
 
 Having accomplished tlie pacification of the Choctaws, the ;'?u'rgetic Claiborne 
 turned his attention to the defense of the several slock.idi's in tiie Indian country. 
 Late in August," wiiile he was at St. Stephen's, he was informed that four • Autrnm m, 
 hundred Creek warriors were about to fall upon Fort Kasley, a leeble "*'"• 
 
 post sixty miles nearer the enemy than Fort Alims, and that Fort Madison would he 
 next attacked. Tlic women and children in Easley had oidy abt)ut a dozen defend- 
 ers, and Claiborne resolved to hasten to tlieir relief, lie left the cam]> at Mount Ver- 
 uon in charge of Captain Kennedy, and, with twenty mounted dragoons, and sixty 
 men from the companies of Captains Dent and Scott, he pushed on toward Kasley 
 Station, or Fort Easley. Major licasley, in the mean time, finding Fort Minis too 
 small for the swelling multitude that flocked into it, commenced its enlargement by 
 driving a new row of pickets sixty feet beyond the eastward end. The work went 
 oil slowly and carelessly. Every day, and sometimes several times a day, the inmates 
 were alarmed by rumors of approaching savages, until they became iuditfereut, in the 
 belief that they were all false. 
 
 On the morning of the 29th of August, two slaves (one of them belonging to John 
 Randon, and the other to a man named Fletcher), who had been sent out r. short dis- 
 tance from the fort to attend to some beef-cattle, came rushing through one of the 
 wide-open gates almost out of breath, and their eyes dilated with«mortal fear. They 
 declared that they had counted four-and-twenty painted savages on the edge of a 
 swamp. Captain Middleton was immediately sent out with two mounted men to re- 
 connoitre, but returned at sunset without seeing any trace of hostile Indians. Beasley 
 charged tl c negroes with lying, and ordered them to be severely flogged for raising 
 a false i.h'rm. Ilandon's negro received the lashes, but Fletcher, who believed the 
 story of his slave, refused to have him flogged. This so exasperated Beasley that he 
 ordered Fletcher to leave the fort, with his large family, by ten o'clock the next day. 
 At that time there Avere five hundred and fifty-three souls within the stockade, con- 
 sisting of white people, Indiars, oflicers, soMiers, and negroes. Many of them were 
 sick, for there arose around them continually the malaria of Alabama swamps swel- 
 tering in the rays of an August sun. Most of them were non-combatants, for the iii- 
 fatnatcd Beasley, who believed himself and charge to be perfectly secure, had greatly 
 weakened the garrison by sending men *,o neighboring posts from which came pite- 
 ous cries for aid and protection. 
 
 The mornirig of the- ."JOth was clear and sultry. The alarm caused by the story of 
 the negroes on the previous day had subsided, and Fletcher, tho owner of one of 
 them, had consented to liavc his slave whipped rather than be driven from the fort 
 with his family. Full of confidence, Beasley at ten o'clock had dispatched a messen- 
 serAvith a letter to General Claiborne, in which he assured his commander of his per- 
 fect safety, and his " ability to maintain the post against any number of Indians."' 
 The women in the stockade were preparing dinner ; the soldiers were loitering list- 
 lessly about, or were playing cards, or lying on the ground asleep ; and almost a liuiid- 
 n d children were playing gleefully among the cabins ard tents. Young men and 
 maidens were dancing, and every appearance gave promise of an evening of sweet re- 
 pose. Nothing marred the happy aspect of tlie scene but the form of Flctcher'spoor 
 negro, who was tied up and his back bared for the lash because he had told a terri- 
 We truth, and it was believed to be a lie. But it was a moment of awful peril. In 
 ;i siiallow ravine, overshadowed by trees and filled with luxuriant vegetation, lay al- 
 most a thousand Creek warriors, not more than four hundred yards from the eastern 
 gate, preparing, like fierce and famished tigers, to spring upon their prey at the first 
 opportune moment. They were mostly naked excepting the usual " fl.^.p." Many of 
 them were hideously painted, and all were well armed. The prophets, in whose care 
 were the superstitions of the dusky horde, lay with the warriors, their heads covered 
 
 'i^if 
 
 1 Mivjor Beasley to Qenerul Claiborne, August SI, ISIS. 
 3B 
 
iiip 
 
 Irl 
 
 I 
 
 •4 I!} 
 
 
 7«4 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Indian Leaden. Qatherini; of the hmitlle 8av«Kei. False Conlldeuce of the Commnnder at Furt Minn 
 
 with feathers, their faces painted black, and their medicine-bags and mat^ic rodg by 
 their sides. It was a host devilish in ajipearance, and on a demoniac errand. WIioir',. 
 came they ? Let us see. 
 
 We liave observed that iM'Queen and l»is followors, after the battle of Hiirnt Com 
 Creek, went back to Pensacola, where they were ajjain well supplied with ])rovisi()iis 
 and ammunition, and instructed by the British and Indian agents there to fiirlit tin 
 Americans, and, in the event of their being defeated, to send their women and oliil- 
 drcn to Pensaooia. " If you should bo comjjelled to tly yourselves," they said, "ami 
 the mericans should prove too hard for both of us, there are vessels enough to carry 
 us otr altogether to Havana."' 
 
 M'Queen was associated with Josiah Francis and William Wcathersford, both half- 
 bloods ; the former a son of a Creek woman by a Scotchman named Francis,^ and 
 the latter a child of Charles Wcathersford, of Georgia, by the beautiful Schoya, a 
 half-sister of General M'Gillivray, of the Creek nation.^ Wcathersford was an ex- 
 traordinary man ; commanding in person, powerful in physical strength, honorable, 
 and as humane as circumstances would allow. lie was the superior of M'Qucon ami 
 ITrancis in ability ; and when, after the return of the well-supplied Indians from Pen- 
 sacola, there was a great gathering of warriors at Toockabatcha, on the Tallapoosa, 
 and preparations M^re made for opening the war by an incursion into the country on 
 the Lower Alabama, he became the principal leader.* 
 • An(m8t20, Late in August* Wcathersford conducted his followers to the planta- 
 
 ^^"'- tion of Zachariah M'Girth, not far from the site of the present villajfe of 
 Claiborne, in Monroe County, Alabama, ninety miles below Montgomery. There lu 
 captured some negroes, and from them learned the condition of Fort Mims. One of 
 his captives escaped, and bore to Major Beasley intelligcjnce of impending danger, 
 while Wcathersford for several days deliberated and prepared for an exterminatiiif,' 
 blow. As the Indians did not make their appearance, Beasley supposed the nesm 
 fugitive's 8tory>to be a mere fabrication ; and, as Ave have observed, the commander 
 and the inmates of the fort were resting in fancied security, whon, on the 2fltli, 
 Wcathersford and his host approached the ravine in which they lay on the mornin!; 
 of the 30th. There they were again seen by the slave, who had been whipped for 
 supposed lying on the previous day. He might have warned Beasley, which warn- 
 ing, if heeded, might have saved the fort ; but his back was yet smarting from the 
 severe flogging, and, fearing a repetition of it, he fled to Fort Pierce, a stockade about 
 two miles from Fort Mims. 
 
 At noon the garrison drum at Fort Mims beat for dinner. Tlie eastern gate stoml 
 wide open, with some drifted sand against it. The first tap was the signal for the 
 savages to rise from their cover and rush to the fort ; and the first intimation of their 
 presence was a horrid yell,^ that filled the p'r as they came streaming over a field to- 
 
 ' Pickett's Alabama, it., 2(17, note. 
 
 ' Francis assumed to be a prophet Inspired by the Shawnoe seer, Tecnmtha's one-eyed brother. He plnccd Franc!.' 
 in a cabin by himself, aronnd which he danced and howled for ten days. Then, he said, Francis was blind, but thnt bf 
 would again see, and then he would know all of things future. At the expiration of ten days the Prophet led him 
 forth, and Francis walked like a blind man all day. Toward night his sight came to him suddenly, when he became 
 the greatest prophet In the Creek nation, with the power to create lesser prophets. That power he used freely. 
 
 ' Alexander M'Gillivray was the head chief of the Creek nation during Washington's ndminietration. He waa a m 
 of a Creek woman by a Scotch Tory of Georgia, whose property was confiscated at the close of the old War for Indf- 
 pendencc. This son took refiige among the Creeks, and became the "beloved man," or head chief. Ke was an do- 
 rated man ; brave, Huent in speech, and personally popular. The Spanish authorities honored him with the coirmi!- 
 sion of a colonel ; and he was received in New York In 1790 with great honors when he came, with a retinue of follnvr- 
 ers, to negotiate a treaty between the Creeks and the United States— the very treaty whose spirit his countrymen wen- 
 now about to violate. His mother's family were among the first in the Creek nation ; and his half sister, Sehoyj. 
 Weathersford's mother, was celebrated for her beauty and mental excellence. Wcathersford was born at the Hickory 
 Ground, near Coosa wde, on the Alabama. 
 
 « Warriors fi-om thirteen Indian towns marched in a southward direction, while others from Tallahassee, Anlto», 
 and Ockftiske formed a corps of observation in another direction, to conceal the movement. 
 
 » There seem to have been no sentinels on duty, for the Indians were within thirty steps of the fort before they were 
 discovered.— Letter of Fletcher Cox to General Claiborne, in Life itf General Sam Dah; page 100. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 756 
 
 immnnder at Furt Mlmt. 
 
 ml iims^ic rods liy 
 ! crraiul, VVhunci 
 
 ttle of Ruriit Com 
 ed with provisions 
 there to fisht tliv 
 r woiiu'u iind cliil. 
 s," thoy Hivid, " ami 
 jls enough to carry 
 
 ;hersforcl, both Imit- 
 innod Francis,^ and 
 beautiful Si'hoya, a 
 lersford was an ox- 
 strength, lionorable, 
 •ior of M'CJuoon and 
 d Indians from Pon- 
 ,, on the Talhipoosa, 
 into the country on 
 
 iwers to the planta- 
 ic present villai^c of 
 tgomery. There lie 
 Fort IVIims. One of 
 if impending danger, 
 for an exterminatim,' 
 supposed the negro 
 •ved, the commander 
 whan, on the 2fltli, 
 r lay on the morning 
 ad been whipped for 
 ieasley, whicli Avarn- 
 it smarting from the 
 rce, a stockade about 
 
 lie eastern gate stood 
 ras the signal for the 
 [•st intimation of tlieir 
 [lining over a field to- 
 
 aodden AppMurance of the Indloui. 
 
 B'nrlooi AaMUlt on tha Fort. 
 
 A lerrllile Battle In Furt Himi. 
 
 n brother. He placed Franci! 
 trancis was blind, bm that ht 
 Icii days the Prophet led him 
 hi enddcnly, when he became 
 jt power he tised freely, 
 fdmlnlstration . He wns a m 
 Tlose of the old War for Inde 
 [head chief. Kewnsanedo- 
 Imorcd him with the coiimi!- 
 fame, with a retinne of tollni- 
 Ise spirit his countrymen were 
 1. nnd his half sister, Schnyn. 
 Iford was born at the Uiciiory 
 
 ■rs from Tallahassee, Anitwf. 
 
 i of the fort before they W« 
 lixe 109. 
 
 ward the open gate. Bcasley flew to close it, and his soldiers nishod with their arms 
 to tilt' port-holes, wliiie the uiiarnied men, and tlie women and children, hiiddh'd, pale 
 and trembling, and alinost paralyzed with sudden fear, in the liouses and cabins witli- 
 in tlie main inclosure. Jieasley was too liiti-. Hefore he could remove tiie drilled 
 sand and sliut the gate, the savages were upon him. He was felled by clubs and 
 tomahawks ; and over his dying body the dusky torrent rushed into tlie new inclo- 
 sure, where Captains Middleton and Jack were on duty. lie (irawled beliiiul the |. e 
 and soon expired, using his latest breath in exhorting his men to fight valiantly. 
 
 'llie Indians soon tilled the outer inclosure, wliile the field beyond swarmed with a 
 yelling muUitude of blood-thirsty men. Their propliets commenced incantations and 
 dances. Tiiey had assured the warriors that the white men's bullets would s])lit 
 harmlessly on the sacred bodies of the seers and the multitude behind them. The 
 delusion was soon dispelled. Five of the invulnerable prophets were shot dead. 
 The dismayed savages recoiled for a moment in doubt and fear. Many rushed wildly 
 out of the gate, but others filled their places, and, with yells ''nd howls, they poured 
 a deadly fire upon the inmates of the fort through the port-holes of the old pickets 
 and the outside stockades. The poor bound negro, who was awaiting the lash, was 
 shot dead on the spot where he was to have been punished for doing all in his power 
 to avert the dreadful calamity then impending. Captain Middleton, wiio was in 
 charge of the eastern section, was slain, with all of his commaml. Captain Jack, in 
 the south wing, with a rifle company, maintained the conflict nobly. Lieutenant 
 Kandon fought from the guard-house on the west ; and Captain Dixon Bailey, the 
 gallant half-blood, on whom the command of the garrison devolved after the fall of 
 beasley, was seen in every part of the fort, directing the military and encouraging 
 the otlier inmates. 
 
 The situation was terrible. Tlicre were two inclosnres, separated by a row of log 
 pickets with port-holes, and an open gate. On one side were unarmed men, women, 
 and children, thickly crowded, with few soldiers, for a larger portion of them wore 
 in tne outer inclosure with Middleton and Jack. On the other side were lusty sav- 
 iiges, maddened by the sight of blood and ravenous for plunder; and all around Avere 
 human fiends filling the open field and eager for slaughter and spoils. Victory or 
 deatii was the alternative offered to the inmates of the fort. After the first shock of 
 surprise their conr.age returned, and, under the direction of the intrepid Bailey, those 
 who had arms manned the dividing pickets, and through the port-holes poured vol- 
 leys that made wide lanes in the thick ranks of the foe. These, however, were imme- 
 diately filled, and the terrible conflict went on. Sometimes the guns of a Christian 
 and pagan Avould cross in a port-hole, and both would fall. Old men, and even wom- 
 en and boys, fought with desperation. Bailey's voice constantly encouraged them. 
 "Hold on a little longer," he said, "and all will be w^ell. The Indians seldom fight 
 long at a time." He endeavored to induce some of them to join him in a sortie and 
 a dash through the enemy to Fort Fierce to procure re-enforcements, and, returning, 
 attack the enemy in the rear and raise the siege. The movement seemed too peril- 
 ous and hopeless, and none would follow him. He determined to go alone, and was 
 actually climbing the picketing for the purpose when his friends pulled him back. 
 
 The horrid battle raged for three hours, wiien, as Bailey expected, the Indians be- 
 gan to tire. Their fire slackened, their bowlings were less savage, and they began to 
 carry off plunder from the head-quarters of Major Beasley and the other buildings in 
 the outer inclosure. The people in the main fort were thrilled with a hope that the 
 savages were about to depart. That hope was soon extinguished, Weathersford 
 was not a man to accept of half a victory when a complete one was within his grasp. 
 He beheld with scorn the conduct of many of his warriors who were more intent on 
 plunder than conquest. Seated upon a fine black horse, he rode after the departing 
 hraves, addressed them vehemently with words of rebuke and persuasion, and soon 
 
 ill 
 
"^^■^■1 
 
 i * 
 
 |(|i' 
 
 i^ 
 
 756 
 
 riCTOUIAL FIELD-IJOOK 
 
 TO In Fort MImi. 
 
 Scalping lb* Dead ud Dying. 
 
 I'rirc for Hcsip* iittend bf ttf BlttMl AgMt 
 
 led thoin l)ack to complete the buHinoss in hand. Willi demonine yolls the wivacis 
 resnined tlic work ol' destruction. Tliey hooii filled the outer ineloMiire ui^iiiii lim 
 were kept ut bay by brotherH of Captain Hailey antl other Kharp-shooterH, who limj 
 nunle port-lioles in Miit.s'H houHe by iviiockin)^ oil' Home shini^les, and from thence sini 
 deadly bullets into muiiy a lunty warrior who was endeavorintj to press throuirh the 
 inner f?ate. J{ut very soon, under the direction of Weatherstbrd, iire was ..iciit td 
 Miins's roof on the winj^s of arrows, and it burst into a flame Some of the scorcluij 
 inmates of the house fled to othei buildings, and some were roasted in the hdriiil 
 oven. The house was soon in cinders, with its extensive sheds and out-l)uil(liii.rs, 
 The firo spread to other buildin<j;s, and in a few minutes alniost the entire area df 
 the fort was scathed by the crackling flames. The shrieks of women and childri'ti 
 lidded ti) the horrors of the scene. 
 
 Only one place of refuge now remained, and to it the doomed j)eoplc rushed fmn- 
 tically. It was Patrick's loom-house (7 in the diagram below), on the north side of 
 the fort, which had been inclosed with strong pickets, and called the JJastion. Tliis 
 was Cai)tain IJailey's original stand, and there ho and the survivors of his coinpanv 
 now took position and poured fiital volleys uj)on the savages. 
 
 The assailants were now in the main fort, and every ir.inato pressed frantically to- 
 ward the Bastion. In doing so many were killed by the Indians, while the wciik, 
 wounded, and aged were tramj)led under foot and jtressed to death. The veiiciaMo 
 Samuel Minis, when tottering toward this last place of refuge, was shot, and wliik' 
 lie was yet living the knife of his assassin ^^as passed around his liead, and his siain, 
 with its hoary locks, was waved cxultingly in the air. 
 
 The fire and the savages attacked iho 
 Bastion at the same time. The former was 
 more merciful than the latter. Tlie Indians 
 broke down the pickets, and butchered tlu 
 inmates in cold blood. The children win 
 seized by the legs, and their brains knockoil 
 out .against the stockades. Woiiicii wm 
 disemboweled, and their unborn cliildivn 
 were flung in the air. The British agent 
 at Pensacola had offered five dollars apiece 
 for scalps, and the long tresses of women, 
 as well as the coverings of men's heads, 
 were 8j)eedily in the hands of the sav.iijes 
 as marketable commodities in a Christian 
 mart ! In the midst of the pcrfcrniaiiic of 
 these horrid deeds Weathersford rode up. 
 Like Tecunitha, he was noble and liumanp. 
 He nproached his followers for their cruel- 
 ty, and begged them to spare the women 
 ■■•...'•■... and children at least. His interference 
 
 / nearly cost him his life. Many clubs were 
 
 FOBT MTMB.1 Talsc I threateningly ovcr lils hcad, und 111' 
 
 was compelled to retire. In afler years the s enes he then witnessed filled him with 
 
 ' The above plan of Port Mims was fonnd among the manuscrii 9 of General Claiborne, and first pnbllshcd by Pick- 
 ett In his History <if Alabama, 11., 2i)6. It may also be fonnd in Claiborne's Li/e and Times of lieneral Sam Mf, pap 
 112, and is printed here by permission of the author. The following Is an explanation of the reference flpnrcs : 1. Block- 
 Jiiouse ; 2. Pickets cut awayr by the Indians ; 8. Guards' station ; 4. Gnard-honse ; 5. Western gate, bnt nut up; 0. Tlii« 
 gate was shut, but a hole was cut through by the Indians; T. Captain Bailey's station; 8. Steadham's house; 0. Mn. 
 Dyer's house; 10. Kitchen; 11. Mims's house; 12. Randon's house ; 13. Old gateway, open ; 14. Ensign Chambllss's lent: 
 16. Randon's ; IT. Captain Middleton'fl ; 18. Captain Jack's station ; 19. Port-holes taken by Indians ; 20, 21. rort-holf« 
 taken by Indians ; 22. Major Beasley's cabin ; 23. Captain Jack's company ; 24. Captain Middleton's company ; 26. Where 
 Beasley fell ; 20. Eastern gate, where the Indians entered. 
 
OF THE VVAli UF 18 12. 
 
 767 
 
 Ml by the Biittnh Ak^i 
 yv'llH the H!l\uj;iH 
 
 loHiirc iijjuiii, l)iit 
 lioDterH, who had 
 1 tVotn tlifiici' siiii 
 j>rt'SH tlmnv^li III,. 
 , tire was aent to 
 no of the ficort'hcil 
 iti'd in tlio hiiiriil 
 iukI out-lniildiiiiis. 
 tlic t'litiiv iircii of 
 )inen and childivn 
 
 )Ooplc rushcfl fiaii- 
 1 tlio norlli si(h' of 
 tlie liawtion. Tli'w 
 irs of his coinpiuiy 
 
 ?sse(l frantically to- 
 IS, while the weak, 
 th. The vciicriililc 
 ras shot, iuitl wliilf 
 head, and liis 8i'ai|p, 
 
 vas;o8 attacked tlip 
 10. The lovnier «as 
 hitter. The Indians 
 ^, and bntcliered tiic 
 Tho children wciv 
 :hoir brains knockoil 
 ,do8. Women wen 
 dr unborn children 
 The British agent 
 ■d live dollars apicn 
 ijT tresses of wonun, 
 itrs of men's heads, 
 [andd of the savages 
 iVitios in a Christian 
 theperfcrnianoeof 
 sathorsford rode up. 
 noble and lumiano. 
 (wers for their cruel- 
 ;o spare tlie women 
 His interference 
 Many clubs were 
 [v-er his head, and lie 
 essed filled him with 
 
 Ln<lflretpnWl9hccl1)yPitk- 
 L (/ Urneral Sam Me, pip 
 t reference flpurcs : !• Btak- 
 fro gate, but not up; «.» 
 fc Steadham's house; 9. Mrs. 
 |l4 Ensign Chambliss's tent; 
 lyindlanB;20,21.rort^oln 
 %leton'g company! 26. Wtert 
 
 NiimlMrorilMn«ln. IndlaM.nwudtd ^ ite Britlib Agent. Uorron of the KuMcre. BurUI of the De ' 
 
 it'inofRe, for he waH chief author of tho calamity. lie liad raised tlie etorm, but ho 
 was unable to control it. "My warriorH," ho said," were like famished wolves, and 
 tho Hrsl taste of Idood made their i'|)|ietites insatiable."' 
 
 At noon on that liilal noth of Anijust, when ihe drum was beaten for dinner, there 
 were live hundred and fit\y persons in Fort Mims, happy in tin lu lief that they were 
 sciure from daiiu;er; at sunset of tlie same day four hundred ol them were dead! 
 Not one white wonuii. ..()r one child escaped. Every avenue of tlii,'ht from tlie hor- 
 rid slaujjhter-peii was sentineled. Yet twelve men of the jjarrison did cut through 
 the pickets and escape to the swamp. AmontiC these was Captain Bailey; but he was 
 severely wounded, .iiid died by the side of a cypress stump.^ Hester, a iie>j;ro woman, 
 who had received a ball in her breast, had f.;'.lowed them out. She reached a canoo 
 iiiTensaw Lake, paddled it into and down tho Alabama to P\»rt Stoddart, which she 
 reached on Tuesday night," and was tho first to give information to (Jen- • AnKontai, 
 eral Claibonie of tho horrible tragedy. Most of tho mj^roes were spared '^'•'• 
 hy the Indians, and were nuido their slaves. 
 
 Tho battle lasted from twelve o'clock until five, when the fort was a smokinfj; ruin. 
 The savages then retired about a mile east of tho fort, where they slept that night, 
 ;it\cr snioking their pipes and triiumiuti; their scalps. They had siitrered severely, for 
 the garrison had sold their lives as dearly as ])ossible. Not les.s than four hundred 
 Creek warriors were slain or wounded. On tho morning afler the confiict they com- 
 meiieed burying their dead, but soon abandoned the labor. Putting their wounded 
 into canoes, a part of the warriors wont iij) the river; some staid in the neighbor- 
 hood to j)lundor and kill,^ and others went to Pensacola, with their tropby-sealps on 
 poles, to receive their reward from tho Hritish agents there. 
 
 Ten days afterward. Major Kennedy, who had been sent by General Claiborne to 
 hiay tho dead at Fort Minis, arrived there.'' His eyes met a sad and 
 horrid spectacle. Tho air was filled with glutt')nous buzzards who had 
 loinc to feast on tlio dead bodies, and a largo number of dogs were disputing with 
 the foul birds for the banquet. The mutilated remains of the dead were buried iu 
 two pits.* " Indians, negroes, white men, women, and cldldren," Kennetly said in his 
 report, " lay in one jn-omiscuous mass. All were scali)ed ; and tho females of every 
 age were butchered in a manner which neither decency nor language 'ill permit me 
 to describe. The main building was buriud to ashes, which were fided with bones. 
 The plains and the woods around were covered with dead bodies. All tho Louses 
 were consumed by fire except the block-house and a part of the pickets. The sol- 
 diers ai:d officers, with one \ oice, called ou Divine Providence to revenge the death 
 of our murdered friends."^ 
 
 The massacre at Fort Miins created the most intense excitement and alarm through- 
 out the Southwest. This was \r ' rased by the operations of the powerful prophet, 
 Francis, who at the same time wu. spreading destruction and consternation over the 
 country between the Alabama and rombigboe Rivers, from the forks northward, now 
 Clarke County, in Alabama. The little stockades were filled with tho aftrighted in- 
 
 > Claiborne's Life nf General Sam Dale, page 123. 
 
 ' When the flames began to reach the people In the Bastion, Dr. Thomas Q. Holmes, an assistant snrgeon of the gar- 
 rison, seized an axe, cut some piclcetB in two, but left them standing till an opportanity for escape oBered. Bailey now 
 tiled out, "All is Imtl" and begged the people to e8cai)e. The piclvetH were thrown down, but, as we have observed, 
 only twelve escaped. Bailey's little stclt son, only thirteen years of age, was carried safely to the woods by his negro 
 nun Tom, who, half mud with fear and dire confusion, ran back with the boy to the Indians. The savages toolc the 
 child by the legs, and wliile he cried " Father, save me i" they dashed out his brains. The following are the names of 
 the persons who escaped from the fort and lived : Dr. Thomas O. Holmes ; Hester, a negro woman ; Socca, a friendly 
 Indlui; Peter Randon.lientenant of citizens' company; Josiah Fletcher; Sergeant Mathews ; Martin Rigdon; Samuel 
 
 Smith, a half-blood ; Mourrice and Joseph Perry, of the Mississippi Volunteers ; John Hoven ; Jones ; and 
 
 Lientenant W. R. Chambliss, of the Mississippi Volunteers Pickett's A labama, ii., 276. Sec diagram on opposite page 
 
 for the houses of the Steadhams and Randons, and the tent of Lieutenant Chambliss. 
 
 ' The inmates of Port I'lerce, a small stockade two or three miles from Fort Mims, fled down the river and reached 
 Mobile In safety. * Two hundred and forty .seven bodies were buried. 
 
 > Kennedy's MS. Report to General Claiborne, quoted in Pickett's Alabama, ii., 2S.>. 
 
 ' September 0. 
 
■i ■ 
 
 ; j 
 
 U'\: 
 
 lilii 
 
 ; ■•■ tj 
 
 ?58 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BCOK 
 
 DlstresB In the Creek Country, Response of the TennesseeanB to a Cry for Help. Jacksou'B Appeal, aud Its Effects. 
 
 habitants, and aickness and death were their constant companions. The distress in 
 tlie Creek country can scarcely be imagined. A fearful cry for help went northward, 
 not, as it would now, on the wings of tho lightning, but by couriers on swift horses. 
 Yet they were tardy messengers measured by travel-speed to-day. It took thiity- 
 one days to carry the newc to the city of New York, wliere it produced very little 
 sensation, for the heart of the whole country was then yet tremulous v/ith the joyous 
 emotions created by the recent victory won by Ferry on Lake Erie, and excited by 
 intense interest in the movements of General Harrison, who was then penetrating 
 Canada, and nobly retrieving the national misfortunes at Detroit the previous year. 
 These absorbed the public attention northward of the Ohio and eastward of the Alli"- 
 ghany Mountains, while the fiercely-kindled Creek War equally absorbed the atten- 
 tion and awakened the most fervid syirpathies and hottest indignation of the people 
 of the Mississippi and Gulf regions. 
 
 Tiie sons of Tennessee quickly and nobly responded to tho cry for help from below. 
 Governor Blount promised to do what he might, but General Jackson was then too 
 ill to take active measures in the same direction immediately, but he assured his fel- 
 low-citizens that h3 would do so as speedily as possible. He was then lying at the 
 Nashville Inn, prostrated by the effects of serious wounds received from the late 
 Thomas 11. Benton in an affray in the streets of Nashville with deadly weapons, He 
 was convalescing, and, full of the " fire of the flint," ho issued a stirring address to 
 those volunteers who followed him a thousand miles tp Natchez a year before. He 
 begged them to go forward in a cause " so worthy the arm of every bvavc soldier and 
 true citizen ;" and expressed his regret that he was not able to go with them, at the 
 same time assuring them of his belief that he might soon join them, which he did. 
 
 Jackson's appeal touched the hearts of the Tcnnesseeans ; and the action of the Leg- 
 islature, then in session, was consonant with the wishes and feelings of the people. 
 On the 25 th of September* they authorized Governor Blount to call out three 
 thousand five hundred volunteers, in addition to fifteen hundred already mus- 
 tered into the service of the United States, the commonwealth of Tennessee guaran- 
 teeing their pay and subsistence, and appropriating three hundred thousand dollars 
 for the payment of expenses to be immediately incurred. On the same day General 
 Jackson issued another spirited address, calling his division to the field. He ordered 
 tliem to assemble on the 4th of October at Fayetteville, near the northern boundary 
 of Alabama. Already his first address had set the military spirit of the state ablaze; 
 now a Ictter-writor at Nashville declared'' that " in a few days there will 
 be but few young men left in town. Nearly all h'ave volunteered — some 
 have gone, and others are getting ready. . . . Colonel John Coffee has already start- 
 ed with the cavalry. Infantry and mo»mted volunteer companies are flocking to the 
 standard every da j . Had not reneral Jackson been confined by his wound, I think 
 all would have been on the way bj tiiis time."' 
 
 On the 26th General Jackson dispatcher the energetic Colonel Coffee, with his 
 regiment of dragoons, five hundred strong, and as many mounted volunteers as could 
 join him immediately, to take post at Huntsville,^ in Nort^jem Alabama, for the en- 
 couragement and protection of the inhabitants there, and to cover a depot of supplies 
 which he intended to establish on the Tennessee River south of Huntsville, at Ditto's 
 Landing. Coffee pushed forward with celerity, and reached Huntsville on the 4th of 
 October. His force had been augmented almost hourly on the way by volunteers 
 who flocked to his standard, and he found himself on the borders' of the Creek coun- 
 try with full thirteen hundred men. Jackson meanwhile, with his arm in a sling and 
 suffering intensely, was making his way to the prescribed rendezvous of his troops 
 
 ' 181S. 
 
 1 The War. II., T3. 
 
 » HantBville Is the present capital of Madison County, Alahams, one of the finest regions of that state, at the foot of 
 the monntaln slopes which there gradually melt into the level Gulf region. 
 
\m 
 
 OF THE WAli OF 1812. 
 
 159 
 
 i'8 Appeal, and Its Effectt. 
 
 3. The distress in 
 p went nortliward, 
 rs on swift horses. 
 y. It took tliiity- 
 roduced very Uttle 
 lus >vith the joyous 
 ric, and excited by 
 B then penetrating 
 the previous year, 
 istward of the Alk- 
 ibsorbed the atten- 
 lation of the peopk' 
 
 or help from helow. 
 [jkson was then too 
 t he assured his fel- 
 IS then lying at the 
 lived from the late 
 jadly weapons. He 
 Btirting address to 
 a year before. He 
 ry brave soldier and 
 ro with them, at the 
 ;m, which he did. 
 lie action of the Leg- 
 dings of the people. 
 int to call out three 
 ^ndred already mus- 
 if Tennessee guaran- 
 ed thousand dollars 
 same day General 
 field. He ordered 
 northern bouiidaiy 
 of the state ablaze; 
 few days there will 
 volunteered— some 
 ee has already start- 
 are flocking to the 
 his wound, I think 
 
 lol Coffee, with his 
 volunteerc as could 
 \.labama, for the en- 
 
 a depot of supplies 
 :unt8ville, at Ditto's 
 
 svillc on the 4th of 
 
 way by volunteers 
 fof the Creek coun- 
 
 arm in a sling and 
 !ZV0U8 of his troops 
 
 Oeoeral Coffee in Northeiii Alboama. 
 
 liackBon in the Field. 
 
 Mobile threatened, but saved. 
 
 !Ofthat(!tate,atthofootot 
 
 at Fayettev ille, on the 4th of October, 
 full eighty miles south from Nashvi-ie. 
 He could not reach there at the pre- 
 scribed time, but sent forward a spirit- 
 ed address to the soldiers, to be read to 
 them on that day. It was an appeal to 
 their pride and patriotism ; and called 
 upon them, in an especial manner, to be 
 obedient to discipline, for it was essen- 
 tial in preparing them for the noble task 
 before them. 
 
 While these movements were in prog- 
 ress in West Tennesse,\ others of like 
 character and importance were going 
 on iu East Tennessee, where General 
 John Cocke was in command. Under 
 the direction of Governor Blount, he 
 ordered his division to rendezvous at 
 Knoxville ; and so promptly did thay 
 respond, that he wrote to General Jack- 
 eon on the 2d of October* that his 
 men, twenty-five hundred in number, were ready to march, and that he could 
 doubtless contract for a thousand barrels of flour to be sent to Ditto's Landing imme- 
 diately. 
 
 Jackson reached Fayetteville on the 7th of October, where he remained a week 
 waiting for the arrival of troops, organizing them, and making arrangements for sup- 
 plies. He was greeted by cheering news from Coffee. It was generally supposed 
 that the Indians would hasten to the capture of Mobile, under the auspices and di- 
 rection of the Spaniards, after the destruction of Fort Mims, It might have been an 
 easy matter; but they lingered, as usual, after their 'ictory, and then pushed north- 
 ward.' This good news came from Coffee, and Jackson, acting upon it, was making 
 vigorous preparation to meet them, when, on Monday, the 11th of October,'' a 
 courier came dashing into his tamp with intelligence from Coffee that the sav- 
 ages were near. The general gave instant orders for his troops to march. Two houra 
 later they were in motion ; and at eight o'clock the same evening they were in Hunts- 
 ville, having marched thirty-two miles almost without halting. On the following 
 morning Jackson was informed that the rumor of the near approach of the Inuians 
 was false. He leisurely led his troops across the swift-flowing Tennessee at Ditto's 
 Lauding, joined Coffee's command, and, on a high bluff overlooking the beautiful 
 river, opposite a charming island, encamped. 
 
 JUUM OOFFEE. 
 
 > 1813. 
 
 I The TndiauB, as uenal, stopped to enjoy their victory after it was achieved, instead of secnring Its solid advantages. 
 Snch consitrnotion was produced by the massacres on Tcnsaw that Mobile might have becomb an easy prey to the 
 ravages. But while they lingered, the Spanioh nccomplices at Pensacola appeared to have become alarmed lest the 
 savages might destroy Mobile, which they hoped to recover uninjured. Governor Maniqne accordingly wrote to Weath- 
 ereford and his associates on the subject. After congratulating them on their success at Port Mims, assuring them of 
 Mendshlp and a desire to aid them, and thanking them for their offers of assistance in the recapture of Mobile, the 
 governor dissuaded them from attacking it, or at least destroying it. " I hope," he wrote, "you will not put In execu- 
 tion the Project you lell n.e of to bum the 'c-i, since these houses and properties do not belong to the Americans, but 
 to true Spaniards."— I/etter dated Pensacola, September 29, 1813, quoted by Pickett in his HisUrry of Alabama. It is 
 amoag the Claiborne papers alreaciy alluded to. It is positive proof of the complicity of the Spanish authorities at 
 Pensacola with the British and Indians in waging an exterminating war against the people of the Mississippi Terri- 
 tory, and jusUfled the seizure of Pensacola ly the Americans which occurred afterward. 
 
 . li 
 
1 i 
 
 (M ' »t,j. 
 
 I? rii|im|i|/'l 
 
 mm I: I 
 
 \ i 
 
 760 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 JactuoD'B impatient waiting for Snpplies. Cries for Help from the Coosn. Jnckson mnrclies In that Direction 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 "Alas for them I their day is o'er ; 
 Their fires are out from shore to shore ; 
 ho more for then- the wild deer bounds— 
 The plow is ou their hunting-gronnds. 
 The pale man's axe rings through their woods— 
 The pale man's sail skims o'er their floode." 
 
 CUABLEB SPBAOm. 
 
 '^^ACKSON'S little army, under his immediate commai d, was now 
 about tAventy-five hundred strong, and the difficulties of the 
 campaign, with all their gloomy suggestions, arose in colossal 
 proportions before Lis judgment und experience. His supplies, 
 promised by General Cocke, had not arrived, and before him 
 was an untried wilderness filled Avith hostile savages. Twenty- 
 five hundred' men and thirteen hundred horses must be fed. 
 " Such a body," says a late writer, " will consume ten wagon- 
 loads of provisions every day. For a week's subsistence they require a thousand 
 bushels of grain, twenty tons of flesh, a thousand gallons of whisky, and many hund- 
 red weight of iH^scellaneous provisions." Jackson was grievously disappointed, and 
 stormed furiously at fate, the shallow Tennessee (on which the provision vessels would 
 not yet float), the contractors, and even at General Cocke. Then he sent his quarter- 
 master. Major W. B. Lewis, to Nashville for supplies, and Colonel Coflfee, with six or 
 seven hundred mounted men, to scour for food the country watered by the Black 
 Warrior River, an important tributary of the Tombigbee. He was cheered by infor- 
 mation that General White, with the advance of General Cocke's division of East 
 Tennesseeans, had already passed the site of Chattanooga and the now famous Look- 
 out Mountain — made famous by the events of the great Civil War, which occurred 
 there in the autumn of 1863 — and would jirobably join him in the course of a few- 
 days. 
 
 Jackson set about drilling his troops thoroughly, and while engaged in that duty 
 a Creek chief of the peace-party informed him that a large number of his nation were 
 preparing to attack a fort filled with friendly Indians at the Ten Islands of the Coosa 
 • October 19, River. The general immediately broke camp upon the bluff',* and with 
 1813. immense labor and fatigue^ made his way twenty-two miles in that direc- 
 tion along the course of the Tennessee to Thompson's Creek, one of its tributaries, all 
 the while watching anxiously, through the eyes of scouts, for the appearance of the 
 expected supply flotilla. But they did not come. He wrote to fi-iends and public 
 authorities in every direction, and the burden of his letters were, " Give me food, and 
 I will end this savage war in a month." And yet he did not wait for the expected 
 supplies to begin it, for such piteous entreaties came from the Coosa that he resolved 
 to press forward at all hazards. He established a depository for supplies at the 
 mouth of Thompson's Creek, cast up fortifications to defend them which he named 
 Fort Deposit, and on the evening of the 24th of October he started for the Ten Isl- 
 ands of the Coosa, fifly miles distant, with only two days' supply of bread and six of 
 meat, swearing that he would " neither sound a retreat nor suffer a defeat"^ before the 
 
 ' The country In that region Is exceedingly rough and mountalnons, and the troops were compelled to endnre the 
 most appalling labors. " We have cnt out way," wrote Hajor Held, Jackson's ald-de-camp, " over monntains more tre- 
 mendous than Alps." 
 
 ' Letter of Major John Keld to Qr.arter-master W. B. Lewis, October 24, 1818, quoted by Parton, 1., 4!12. 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 TBI 
 
 relies In that Direction. 
 
 immai d, was now 
 difficulties of the 
 I, arose in colossal 
 ice. His snpplics, 
 d, and before him 
 savages. Twenty- 
 jrses must be fed. 
 )nsume ten wagon- 
 require a thousaml 
 cy, and many liund- 
 y disappointed, and 
 mion vessels would 
 be sent his quarter- 
 Coffee, with six or 
 tered by the Black 
 as cheered by infor- 
 .'s division of East 
 now famous Look- 
 ar, whicli occmioO 
 be course of a few 
 
 [gaged in that duty 
 
 Ir of his nation wore 
 
 Islands of the Coosa 
 
 [he bluff," and with 
 
 1 miles in that dircc- 
 
 -)f its tributaries, all 
 
 appearance of tlip 
 
 friends and pul)lic 
 
 [' Give me food, and 
 
 dt for the expected 
 
 La that he resolved 
 
 [for supplies at the 
 
 n which he named 
 
 ted for the Ten Isl- 
 
 |of bread and six of 
 
 defeat"^ before the 
 
 iTMmpenedVendnre ttie 
 " over monntalne more tre- 
 
 krtoii,l.,*8«- 
 
 Tbe Army threatened with Famine. AyTairs in the lower Creek Cunntry. Courage and Honor of Captftln Dale. 
 
 savages. Coffee, who in the space of twelve days had marched two hundred miles, 
 burned Black Warrior's Town and another Indian village on the Black Warrior Riv- 
 er and collected about three hundred bushels of corn, had Joined him, and the whole 
 army went cheerily forward toward tlie Coosa. Ho cut his way over the rugged 
 mountains with indomitable perseverance to Wells's Creek," where his .October 28, 
 supply of bread failed, and he remained encamped for several days, that ****• 
 his foraging parties might collect i)rovisioiis. His little army was there threatened 
 witli actual starvation, for the contractors had entirely failed to meet their engage- 
 ments. The foragtirs were usually successful. One party, under Colonel Dyer, two 
 hundred stro' nj, fell upon the Indian village of Littefutchec, at the head of Canoe 
 Creek, twenty miles from the camp, captured tAventy-nine prisoners and a good sup- 
 ply of corn, and laid the town in ashes.'' Then the army marched on, and 
 in less than a week afterward it was encamped on the right bank of the 
 Coosa, not far from the Ten Islands and the mouth of the Canoe or Littefutchec Creek. 
 
 Let us here leave the resolute invaders a few momeui s, and consider the condition 
 of affairs in the Creek country. 
 
 We have observed that the massacre at Fort Minis spread consternation over the 
 whole regipn, and white people and friendly Indians sought shelter in ihe stockades 
 or safety in flight toward the Gulf. Sickness prevailed in all the stockades, and there 
 was distress every where. Murders, robberies, and conflagrations were seen on every 
 hand. Claiborne was harassed with almost hourly messages bearing piteous impor- 
 tunities for help, and from none more loudly than from St. Stephen's, one of the most 
 important posts in the country. > Information had reached the general that the gar- 
 rison and refugees in Fort Madison, in the eastern part of Clarke County, were likel}' 
 to share the horrid fate of those in Minis from a combined attack of the savages. 
 Umler the direction of General Flournoy, he ordered Colonel Carson, the commander, 
 to abandon the fort and hasten to the relief of St. Stephen's, if his judgment should 
 sanction such movement. Carson left Madison reluctantly, followed by about Ave 
 hundred settlers of both sexes, and all ages and conditions, and marched westward. 
 He had arrived on the banks of the Tombigbee, on his way to St. Stephen's, when an- 
 other letter from Claiborne reached him, in which he was urged " not to abandon the 
 fort [Madison] unless it was clear that he could not maintain it." It was too late. 
 He crossed the river and entered St. Stephen's. 
 
 Fort Madison was not wholly abandoned. There were bold men there who re- 
 solved to remain and defend it, togeMier with Fort Glass, a small stockade only a 
 fourth of a mile distant. The leader ^ras Captain Sam Dale.^ He was still suffering 
 from the effects of his woiind received at Burnt Corn Creek. When Carson's drum 
 beat for his troops to march, Dale beat his for volunteers to remain ; and when the 
 last of the United States soldiers marched out of the fort. Dale marched in at the head 
 of eighty brave citizens, among them Captain Evans Austill. Dale received a note 
 from General Flournoy advising liim to repair to Mount Vernon, as he was sure to be 
 attacked by an overwhelming force. Dale replied tiiat he had sworn to defend the 
 women and childre^^ under his charge ; that he had a " gallant set of boys" under 
 liim; and that when the general should hear "of the fall of Fort Madison, he would 
 find a pile of yellow-hides to tan if he could get his regulars to come and skin them !"^ 
 Dale maintained his position with boldness, and was not attacked.* 
 
 ' 8»e page 760, and Map on page 761. a See page T49. 
 
 ' Lift ami Ti'nts o/Ganeral Sam Dalf, pages 110 and 117. Dale says Flonnioy was opposed to the stockade system, 
 »iidwas determined to concentrate his tr«)opg at Mobile, Mount Vo-ion, and St. Stephen's. Claiborne's order for the 
 eTacas.ion of Port 1 adison, inspired by Flonmoy, \faa cursed by the settlers In the forks of the Alabama and Tomblg- 
 bw, who coii8ldere<l themselves cnielly abandoned. 
 
 ' "During the day," says Dale, "sentinels were posted nronnd this fort. At night I illnminatcd the approaches Ihr a 
 clrcnit of one hundred ynrds by a device of my own. Two poles, fifty .'ect long, were firmly planted on each -Ide of the 
 fort ; « lung lever, npon the plan of a well-sweep, worked upon each ot "hese poles ; lo each lever was attached a bar 
 otitou about ten feet long, and to these bars were fastened with tr:.ce-chaing huge fagots of light wood. The illumina- 
 
i ' 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Choctaw Allieg. 
 
 Sppech of PaBhamataha. 
 
 Coffee'8 Expedition against Tallasehatclic. 
 
 While there was still a doubt in every mind whether the Choctaws would remain 
 friendly to the Americans, Pushamataha removed every suspicion by suddenly ap- 
 pearing at St. Stephen's and oftering to enlist several companies of his warriors to 
 take up arms under the banner of the United States. He was conducted to Mobile by 
 George S. Gaines, where he had an interview with General Flournoy. That strangely 
 blind officer declined the chief 't; ofter, and Gaines and Pushamataha went back to 
 St. Stephen's filled with mortification and disgust. The assembled citizens had be- 
 gun to curse the commanding general Avithout stint, v/hen a courier appeared riding 
 in haste. He bore authority from Flournoy for Gaines to recruit in the Choctaw 
 nation. His advisers had caused him to repent of his folly in refusing the generous 
 oflfcr of Pushamataha. 
 
 Gaines and the brave chief started northward for the Choctaw country. Tliey 
 were met at John Peachland's by Colonel John M'Kee, agent of the Chickasaws, with 
 whom they held a consultation. Pushamataha and Gaines then went forward. The 
 former called a council of his people of the eastern district of the nation.' He ha- 
 rangued the assembled multitude in an admirable speech ; and it was so efTt'ctive 
 that when, at the conclusion, he said, " If you have a mind to follow me, I will lead 
 you to glory and victory," a warrior arose, slapped his hand npon his heart, and said, 
 "I "M a man ! I am a man ! I will follow you !" All the others did likewise, and 
 raised a shout that filled the heart of Gaines with jby.^ Colonel M'Kee was equally 
 successful with the Chickasaws. A large body of them volunteered to follow him, 
 and did so to tlu Tuscaloosa Falls, for the purpose of attacking a Creek town there. 
 They found it in ashes, and the centre of a solitude wherein no Indian was visible. 
 M'Kee returned to Peachland's, at the mouth of the Octibaha, where his dusky follow- 
 ers separated, some going to their homes, and others making their way to join the 
 standard of General Claiborne, then at St. Stephen's.^ 
 
 It was while the consternation of the inhabitants on the Alabama and Tombigbee 
 was most intense that Jackson was making his way toward the sanguinary theatre 
 on which, as we have seen, he appeared at the close of October. lie now became 
 chief actor in the terrible drama. 
 
 On his arrival upon the Coosa, Jackson was informed that the Creeks were assem- 
 bled at Tallasehatche, a town in an open woodland only thirteen miles from the 
 camp.* He resolved to attack them at once, and on the morning of the 2d of No- 
 vember he summoned the stalwart Coffee tj his presence. That brave officer had 
 • September 24, lately been promoted to the rank of brigadier." He Avas anxious to he 
 1813. Qjj ^Ijp Tffing yfiili his mounted men, and was soon gratified. The com- 
 
 manding general ordered him to take one thousand horsemen, and fall suddenly and 
 fiercely upon the offending town in Avhich blood-thirsty enemies were harbored, and 
 destroy it. He left camp for the purpose toward evening, his troops accompanied by 
 Captain Richard Brown and a company of friendly Creeks and Cherokecs, whose 
 
 tion from such au elevation was brilliant,, and no cover* attack could be made npon my position. As a precautloa 
 against the Indian torch, I had my bloclc-houses and their roofs well plastered \\ .ih clay. We displayed oareclves in 
 arms frequently, the women wearing hats and the garments of their husbands, to imprecs (jpon the spies that we knew 
 were lurking around an exaggerated notion of our strength. For provisions we shot such cattle and hogs as graied 
 within the range of our guns, bnt I carefully noted the marks and brands, and afferward indemnifled the oviuers."-Lifi 
 of Dale, lagc IIT. 
 
 ' The Choctaw nation was then composed of three distinct governments. The Eaxtem district was ruled over by 
 Pushamataha, the Western by Puckshenubbee, and the Northv!c»tern by MuxheUitubba. 
 
 > " Yon know Tecumtha," said Pushamataha. " He is a bad man. He came through onr nation, but did not turn 
 our heads. He went among the Mnscogees [CrcekB], and got many of them to join him. Yon know the Tcnsnw peo- 
 ple. They were our friends. Th«y played ball with ns. They sheltered and fed ns whenever we went to Pciisacnls 
 Where are they now? Their bones rot at Sam Mims's place. The people at St. Stephen's are also our flrtendi. The 
 Muscogees intend to kill them too. They want soldiers to defend them. ^Here he drew his sword and flouriehed It.) 
 Yoa can all do as you please. You are all freemen. I dictate to none of you. Bnt I shall Join the St. Stephen's peopl.. 
 If you have a mind to follow me, I will lead yon to glory and Tictory."— Pickett's .A ioianui, il., 891. 
 
 > Pickett's Alabama, ii., 292. 
 
 « Not far ft-om the present village of Jacksonville, the capital of Benton Connty, Alabama, on the soutbeaet side u( 
 TalUsfahatcbe Creek. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 763 
 
 igainat Tallasehalcht. 
 
 ^9 would remain 
 by suddenly ap- 
 ' hiB warriors to 
 ted to Slobile by 
 That strangely 
 ha went back to 
 [ citizens had be- 
 • appeared riding 
 , in the Choctaw 
 iing the generous 
 
 i country. They 
 Chickasaws, with 
 ent forward. The 
 3 nation.! He ha- 
 lt was so effective 
 ow me, 1 will lead 
 his heart, and said, 
 J did likewise, and 
 M'Kee was equally 
 jred to follow him, 
 t Creek town there. 
 Indian was visible. 
 ■re his dusky follow- 
 leir way to join the 
 
 ^ma &nd Tombigbee 
 
 sanguinary theatre 
 
 lie now became 
 
 Creeks were asscm- 
 heen mi^es from the 
 ng of the 2d of Ne- 
 at brave officer had 
 e was anxious to he 
 gratified. The com- 
 f d fall suddenly and 
 were harbored, and 
 lops accompanietlhy 
 id Cherokecs, whose 
 
 ly position. Asaprewutta 
 ■ We diBplaycdoureelrts"! 
 uon the spies that we knc« 
 
 Kh cattle and liogs as mf 
 llemnlttcdtlieownerB. -W' 
 
 .district was ruled over b! 
 
 I our nation, imt did not tnr. 
 I You know the Tcn.»wp^> 
 l„everwewenttoFoma»* 
 ■•g are also onrWonds.W 
 Ihls ?word and flourished il 
 Ijoin the St. Stephen's peopl- 
 
 1, 11., 891. 
 La, on the southeast Bide «( 
 
 Battle of Tallascbutcbe. 
 
 Aunihllatlou of the Town and the Warriors. 
 
 Jackson's Army on the Coosa. 
 
 heads were tastefully ornamented with white feathers and deer's tails. They forded 
 the Coosa at tlie Fish Dam, four miles above the Ten Islands, and at dawn on the 
 morning of the 3d halted within half a mile of the doomed town. There Coffee 
 quickly divided his forces mto t wo columns, the right composed of cavalry, com- 
 manded by Colonel Allcorn, and the left of mounted riflemen, under Colonel Cannon. 
 With the latter the newly-made general marched. Allcorn was directed to encircle 
 one half of the town with his cavalry, while Camion and his riflemen should encircle 
 the other half. This was promptly accomplished at sunrise, when the foe sallied 
 out with beat of drums a;;cl "'■vage yells, their prophets being in the advance. 
 
 The battle that speedily began was brought on at about eight o'clock by the com- 
 panies of Captain Hammond and Lieutenant Patterson, who had made a manoeuvre 
 for the purpose of decoying the foe from the shelter of their liouses. It was success- 
 ful. The Indians fell upon them furiously, when the two companies, according to in- 
 structions, fell back, pursued by the enemy, until the latter encountered the right of 
 Coffee's troops. These first gave the Indians a deadly volley of bullets, and then 
 charged them violently, while the left division closed in upon the doomed foo. Never 
 did men fight more gallantly than did the Creeks. Inch by inch they were pushed 
 hack to their bouses by the ever-narrowing circle of a^jailants. They fought desper- 
 ately and with savage fury. They were shot and bayoneted in and out of their 
 houses. Not one Avould ask for quarter, but fought so long as lie had strength to 
 wield a weapon. None survived. Every warrior was killed. In falling back to 
 their dwellings they mingled with the women and children, and in the fury of the 
 contest some of these were slain. The victory for the assailants was complete ; and 
 at the close of this short, sharp battle, one hundred and eighty-six Indian warriors 
 lay dead around the victors.' It was believed that full t^ > hundred perished. 
 Eighty-four women and children wero made prisoners. The loss of the Americans 
 was only five killed (no oflicers) and forty-one wounded, most of them slightly. 
 
 Having destroyed the town and buried his dead, the victorious Coffee marched 
 hack in triumph to the camp on the Coosa, followed by a train of sori'owful captives. 
 It was a terrible sight for the eye of Pity. Retributive justice, evoked by the slain 
 at Fort Mims, was satisfied. Tallasehatche was wiped from the face of the e.irth, 
 and every survivor was sent a prisoner to Huntsville.'^ Thus commenced the fearful 
 chastisement of the infatuated Creeks who had listened to the siren voice of Tecum- 
 tlia, and the wicked' suggestions and false promises of the Spaniards and British at 
 Pensacola. 
 
 Jackson now made his way over the Coosa Mountains to the Ten Islands, and on 
 the right bank of the Coosa commenced the construction of a second fortified deposit 
 for supplies. Strjong pickets and block-houses soon began to rise, and the work was 
 well advanced whon, just at sunset on the Tth of November, an Indian chief from the 
 Hickory Ground, who, by stratagem, had made his way from the beleaguered fort, 
 came with swift foot and informed the general-in-chief that one hundred and sixty 
 
 ' General Coffee said in his report (November 4, 1813) : "They fongbt as long as one existed ; and when the last of 
 Ihe devoted hand, still struggling for the mastery, had fallen beneath the hatchets and hunliug-knives of his cucmies, 
 one hundred and eighty-six warriors wero stretched lifeless on the fine open woodland in which their village was sit- 
 uated." 
 
 > k tonching tale of trnth is told in connection with the battle of Tallasehatche. Among the slain was found an In- 
 dian mother, and npon her bosom lay her infant boy, vainly endeavorli g to draw sustenance from the cold breast. The 
 nrphan was carried into camp, and Jackson tried to indnco some of the mothers amon;; the captives to give it nonrish- 
 ment. "No," they replied ; "all hU relatives are dead, kill him too." The little boy v.'as taken to the gcnernl's own 
 tent, fed on brown Bni?ar and water until a nurse could be procured at Hnntsvillc, when it was sent to Mrs. Jackson. 
 Tlie senersl was a childless man, and ho adopted the forest foundling as his son. Mrs. Jackson watched over him with 
 a mother's care, and he grew to be a beautiful youth, fhll of promise. But consumption laid him in the grave among 
 the thades of the " Hermitage" before he reached manhood, and his foster-parents monmed over him with a grief as 
 sincere as that of consangnlnity. 
 
 This boy was no exception to the nile of India.' instinct for wild and forest life. He delighted to roam in the woods, 
 decorate his head with feathers, and start out from ambosb and frighten children with loud yells and horrid grimaces, 
 ne was apprenticed to i harness-maker in Nashville. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1! 
 
 
 
 Ill 
 
IP' 
 
 Uc Bnrroondg the Bcsiegerii ut Talludcga. 
 
 friendly Creek warriors, with their i'amilies, were hemmed in at Talladega, in Lash- 
 ley's Fort,' thirty miles distant, with no hope of" escape. The besie-rers were a tliou- 
 sand strong, and they so completely siu-rounded the little stockade that no man could 
 leave it unobserved. The inmates had but little food and water, and must soon 
 perish. TIio foe was well provided, and, feeling sure of their prey at the hands of 
 Famine if by no quicker way, were dancing around the doomed people with demo- 
 niac joy. This messenger, who was a prominent man, had made his escape by cov- 
 ering himself with the skin of a hog, and in the darkness of night, while imitating its 
 gait, and grunting, and apparent rooting, was allowed to pass slowly through tiie 
 hostile camp until he was beyond the reac!i of their hearing and arrows. Then lie 
 cast away his disguise, and with speed heightened by desperation, he fled to Jack- 
 son's camp on the Coosa. 
 
 The commander-in-chief resolved to give immediate relief to the people at Talin- 
 doga. He had just heard of the near approach of General White with the van of 
 General Cocke's division of East Tennessee troops, so he ordered his whole force, ex- 
 cepting a small guard for the camp, the sick and the wounded, to make immediate 
 preparations for marching. He wrote a hasty note to General White, informing 
 that officer that he should expect him to protect Fort Strother and its inmates during 
 • November 8, his absence, and at little past midnight" he commenced fording the Coosa 
 1S13. f^ jjjiie above the fort, with twelve hundred infantry and eight hundred 
 
 mounted men, each of the latter taking a foot-soldier on his .lorse behind him. All 
 were across at four o'clock in the morning, aKd then they commenced a very weary- 
 ing march through a perfect wilderness. At sunset they were within six miles of 
 Talladega, when the general commanded his followers to seek repose, for active work 
 would be required of them in the morning. 
 
 The chief slumbered not. All night long he was on the alert for the reports of 
 spies whom he sent out on scouting expeditions. At midnight he received a note by 
 an Indian runner from General White, telling him that General Cocke had recalled 
 liim, and he would not be able to protect Fort Strother. Jackson was perplexed. 
 Strother and Talladega both needed his presence. He resolved to rescue the latter, 
 and then fly to the defense of the former. Silently his troops were put in motion in 
 the dark, and before four o'clock in the morning'' they had made a wide 
 
 Novcnioer 9. . 
 
 circuit and surrounded the enemy, who, a thousand and eighty strong, 
 were concealed in a thicket that covered the margins of two rivulets flowing out from 
 springs.'* 
 
 Jackson disposed his troops for action so as to inclose the foe in a circle of armed 
 men. The infantry were in three lines, the militia on the left, and the volunteers on 
 the right. The cavalry formed the two extreme wings, and were ordered to advance 
 in a curve, keeping their rear connected with the advance of the infantry lines, so that 
 there should be no break in the circle. In this position were the troops at sunrise, 
 when Colonel William Carroll Avas sent forward with the advanced guard, composed 
 of the companies of Captains Dederich, Caperton, and Bledsoe, to commence the a^ 
 tack. He delivered a heavy fire, when the savages rushed forth, with liorrid yells and 
 screams, in the direction of the militia under General Roberts, from whose brigade 
 
 > This fort wa8 a little eastward of the Coosa River, In Talladega County, Alabama ; and a portion of Its site Ib row 
 covered by the pleasant village of Talladega, the capital of 'he county, which had a population of about two thonsaiiii 
 when the late Civil War broke out in 1801. It Is in a deiightfbl valley, with very attractive scenery in view 
 
 ' The order of march is seen in the uppir part of the diagram on page 706. The cavalry were commanded by Colonel 
 AUcom, and the monnted riflemen by Colonel Cameron. The infantry were commanded by Brigadier Generals Hall' 
 and Roberts,! assisted by Colonels B-adley, Pillow, M'Crorsney, Carnill, and Dyer. The position of tlie trpops In the 
 attack, when they had surrounded the enemy, is seen in the lower part of the diagram, commencing with the reservci 
 under Colonel Dyer. This diagram is copied, by permission, from Pickett's Hutonj 0/ Alabama, II., 402. 
 
 • WIlMam Hall had been a colonel in the Tennessee mllltia who followed Jackson from Nashville to Natchei uid 
 back, and was made brigadier general of three-months' volunteers on the 2(lth of Soplcmher, ISIS. 
 
 t Isaac Roberta. lie was commUcioned brigadier general of three-months' Tennessee Volanteers pn the 4tb of Oc- 
 tober, 1813. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 ^68 
 
 esiegere at Talladega. 
 
 ladcga, in Lash- 
 ers were a thou- 
 at no man could 
 and must soon 
 at the hands of 
 iople witli demo- 
 18 escape l)y cov- 
 bile imitating its 
 wly through the 
 arrows. Then he 
 I he fled to Jack- 
 
 people at Talla- 
 3 with the van of 
 lis whole force, ex- 
 
 make immediate 
 White, informing 
 its inmates during 
 
 1 fording the Coosa 
 and eight hundred 
 e behind him. All 
 need a very weary- 
 vithin six miles of 
 lose, for active work 
 
 t for the reports of 
 3 received a note hy 
 Cocke had recalled 
 ■son was perplexed. 
 I to rescue the latter, 
 ere put in motion in 
 ;y had made a wide 
 , and eighty strong, 
 icts flowing out from 
 
 , in a circle of armed 
 lid the volunteers on 
 t ordered to advance 
 Infantry lines, so that 
 Ihe troops at Bunrise, 
 Iced guard, composed 
 Ito commence the at- 
 with horrid yells and 
 , from whose brigade 
 
 LrmencinBwHhtT^ereBene. 
 
 ^N^»»et°Natche.aBd 
 'voCteer»pntbe4thofOc. 
 
 femporary Panic among the Mllltla. 
 
 Battle at Talladega. 
 
 Dealructlun of the Indiana. 
 
 Carroll had been detached, and who, pursuant to or- 
 ders, had fallen back, so as to bring tiie enemy ui)0ii 
 the niiiin body. Their horrid noise and devilish uj) 
 pearai 'C so terrified the militia that some of them 
 (Tiive way. Seeing this, Jackson ordered Colonel 
 Bradley to fill the chasm with liis regiment, wliich 
 was lagging behind the line. Bradley failed to 
 obey, and Lieutenant Colonel Dyer, in command 
 of reserves composed of the companies of Captains 
 Smith, Morton, Axune, Edwards, and Hammond, 
 was ordered to that duty with his men. Tiiese 
 were immediately dismounted, and met the yelling 
 savages so resolutely that the fugitive militia took 
 courage, resumed their station, and foug.t gallant- 
 ly. Tlie battle now became general, and had lasted 
 about fifteen minutes, when the Indians, who had 
 fought well, suddenly broke, and fled in all direc- 
 tions toward the surrounding mountains. 
 
 But for tlie giving way of the militia, and the 
 forming of a gap in the circle by the tardiness of 
 Bradley, and a too wide circuit made by Allcorn 
 and his cavalry, it is believed that not a warrior 
 would have escaped. They were hotly pursued, 
 and the woods for miles became a resting-place for 
 tlic bodies of dead savages. Two hundred and nine- 
 ty of the slain were counted. Many were, doubtless, 
 not seen. The number of the wounded could not be 
 iiacertained, but they wei-e numerous. The loss of the Americans amounted to fifteen 
 killed and eighty-five wounded. Four were badly hurt, and only two of the latter 
 died from the eftect of injuries received. Among the wounded were Colonels Wil- 
 liam Pillow and James Lauderdale, Major Richard Boyd, and Lieutenant Samuel Bar- 
 ton, the last mortally.^ These and other wounded men were placed on litters, and 
 when the dead were all buried the victorious little army marched with the maimed 
 to Fort Strother, followed by li'e grateful rescued Creeks.^ Among the few trophies 
 of victory borne back to the Csjosa was a coarse bsnner on which were the Spanish 
 arms. This evidence of the complicity of the Spaniards with the liostile Creeks was 
 sent hy Jackson to the Irdies of East Tennessee, who, as we have observed, presented 
 a stand of colors to the Tennessee Volunteers.' 
 
 When Jackson and his troops reached Fort Strother, wearied and half famished, 
 they found the place almost destitute of provisions. None had been brought in during 
 the absence of the little army, and now starvation threatened all. Almost mutinous 
 
 I General Jackson's Dispatch to Governor Blonnt, November 11, 1813. Report of Adjutant General Sitler, Novem- 
 ber 15. 
 
 ' These conBlsted of one hundred and sixty friendly Creek warriors, with their wives and children. The crushing 
 blow was to have fallen upon them on that very day. They were almost ready to die of thirst. Their gratitude and Joy 
 were commensurate with the distress from which they had been relieved. 
 
 ' See pace T44. The following note <prluted In Parton's Life of Jackson, I., 448) Rccompanied the colors, and containe 
 a history of the aflfair : 
 
 " General Andrew Jackson, with compliments to Governor Blonnt, requests hin to Inform the ladies of East Ten- 
 ncBsec, who presented the colors to the Tennessee Volnnteers, that Captain D^-nderich, who, with Captain Bledsoe's and 
 faptain Caperton's companies, under the direction of Major Carro'l, were sent to bring on the attack, and lend the en- 
 Pitiy.ljy a regular retreat, on the strongest point of my Infantry, went Into action with their colors tied round him, and 
 th,it they were well supported. And, in return , I send y on n stand of colors (although not of such elegant Btnflf or mag- 
 nilicent needle-work) taken by one of the volunteers, which I beg you to present to them as the only mark of gratltnde 
 rte volnnteers have It In their power to make. With his own hand he slayed the bearer. They will be handed by Mr. 
 Flctrher, who I send for that purpose." A letter dated Nashville, November IT, 1813, said, " Mr. Thomas II. Fletcher, 
 nflhis town, has Just arrived f^om General Jncksou's army. lie was the bearer of a stand uf colors taken ft'om the en- 
 emy, and bearing the Spanish cross." 
 
i: f 
 
 766 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 f! 
 
 
 HftljJ 
 
 II 
 
 iiiii 
 
 A divided Command. Tbo IndiuDa, diaplrlted, sue tor Fence. Separate Actluu ofOoDeral Cocke and hia CummaDd. 
 
 murmurs wore hoard amoncf the Hufleriuij Boklit'rs, but tlioir pciioriirH words and ex- 
 ample kept them witliiii the homuls of obedience. He was ever eheerful, and sliand 
 with his sohlierw in all their privations, eatiiip, like them, tiie aeoriiH found in tlic for- 
 est, to sustain life. It was o. very critical period in the campaign, but it was passed 
 in safety and honor to all concerned. 
 
 The severe cha-stisement administered upon the Creeks at Tallasehalchc and Tal- 
 ladega had an immediate and jxjwerful etlect upon th(i spirit and temper of the sav- 
 ages, and promised a speedy termination of the war. That desired end was post- 
 ])oned by an unfortunate circumstance growing out of the ever-dangerous fact of a 
 divided conmiand in the campaign. Tliero was an existing jealousy between the 
 East and West Tennessee troops; and, notwithstanding Jackson was the senior offi- 
 cer, and properly commander-in-chief of the campaign against tlie Creeps, Goiicra! 
 Cocke maintained, up to the time in question, a separate and indcpender.t coniinand, 
 and attempted to operate against the hostile Indians at first even witli out consulta- 
 tion with General Jackson. This produced trouble, as we shall observe presently. 
 
 Many of the warriors who fought at Talladega were from the Ilillabee towns on 
 the Tallapoosa River, in the present Clicrokee County, Alabama. Those who escaped 
 to the mountains on that dreadful morning were so thoroughly convinced of the futil- 
 ity and danger of making farther resistance to the Tennesseeans, that they rcstdveil 
 to sue for peace and reconciliation. For this purpose they sent Itobert Grayson, an 
 aged Scotcliman and old resident among them, to make peaceful propositions to Gen- 
 eral Jackson at Fort Strother. Jackson cordially responded to the proposition, hut 
 at the same time told the messenger, in tirni language, that he had come to chastise 
 those wlio had committed gross wrongs toward the white jjcoplc and friendly Indians 
 in the Creek country, and that he must have full evidence of the sincerity of peaee 
 professions before he would consent to stay his hand, " The prisoners and property 
 which they have taken from us and the friendly Creeks," he said, " must be retiuned; 
 the instigators of the war and the murderers of our citizens must be snrrendi red ; 
 the latter must and will be made to feel the force of our resentment. Long shall tliey 
 remember Fort Minis in bitterness and tears. Upon those who are disposed to re- 
 main friendly I neither wish nor intend to make war." 
 
 Grayson hastened back with the conciliatory message. It was never delivered, for 
 destruction had fallen upon the Ilillabee people while the messenger was away nn 
 liis errand. That destruction came from the East Tennesseeans under Generals C'oeko 
 and White, who liad come dv.wn in a separate column, and encamped on the bank of 
 the Coosa, seventy miles above Fort Strother, late in October. There Cocko, with 
 the main body, awaited supplies and built a fort, which he named Armstrong, in hon- 
 or of the then Secretary of War. It was in the present Cherokee County, Alabama, 
 not far westward of the Georgia line. But the supplies came not. The continued 
 low water in the Tennessee would not allow the contractor to fulfill his promises. 
 Famine stared the little army in the face. Cocke was sorely perplexed. He knew 
 that Jackson, who depended upon the same source of sunplies, must be as much em- 
 barrassed as himself by lack of food. What shall be done ? was a very serious ques- 
 tion that needed an immediate answer. Jackson had called for a junction of the 
 armies. Shall we go forward and increase the dangers of famine by having a com- 
 bined array of five thousand men in the wilderness ? was another pertinent and im- 
 portant question. A council of officers was held. The question, Shall we follow 
 Jackson ? was decided in the negative by unanimous vote. Shall avo cross the Coosa 
 and proceed to the Creek settlements on the Tallapoosa ? was a second question, and 
 it was unanimously decided in the aflinnative. General White wa^ then within a 
 day's march of Jackson's camp, and Cocke sent an order for him to return immediate- 
 ly to Fort Armstrong. " It is the unanimous wish of the officers and men also," he 
 said. " If we follow General Jackson's army," he continued, " we must suffer for 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 »«t 
 
 ocka wd hli Uomnuuid. 
 
 [Vv. wovda and cx- 
 certvil, :uul sliarid 
 H tbuiul in thi' for- 
 but it was iiassi'd 
 
 isehatdic iviul Tal- 
 tcmiHT of the sav- 
 irc'd I'Utl was post- 
 liuiij;ero\ia fact of a 
 iloHsy betwt'i'ii tlio 
 was the w\\\ov dfli- 
 ihc Creeps', Geuiral 
 cpemler.t cominiiiKi. 
 ■a witii'JUt conswltii- 
 obsovvc presently. 
 Ilillabee towns on 
 
 Tliosc who escaped 
 oiivinccdof thefutil- 
 m, that they rosohoa 
 t Robert Grayson, an 
 
 propositions to (icn- 
 ) the proposition, hut 
 had come to chastise 
 c and friendly buliaiis 
 the sincerity of peace 
 irisonera and pvoiiorty 
 Id, "must be returned; 
 iiuist be piirrenilereil; 
 lent. Lonii shall they 
 
 lo are disposed to re- 
 
 as never delivered, for 
 ■ssenger was away on 
 under Generals Coekc 
 amped on the hank of 
 •. There Cocke, with 
 .ed Armstrong, in lion- 
 kee County, Alahania, 
 ! not. The continuea 
 to fulfill his promises 
 perplexed. He knew 
 must be as much cm- 
 iS a very serious qucs- 
 for a junction of the 
 Ane by having a com- 
 Jier pertinent and im- 
 Ltion, Shall we follow 
 kail we cross the Coosa 
 a second question, and 
 lite wa'. then within a 
 a to return immediate- 
 •crs and men also, k 
 « we must suffer tor 
 
 (jwcrol Corko fallM iipoii ii IIIHiihcc Town. 
 
 MniRacro of !t« Peuplo. 
 
 EximiieriUlaa OftlM 
 
 supplies ; nor can we ex|)ect to gain a victory. Let us, then, take a direction in which 
 ffc can share some of the dangers and glories of the field." Tliis message, and the 
 note from (4encral Jackson, already mentioned, urging him to hasten to the ])rotec- 
 tioii of Fort Strother, reached While at tiie same time. lie considered his obedience 
 due first to his immediate sui)erior. General Cocke, and he marched his lialf-starved 
 bri"ade back to Fort Armstrong. 
 
 General Cocke, too remote from General Jackson to act in concert with him, was, 
 consequently and unfortunately, ignorant of the peaceful mood of the Ilillabee ])eo- 
 ple. lie had been informed that one of the most eiu-rgetic of the C'reek leaders (Hill 
 Scott, who commanded the Indians at Talladega), was among tiiem, tilled with the 
 hellish jmrpose of massacring every white person and friendly Creek in all that re- 
 c;ion. lie accordingly dispatche<l General White, with scmie mounted nuM\ and a 
 hand of (^herokee allies, to attack the Ilillabee town. White took only three days' 
 rations with him, and marched with jreat rapidity toward the ])rineipal village of 
 tlic Ilillabee, n the ' order between the present Talladega and I{andol|)li (-ounties, 
 Alabama, full a hiKHirel miles from Fort Armstrong. He spread desolation in h' ) 
 iiatli. Ockfuske and Genalga, two deserted towns, one of thirty and the other of 
 ninety houses, were laid in ashes, and at dawn on the morning of the 18th of Novem- 
 lier — the very day when (iniyson hf't Jackson's camp — White appeared before the 
 chief village. The inhabitants were unsuspicious of danger, and nmde no resistance; 
 and yet White, for the purpose of inspiring terror in the minds of the Creek nation, 
 tell furiously ui)on the non-resistants, and murdered no less than sixty warriors before 
 his baud was stayed. Then, with two hundred and fifty willows and orphans as ])ris- 
 oners in his train, he returned to Fort Armstrong, without a drop of a Tennesseean's 
 blood being shed. 
 
 The inhabitants of the other Ilillabee towns, ignorant of any other commander than 
 (icncral Jackson, regarded this massacre as the nuist foul perfidy on his j>art, and 
 were intensely exasperated. They felt that their humble ])etition for peace had been 
 cruelly responded to only by the sword and bullet, and thcncelbrth they carried on 
 iiostilities with the most malignant feelings aiul fearful energy. 
 
 Jackson's anger against General Cocke was eipially hot. In the absence of correct 
 iufonnation, he regarded him as a rival, willfully withholding sujjplies, and seeking 
 glory on his own account. This was unjust, and the irate commander was convinced 
 of the fact in the course of two or three weeks, when, in a friendly letter, he invited 
 the East Tennesseean to join him with his army at Fort Strother on the I'ith of De- 
 eomher. Cocke cheerfully complied, and was there on the appointed day, having in 
 the mean time scoured the Cherokee country for provisions, and caused a considera- 
 ble quantity of supi)lies to be haided froni the Tennessee to the Coosa for the use of 
 the combined army. He found that of Jackson greatly demoralized. Disajjpointed, 
 starving, inactive, the troops at Fort Strother wore dreadfully himiesick, and filled 
 with a mutinous spirit. This the courage and tact of the commander controlled, but 
 with great difticulty. The militia, on one occasion, prepared to go back to the set- 
 tlements. They started in a body, when the yet faithful volunteers, with Jackson at 
 their head, stood in their path. Then the volunteers attempted to leave the camp 
 and go home — the very men to whose fortunes their leader had so tenaci'^",Rly ad- 
 hered at Natchez the year before — when the militia, with Jackson at their head, stood 
 in the path of the new nuitineers. At length almost the entire army of West Ten- 
 nessee, despairing of relief, determined to abandon the expedition and go home. 
 Some of the militia actually started, and the volunteers were about to follow. The 
 general had no suflicient force to restrain them, and he was compelled to rely upon 
 himself alone. He mounted his horse, seized a musket with his right hand, while the 
 disabled arm was yet in a sling, and, placing himself in front of the malcontents, with 
 the weapon resting upon his horse's neck, he declared that he would shoot the first 
 
 1 1 .J.; 
 
(If, 
 
 M 
 
 h I, 
 
 
 
 ■ ' ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 :? 
 
 9t ■J 
 
 ...^ . 
 
 fi'- '* 
 
 1 ■'' 
 
 
 \ - 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 K i. : i 
 
 
 768 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Mutlnaen checked. 
 
 The Creek CoDUtry Invaded from (lonrKla. 
 
 Battle or Authat. 
 
 man who should take a stt'|) in advance. Aniazt'd at his boldness, tlioy pazod nt liju, 
 in sih'iiot'. Kortuiiatciy, at that inoniont, ('otl'eo and two coinpanios offaithriil iiuiiiiit 
 cd men came uj), and the mutineers, afler consultation, agreed to return to duty. Vet 
 discontent was not allayed, and Jackson finally allowed all volunteers ho disposed to 
 return to their homes, and he orttanized a force out of other materials. Could he 
 liave had sutHcient supplies atler the battle at Talladega, and been met by innncdiutc 
 concert of action by the East Tennessee troops, he miufht have ende<l tlu? war within 
 a fortnight. It was protracted for months ; and for ten long and weary wooks he 
 was comp(dled to lie in idleness at Fort Strother, suffering the ve.vations which givw 
 out of positive demonstrations of discontent. 
 
 In the mean time the Creek country was invaded from anotlier cpiarter. The prv 
 for help had filled the ears of the Georgians, and late in November, Hrigadier Ocncnii 
 John Floyd, at the lieadof nine hundred and fifty militia of that state, and four jiniid- 
 red friendly Indians, guided by Mordecai, a Jew trader, entered th. region of the 
 hostiles from the cast. He crossed the Chattalioochee into the ])resent Itussell Coun- 
 ty, Alabama, on tlie '24tli of November," and ])ushcd westward toward the Tal- 
 lapoosa, where lie was informed a large number of hostile Indians had ccilict- 
 cd in the village of Auttose, on the " holy ground," on Avhicih the proj)hets had tiiiiirlit 
 the Indians to believe no white man could set foot and li'c. This town was on tlio 
 left bank of the Tallapoosa, about twenty miles above its conffucnce with the Coosa, 
 at the mouth of the Calebec Creek. Floyd encamped within a i'cw miles of it on the 
 evening of the 28th, and at an hour past midnight inarched to the attack. At (hwn 
 ho was before the town with his troops arranged for battle in three columns. The 
 right was composed of Colonel Booth's battalion ; the left of Colonel Watson's ; and 
 the centre of the rifle companies of Captains Adams and Merri weather, the liitttr 
 commanded by Lieutenant Ilendon. The artillery, under Captain Thonnvs, was post 
 ed in front of the right column. The friendly Indians were led by William M'In- 
 tosh,' a half-blood, and a cl.ief called The Mad Dog's Son, 
 
 Floyd intended to surround the town, but the morning light revealed the fact that 
 there were two villages in front of the invading column, aiid that it was necessary 
 to change at once the disjiosition of the forces. This was skillfully done. One town 
 was below the other, a hundred rods apart. To the lower one three companies ot'in- 
 fantry, Merriweather's rifles, and two troops of dragoons, under Irwin and Stt'do, 
 were sent, while the remainder of the troops marched upon the upper town. Iinnic- 
 diately after the attack commenced the battle becatne general. The Indians ap- 
 j)eared at all points, and fought gallantly for a while, when the booming of heavy ai 
 tillery, and a furious bayonet charge, so terrified them that they fell back and Nought 
 shelter in the out-houses, thickets, and copses in the rear of the towns. Overpowering 
 numbers pushed them hard, and they at length fled to cane-covered caves cut in the 
 blulls of the river. Their dwellings, auout four hundred in number, some of them 
 commodious and containing valuable articles, were fired and destroyed, and the poor 
 smitten and dismayed savages were hunted and butchered with a fiendish barbarity 
 which ought to have made the cheeks of the actors burn with the blushes of shame. 
 It was estimated that full two hundred Indians were murdered. Floyd lost eleven 
 killed and fifty-four wounded.^ The loss of the friendly Indians, who held back at 
 the beginning, but fought bravely toward the last, is not mentioned in the official re- 
 ports. 
 
 ' William M'liitosh wns the chief of the Coweta tribe of the Creek nation. He was the son of a Scotchman by a Creek 
 woman. He was conspicuoug iu the memorable battle at Horse-shoe Bend in March, 1814. In 1828 he lost caxt with 
 bis people because of his having evidently been bribed to make a certain treaty for the glviuj; np of Creek terri- 
 tory. He and an adherent were afterward shot as they attempted to escape from M'Intosh's dwellins, which some es- 
 asperated Indians had tired. His residence was on the Chattahoochee. See Drake's Book of the IiuliaiM, elevcntli edi- 
 tion, page 391. 
 
 ' General Floyd's dispatch to Major General PInckney, the commander-in-chief of the Southern Department, Decem- 
 l>er 4, 1818 ; Pickett's UUtory of Alabama, 11., BOO. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 13. 
 
 1M 
 
 Battle or AutloM. 
 
 Clslbonie ordered into tho Creek Country. 
 
 Expedition under Cuplnln Rale, 
 
 Scene on the Altbama. 
 
 thcv Rttwd at him 
 I ot iiiithfiil luoiini 
 turn to (hity. Yi-t 
 iH'i'H R<> iliwi'O!*'''! to 
 iterialK. (.\>iilil lie 
 iiu't by iinmciliiiic 
 led tht! war witliin 
 ul woury wpi'ks be 
 cations which },'ii\v 
 
 r quarter. Tlic cry 
 r, Hrigadier (Icncral 
 ^tat(>,an<ll«»ii'limul- 
 (1 th. rcijion of tlic 
 resent llussell I'niin- 
 vnvi\ toward tho Tal- 
 
 Indiana had cc'.lcct- 
 prophets had ttiuiilit 
 'his town was on the 
 encc with the Coosa. 
 few miles of it on tlio 
 he attack. At dnwii 
 
 three eoltmins. Tlic 
 Dh.iiel Watson's; and 
 ■rriweather, the liittw 
 ain Tliomas, was post- 
 led by William M'hi- 
 
 revealed the fact that 
 that it was necessary 
 uUy «lo"e. One town 
 three companies ofiii- 
 lor Irwin and Steele, 
 upper town, luime- 
 •al. The Indians ap- 
 booming of heavy ar- 
 fell back and sought 
 owns. Overpowering 
 cred caves cut in the 
 umber, some of them 
 .stroyed, and the poor 
 h a fiendish barbanly 
 the blushes of shame, 
 d Floyd lost eleven 
 vns, who held back at 
 loned in the official re- 
 
 Isu In 1S28 he lost cwuvul" 
 I the clvlni? np of Creek tern- 
 iKwelUn,, which some «■ 
 
 [southern Department, Decern- 
 
 In tho space of sovcn <l.ayfl Floyd had marched one liundred and twenty miles ninl 
 committed tho massacre. He was now Hi.\ty miles from a dejxwit of |)rovisioim, luul 
 his rations were nearly exluiusted; so, after buryiim liis dead and preparin;^ litters for 
 his wounded, lu' liastened back to Fort Miteliell, on tlie Cliattahooilioe. On his de- 
 imrture, and when a mile eastward of the ruined towns, his rear was attacked by 
 some desperate survivors of Anttose, who were dispersed after receiving a i'ew volleys. 
 
 While these events were transpiring in the uj)per country of the Creeks, stirring 
 scenes were witnessed in tho present Clarke County, in the forks of the Toinbigbee 
 and Alabama, and vicinity. The Indians, under the direct intluenee of WeatlierslinJ 
 ami the British and Spanish officers, were very active and sanguinary in that region, 
 ami General Flournoy, who had kept General Claibonie on the defensive, was at last 
 aroused to a sense of the necessity of offensive measures. Accordingly, on the 12th 
 of October, ho ordered that otHcer to advance with his army into the heart of the 
 Creek country for the purpose of defending tho citizens while gathering their crops 
 vet in the field ; " to drive the enemy from the frontiers; to follow them up to their 
 contiguous towns, and to kill, burn, and destroy all their negroes, horses, cattle, and 
 other property that could not conveniently be brought to tho depots." This san- 
 triiinary order was justified by the Georgia general, by tho conduct of Great Britain, 
 ami the acts of her Indian allies. 
 
 Claiborno instantly obeyed. He crossed the Tombigbec from St. Stephen's, and 
 pcourcd the country on its eastern side in all directions with his detachments, meeting 
 and dispersing bands of Indians here and there, but without bringinji; them to battle 
 any where. In the mean time Captain Sam Dale, who had recovered from his wounds, 
 was ])repariiig for active operations. He had held Fort Madison ; and, on the return 
 of Colonel Carson to that post early in November, he had obtained his leave to go 
 ont and drive the small bands of marauding savages from tho frontier. He was 
 joined by a detachment of thirty of Captain Jones's Mississippi Volunteers, .iiider 
 Lieutenant Montgomery, and forty Clarke County militia, having for his lieutenant 
 (icrrard W. Creagh, Avho was attached to his company in tho battle of Burnt Corn 
 Creek. They marched southeasterly to a ferry, where Cn3sar, a irec !"'gro of the ])ar- 
 tv, had two canoes concealed. In these the party crossed the river, and on a frosty 
 night, with very thin clothing, they lodged in a cane-brake. At dawn* 
 tliey marched up the river, the boats in charge of five picked men each, 
 and keeping abreast of the party on shore. Some Indians were soon encountered on 
 land and water, and, aflcr a brisk skirmish, the dusky foe fled up the stream out of 
 sight. Dale's party were then separated, some following the trail on the east side 
 of the river, and others following that on the west side. At half past ten they reached 
 Rando.i's Landing,' where they found evidences of Indians near. Directly a large 
 canoe, made from the trunk of an immense cypress-tree, came floating down the 
 stream, bearing eleven naked and hideously-painted savages. They were about to 
 land at a cane-brake, when Dale, calling his men to follow, dashed for the spot to con- 
 test their landing. They shot two of the Indians, and tho others backed tho great 
 eanoe out into deep water, three of the Indians swimming on the side not exposed to 
 the bullets, and the remainder lying flat on its bottom. 
 
 A stirring scene now ensued. One of the warriors in the water called out to 
 Wcathcrsford, who was in the neighborhood, for help. Dale stopped his voice by 
 putting a bullet in his brain, when the great canoe, deprived of the guidance of the 
 three Indians in the stream, who had been killed, floated sluggishly down with the 
 current. Dale ordered six men on the eastern bank to fetch the boats for the piir- 
 
 ' On the hlnff above this landinj; Fort Claiborne was afterward bnllt, on or near the site of tho village of Claiborne, Id 
 Monroe Connty, Alabama. The picture on pntre 770, Randon's (now Claiborne) Landing, is ft-om n sketch by tho Av thor, 
 made from the deck of a steamer in April, IRflfl. The covered way is for cotton-bales and other thlni^g to slide down 
 from the snmmlt of the bluff, two hundred feet, to the margin of the river, whence merchandise and agricultural prod'icta 
 |> are taken on board of steamers. Uere was the scene of the canoe fight recorded in the text. 
 
 3C 
 
 * November 18, 
 1S13. 
 
 ft : 
 
 1! 
 
^^ 
 
 
 J?. i 
 
 1 
 
 1 : 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 fiffil 
 
 770 
 
 riCTOIilAL JTlIuLU-BOOK 
 
 A terrible laeamitor In C«noM, 
 
 Dalt'i luu>(l-to-h*D(t right. 
 
 H« wins tb« Victor;. 
 
 po«> ofnttiickin^ Uit« Iii<lian« 
 ill thoir huf^»? criill. An iluy 
 iipproaclu'd and looked iutii 
 it, oiu! of tliotn Hcriuiiud 
 " Livo IiidiiuiH, by (ioill 
 Hiick wntt'i", boyH ! buck wa- 
 ter !" niid they went Ixick 
 to the place of enibarkiitinii 
 fiiHter than they came. Dale 
 WUH exiiHperated by tliiir 
 eowardiee, and quickly or- 
 dered Cicsar to brinjr a ca- 
 noe. He jumped into it, fol- 
 lowed by Jeremiah Austill 
 and James Smith. It would 
 hold no more Bafely. Cicsar 
 paddled it within forty yaids 
 of the craft of the Havages, 
 when Dale and his compan- 
 ions rose to [)our a volley 
 into the great canoe. Kacli 
 gun missed fire. Water had 
 spoiled the priming. A mo- 
 ment afterward and the twu 
 vessels were side by side, 
 when the stalwart Dale, or- 
 dering Cajpar to hold tlioiii 
 together, clubbed his mus- 
 ket, and, placing one foot in 
 his own canoe and the other 
 in that of the enemy, com- 
 menced a furious contest. Austill and Smith joined in the fray with clubbed mus- 
 kets, but Caesar could not liold the boats together, the current was so strong. They 
 parted, leaving Da' i alone in the canoe of the savages, one of whom lay wounded in 
 the stern, and four others, strong and fierce, confronted him as he stood defiantly hi 
 the middle of the great canoe.' Two warriors lay dead at his feet. 
 
 At the instant when Dale planted himself in the middle of the great canoe, the sav- 
 age neurest to him directed a terrible blow at his head, which the soldier parried skill- 
 fully with the barrel of his gun, and, as quick as lightning, slew his assailant with his 
 bayonet. The next one instantly sprang forward, Avhen a bullet from Austin's rifle, 
 sent from the boat that was drifting a few yards off, pierced his heart, and he fell in 
 the bottom of the canoe. The third then made for Dale with his tomahawk, when he 
 too fell, pierced by the brave captain's bayonet. The last warrior was Tar-cha-chee, 
 a noted wrestler of powerful frame. He and Dale were old acquaintances. As the 
 savage's keen glance met that of Dale, he shook himself, gave the horrid war-Avhoo]i, 
 and then cried out, " Big Sam, I am a man — I am coming — come on !" He then bounu- 
 ed over his dead companions with a terrific yell, and directed a furious blow at the 
 head of Dale with his clubbed rifle. Dale dodged it, but it fell upon and dislocated 
 his shoulder. At the same moment Dale darted his bayonet into the body of the In- 
 dian, who exclaimed, as he tried to escape, "Tar-cha-chee is a man ! He is not afraid 
 to die !" Dale then turned to the wounded warrior, who had been snapping his piece 
 
 ' It was duR out of a hnifo cypresB-tree. It was between thirty and forty feet long, four feet deep, and three fetl 
 abeam. It bad been need for the special purpose of transporting com. 
 
 BANUOM 8 OB OLAIBUUME LANUINU. 
 
OF TIIK WAB OF 1812. 
 
 771 
 
 HawtutttTlMoij. 
 
 ,ackutg the Indians 
 igc cratl. Ah tluy 
 ><( aiul looked into 
 f tlu'in Hcriiiimd, 
 uliaiiH, l>y (iodi 
 or, boyH ! hi»'k wa- 
 il ihcy went Imck 
 aco of cinbiirkiUiiiu 
 111 tliey ennu>. Dale 
 .spcnvted by tliiir 
 10, and quickly or- 
 CBftr to 1»rin^' a ca- 
 ) jumped into it,f(il- 
 y Jeremiuh Austill 
 icH Smith. It would 
 more safely. Ca>Kar 
 it within forty yards 
 raft of the savages, 
 alo and his conii)aii- 
 se to pour a volley 
 > great canoe. Kacli 
 ssed fire. Water had 
 the priming. A mo- 
 [Icrward and the twn 
 were side by side, 
 ho stalwart Dale, or- 
 Cffipar to hold them 
 jr, clubbed his ihuk- 
 ;1, placing one foot in 
 (1 canoe and the other 
 , of the enemy, cora- 
 ly with clubbed nuis- 
 vas so strong. They 
 hom lay wounded in 
 he stood defiantly in 
 
 feet. 
 great canoe, the sav- 
 i soldier parried skill- 
 his assailant with bis 
 ■t from Austin's rifle, 
 heart, and he fell in 
 tomahawk, when he 
 [ior was Tar-cha-cliee, 
 ^uaintances. As the 
 ,e horrid war-whoop, 
 in !" He then bounu- 
 , furious blow at the 
 upon and dislocated 
 ;o the body of the In- 
 an ! He is not afrai.l 
 |en snapping his piece 
 tour feet deep, and three f«i 
 
 nnMurthe "CauM Sight." 
 
 CuMlnictloii iif Kurt Cliiniciriii' itt Kniidon'i LiMidln(, 
 
 Anitlll and Dale, 
 
 m 
 
 at him during the whole conflict, a'ld was now <lefiantly exclaiming " I am a warrior ! 
 I am not afraid to die !" and pinned him to the canoe wkh his baytmut. " He fol- 
 lowetl his ten comrades to the land of spirits," said the rugged Indian fighter after- 
 ward. ' 
 
 Tlu'.H resulted, after a struggle of about ten miiuites, one of the most remarkable of 
 naval and jiersonal combats on record. Just as it ended. Dale's men came running 
 to tiie bank, and shouted " VVcatliersford is coming!" He immediately crossed with 
 his whole party, ami made his way with them safely to Fort Madison. The fame of 
 this e.\ph»it nmde Dale a hero of history, and the "canoe fight" is yet a theme for ro- 
 mance and song among the common ])eo[)le in tiic Southwest.* 
 
 At about tliis time Claiborne pushed across Clarke County to the Alabama for the 
 purpose of establishing a deposit for supplies at Handon's Laiuling,' awaiting there the 
 arrival of (leorgia and Temu'sseo troops, and to act as mucli as possible on the de- 
 fensive, as circumstaiu'cs might require. He marched with three hundred volunteers, 
 some dragoons and militia, and a band of Choctaw Indians under (ieneral Pushama- 
 taha and Cliief MuHhullatubba. Ho crossed the Alabama on the 17th of November 
 and encamped, and thero he was joined on the 28th by the Third Uegiment of national 
 troops, under Colonel Gilbert C. Ilussell, from Mount Vernon. Tiiere Claiborne con- 
 structed a strong stockade two hundred feet square, with three blockhouses and a 
 lialf-nioon battery that commanded the rear. It was intended as a dejjosit of provis- 
 ions for the Tennessee troops above. It was completed before the close of Novem- 
 ber, when it received the name of Fort Claiborne, in honor of the commander. On 
 its site, as we have observed, stands Claiborne, the capital of Monroe County, Alaba- 
 ma. From that point early in December Claiborne apprised General Jackson and 
 (iovcrnor Blount of the establishment of this depot, and also of the arrival of more 
 English vessels in Pensacola Bay, with many soldiers and Indian supplies. He said 
 lie " wished to God that he was authorized to take that sink of iniipiity [Pensacola], 
 the depot of Tories and instigators of disturbances on the Southern frontier."* 
 
 Claiborne now determined to penetrate the Creek country toward its heart, and 
 share with Jackson and Coffee the honors of bringing the savages into subjection."^ 
 
 I Pickett's Bittory qf Alnlnma, II., 300. Claiborne's Li/e and Timet of Omeral .lam Dale, page 121. When Claiborne 
 wroir in 18G0, Jeremiah AuKtill, one of Dale's companions, was a highly-esteemed commissinn merchant In Mobile, und 
 be was still living when the v^riter of these pages visited that city in the spring of 18(!0. He had been a state senator 
 of that district. All of the circumstances of the canoe llKht here given were vfcrlfled before the Alabama Legislature In 
 I8!!l. Austin Is a native of Pendleton District, South Carolina, where he was t:orn im the Kith oi August, 1TD4, and was 
 only nloetean years of age at the time of the canoe flght. llo la a son of Captain Evans Austill, already mentioned as 
 one who remained with Dale In Port Madison. lie afterward bceainc colonel of the militia, and is represented as a 
 powerful man physically. James Smith, his compa.lon In the canoe with Caesar, was a native of Georgia, and was then 
 twcuty-flve years of age. lie was a daring fToni.'er man, aud died In East Mississippi several years ago. lie and Aus- 
 till tried hard to bring their canoe into the fight In aid of Dale, but the current prevented. "Their guns had become 
 melc89, and their only paddle had been broken," said Dale. " Two braver fellows," he continued, " never lived. AOs- 
 llll's first shot saved my life." 
 
 ' Samuel Dale was a remarkable man. He was of Irish eitractlon, and was bom in Rockbridge County, Virginia, In 
 1772. His father removed with his family to Glade Hollow, on the Clinch River, In 17TB, and In 1T84 emigrated to the 
 vicinity of Qreensburg, Georgia. Not long afterward Dale and his wife died, leaving eight children, Shmuel being the 
 eldest. He took part In movements for keepipg In check the hostilities of the Creek Indians in the time of Washing- 
 ton's ndminlstration. He became a famous i)orderer and Indian fighter, and afterward a trader among the Creeks and 
 Cherokces. He was also a gnlde to parties emigrating to the Mississippi Territory ftom Georgia. During the war 
 with the Creeks now under consideration, he was very active and efflclent. He received the commission of brevet brig- 
 adier peneral. After the war ho settled at Dale's Ferry, on the Alabama, and engaged in merchandising. In 1810 he 
 was u member of the Convention called to divide the Mississippi Territory, and the following year he was a delegate to 
 the first General Assembly of the Territory of Alabama- the eastern portion of Hississlppi. He served sevcial terms 
 In the legislature of Alabama, and In 1824 he was on a committee of the body appointed to escort Lafayette to the cap- 
 ital of the state. He was engaged much In public life until his death, which occurred at his residenc c in Dalevllle, Lau- 
 derdale County, Mississippi, on the 24th of May, 1841, when he wac in the seventieth year of his age. 
 
 ' See note 1, page 769. This was named from Its owner, who perished in Fort Mlms. It was In the county whence 
 the hostile Indians procnred most of their supplies. * Pickett's A labama, IL, page 820. 
 
 ' This enterprise was deemed so hazardous that a memorial against It was signed by nine captains, eight lieutenants, 
 and Ave ensigns of the Mississippi Volunteers in behalf of themselves and their men. They urged the feeble condition 
 of the men, lack of provisions, clothing, blankets, and shoes, the Inclemency of the weather, and the want of trans- 
 portation through a country where there was not even a hunter's trail. Yet I'ley expressed their willingness to fol- 
 low the general if he should resolve to proceed. He did so resolve, and they checrthlly followed. "Not a murmnr 
 wu beard ; not a complaint was made," said General Claiborne afterward. " Babordinatlon to their officera marked 
 
 it 
 
. j 
 
 r72 
 
 PICTGRI/L FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Claiboruc travereef the Creek Country. 
 
 Battle of Ecoiiochaca. 
 
 Escape of Weathcrsford. 
 
 • 1313. 
 
 On the 1 2th of December lio left Fort Claibonie with a little army about one thou- 
 sand strong, and marched in a northeasterly direction toward the present Lowndes 
 County, Alabama. His force consisted of a detachment of Colonel Russell's regulars • 
 Major Cassell's battalion of horse ; a battalion of militia under Major Benjamin Smoot, 
 of which Patrick May was adjutant, and Dale and He :rd captains ; the twelve months' 
 Mississippi Volunteers under Colonel Carson ; and one hundred and fifty Choctaws un- 
 der General Pushamataha. After marching eighty miles he halted, and built a sta- 
 tion for provisions, which lie called Fort Deposit. P was in the present Butler Coun- 
 ty, Alabami. When this was completed, he pushed on nearly thirty miles farther 
 through a pKthless wilderness, with as little baggage and provisionri as possible, and 
 approached Tiiconochaca, or Holy Ground, which was situated upon a blutf on the left 
 bank of the Alabania, just below the present Powell'c Ferry, in Lowndes County. The 
 village had been built in an obscure place by Weathersford a few months before, and 
 dedicated by the Shawnoese prophets whom Tecumtha had left to inflame the Creeks 
 as a place of refuge for the wounded and dispersed in battle, fugitives from their 
 homes, and women and children. No path or trail led to it, and the prophets assured 
 their dupes that the ground on which Econochaca, like that of Auttose, stood, was so 
 holy th.it no wliite man could tread upon it and live. There these savage priests per- 
 formed horrid incantations, and in the square in the centre of the town the most dread- 
 ful cruelties had been already perpetrated. White prisoners, and Creeks friendly to 
 them, had been burned to death there by the directions of those ministers of the Evil 
 Spirit. 
 
 ClaiboiTie was before Econochaca in battle order on the morning of the 23d of De- 
 cember.* It was pretty strongly guarded in the Indian manner, and tlio in- 
 mates had no suspicion of danger. The prophets were busy with their incan- 
 tations, and at that very hour a number of friendly half-bloods of both sexes were m 
 the square, surrounded by resinous wood, ready to be consumed ! 
 
 The troops advanced in three '"olumns, with mounted men under Captains Lester 
 and Wells acting as reserves. The right column was commanded by Colonel Carson, 
 and f^onsisted of twelve-months' volunteers ; the centre was composed of a detach- 
 ment of the Third Regiment United States Infantry, and some mounted j-iflemeii un- 
 der Lieutenant Colonel Russell ; and the left of militia, and some Choctaws under 
 Major Smoot. Their duty was difficult, for the town was almost surrounded by 
 swamps and deep ravines, and the Indians, regardhig the place as holy, and having 
 property there of great value, were prepared to 2 ;ht desperately. They had, on the 
 approach of the invaders, conveyed tlieir women and children to safe places in the 
 thick forests of what is now known as the Duich Bend of Autauga County, and they 
 liad no hinderances to a vigorous defense. 
 
 The three columns closed upon the town by a simultaneous movement. Carson's 
 came in sight of it at noon, and was furiously attacked. It resisted the assault with 
 great spirit, and before those of Russell and Smoot could get fairly into the iight, the 
 dismay.'d Indians broke and fled. A larger portion of them escaped, owing to the 
 failure of Major Cassell to occupy the bank of the Alabama, westward of the town, 
 with his battalion of horse. They fled in droves along the bank of the river, and by 
 swimming and the use of caroes, escaped to the other side, and joined their families 
 in the Autauga forests. Weathersford, when he found himself deserted by his war- 
 riors, fled swiftly on a fine gray horse for the salvation of his own life. He was hotly 
 pursued to a perpendicular bluff flanked by ravines, whcr ais powerful steed made 
 a mighty bound from it, and horse and rider disappeared beneath the water. Tiiey 
 immediately rose, Weathersford grasping his horse's mane with one hand, and his 
 
 their every net, and no RnfTerinf; conld scdnce them from their duty. Their patience was equal to their cnnrnge." Most 
 of them were young men accustomed to the comforts and I",riirle8 of life. Among them were Gerard W. Brandon nnu 
 Abraham N. Scott, both afterward governors of the state.— Claiborne's Li/e of Dale, page 188. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 773 
 
 Escape of Weallicraturil. 
 
 y about one thou- 
 
 present Lowndes 
 Russell's regulars; 
 r Benjamin Smoot, 
 ;he twelve months' 
 fifty ChoctawB un- 
 !cl, and built a sta- 
 •esent Uutler Comi- 
 hirty miles farther 
 >nri as possible, and 
 1 a blutf on the loft 
 ^ndes County. The 
 months before, and 
 
 inflame the Creeks 
 ugitives from their 
 tie prophets asburod 
 ittose, stood, was so 
 [> savage priests per- 
 3wn the most dvead- 
 d Creeks friendly to 
 ministera of the Evil 
 
 ng of the 23d of De- 
 manner, and the in- 
 Lisy with their incan- 
 )f both sexes were in 
 J 
 
 ider Captains Lester 
 a by Colonel Carson, 
 mposed of a detaeh- 
 nounted riflemen un- 
 mc Choctaws under 
 |most surrounded by 
 
 as holy, and having 
 They had, on the 
 [to safe places in the 
 
 ga County, and they 
 
 Jipvement. Carson's 
 Tted the assault with 
 lly into the ught, the 
 leaped, owing to the 
 Istward of the town, 
 I of the river, and by 
 I joined their families 
 Idesertcd by his war- 
 n life. He was hotly 
 Uwerful steed made 
 th the water. They 
 fh one hai.d, and his 
 
 Unl to their conrnge." Most 
 kere Gerard W.Brandon aw. 
 
 Dettrnction of Econochaca. 
 
 Dlaaolutlon of the Armiee In the Creek Country. 
 
 Gathering )t new Voaiuteers. 
 
 rifle with the other. He regained his saddle in a moment, and the noble animal bore 
 him safely to the Autauga shore. ^ 
 
 General Claiborne laid Econochaca in ashes after it was plundered by the Choc- 
 taws. At least two hundred houses were destroyed and thirty Indians killed. The 
 loss of the assailants amounted to only one killed and six wounded. After spending 
 a day and two nights in the vicinity, completing the work of destruction ar d disper- 
 sion, and suffering much from Avet and cold, the little array turned southward, and 
 on the 29th'' reached Fort Clp.iborne. They had suffered much on the . December, 
 way, the officers and men alike subsisting chiefly on boiled acorns until ^*^^" 
 they reached Fort Deposit. 
 
 The term of Carson's Mississippi Voluniters and cavalry had now expired, and 
 they were mustered out of the service. By this process the little army of volunteers 
 and militia melted away, and on the 23d of January General Claiborne was com- 
 pelled, in writing to the Secretary of War from Mount Vernon, to say that he had 
 only sixty men left, ard their time would soon expire. Colonel Russell and his reg- 
 ulars garrisoned Fort Claiborne, and did what they could in furnishing supplies to 
 the Tennessee troops above ; at the same time they made some unimportant raids in 
 the Lidian country, but without accomplishiiig any great results. 
 
 Let us now observe the movements of Jackson in the region of the Coosa and Tal- 
 lapoosa Rivers. We lefl him at Fort Strother, comparatively inactive because of a 
 lack of supplies and the discontents of his troops. Nor was this all. The terms of 
 enlistment of most of his men were near expiration, and he saw before him, in the 
 temper of bis troops, the inevitable disintegration of his army at the moment when 
 their services were most needed. He was urged by his chief. General Pinckney, to 
 hold all the posts in his possession, for it was of vital importance to deprive the Brit- 
 ish of these new Indian allies, Tlie skies at that moment appeared lowering. Seven 
 sail of British vessels, with troops and two bomb-ships, were off Pensacola. New 
 Orleans was menaced, and Mobile was in imminent danger. St. Augustine would 
 doubtless be soon occupied by a British force, with the consent of the treacherous 
 Spaniards ; and in every direction clouds seemed gathering, portentous of dismal 
 events in the southwest. 
 
 Thus closed the year 1814, while Jackson, with his army substantially disbanded, 
 was looking anxiously toward Tennessee for another. He had written most stirring 
 appeals for men and food, and the patriotic Governor Blount was doing all in his 
 power to provide both. General Cocke had gone back to East Tennessee with or- 
 ders to raise fifleen hundred men and rejoin Jackson in the Creek country ; and a 
 band of Cherokee Indians were garrisoning Fort Armstrong, on the upper waters of 
 the Coosa. Jackson himself was continually in motion. Almost alone he traversed 
 the wilderness between the Coosa and Tennessee, backward and forward, in endeav- 
 ors to hasten onward supplies for the new army. At lengtli the advance of that 
 army began to appear. First came two (mostly mounted) regiments to Fort Strother, 
 comn)!i,nded by Colonels Perkins and Higgins, numbering about nine hundred men, 
 who had been enlisted for only sixty days. Thor were raw recruits, yet Jackson de- 
 termined to put them in motion toward the bRnded enemy immediately. That en- 
 emy, recovered somewhat from the late disasters, was showing an aggressive disposi- 
 tion which must be checked; and accordingly, on the 15th of January ,'' b isu. 
 Jackson led his new troops across the Coosa to the late battle-field at 
 Talladogt, where he was joined" by two hundred Cherokee and Creek In- ° "wnaryis. 
 dians, and Chief Jim Fife. He had brought with him an artillery company who had 
 remained at Fort Strother when the other troops left, and a six-pounder. His whole 
 force, exclusive of the Indians, was nine hundred and thirty. With these he made a 
 raid (" excursion" the general called it) toward the Tallapoosa, preceded by two cora- 
 
 1 Pickett's autory d/ AUOama, il., 8M. 
 
774 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 JacluoD on the War-path again. 
 
 Battle of Emncraa. 
 
 Bravery of the Creeks. 
 
 >> January 22. 
 
 panieB of spies. Ho was accompanied by General Coffee, whose men had all deserted 
 him but about forty, who now followed as volunteers. He reached the Ilillabce 
 Creek, on the eastern line of the present Talladega County, on the 20th, and encampod 
 that night at Enotochopco, in the southern part of Randolph County. On the follow- 
 • January 21, iig moming* he pushed forward toward Emucfau, twelve miles distant 
 **"• on the bend of the Tallapoosa, and toward evening, when near Emucfau 
 
 Creek, fell upon a much-beaten trail, which indicated the proximity of a large force 
 of Indians. Jackson thought it prudent to halt and reconnoitre. He disposed his 
 troops in a hollow square, doubled his sentinels, sent out spies, and in every way took 
 measures to meet an attack during the night. Toward midnif^xit the savages wore 
 observed prowling about, and at the same time the general was informed that a lar^e 
 body of Indians were encamped witbin three miles of him, some engaged in a war- 
 dance, and others removing the women and children. An immediate attack seemed 
 impending, and Jackson, fully prepared, calmly awaited it. 
 
 The night wore away, and the dawn approached, when, at six o'clock,'' 
 the Indians fell suddenly and with great fury upon the left flank of Jack- 
 son's camp, occupied by the troops under Colonel Iliggins. General Coffee was witli 
 them, and, under his direction, assisted by Colonel Sitler, the adjutant general, and 
 Colonel Carroll, the inspector general, these new recruits fought gallantly, and kept 
 the assailants in check. At dawn, w^en the whole field might le seen, they were re- 
 enforced by Captain Ferrill's company of infantry, and the whole body were led to a 
 vigorous charge upon the savages by General Coffee, supported by Colonels Iliggins 
 and Carroll, and the friendly Indians. The savages were discomfited and dispersed, 
 and fled, hotly pursued by the Tennesseeans, with much slaughter, for full two miles. 
 
 Inspirited by this success, Jackson immediately detached General Coffee, with four 
 hundred men and the whole body of the Indians, to destroy the encampment of the 
 foe at Emucfau. It was found to be too strongly fortified to be taken without artil- 
 lery, so Coffee marched back for the purpose of guarding the cannon on its way to 
 a position to bear upon the town. This retrograde movement encouraged the In- 
 dians, and a strong party of them fell upon the right of Jackson's encampment. Cof- 
 fee at once asked and obtained leave to lead two hundred men to the support of tiiat 
 wing, and to fall upon the left of the foe, while the friendly Indians should fall u])on 
 their right flank at the same moment. By some mistake only fifty-four men followed 
 Coffee. The gallant general fell upon the Indians with these, and Jackson ordered 
 two hundred of the friendly Indians to co-opcrato with him by attacking the right 
 flank of the savages. " This order was promptly obeyed," said Jackson in his report, 
 " and on the moment of its execution what I expected was realized. The enemy iiad 
 intended the attack on the right as a feint, and, expecting to direct my attention 
 thither, meant to attack mo again, and with their main force, on the left flank, wliicii 
 they had hoped to find weakened and in disorder. Tliey were disappointed." The 
 general, with wise discretion, had not only ordered his left to remain firm, but Iiad 
 repaired thither himself, and directed a part of the reserves, under Captain Ferrili, to 
 hasten to its support. In this Avay the whole main body met the advancing enemy. 
 They gave the foe two or three volleys, and then charged them vigorously with the 
 bayonet. The Indians broke, and fled in confusion, hotly pursued some distance: 
 and the friendly Indians, unable to withstand the lemptation, left their post on the 
 right flank and joined in the chase, all the while pouring a harassing fire upon the 
 fugitives. 
 
 General Coffee in the mean time was straggling manfully against the assailants on 
 the right of the encampment. The desertion of his Indian supporters placed him in 
 a critical situation, for the odds were greatly against him. He was soon relieved by 
 the return from the chase of Jim Fife and a hundred of his warriors, who were imme- 
 diately summoned to his support. The aid w^as timely. Coffee aud his little party 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 116 
 
 Bravery of the Creeks. 
 
 1 had all deserted 
 led the llillabee 
 th, and encamped 
 . On the follow- 
 ve miles distunt, 
 en near Emucfau 
 jr of a large force 
 He disposed his 
 in every way took 
 the savages wore 
 jrraed that a large 
 engaged in a war- 
 ate attack seemed 
 
 len, at six o'clock,'' 
 I left flank of Jack- 
 ral Coffee was with 
 utant general, and 
 gallantly, and kept 
 seen, they were re- 
 body were led to a 
 ,y Colonels lliggins 
 fitcd and dispersed, 
 r, for full two miles. 
 ral Coffee, with four 
 encampment of tlie 
 taken without artil- 
 annon on its way to 
 encouraged the In- 
 encampment. Cof- 
 the support of that 
 |ans should fall upon 
 ■,y-four men followed 
 [nd Jackson ordered 
 attacking the right 
 [ackson in his report, 
 jd. The enemy had 
 I direct my attention 
 the left flank, which 
 disappointed." The 
 •cmain firm, hut had 
 ,r Captain Ferrill, to 
 
 16 advancing enemy. 
 vigorously with the 
 (ued some distance; 
 .ft their post on the 
 •assing fire upon the 
 
 [nst the assailants on 
 Lrtcrs placed him i" 
 Ivas soon relieved hv 
 lors, who were inune- 
 aud his little party 
 
 Jackson's retrograde Movement. 
 
 Battle on Snotochopco Creek. 
 
 A severe ContMt. 
 
 charged the savages vigorously, who, dispirited by the flight of their main body, gave 
 way, and ran for their lives in every direction, many of them falling before the de- 
 structive weapons of the pursuers. The victory, in the fonn of a repuls?, was com- 
 plete, but it had been won at the cost of a severe wound in his body by General Cof- 
 lee, and tlie loss of his aid-de-camp. Colonel A. Donolsou, and two or three others. 
 Several of the privates were also wounded. 
 
 Jackson was astonished at the courage and bravery of the Creeks, and thought it 
 prudent to abandon any farther attempts to destroy the encampment at Emucfau. 
 His movement was simply a raid, witjh the twofold object of striking a quick and de- 
 structive blow at the enemy, and to make a diversion in favor of General Floyd, tiien 
 in the vicinity of the Chattahoochee. He therefore determined to return to Fort 
 Strother. 
 
 At ten o'clock on the moming of the 23d the retrograde march commenced, and 
 the little array reached Enotochopco Creek before sunset, and there planted a forti- 
 fied camp for the night. Great vigilance Avas exercised, and no serious molestation 
 was observed during the d.n ' lOSS. Well rested, the troops moved forward early the 
 next morning. Tlie savages, who had interpreted this movement as a flight, had ibl- 
 lowed stealthily, and, just as the advanced guard and part of the flank columns, with 
 the wounded, had crossed the creek," they appeared suddenly in force on t ja„„nry24, 
 their rear. The firing of an alarm-gun brought them to a hrit, when Jack- ^'*"- 
 
 son immediately changed front, and prepared to meet the foe in good battle order. 
 He placed Colonel Carroll at the liead of the centre column of the rear-guard, its right 
 commanded by Colonel Perkins, and its left by Colonel Stump. He chose his own 
 ground for battle, and expected to have entirely 'at oft' the enemy by wheeling the 
 right and left columns on their pivots, recroesing the creek above and below, and fall- 
 ing in upon their flanks and rear. To Jackson's great astonishment, his troops, who 
 liad behaved so well at Emucfau, now foiled ; and when the word was given for Car- 
 roll to halt and form, and a few guns had been fired, the right and left columns of the 
 rear-guard precipitately gave way and made a disastrous retreat. They drew along 
 with them a greater part of the centre column, leaving not more than twenty-five 
 men to support Carroll. These maintained the ground gallantly, and order was soon 
 restored. The battle was now sustained by only this handful of the rear-guard under 
 Captain Quarles, the artillery company under Lieutenant Robert Armstrong, and 
 Captain Russell's company of spies. The solitary 6-pcunder that composed the heavy 
 ordnance of tlie expedition was dragged to the top of a hill in the midst of a galling 
 lire from ten times the number of the Teiinesseeans engaged, when they poured upon 
 the foe a storm of gra])e-8hot that sent them yelling with attVight in every direction.' 
 They were pursued more than two miles by Colonels Carroll and Higgins, and Cap- 
 tain? Elliott and Pipkin. The venerable Judge Cocke, then sixty-five years of age, 
 was in the engagement, and joined in the pursuit witl' all the ardor of youth. The 
 slaughter among the Indians was heavy, while that among the Tennesseeans Avas 
 comparatively light. The exact number of casualties among the latter was not re- 
 corded. Captain Hamilton, from East Tennessee, was killed, and Lieutenants Robert 
 Armstrong, Bird Evans, Hiram Bradford, and Jacob M'Givock, and Captain Quarles, 
 were wounded. Evans and Quarles soon afterward died. Li the two engagements, 
 Kmucfau and Enotochopco, Jackson's entire loss was twenty killed and seventy-five 
 
 ' The Rallnntry of two yonni; men In this cngnRcmcnt deserves a record. These were Constantino Perkine nnd Criivcn 
 .laokson. The former was a graduate of Cumberland (Tennessee) Collepp, wa« with Jacksoii at the battle of Talladcf;a, 
 nnd WHS one of the few who refused to desert him nt Fort Strother. In the linrry and confusion In eeparaling the can- 
 imn from the limber, the rammer and picker of the piece were left behind. lu the midst of the shower of bullets from 
 tlic Indians, Jackson coolly pulled out his Iron ramrod fl-om his musket nnd used it as a picker, primed with a cartridge 
 from his side, and fired the cannon. Perklna then slipped off his bayonet, used his musket for a rammer, and drove 
 down the cartridge for another discharge. These two brave young men kept the flcld-i>icce working, and drove the 
 Mvnges to the deep forest Armstrong lay wounded near by, and called out to those ariniiid the piece, "My brave fel- 
 lows, some of you may fall, but you mnst save the cannon 1" 
 
fll 
 
 770 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Jackson at Fort Struther. 
 
 Battle on the Calebee Rtver. 
 
 The Georgians retire to their Frontier. 
 
 wounded. The loss of the enemy was not accurately ascertained. One hundred and 
 eighty-nine of their warriors were found dead.' 
 
 • January 28, Jackson made his way back to Fort Strother'' after an absence of twelve 
 131'*. days, not perfectly satisfied with the results of his raid, yet he presented 
 
 it to the public in the best aspect possible. His force was almost double that of the 
 Indians, for at that time the larger proportion of them were below, watching the 
 movements of Floyd and his Georgians, while a considerable force were strongly for- 
 tifying the Horseshoe, and other places, preparatory to a desperate defensive war. 
 His expedition, however, had been useful, and General Pinckney, in a letter to the 
 ^ War Department,*" said, " Without the personal firmness, popularity, and 
 
 exertions of that officer, the Indian War on the part of Tennessee woii'd 
 have been abandoned, at least for a time." 
 
 We will leave Jackson at Fort Strother a few moments while we consider the 
 movements of Floyd below. We left that officer at Fort Mitchell, on the Chatta- 
 hoochee. 
 
 Floyd reposed more than six weeks awaiting supplies, and during that time recov- 
 ered of his wound received at Auttose. Then he marched toward Toockabatcha, on 
 the Tallapoosa, with over twelve hundred Georgia volunteers, a company of cavalry, 
 and four hundred friendly Indians. He established communicating posts on the way, 
 and at length, on the night of tho 26th of January, encamped on the Calebee or Chal- 
 libee River, on the high land bordering the swamp of that name, in Macon County, 
 Alabama, fifty miles west of Fort Mitchell, The camp was carefully watched, but hi 
 the gloom, more than an hour before the dawn of the following morning, a band of 
 Creeks, who had stealthily assembled in the swamp during the night, shot the sen- 
 tinels, and pounced like fierce tigers on Floyd's front and fiank. The attack was snd- 
 den, yet not unprepared for, and the savages were gallantly opposed, in the front, by 
 the artillery under Captain Jett Thomas, riflemen commanded by Captain William 
 E. Adams, and a picket-guard led by Captain John Broadnax. 
 
 The fo rushed desperately up within thirty yards of the cannon, and smote the 
 troops severely. Broadnax and his party were cut off from their companions for a 
 while, but with the aid of the half-blood chief Timpoochy Barnard, leader of some 
 Uchees, they cut their way through the encircling savages. Most of the other In- 
 dians took shelter in the camp, and were scarcely felt in the battle, which was con- 
 tested fiercely in the darkness, which was rendered more intense by the umbrageous 
 branches of the heavy pine forest in which they were fighting. When daylight 
 came, and Floyd was enabled to survey the field of action, the contest was soon end- 
 ed. The general ordered the right wing of his little army, composed of the battalions 
 comraanded by Majors Booth, Cleveland, Watson, and Freeman, and a troop of cav- 
 alry under Captain Duke Hamiltn", to charge on the foe. The Indians were dismayed 
 by the glittering bayonets, a,nd fled in great terror. The infantry pursued, and the 
 cavalry joined in the exciting chase, followed by the friendly Indians and Meriweath- 
 er's and Ford's riflemen. They were chased through the swamp, and many of the fu- 
 gitives were slain. They left thirty-seven dead in the pathway of their flight. Tlie 
 Georgians lost seventeen killed and one hundred and thirty-two wounded, and the 
 friendly Indians had five men killed and fifleen wounded. Colonel Newman, a gal- 
 lant officer, was wounded by three bullets and disabled, at the beginning of the 
 action. 
 
 Floyd's wounded were so many, and the hostile Indians in his vicinity were so nu- 
 merous, and might be speedily re-enforced, that he prudently concluded not to pene- 
 trate tlie country farther, but to fall back to the Chattahoochee. On the day of the 
 battle he retired to Fort Hull, one of his newly-erected stockades, and on the following 
 day the Indians occupied the late battle-field. Leaving a small garrison at Fort 
 
 1 Qeueral Jackson's official Letter to General Plnckiioy, January 89, 18U. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 m 
 
 retire to their Frontier. 
 
 One hundred and 
 
 absence of twelve 
 , yet he presented 
 iouble that of the 
 ow, watching the 
 were strongly for- 
 ite defensive war. 
 in a letter to the 
 89, popularity, and 
 f Tennessee woiiUl 
 
 e we consider the 
 lell, on the Chatta- 
 
 ng that time recov- 
 d Toockabatcha, on 
 ompany of cavalry, 
 g posts on the way, 
 he Calebee or Chal- 
 >, in Macon County, 
 ally watched, but in 
 morning, a band of 
 night, shot the ficn- 
 The attack was sud- 
 3sed,in the front, by 
 by Captain William 
 
 mon, and smote the 
 ;ir companions for a 
 lard, leader of some 
 tost of the other lu- 
 [ttle, which was con- 
 by the umbrageous 
 ;. When daylight 
 j'ntest was soon end- 
 fsed of the battalions 
 and a troop of cav- 
 iians were dismayed 
 try pursued, and tlie 
 [ians and Meriweath- 
 and many of the fu- 
 |of their flight. The 
 ) wounded, and the 
 )ncl Newman, a gal- 
 le beginning of the 
 
 Ivicinity were so mi- 
 
 ^cluded not to pene- 
 
 On the day of the 
 
 and on the following 
 
 kll garrison at Fort 
 
 11814. 
 
 KMt TenneBBeeans on their Way to the Creek Couiitry. The Choctaw Allies In Arms. Preparation of the Creeks. 
 
 Hidl, the general continued his retrograde movement to Fort Mitchell, where his 
 men were honorably discharged, their term of service having expired. No other ex- 
 pedition against the Creeks was organized in Georgia. 
 Let us now return to Jackson at Fort Strother. 
 
 On his return from his twelve days' " excursion" or raid to the Tallapoosa, Jackson 
 set his few militia that remained to constructing flat-boats in which to bring supplies 
 dowTi the Coosa, and to transport them to regions below, where materials for his new 
 array were rapidly approaching from Tennessee. He discharged the troops who had 
 been with him on the late expedition, their tenn of service being about ready to ex- 
 pire. Tliey left for homo full of admiration of and enthusiasm for their general, and 
 their return gave a new impetus to volunteering. At the beginning of February 
 two thousand troops from East Tennessee were in the shadows of Lookout Mountain, 
 pressing on toward the Coosa, and at about the same time as many more West Ten- 
 uesseeans arrived at Huntsville. 
 
 Intelligence of these approaching troops filled Jackson's heart with gladness. His 
 joy was increased by the arrival on the 6th, at Fort Strother, of Colonel Williams and 
 the Thirty-ninth Regiment of the United States Army, six hundred strong, who had 
 been induced to hasten to the relief of Jackson by the late Honorable Hugh L. White, 
 of East Tennessee. Very soon afterward a part of Coffee's brigade of mounted men 
 came into Fort Strother, and also a troop of East Tennessee dragoons. Tl e Choctaw 
 Indians now openly espoused the cause of the United States ; and before the close 
 of February Jackson found himself at the head of an 'army of five thousand men, 
 lacking nothing to enable them to sweep the whole Creek country with tlie besom 
 of destruction but adequate supplies of food. Great exe?tions were put forth suc- 
 cessfully to that end, and at the middle of March every thing was in readiness for a 
 forward movement. 
 
 The hostile Creeks were aware of the formidable preparations for their subjugation, 
 and were, at the same time, taking measures to avert, if possible, the impending blow. 
 They had suffered severely at the hands of Jackson, Floyd, and Claiborne, and had 
 already begun to have such premonitions of national disaster that they determined 
 to concentrate their forces, and rest their fortunes upon the cast of the die of a single 
 battle with the foe. For this purpose the warriors of the Hillabee, Ockfuske, Eufau- 
 lahache, New Youka, Oakchoie, Hickory Ground, and Fish-pond towns had gathered 
 hi the bend of the Tallapoosa, in the northeast part of Tallapoosa County, Alabama, 
 called Tohopeka, or the Ilorseshoe, the river there assuming the shape of that object, 
 forming a peninsula of about one hundred acres. By the aid of white men from Pen- 
 sa.ola, and some hostile half-bloods, they built a very strong breastwork of logs across 
 the neck of the peninsula, and pierced it wnth two rows of port-holes arranged in such 
 manner as to expose the assailants to a cross-fire from within. Back of this breast- 
 work was a mass of logs and brush ; and at the bottom of the peninsula, near the 
 river, was a village of log huts, where hundreds of canoes were moored at the banks 
 of the stream, so that the garrison might have the means of escape if hard pushed, A 
 greater portion of the peninsula was covered with forest. The Indians had an ara- 
 ble supply of food for a long siege. Their number was about twelve hundred, one 
 fourth being women and children. There the Indians determined to defend them- 
 selves to the last extremity. They regarded their breastwork as impregnable, and 
 were inspirited by recent events at Emuckfau (about four miles distant) and Enoto- 
 chopco. 
 
 When Jackson was informed by some friendly Indians of the gathering of the 
 •^reeks at the Horseshoe, he resolved to march thither immediately and strike an ex- 
 terminating blow. He sent his stores down the Coosa in flat-boats, in charge of Col- 
 onel Williams and his regiment of regulars, and leaving a garrison of four hundred 
 and fifty men in Fort Strother, under Colonel Steele, he commenced his march with 
 
 Wn 
 
the remainder of his army toward the Tallapoosa on the 16th of IMarch," tlic 
 only musical instrument to cheer them on the way being a solitary drum. Tlie 
 
 : 
 
OF THE WAK OF 1812, 
 
 779 
 
 Jickion marches upon the Siivnges at Ihe Iluneahoe. 
 
 A (lenperatc Battle there. 
 
 Bravery of both Partlea. 
 
 jouniey was slowly performed, for much of the way a road had to be cut through 
 the woods. On the 2l8t they were at the mouth of Cedar Creek, where they were 
 joined by the supply-boats the next day, and there Fort Williams was built to keep 
 open the communication with Fort Strother. Then Jackson pushed on eastward, and 
 early on the morning of the 27th halted within a few miles of the breastworks at the 
 Horseshoe, and sent out parties to reconnoitre. His army now numbered about two 
 thousand effective men. 
 
 Jackson's spies informed h' n of the position of the Indians, and he at once compre- 
 hended the folly which had jjcrmitted them to assemble in a pen, as if offering facili- 
 ties for him to carry out his threat of extermination. He sent General Coffee, with 
 ull the mounted men and friendly Indians, to cross the river about two miles below 
 the Bend, and take position on the bank o])po8ite the village and boats. When, by 
 signal, he was certified of the execution of his order, he went forward Avith the main 
 body of his army toward the peninsula, and planted two field-pieces upon a little hill 
 within eighty yards of the nearest point of the fortifications on the neck. At a little 
 past ten o'clock these opened fire on the works, under the direction of Captain Brad- 
 ford, chief engineer, but without seriously affecting the wall. As the small balls were 
 buried in the logs and earth, the Indians set up a shout of derision, and the general 
 was fairly defied. 
 
 Simultaneously with the attack on the Indians' breastworks, some of the Cherokees 
 with Coffee SAvam across the river, seized the canoes, paddled back in them, and full 
 two hundred men were jit once conveyed over the stream, and, under the direction 
 ofColoncl Morgan and Captain Russell, set the little town on fire, and moved against 
 the enemy in the rear of their works. The smoke from the burning huts assured 
 Jackson that all was going on well in that quarter, but the slackening of the assail- 
 ants' musketry gave evidence that they were too few to dislodge the savages, and 
 were probably in peril. The general at once determined to storm the breastworks 
 wliich he had been battering for full two hours with cannon-balls almost in vain. 
 The lliirty-ninth United States Infantry, under Colonel Williams, formed the van of 
 the storming party. They were well supported by General James Doherty's East 
 Tennessee brigade under Colonel Bunch, and the whole assailing party beliaved most 
 valiantly. They pressed steadily forward in the face of a deadly storm of bullets and 
 arrows, and maintained for some time a hand-to-haiui fight at the port-holes. This 
 (k'spcrate conflict lasted several minutes, when Major L. P. Montgomery leaped upon 
 the breastwork, and called upon his men to follow. They did so, and at the same 
 moment he fell dead with a bullet in his head. Ensign Sam Houston, a gallant youth 
 at his side, was severely Avounded in the thigh at the same time by a barbed arrow, 
 blithe leaped boldly down among the savages, and called upon his companions to fol- 
 low. They did so, and fought like tigers. Very soon the dexterous use of the baj-- 
 onct caused the Indians to break, and flee in wild confusion to the woods and thick- 
 ets. They had fought bravely under great disadvantages, and believing that torture 
 awaited the captive, not o'le would suffer himself to be taken, or asked for quarter. 
 Some attempted to escape by swimming across the river, but were shot by the uner- 
 ring bullets of the Tennes oceans. Others secreted themselves in thickets, and were 
 driven out and slain ; and a considerable number took refuge under the river bluffs, 
 wliere they Avere covered by a part of the breastworks and felled trees. To the lat- 
 ter Jackson sent word that their lives should be spared if they would surrender. The 
 snmmons was answered by a volley that sent the messenger (an interpreter) back 
 bleeding from severe wounds. A cannon was then brought to bear upon the strong- 
 hold, but it made little effect. Then the general called for volunteers to storm it, 
 and the wounded Ensign Houston' was the first to step out. While reconnoitring 
 
 ' This wag the afterward soldier and statesman, General Sam Ilonston, one of the bravest of the leaders In the Texas 
 RcTolatlon, first President of the independent Republic of Texas, and for man; years n member of the National Legit- 
 
 $ 
 
 m§^ 
 
^-;«l 
 
 -I-! ■ 
 ■ - 'If . 
 
 ' j to?. 
 
 ':i 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 riCTOUlAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Creeks defeated at the Battle of the Iloriieshne. 
 
 Note.— The obove plan of the battle of Cholocco Lituhtxcc, or the Horseshoe, Is nrrangert from one In Pickett's H.i 
 tory of Alabama. A shows the position of the hill f^om which Jackson's caunon played upon the breastworks, C C C 
 represent the position of Coffee's command. 
 
 the position above, he received from the concealed savages two bullets in his slioiil- 
 dcr, and ho was borne helpless away. Others lost llicir lives in attempts to clislodsc 
 the foe. It was conceded that the place was impregnable to missiles, so the torch 
 was applied, and the savages, as they rushed wildly from the crackling furnace, were 
 shot down without mercy by the exasperated riflemen. Tlie carnage continued until 
 late in the evening, and when it was ended five hundred and fifty-seven Creek war- 
 riors lay dead on the little peninsula. Of the thousand who went into the battle in 
 the morning not more than two hundred were alive, and many of these were severely 
 wounded.' Jackson's loss was thirty-two killed and ninety-nine wounded. Tlie Cher- 
 okees lost eighteen killed and thirty-six wounded. Among the slain were Major Mont- 
 gomery^ and Lieutenants Moulton and Somerville. The spoils of victory were over 
 
 laturc of the United States. He was n remarkable man. He was born In Eockbrldji^ County, Virginia, on the 2(1 of 
 March, 1703, and, while yet a child, he went with his widowed mother to Tennessee. He spent several years mth tbe 
 Cherokee Indians, and became enamored with their roving, restless life. Ue eulUteil in the army iu 1$13, and at the 
 close of the war bad reached the position of lieutenant. Then he studied law at Nashville, and there commenced bij 
 long political life. In 1823 he was elected to Congress, and continued in that body until 1827, when he became Govercor 
 of 'Tennessee, Before the expiration of his term he resigned, and took up hia abode among the Cherokecs in Arkan- 
 sas, where he bcfrtcnded them much in *heir intercourse with dishonest agents of the Government. He became com- 
 mander-in-chief of the little army of revolutionists in Texas, which achieved its independence in 183C. He was twice 
 elected presi(l<'-.i of that republic, and when Texas was annexed to the United States he was sent as her rcprcsentatite 
 to the Senate, where he remained until just before the breaking out of the great Civil War, • ' he was Governor o( 
 Texas. He died in November, 1803, aged seventy years. 
 
 ' Pickett relates (Uistory of Alabama, ii., 84.3) that many suffered long from grievons wounds. "Manowa," he sat!, 
 "one of the bravest chiefs that ever lived, was literally shot to pieces. He fought as long as he could. Be saved fain- 
 self by Jumping Into the river where the water was fonr feet deep. He held to a root, and thus kept himself bcneatli 
 the waves, breathing through the long Joint of a cane, one end of which he held in his mouth, while the other end came 
 above the surface of the water. When night set in, the brave Manowa rose from his watery bed, and made his way to 
 the forest, bleeding from many wounds. Many years after the war we conversed with the chief, and learned from bim 
 the particulars of his .-emarkable escape. His face, limbs, and body, at the time we conversed with him, were marlied 
 with scars of many horrible wounds." 
 
 » Lemuel Paruell Montgomery was bom In Wythe County, Virginia, In 1786, and was distantly related to the hero ot 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 781 
 
 refl from one In PickcU's H* 
 ipon Ihe breastworks. C C C 
 
 bullets in liia shoul- 
 attempts to dislodge 
 missiles, so the torch 
 ackling furnace, were 
 .■nage continued xmtil 
 fty-seven Creek par- 
 ent into tlic battle ' 
 (fthcse were severely 
 •wounded. Tlie Cher- 
 lain were Major Mont- 
 of victory were over 
 
 |!onnty,Vl7ginla,on the 2d o( 
 . spent several years with He 
 > the army In 1S13, and at tht 
 
 lille, and there commenced bi! 
 
 I27, when ho became Governor 
 
 long the Cherokees in Arlian- 
 tvernment. He became com- 
 laencc m 1830. ncwastmcc 
 Ivns sent as her representative 
 L, • • ■ be was Governor 01 
 
 lounas. "Manowa/'heMJt, 
 lasheconW. Heeavedhta. 
 InathnskeptWmselfbenerti 
 lith, while the other end came 
 Terjl bed, and made h sway to 
 le chief, and learned from hiffl 
 Icrsed with him, were marked 
 
 Ltantly related to the hero ot 
 
 .lackunn retires from the Fields of Conflict. The snbdaed Indians sue fur Peace. Wcathersford In Jackson's Tent. 
 
 three hundred widows and orphans who wcro made prisoners. Tlie blow was appall- 
 inir, and fatal to the dignity and i)ower of the Creek nation. 
 
 On the morning after the battle* at the Ilorseslioe Jackson commenced . March ss, 
 a retrograde march toward Fort Williams, carrying his wounded witli liim '**'''• 
 on litters, and leaving the bodies of most of liis dead beneath the watera of the Coosa, 
 safe from desecration by siivage liands. They were five days on tlie way, and during 
 as many more they rested there. They encountered some hostile Indians on the 
 march, but tliey generally fled at their ajjproacL. The spirit of the proud Creeks was 
 broken, and they had no heart to make a defensive stand any where. 
 
 From Fort Williams Jackson pualicd on toward the Hickory Ground of tlic Creeks, 
 at the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, over a country flooded by s])ring 
 rains and swollen streams, and halted at the head of the peninsula, where tlie rivers 
 approach each other within si.x hundred yards b-.fore uniting four miles below. There, 
 on the sight of Fort Toulouse, erected by Governor Bienville a hundred years before, 
 he built a stockade, cleaned out and deepened the old French entrance, and raised the 
 national standard over a fortification named, in his honor. Fort Jackson. Thither dep- 
 utation after deputation of humiliated Creek chiefs made their way to sue for pardon 
 and peace in behalf of themselves and their people. They were received with court- 
 esy, yet with sternness. " Give proof of your submission," said the general, " substan- 
 tially by going and staying above Fort Williams, where you will be treated with, and 
 the final demands of my Goveniment will be made known to you. But you must 
 first bring in Wcathersford, the cruel leader of the attack on Fort Mims, wlio on no 
 account can be forgiven." They cheerfully complied ; but little did Jackson know 
 the true character of Wcathersford, or the plasticity of his own nature at that time. 
 
 Wcathersford did not wait to be caught and dragged like a felon to the feet of 
 the leader of the pale faces. He was a stranger to fear, and sagacious in plans. Ho 
 WW clearly the flight of hope for his nation, at the Horseshoe, and resolved to sub- 
 mit. Mounting his fine gray horse, with whom lie leaped from tlie bluff" at the Holy 
 Ground,' he rode to Jackson's camp. He arrived just at sunset.'' The gen- ^ 
 iral was alone in his tent when the chief entered it, drew himself up to Ids 
 lull height, and, folding his arms, said, " I am Weathersford, the chief who command- 
 ed at Fort Mims. I have nothing to request for myself You can kill me if you de- 
 sire. I have come to beg you to send for the women and children of the war-party, 
 who are now starving in the woods. Their fields antl cribs have been destroyed by 
 your people, who have driven them to the woods without an ear of corn. I hope 
 that you will send out parties who will conduct them safely here, in order that they 
 may be fed. I exerted myself in vain to prevent the massacre of the women and 
 thildien at Fort Mims.^ I have come now to ask peace for my people, but not for 
 myself."' Jackson expressed astonishment that one so guilty should dare to appear 
 ill his presence and ask for peace and protection. " I am in your power ; do with me 
 as you please," the chief haughtily replied. " I am a soldier. I have done the white 
 jieople all the harm I could. I have fought them, and fought them bravely; and if I 
 had an army I would yet fight, and contend to the last. But I have none. My people 
 arc all gone. I can now do no more than weep over the misfortunes of my nation." 
 
 the same name who fell at Quebec at the close of 1TT6. His family settled originally in North Carolina, and were Scotch- 
 Iriih. In early life the major became a resident of East Tennessee, near Knoxville. He studied law, and became a 
 rival of the eminent Felix Grundy. He was a darini; horseman, and flill of soldierly qualities. _ President Madison ap- 
 pointed him major of the Thirty-niuth Regiment, and he fell at their head when storming "the breastworks at the 
 Horseshoe, as we have ob? ervod In the text. Jackson wept over his body like a child, and exclaimed, " I have lost the 
 Bower of my army I" He was buried near where he fell, and in long after years the citizens of Tallapoosa County hon- 
 ored his memory by exhuming his remains, and burying them with mllitaiy ceremonies at the capital of the county. 
 The County of Montgomery and the political capital of the State of Alabama were named in honor of this brave sol- 
 dier.— Pickett. ' See page 772. » See an account of his exertions on page 750. 
 ' Weathersford's appeal for the women and children was kindly responded to, and not only to the women and chil- 
 JreD.bnt to the remnant of the nation succor was given. For a cousldcrablc part of the ensuing summer, five thousand 
 Creek Indians drew rations from the public stores. But for this aid a large number of them must have perished by 
 ftarvatlon. 
 
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 9B2 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 WMtlMnAird'H mniily Tiilk. 
 
 JacluoD admlrei and raleiaea him. 
 
 The Creok Niillim ruined. 
 
 Hero was a man after Jackson's own heart. A patriot who loved his peo|»l(., had 
 foujifht to protect the liiiul of his birtli from the inviuler, and now feiirleHsly expressed 
 his |)atrioti8m in the presence of one wlio had power over his life. Juekson imme- 
 diately informed him that submission and the acceptance of a home beyond tlie iMis- 
 sissippi for his nation was the only wise policy for him to pursue. He added," It; 
 however, you desire to contimie the war, and feel i)repared to meet the conseiiueiues, 
 you may depart in peace, and unite yourself with the war-party, if you clioose," 
 Half scornfully, half sorrowfully, Wcathersford replied, "I may well be addressed in 
 such language now. There was a time when I had a choice and could have an- 
 swered you ; I have none now — even hope is ended. Once I could animate my war- 
 riors to battle, but can not animate the dead. My warriors can no longer hear inv 
 voice. Their bones are at Talladega, Tallaseliatche, Emucfan, Econochopco, and To- 
 hopeka. I have not surrendered myself thoughtlessly. While there was a cdianw 
 for success I never left my post nor supplicated peace. But my people are gone, and 
 I now ask it for my nation, not for myself. On the miseries and misfortunes brouglit 
 upon my country I look back with deepest sorrow, and wish to avert still greater 
 calamities. If I liad been left to contend with the Georgia army, I would liavo raised 
 my corn on one bank of the river and fought them on the other. But your peopii- 
 have destroyed my nation. You are a brave man ; I rely upon your generosity, 
 You will exact no terms of a conquered people but such as they should agree to. 
 Whatever they may be, it would now be folly and madness to oppose. If they an 
 opposed, yc i will iind mo among the sternest enforcers of obedience. Those wlm 
 would still hold out can be influenced only by a mean spirit of revenge, and to this 
 they must not and shall not sacrifice the last remnant of their country. You have 
 told our nation where we might go and bo safe. This is good talk, and they oui^ht 
 to listen to it. They shall listen to it."' 
 
 Thus spoke the truly noble Wcathersford for his nation. Words of honor respond- 
 ed to words of honor, and Wcathersford was allowed to go freely to the forest tn 
 search for his scattered followers and counsel peace. But there was no safety for 
 him in that region, for the relatives of those massacred at Fort Mims sought to kill 
 him. He fled, and remained away until the cud of the war, when he returned, and 
 became a respected citizen of Alabama.'* 
 
 General Pinckney arrived at Fort Jackson on the 20th of April with troops from 
 North and South Carolina. Informed of the general submission of the Creeks, ami 
 considering the war virtually at an end, he directed the West Tennesseeans to march 
 home, and four hundred of General Doherty's brigade to garrison Fort Williams. 
 The order to the West Tennesseeans was so gladly and promptly obeyed that within 
 • April 21, two hours after its utterance* they were in motion up the Coosa. They 
 
 *^"' pushed forward with great celerity*, crossed the Tennessee River, and at 
 Fayetteville were discharged. There Jackson bade them farewell in a stirring ad- 
 dress, and then hastened to his own home at the " Hermitage," near Nashville, ami 
 indulged a short time in needed repose. 
 
 Here we will leave the consideration of the fearfully-smitten Creeks for the pres- 
 ent, with the remark that they showed themselves to be a brave people, and, on many 
 accounts, deserving of the respect of mankind. 
 
 > Drake's Book of the Indians, eleventh edition, page 390. 
 
 » Wenthersford ccttled upon a farm in Monroe County, Alabama, well supplied with negro slaves, where he maintain- 
 ed the character of an honest man. Soon after his return he married, and General Sam Dale, frequently menlioneii in 
 this chapter, was his groomsman. His birth-place was the Hickory Ground, but he could not live there. He said lint 
 bis old comrades, the Uostile Creeks, ate his cattle from starvation , the peace-party ate them from revenge; ond the 
 squatters because he was "a damned Red-skin :" so, he said, "I have come to live among gentlemen."— See W^o/Cffl- 
 ercU Sam Dale, page 129. Weatbersford died from the effects of fatigue produced by a desperate bear-buut in 1S2I!, 
 
 ■3 i \ 
 
OP THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 7P.'l 
 
 rhe Creek Niillmi rulneO 
 
 Civil Affair* In l»ia. 
 
 Pdllllcnl Compoiltlon ofC'niigreM. 
 
 CummlaKliiiipm tu trent tut Paac* appolnletl. 
 
 rnd his peo\)U', hml 
 I'urlcHHly t'xi)rcssi'(l 
 L«. JiickwDU iiiimc- 
 iie boyond the Mis- 
 10. lie addo.V'lt; 
 t the consi'([in;iU'i's. 
 ■ty» if y*'** chodw." 
 iTcll be atldi'i'sscd in 
 and could have an- 
 Id animate my war- 
 L no longer hear my 
 conochopco, and 'IV 
 
 there waa a cliamt' 
 people arc gone, ami 
 
 misfortunes hrouglit 
 ,0 avert still greater 
 r, I would have raistMl 
 Jr. But your people 
 pon your generosity. 
 hey should agree to. 
 . oppose. If they aro 
 )edience. ^hose wlio 
 .f revenge, and to thi* 
 r country. You have 
 1 talk, and they oufjlit 
 
 iords of honor rospoml- 
 
 ■reely to the forest tu 
 
 lere was no safety k 
 
 •t Mims sought to kill 
 
 hen he returned, ami 
 
 Lpril with troops from 
 fou of the Creeks, ami 
 fennessecans to mavdi 
 krrison Fort Williams. 
 [ly obeyed that witlnu 
 i up the Coosa. Tliey 
 Innessec Kiver, and « 
 lewell in a stirring ad- 
 near Nashville, ami 
 
 L Creeks for the pros- 
 |e people, and, on many 
 
 Lero slaves, vrhere he maintam- 
 I m,e, frequently mcuuonc" 
 L not live there, lle-a.dt 
 L them from revenBC;«na^ 
 
 LBenllemen."-SeeW;/(^ 
 Icsperutebear-huutlnlSiC. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 " Farewell Pence ! Another crl«l» 
 
 Onlls un to ' the liiBt nppenl,' 
 Miido when monnrchH and their vices 
 
 Ix^nve no iir^iinivnt hnt ^lecl. 
 Let not 111! the world united 
 
 Hob u» of one siicrcd rlijht: 
 Every patriot heart'ii dellt;htcd 
 
 In hU country's caUHO tu flgbt,"— Oi.n Sono. 
 
 here, before 
 
 >f mill 
 
 18 proper Here, betore resuming a narrative or military events 
 in the North, to take a brief survey of civil alfuirs in 1813. 
 
 In conformity to a law passed in February* pre- • February ««, 
 ceding the inauguration of Mr. Madison, the Thir- ^'''^■ 
 
 teenth Congress assembled on the 24th of May, when Henry 
 Clay was chosen Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. In 
 that body ardent young men like Cheves, Calhoun, Lowndes, 
 Grundy, and Troup had become leaders. Quincy had declined 
 a re-election, but the extreme Federalists were well represented 
 by the venerable patriots of the Revolution, Timothy Pickering and Egbert Benson. 
 There was a strong administration working party in both houses, and the President 
 felt well supported, notwithstanding there had been decided gains for the ])eace- 
 jiaity in New England at the spring elections. But in New York, where the Feder- 
 alists were expecting a triumph, they had been defeated, and New Jersey, and Penn- 
 sylvania, and all of the slave-labor states, and their children in tiie Mississippi Val- 
 ley, were decided friends of the administration. 
 
 With his message tlie President sent into Congress a letter from the Emperor of 
 Russia offering his mediation. The President stated that it had been accepted by 
 the government; that commissioners had been appointed to conclude a treaty of 
 peace with persons clothed with like powers on the part of the British government, 
 aiuUhat two of the American commissioners (Albert Gallatin and James A. Bayard) 
 had already departed for St. Petersburg, there to meet John Quincy Adams, a third 
 commissioner. While the President expressed a hope that a speedy peace might be 
 the result, he conjured Congress to shape legislation as if the object might be ob- 
 tained only by a vigorous prosecution of the war. He called attention, in a special 
 manner, to the national finances, which Avere not in a promising condition, and laid 
 before Congress an estimate of expenses for the year 181.3, to the amount of about 
 thirty million dollars.' 
 
 Tlie subject of an increase of internal revenue and of direct taxation had been agi- 
 tated a little, but was deferred until after the Presidential election. Now the admin- 
 istration party felt strong enough to try these measures. Bills for the imposition of 
 taxes and excise were adopted, and a new loan Avas authorized. No effort was spared 
 for providing adequate means for the vigorous prosecution of the war, and only in 
 Xew England was a voice of serious opposition heard. Governor Strong, of Massa- 
 chusetts, denounced the Avar as cruel and unjust, and urged the Legislature to adopt 
 measures for bringing about a speedy peace. The tAvo houses being in political ac- 
 cord with the governor, they agreed to a remonstrance, in which they, too, declared 
 
 ' The civil list for the year, !$9nO,000 ; payment of principal and Interest on the national debt, $10,610,000 ; and for the 
 War irnd Navy Departments, $lT,S20,OflO ; making a total of $29,230,000. 
 
i' lllll 
 
 ( ; 
 
 :l 
 
 
 _. 
 
 |l: 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ■l 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ ; 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 Wm' 
 
 i' ?" 
 
 i 
 
 194 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 TiM War fMer tenminced. 
 
 Illicit Trsfllc Cdiiiililareit. 
 
 Hecent Krcnti autplctou*. 
 
 The Hoiiir puf,,. 
 
 the fkrther prosociition of tlio war to be impolitic niid unjuHt, ftiul implored Conifrtss 
 to atlopt iiicnsurcH for nrresting it T!jcy doi-lari'd tiiat tlioy woro iiiHuonccd (tnly },y 
 a HciiHo of duty to the Constitution and tiit^ country, and appealed to (lod as u y,\l 
 neH8 of the rectitude of their intentiouH. Thiw renioiiHtranco wuh presented to the 
 'Juno 10, House of Kepresenttttives* by Timothy Pickering. It was courteous] v re- 
 ceived on account of that venerable man, when it was laid on the tiilili, anil 
 
 iMia. 
 
 there remained during the rest of the sessiuu, but excited much remark and sevi'r« 
 condemnation throughout the country.' 
 
 During the session ctrectual ineasures were taken for stopping a traffic curried nn 
 extensively by American merchant vessels, disguised as neutrals, with the lliitisli 
 West India Islands and ports of Spain under licenses issued by the British govern- 
 ment, by which they gave aid and comfort to the enemy, and injured their ctmiitrv. 
 Congress also considered the charges of cruel and unusual conduct on the part dt'iln 
 British in making war, and a committee was appointed, with the eminent Natlimml 
 Macon, of North Caroliona, as chairman, to gather information on the subject. TIair 
 
 <::^C€>e7Zu 
 
 report, now on file at the national capital, is a melancholy picture of wrongs and nut- 
 rages, especially in the Northwest where savages were employed, and on the Vir- 
 ginia coast.* 
 
 The special business of Congress at this early session was the providing of iiipans 
 for prosecuting the war vigorously. This was accomplished before the close of July, 
 ^ and that body adjourned on the 2d of August'' to reassemble on the Otii of 
 
 December. Before that meeting very important events had occurred, wliidi 
 liave already been recorded in these pages, such as Harrison's campaign for the recov- 
 ery of Michigan; Perry's victory on Lake Erie; Chauncey's operations on Lake On- 
 tario; victories on the ocean; Wilkinson's unfortunate campaign on the St. Lawrence 
 border ; and Jackson's operations in the Creek country. England had refused to ac- 
 cept the mediation of Russia on the terms proposed, and peace seemed more remote 
 than ever; and the National Legislature perceived that the honor, prosperity, and per- 
 liaps the very existence of the republic depended upon a vigorous prosecution oftlie 
 war. This conviction was forcing itself upon every thoughtful mind even in New 
 England, and the opposition of magistrates and law-makers was severely condcmneil 
 as unpatriotic and shameful. The nation was involved in a war with a powerl'ul, 
 tmculent, and haughty foe, and every right-minded man felt that it was the duty of 
 every good citizen to lay aside his political prejudices, and to do all in his power to 
 extricate his country from its serious trouble by first vanquishing the enemy with 
 vigorous blows, and then treating with him as an equal for an honorable peace. Yet 
 the peace-party was pow^erful and active in New England, and endeavored to con- 
 vince the people of that section that the administration was a tyrant intent upon 
 their injury. They pointed to the sad fact of the interference with their commerce, 
 navigation, and fisheries ; and the people were reminded that for years the Govern- 
 ment, under the guidance of Virginia politicians, had been controlled by the planting 
 interest in the slave-labor states by whom the war had been kindled. They justly 
 complained that the statesmen of the free-labor states, and especially of New En- 
 gland, had been proscribed, and denied a share in the management of public aflfairs, 
 
 > Compare ttiis action of the Masaachnaetts Legialatore with a statement of its doinga recorded In note 1, page iK. 
 » See page 088. . 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1819. 
 
 78S 
 
 I. Th* Ptif* Pwrty 
 
 inil)lori'(l C"()iit;ri'!t« 
 inrtuoncotl only )\\- 
 .(1 to t»o»l ii'* 11 wit- 
 118 presentiMl to the 
 ttiis courteously n- 
 ful on the tiilili', mill 
 remark ami siaiti; 
 
 ^ ft traffic cdrricd on 
 lis, with tht' Ihltisli 
 tho liritish liovcrn- 
 ijured thfir country. 
 ,ct on tho piirt dftlii' 
 lO oininciit Niitlmniil 
 u tho subject. Thuir 
 
 A T««olatloDU7 PropiMiltton, 
 
 ConiUtion uf iha Country. 
 
 A new Bmbiritu Act. 
 
 f^ 
 
 ire of wrongs and out- 
 oyed, and on the Vir- 
 
 hc provuVinj? of means 
 efore the close of July, 
 iSomWc on the Otli of 
 .8 had occurred, which 
 lampaign for the rccov- 
 iperations on Lake On- 
 rn on the St.Lawrenco 
 ^uid had refused to ai- 
 le seemed more remote 
 lor, prosperity, and per- 
 rons prosecution of the 
 [ful mind oven in Kew 
 18 severely condcmne4 
 war with a powerful, 
 liat it Avas the duty of 
 do all in his power to 
 shing the enemy with 
 honorable peace. Yet 
 |nd endeavored to con- 
 a tyrant intent upon 
 with their commerce, 
 for years the Govern- 
 trolled by the plantinj 
 kindled. They justly 
 ■specially of New En- 
 (ment of publicjiffau^ 
 -Trecordeclluiiotel, page TOO. 
 
 and tliat tho nutioiial govenunont had left tlicni wholly unprotec*'-.! »itile w.ir was 
 111 their doors, their coasts blockaded, and their sea-port towns ex|)08ed to instant do- 
 Htn.'tion. In view of these untleniable facts, some «)f the popidar leatU'is sujjgested 
 tho propriety of tho New Kiij^laiid States taking care of themselves, irrespective of 
 the national welfare, by concluding a separate peace with CJreat Hritain, atul allow- 
 inn the states beyond and south of the Hudson lliver to light as long as they pleased. 
 This revolutionary proposition did iu>t tind favor among patriotic men. 
 
 Such was tho general aspect of public atVairs when Congress met in December. 
 The tone of tho President's message to that body was hopeful ami even joyous, for 
 the late achievements oft'".' natiomil power gave promises «)f great good. Financial 
 mutters were quite as favorable as when Congress adjourned in Atigust. Abundant 
 harvests had rewarded the labors of the husbandman. The j)eo[»le were becoming 
 more and more a unit in opinion concerning tho righteousness of the war on the part 
 of the Govenmient, and its beneficial effects in developing the internal resources of 
 the country; also in demonstrating the ability of a free govennnent to protect itself 
 iiiiainst a powerful foe. "The war," said the President in his message," is illustrating 
 tlie capacity and tho destiny of tho United States to be a great, l flourishing, and a 
 powerful nation, worthy of the friendship wliich it is disposed to cultivate with all 
 others, and authorized by its own example to require from all an observance of the 
 laws of justice and reciprocity." 
 
 In a confidential message* the President recommended the passage of • Docomi)er », 
 ail Embargo Act to prevent supplies being furnislied to the enemy from ***'"• 
 
 American ports by unpatriotic men, and the introduction of British manufactures in 
 professedly neutral vessels. Such traffic was extensively carried on, especially in 
 New England, where the magistrates were often willingly lenient toward violators 
 of restrictive laws already in operation. A bill, in accordance with the I'resident's 
 (iusgestions, Avas j)as8ed by both houses of Congress on the iTth,*" the pro- 
 visions of which were excessively stringent. It was provided that the act 
 should remaui in force until the Ist of January, 1815, uidess hostilities sliould sooner 
 
 cease, 
 
 1 It prohlblteil, nnder severe penalties, tho exportation, or an attempt at exportation, by land or water, of any Roods, 
 ]iri ilure, upccle, or live-stock ; and, to Ruard as ftilly as possible against evasions, even the coast-trade was fu entirely 
 liri)lilbltcd that It became necessary to pass an act afterward to prevent the crews of coasters, Intercept ;d li> the rm- 
 itargo when away from home, to employ their empty vessels as vehicles for their return to port. This provision bore 
 very severely on the towns of the New England sea-board, for many of them depended on the coasting vesaftis for fuel, 
 and other necessary articles.. Their supply was suddenly stopped by It In tho heart of winter. No transportation was 
 allowed even on inland waters eTceptlng by the special permission of tho President. Wide latitude was given to cus- 
 tom-house officials and cruisers 1 1 the 
 felziirc of suspected goods ; and fisher- 
 men were not allowed to go out with- 
 out giving bonds not to viol.ito the Em- 
 hargo Act. "The effect of tho meas- 
 ure," said the National Intelligencer of 
 liecember 23, " will be to curtail onr en- 
 emies of necessary supplies precisely to 
 the amount of onr exports, except tho 
 very small proportion of them which 
 found their way to tho ports of France. 
 It can essentially Injnre no honest man 
 -no man who would disdain to afford 
 M and comfort to the enemies of his 
 country. . . . Speculators, knaves, and 
 traitors shall no longer enrich them- 
 selves at the expense of the commn- 
 uily." 
 
 A epiiited caricature of the effect of 
 this Embargo Act was designed and en- 
 pravcd by Dr. Alexander Anderson [see 
 note 1, page 787] for David Longworth, 
 « highly -esteemed publisher of New 
 York. It will be recollected that a for- 
 mer embargo, during Jefferson's administration [see page 162], was called by the Opposition, or Federalist party, " a ter- 
 rapiu policy." That idea is embodied In the caricature before ns, In which the Embargo Act of 1813 is personified by a 
 
 3D 
 
 iw? 
 
— >^*"^v 
 
 IV ft I 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 m. 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 W^ 
 
 m m 
 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 J f 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 mmi^ 
 
 Mii^ 
 
 786 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Napoleon humbled. 
 
 Rumors of Peace. 
 
 Re|)cnl of the Embargo Act. 
 
 ' 1814. 
 
 Very soon after the promulgation of the Embargo Act, intelligence came from Eu- 
 rope which caused a change in the views of the administration concerning the neces- 
 sity for the measure. An English flag of truce schooner arrived at Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, at the close of December, with the news of great disasters to Napoleon in tin- 
 field. His triumphant march toward the German Ocean and the lialtic had betn 
 checked in a great battle at Leipsic, and he had been compelled to fall back across 
 the Rhine with his magnificciit army sadly shattered. Thoughtful men supposed tiie 
 hour of the conqueror's downfall to be near, and reasonably concluded that such an 
 event would allow the British government to withdraw its soldiers from the Con- 
 tinent and send them hither. The schooner also brought oflicial assurance to our 
 government that the British Cabinet was willing to treat for peace, and accept the 
 mediation of Russia upon certain conditions. In his letter to Secretary Monroe com- 
 municating this fact. Lord Castlereagh was careful to say that his government was 
 willing to treat with that of the United States" upon principles of perfect reciprocity 
 not inconsistent with the established maxims of public law^ and with the maritiiiie 
 rights of the British empire.''^ The Pi-ince Regent, in his speech at the openiiif of 
 Parliament, had used similar language on the subject."^ He was willing to treat di- 
 rectly with the United States government through commissioners, but was unwillini; 
 to "accept the interposition of any friendly power in the question which formed thf 
 principal object of dispute between tJie two states." Notwithstanding it was evident 
 that the British government did net mean to recede a line from its assumptions con- 
 cerning the right of search and impressment, and proposed the opening of negotia- 
 tions at London, or at some point vjU the Continent near Great Britain, the Presi- 
 dent, sincerely desiring peace on honorable terms, acceded to the proposition of the 
 prince, and nominated Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell as additional commission- 
 ers ; and the five,^ by the concurrent rction of the Senate in January," weru 
 duly commissioned to treat for peace, at Gottenburg, with Bi'itish represent- 
 atives.* 
 
 This movement toward peace, and the pro-^pect of a general pacification of Europe, 
 made the Opposition clamorous for a repeal of the Embargo Act. These considera- 
 tions, and a desire to increase the revenue by impost duties so as to fully sustain tlif 
 
 public credit, caused the President to recommend'' such repeal. That rec- 
 JaDuary 19. ... 
 
 ommendation was hailed with great delight throughout the country, ami 
 
 an act of Congress for the repeal of the measure became a law ou the 14 th of April 
 
 huge terrapin, who pelzca n violator of the law by the ecnt of his breeches. It was aimed at the New Englniul peoplp, 
 who, it was alleged, were contlniinlly supplying the British cruisers with provisions, and thereby saving their coast from 
 that devastatlou to which those of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays iiad been subjected, and also putting money in 
 their pockets by the infamous traffic. A British vessel of war is seen in the distance, with a boat, on the arrival of the 
 knave with a barrel of flour, marked "sitperflnc." The Embargo terrapin seizes him, and the fellow cries out, "Oh: 
 this cursed O-grub-me :'' th.^ ii-ord embargo spelled backward, making these words. The government official, wlio ha^ 
 charge of the arrestiug terra|)iu, calls out in high glee, " Damn It, how ho nicks 'cm." One claw of the terrapin is upon 
 a " license," such as the British authorities gave to professed neutrals. The designer and engraver of this caricaturo 
 is . I (close of 1807) engaged in the practice of the art of engraving on wood at the age of almost ninety-three jcars. 
 The copy of the caricature, seen ou the preceding page on a reduced scale, was redrawn and engraved by liiin at the 
 age of eighty-eight years. i See note 1, page S4. 
 
 ' In this speech the Prince Begcnt said : " I am happy to inform yon that the measures adopted by the Unlletl State? 
 for the conquest of Canada have been frustrated by the valor of his majesty's troops, and by the zeal and loyalty of his 
 American subjects." It was a singular coincidence that in the London Courier, November 4, 1813, iu which tills spocch 
 was printed, was an account of the signal victory of Perry, and the capture of the entire British fleet on Lfike Erie, 
 which was immediately followed by the connucst of ail Canada west of the Grand River, an event that had already ha; • 
 pencd when that paper was printed. In the same issue of the paper was Lord Castlereagh's letter to Monroe propo.'- 
 ing negotiations for peace. 
 
 ' Albert Gallatin, James A. Bayard, John Qnlncy Adams, Jonathan RusRcll, and Henry Clay. 
 
 * Clay and RiiHsell sailed on their mission fnmi New York on the 2iid of February, iu the tiMp John Adams, which bail 
 been fitted out as a cartel. They were instructed to in.iist upon a cessation, on the part <if the British, of the dcfrail- 
 Ing practices of search and impressment of seamen. "Onr flair," said the Instmctions, " mnst protect the crew, or the 
 United Plates can not consider themselves an independent nation." And to remove all pretexts on the part of 
 Great Britain for evading this dei.iand, the President expressed a willingness to exclude all British seamen, anil Hllna- 
 lives of Great Britain, excepting the few already naturalized, from American vessels. Thus armed with rigliloouewei|)- 
 ousi the envoys went forth ou their errand of peace. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 787 
 
 peal of the Embargo Act. 
 
 lice came from Eu- 
 icerning the neces- 
 ,t Annapolis, ^Mary- 
 ;o Napoleon in thf 
 le Baltic had bt'cn 
 to fall back across 
 1 men supposwl the 
 luded that such an 
 iers from the Con- 
 il assurance to our 
 ace, and accept the 
 retary Moin-oe cora- 
 lis governnieut was 
 f perfect reciprocity 
 [ with the murititM 
 1 at the opening of 
 willing to treat di- 
 8, but was unwilling 
 m which formed the. 
 idinQ: it was evident 
 its assumptions eon- 
 opening of negotia- 
 It Britain, the Prcsi- 
 ic proposition of the 
 Iditional oonmiission- 
 te in January," were 
 th British reprebent- 
 
 icification of Europe. 
 •t. These considera- 
 [s to fully sustain the 
 ich repeal. That rec- 
 lOUt the country, and 
 Ion the 14th of April 
 
 Provlnlons for the Increase of the Army. 
 
 The Navy neglected. 
 
 ' Death of the Embargo.' 
 
 . at the New Englnnrt people, 
 Icreby eaving their const from 
 Id, and also putting money in 
 V a boat, on the arrival of the 
 Id the fellow cries out, "Oh; 
 [government official, who lia* 
 le claw of the tcrrupiu is upon 
 Id engraver of this caricntute 
 af almost ninety-three year?. 
 and engraved by him at the 
 
 d 1 See note 1, page S4. 
 ladopted by the United State. 
 Vythezealandloynltyofhl! 
 t 4, 1813, in which thin eFc'' 
 le British fleet on Lalie Erie, 
 li event that had already lui;- 
 k"8 letter to Monroe propos- 
 
 fship John Adams, which h«il 
 If the British, of the dei.'riHl- 
 InnBt protect the crew, or ttc 
 
 [all pretexts on the part ot 
 111 British seamen, and all na- 
 i armed with riglitoottsweap- 
 
 following. This was claimed to be a victory for the Federalists — an evidence that 
 the wisdom of the peace-party was perceived by the people and Congress.^ 
 
 The providing of recruits for the army and its permanent increase was really the 
 most important business of the session of Congress whose doings we are now eonsid- 
 erinf. Expectations concerning the increase of the army had not been realized. 
 Sixty-one thousand men was the intended number of the regular force : at the begin- 
 niii<^ of 1814 it was but a trifle more than half that number. Something must be 
 (lone speedily, or the cause would be lost. Short enlistments, as usual, had proved 
 disastrous, and provision was made for engaging men for five years. Volunteers 
 were to be accepted for a less term. Liberal bounties were to be ofliered ; and power 
 Wa.3 given to the President to call out the militia of the country for six ins^tead of 
 three months, if he should consider it necessary. Provision was made for a large in- 
 crease of the navy by a bill passed by the lower house, but it was lost in the Senate, 
 where only an appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars was authorized for the 
 construction of a steam frigate, or floating battery, for harbor defense, suggested by 
 Robert Fulton. The subject of finance occupied much of the time of the session f 
 
 1 The claim was not valid. There had, indeed, been many violent, threatening, unpatriotic words spoken throngh- 
 ont New England against the government, more especially in Massachusetts, where the extremest doctrines of state 
 sovereignty, on which the rebels in 1800- 01 founded their claims to tlie right of secession, were iterated and reiterated 
 a thousand times. Even open defiance had been hurled in tlio face of the national government, and menaces of dls- 
 nnioa had been uttered daily ; yet there was a war-party in New England altogether too powerful and restraining to 
 cause the President to be affected by any apprehensions of secession or serious obstructicnis to the machinery of the na- 
 tional government. Tliis was more eloquently proclaimed by acts than words. Notwithstanding the unpopularity of 
 the war in that region, and especially in Massachusetts, that state furnished, during the year 1S14, over fourteen thousand 
 recruits, to whom two millions of dollars in bounties were paid. Indeed, Massachusetts furnislied more recruits than 
 any single state, and lukewarm New England more than all the hot slave statcc, >vho were ever clamorous for war, put 
 together. 
 
 The " Death of the Embargo" was celebrated in verses published in the Federal RejmWcan newspaper of Georgetown, 
 in the District of Columbia. These were reproduced in the New York ICvenini) Pout, witli an illustration designed by 
 John Wesley Jarvis, the painter, and drawn and t ngraved on wood by Dr. Anderson. The picture was redrawn and 
 engraved by Dr. Anderson, on a reduced scale, for this work, after a lapse of exactly fifty years. The lines which it Il- 
 lustrates are as follows : 
 
 Tebuafin's AnUBEBS. 
 
 "Reflect, my frtend, as yon pass by, 
 As you are now, so once was I : 
 As /am now, so you nmy be- 
 laid on your back to die like me 1 
 I was, Indeed, true sailor bom ; 
 To quit my friend in death I scorn. 
 Once Jemmy seemed to be my fl'iend. 
 But basely brought me to my end ! 
 Of head bereft, and light, and breath, 
 1 hold Fidelity in deatli : 
 For'Sillors' Rights' I still will tug ; 
 And Madison to death I'll hug, 
 For his i)erfidlou8 zeal displayed 
 For 'Sailors' Righte and for Free Trade.' 
 This small atonement I will have— 
 I'll lag down Jemmy to the grave. 
 Tli^n trade and commerce shall be fVeo, 
 And sailors have their lll)erty. 
 Of head bereft, and light, and breath. 
 The Terrapin, still tni,". in death, 
 Will punish Jemmy's perfidy— 
 Leave trade and brother sailors free 1" 
 
 Fabsenokb's Rbplt. 
 " Ye«, Terrapin, bereft of Ijre.ith, Hear him bnt oflf, and we shall see 
 
 We see thee faithftil still in death. Comiiicriv! renti.fed and mihim fne ! 
 
 Stick to 't— ' Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.' ling. Terrapin, wi.h all thy might- 
 
 Hug Jemmy— press htm— hold him— bite. Now for ' Free Tra<le and Sailors' Right.' 
 
 Never mind thy head— thou'lt live without It; Slick to him. Terrapin ! to thee the nation 
 
 Spunk will preserve thy life— don't doubt It. Now eager looks— then die for her snlvntion. 
 
 Down to the grave, f atone for sin, " Floboat Rebpcblioa. 
 
 Jemmy must ^'o with Terrapin. 
 "Ba>\kii of GooM Creek, City of Wa«hin;jtnn, \tith April, 1814." 
 « A bill, authorizing a loan not exceeding twenty-five millions of dollars In amount, was offered in the House on the 
 JIh of Fehraary. The delialcs on the Bu1>ject took a very wide range, anr' the cause, origin, conduct, and probable re- 
 snlts of the war were freely .ind sometimes acrlmonionsly discussed. Much that was said, especially by the Opposition, 
 ivns irrelevant. The bill finally passed both houses of Congress by n large majority, and becai le ". law by the approval 
 of the President on Uie 'i6th of March. Then commenced among the leaders of the peace-party, or more ultra Fcdoral- 
 
 KEATU or TUB TEBBAPIN, OB TUB IIUUAUUO. 
 
I . i 
 
 788 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Proceedings concerniug Prisoners of War. 
 
 Retaliatory Measures. 
 
 Prisoners held as Uostages. 
 
 and that concerning the exchange of prisoners became a very interesting topic. Dif- 
 ficulties, as we have observed, in regard to such cxcliange, appeared at the bcginnintf 
 of hostilities, caused by the British refusing to consider the Irislimen captured at 
 Queenston as prisoners of war, claiming them to be British subjects. These were 
 sent to England to be tried for treason. Scott then told the British authorities at 
 Quebec that he should lay the matter before his government, and that an equal num- 
 ber of British prisoners should be held as hostages for their lives and freedom. Ho did 
 BO, and Congress, early in 1813, vested the President with the power of retaliation.' 
 
 Ists, a factions and at times treasonable efforts to destroy the public credit, and to so paralyze the sinews of war as to 
 compel the government to make peace on any terms which the enemy might dictate. Of these efforts and their results 
 I shall hereafter write. 
 
 ' See page 409. Scott was faithful to his promise. As adjutant general and chief of Dearborn's staff, he seiectej 
 from the prisoners captured by himself at Fort George [see page 599] twenty-three men as hostages for the nufortuuaie 
 Irishmen sent over the sea. These were placed in close confluemtnt, to await the action of the British government 
 and to be treated accordingly. Sir George Prevost immediately comnuinlcated this fact to the home government, and 
 at the same time addressed a note to our government through General Dearboni. The latter was so negligent that it 
 was three months before his letter reached Washington. Of this Sir George complained, and had even cominenc»(l 
 Bending prisoners to Halifax because of his inability to keep the large number which had accumulated on his hands in 
 Canada while waiting a reply from our government. This neglect caused distress and inconvenience to the prisoners 
 In Canada. They complained of their long detention, and Prevost gave them proof that Dearborn alone was to blame. 
 • A 1 19 Then General Winder, who was captured at 8t(my Creek [see page 6041, wrote to the Secretary of War> 
 lsl3 ' "" "'" subject. After expressing a hope that Prevost would be promptly answered, he said, " But snch 
 nnaccountable neglect or omission in answering the communications of Sir George has already taken 
 place on the part of General Dearborn that I feel fearful that the same fatality may also attend that last commuuicn- 
 tion." Winder's letter stirred the government to action, for already, as we have observed, prisoners bad been sent u 
 t , . . Halifax from Canada,"" and Sir George Prevost threatened to send a large number to Knglaud. Tlu 
 ° " ■ whole business concerning the exchange of prisoners was placed in charge of General J. Mason, commis- 
 Bnry general of prisoners, under the direction of the Sec- 
 retary of state. That officer at once dispatched the o'v 
 [1S67] venerable Colonel Charles K. Gardner to Cpi.: i 
 as agent for the prisoners, empowered by the proper ' 
 thorities to negotiate their exchange. 
 
 While these movements were in progress, an order for 
 retaliation came to Sir George Prevost trom the Prince 
 Regent, through Earl Bathurst, Secretary of State. It was 
 •■ 181S promulgated at Montreal on the 2Ith of October' 
 by a proclamation from the baronet, in which 
 ho stated that he was commanded " forthwith to put in 
 
 close confinement forty-six American officers and non-commissioned officers, to be held as hostages for the safe kco|i 
 Ing of the twenty-three British soldiers stated to have been put in close confinement by order of the .\merican coven:- 
 meut." He was also instructed to apprise General Dearborn that "if any of the said British soldiers shall suffer death 
 by reason that the soldiers now under confinement in England have been found guilty, and that the known law, not 
 only of Great Britain, but of every independent state under similar circumstances, has been in consequence execntcd, 
 he has been instructed to select ont of the American officers and non-commissioned officers put into conflucinent a- 
 many as double the number of British soldiers who shall have been so unwarrantably pnt to death, and cause sticlKitB 
 cers and non-commissioned officers to snRer death immediately." He further stated that he was commanded to de- 
 clare that instructions had been sent to the British commanders on land and sea " to prosecute the war with unniiii- 
 gated severity against all cities, towns, and villages belonging to the United States," if, after a reasonable timi from thi- 
 
 proclamatiim, the American government should " not be deterred 
 from putting to death any of the soldiers who now ore, or who may 
 hereafter be kept as hostages for the purpose stated." 
 
 -^ jf 9l^uy^(U4^ f^Uy^ 
 
 I 'mprisoned forty-six American olli 
 - '■.)C. Among these was Major C.Vnii 
 ' ■< in the War Department), who wai 
 V. He and two room companions i«- 
 X tt State of Maine, when they were 
 
 I" November IT. 
 
 Prevost obeyed orde 
 
 cers in Beanport jail, • 
 
 De Venter (afterwar' 
 
 captured with Generr 
 
 caped, and had alt. .mi 
 captured and taken back. Under the humane caro of General 
 Glasgow, these and the other prisoners were well treated, but 
 chafed under the long detention while the two governments 
 were menacing the prisoners of each with peril. Madison re- 
 sponded to the order of the Prince Regent 
 by directing"' the imprisonment of a like 
 number of British officers. This fact was communicated to 
 Prevost at Montreal by Colonel Macomb, who had been sent 
 for thi' purpose by General Wilkinson under a flag of truce. 
 Wilkini-i)n assured the boronet that the American government 
 Intended to adhere strictly to the principles and purposes avowed in relation to the twenty-three Irishmen sent to Kr, 
 gland; whereupon Prevost, by n pcncnil order by Adjutant General Bnynes, on thel'ith of December, directed n/iAmer 
 lean officers, without distinctlnn of rank, then prisoners In his department, to be placed in close confinement. Ilillieri > 
 Generals Winchester, Chandler, and Winder had been allowed a wi "• parole around Beauport ; now they were com 
 manded not to go beyond the premises of their respective board'ng-.. ses In that village, which lies oJJ the St.La»- 
 reuce, in full view of Quebec* 
 
 Letter of General Winder to the ^' 
 
 ■iry oi'War, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 789 
 
 sonera held ae Hostages. 
 
 !8ting topic. Dif- 
 l at tlic bcginr.iiig 
 hmcu Oiiptured at 
 ects. Those were 
 tish authorities at 
 Lhat an equal mini- 
 1 freedom. He did 
 rer of retaliation.' 
 
 ze the sinews of war a» to 
 ige efforts aud tlieir resultg 
 
 earborn'8 staff, ho selected 
 ostages for the tiufortunatc 
 of the British government, 
 the home government, and 
 ter was bo negligent ttial it 
 , and had even commeiic»d 
 !ccun)nlatcd on his hands in 
 anvenienco to the prisoners 
 jarborn alone was to lilarae. 
 ote to the Secretary of War' 
 nswered, he said, " But sucii 
 ir George has already takcu 
 attend lhat last coranninlcn- 
 1, prisoners had been sent to 
 e number to England. Tlie 
 it General J. Mason, commis- 
 
 ns hostages for the safe VLeop. 
 )rder of the .\nierican pivon:- 
 tlsh soldierB shall suiTer deatli 
 and that the known law, uoi 
 vu in consequence cxecatf.l 
 ..leers put into conllucmeiit i* 
 |t to death, and cause sucliulB 
 lat he was commanded to i./- 
 rosccnte the war with nnmiii- 
 er a reasonable tim* from ihi- 
 Jient should " not be deterred 
 [iers who now are, or who may 
 Ipnrpose stated." 
 lonod forty-six American ofB- 
 [mong these was Major CWan 
 lie War Department), who ii;v< 
 land two room corapanioas t<- 
 .ate of Maine, when they were 
 
 ^^^^2^ 
 
 JitT-thrce Irishmen sent |->E»- 
 If December, dlrectcdnll.\mer 
 I, close contliiement. llilli"i 
 Ittuport ; now they were com 
 Ige, which lies oil the St. U.- 
 
 • 1814. 
 
 Campaign on the Northern Frontier. Proposed Expedition to the Upper Lakes. Preparations on Lake Champlaln. 
 
 Let US now coLoider the military events of 1814, which occurred more in accord- 
 ance with the necessities of developing exigencies as the seasons passed on than with 
 that of any Avell-digested plans excepting as to the Northern frontiers. It had been 
 agreed in cabinet council that an expedition under Colonel Croghan, the hero of Fort 
 Stephenson, with the co-operation of Commodore Sinclair, should proceed against the 
 British on the upper lakes, and attempt the recovery of Mackinaw and St. Joseph's, 
 ■nhich were lost at the beginning of the war.^ An army, under Major General Brown, 
 was to be collected on the desolated Niagara frontier of sufficient strength to seize 
 the Canadian peninsula between Lakes Ontario aud Erie, while General Izard, in com- 
 mand in thti Lake Champlain region, should cut the connection on the St. Lawrence 
 between Montreal and Kingston. 
 
 It was at the close of March* when the campaign was opened on the North- 
 em frontier by the incompetent General Wilkinson, who, we have observed, 
 took post with a part of the Army of the North, at Plattsburg, when the cantonment 
 at French Mills was broken up.^ 
 
 There were indications that efforts would be made in the spring by the British in 
 Canada to gain possession of Lake Champlain, penetrate the State of New York to 
 the valley of the Hudson, and attempt, by a movement similar to the one unsuccess- 
 fully put in operation by Burgoyne in 1777, to sep.arato the New England common- 
 wealths (wl.orc, they foolishly supposed, an overwhelming majority of the people 
 were their friends) from the rest of the Union. To meet and frustrate such efforts 
 countervailing measures were adopted. Vessels of war were constructed at the mouth 
 of the Onion River, in Vermont, under the superintendence of Captain Macdonough; 
 and General Wilkinson sent Captain Totten, of the Engineers, to select a site for a 
 strong battery at or near Rouse's Point for the purpose of keeping the little British 
 squadron, then lying at St. John's, « n the Sorel, within the limits of Canada. Before 
 tills work could be accomplished, the breaking up of the ice in the streams earlier 
 than common changed the aspect of affairs materially. Intelligence reached Wilkin- 
 son that a British force of twenty-five hundred men was about to be concentrated 
 
 Thcfe retaliatory measures were relaxed toward spring."" At the middle of January Sir George Prevost al- , ..„.,. 
 lowed General Winder to go home on parole, with a promise not to reveal any thing of obvious disadvantage 
 to the British, and to return to Quebec by the 16th of March. The general too that occasion to communicnte fl-cely 
 in person with his government on the subject of an exchange of prisoners. He deprecated the retaliatory measures, 
 and tlirough his Influence the Senate, first on the 2d of Fcbrnary and then on the 9th of March, by resolution, requested 
 the President to cause to be laid before them such information as he might possess concerning the subject of prisoners 
 and retaliatory measures, and " of the cases, with their circumstances, in which any civilized nation had punished its 
 n,iti\e subjects taken In arms against, and for which punishment retaliation had been Inflicted by the nation In whose 
 service they had been taken." Also, " on what gronnds, and under what circumstances. Great Britain has refused to 
 discharge native citizens of the United States Impressed Into her service ; and what has been her conduct toward Amer- 
 ican seamen on board her ships of war at and since the commencement of the present war with the tJnltcd States." 
 
 This was a task of no ordinary labor; and tl.e Secretary of State, to whom the resolutions were referred, remarked, in 
 a report which he submitted on the 14th of April, that a f\ill onswcr ftom him on the subject of retaliation would require 
 more extensive research into the history and jurisprudence of Europe than proper attention to his ofllcinl duties would 
 allow before the close of the session— an event then just at hand. He gave reasons, however. In justiflcotlon of the 
 course of the United States in the matter so satisfactory that a bill was Introduced similar to the one at the last session 
 of the Twelfth Congress giving the President flill powers to retaliate. For reasons then presented, it did , auHI 18 
 not become a law. Four days after the presentation of this report Congcss adjourned." 
 
 General Winder promptly returned to Quebec at the middle of March, bearing to Sir George Prevost fi-om Mr. Mon- 
 roe, Secretary of State, a letter, dated the 9th of March, In which a mutual exchange of prisoners was solicited. Gen- 
 crsi Winder was clothed with fiill powers to negotiate for snch exchange. Prevost met the proposition with a friend- 
 ly spirit, nnd appointed Colonel Baynes, his adjutant general, a commissioner for the purpose. The negotiation was 
 'imraenccd, but temporarily suspended, when, In a Irtttr *o General Winder, dated the 22d of March, Mr. Monroe posl- 
 livelv prohibited any consent to the release of tiK- .wenty-three British prisoners who were held as hostages for the 
 Irishmen sent to England eighteen months before, unless it shou d be stipulated that they, too, should be released. 
 The negotiation was resumed, oud on the 16th of April Winder ai.d Baynes signed articles of a convention for the 
 mntnal release of all prisoners of war, hostages or others, except the twenty-three Queenston prisoners, the twenty- 
 three Fort George prisoners held by the Americans In retaliation, nnd the forty-six American officers who were held 
 for the last-named twenty-three. The mutual release took place on the 16th of May. Soon after that.M-. Beaslcy, 
 airent for the American government in England, sent word that no proceedings had ever been Inslituted against the 
 Q'leenston prisoners, and that they were restored to the condition of ordinary prisoners of war. The hostages on both 
 fides were immediately released, and early In .Inly a cartel for the exchange of prisoners was ratified and executed. 
 Thns ended n controversy unwarrantably begun by Great Britain, aud which had produced much suffering. The just 
 
 position taken by our government was firmly maintained. > See page 270. * See page C8T. 
 

 -iiir.'U 
 
 
 f i: 
 
 Y90 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Wilkinson crosses the Canada Border. 
 
 The British at La Colle Mill. 
 
 Positions of the opposing Forces 
 
 • 1S14. 
 
 at La Colle Mill, on La Colle Creek, a small tributary of the Sorel, three or four miles 
 below Rouse's Point. 
 
 For the purpose of preparing for a ma-ch on Montreal, and to confront the expect- 
 ed force at La Colle, Wilkinson advanced his little army to Ch'^uiplain, and on the 
 30th of March* crossed the Canada border, and pressed on toward La Colle, 
 It was composed of about four thousand effective men. Five miles from Cham- 
 plain, at a hamlet called Odelltown, the army stopped for refreshments ; and, on re- 
 suming their march, they encountered the enemy's pickets, and drove them back. At 
 about three o'clock in the afternoon they came in sight of La Colle jMill, a heavy stone 
 structure, with walls eighteen inches in thickness, and its windows barricaded with 
 heavy timbers, through which Avere loop-holes for muskets. It stood on the south- 
 ern bank of La Colle Creek, at the end of a bridge. On the opposite bank was a 
 block-house and a strong barn, and .around them were intrenchments. For two lumd- 
 red yards southward from the mill, and half that distance nortliward from the block- 
 house, was cleared land, surrounded by a thick primeval forest which covered the 
 country in every direction. The flat ground was half inundated by melting snows, 
 a.id the highway was so obstructed by the enemy with felled trees and other hirukr- 
 ances that the Americans were compelled to diverge some distance to the right of it, 
 
 The .advance of Wilkinson's army was commanded by Colonel Isaac Clark an.l 
 Major (at that time lieutenant colonel by brevet) Benjamin Forsyth. These wore 
 followed by Captain M'Pherson, with two pieces of artillery, covered by the brigades 
 of Generals Smith and Bissell. General Alexander Macomb commanded the reserves 
 under Colonels Melancthon Smith and George M'Feely. Clark and Forsyth, with 
 portions of their commands, crossed La Colle Creek some distance above the mill, fol- 
 lowed by Colonel Miller's regiment of six hundred men, and took post in the rear of 
 the enemy to cut off' his retreat. 
 
 At this time the British garrison at the mill consisted of only about two hundred 
 men, chiefly regulars, under Major Hancock, of the British Thirteenth. Re-enforce- 
 ments were on the way, and it was important for Wilkinson to dislodge the enemy 
 at the mill before their arrival. Macomb endeavored to send forAvard an 18-poiind 
 cannon to breach the walls, but failed on account of the softness of the grouiid. 
 Hoping to perform the same service with M'Pherson's heavy guns, which consisted 
 of a 12-pound cannon and a 5i^-inch mortar, these were placed in battery at the dis- 
 
trntrmr^^ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 %91 
 
 ^liiii: 
 
 1 of the opposinj; Forces. 
 
 lireo or four miles 
 
 nfront the expect- 
 iiplain, ami on the 
 
 toward La Colle, 
 ; miles from Clmm- 
 mcnts ; ami, on re- 
 )ve them back. At 
 I^lill, a heavy stone 
 iS'9 barricailed with 
 stood on the soulh- 
 »posite bank was a 
 its. For twolmud- 
 ard fro.n the hloek- 
 
 which covered the 
 [ by melting snows, 
 es and other hinder- 
 ce to the right of it. 
 
 mel Isaac Clark and 
 /orsvth. These were 
 Irered by the hn^Aie^ 
 limanded the reserves 
 l-k and Forsyth, witli 
 pe above the milljol- 
 fk post in the rear of 
 
 about t\vo hundred 
 Irteenlh. Re-enforce- 
 L dislodge the enemy 
 kbrward an lB-po"nd 
 tness of the gromul. 
 inns, which consisted 
 In battery at the dis- 
 
 Wilkinson attacks the British Oarrison. The Latter re-enforced. The Americans repulsed. The Battle-ground. 
 
 tance of two hundred and fifty yards from the mill. They opened fire upon that 
 citadel, but their missiles were harmli'ss. They were responded to by Congrcvc 
 rockets ; and the whole American line, being in open fields, was exposed to the gall- 
 in" tire of the enemy. M'Pherson was wounded under the chin, but fought on until 
 his thigh-bone was broken by a musket ball, when he was carried to the rear. Lieu- 
 tenant Larrabce, his next in command, was shot through the lungs, and Lieutenant 
 Sheldon kept up the fire with great gallantry. The conduct of these officers was so 
 conspicuous as to attract the admiration and comment of their brethren in arms. 
 
 While this contest was waging, two flank companies of the British Thirteenth, un- 
 der Captains Ellard and Ilolgatc, arrived from Isle mix Noix, seven miles distant, 
 and gave much strength to the beleaguered garrison. Major ILincock now det ti-m- 
 ined to storm the American battery, and gave orders for an immediate and vignrous 
 sortie by the two companies just arrived. They made several desperate charges, and 
 were as often repulsed by the infantry supports of the artillery under Smith and IJis- 
 sell. They were finally driven back across the bridge, and compelled to take refuge 
 in the block-house on the northerly side of the stream. There they were soon joined 
 hy some Canadian Grenadiers and Voltigeurs from Burtonvillc, only two miles dis- 
 tant. These joined the companies of Ellard and Ilolgate in another sortie more des- 
 perate than the first, which, after a severe struggle, was repulsed by the covering 
 brigades, and the cannonade and bombardment wont on. They made no impression, 
 liowever, upon the walls of the mill. The garrison had been augmented by re-en- 
 forcements to almost a thousand men, and, after a contest ot two hours, "Wilkinson 
 withdrew, having lost thirteen killed, one hundred and twenty-eight wounded, and 
 thirteen missing. The enemy lost eleven killed, two oflicers and forty-four men 
 wounded, and four missing. 
 
 I visited the scene of this conflict on a pleasant evening towai'd the close of 
 Jtily," 18C0. I had been to French Mills (Fort Covington) in the morning, ., i »t 
 and had arrived at Rouse's Point, as before observed (page 665), towaid 
 evening. In a light wagon, behind a fleet hoi"se, I rode from the village to La Colle 
 Mill in time to make a sketch of the scene — the bridge, and the block-house, then part 
 
 '^■'TKSW^WCSg.^ 
 
 1.A COLI.b .MILL AM) ULOCK-lIUUbK. 
 
 of a dwelling, the property of Mi*. William Bowman — and to obtain fi'om that gentle- 
 man 80 exact a description of the form and size of the old mill, which had been de- 
 
< i 
 
 J 5 ( 
 
 i • 
 
 tlfc. 
 
 792 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Oriives of the Slain In the Battle. End of Wilkinaon'i military Career. Brown ordered to the Niagara Frontier, 
 
 molishod only two years before, as to enable mo, by observing the relative position 
 of its ruins to the bridge, to reproduce the likeness of it given in the picture on tho 
 preceding page. Mr. Bowman accompanied me to the Ferry-road, opened by hinisolf 
 a little southward of the bridge, where, about thirty rods southeast from the highway 
 might be seen the mounds which cover the remains of tho slain in the battle tliere, 
 Those of the Americans were buried on the right side of the road, and those of tlic 
 British on the left side, about twenty feet from each other. Only one grave was 
 made for the dead of each nation. 
 
 At twilight I passed through La Colle village and Odelltown, the road ruiminc; 
 through a level, well-cultivated region, which was covered by forest at the time of 
 the war. I spent the night at an indifferent inn at Rouse's Point village, and on the 
 following morning journeyed to Champlain and Plattsburg. Of this journey I shall 
 hereafter write. 
 
 With the discreditable affair at La Colle Mill tho military career of General Wi|. 
 kinson was closed. By an order from the War Department, issued a Aveek previous 
 • March 24, to that affair," he was relieved of the command of the army in the Depart- 
 
 ^®'''' ment of the North, and his conduct while in command of that district was 
 subsequently committed to the scrutiny of a court-martial. He proved that durin,' 
 the most important operations of the disastrous campaign, which ended at Froiioii 
 Mills, the War Department, in the person of Minister Armstrong and Adjutant Gin- 
 eral Walbach, was on the Northern frontier, and that he acted under the Socretai y's 
 immediate instructions ; tliat the failure of Hampton to meet him at St. Regis' justi- 
 fied his abandonment of an attack on Montreal ; and that his encampment and stav 
 at, and departure from French Mills, was in accordance with the views of the Secre- 
 tary of War. Tliese proofs being positive, Wilkinson was acquitted, and the puhlie 
 placed the chief blame, where it seemed to properly belong, on the War Department. 
 Like Harrison, who had felt the baletul effects of the administration of that depart- 
 ment, Wilkinson threw up his commission in disgust. 
 
 Many official changes Avere necessary. Dearborn was in retirement on account of 
 ill health ; Hampton had left the service in disgrace : and Winchester, Chandler, ami 
 Winder were still prisoners of war in the hands of the enemy in Canada. On the 
 24th of January Brigadier Generals Brown and Izard were commissioned major gen- 
 erals ; and Colonels Macomb, T. A. Smith, Bissell, Scott, Gaines, and Ripley were ap- 
 pointed brigadiers. On the retirement of Wilkinson, Brown became chief commander 
 in the Northern Department. 
 
 General Brown, as we have seen, left French Mills with a division of the army for 
 Sackett's Harbor at about the middle of February.^ He arrived there on the 24tl), 
 after a rather pleasant march for that season of the year. There he received a letter 
 ^ from the Secretary of War, dated on the 28th,'' informing hira that Colonel 
 
 Scott, who was a candidate for a brigadiership, had been ordered, with the 
 accomplished Major Wood, of the Engineers, to the Niagara frontier. "The truth 
 is," Armstrong ss'd, "public opinion will not tolerate us in permitting the enemy 
 to keep quiet possession of Fort Niagara. Another motive is the effect which may 
 be expected from the appearance of a large corps on the Niagara in restraining tho 
 enemy's enterprises to the westAvard." After expressing doubts concerning the abil- 
 ity of the force under Scott to recapture Fort Niagara, the Secretary, " by command 
 of the President," as he said, directed Brown to convey, with the least possible delay, 
 the brigades which he brought from French Mills to Batavia, Avhere " other and more 
 detailed orders" Avould aAvait him.' On the same day, by another dispatch, the Sec- 
 retary directed Brown to cross the ice at the foot of the lake, and attack the enemy 
 at Kingston, if, on consultation with Chauncey, it should be considered practicable. 
 
 • Sec pnpe 0B4. 
 
 > MS. Letter of Secretary Armstrong to General Brown, February 28, 1813.- 
 
 ' See pacp W>T. 
 -Qeueral Brown'a Letter-book, 
 
pWlli 
 
 OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 798 
 
 the Niagara Frontitr. 
 
 relative position 
 he picture on iho 
 pencil by himsolt', 
 rora the highway, 
 
 the battle thoro. 
 , and those of the 
 y one grave was 
 
 the road ruiniint; 
 est at the time of 
 village, and on the 
 his journey I shall 
 
 or of General Wil- 
 jd a week previous 
 rray in the Depart- 
 of that district was 
 proved that duriiv^ 
 ;h ended at Frenoli 
 and Adjutant Gui- 
 lder the Secretary's 
 
 1 at St. Regis' justi- 
 campment and stay 
 1 views of the Score- 
 itted, and the puhlio 
 ne War Department, 
 ition of that depart- 
 ment on account of 
 lester, Chandler, ami 
 in Canada. On the 
 
 ssioned major gen- 
 Mid Ripley were ap- 
 me chief commander 
 
 ision of the army for 
 there on the 24tli. 
 he received a letter 
 ing him that Colonel 
 en ordered, with the 
 ontier. "Thetrutl. 
 rmitting the enemy 
 he effect which may 
 ra in restraining tlie 
 concerning the ahil- 
 jtary, " by cominaivl 
 least possible delay, 
 (ere " other and nion' 
 ler dispatch, the Sec 
 lul attack the enemy 
 iisidered practicahlc. 
 
 a See pace W' 
 I Brown's Letter-book. 
 
 Brown moving toward the Niagara. Ridiculous Urdere from the War Department. Public Property in Danger. 
 
 In that event he was directed to use the instructions in the first letter of that date 
 as a mask. 
 
 The two commanders considered the force of four thousand men at the Harbor in- 
 sufficient for the capture of Kingston under the circumstances ; and, mistaking the 
 real intentions of the government, which was to make tlie movement on Kingston 
 the tnain object, and that toward Niagara a./l;m^, Brown put his troops in motion to- 
 ward the latter at the middle of March. Tlioy numbered about two thousand, con- 
 sisting of the Ninth, Eleventh, Twenty-first, and Twenty-fifth Regiments of Infantry, 
 the Third Regiment of Artillery, and Captain Towson's company of the Second Ar- 
 tillery.' These troops had reached Saliiia, in Onondaga County, and Brown was 
 at Geneva, when General Gaines thought he discovered his commander's mistake. 
 Brown acquiesced in his opinion, and resolved to retrace his steps. He hastened back 
 to Sackett's Harbor " the most unhappy man alive.''^ There Chauncey "and other 
 confidential men" convinced him that his first interpretation of the Secretary's in- 
 struction was correct. " Happy again," he hastened back to his troops, and resumed 
 the march westward. At the close of the month tiiey arrived at Batavia, where 
 they remained about four weeks, when they moved toward Buffalo. In the mean 
 time Armstrong had written a soothing letter to the perturbed Brown, saying, " You 
 
 have mistaken my meaning If you hazard any thing by this mistake, correct 
 
 it promptly by returning to your post. If, on the other hand, you left the Harbor 
 with a competent force for its defense, go on and prosper. Good consequences are 
 soraetimes the result of mistakes."^ 
 
 While at Batavia and vicinity Brown was made very uneasy by alarming letters 
 from Chauncey, and also from General Gaines, who had been placed in command at 
 Sackett's Harbor. The British were in motion at Kingston early in April, the ice 
 having broken up, and there were indications of another attack on the Harbor. With 
 this impression, and feeling the responsibility laid upon him by the grant of discre- 
 tionary power given him by the Secretary of War, Brown hastened back to that post, 
 leaving General Scott in command of the troops on the Niagara frontier during his 
 ahsence. Observation soon taught him that an attack on the Harbor was " more to 
 be desired than feared,"* and that the real point of danger was Oswego, at tlie mouth 
 of the Oswego River. At the Great Falls of that stream, twelve miles from the lake, 
 where the village of Fulton now stands, a large quantity of naval stores had been col- 
 lected during the autumn and winter for vessels on the stocks at Sackett's Harbor. 
 These would be very important objects for the British to possess or destroy ; and, ex- 
 cepting the partly-finished vessels at Sackett's Harbor, they formed the most attract- 
 ive prize for Sir James Yeo, the British commander on Lake Ontario. For the pro- 
 tection of this property. Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell, with a battalion of light artil- 
 lery, was sent to garrison the fort at Oswego. 
 
 At the beginning of May Sir James Yeo sailed out of Kingston Harbor with an ef- 
 fective force of cruising vessels. Chauncey was not quite ready for him. Both par- 
 ties, one at Kingston and the other at Sackett's Harbor, had been bending all tlieir 
 energies during the preceding winter in making preparations for securing the com- 
 mand of Lake Ontario, an object considered so important by the two governments 
 
 ' MS. Letter to Colonel E. Jenkins, March 12, 1S14. » MC. '.otter to the Secretary of War, March 24, 1RI4. 
 
 ' MR. Letter, March 20, 1814. It must be confessed that many of the orders issued from Washington at this time were 
 eireeilliigly perplexing to the officers iu the flcld. A great portion of the frontier was yet in a wilderness state, nnil 
 the lopoL'raphy and geography of the country was very Imperltectly known. In a letter before mo trom the venerable 
 Jiihn II. Kellogg, of Allegan, Michigan, dated 15th March, 1S04, some amusing anecdotes bearing npon this subject are 
 rfvcn. He says that he heard Captain (afterward Commodore) Woolsey relate to Chauncey and other officers, In the 
 old twn-story wood tovern at Oswego, the fact that he had received the following order from Washington : "Take the 
 Mi; "/ the Lake and proceed to Onondaga, and take in, at Nicholas MIckle's Funiace, a load of ball and shot, and |)ro- 
 cced at once to Buffalo." In other words, go over Oswego Foils, then up th" ''swego and Heneca Klvers to Onondaga 
 Lake to Saiina or Syracuse, and then two miles south of that city by land, where the furnace was situated, and, return- 
 ius to Oswego, proceed to the Niacrara, and up and over Niagara Fall' to Buffalo I 
 
 « MS. Letter to the Secretary of War, April 26, 1814. 
 
 iili-l 
 
Wii 
 
 704 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 TUe Navy on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Naval Stores. 
 
 The British Squadron leaves Sackett's Hnrlmr. 
 
 OIIAU.NUEV U DIH.MA.N 1 LED KI.AO-81111" Sll'EIilOH. 
 
 that tlu'y withdrew officers and seamen from the ocean to assist in the lake service. 
 Tlie American government also addetl twenty-five per cent, to the pay of those en- 
 gaged in that service. 
 
 In February Henry P>kford' had laid the keel of three vessels, one a frigate flc- 
 signed to carry fifty gwns, and two brigs of five hundred tons each, to carry twcntv- 
 two guns. Deserters who came in reported heavy vessels in great forwardness at 
 
 Kingston ; and Chauncey, who reliiriicd 
 from the national capital at the close of 
 February, ordered the size of the frigatu 
 to be increased so as to carry sixty-six 
 guns. The brigs, named respectively Jtf. 
 ferson and Junes, were ready for service, 
 except their full armament, at the close «( 
 April ; and the frigate, which was iiamed 
 77(6 /Superior, was launched on the '2d of 
 May, just eighty days after her keel was 
 laid !- But the naval stores and lieavy 
 guns designed for her were yet at Oswcffo 
 Falls, to which point they had been car- 
 ried by tedious transportation from Al- 
 bany up the Mohawk, and through AVood 
 Creek and Oneida Lake into the Oswetjo 
 lliver, the roads across the country from Utica to Sackett's Harbor being iinj)assal)lc 
 with heavy ordnance. They were kept at the Falls for security from the enemy, mi- 
 til schooners employed by Captain Woolsey for the purpose could be loaded and dis- 
 patched singly from Oswego. 
 
 The ice, as we have remarked, broke up earlier than usual, and the British made 
 attempts to destroy the large frigate at the Harbor. On the night of the 25tli of 
 April, Lieutenant Dudley, while out with tAvo guard-boats, discovered three others 
 in Black River Bay. Not answering his hail, he fired. They fied. On scarcliinu, 
 six barrels of gunpowder were found, each containing a fuse, and slung in pairs by a 
 rope in a way that a swimmer might convey them under a ship's bottom for the pur- 
 pose of explosion. A few days afterward the British squadron was seen in sailiiiL' 
 trim at Kingston; and on the 4th of May Lieutenant Gregory, in the Zadi/ of tin: 
 Lake, saw six sail of the enemy leave Kingston Harbor and move toward Amliei-st 
 Bay. This was the squadron of Sir James Yeo, bearing a little more than one thou- 
 sand land troops, under Lieutenant General Sir George Gordon Drummoiid. The 
 active cruising force of Sir James consisted of eight vessels, ranging from 12 to 62 
 guns, making in the aggregate 222 ])ieces of ordnance, besides several gun-boats and 
 other small craft, Avhosc armament, added to the otliers, gave to the British much su- 
 periority in the weight of metal. 
 
 When Sir James sailed his squadron was so much superior in strength to the one 
 that Chauncey could then put to sea that the latter prudeivtly remained in SackettV 
 Harbor, and the enemy moved unimpeded against Oswego on the morning of the 5th 
 of May. His vessels were seen at reveille from that port, and preparations were speed- 
 ily made to dispute his landing. The village, standing on the west side of the har- 
 
 ' See page 015. 
 
 » Ou the 1st of Jnne the American eqnadron consisted of the following vessels : 
 
 SH^jcnor, 00, Lieutenant Ellon, Chniincey's flag-ship; /^rte, 2R, Captain Crane; floftnicj;, 42, Captain Jones; Waiim. 
 24, CaiJtalnTienchard: ./(-/^n-mn, 22, Captain Ridgeley ; yon<!«, 22, Captain Woolsey ; .firfp/i, 14, Captain Elliott; OneWn, 
 18, Lieutenant Commandant Drown ; and /xirf;/ of the Lake, 2, Lieutenant Mix, a look-out vpsspI. Besides these were 
 sevjral gnn-boats and other small craft, among the best known of which were the Oorernnr Tirmpkinn, 0, Midshipman 
 EV.iott; Pirt,a,Ucntcnant Adams ; ^on(/I«•»^ 2, Lieutenant Wells; Fair Armriean, 2, Licntcnant Woicott Chatincey: 
 Ontario, 2, Sailing-master Stevens ; A nji, 2, Lieutenant Jones ; Hamilton, 8 , Qrowler, S ; Julia, 2 ; BViabcth, 1 ; and Iwmb- 
 vessel May. The aggregate number of guus was 282. 
 
ii^m 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 795 
 
 eaves Sackett'a Harbor. 
 
 the lake service, 
 pay of those ei>- 
 
 one a frigiite <\v- 
 , to carry twinty- 
 at forwardiuss at 
 !ey, who ret\inie(l 
 ill at the close of 
 size of the frisrate 
 to carry sixty-six 
 il respectively Jef- 
 ! ready for service, 
 lent, at the close of 
 , which was uiimcd 
 uched on the '2d of 
 ( after her keel was 
 1 stores and lieavy 
 were yet at Oswcjzo 
 they had been car- 
 ;|)ortution from Al- 
 and through Wooil 
 !kc into the Oswego 
 Dor being impassable 
 from the enemy, mi- 
 ld be loaded and dis- 
 
 ind the British made 
 night of the 25th of 
 overed three others 
 llled. On searching, 
 il slung in pairs by a 
 bottom for the pur- 
 was seen in saiUiisr 
 1, in the Lady of ik 
 ' ve toward Amlierst 
 Imore than one thou- 
 in Drummond. Tlu' 
 Inging from 12 to 62 
 jveral gun-boats ami 
 the British much su- 
 
 . strength to the one 
 [cmained in Sackctt's 
 morning oftheotli 
 [arations were speed- 
 rest side ofthelwr- 
 
 L, Captain Jones: Jfod.* 
 I 14, Captain Elliott ;Onfl*. 
 I'vpl»el Besides the?c vsw 
 Im-r-nnpiMn^.CMiashipina" 
 Intcnant Woloott Chamc^y; 
 
 Tbe UefeneeK and Defenders of 0»we);o. 
 
 Attack uii Flirt Ontario. 
 
 Lundint; of Britleh Troup«. 
 
 BIB JAME8 LUUA8 YEO, 
 
 l)or formed by the mouth of the Oswego 
 
 Uiver, contained less tlian five hundred 
 
 inhabitants. Upon abluft'on the north 
 
 side of the river was old Fort Ontario, 
 
 i)artly built in colonial times, spacious, 
 
 but not strong. It tlien mounted only 
 
 si.v old guns, three of which were almost 
 
 useless because they had lost their trun- 
 nions. The garrison consisted of Mitch- 
 
 eU'o battalion of less than three hundred 
 
 men. The schooner Growler, having on 
 
 l)oard Captain Woolsey and Lieutenant 
 
 Pearce, of tlie Xavy, was in the river for 
 
 the purpose of conveying guns and naval 
 
 stores to the Harbor. To prevent licr 
 
 ialUiig into the hands of the enemy she 
 
 was sunk, and a part of \\>^v crew under 
 
 Lieutenant Pearce joined Mitcliell, who 
 
 liad sent out messengers to arouse and 
 
 bring in the neighboring militia. 
 Mitchell had too few troops for the defense of both the village and the fort, so lie 
 
 ordered all the tents in store there to be pitched near the town, while with his whole 
 
 force he took position at the fort. The deception had the desired effect. To the en- 
 emy the military array seemed mucli stronger on the side of the village than at the 
 
 fort, and the British proceeded to assail the latter position. Leaving the absolutely 
 defenseless village unmolested, the Briti.sli tro(/ps, in fifteen large boats, covered by 
 the gun-boats and small armed vessels, moved toward the shore, near the fort, early 
 in tlie afternoon, while the cannon on the larger vessels opened tire on the fort. Mean- 
 while Captain James A. Boyle and Lieutenant Thomas C. Legate had been sent down 
 to the shore with an old iron 12-pounder, and as soon as the enemy's boats were within 
 jiroper distance they opened on them with deadly effect. Some of the boats Avere 
 l)adly injured ; some were abandoned, and all of the remainder hastily retired to the 
 ships. Just then a heavy breeze sprung up, and the entire squadron jmt to sea. 
 Drummond, in a general order, stated that he did not intend to attack on that day. 
 He was only feelingthe position and strength of the Americans. 
 
 On the morning of the Cth the fleet again appeared off Oswego, and the larger ves- 
 sels iniinediately opened a lieavy tire on the fort. Tlie Magnet took station in front 
 (if the village, and the Star and CharweU yxeva towed in near the mouth of the river 
 for the purpose of covering the spot selected for the landing of troops. Under this 
 -liiekl were landed the flank companies of De Watteville's regiment, under Captain 
 I)e Bcrsey ; a light company of the Glengary Regiment, under Captain iM'Millan ; a 
 battalion of marines under Lieutenant Colonel ^lalcolm; and two hundred seamen, 
 iirined with pikes, under Ciptain Mulcaster. The whole force, about twelve linndred 
 in number, was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Fischer. A reserve of troops was 
 left on the vessels. 
 
 The enemy effected a landing early in the afternoon, and were compelled to ascend 
 a long, steep hill in the face of a heavy fire of the Americans in the fort, and of a 
 small botly-of the militia, who had been hastily summoned, and were concealed in a 
 wood.' These, however, fled when the enemy had secured a footing on the shore. 
 Finding it impossible to defend the fort with so few men, Mitchell left the works, and 
 met the invaders in fair fight, covered only by woods. With the companies of Cap- 
 tains Romeyn and3Ielvin, lie gallantly moved forward and attacked the front of the 
 ' The British landed near where the City Ilospital now stands, and the battle was just in the rear of it. 
 
 IV! 
 
* 
 
 
 II 
 
 v:l i 
 
 
 790 
 
 I'lCTouiAL kii:l»-book 
 
 Tbe Drltish capture Oawei[o. 
 
 The Fort diamuntled nuil Uurracki bDri^ed. 
 
 Conduct of Veo and UrnromniKl, 
 
 ATTACK OH oBWKuo.— (From au old Prtut.) 
 
 enemy, while the remainder of liis command, under Captains M'Intyre and Pierce ol 
 the heavy artillery, annoyed them prodigiously on the flank. By desperate figlit- 
 jng the enemy was kept in check for a long time, but overwhelming numbers finally 
 compelled Mitoh.ell to fall back. The British took possession of the fort and all tlic 
 works and stores in the vicinity. Mitchell retired up the river to a position whore 
 lie might protect the naval stores should the euemy attempt to penetrate to the 
 Falls in search of them. 
 
 In this gallant but hopeless defense tlie Americans lost the brave Lieutenant Blaiiey, 
 and five killed, thirty-eight wounded, and twenty-five missing. The British lost nine- 
 teen killed and seventy-five wounded. Among the latter were Captain jVIulcaster, 
 of the Princess Charlotte, severely, and Captain Popham, of the Montreal, slightly. 
 
 At five o'clock on the morning of the 7th the invaders withdrew, after having em- 
 barked the guns and few stores found there, dismantled the fort, and burneil the har- 
 racks. They also raised and carried away the Growler and two sunken boats ; ami, 
 under circumstances not at all creditable to Sir James Yeo as an oflicer and gentle- 
 man, several citizens, who had been j)r()mised protection and exemption from all mo- 
 lestation, were abducted and borne away by the squadron. Among these was the att- 
 ^^,^ erward eminent merchant of Oswego, 
 
 ./^y^ ' y^^2^yo-3^ ^/>^L^ y^ IIonor.able Alvin Bronson, who was tlun 
 
 C^^Ci/^i-.^^ ^ ^/^O^f<E^ c^f^r^^ ^jjj, jj^j^jj^ store-keeper, and who is still 
 
 (1867) a resident of that place.^ After 
 the capture of the post, and while Yeo 
 was personally superintending the load- 
 ing of his boats with salt and public stores, that oflicer applied to Mr. Bronson I'or 
 pilots to conduct the boats out to the squadron. When he replied that all the men 
 had left the place, and that he had none under liis control. Sir James angrily growleil 
 out, with an oath, " Go yourself, and if you get the boat aground I'll shoot you.'' 
 The gallant and gentlemanly Colonel Harvey, who was standing on the bank above, 
 
 ' His clerk, Carlos ColtoD, then a boy, was taken with him. Mr. C. was clerk of the County of Monroe, Mlchlgnn, ia 
 1S55. 
 
 p:] it u 
 
 M, ..A 
 
I'll 
 
 ^llfel 
 
 of Yeo tad Orammoad. 
 
 SS5»===2-. 
 
 :ntyre and Pierce ot 
 
 IJy desperate fi;,'lit- 
 
 nina; mimbers finally 
 
 {■ tlie fort and all X\w 
 
 to a position where 
 
 to penetrate to the 
 
 c Lieutenant Blaney, 
 riie British lost nine- 
 Captain Mulcaster, 
 Montreal, sliglitly. 
 ew, after having cm- 
 and burned the har- 
 sunken boats; ami. 
 m officer and gi nllo- 
 jmption from all nu> 
 ,ng these was the alt- 
 icrehant of Oswe;.'(\ 
 •onson, who was then 
 per, and wlio is still 
 f that place.' After 
 1 post, and while Yeo 
 lerintending the loiul- 
 ,1 to ^Ir. Bronson lor 
 lUed that all the men 
 unes angrily growled 
 [,und rU shoot you, 
 on the bank ahove. 
 
 tntT^indo^oe, Michigan, i» 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 1812, 
 
 m 
 
 FirmneM of Store-keeper Brousiin. 
 
 Ills Captivity and Koleane. 
 
 Niirvlvon of the Wnr In Oswego. 
 
 called out to Sir .lames," Tliat, 8ir, is the public storc-keopcr, and may bo useful to 
 lis." Sir James called Mr. Bronson back, and said," You art' my prisoner, and I shall 
 expect you to inform me what stores have recently been forwarded for the army and 
 navy, what remains in the rear of the post, and what, if any, are secreted in its neigh- 
 borhood. "My books and papers," replied Mr. Bronson, have been removed for siife- 
 ' ty, and I can not, theretbre, give you the desired information ; nor would it be j)roper 
 tor nio to do so if I could." Sir James threatened to take him off with liim if ho 
 withheld the coveted information. " I am ready to go, sir," was INIr. Bronson's calm 
 reply. This was followed by an onler to Captain O'Connor to take him on board 
 the flagship Prince Jiit/ent, At midnight tho naval and military officers came on 
 hoard the Jtegent. Among them was General Sir George Gordon Druminoiid, who 
 lavished upon tho captive store-keeper such coarse and vulgar abuse that Colonel 
 Harvey, as soon as an opportunity w.as afl'orded, a])ologized for the brutality of his 
 superior officers, of whom he was evidently ashamed.' jVfr. Bronson Mas confined a 
 short time in the guard-house at Kingston, and again taken to tho squadron when it 
 proceeded to tho blockade of Sackctt's Harbor. He was well treated, and associated 
 t'amiliarly with the subordinate officers. lie was soon afterward released. 
 
 Among the survivors of the war, besides Mr. Bronson, whom I had the pleasure 
 of meeting in Oswego, were the late Henry Eagle and Matthew M'Nair ; tho ven- 
 erable bookseller James Sloan ; 
 
 r/ 
 
 ^ii^B-n^ 0/L 
 
 the lively but aged light-house- 
 keeper Jacob M. Jacobs ; and the 
 late Abram 1). Hugunin. Mr. 
 Eagle was a Prussian by birth, 
 and possessed a fine figure when 
 more than threescore and ten 
 years of age. He learned the bus- 
 iness of a ship-carpenter of a Scotchman on the border of the Baltic Sea, and worked 
 his passage to America as such. He was the constructor of the Oneiikt at Oswego 
 in 1808, and he accompanied Eckford to the frontier in 1812-'13. He became jjiir- 
 ser at the Navy Yard at Sackctt's Harbor, where he Avas very active. He gave me 
 many interesting particulars concerning the building of the New Orleans. Five 
 Imndrod and fifty-three men were employed on her. The timber for her masts was 
 out near Watertown, in Jefferson County, and the cost of their transportation to the 
 Harbor was one hundred and sixty dollars apiece. They Avere afterward used in the 
 construction of the ship-house. 
 Mr. M'Nair, a Scotchman, was government commissary at Oswego, and had a store- 
 house there and at the Falls. At 
 the time of the British attack he 
 had twelve hundred barrels of 
 bread and other provisions in 
 store at Oswego, and a (piantity 
 of whisky.2 These became spoils for the enemy. Mr. Jacobs h.-cd been a companion in 
 cruises with Commodore Rodgcrs, and went to Lake Ontario in 1812 with a midsliip- 
 num's warrant. Although, Avhcn I last saw him [1864], he was eighty-eight years uf 
 age, his complexion was so fresh and his step so elastic thnt he appeared like a man 
 less than sixty years old. Mr. Sloan was Macdonough's clerk on the Saratoga at 
 
 I Colonel nnrvey was ns gCDcroiis ns lie was brave. He was Rovcnior of Nova Scotli. in IS-TO when flcncral Scott was 
 fentby his government to settle the dispute concerning the bonndnry-llnc between that country and the State of Maine 
 elilier by arms or neKotiation. Scott and Harvey were ad.iutant generals in their respective armies on the Niagara 
 fmiiticr, and at that time formed an intimacy which ripened into friendship. On going to the capital of Maine, Scott 
 "pcned a friendly correspondence with Oovenior Harvey, which resulted In an amicable settiemcut of a difficulty which 
 threaloncd to involve the United States and Great Britain In wnr. 
 
 ' Mr. M'Nair died at Oewcgo on the aist of March, 1S02, at tho age of elghty-clght years. Ho had resided in Oswego 
 sixty years. 
 
 'ISi^ 
 
 I 
 
1'. 
 
 
 I ! 
 
 l! 
 
 ffi H fl^B^^n' 
 
 J I 
 
 i&K^^^^ 
 
 ■ i ' 
 
 
 
 ;l i 
 
 
 
 ;: m ' 
 
 
 ■lif:^i-i 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ii 
 
 
 
 The Britlib raturu to Klnititon, 
 
 PICTOUIAL KIKLD-IH 
 
 Huckett'n Harbor bluckudud. 
 
 WoolMjr'i SxpadliloD. 
 
 the timo of till' battle of Pliittsburij in tlie nutumn of ini !. Jfr. TTu<?tinln, wlio dud 
 lit Osweifo in Frbniury, IHOO, hiul lived in tliut jdaee Hince 1H()6. IIo was in the mil. 
 itary service when Oswejju was eaptured in 1814, and waw made a i»riwoner. 
 
 The eonduet of Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell in his defense of ()swe,t,'o received tlic 
 commendation of his superiors. His i»rudence and jxalhintry secured the laryit anioimt 
 of ordnance and naval stores at the Falls,' and the British derived very little advan- 
 tage from their attack. With their small booty they returned to Kini^ston, and (K- 
 weyo was not again attacked during the war. The dilaj)idated fort was repaired, the 
 garrison strengthened, and the enemy was defied. For many years that fort has hcoii 
 a strong and admirably-appointed fortress, but without a garrison, and in charge of a 
 sergeant. Its situation and appearance, as seen from the lantern of the light-house, is 
 given in tho little engraving below from a sketch made in 1H55. The place wheri' 
 the British landed is seen at tlie point on the extreme left of the picture. 
 
 FUUT AT OftWKUO IN 18&5. 
 
 Tlie British troops were landed at Kingston, and the vessels were thoroughly over- 
 hauled during the succeeding fortnight. On the 19th the renovated sipuvdron again 
 weighed anchor, and, a few hours aftc d, drove Chauncey's look-out, X«<(y o/Mi 
 Luke, into Saekett's Harbor, and est d a strict blockade of that port, to tlie 
 
 great discomfort of tho American commander, who was making untiring efforts to 
 get his squadron, and especially the /Superior, ready for sea. Heavy guns and calilcs 
 destined for lier were yet at the Oswego Falls. Tho roads Avere in such condition 
 that they could not be taken to the Harbor by land, and tho blockade made a voyage 
 thither by water extremely perilous. But something must be done, or Sir James Yeo 
 would roam over Ontario unrestricted lord of the lake. The ever-active and gallant 
 AVoolsey Avas sufficient for the occasion. He declared his willingness to attempt car- 
 rying the ordnance and naval stores to Stony Creek, three miles from Saekett's Har- 
 bor, where they might be carried across a narrow portage to Henderson Harbor, and 
 reach Chauncey in safety. The commodore gave Woolsey permission to attempt the 
 perilous adventure, and before the close of May he had a large number of the heavy 
 guns sent over the Falls in scows, preparatory to an embarkation when the vigilance 
 of the blockading squadron should be relaxed. 
 
 At sunset on the 28th of May Woolsey Avas at Oswcgc with ninetec. boats heav- 
 ily laden with twenty-two long 32-pounder8, ten 24'8, three 42-pound carronades, and 
 twelve cables. One of the latter, destined for the Superior, was an immense rope. 
 The flotilla Avent out of the harbor at dusk, and bore Major Appling and one hundred 
 and thirty riflemen under his command. About the same number of Oneida Indiuns 
 Avere engaged to meet the flotilla at the mouth of Big Salmon River, near the present 
 village of Port Ontario, and traverse the shore abreast of it, to assist in the event of 
 an attack by the British gun-boats. 
 
 Woolsey found it unsafe to attempt to reach Stony Creek, for the blockaders were 
 
 ' The public store-houses nt the Falls (now Fulton) were on the east side of the river, a little above the Cnsividc.". 
 The surrounding land bclouired to the goi-ernment. When I visited the spot in 18H, the land belonged to Timothy 
 Pratt, Esq., a large laud-holder at the Falls. The stores were demolished after the war, and not a vestige of them now 
 remains. 
 
OF THE WAll OK 18 12. 
 
 799 
 
 WookNT^ Bqwdltlon. 
 
 utjunin, who dii'd 
 It! wuH ill till! mil- 
 nrisoncr. 
 
 ,vog<) rocoivod tlie 
 I tlie large luuouiit 
 very littU' iulvuii- 
 Kin;4Ht<)n, uiiil Os- 
 t wiiH ro[>!iiriMl, tlii' 
 I that fort liiis 1>cen 
 ivml in c'liarge ofa 
 f tlio light-liouse, is 
 The place whcri' 
 )icture. 
 
 Wo<il«e>'i Forcv ou B\g Sundjr Creek. 
 
 Ths confldent Ilrltlnl) In I'uriutt. 
 
 ere thoroughly over- 
 
 atecl Bquadron again 
 
 \oQk-out, Ladj/ oftk 
 
 of that port, to the 
 
 untirhig cffuvts to 
 
 ■avy g"ii8 fi"'^ c'Mi^'i 
 
 ■e in such conditidii 
 
 lado matlc a voyage 
 
 ne, or Sir James Yeo 
 
 ir-active and gallant 
 
 ness to attempt car- 
 
 from Sackett's llar- 
 
 nderBon Harbor, and 
 
 ission to attempt tk 
 
 lumber of the lieavY 
 
 ■when the vigilance 
 
 ninetet. boats heav- 
 lund carronades, and 
 18 an immense rope. 
 ing and one hundred 
 er of Oneida Indies 
 Lver, near the present 
 issist in the event of 
 
 Itheblockadersjme 
 
 te land belonged to Timothy 
 Td not a vestige of them no« 
 
 Pr«|iarattonii to r«c«lv*TlMIB. 
 
 vigilant, bo ho determined to run up Big Sandy Creek, within a few miles of the Har- 
 bor, aii<l debark the preciotm treasiiren there. The night was very d.-irk, ami there 
 WHS little danger of tliseovery under its friendly nhadows. Hy dint of hard rowing, 
 nil the boats reached the llig Salmon at dawn excepting one which had fidlen out of 
 tin' line during the night. It was bewihlered in the fog, and was ea])tured by the 
 IJriti.sii at sunrise the next morning. The Oneidas were tiu're, and flotilla and Ii:- 
 iliaiis moved on toward the liig Sandy, where they all arrived at noon.» Sir . Mny .^ii, 
 .laiiu'S, meanwhile, had gained information of the flotilla from the crew of '^"• 
 ihc lost boat. He immediately sent out two gun-boats, cummanded respectively by 
 Captain I'opham, of the J/wj^/*t'<//, and Captain Spilsbury, also of the Koyal Navy, ac- 
 companied by three cutters and a gig, to intercept them. They cruised ail day in 
 vaui, hut at evening learned that Woolsey and his boats had gone up the JJig Sandy. 
 Confident of their al)ility to capture the whole flotilla, and ignorant of the presence 
 of Major Api)ling and his riflemen, or of the Indians, the British cruisers lay oft" the 
 mouth of the creek all night, and entered it early in the morning. In the door of a 
 fisherman's liouse (yet standing when I visited the spot in 1800) Pojdiam saw a wom- 
 an, and ordered her to have breakfast ready for himself and otticers Avhen they should 
 ivtnni Sbo knew how well Woolsey was prepared to receive his juirsuers, and said, 
 significantly, " You'll find breakfast ready up the creek." The Britisli passed on in 
 jolly mood up the creek, but soon became very serious. 
 
 I'LACE OF llATTLE AT SANDY OBF.EK.' 
 
 For two miles or more the Big Sandy winds through a marshy plain, and empties 
 into the lake through a ridge of sand dunes cast up by the winds and waves of C3nta- 
 lio. That plain is now barren of timber, but at the time we are considering the 
 stream was fringed with trees and shrubbery. In these, about forty rods below a 
 bend in the creek, seen in the engraving, and half a mile below where the flotilla was 
 moored, Major Appling ambushed his riflemen and the Indians. At the same time, a 
 squadron of cavalry under Captain Harris, and a company of light artillery under 
 Captain Melvin, with two 6-pound field-pieces and some infantry, about three hund- 
 red in all, whom General Gaines had sent down from Sackett's Harbor, were stationed 
 near Woolsey's boats. 
 
 The confident and jolly Britons approached with little caution, and when they came 
 
 '• This view is from the bridge, about one bnndred and fifty rods above the point where the engagement took place. 
 Tlie stream is about eight rods wide, nrd the portion of it seen in the foreground was tlic poBltlou of the flotilla. The 
 liirht strip seen in the extreme distance is Lake Ontario, and the irregular shore-line shows the sand dunes spoken of. 
 The fisherman's house alluded to is seen between two of them, toward the extreme left of the picture. 
 
 \l M 
 
 
 'V- \\ 
 
Ill 
 
 If 
 
 in sight of the flotilla they coraraenced hurling solid shot upon it, but with slight ef- 
 fect. At the same time strong flanking parties were landed, and marched up each 
 side of the stream, their way made clear, as they supposed, by discharges of grape 
 and canister shot into the bushes from the gun-boats. These dispersed tlic cowardly 
 Indians, but the gallant young Appling's sharp-shooters were undisturbed.' 
 
 It was now ten o'clock. When the invaders reached a point within rifle range of 
 the ambuscade, Appling's men opened destructive volleys upon them, and occasional 
 shot came thundering from Melvin's^ field-pieces, stationed on the bank, near the pres- 
 ent bridge. So furious aud unexpected was the assault on front, flank, and rear, that 
 the British surrender'^d within ten minutes after the first gun Avas fired in response to 
 their own. They had lost Midshipman Iloare and seventeen men killed, and at least 
 fifty men dangerously wounded. The Americans lost one rifleman and one Indian 
 warrior wounded, but not a single life. They gained the British squadron,^ with of- 
 ficers and men as prisoners, in number about one hundred and seventy. A negro on 
 one of the gun-boats, who had been ordered to throw the cannon and small-arms over- 
 board in case of danger, did so when the fight was ended. The Americans called on 
 him to desist or they would shoot him. He paid no attention to them, and, with a 
 sense of duty, had cast overboard one cannon and many muskets, when he fell dead, 
 pierced by twelve bullets. 
 
 The wounded British were taken to the house of John Otis, yet standing,* and still 
 occupied by the then owner when I visited the spot in 
 • July 20, 1800. It was the second house above the 
 
 is«o. bridge. Otis, a venerable man when I saw 
 him, gave Woolsey the first notice of the presence of 
 ])ursucr8. He had been out upon the lake since mid- 
 night, watching for the enemy, and, discovering them 
 at early dawn making for the mouth of the creek, he 
 hastened up the stream with the information. He 
 pointed out to me the place, near a large chestnut-tree 
 in a lot adjoining his garden, where the British dead 
 were buried. He took care of many of the wounded 
 for m6re than a fortnight, for which service and expenses liis country rewarded him 
 after a lapse of forty-three years. In 1857 Congress voted him a little more than 
 nine hundred dollars ; but one of those harpies known as lobby agents, who know how 
 to approach legislators of easy virtue, took one half of it as compensation for his serv- 
 ices in procuring the " appropriation." 
 
 The cannon and cables were landed safely from the flotilla, end transported by land 
 sixteen miles to the Harbor. The great cable for the Superior had occupied, in pon- 
 derous coils, one of the boats of ten tons burden. Tlie cable was twenty-two iiielics 
 in circumference, and weiglied nine thousand six hundred i)ounds. No vehicle couM 
 be found to convey H over the country to the Harbor; and, after a delay of a week, 
 
 « Daniel Appling was born In Columbia County, Georgia, in 1T87, and entered the army as second lieutenant of riUc- 
 men In isns. lit was promoted to captain in the sprini? of 1812, and major of the First Rifle Corps in April, 1S14. For 
 his gallant conduct at Sandy Creek he was hrevc'tcd lieutenant colonel in Aiif;ust. lie was breveted colonel for tll.<lic- 
 palshcd services at Plattsbnrg in September folldwing. lie was r"talned on the peace estahllshnient In I'^I,'), l)nt rf- 
 signed In June the following yeir. lie died at Montgomery, Alabama, in March, 181T, at the age of only thirty mirs, 
 
 » George W. Melviu was a native of Georgia, lie entered the military ser^'ice as second litMitennnt of artillery at ih' 
 close of isns. In August, 1812, he was commissioned captain. lie was retained on the peace establishment, and re- 
 signed in August, 1820. 
 
 OTIS 8 lIOt'Bl. dANDY OREKK. 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 ' One of the baata monnted a fts-pound carronado; one 
 a long .12-pounder; one a long 24; one two long I'J's, aol 
 another two small brass howiizors. 
 
 * Dr. Alfred Ely, who was an assistant of Snigenn .\ma*> 
 Tro"b'^"dge, was at Sandy Creek, and attended the Bound- 
 ed British at the house of Mr. Otis. I h.id the jilenf nrt "( 
 meeting him at the inaugnration of the statue o;'''frry,«i 
 Cleveland, in SeptomVer, 1800. He is now (1807) a n.MtH 
 of Oberliu, Ohio. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 801 
 
 It Cable for the Stiperior. 
 
 but with slight ef- 
 , marched up each 
 ischargcs of grape 
 Brsed tlie coAvardly 
 isturbccl.i 
 ithin rifle range of 
 icm, and occasional 
 bank, near the pres- 
 flank, and rear, that 
 fired in response to 
 1 killed, and at least 
 nan and one Indian 
 I squadron,^ with of- 
 iventy. A negro on 
 and small-arms over- 
 Americans called on 
 to them, and, with a 
 ts, when he fell dead, 
 
 et standing,* and still 
 
 L'8 llOliBl iASDV OEKEK. 
 
 country rewarded him 
 
 liim a little more thm 
 
 agents, who know how 
 
 ipensationforhisserv- 
 
 Ind transported hylaml 
 \r had occupied, in pon- 
 Las twenty-two inAos 
 Inds; No vehicle cou.l 
 Tfteradelayofawcoli, 
 
 b^fcconrtllenteimntotr*- 
 llRifle Corps 111 Apnl,W4^. 
 I waB breveted colonel or W,. 
 
 Icee8t«Wbhnieiitinlsl6,l.U« 
 
 I at the age of only thirty >«". 
 loml lieutenant of artillery at tte 
 
 l„teaaC8-p.)un'l««'°°t,;™; 
 I long M ; one two loD!? «».««« 
 
 K";«%tar.tofS«rseonAm.« 
 rCr"pVnn<Jntten<1e,llheivo™«- 
 
 |ltU.nofthe.tatueo^tW^«, 
 \m. UelanowO!>i.7)ar«''"" 
 
 %^ 
 
 yyyJCrf'Zy 
 
 Cirrying the great Cable to Sackett'a Harbor. Vlgtt to the Saudy Creek Region. Snrvlvors of the War met there. 
 
 men belonging to the militia regiment of Colonel Allen Clark, who had hastened to the 
 creek on hearing the din of buttle, volunteered to carry it on their shoulders. About 
 two hundred men were selected for the labor. They left the Big Sandy at noon, and 
 arrived at the Harbor toward the evening of the next day. They carried it a mile 
 at a time without resting. Their shoulders were terribly bruised and chafed by the 
 great rope. They were received by loud cheers and martial music. A barrel of 
 whisky was rolled out and tapped for their refreshment, and eacli man received two 
 dollars extra pay. In less than a fortnight from the time of the battle all the cannon 
 and naval stores were at Sackett'a Harbor.* But many difficulties had to .jnneio, 
 be overcome, and the fleet was not ready to leave the Harbor on a cruise ****• 
 until the Ist of August. 
 
 It was a sultry moniing in July when I visited the theatre of events just described. 
 I arrived at Little Sandy Creek Village on the previous evening, and there met Har- 
 mon Ehle, a sprightly little man, now (1867) 
 eighty-seven years of age, who was one of the 
 two hundred who carried the great cable to 
 Sackett's Harbor. From him I learned most of the facts concerning it just related. 
 I spent the evening very pleasantly with him. For forty-nine years he had lived 
 there, and had seen the country transformed from a wilderness to the pleasant abode 
 of civilized man.* The night succeeding our interview was tempestuous. At dawn 
 a heavy thunder-shower drenched that whole region ; yet at an early hour I started 
 in a light wagon for Sackett's Harbor, on the road that would lead to the battle- 
 ground oil the Big Sandy. When within about a mile of 
 it, we saw standing at a rustic gate, resting upon crutches, 
 a venerable man of seventy-five years, with palsied legs, 
 beard of a fortnight's growth, a slouched felt hat on his 
 head, and a blue linen sack covering all that we could see 
 of him. It was Jehaziel Howard, a native of Vermont, an 
 old seaman of the lake, who was with Woolsey at the time 
 of the battle of the Big Sandy. He had been with him 
 since early in the war, and was with Chauncey at the tak- 
 ing of Fort George.2 He saw the negro shot on the Brit- 
 ish gun-boat in the Big Sandy, and assisted in taking the 
 British wounded to Otis's. Bidding him good-morning, 
 we rode to the bridge, where I made the sketch on page 
 TOO. There we spent half an hour with Mr. Otis, aid then 
 rode on to EUisburg, where we breakfasted between nine 
 and ten o'clcck. Meanw hile very heavy clouds were gath- 
 ering in the web.% and we had ridden only two or three 
 miles from the village, through the " garden of Jefferson 
 County," when a thunder-storm burst upon us with great 
 fury. We took refuge in a tavern by the way-side, and 
 arrived at Sackett's Harbor at litde p.ist m'lridian, in pleasant sunsliine, as already 
 mentioned.^ 
 
 Let us now leave the more easterly shores of Lake Ontario, and consider event an 
 the Niagara frontier, where the broom of destruction during the year 1813 had swept 
 away almost every thing worth contending for excepting territory. But Canada was 
 to be conquered by one party and defended by the other, if possible, and the posses- 
 sion of the Ontario and Erie peninsula was of vast importance to the contestants. 
 For that possession the military movements we arc about to consider were com- 
 i menced. 
 
 JEHAZISL nowABn. 
 
 > In Fcbmary, 1861, CongresB granted Mr. Elite a penaion of $16 a month during hifi natural life. 
 ' See page SaO. ' See page 61B. 
 
 8E 
 
/ i! 
 
 I if 
 
 fi 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 1: 
 
 If i 
 
 ■n J I ! 
 
 
 802 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Army on the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 Its Composition. 
 
 Red Jacket and hU Mcd»l. 
 
 We left a portion of the Army of the North on its march from Batavia to Buffalo 
 under the command of Brigadier General Scott, while Major General Brown, the com- 
 mander-in-chief, hastened back to menaced Sackett's Harbor. That post and others 
 on Lake Ontario were soon considered safe from attack, and, with the bulk of his 
 army, Brown stood on the east bank of the Niagara Kiver at the close of June, 1814. 
 He made Buffalo his head-quarters, and on the Ist of July he found himself at the 
 head of a military force strong enough, in his judgment, to carry out the orders and 
 wishes of the War Department by invading Caiuxda. Ilis army consisted of two 
 brigades of infantry, commanded respectively by Generals Scott and Ripley, and to 
 each of these was attached an efficient train of artillery, commanded by Captair 
 Nathan Towson and Major Jacob Ilindman, and a small squadion of cavalry under 
 Captain Samuel D. Harris, These troops were well equipped and highly disciplined.' 
 They were the regulars. There was also a brigade of miscellaneous troops, composed 
 of five hundred Pennsylvania Volunteers ; si.v hundred New York Volunteers, of 
 whom one hundred were mounted ; and between five and six hundred Indian warii 
 OTij, embracing almost the entire military force of the Six Nations then rcmainliif in 
 the United States. These had been aroused to action by the stirring eloquence of 
 the then venerable Red Jacket, the great Seneca orator, chief, and sachem,^ wliose in- 
 
 ' General Scott had taken special pains to discipline these troops thoroughly. (!3cneral Jesnp (then major), In a man- 
 uscript "Memoir of the Campaign on the Niagara" now before me, says that "he t Jesnp] began, under the orders of 
 Oen'^ral Scott, a course of Instruction, and kept his command [Twenty-Hfth Infantry] under arms from seven to ten hours 
 ft day. A similar course was pursued by the chiefs of other corps. The consequence was, that when we took the field 
 in July our corps manoenrred in action and undei' the tire of the enemy's artillery with the accuracy of parade." 
 
 ' Sa-go-ye-wat-ha, or Red Jacket, was born about the year 1750 where the city of Buffalo now stands, that bein" Iht 
 chief residence of the leaders of the Seneca tribe of the Si.\ Nsulons. He was a swift-footed, fluent-tongncd bcinp. 
 During the Revolntlon he, in commo'i with his tribe, took part with the British and Tories. His business was more in 
 the way of arousing his people to action by his eloijuence than the performance of great actions himself. Indeed, Brant 
 spoke very disparagingly of him, and called him a trai'or and dislionest man; and he was charged with hnvini; lioen 
 fonnd in a place of safety cutting up a cow belonging to another Indian (which he had killed) while Sullivan was raarcli. 
 Ing through the Seneca country in 1771), fighting the warriors whom Red .lacket had aroused by his eloquence. He Am 
 appears conspicvtons lu history at the treaty of Port Stanwix (now Rome, New York) in 1784, when, by certain concc.<- 
 f ions of territory by the Six Nations, those of the tribes who bad not emigrated to Canada were bronght under the pn- 
 tection of the government of the United States. It was on that occasion that Red Jacket's fame as a great orator wa- 
 established. Two years afterward he was prominent at a council held at the mouth of the Detroit River ; and in all the 
 disputes between the white people and Indians respecting land-titles in Western New York Red Jacket was ever tlip 
 eloquent defender of the rights of his race. His paganism never yielded to the influence of Christianity, and he was iho 
 most Inveterate enemy to all missionary etforts among the Senecas. Under his leadership the Senecas becunie tlie al- 
 lies of the Americans against the British in the War of ISia, and In the battle of Chippewa In the summer of ISU he he- 
 baved well as a soldier, although be seems to have been constitutionally timid, and always braver in council than '•<! 
 the field. For many years he was the head chief of the Senecas. The inflncnce of Christianity and the civllizatiou thai 
 affected his people disturbed the latter years of his life, and he was made more unhappy by the intemperate use of in- 
 toxicating liquors. So great and disgusting became his excesses that in 1827 he was formally deposed by an art in 
 writing signed by twenty-six of the leadiniT men of the Senecas. This blow was severe. He went to the Nntio;i,ii cap- 
 ital for redress, and he returned to his peopi» with such evidences of reform that he was reinstated. But he soon Iw- 
 came an imbecile, and in a journey to the At! antic sea-board he permitted himself to be exhibited for money. How hit 
 
 proud spirit in its vigor would have sconml 
 such degradation ! He died on the '20th of 
 January, 1S30, at the age of almost cighiy 
 years. Ills remains were buried iu thr 
 church-yard of the Seneca mlssioii, thre<;or 
 four miles from Buffalo, and over his gran 
 Henry Placide, the comedian, furninlicJ wiib 
 funds by a subscription which he set m 
 foot among the actors connected with thf 
 Buffalo theatre, placed a slab of raarbli' 
 in ISiin, upon wliich were enprnvcii lhf« 
 words: "Saoovkwatiia (ne-kcpps-lliem- 
 awake), Hal Jacht: chief of the Wolf TriV 
 of the Senecas; the friend and prottclorol 
 the people. Died January 20, 1830, agsi 
 seventy-eight years." 
 
 Toward the close of the Revolntina «Bri; 
 ish oillter gave the young chiefa riohly-fm- 
 broidered scarlet jacket, from the wcarinc 
 of which he derived his English nnmo, In 
 his later years he wore, with pride, a law 
 medal, which was presented to him by Prov- 
 ident Washington In 17il2 on the concliifioa 
 of a treaty of jwace and amity between tlx 
 
 BKD JACKRT'b MEDAI. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 808 
 
 IliltN 
 
 ed Jacket and hln Medal. 
 
 Jatavia to Buffalo, 
 il Brown, the cora- 
 at post and others 
 th the bulk of his 
 close of June, 1814. 
 »unti himself at the 
 
 out the orders and 
 y consisted of two 
 
 and Kipley, and to 
 Handed by Captair 
 on of cavalry under 
 I hi<j;hly disciplined.' 
 3U8 troops, composed 
 York Volunteers, of 
 undred Indian warri- 
 ,na then remaining in 
 jtirring eloquence of 
 [id sachem,^ whose in- 
 
 I Jesnp (then major), In a man- 
 ml began, iimler the orders ot 
 >r arms from seven to ten ho.irs 
 Is that when wc took the flcU 
 he accuracy of parade." 
 nlo now stands, that bein? tht 
 fl-footcd, nucnt-tonsncd bcu.c 
 ■ies His businesB was more in 
 actions himself. Indeed, Brm! 
 was charged with havMisV™ 
 Uled) while Sullivan wtt« m«rfli- 
 usedby his eloquence llefim 
 „ 1784, when, by certain concc- 
 ,dn were brought imder the pr.- 
 \cfs fame as a great orator «. 
 ;„c Detroit River -.and in aUb. 
 York Bed Jacket was ever tko 
 , of Christianity, and he w«»ttic 
 
 l.liii, the SenecBs became tlie al- 
 '.he summer of ISU he 1.. 
 
 Iw wB braver in council than ■. 
 Lrnityandthccivillzationta 
 ',y by the intemperate n«co In- 
 formally deposed by an act iu 
 lie went to the Natio:,.^ rap- 
 ;« reinstated. But he soon ^. 
 k exhibited for money. Howta 
 It ^n its vigor wouidhavcBCornc 
 'lalUml nedledonthe»o( 
 S^ the age of almost c.ta; 
 
 J remains were buried m ftc 
 L ft"c Seneca mission, hrwo, 
 rm hifralo,«nd..vcri,sgrav 
 de thccomedlan,furui»hoJ«i.l. 
 '"sXription which he .et ™ 
 • the actors connected with >k 
 catre, placed a slab of niajb^ 
 
 br:;thcBevoi.ion^ 
 
 fcHe^nS^---* 
 
 VcderivcdhisEusliHhna'n';'" 
 
 ears he wore, with pride a 1«^ 
 
 The Volunteers and Indians. 
 
 Chief Engineer M'Ree. 
 
 Furt Eric and the Invasion of Canada. 
 
 fluence among his people had been very 
 great since the close of the Revolution, in 
 which he took a part, not, howevci, very 
 much to his credit as a soldier. 
 
 The volunteers and Indians were under 
 the cliief command of General Peter B. 
 Porter, who was then quarter-master gen- 
 eral of the New York Militia, and, as w<' 
 have seen, was not only an eloquent ad- 
 vocate of the war in Congress' before it 
 was commenced, but a reatly and patriotic 
 actor in its more stirring and dangerous 
 scenes in the field, llie accomplished Ma- 
 jor William M'Ree, of North Carolina, was 
 the chief engineer in Brown's army,^ and 
 he was assisted 
 
 BEn JAOKKT, 
 
 by the equally 
 accomplished 
 and gallant Ma- 
 jor Elea.'-er D. 
 Wood, with 
 whom wo have 
 liccomc well acquainted while following General Harri- 
 son in his campaign in the far Northwest. 
 
 On the Canada shore, at the foot of Lake Erie, nearly 
 opposite Buffalo, stood Fort Erie, then garrisoned by one 
 handled and seventy men, moscly of the One Hundredth 
 Regiment, under the command of Major Buck, of the Brit- 
 ish army. It was the most serious impediment in the way 
 of our invasion of Canada ui that quarter; but Avhen, on 
 the 1st of July, Brown n cived orders from the Secretary 
 of War to cross tlie river c upture Fort I rie, and march on 
 Cliippewa, at the iiwuuli ot Cliippewa Creek, where 
 some fortificatio lad been tlirown up, menace 
 Fort George, aiic ii iHsntid of the co-operation 
 of Chaimcey's fleet, and ii^ «! liability of with- 
 
 I'nlted States and the Six Nations after ilic R" •Intton. It Is m )e of sliver, with a heavy rim, ami Is Ave inches In 
 wUllh, and iKMirly seven Inches In length. The. ic™ upon it woi. .ui^avcd, It Is said, by the crai ::t D.ivid Kitten- 
 iwuse, the philosopher, who, as a jeweler in his younger days, had acquired nue facility In the use of ih.' Iniriii. It will 
 be ohscrvcd that the painter of the above portrait did not correctly draw i device on tip medal whkli is given In the 
 engraving on the preceding page from a photograph. The r'nlal is now , i-iflTl in the piissession of Brevet Brigadier 
 General Parker, of General Grant's staff, chief Sachem of tl> "- rti tiji. I saw It In his possession at City Point In 
 
 ha. Red Jacket's children being all dead at the time of ii, liiis ingignia of leadership passed out of the pos- 
 
 fcfslon of his Immediate family. The stricken chief regar' iic death of his eleven chUdren as a punishment for his 
 ilrankcnucsfl. The late venerable Mr. Uosmer, of Avon, Livuigston County, t(dd the writer In 18.Vi that on one occasion 
 a lady at his table with Red Jacket, who did not know of his bem.avement, iniptlred after his children. The old chief, 
 *ilh deep sadness, replied with unsurpassed eloquence, " Red Jail^ct v dhoo a great man and In favor with the Groat 
 Spirit. He was a lofty pine among the smaller trees of the forist. iifter years of glory, he degraded himself by 
 
 lirinkini! the flre-watcr of the white mau. The Great Spirit hu lon> ' aown upuu him in his auger, and his lightning 
 has stripped the pine of its brunches." i See page '21'i. 
 
 ' William M'llee was born In Wilmington, North Carolina, ■ l.tth of December, 17'>T. He was of Irish descent. 
 
 Ili« father was an active ofllrcr In onr old War for Indepi'iidem ,■, and this son was educated at the Military Academy 
 :il West Point. He entered the corps of Knglneers In 1805, and was commissioned a major, and assigned to the duty of 
 fliicf engineer of the Northern Army in 1S13. He was conspicuous In the events on the Northern and Niagara frontier 
 iloringthc war, at the close of whlcli his government sent iilm on a tour of military liispccticui In Europe. After serv- 
 lat on a commission of engineers to determine upon a system of fortlrtcations for the United States, he retired from llie 
 •TOT in ISll). He became United States surveyor general, and was almost cimlinually In public employment until his 
 ileath, which occurred at St. Louis. Missouri, In May, 1S38. He was never married. The silhonette from which the above 
 engraving was made U the only likonesa of him extant. I am indebted fur its lue to his nephew, Griffith J. H'Kee, o( 
 • Wilnalngtou. 
 
•:■: , . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 804 
 
 PICTOniAL FIELr-BOOK 
 
 Plan of thi^ iiew luvaiilon uf Canada. General Ripley. American Troops croRB the Niagara. Major Oardner. 
 
 standing that of Sir James Yeo, to seize and fortify Burlington Heights, at the licad of 
 Lake Ontario, he did not hesitate a moment to set about its execution. If these results 
 could be obtained, the Americans would not only hold the peninsula in their grasp 
 but might proceed leisurely to the conquest and occupation of all Upper Canada. 
 
 In obedience to his instructions. General Brown issued orders on the 2d of July for 
 his troops to cross the Niagara River from Black Rock. Accompanied by Generals 
 Scott and Porter, he made a reconnaissance of Fort Erie and the upper part of tiie Ni- 
 agara, and concerted a plan of attack. His means of transportation were few. Tiic 
 arrangements for embarking and debarkhig were made with the brigadiers and tin 
 senior engineers, M'Ree and Wood. General Scott was to cross with one division 
 through a difficult pass in the Black Rock Rapids, and land about a mile below Fort 
 Erie, and at the same time General Ripley was to cross from Buffalo, and land at the 
 same distance above the fort. This was to be accomplished by the dawn of the 3(1, 
 and tiie fort was to be immediately invested. The boats that conveyed these divi- 
 sions were to return immediately to Black Rock, and transport the residue of the 
 army, ordnance, and munitions of war to the Canada shore.' 
 
 Toward the evening of the 2d, when the arrangements were all completed. General 
 Ripley expressed a desire *or a change. He believed that his division wouU" ' ve to 
 bear the brunt of battle should the enemy oppose the crossing, and he asktd for a 
 larger number of troops. He complaineci that he could not ci'oss with sufficient forou 
 to promise success ; and when General Browi., who knew that delay would be peril- 
 ous, endeavored to convince him that his force would be adequate, and assured liim 
 that no change could then be made in the arrangement, Ripley was angry, aiul ten- 
 dered his resignation. It was not accepted, and the movement went on. 
 
 General Scott crossed the river while it Avas yet dark on the morning of the ad, 
 with the Ninth, Eleventh, part of the Twenty-second, and the Twenty-fifth Re<i;i- 
 ments, and a corns of artillery under Major Ilindman, and landed below Fort Erie 
 unmolested. His movements were so prompt that in less than two hours after he 
 embarked, his brigade was formed on the Camula shore. General Brown, with his 
 suite, consisting of his adjutant general (the now venerable Colonel Charles K. Ganl 
 ner, of Washington Ctt^^)^ Major Jones, the assistant adjutant general. Majors M'Kee 
 and Wood, of the EngineerF, and Captains Austin and Spencer, his aids-do-camp, pre- 
 pared to follow in a small boat. He would have landed on the Canada shore as oailv 
 as the rear of Scott's division did, had not Ripley been tardy in his obedience of or- 
 ders. It was broad day'ight before that officer's brigade was embarked. Brown j 
 was disappointed. He pushed across the river, leaving ordei'S for Ripley to follow | 
 as soon as possible, and join Scott, who by that time had formed his troops on tli" 
 Canadian beach. 
 
 ' In his general orders annonnclng the contemplated Invasion Oenoral Brown prescribed stringent rules for liia tmops 
 in the treatment of the inhahitai ts and their property. Ail found in arms were to be treated as enemies, nud all olh- 
 ers na friends. I'r'vate property ("as to be held sacred, and public property, when seized, was to be disposed ofbythf 
 commanding foneral. lie prescribed the punishment of death for all plunderers. 
 
 » Chiirles K. Gardner was born in i.'orris County, New Jersey, in 1787, and in 1791 removed with his parents to Now- 
 bur;;, on the Hudson, where he flnishci.! his education. He was a student of medicine with Dr. Ilosack, in New York. 
 when he received the appointment of ei.sign in the old Sixth Regiment of Infantry in ISOS. In the fullowlng year, 
 while on dnty at Oswego, he was appointed .'djutant of his regiment. He served as sucli at various points, and nlBalon 
 Koufie, Louisiana, General Wade Hampton ap^ointed him his brigade inspector. In July, 1812, he was appoiiileil cap- 
 tain of the Third Artillery, and in the following n.-.r.t;. General Armstrong, then in command at New York, nindc liiu 
 his brigade inspector. In March, 1S13, he was In charge of the adjutant general's offloe at Washington as a«si?l.iiil,tat 
 was soon afterward promoted to major of the Twenty-flflh Infantry, and ordered to the Northern frontier at Snckflt'f 
 Horbor. He was in the battle of Chrysler's Field. In the following spring he accompanied General Brown's divlfloi 
 first from French Mills to Sackett's Harbor, and then to BntTalo, and in April received the appointment of adjutant if o- 
 eral, with the rank of colonel. For distinguished services on the Niagara frontier he was breveted lieutenant cnlniifl. 
 but, being then colonel, he declined it. In May, 181(1, he was recommissloned adjutant general of the Army of thc^Xurtti. 
 and In ISIS he married and resigned. In 1822-',') he edited the .Vi^io York Patriot, and was appointed corropnnilinf 
 clerk in the Post-offli Department. In 1829 he became assistant postmaster general. He became auditor of the trot- 
 nry for the Post-offlc opartment In laid, and was afterward postmaster at Washincton City and surveyor general <>l 
 Oregon. Colonel Gai .Inor is now (186T) a resident of Washington City. He is the author of a Compend ttfln/antrii Tji- 
 He», and a very com|n-(^licn8ive Dictionar]] lif tlu Army. ' 
 
■•«•■ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 808 
 
 gar». Major Gardner. 
 
 ;ht8, at the heail of 
 ,n. If these vosults 
 mla ill their gnisp, 
 Upper Canadiv. 
 1 the 2d of July for 
 paTiied by Generals 
 pper part of the Ni- 
 ioH were few. The 
 I brigadiers and the 
 8 with one division 
 t a mile below Fort 
 falo, and land at tlio 
 the dawn of the 3(1, 
 conveyed these divi- 
 •t the residue of the 
 
 [I completed, General 
 vision wouU'- ' ve to 
 r, and he asktd for a 
 's with sufficient force 
 clelay would be pcril- 
 late, and assured liim 
 ^ was angry, and ten- 
 , went on. 
 
 le morning of the ad. 
 le Twenty-fifth R('!;i- 
 ided below Fort Eric 
 m two hours after lie 
 ncral Brown, with liis 
 onel Charles KG anl- 
 roneral, Majors M'Uoi 
 \is aids-dc-camp, lire- 
 Canada shore as early 
 m his obedience of or- 
 is embarked. Brown 
 , for Ripley to follow 
 ined his troops on tli" 
 
 trM»itrulc« fori. U top 
 Vrcated a% enemies, «ud.. * 
 
 loved with hlH parents to >;«• 
 t,v»hDr.nomick,i..New\ork. 
 in ISOS lu tlic following ycat, 
 
 L,1812,lvewaaappou.tcJaf- 
 tmand at New York, made !» 
 LwnBhlngtonaBa«s.et I, 
 iNorthcrn frontier at SaoUt 
 inled General Brown'Mlmw 
 Pappolntmentofadinto,^.- 
 laB breveted Ueutenant eta 
 
 VneralofthcArmyotthcN'rtti. 
 
 t «•. 8 appointed corre^po,,,!...? 
 
 IVclty and surveyor trcner»U 
 
 Kort Erie captured by the Aincricaue. 
 
 Re-enforccmenU for It sent too late. 
 
 Oeuerul Riull. 
 
 Brown ordered Scott to push for- 
 ward a battalion nearer the fort, to 
 observe the movements of tlie garri- 
 son. This battalion, consisting of light 
 troops and a few Indians, were under 
 the command of Major Jesiii), of the 
 Tweiity-fiftli. They drove in the ene- 
 my's pickets ; and so favorable to suc- 
 cess was every appearance, that Brown 
 resolved to invest the fort with Scott's 
 brigade, without waiting for the land- 
 ing of Ripley's. Taking Avith hiiu a 
 corps just formed by Major Gardner, 
 he pushed into the woods, in tlie rear 
 of the fort, where he seized a resident, 
 and compelled liim to act as guide. 
 He then directed Gardner to press for- 
 ward through the forest to the lake 
 shore above the fort, extcjid his left so 
 as to connect with Jesup's command, 
 and in tliat manner inclose the post. 
 Tliis movement was accomplished be- 
 fore Ripley, at a late hour, crossed tlu' 
 river with the Nineteenth, Twenty- 
 lii'st,and Twenty-third Regiments, and met at the landing the adjutant general with 
 orders for his brigade to take the invcsthig position in connection with Scott's forces. 
 This Avas promptly done. 
 
 No time was lost in crossing the ordnance and selecting jiositions lor batteries un- 
 der the direction of Ciiief Engineer 3rRce. A long lR-))ound cannon Avas mounted 
 and ready for action upon an eminence called Snake Hill, Avhen Brown demanded the 
 surrender of the fort, giving the commander, Major Buck, two hours for considera- 
 tion. Very soon afterward a Avhito flag came out, and Avas received by Major Jesup ; 
 the fort, Avhicli Avas in a very Aveak condition, Avas surrendered; ami at six o'clock in 
 the evening the British soldiers, almost tAvo hundred in number, including seven offi- 
 cers, inarched out and stacked their arms, became prisoners of Avar, Avere sent acioss 
 tlie river, and posted immediately for the Hudson, During the morning the British 
 had fired cannon from the fort, Avhich killed four Americans, and Avounded tAVo or 
 t]ir?c others. When the pickets Avero driven in the British had one man killed. 
 These Avere all the casualties attendant upon the capture of Fort Erie. 
 
 Pioinj)t measures Avere taken to secure the advantage gaine<l by the capture of 
 Fort Erie. Had Ripley's desire for delay prcA^ailcd, the prize Avould not have been 
 won, for the British commander on the frontier. Gen- ^^<r2\__ 
 cral Kiall,' had been apprised of the danger impend- / ^^^^~^/^^ /9 
 
 ing over the fort, and at eight o'clock that morning //^ //r ^ * tJ^ 
 
 had sent forward five companies of the Royal Scots ^ L-''c-^i>it./ 
 
 tore-enforce it. In front of Chippewa thcj' Avcro met and checked by intelligence of 
 the surrender of the fort. General Riall then determined to make an immediate at- 
 tack on the Americans, but Avas induced to forbear by the assurance that the Eightli 
 Regiment Avas hourly cxj)ccted from York, now Toronto. He agreed to postpone the 
 attack until the next morning. 
 
 ' History la almost silent concerntuR the character of General Rlail. A contemporary, who served under him at th» 
 time we are now considering, speaks of him as a (rallanl man, but possc8(.ed of very little military skill ; who had " at- 
 tained hiB rank by the purchase of all purchasable grades." He was from Tlpperary, iu Ireland, ii little less than mid- 
 ' (He age, and a man of fortnuo. 
 
 it I 
 
iii 
 
 'I 
 
 
 806 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Scott moves down the Niagara. 
 
 Preparations for Battle at Street'ii Creek. 
 
 Origin of the " Cadet's Gray," 
 
 stbeet's gbekk uuiimE.i 
 
 To confront and drive back this force of British regulars, Scott was sent toward 
 Chippewa with his brigade, accompanied by Captain Towson's artillery corps, on the 
 morning of the 4th. It was late in the afternoon before the second brigade, under 
 Ripley, and Hindmsi I's artillery, were prepared to move. Scott marched down the 
 
 Canada shore of the Ni- 
 agara River to a posi- 
 tion on a plain behind 
 Street's Creek, opposite 
 the lower end of Navy 
 Island, and little more 
 than a mile above Chip- 
 pewa. On the way lie 
 met a considerable Brit- 
 ish force under Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Pearson, 
 and, after a sharp skirm- 
 ish, he drove them be- 
 yond Street's Creek. In fact, the march, for sixteen miles, according to Jesup, was 
 " a continual skirmish,"^ chiefly with the British One Hundredth Regiment, under tlie 
 Marquis of Twccddale, who were driven to their intrenchraents beyond the Chippewa. 
 Believing Scott's troops to be only "Buffalo militia," the marquis could account for 
 their bravery only by the fact of its being the anniversary of American Independence, 
 which gave them patriotic inspiration and courage. He was undeceived on the fol- 
 lowing day.^ On the plain between Street's Creek and the Chippewa River, Captain 
 Turner Crooker, of the Ninth, with a detachment of light infantry, received and re- 
 pulsed a detachment of the Nineteenth British Dragoons. Finding the enemy strong- 
 ly posted beyond the Chippewa, General Scott called in his light troops, and took a 
 position behind Street's Creek, whore he encamped for the night. At about midnight 
 the main body of Brown's array, embracing Ripley's brigade, a field and battery train, 
 and Major Ilindman's artillery corps, came up, accompanied by the commanding gen- 
 eral. With only the small creek between them, the belligerent armies slumbered that 
 hot July night. 
 
 The morning of the 5th of July dawned gloriously. The positions of the two ar- 
 mies were simple. On the east was the Niagara River, along the margin of whicii 
 was a road. On the west was a heavy wood, and between the parties conung in from 
 the woods were two streams, namely. Street's and Chippewa Creeks, the latter, some- 
 times called the Welland Creek, being the larger in volume.* Below the Chippewa, 
 and about two miles from Scott's camp, was that of Riall. On one side of it Avas a 
 ulock-house, and on the other was a heavy battery. At the mouth of the Chippewa, 
 on the south side, some fortifications had been thrown up to cover the bridge, called 
 a tete-de-pont (or head of the bridge) battery, whose ruins are still (18G7) visible, 
 A little farther up the river the British had a small navy yard and some barracks. 
 
 > This is a view of the bridge at the mouth of Street's Creek looking up the Niagara, from a sketch made by the au- 
 thor ill the summer of 1800. On the extreme right is seen a chimney, which composes the remains of the hoasoofUf. 
 Street, f^om whom the stream derives its name. In the distance, on the left, is seen Grand Island. 
 
 ' Jesup's MS. Memoir, etc. 
 
 » General Scott explained to the \vrlter the cause of the marquis's mistake. While at BnflTalo Scott wrote to ti,c qnar- 
 temiaster for a supply of new clothing for his regulars. Word soon ccme back that blue cloth, such as was iiacd in thf 
 army, could not be obtained, owing to the stringency of the blockade and the embargo, and the lack of inniiufnctarei in 
 the country, but that there was a sufficient quantity of gray cloth (now known as "Cadet's Gray") in Phlladelphls 
 Scott ordered it to be made up for his soldiers, and in these new gray suits they marched down the Niagara on Canadi 
 soil. Believing them to be only militia, Riall regarded them with contempt when preparing for battle on the 6th. B^ 
 cause of the victory, won chiefly by thorn, at Chippewa on the 6th, and in honor of Scott and his troops, that Btyle ot 
 cloth was adopted at the Military Academy at West Point as the uniform of the cadets. It has been used ever since. 
 anil in known *o be the best color for field service. 
 
 ♦ Tlie Chippewa is navigable with small boats for abont forty miles. It is obstrncted, however, by its connectioa 
 with the Welland Canal, al>oat nine miles from Its month. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 807 
 
 n of the " Cadet's Gray," 
 
 Dcolt re-eu forced. 
 
 British Mght Triiopa aud ludlaus dlslodijed by Porter. 
 
 Captalu Joseph Trent. 
 
 t, was sent toward 
 illery corps, on the 
 3nd brigade, under 
 tnarclied down the 
 ^da shore of the Ni- 
 •a River to a posi- 
 on a plain beliind 
 •ct's Creek, oppoHite 
 lower end of Navy 
 ind, and little more 
 ,n a mile above Chip- 
 va. On the way he 
 t a considerable Ihit- 
 force under Lieu- 
 lant Colonel Pearson, 
 d, after a sharp skinn- 
 1 he drove them be- 
 ording to Jcsup, was 
 I Regiment, \iiHlcr the 
 beyond the Chippewa, 
 uis could account for 
 nerican Independence, 
 undeceived on the ibl- 
 ippewa River, Captain 
 mtry, received and re- 
 ling the enemy strong- 
 laht troops, and took a 
 [t. At about midnight 
 [field and battery train, 
 the commanding gen- 
 armies slumbered that 
 
 ..ositionsofthctwoar- 
 
 L the ranrgin of which 
 
 parties coming m from 
 
 Greeks, the latter, sonu- 
 
 Below the Chippewa, 
 )u one side of it was a 
 Uoutb of the Chippewa 
 ;„ver the bridge, called 
 u-e still (1867) visible. 
 and some barracks. 
 
 ['tbcreniainBofthchouBOotMi 
 
 Land Island. 
 
 It Buffalo Scott wrote to tucinB' 
 
 l^T^t-^otninrhUad^lS^: 
 Ted down the Niagara on CaD.to 
 
 P„g for battle on he «h.I^ 
 tott and his troops, that yte 
 Its. It has been used ever 8B«, 
 
 Led. however, by lUconnectl* 
 
 BRMAINH OF TETE-llK-FONT JIATTEBY 
 
 At about noon of the 5th Scott was joined by three hundred Pennsylvania Volun- 
 teers, and about four hundred Indians under Captain Pollard and tlie famous Red 
 .lacket. The whole were commanded by General Porter, who had been accompanied 
 from Black Rock by Majors Wood and Jones, of Brown's staff. Tlie British were re- 
 enforced during the night by the expected Eighth, or King's Regiment, from York or 
 Toronto, and small parties went out from their line at dawn on the beautiful plain 
 between the Chippewa and Street's Creek — a plain then bounded on the Avest, three 
 iburtlis of a mile from the river, by a dense wood. For several hours the belligerents 
 were feeling each other, the pickets and scouts of each keeping up a desultory fire all 
 the morning. '^ Finally tlie American pickets on the extreme left of Scott's line be- 
 came so annoyed by a heavy body of British light troops and Iiidians in the woods, 
 that at four o'clock in the aftei'noon General Porter ^vas sent with his corps to dis- 
 lodge them. He was successful. The enemy fled in affi'ight toward Chippewa, dread- 
 fnlly smitten by the pursuers. Tliere Porter found himself within a few yards of the 
 entire British force advancing in battle order. 
 
 In this affair, uj) to the meeting of the British in force, the Indians behaved well. 
 Tliey were in the woods, on the left of Porter's column, with Red Jacket on their ex- 
 tremity in the forest. Porter, with Caj)tain Pollard, the Indian leader, took post in 
 the edge of the woods, betAveen the pale and dusky soldiers. The Indians, led by 
 
 1 The engraving represents the remains of this battery when I visited the spot and sketched them in the snmmcr of 
 1(160. lu the front, between the two figures and the mounds, are seen the waters of the feeder of the Welland Cnnnl. 
 On the left Is the mouth of Chippewa Creek, aud beyond, the Niagara River at the head of the Great Rapids. Beyond 
 that is the New York shore ; and to the left, looking by the head of Goat Island, is seen Niagara Falls Village. Over 
 ilie most westerly point of the remains of tetc-dc-pont battery, on the New York shore, Is seen the residence of Colo- 
 licl Peter Augustus Porter, sou of the general, who accoi.ipa:iied me at that time. This gentleman lost his life while at 
 ilie head of his regiment lighting for the rcpublir in the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, in 1SC4. 
 
 ' It was dur,lng these movements early in the morning that Captain Treat, in command of a picket-guard of forty men 
 and a patrol of ten, " retired disgrocefully, leaving a wounded man on the ground," as General Brown said in his re- 
 port. For this alleged oiTense, Browu ordered Treat, on the spot, to retire from the army ; and, in his report of the af- 
 fiir, he advised the dismissal of the captain aud one of his lieutenants fi-oni the service. " This punishment " says 
 Drown, in a manuscript " Memorandum of Occurrences, etc., connected with the Campaign of Niagara," " though severe, 
 was jnst, and at the moment indispensable It had the happiest effect upon the army." 
 
 This affair gave rise to much feeling in und out of the army. Captain Treat was a most valuable oSBcer, and had 
 been highly esteemed by General Brown. On the day after his disgrace ho called on General Brown and demanded a 
 fonrt-martial. It was finally granted, after long and tedious delays, 
 bat the result was not reached until the 8th of May, 1815, when the 
 court declared, "After mature deliberation on the testimony deduced, 
 the court find the accused. Captain Joseph Treat, not guilty of the 
 charge or spcclflcation preferred against him, and do honorably acquit 
 him." This finding of the court was approved by Major General Brown 
 atSackett'a Harbor on the 3d of July following. At about the same 
 time Captain Treat published a vindication " ogainst the atrocious 
 calnmny," which was dedicated to President Madison. It contains a report of tho proceedings of the court-martial, and 
 occupies slxly-two pages. The vindication of his character as a soldier was triumphant. 
 
 Captain Treat was the son of one of tho earliest settlers on the Penobscot, in Maine. He entered the army as captain 
 of the Twenty-first Regiment of Infantry in the spring of 1812. With his company, recruited chiefly at Bangor, he Joined 
 the Northern Army. On the day of his disgrace on Chippewa Plain he volunteered to fight as a private ; and such was 
 the confidence of Major Vose, of the Twenty-first Regiment, in Captain Treat, that he requested him to take command 
 of a platoon In the fight. lie declined, but fought bravely in the ranks. He became brigadier general of militia in his 
 native state in 1820, and the memory of Geueral Treat is cherished with the moat cordial respect. 
 
I 
 
 !tJ 
 
 m 
 
 iMMt 
 
 
 their war-chiefs, were allowed to conduct their share of the hf '3 as they pleased; 
 and, when the enemy had delivered his fire, they rushed forward with horrid yuUs 
 spreading consternation in the ranks of the foe, and making feaiful havoc with toma- 
 hawk and scalping-knifo. They fought desperately, hand-to-hand in many instances, 
 and in every ^^iy they won the applause of their commanding general. Hut tlie tide 
 of fortune soon changed. The heavy line of the foe, after an exchange of two or three 
 rounds of musketry, charged Porter's troops with the bayonet furiously. Ileaiinir 
 nothing of General Scott, and finding no support against an overwhelming force near, 
 Porter gave an order to retreat and form on the left of Scott's brigade, beyond Street's 
 Creek. The retreat became a tumultuous rout. 
 
 Riall, it seems, had intended to fall upon the American camp with his whole force, 
 and for that purpose he had led it across Chippewa Creek. Tliere Porter had con- 
 fronted it, as we have observed. General Brown was on the extreme left, watdiinrr 
 Porter's movements at this time, and, seeing an immense cloud of dust in the direc- 
 tion of Chippewa, at once comprehended its meaning. He correctly supposed tlie 
 whole force of the enemy to be advancing, and at once dispatched Colonel Gardner 
 with an order to General Ripley to put in motion the Twenty-first Regiment of In- 
 fantry and Biddle's 
 Battery. He also or- 
 dered Captain Ritch- 
 ie, with his artillery 
 company, to follow 
 him to the ])laii), 
 where he properly 
 posted him, and tlica 
 rode to the quarters 
 of General Scott to 
 direct him to cross 
 Street's Creek at oncf 
 with his whole bri- 
 gade and Tow son's 
 artillery to meet the 
 advancing foe. He 
 found Scott almost 
 ready, with his horse 
 
 before his tent, to lead his brigade over for the purpose of drilling them on the jjlaiii. 
 lie did not believe the enemy to be so near in force, but, like a true soldier, he obeyed 
 the order promptly, rather captiously remarking that he would march and drill his 
 brigade, but did not believe he would find three hundred of the enemy thcre.^ Just 
 then Porter's flight was observed. It uncovered Scott's left, and exposed it to great 
 peril ; but Ripley had been ordered to advance cautiously through the woods, under 
 the direction of Colonel Gardner, and produce a diversion in Scott's favor by falling 
 on the rear of the British right. 
 
 General Riall's advancing army was composed of the One Hundredth Regiment, 
 commanded by the Marquis of Tweeddale ; the First, or Royal Scots, under Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Gordon ; a portion of the Eighth, or King's Regiment, under Major Evans; 
 
 a detachment of the Royal Artillery, under Captain Macconnochie; and also of the 
 
 . ^_^ 
 
 ' This is n view of the bridge over Street's Creek, looking down the Niagara River. Across the Niagara, in the ex- 
 treme distance, immediately to tlie right of the figures on the bridge, is seen Schlosser Landing, and, nearer, the fool 
 of Navy Island. The house beyond the willow-tree, on the left, is on a portion of the battle-ground, and bcloiised. 
 when I was there, to Mr. William Gray. It was the scene of a tragedy during the troubles in Canada in 1837 and 1S3S. 
 Some miscreants came over fl-om Navy Island on .light (among thrm the scoundrel Lett, who destroyed Brock's Mon- 
 ument), and, after enticing a Mr. Edgworth Usher, who was at this houae, to come to the door, shot him through tbe 
 side-lights as he was seen approaching with a candle in his hand. 
 
 ' Ueneral Brown's MS. Menwir q/ Events in the Niagara Campaign. 
 
 BIBKET's CBEEK URIUGE, LOOKUta ^0BTU.> 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 8Cf 
 
 ;lon of Iho Brllleh Force. 
 
 as they pleased ; 
 with horrid ytUs, 
 havoc with toiiia- 
 in many instances, 
 sral. lint the tide 
 igc of two or tlnee 
 iriously. Hearing 
 lehning force near, 
 de, beyond Street's 
 
 ith hia whole force, 
 
 !rc Porter had con- 
 
 remc left, watching 
 
 f duat in the direc- 
 
 •ectly supposed the 
 
 ed Colonel Gardner 
 
 rst Regiment of In- 
 
 ntry and Biddle's , 
 
 attery. He also or- 
 
 ered Captain Ritch- 
 
 !, with his artillery 
 
 ompany, to follow 
 
 im to the plain, 
 
 /here ho properly 
 
 ,08ted him, and then 
 
 ode to the quarters 
 
 >f General Scott to 
 
 lirect him to cross 
 
 Itrcet's Creek at once 
 
 ith his whole hvi- 
 
 adc and Tow son's 
 
 rtillery to meet the 
 
 dvaucing foe. He 
 
 bund Scott almost 
 
 •eady, with his horse 
 
 ig them on the plain, 
 
 uc soldier, he obeyed 
 
 march and drill his 
 
 enemy there.^ Just 
 
 lI exposed it to great 
 
 igh the woods, uikIov 
 
 oU's favor by falling 
 
 [undredth Regiment, 
 ±5C0ts, under Licuten- 
 fnnder Major Evans; 
 Ihie ; and also of Uic 
 
 b^BetbeNiRRarn.mthe"- 
 Lumng. and, nearer, the tool 
 rbattle-sroiu.d,an(n)eloMeil. 
 
 Ib In Canada In Ism ami 1S3» 
 
 T who destroyed BriKk's Mod- 
 
 ! door, shot him through the 
 
 BegtnnlDg of the Battle of Chippewa. 
 
 Charge of the Eleventh Regiment. 
 
 Nathan TowMMk 
 
 Royal Nineteenth Dragoons, under Major Lisle ; a regiment of Lincoln militia, under 
 Lieutenant Colonel Dixon, and a body of Indians. Tlioae Mere 8ui)ported by a heavy 
 battery of nine pieces. lie advanced from his intrenchments at Chippewa in three 
 columns, liis vangirird being composed of light companies of tlie Royal Scots and of 
 the One Hundredth Regiments, and the Second Regiment of Lincoln militia. These 
 were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Pearson. On his right, in tlie edge of the 
 woods, were about three hundred Lulian warriors. It was these, witli the vanguard, 
 who fell upon Porter. On the road that skirts the Niagara River, Riall placed two 
 light 24-pounder8 and a 5j-inch liowitzer. 
 
 Scott in the moan time had crossed Street's Creek over the bridge with the great- 
 est coolness, in the face of a heavv camionade from the enemy's full battery within 
 ])oint-biank range, and formed in battle order with the Ninth and part of the Twenty- 
 second Regiment, under Major Leavenworth, covered by Towson's artillery, on the 
 extreme right, the Eleventh Regiment, under Major M'Neil (Colonel Campbell, its 
 commander, liaving received a severe wound in tlic knee), in Llie centre, and the 
 Tweiity-tifth Regiment, commanded by Major Jesup, on the extreme left. In this 
 movement Scott was greatly aided by Towson,' whose artillery, placed near the 
 bridge, kept the enemy at bay, and at times caused him to slacken his cannonade. 
 
 When Porter's corps came flying in confusion from tlie enemy's right, they were 
 partially cliecked by Captain Harris's cavalry behind a ravine fronting Brown's camp, 
 and Jesup, by an obli([ue movement, covered Scott's left, while Ripley was making un- 
 availing ettbrts to gain the position to which he was ordered by Brown. Jesup ^. as 
 joined by Porter and his staif, and some of the more courageous volunteers, and as 
 the conflict became general, the major engaged and held in check the enemy's right 
 wing. The battle raged with fury along the entire line of both armies. Several times 
 the British line was broken, and then closed up again ; and it often exposed as many 
 flanks as it had regiments in the field. This unskillful manoeuvring had been ob- 
 served by Scott, wlio had advanced, halted, and fired 
 alieniately, until he was within eighty paces of his foe. 
 Observing a gap in his lines which made a new flank, 
 he ordered a quick movement in that direction by 
 M'Xeil's Eleventh Regiment. He shouted with a voice 
 tliat was heard above the din of battle, " The enemy 
 say that we are good at long shot, but can not stand 
 the cold iron! I. call upon the Eleventh instantly to 
 give the lie to that slander ! Charge .^"2 This move- 
 ment was immediately made, with the most decisive 
 effect. A similar charge was made by Leavenworth, 
 
 ' Nathan Towson was one of the moat useful officers of the army at this 
 limp. He was bom in Maryland in 1784, and was appointed captain in the 
 Second Regiment of Artillery in March, 1S12. He aided Lieutenant Elliott, 
 of the navy, as we have seen (page 3S6), in capturing the Caledonia at Fort 
 Eric in October of that year, and for his gallant conduct there he was brevet- 
 ed a major. In repelling the attack of the British on Fort George, Upper 
 Canada, iu July, 181.1, he was wounded. He greatly distinguished himself un- 
 der Brown as an artillery officer, and was breveted lieutenant colonel for his 
 good conduct in the battle of Chippewa. lie performed equally distinguished 
 service at Niagara and Fort Erie. In the latter a bastion was named in his 
 honor, after the Americans took possession of it, early in July, 1814. He was 
 retained in the service at the close of the war, and was made paymaster gen- 
 eral in 1S19. In 1S34 he was breveted brigadier general ; and for his dlstin- 
 gnished services In the Mexican War he was breveted major general in March, 
 1S». He died in Washington City on the 20th of Jnly, 1864, at the age of seven- 
 ty years. His remains lie interred on a pleasant slope in Oak Hill Cemetery, 
 Georgetown, District of Columbia, by the side of those of his wife, and over 
 lliera is a beautiful white marble monument on which is the following simple 
 inscription: "Nathan Towson, Brevet Major General and Paymaster Gen- 
 erai, United States Army. SoruiA Towso.n, wife of Nathan Towson." 
 
 ' Mansfield's Li/e o/SeoU, page lOT. 
 
 iilN' 
 
 ili' 
 
 
iWKBBfii 
 
 ''If 
 
 Ml 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 810 
 
 nCTOKIAL FIELD-KOOK 
 
 lI'Nflir* flank Muvement. 
 
 The Britlah mated. 
 
 The Luuea of the CumbatanUk 
 
 who held an obliquo position on the 
 Aincriciin rii^ht. At tho saino tinm 'Wtw. 
 Hon's battery ponrod in lui ()l)li(|uc tiro 
 of ninrdcroHH oanistor-Hliot, ai'tcr silenc- 
 ing tlio eneniy'H most cflbctivo batliTv 
 by blowing np an anununilion-wagon; 
 and ptTHL'ntly tho whole left and cciitro 
 of tho liritiwh broke and fU'd in conl'ii- 
 Hion. That effective flank movement by 
 M'Neil was the one, there can be no 
 doubt, which gave tho victory to the 
 Americans, "lie deserved," said (icn- 
 eral Scott in Ids ropoi ,, "every lliiii<; 
 which conspicuous skill and gallantly 
 can win from a grateful country." Ho 
 was soon afterward breveted a lieuten- 
 ant colonel " for his intrepid behavior on 
 the 5th day of July, in tho battle of 
 Chippewa." 
 
 At this time Josup, hotly pressed hy 
 the British right, and finding his inon 
 falling thickly around him, ordered his 
 soldiers to " support arms and advance !" 
 In the face of a deadly and destructive 
 lire this order was obeyed, and a more 
 secure position was gained, when Jcsup 
 opened such a terrific lire on the enoniy 
 that they broke and fled toward their in- 
 trenchments beyond the Chippewa. Cap- 
 tain Ketchum, with one of the light com- 
 panies of the Twenty-fifth, hotly pur- 
 sued the fugitives, and halted only when 
 Avithin half musket -shot of Chippewa 
 Bridge, where they received some dam- 
 age from the tCte-de-pont battery. Tiioy 
 captured many prisoners. The British 
 did not cease their flight until tiiey 
 were fairly behind their breastworks lie- 
 low Chippewa Creek, and taken up tlie 
 planks of the bridge. Tho plain was 
 strewn with the dead and the dyini; of 
 both nations. The American loss diir- 
 N<)TK.-The above map Indicates the movemcntB of the ing the moming skirmishing and in the 
 
 troops in the battle of Chippewa. A H show the position of (.ydinjr battle On that long, hot Juiv 
 M'Nell and Leavenworth when thev made the flnal charge. *' , 1 -ll 1 T 1 'l 
 o, o, n, the point to which Porter drove the British and In- day, waS SlXty-OUC killed, twO llUIiared 
 dians (see page SOT), ft, Street's bam. ^^^^l fifty -five woundcd, and nineteen 
 
 missing. The British lost two hundred and thirty-six killed, three himdred and 
 twenty-two wounded, and forty-six missing.' The horrors of the battle-field were 
 
 » The American musketry was very effective. Over each ball, in loading, the Americans placed three buckshot, vfhlch 
 Bcattered and did severe execution. The British lost largely in officers. A member of the Marqnis of Tweeddale'n One 
 Hundredth Regiment afterward stated that two officers of that regiment were killed and twenty wounded. Among the 
 latter was the marquis himself. Fourteen of the British were made prisoners. These, added to the prisoners captured 
 at F.)rt Erie two days before, made the number 151. The writer above alluded to says that the American officers were 
 Men on the field fteely exposing themselves In front of their men. "As to General Biall, as soon as his line tied, he 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 811 
 
 of the Oumbutanu. 
 
 LO position Oil ilie 
 the Hixinotinu' Tow- 
 ill iin oltluiui' tiro 
 .>r-Hl»ot, at'ti-r siU'nc- 
 Ht t'tVoctivo battery 
 vmiuunition-\vii;^(m; 
 hole k'tl luitl ccnlre 
 ■ iiiid tU'd in confu- 
 ! tiiink movcituMit \)\ 
 le, there can \k no 
 tho victory to tlio 
 IcsiTVL'd," Baid (Ion- 
 ■opoi , , " ovcry tliiu-j: 
 Bkill anil gaUautry 
 iteful country." Ho 
 d breveted a lieuton- 
 , intrepid behavior on 
 ily, in tlic battle of 
 
 3up, hotly pressed by 
 and tii\ding his mon 
 )und him, ordered his 
 i-t arms and advance r 
 eadly and destructive 
 8 obeyed, and a moiv 
 as gained, when Jcsiiii 
 rific lire on the enemy 
 id tied toward their in- 
 id the Chippewa. Cap- 
 hone of the light com- 
 ^-enty-fifth, hotly pur- 
 , iuid halted only wIumi 
 Lt-shot of Chippewa 
 .y received some dam- 
 7e.^jon< battery. Tiioy 
 risoners. The British 
 iicir flight until tlioy 
 fl their breastworks lio- 
 •eok, and taken up the 
 •idgo. The plain was 
 |lead and the dying of 
 he American loss clur- 
 skirmishing and in the 
 fl that long, hot July 
 te killed, two hundred 
 ounded, and nineteen 
 h1 three hundred ami 
 ,f the battle-tield were 
 
 LTnlaced three huclishot, wWch 
 
 Itwontywounded. Amongth 
 T«dTedtothepriBoner,cnptn^ 
 that the American offloerBWC 
 klall.MBoonashiBUnefleJ.l'e 
 
 Bravery of Adjutant O'Cunuer. The Brttlah Pualtlon at Chippewa. The Americana fltU back. ludiani disheartened. 
 
 mitigated by a gentle shower, that eanic like an angel of mercy at the close of the 
 coiiHict to cool tlie throbbing teinjtles and moisten tiie feverish lips of the wounded. 
 
 At the close of the battle on the plain, when Scott was about to commence a vig- 
 oidiis pursuit of the enemy, Porter was ordered forward to his support witli two 
 jiuiidred I'eiinsylvania militia who had been left in camp as reserves. These took 
 |Hist on Scott's left, where tliey awaited the arrival of Uipley's brigade, which had 
 not reached the field in time to participate in the .action. The gallant Adjutant O'C'on- 
 iior' (laslied forward alone to reconnoitre the enemy's positi(ui. He saw them tear- 
 ing up Chippewa I^ridge, and comprehended the situation at a glance. Having satis- 
 tied himself, he wheeled his horse and galloped back to the lines, followed by several 
 bullets from the men at the bridge, which did no harm. Scott pressed forward, and 
 at a point of woods came into an open field in full view of the enemy. Tlie guns at 
 the (cte-cle-pont battery and at the British camp opened upon them, the ecu-ps of I'or- 
 ter receiving the first discharge. .lust then a building near the bridge, touched by a 
 British torch, burst into flame; and at the same moment a thuntler-gust, followed by 
 ircntle rain, went skurrying up the river, filling the air with blinding clouds of dust. 
 The commanding general resolved to bring up all his ordnance, and force the enemy's 
 position by a direct attack, when M.ajor Wood, of the Engineers, and Ca|)taiii Austin, 
 the general's aid, who had been forward and made observations, assured him that the 
 position of the enemy was too strong to be easily moved. This report, and the ad- 
 vice of Scott and Wood, caused the general to issue an order for a retrogr.ade move- 
 ment. The victorious little army marched slowly b.ack through mud where deep 
 (lust had lain only an hour before, and at sunset reached their encani])ment behind 
 Street's Creek. On that eventful night Chii)|)ewa Plains were lescrteil, and the two 
 armies occujjied the s.amc relative position which they did at dawn. In the morn- 
 ing (icneral Brown had assured (General Porter that not a British regular would be 
 seen on the south side of the Chippewa that day, and in this belief Scott had shared.^ 
 lint they h.ad been there, left a sanguinary record, and were gone; and the stars look- 
 ed down that night on a scene of repose, triinquil and profound, where the horrid de- 
 tonations of fierce conflict had been heard, and tlie smoke of battle liad obscured the 
 light of th iiing sun. 
 
 There y in the American camp that night. A decisive battle had been fought 
 
 by small ..mibers,^ .and gallantly won by the Americans. The chief glory properly 
 helonged to General Scott, whose brigade was the principal instrument in the achieve- 
 ment.' It was very import.ant in its results — more important, perhaps, th.an any pre- 
 ceding battle of the war. The Indian allies of the British were disheartened. Their 
 disaft'ection, begun at the Thames, was now made complete. Nearly all of the sav- 
 
 rode np straight to the enemy's line, as if to court death ; but, as is usual in snch cases, he failed to find it, while his 
 faslilonnble and well-dressed aid-de-canip, obliKcd to accompany bira in what he must have thought not a very agreea- 
 Wb enterprise, was seriously wounded lu the tliigh."— See The Spirit of our Timeit, Montreal, March 10, ISfil. 
 
 Among the American officers who were wounded was Colonel Campbell, and C:nptalns KiuR, Read, and Harrison. 
 Tlic flrst-uained fell, as we have seen, at the very beginning of the action. Captain Harrison had his leg shot off by a 
 cannon-ball, but heroically refused to allow a man to be taken ft-om the ranks to bear him off until the liritish retreat- 
 ed. Lieutenants Palmer, Barron, De Witt, Patchin, and Brimhall were also wonnded. 
 
 ' John Michael O'Connor was a native of New York. He was commissioned first lieutenant in the Third Artillery In 
 Marcli, 1812. He was soon afterward appointed regimental quartermaster, and in the spring of 1S13 was promoted to 
 captain. On the 20th of June, 1814, he was appointed assistant adjutant general, under Gardner, on General Brown's 
 staff, and held that office at the time of the battle of Chippewa. He was retained in the army at the close of the war, 
 and left it iu 1321. In 1S24 he translated for the Military Academy at West Point Guy dc Vernon's Scienee of War and 
 Fiirlifications. 
 
 ' Mannscript Narrative of the Battles of Chippewa and Niagara, by General Porter General Brown expressed this 
 Mief to General Porter while the latter was marching from Black Rock to Scott's enciiinj-ment. He informed Porter 
 that the British militia and Indians were annoying his pickets very much, and when proposing to that officer to em- 
 ploy his Indians in driving the former from the woods lie promised him ample support, and gave him the assarance 
 that no regulars would be seen.— See Stone's Life of Red Jacket, page 2BT. 
 
 ' According to the most careful estimates, the whole number of troops actually engaged in the battle did not exceed 
 3000, namely, 1300 Americans and 1700 British. 
 
 * "Brigadie, General Scott," said Brown, In his report to the Secretary of War on the 7th of .Tuly, "is entitled to the 
 hichest praise our country can bestow ; to him more than any other man I am indebted for the victory of the Bth of 
 July. Ulsbrigadehas covered itself with glory The family of General Scott were conspicuons in the field— Liea- 
 
hi 
 
 •l 
 
 : 1 ■ i 
 
 
 ;!' 
 
 
 *' 
 
 ■ •«! 
 
 PICTOItlAL ilELU-DOOK 
 
 The People Iniplrlted. 
 
 Recralting active. 
 
 Sketcbei ormbordlntle Offlcen, 
 
 agPH, who had been ii terror to nil in every diHtriet in the West in which miliiurv 
 movt'incntM oecurrcd, now letl tiie Hritinh army iiiid returned to their hoineH. 'ri,,. 
 victory alHo gave a nee(lcd impetus to enlistineiitH, It created great joy tiiroiigliout 
 the (country. The jieopli! were amazingly inspirited, and recruiting Itecanie so active 
 that ahnost any numher of men migiit iiave been added to the army for anotiier cam- 
 paign. This victory also won more genuine respect for the Anierieans from the ene- 
 my than had over been accorded before; and among the peevish exjn'essions of nior- 
 
 tcniint Hmlth, of the Sixth Inrnntry, major of hrlt;nclp," niid LIcutcniintfi Wortht and WiitlH.t IiIh iiIiIh. From Ooiicml 
 Ripley and his brinado I rccfived cvnry adiiliitaiico that I ^javc them an oiiiiortiiiiily of rpiidcrliif,'." He jjave eciiiajlv 
 warm praJHO to Uciieral I'orlci- niid hix command, and ail the other onicerH and troopn. of (lardiicr and Jones,; uf lili 
 own military family, he made particular mention, and said, " I Hhnll have oecanion a^ain to epcak to vou." 
 
 • Gerard 1). Smith, who wnn made adjutant In 1«13, was now Hcolt'H brigade niiOor, having been appointed In Marcli. 
 lie wan a native of \ew York, lie hail iieen promoted to ciiptain In June, hut IiIh comnilHHhui liail not vet lieen iii.mIi' 
 itnown to (lenera! Ih'own. in the battle of NiaKaiii he ho dlHtiuKulfihed hlinrelf that he wan breveted a major. IIu »»■ 
 wounded there, with hJH chief. lie wan retained In the army at tlie peace, but renitjned In ISUI. 
 
 t William .lenklniiWortii wan a tmtlve of t'ohimbla County, New 
 Vorl<, and died a major general by brevet in tlie army of the I'liiinl 
 Staten. lie entered the army an llrnt lieutenant, and wan iildilv. 
 camp to Major Oenerni I.ewin in 1SI3. In March, IS14, he hcciunc 
 aid to Hris;adlcr (lenerai Scott, and wan breveted eaptale fur hl« 
 gallant nerviccs in the battle oi' Chippewa. For bin dli<tlni;iLi»lml 
 conduct In the battle of Niaijara, twenty days later, he wan hrcvcteil 
 a major. In that battle lie wan ncverely winnided. ilo wa» cum- 
 miseloned « captain the next month, and wan retained In the ncrvice at the clone of the war. In l<*Vi ho wan brevileil 
 brl)?adier for bin valuable nervicen in Florida, havini; previously attained to the rank of full ecdoucl of the Kijjhlli In- 
 fantry. He commanded with dlntinctlon during the Seminole War ; and for bin (jallant con- 
 duct at Monterey, In Mexico, he wan breveted a major (jeneral. In March, 1S47, the Con- 
 gress of the United States voted him a sword for his merltoricms conduct there. Ills ca- 
 reer in Mexico was highly honorable to him and his country. It wan he who received the 
 message from the authorities of the city of Mexico, on the nif-ht of the 13th of September, 
 
 1S-1,H, offering to surrender the capital. He died at 
 his head-quarters at San Antonio, Texan, on the 
 7tli of May, IS40. Nine years afterward, a monu- 
 ment, composed of Qulucy granite, llfly-onc feet 
 In height, on which is liiHcrlbed the names of the 
 several battles in which he hiul been engaged, was 
 erected In the city of New York, at the Junction 
 of Broadway and Fifth Avenue. Anthony Street, 
 In the same city, was named Worth Street at 
 about the same lime, in houor of the liero. 
 
 } George Watts, who was a native of New York, 
 greatly disiinguished blni^cif on this occasion. 
 In a letter to General Brown, written ten days 
 after the battle. General Scott spoke In the high- 
 est terms of Worth and Watts. " They both ren- 
 dered essential scrvi( -," III' said, "at critical mo- 
 ments, by assisting the lotnmandnnt of corps In 
 forming the troops under circumstances' which 
 
 precluded the voice from being heard. Their conduct has been hnndsomflt 
 acknowledged by the officers of the line, who have Joined In requesting thnl i( 
 might be particularly noticed." Y'oung Watts was Ijrcveted first lieutenant Tor 
 his good behavior on that occasion, lie belonged to the First Light Dragooii.', 
 of which he was third lieutenant. In Brown's sortie from Fort Erie, n In 
 weeks later, he distinguished himself. He was retained In the army iis ilri 
 lieutenant of Infantry In 1816, but resigned the following year. A fine portrait 
 of him is in the possession of OeneraiJ. Watts Depeyster, of Tlvoli, New York. 
 5 Hogcr Jones was a native of Virginia. On ttio southern border of the 
 Congressional Bnrying-ground at Washington City, overlooking the enntern 
 branch of the Potomac, Is a beautiful clouded Italian marble moiniment, creel- 
 ed to his memory, upon which is inscribed the foUowing brief history ofhii 
 life: "Bom in Westmoreland County, Virginia; died at Washington on the 
 16th day of July, 1852, in the (Mth year of his age. He entered the servirc of 
 his country as a lieutenant of marines in 1800, and was appointed captain of 
 artillery ot the commencement of the war with Great Britain, and 8er\e(l «ilh 
 honor 43 years. He was twice breveted for distinguished gallantry and cod- 
 dnct on the field of battle— at Chippewa and the sortie at Fort Erie. A bravo soldier and a good man." 
 
 For his services at Chippewa Jones was breveted a major, and at Fort Erie lieutenant colonel. He was retained In 
 the army, and was made ald-de-camp to General Brown in Jnnc, 1S16. He was appointed adjutant general, with thf 
 rank of colonel. In ISIS, and in 1824 wos breveted colonel for ten years' faithful service. In June, 1832, he wnabrcvelfil 
 a brigadier general, and relinquished his rank in line in 1835. lie engaged In the Mexican War, and for his acrvices 
 there was breveted major general in March, 184!). 
 
 On the west side of Jones's monument are the names of the battles in which he was engaged in the War of 18U 
 namely. Fort George, Stony Creek, Chippewu, Niagara, and Fort Erie sortie. On the east side of the obelisk is eculp- 
 tared, in high relief, a atraigbt sword, garlanded by laurel and olive leaves. 
 
 WOHTII S MO.NVMENT. 
 
 JONES'S UONrMEMT. 
 
OF THE WAR OP I 8 1 J. 
 
 813 
 
 ai of Mbordlnnte OOem. 
 
 ill wliK-h iiiililiiry 
 tlu'ir lioiiu'H. '[%' 
 fivt joy lliruujjlioui 
 11' \)i'ciinie so lu'tivc 
 iiy lor iinotluT ciim- 
 riciins from tlic imk- 
 oxpressions ot'inor- 
 
 ,,t lilB nldii. Fniin (liMicml 
 idiTliii,'." He Kovi' cciuullv 
 rdiinliicr anil .luiifs,} othlB 
 ) xpeiik to vou." 
 
 ly lit'im iippolntcd In Murch. 
 .(.liui Imil iiiit yet been nmilo 
 fl hrcvcletl n mnji>r. He wn? 
 
 isin. 
 
 ve ofColnmlilftCmiiily.New 
 vet In the urii>yi)ftlii'l'iniiii 
 I lleuteiiiiiit, mill wii" nl<l'l'- 
 In Mnrcti, ISU, lie I"''"""' 
 [vns breveted enptiiUi fur hU 
 |)ewii. V'>'' !>'" <llstl"i.'iii»lui! 
 ly diiyx Inter, lie wiih brcvctnl 
 rily wonmled. He wuk nmi- 
 vur. In \><Vi ho wim hroveiwl 
 full r.iloncl "fllie KItiUlli In- 
 
 WOBTU'U MONUMENT. 
 
 conduct hns liecn hnndsomcly 
 ,ave joined In requesting thai il 
 W118 breveted first lieutenant tor 
 ■cd to the Flr^t Lit!ht DnigooM, 
 "a sortie from Fort Eric, a tn 
 
 rctnined In the army as «w 
 .oUowln- year. A fine portrait 
 ,)ci)ey8tcr,ofTlvoll,New\"'k 
 On the Bouthern border ot the 
 
 City, overlooking the ca«teni 
 tallan marble monument, cretl- 
 following brief history of hi! 
 ■ died at Washington on th.- 
 
 gi He entered the servue ^f 
 
 and was appointed captain. I 
 n Great Britain, and 8cr^c(Uull 
 
 Istlngulshed gallantry anJ cod- 
 
 id a good man." 
 
 t colonel. He was retained » 
 
 ited adjutant general, with lie 
 InJnne,1832,hcwasbr«vete.l 
 
 clean War, and for his servlcM 
 
 IM engaged In the War oflSU 
 W side of the obelisk is Bculp- 
 
 ' July, 
 
 ' July. 
 
 Bmwn cxiiects the Co-opcirstlon of Chaunri-y. rii-|iiiriitliinH to ( niMH tli<' clilppewn. TardluexH ofdeueriil KIpley. 
 
 tifioivtion wliich it t'lifitod from Kutflisli writers luiil wjn'iikcrs wore futind lionurablo 
 a('i<iii>wli'<lj^mi'iits of tlio prowi'HS uiid jicniuN of Amcrioiin soldicrH.' 
 
 [t wiiH liitu ill tilt) I'Vi'iiiiii^ ailcr tlii- Imttio" iii-forf tlii' womidi'd of both nr- •juiyj, 
 iiiics could be tiiltiTi care of.'^ Tlie ileiid reiiiiiiiied iiiibiiried all iii^^lit, i)iit curly ""*• 
 on tiie morrow tbey were soiiijlit for over llie open l»iittie-tield and in tlie woods, and 
 eoiniiiitted to the eartli willi great respect. Miiclioftlie Otii and 7tii'' was oc- 
 cupied in tliis business, while (Jeneral Hrown was impatient to advance, for lie 
 ('.\])i'cted the arrival of Channeey at the mouth of tiie Niagara Hiver to co-operate 
 with liiiii. He was satisfied that the passage of the ("liippewa liridgc in the face of 
 the intrenched enemy would be too hazardous to warrant the undertaking, and, in- 
 formed that an interior route for (iueenston would lie through a heavy forest, almost 
 imiiiissablc because of a lack of roads and paths, he sent a small reconnoitring party 
 in search of a place to cross tlie (Chippewa not far above the camp of the enemy, 
 .Vii iiiiiabitant informed them thivt an old and deserted timber road, seen at the rear 
 of Street's house, led by a circuitous route to the Ciiijjpewa, at the month of Lyon's 
 Creek, about a mile above the Hritisli camji. Early on the morning of the 7tli,° 
 (iciicral IJrown, accompanied by (Jeneral I'ortcr and Colonel M'Kee, the senior 
 engineer, went out to explore it, and were satisfied that it might soon be made pass- 
 iililc for artillery. A heavy detail was sent out for the purpose, and before evening 
 tiic way from Street's to Lyon's Creek w s ready for the eontemjilated movement. 
 
 Anxious to diffuse the right spirit of emulation throughout his army, (Jeneral Scott 
 icrtolved to send Itipley in advance, as he wns not alih; to participate in the fatigues 
 ami honors of the battle on the 5th, while Scott, who had already won laurels, should 
 ki'cp the left of ^lic enemy at Chippewa IJridge in check. Kijiley was accordingly 
 (irtU'ied to lead his own brigade and that of I'ortcr, with two companies of artillery 
 iiiKlcrllindman, to the extreme right of the enemy, cross the Chippewa at the mouth 
 of Lyon's Creek, and fall upon his flank. This order did not suit General liipley, and 
 lie hesitated in obe- 
 dience. The day was 
 
 rapidly wearing away, .^.^^^■■PE^**V|^1^^^^^^BP^ $^ 
 
 imd General Jirowii, 
 impressed with the im- 
 portance of a prom])t 
 inovenieiit, rode to the 
 front and took . com- 
 mand in person. The 
 materials for the con- 
 struction of a tempo- 
 rary bridge over the 
 C'hippewfi were soon 
 on its southern bank, and Ilindmnn posted his artillery on a rise of ground so as to 
 cover the field of operations.^ 
 
 Kiall in the mean time had discovered Brown's movement, and perceived his own 
 I)eril involved in it ; and while a few troops, with some field-pieces, that were sent up 
 
 ' " The important fact Is," said an English writer quoted by Mansfield, " that we have now got an enemy who fights 
 us bravely as ourselves. For some time the Americnim cut no figure on land. They have now proved to us that they 
 iiiily wanted time to acquire a little discipline. They have now proved to ns what they arc made of; that they arc the 
 8iimc sort of men as those who captured whole armies under liurgoyne and Comwallis ; that tbey are neither to be 
 frlglitcned nor silenced." 
 
 ' Among the British ofllcers who were wounded was the present [1807] Sir James Wilson, governor of Chelsea Hospi- 
 tal. He received five wounds in the battle of Chippewa. He has been over sixty years in the British military service. 
 
 ' When I visited the spot In 18(10, the rise of ground on which Hindman placed his guns was occupied by the steam 
 »aw-mill of Mr. Barnabas Crane, whose smoke-stack Is seen In the above picture rising like a steeple above the trees 
 of an Intervening orchard. Lyon's Creek, a small stream named after the first settler there. Is seen in the foreground, 
 making its way through a boggy gwole, and the Chippewa beyond the two trees. This is about u mile from the mouth 
 of Chippewa Creek. 
 
 Mourn oc lvun'u <;ukek in IbtiU, 
 
 m . 
 
 M'l ' (!':■■' • 
 
FIELD-BOOK 
 
 !l 
 
 ! 
 
 Riall rc-enforccd. 
 
 
 '-W 
 
 RlfflP^t 
 
 
 
 •(tl^l 
 
 ^^^K^Ih' 
 
 
 u^iim 
 
 ■^i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sip 
 
 i : 
 
 
 MIK i 
 
 ', 1 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 iOKVBlBKSfiMi^ 
 
 ^V^bI^^b.' 
 
 
 
 ■SaHH 
 
 B^^p ll 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ^jBIBj 
 
 I^v^B^^^SK 1 '1 
 
 
 
 i^bP 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Brown advances toward Fort George. 
 
 ' Julj . 
 
 to opnose the passage of the Chippewa by the Americans, were performing that duty 
 he broke camp and fled with his whoir; army to Queenston. Brown's opponents, aft- 
 er a brief cannonade, retired, the bridge-building was abandoned, and Ripley's brigade 
 was marched down the Chippewa and formed a junction with Scott's, which had ad- 
 vanced to the southern margin of t'.o stream. The British had destroyed the Chip- 
 pewa Bridge but by the use of *:yoats both brigades and some of the artillery crossed 
 • Tuiy, the stream before the morning of the 8th. " On that day the whole American 
 1S14. force under Brown, excepting Porter's brigade, which was left to guard the 
 baggage and rebuild Chippewa Brie ^e, pursued the flying enemy down the Niatiara 
 Rivor. They encamped at Queenston on the 10th,'' and toward the evening 
 of that day Porter, who had been re-enforced by some New York Volunteers 
 came into camp Avith the baggage from Chippewa. Riall had retired on the approach 
 of Brown, thrown part of his troops into Forts George and lately-constructed Missis- 
 sauga, and established his hoad-quarters at Twenty-mile Creek. Brown resolved to 
 wait at Queenston for the arrival of Chauncey, for he could draw no supplies from 
 the Genesee or Sodus without the fleet. The government had assured him of its co- 
 operation, and the 10th of July v/as the day appointed for its arrival. The general 
 an"'ioualv Avatched from the heights of Queenston for its approach, and hour after 
 hour he spent in expectation of seeing its white sails on the waters of Ontario, which 
 were only sever m .es distant. But word soon came that Cnauncey was sick, and his 
 fleet blockaded in Suckett's Harbor. Expected re-enforcemeuts Avere also detained 
 there. 
 
 Riall in the mean time had marched with fifteen hundred men for Burlington 
 Heights, at the head of Ontario, leaving some veteran soldiera of tlA Forty-first and 
 Eighth Regiments, and seamen and marines from tAvo of Yeo's vessels in the Niagara 
 River, to garrison the forts. Riall expected to be re-enforced at Burlington, and was 
 agreeably surprised by meeting the One Hundred and Third, and the flank companies 
 of the One Hundred and Fourth Regiment on the way. He turned back, took posi- 
 tion at Fiftcen-mi'e Creek (only thirteen miles from Brown's camp), and there AA'atcliod 
 the movements of his foe. 
 
 At that time General Brown was contemplating an advance upon Fort Gcor<;e. 
 On the 14th he called a council of officers to consider the mattci-. A majority vrcn 
 in fovor of attacking Riall that very night, before he should receive re-enforcements; 
 while the minority, coinciding with the wishes of the commanding general, advised 
 an immediate i.ivestment of Fort George, notAvithstanding there Avas no competent 
 siege-train Avith the army, nor provision made for the safe transportation of supplies 
 from Bufialo.' In the mean time foraging and reconnoitring parties Avere out contin- 
 ually. One of the latter, composed of the venerable John SAvift, of the Ncav Yorli 
 militia, and one hundred and tAventy volunteers, advanced toAvard Fort George to ob- 
 tain information. They captured a jjicket-guard of five men near an outpost of the 
 fort," and SAvifib was conducting them back to head-quarters, when one of 
 them, Avho had begged and obtained quarter, murdered the general by shoot- 
 ing him through the breast. The discharge of this gun brought out fifty or sixty of 
 the cn-^my. Terribly wounded as he was, the brave Swift, Avho had served his conn- 
 try in the field during the entire War of the Revolution, formed his men, and ad- 
 vanced at their head to attack the foe. He fell, exhausted. The enemy Avere driven 
 back to Fort George, and the dying general was conveyed to Queenston.^ " After 
 serving his country seven years in the War of the Revolution," said General Porter 
 in his brigade order the next day, "he again stepped forAvard as a volunteer to give 
 
 1 AccordinR to Wilkinson {Memoim, i., 609 and 071), Brown's engineers (M'Ree and Wood), and Generals Elpley and 
 Fortur, advised an Immediate attack on Riall, while Oeneral Scntt and Adjutant General Gardner advised an invcit- 
 ment of Fort George. Major Hindmau declined to give any opinion. 
 
 ' Oeiieral Pyrtcr's Briuade Orders, dated (Jiieenston, July lil, 1804. General Swift was a brother of the late Genenl 
 Joseph O. Swift, the accomplished engineer olUcer in the War of 1S13. 
 
 ■= Jan. 12. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 815 
 
 inces toward Fort Gcorije. 
 
 •forming that duty, 
 vn's opponents, aft- 
 nd Ripley's bvijraJe 
 jtt's, which had ad- 
 iestroyed the Chip- 
 the artillery ciossed 
 A\Q whole American 
 IS left to guard the 
 If down the Niagara 
 toward the evening 
 !W York Volunteers, 
 ired on the approach 
 y-constructed Missis- 
 Brown resolved to 
 ■aw no supplies from 
 issured him of its co 
 irrival. The general 
 •oach, and hour after 
 ;ers of Ontario, which 
 iicey was sick, and liis 
 ,s were also detained 
 
 [ men for Burlington 
 of thi Forty-first and 
 vessels in the Niagara 
 vt Burlington, and was 
 id the flank companies 
 urncd back, took posi- 
 ip), and there watched 
 
 ce upon Fort George. 
 XM-. A majority were 
 jeive re-enforcements; 
 \ding general, advised 
 ire was no competent 
 hsportatiou of supplies 
 .rties were out oontin- 
 ift, of the New Yorl; 
 .rd Fort George to o\> 
 near an outpost of the 
 /|uarters, when one of 
 [l the general by shoot- 
 M out fifty or sixty of 
 o had served his conn- 
 jmed his men, and ad- 
 'he enemy were driven 
 ) Queenston.2 "After 
 l" said General Porter 
 as a volunteer to give 
 
 t^^dMMG^nerols Klpley and 
 tal Gardner advised an invest- 
 
 La brother of the late Gcneisl 
 
 St Davld'g Vinage burnt. 
 
 Fort George approached. 
 
 Brown falls back to Chippewa. 
 
 the aid of his experience in support of the violated rights of his country; and never 
 flras that country called on to lament the loss of a firmer patriot or braver man." 
 
 A few days after this sad occurrence, Colonel Stone, of the New York militia, while 
 out on a foraging expedition, wantonly burned the little village or hamlet of St. Da- 
 vid's, a short distance from Queenston ; and similar uup/arrantable acts caused great 
 c-xasperation against the Americans. General Brown promptly dismissed Stone from 
 the service as a punishment for his crime, in accordance with the sentence of a court- 
 martial' 
 
 While Brown's council of officers were debating, word came of the retrograde 
 movement of Riall to Fifteen-mile Creek, but no intelligence Avas received of liis re- 
 enforcements. Brown evidently did not believe that any were near, for on the pre- 
 ceding day* he wrote to Chauncey, saying, " All accounts tgree that the . jn,y 13 
 force of the enemy in Kingston is very light. Meet me on the lake-shore ^^^*- 
 north of Fort George with your fleet, and we will be able, I have no doubt, to settle 
 a plan of operations that will break the power of tlie enemy in Upper Canada, and 
 
 that in the course of a short time I doubt not my ability to meet the enemy 
 
 in the field, and to march in any direction over his country, your fleet carrying for 
 me the necessary supplies. We can threaten Forts George and Niagara, and carry 
 Burlington Heights and York, and proceed directly to Kingston and carry that place. 
 For God's sake let me see you. Sir James will not fight." 
 
 With such opinions and expectations General Brown prepared to invest Fort 
 George. Generals Porter and Ripley were ordered to reconnoitre the position of the 
 enemy, one along the river, and the other in the interior, by way of St. David's; and 
 on the 20tli the military works at Queenston were blown np, and the whole army 
 ItH that post and advanced toward Fort George. There Brown was apprised of 
 the arrival of Riall's re-enforcements, when he withdrew, and occupied his old posi- 
 tion at Queenston on the 2 2d. 
 
 On the morning of the 23d Brown received a letter from General Gaines at Sack- 
 ett's Harbor apprising him of the sickness of Chauncey, the blockade of the fleet, and 
 the peril to be apprehended to re-enforcements that might be sent by water in small 
 vessels hugging the coast. Abandoning all hope of co-operation by the fleet, or the 
 speedy reception of re-enforcements, the general changed his plan of operations, and 
 at once ordered a retreat to the Chippewa, there to be governed by circumstances. 
 He expected by this retreat to draw Riall on to the Niagara again, or, failing in this, 
 .0 draw a small supply of provisions from Schlosser, on tfi" opposite shore, disencum- 
 ber his army of all baggage which could possibly be dispensed with, march against 
 Riall by way of Queenston, and fight him wherever he might be found. The army 
 reached the Chippewa on the 24th, encamped on the south side of it, on the battle- 
 groimd of the 5th, and prepared to make the 25th a day of rest. On the night of the 
 •24th, General Scott, ever anxious for duty and ambitious of renown, requested leave 
 to lead his brigade immediately in a search for Riall, not doubting his ability to win 
 victory for his troops, glory for himself, and renown for the army. He repeated the 
 request on the morning of the 25th, and was vexed because General Brown would 
 not consent to divide his army.'^ He had an opportunity to try his powers and skill 
 in combat with the enemy sooner than he expected, and in that trial he won fadeless 
 laurels. The story is told in the following chapter. 
 
 ' "The militia have bnrnt several private dweltiiig-hoiiees," wrote the pnllnnt Major Daniel M'Farland, of IhoTwenty- 
 tliW Infantry, who was killed a few days afterward at NinRara Falls, " and on the 19th bnrnt the vniapc of St. David's, 
 
 consisting of al)ont thirty or forty houses. This was done within three miles of the camp I never witnessed 
 
 snch a scene; and had not the commanding ofilcer, Colonel Stone, been disgraced and sent out of the army, I should 
 have reslfjned my commission." 
 
 ' General Brown's manuscript Memorandum of Oceurrentxt of the Camjiaigii on the Xiagara Frontier, 
 
:t:^ 
 
 ;? ! 
 
 all 
 
 ■*t! 
 
 18 ■ 
 
 816 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Rumors of an Advance of the British. They appear in Force at Lundy's Lane. Their Advance unsuspected 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 " O'er Huron's wave the sun was low, 
 The weary soldier watch'd the bow 
 Past fading from the cloud below 
 
 The dashing of Niagara. 
 And while the phantom chain'd his sight, 
 Ah ! little thought he of the flght— 
 The horrors of the dreamless uight, 
 
 That posted on so rapidly."— Old Sono. 
 
 lEAUTIFUL to the senses was the morning of the 25th of Julr 
 1814, on the banks of the Niagara River — a day memorable in 
 the annals of the Republic. It was serene and sultry. Not a 
 cloud appeared in the heavens, nor a flake of mist on the wa- 
 ters. The fatigued American army lay reposing upon the field 
 of its late victory, with the village of Chippewa in front, and 
 had enjoyed half a day of needed rest, when a courier came in 
 haste with intelligence from Colonel Philetus Swift at Lewis- 
 ton that the enemy were in considerable force at Quecnston and on the Heights; 
 that five vessels of Yeo's fleet had arrived during the night ; and that a number of 
 boats were in sight moving up the river. A few minutes afterward another courier 
 arrived from Captain Denman, of the quartermaster's department, with a report tliat 
 the enemy, a thousand strong, were landing at Lewiston, and that the American bag- 
 gage and stores at Schlosser were doubtless in imminent danger of capture. 
 
 These rumors were true only in part. Vessels had arrived in the river, boats had 
 ascended it, and a considerable British force was occupying Queenston. Lieutenant 
 General Sir George Gordon Drummond had arrived with re-enforcements from Kings- 
 ton, composed in part of some of Wellington's veterans, and landed at Fort Niagara, 
 and in boats manj of them had gone up and disembarked at Queenston. Li the 
 mean time the troops under Riall had been put in motion. Loyal Canadians had 
 early informed him of the retreat of the Americans to Chippewa ; and at near mid- 
 night of the '24th he sent forward a column under Lieutenant Colonel Pearson, com- 
 posed of a regiment of the ever-active Glengary militia, commanded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Battersby ; the incorporated and sedentary militia, under Lieutenant Colonels 
 Robinson (late chief justice of Canada) and Parry; detachments from the Royiil Ar- 
 tillery, with two 24-pounders, three 6-pounders, and a howitzer ; and the One Hund- 
 red and Fourth Infantry, under Lieutenant Colonel Drummond, and a troop of tlio 
 Nineteenth Light Dragoons. Pearson moved forward with celerity, and at seven 
 o'clock on the morning of the 25th took position on an eminence in and near Lundy's 
 Lane, a public highway leading directly westward into the heart of the peninsula 
 and the head of the lake from the road along the river from Chippewa to Queenston. 
 The position was a short distance from the great cataract of Niagara, and a com- 
 manding one. 
 
 Of Pearson's movement Brown seems to have had no intelligence, and his efforts 
 to counteract the supposed invasion at Lewiston were rather tardily begun. He 
 heard of the invasion at noon, but it was quite late in the afternoon before he ortiorod 
 a forward movement of any of his troops. At two o'clock IVIajor Jcsup, who had 
 crossed Chippewa Bridge, brought him word from Lieutenant Colonel Leavenworth,' 
 
 ' Henry Leavenworth was bom in Connecticnt, December 10, 1T83, and was made captain in the Twenty-llftti Rofi- 
 ment United States Infantry iii April, 1812. He was promoted to major in the Ninth Infantry in August, 1813. Fur 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 817 
 
 lir Advonce unsnspected. 
 
 of the 25th of July, 
 I day memoraV}le in 
 and sultry. Not a 
 of mist on the wa- 
 osing upon the field 
 ppewa in front, and 
 ■n a courier came in 
 ;tu8 Swift at Lewis- 
 md on the Heights; 
 nd that a number of 
 (vard another courier 
 it, with a report that 
 at the American bag- 
 r of capture. 
 1 the river, boats had 
 eenston. Lieutenant 
 rcements from Kings- 
 led at Fort Niagara, 
 Queenston. In the 
 '^oyal Canadians had 
 •a -, and at near mid- 
 Soloncl Pearson, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant 
 r Lieutenant Colonels 
 ,3 from the Tloyal Ar- 
 , and the One llund- 
 d, and a troop of the 
 ;elerity, and at seven 
 e in and near Luinly's 
 jcart of the peninsula 
 ippewa to Queenston. 
 Niagara, and a com- 
 
 igence, and his effort? 
 r tardily begun. Ih" 
 lOon before he ordered 
 llajor Jesup, who had 
 :)olonel Leavenworth,' 
 
 llufantry In August, 1813. roi 
 
 Scott ordered to march on Port George. The Widow WHbou's Story. Scott suddenly confronted by the BritUh. 
 
 the officer of the day, that a considerable '>ody of the enemy had been seen at Niag- 
 ara Falls, not more than two miles distant;' but so impressed was the general with 
 the idea that the enemy were after his supplies at Schlosser that he would not be- 
 lieve that more than a few light troops on a reconnoissance were in front. Conceiv- 
 ing the best plan for recalling the foe would be a menace of the forts at the mouth 
 of the Niagara River, he ordered General Scott to march rapidly upon them with his 
 brigade, Towson's artillery, and all the cavalry and mounted men at command. This 
 order was issued between four and five o'clock in the afternoon," and with- .juiy26, 
 in twenty minutes afterward the impatient Scott had all his troops in mo- *^'*- 
 tion. He crossed Chippewa Bridge between five and si-t o'clock, and pushed on to- 
 ward the great cataract, fully impressed with the belief that a large force of the en- 
 emy was on the other side of the river, and not directly before him. His battalion 
 commanders were Lieutenant Colonel Leavenworth, Major M'Neil, Colonel Brady, 
 and Major Jesup, Towson was with his artillery, and Captains Harris and Pentland 
 commanded the mounted men, Tlic whole force numbered full twelve huudred 
 persons. 
 
 A widow named Wilson lived in a pleasant white house at the great Falls, near 
 Table Rock; and when the vanguard of Scott's command came in sight of her dwell- 
 ing they discovered a number of British officers there, who mounted their horses and 
 rode hastily away after surveying the approaching column of Americans with their 
 glasses.^ The widow, with the skill of a diplomat, assured Major Wood, of the En- 
 gineers, who were in the van, that she extremely regretted their tardiness, as they 
 might have captured General Riall and his staif, whom they had seen riding off. She 
 iilso assured them, with more truthfulness, that eight hundred regulars, full three 
 hundred militia, and two pieces of artillery were just below a small strip of woods 
 near. Scott, who had come up with his staff and heard her story, did not believe it. 
 Had not the British army been beaten on the 6th ? And was there not in the pos- 
 session of the commander-in-chief positive information that a large part of that army 
 had been thrown across the Niagara at Lewiston? He believed that only a remnant 
 of it was in his front, and he resolved to obey his instructions to " march rapidly on 
 the forts." He sent a message to his general by Lieutenant Douglass, to inform him 
 of the appearance of the enemy, and then dashed gallantly into the woods to dis- 
 perse the foe. What was his astonishment on finding the story of the widow literally 
 true ! Riall had been re-enforced, and there he was, with a larger number of troops 
 than Scott had encountered twenty days earlier, drawn up in battle order in Lundy's 
 Lane— a highway, as we have observed, running from the Niagara River to the head 
 of Lake Ontario. His position was one of extreme peril. To stand still would be 
 fatal ; to retreat would be very hazardous. The latter movement might jeopard- 
 ize the whole army by the creation of a panic, especially among the reserves under 
 Ripley, who were not in the former battle. There was no time for reflection, for a 
 heavy fire of musketry and cannon had been opened upon him. From that wonder- 
 ful wealth of resource, at the moment of great need, which always distinguished him, 
 Seott drew immediate inspiration, and resolved to fight the overwhelming number of 
 the enemy, and impress Riall with the conviction that the whole American army was 
 at hand. 
 
 hiK bravery at Chippewa he was breveted lieutenant colonel, and for his distinguished eervices at the battle of Niagara 
 I'llls he was breveted colonel. He was retained in the army, and made lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Infantry in Pob- 
 rnary, 1918. He performed able service In the wilderness westward of the Mi-afit^slppi, far up the Missouri, and a fort 
 in tliat region bears his name. In July, 1824, he was breveted brigadier general for ten years' service, and the follow- 
 iog year he was made full colonel. He died near the Cross Timbers, on the False Washita River, .July 21, 18ii4. 
 
 I Jesup's Manuscript Memoir, etc. 
 
 ' Within three or fonr days the Rritish had erected beacons in this vicinity in order to give alarms. These were con- 
 ftrncted under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Myers, an ofBcer who was madi' jjrisoncr at Fort George the year 
 hefore, and afterward exchanged. Writing to Captain James Cumminga (now of Chippewa) on the '2l8t of July, he said, 
 "The best place at Wilson's is on the cleared point, near the paling of Wilson's garden, and not far ft-om the head of 
 the path that goes down to the Table Rock."— .jluiotf)-aj>/t Lcttfr. 
 
 3F 
 
mmi 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 f 
 
 Jnnctton of British Forces. 
 
 Their Line of Battle. 
 
 Scott attacked. 
 
 The British flanked. 
 
 Trusting to rumor instead of actual observation through scouts, Brown was wholly 
 uninformed, or at least misinformed, concerning the movements of the British. Not 
 a soldier of that army had been sent across the Niagara at Lewiston. Every man 
 left fit for service since the late battle was with Riall preparing for this advance 
 movement. On the night of the 24th Lieutenant General Sir George Gordon Drum, 
 mond, as we have observed, had arrived at the mouth of the Niagara liiver in the 
 British fleet from Kingston. He brought eight hundred men with him, and sent 
 Lieutenant Tucker, with about five hundred of them and a body of Indians, to dis- 
 perse or capture a small American force at Lewiston, This movement gave rise to 
 the report of invasion. Drummond had apprised Riall of his intentions ; and thpw 
 oflScers, with their respective commands, Jiad formed a junction on the Niagara with- 
 out discovery by General Brown. These united forces, not less than four thoiipand 
 five hundred strong, with the exception of a portion of the re-enforcements, were con- 
 fronted by Scott and his " twice six hundred men," with two field-pieces. When 
 forty minutes before sunset, the battle began, the line that opened fire on Scott was 
 full eighteen hundred in number, well-posted on the slope and brow of au eminence 
 over whicli Lundy's Lane passed. 
 
 The enemy's line was a little inclined to a crescent form, the wings being thrown 
 forward of the artillery in the centre. Its left, rested on the Queenston Road, and 
 
 extended over the liil!, 
 on the brow of wiiid, 
 was planted a batten- 
 of seven guns, nearly in 
 the rear of tlie Jletli- 
 odist church on Lun- 
 dy's Lane, and not far I 
 south of the house of 
 Mr. Fraleigh when I 
 visited the spot in 1800. 
 Into the bowl of this 
 crescent Scott sudden- 
 ly found himself ad- 
 vancing with his little 
 force, within canisiter- 
 shot distance of a 
 greatly superior army 
 and powerful field-bat-. 
 tery. His quick eye 
 instantly discovered 3 j 
 blank space between the British extreme left and the river of two hundred yards. 
 covered with brushwood. He saw the advantage it afforded, and directed Major Jes- 
 up to creep cautiously behind the bushes in the twilight, with his command, and at- 
 tempt to turn tlie enemy's left flank. Jesup obeyed with alacrity. In the moan time 
 Scott was hotly engaged with the British veterans, some of them from Wellington- 
 army, while the battery on the hill poured destruction upon his men. Towson, with | 
 his little field-pieces right gallantly handled, could make but a feeble impression. 
 Brady, and Leavciiworth, and ]\I'Neil managed their battalions with skill, and fought j 
 bravely themselves ; not, however, with the expectation of conquering the enemy,! 
 only of keeping him in check until the reserves should come up. This was done, and | 
 more. Tlicre they stood, the brave Ninth, Eleventh, and Twentieth, mere skeletons 
 of regiments, hurried into battle without warning or preparation, while .Tesup'sTwen-j 
 ty-fifth, unaided, was battling manfully and successfully with more than a tliousandj 
 of the enemy to gain possession of the Queenston Road. 
 
 '^^t}m 
 
 TiKwr AT lunoy'h lane in 1S60. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 819 
 
 The Brlttoh flunked. 
 
 s, Brown was wholly 
 of the British. Not 
 wiston. Every man 
 ing for this advance 
 oor<TC Gordon Dnim- 
 Sliagara liiver in the 
 
 with him, and sent 
 dy of Indians, to dis.- 
 ovement gave rise to 
 intentions ; and these 
 
 on the Niagara with- 
 38 than four thousaml 
 iforcoments, wore con- 
 ) field-pieces. When, 
 cncd fire on Scott was 
 I brow of an eminence 
 
 ic wings being thrown 
 ! Qucenston Road, and 
 extended over tlie liil!, 
 on the brow of wliicli 
 was planted a battery 
 of seven guns, nearly in 
 the rear of the Jletli- 
 odist church on Lun- 
 dy's Lane, and not far 
 south of the hoiise of 
 Mr. Fraleigh when 1 
 visited the spot in 18G0. 
 Into the bowl of this 
 crescent Scott sudden- 
 ly found himself ad- 
 vancing with his little 
 force, within canister- 
 shot distance of a 
 greatly superior army 
 and powerful field-bat-, 
 tery. His quick cyt 
 instantly discovered a 
 of two hundred yards, 
 and directed Major Je- 
 ■h his command, ai\cl at- 
 ■rity. In the mean tim, 
 ,hem from Wellington'^ 
 Ins men. Towson, «nh ! 
 ,ut a feeble impression. 
 ,a with skill, and fonght 
 iquering the enomyJwi 
 p This was done, anil I 
 ventieth, mere skeletons! 
 ion, while Jesnp'sTwen- 
 li more than a thousand 
 
 Cipture of Oeneral RiaH. 
 
 Bruwu advuncvs from Chippewa. 
 
 lie orders a formidable Battery to be taken. 
 
 The sun went down, the twilight closed, and the darkness of night, relieved by a 
 waning moon, enveloped the combatants. Josup had gallantly turned the liritish 
 left, gained liis rear, kept approaching re-enforcements of Drummond in check, and 
 secured many prisoners. Among the latter was General Riall, several officers of his 
 staff, and one of General Drummond's aids. Captain Loring. Their capture was an 
 accident. One of liiall's aids saw one of Jesup's flanking parties, commanded by 
 Captain Ketchuni, and, mistaking them for a company of their own troops, called out, 
 "Make room there, men, for General Kiall !" Captain Ketchum immediately replied, 
 "Ay, ay, sir!" allowed the aid to pass by, and then directed a portion of his own 
 men, with fixed bayonets, to surround tlie general and his officers, seize the bridles 
 of their horses, and make them prisoners. Riall was astonished, but made no resist- 
 ance. He was, indeed, quite badly wounded. Ketclnim delivered him to General 
 Scott in person, who ordered him to be taken to the rear, and every attention to be 
 jriven to his comfort. Jesup, perceiving that his own position was not tenable, gal- 
 lantly charged back through the British line, and took his place in that of the .'Vmer- 
 ieans. 
 
 It was now nine o'clock in the evening. The British right, which made a furious 
 assault, had been driven back by General Scott with a heavy loss ; their left had been 
 turned and cut off by Jesup's bold movement, and their centre, on the ridge, support- 
 ed by the artillery, alone remained firm. The most of Drummond's re-enforcements 
 had come up, and the remainder wiu-e only a short distance off, and pressing forward. 
 
 Let us leave the battle-field a moment and turn back to Chippewa. We have seen 
 that a messenger liad been scut to apprise General Brown of the presence of the en- 
 emy. This messenger was immediately followed by another (Major Jones), who bore 
 the startling intelligence that the whole British army was within two miles, and that 
 General Scott had attacked them to keep them in check. Already the cannonade 
 and musket-firing had been lieard in the camp, and (ieneral Brown had ordered Gen- 
 eral Ripley, with liis brigade and all the artillery res rvc, to press forward to the sup- 
 port of Scott. Mounting his horse, and leaving Adjutant General Gardner to see that 
 his orders were promptly executed, he rode forward, and met Major Jones near the 
 Falls with the exciting message from Scott. Brown ordered Jones to continue his 
 journey to the camp with directions for Porter and his volunteers to follow Ripley as 
 speedily as possible. 
 
 On his arrival upon the battle-field, accompanied by Major Wood, General Brown 
 Hmght and obtained correct information of the situation of affairs from General Scott 
 himself. l?y this time Jesup had accomplished his bold operations on the enemy's 
 , and Ripley's briga<le was near. Convinced that the men in action were greatly 
 exhausted, and knowang that they had suffered severely, the commanding general de- 
 termined to form and interpose a ncAV line with the fresh troops, disengage (iener- 
 [ al Scott, and hold his brigade in reserve for rest. Orders to this effect were given 
 '' to General Ripley, and the second brigade advanced in the pale moonlight on the 
 : Qiuenston Road toward the enemy's left. It was now perceived that the key of the 
 iiiimy's position was their battery on the hill, and Colonel M'Ree assured General 
 Brown that he conid not hope for success until that height was carried and tlie can- 
 hion taken. (General Brown instantly turned to the gallant Colonel Miller (now of 
 [the Twenty-first, and former leader of the Fourth in the campaigns under Hull and 
 [Harrison) and said, "Colone'^ take your regiment, storm that work, and take it." 
 t 111 try, sir," responded Miller, promptly, and immediately moved forward to the 
 [perilous task.' At that moment the First Regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel 
 
 ' "Who gave thin order tn Miller?" has bpon an Hnpetlled qnesllon. A Intc writer on this biittic says, "I nm con- 
 litraiiicd to believe, nn the Ustinum'i nf Cohmcl Miller him/iil/, ns well as that of Captain M'nonald, that the idea on which 
 i«f l)ii5od the Rsfinnlt was Oeneral Ripley's ; that Ac ordered iti< exccntlon ; and that the troops had moved to execute 
 ptefore General Brown knew any thine ahont the matter." I have before me an antojrraph letter of Oeneral Miller, 
 trtlcD to his wife three days after the battle from Fort Eric, In which he says, "Major M'Ree, the chief engineer, told 
 
 111) 
 

 liii 
 
 J- 
 
 Nicholas,' wliich had arrived tlmt day, 
 and Avas attached to neitlicr of tlio \,ji. 
 gades, and which had been ordtTod to 
 draw the fire of the enemy and direct 
 his attention from Miller's moveincnt 
 gave way. Miller paid no attention to 
 that disaster, but moved steadily for- 
 ward up the hill with less than tlirce 
 hundred men, mostly conccjiled by an 
 old rail fence, along which was a i^rowth 
 of thiclx. low shrubbery. They apijruaoh- 
 ed undiscovered to a point witliin two 
 rod of the battery, where the guniur* 
 were seen with their lighted niatcluN 
 waiting for the word to tire. In whis- 
 pers Miller ordered his men to rest tlicir 
 pieces across the fence, take good aim, 
 and shoot the gunners. This was prompt- 
 ly done, and not a man was left to apply 
 the matches. Miller and his men foi- 
 lowed the volley with a shout, and, ru4 
 ing forward, were in the very centre df 
 the park of artillery before the enran 
 had a chance to resist. A British lim, 
 formed for the protection of the eanimii. j 
 were lying near in a strong position, and immediately opened a most destructiye ic 
 filading fire, Avhich slew many of the gallant jMiller's men. They then attcmptiil to I 
 charge with their bayonets, but the Americans returned their tire so warmly that I 
 they were kept in check. Hand-to-hand the combatants fought for some timc,aiijl 
 so closely that the blaze of their guns crossed. The British were finally pushed bad;, [ 
 
 General Drown ho conld do no good until that height was carried, and those cannon taken or driven from thcirfos I 
 tion. It was then night, but moonlight. General Brown turned to me and said, ' Colonel Miller, take your re^'iae:! I 
 and storm that work, and take it.'" General Brown, in his Manuscript Menwrandum, etc., says, "The coramandi-.' I 
 general rode to Colonel Miller, and ordered him to charge and carry the enemy's artillery witli the bayonet, llert [ 
 plied, in a tone of good-humor, that he would try to execute the order." See, also, Silliraan's ClaW>p among Amrivl 
 Scenemj. This positive testimony of the chief actors settles the question. It was General Brown, and not Geucrnl R:,--! 
 ley, who gave the order. Miller's modest response, " I'll try, sir," is one of the sayings which Americans dclighUorf-I 
 member, and History loves to repeat. 
 
 James Miller was born iu Peterborough, New Hampshire, on the 88th of April, 17T6, and was thirty-eight ycBrs oti.iI 
 at this time. He was educated for the bar, but in 1808 he entered the United States Army as major of the F(inrtbR«-| 
 iment of Infantry. In 1810 he was made lieutenant colonel, and, as we have already observed in this work, perfr 
 gallant services under Harrison in the campaign that ended at the battle of Tippecanoe. In August, 1812, he h'i<I 
 veted as colonel for his distinguished services near Detroit, which wo have already recorded ; and in May the follo»i 
 vear he commenced an equally distinguished scries of services on the Niagara frontier in the Sixth ResjimcnI. 
 March, 1814, he was promoted to full colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment, and accompanied General Brown, in il 
 brigade of General Ripley, in the invasion of Canada in July. He fought gallantly at the battles of Chippewa anj Nil 
 agara Falls, and also at Fort Erie ; and for his services in capturing the battery in Umdy's Lane, and gcncrni coodre 
 duct on the Niagara frontier, he was breveted a brigadier general, and received trum Congress a gold medal, with fjii 
 able emblems and devices, delineated in the engraving on the opposite page. General Miller resigned his comnii* 
 In the army in 1819, when he was appointed governor of Arkansas Territory. Ho hold that ofBce until March, 13 
 when he was appointed collector of the port of Salem, Massachnsetta, which position he held twenty-four yennsora 
 til 184!>, when he was prostrated by paralysis. He had a second stroke of paralysis on the morning of the 4tli of JslJ 
 1851, and died on the 7th at the age of eeventy-flve years. He was then living at Temple, New Ilampshi'-o, wlicKpc| 
 nf his family still reside. 
 
 The gold medal presented by Congress is the slue delineated on the following page. On one side is a biifl offt 
 eral Miller, with his name and title, and the words " i'li. tet." On the other, a battle scene on a slope and eniiinij 
 iis at Lundy's Lane. Troops are seen advancing in the distance. Over the scene are the words " BEBOi.imox mm 
 ■iKESs, NOVEMiiEB 8, 1814." Below, the words " hattlkb ok ohippkwa, julv 6, 1814; niauaba, jot.y 20, 1814; ror,si^ 
 TKMI'IIR 17, 1814." 
 
 ' Robert Carter Nicholas, of Kentncky, entered the army as captain of the Seventh Infantry In 1808. ncbKjiii| 
 major in 1810, and lieutenant colonel of the First Infantry in August, ISI'2. After the battle of Niagara he vuf 
 moted to colonel of the Nineteenth (September, 1814), and was retained at the peace. Ho resigned inlS19,»ndii 
 became United States Indian Agent for the Chickasaws. 
 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 821 
 
 tches of MlUer and Nichola; 
 
 ad arrived that day, 
 to neither of the Ijri- 
 had been orderud to 
 he enemy and iVirect 
 X Ikliller's movement, 
 r paid no attention to 
 moved steadily for- 
 
 with less than tlircc 
 istly concealed hy aii 
 ig which wiis a growth 
 ,f.ery. They aiivroach- 
 to a point within two 
 ;ry, where the guimer< 
 
 their lighted matclus 
 (vord to tire. In wliis- 
 •ed his men to rest their 
 a fence, take good aim. 
 liners. This was prompt- 
 
 a man was left to apply 
 Ikliller and his men t'ol- 
 pvitha8hont,and,nisli- 
 re in the very centre of 
 illery before the enemy 
 3 resist. A British line, 
 protection of the cannon, ! 
 ed a most destructive en- 
 
 They then attempted to 
 heir tire so warmly tkil 
 night for some time.atil 
 
 were finally pushed l);wU 
 
 ,n taken or driven from their i»?:j 
 Colonel Mmer, take your re:iH- 1 
 ,,(„,,., etc., BayB," The command::,: 
 
 artillery wltb the bayonet He :^ 
 1 Smiman'sGaliopnnioiij^nimanl 
 
 eneral Brown, and not General Rifl 
 lugs which Americans delight to »l 
 
 L and was thirty-eight years oliJ 
 i Army bk major of the FonrthliK-I 
 Rv observed in this work, perl :^'!« 
 fcanoe. In August, 1812 he w|. '- 
 rrecorded;andinMaythetoto:i 
 Lntier In the Sixth Regiment. 
 Lcompanled General Bro«-.u.ft^ 
 "atthebattlesofCl.ippcvrar,.'\-l 
 
 n nndy's Lane, and gcncrnl c-ivu 
 KngresBagoldmedaUUhwj 
 Icral Miller resigned hscomn..*J 
 
 Eo held that oflace until Marcti,l!» 
 Ion he held twenty-four year.. j« 
 Uon the morning of the 4tl. of J'4 
 pemple, New Hampshire, wher, 1.1 
 
 ■„Bce. on one side is a bust cf4 
 Knle scene on a slope and ennrd 
 
 Ite the words ••BP.ou"^J 
 ; mAOABA, Jni.v 26,1814. IW - 
 
 Uh infantry m 1808- nohea».| 
 ir the battle of Niagara he w««? 
 lee llere-lg"«'l'"l^''''""^"1 
 
 Compusltlon of the British Battery. Appreciation of Hiiler's Exploit. The Eleventh Regiment and Major M'Nell. 
 
 fiiul compelled to abandon their wliole artillery, ammunition-wagons, and every thing 
 tlse. Seven splendid brass cannon remained with Miller, one of which was a 24- 
 poiinder with eight horses, some of them killed. Twice the British attempted to ex- 
 pel Miller from the height, but were repulsed, when Uipley, with the First and Twen- 
 ty-third Regiments, came gallantly to his aid. At that moment the last of Drum- 
 mond's re-enforcements, which had been ra])idly advancing from Queenston under 
 Colonel Scott, nearly fifteen hundred in all, came up, when the enemy rallied, and 
 made a fourth unsuccessful attempt to drive the victors from the heights and regain 
 tlieir battery.' 
 
 The exploit of Miller elicited universal ad- 
 miration. The American officers declared 
 that it was one of the most desperate and 
 
 eallant acts ever known. 
 
 It 
 
 was 
 
 the 
 
 MAJOn JOUN M'.-il.ll.. 
 
 most desperate thing we ever saw or heard 
 of," said the British officers, who were made 
 prisoners. The moment that General Brown 
 met ]Miller afterward, he said, " You have 
 immortalized yourself! My dear fellow, 
 my heart ached for you when I gave you 
 the order, but I knew th.at it was the only 
 thing that would save us."^ 
 
 Meanwhile the first brigade, command- 
 ed by General Scott, had maintained its po- 
 sition with the greatest pertinacity under 
 terrible assaults and destructive blows. 
 The gallant Eleventh Regiment lost its 
 commander, Major John M'Neil,by severe 
 wouiuls,^ and all of its captains. Its am- 
 m.aiition became spent, and as a regiment 
 
 ' .Autograph Letter of Qeueral Miller to his Wife from Port Erie, July 28, 1814. ^ Miller's Autograph Letter. 
 
 ' John M'Neil was born in New Hampshire in 17S4. He very early evinced u taste for military life. At the age 
 E of seventeen years he was an ensign, and soon afterward a captain of a grenadier company in his native state, which 
 \in> remarkable for its physical vigor, ills youth and early manhood were spent in rural labors and sports. In March, 
 |t<12, he entered the army as captain of the Eleventh Infantry, and in August the next year ho was promoted to major. 
 iFor his gallant conduct at Chippewa, where he commanded his regiment, he was breveted lieutenant colonel, and for 
 I elmilar conduct in the battle oi" Niagara he was breveted colonel. In that battle he behaved with the greatest gallant- 
 When the Twenty-second Regiment broke and was about to flee In disorder, M'Neil spurred his horse In fl-ont of 
 itliem, and, with his tremendous voice uttering persuasions and throats, ho succeeded in rallying them and leading them 
 Tito action. Ills horse was killed under him, and he was wounded in both legs by canister-shot. A six-ounce ball 
 l(aseed through and shattered his right knee, and nearly carried away the limb. But he continued tu flght until, be- 
 
 mi 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A deuperute Struggle in Oarkneas 
 
 Both Parties re-enfurced. 
 
 SIcetclies of Colonels Brady and Jemp 
 
 
 te^ifiii 
 
 i ■ 
 
 ^f=**''^ 
 
 ^^nj^^ni. 
 
 
 it retired from the field, its more gallant spirits rallying around the flags of the 
 Ninth and Twenty-second as volunteers. Very soon Colonel Brady, of the Twenty. 
 second, was severely wounded,' with several of his subordinates. Its ammunition 
 became exhausted, and it, too, dissolved, and its remnant clung to the baniiei- ol'tlic 
 Ninth, commanded by the brave Lieutenant Colonel Leavenv/orth, as voluiitecis, 
 This was now the only regiment remaining of the first brigade, and it fought with a 
 courage that partook of the character of dcrfpei-atioii. The thi-ee skeleton regiments 
 were consolidated, and contended fearfully in the darkness. Finally Scott ordeieil 
 them to chai'ge, and they were moving gallantly forward for that purpose when tiio 
 taking of the battery turned the current, and the order was countermanded. They 
 took their old position at the foot of the slope, ready for any emergency. 
 
 It was now about half past ten o'clock at night. The troops were enveloped in 
 thick darkness, for the smoke of battle, untoucfied by the slightest breeze, hung Jiki. 
 a thick curtain between them and the palo light of the 
 moon. Around the tattered colors of the Eleventh the 
 shattered fi-agmeiits of the first brigade were rallied, 
 commanded by the oflicers of the Ninth who remained 
 unhurt. The Twenty-fifth, under Jesnp,^ with their i-eg- 
 imental banner piei'ced witli scores of bullet-holes re- 
 ceived at Chippewa and in this engagement, reposed a 
 moment after their victory on the river side of the 
 Queenston Road, where the village of Drummondsville 
 now stands, while the second brigade, skillfully handled 
 by Ripley, bore the brunt of the battle in the fierce con- 
 tention for the battery on the height. Yet the others 
 were by no means idle. Every corps was engaged in 
 the desperate struggle, Avhich had continued for more 
 than two hours, the way of the combatants lighted only 
 by fitful gleams of the moon darting through the murky 
 battle-clouds, and the lurid flashes of exploding powder. 
 
 Both parties were re-enforced during the struggle ; the British by Colonel Scott's 
 
 coming faint from loss of blood, he was carried off the flcUl, a cripple for life, and his Iron constitntion shattered. He 
 was retained in the army at its reduction as major of the Fifth Infantry, and served upon the Western fl-ontier. He was 
 breveted brigadier general in 1824, and in 182U promoted to the rank of full colonel. He was appointed an ludian com- 
 missioner in 1829. In 1S30 he resigned his coraniission, and was appointed by President Jackson surveyor ofthe pon 
 of Boston, which office he held until hig death at Washington City, on the 23d of Febrnary, 1860. Ho mairied a half- 
 Bister of Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United States. He was a powerful man, standiu;; sii feet 
 six inches in his stockings. 
 
 ' Hugh Brady was a Pennsylvanlan by birth, and was born in Northumberland County in 170S. He entered Iht 
 army as ensign in 1T92, and served in the Northwest under General Wayne. He was captain ofthe Fourth Infantry in 
 1799, and was out of service from June, 1800, until July, 1812, when he was commissioned colonel of the Twenty-second 
 Infantry. He was distinguished at both Chippewa and Niagara Falls. He was retained in 1816, and in 1S22 was bre- 
 veted a brigadier general. He was in the war with Mexico, and for meritorious conduct there, at the age of eighlj 
 years, he was breveted major general. He died at Detroit on the 16th of April, 1851, aged eighty-three years. 
 
 » Thomas Sidney Jesup was a native of Virginia, and was bom in 1788. He entered the array as second lieiitenu: 
 of infantry in May, 1808. Ho was General Hull's brigade major in the campaign of 1812, in which he was also acticL 
 adjutant general. He was promoted to captain In January, 18i;i, and major of the Nineteenth Infantry in April follm- 
 ing. Early In 1814 be was transferred to the Twenty-flflh— a regiment which he had raised mostly by his own eier- 
 tions in Hartford, Connecticut, and its vi«inity. For his gallant conduct at Chippewa he was breveted lieutenant col- 
 onel, and for like distinguished conduct in the battle of Niagara, where he was wounded, ho was breveted colonel. He | 
 was retained in the army in 1816, and was made lieutenant colonel ofthe Third Infantry In 1817. The followlni; yea; 
 he was made adjutant general, with the rank of colonel, and shortly afterward qnartermaster general, with the rnniiol j 
 brigadier general. In May, 1828, ho was breveted major general for ten years' faithful service. In 1830 he wi.s appolnl- i 
 ed to the command of the army In the Creek Nation, and the same year succeeded General Call in command oftke 
 army in Florida. He was active during the war with the Seminole Indians, and was wounded In one ofthe battles. He 
 was succeeded by Colonel Zachary Taylor, and retired to the duties of the quartermaster general's department, in the 
 performance of which he continued until his death at Washington City, at the age of seventy-two years, on tlie lOlli j 
 of June, 1860. 
 
 » This picture of the tattered banner and its broken staff of the Twenty-flfth Regiment, as it appeared on the day ill- 
 er the battle of Niagara Falls, is from a drawing made then, belonging to the Rochester Light Guard, and hnnglngli I 
 their armory in the spring of 1862, when a careful copy was kindly sent to me by Mr. Jeremiah Watts, one of the meffl- 1 
 bers of the Guard. The flag was white silk, with a yellow ffinge, and the words " Tub Twbnty-fiftu RKoijiiiit w | 
 U. 8. iNrAMTBY" were inscribed upon a blue ribbon, with gilt scrolls at each end. 
 
 TUE FLAG OF THE TWENTT-nFTB.' 
 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 623 
 
 Colonels Brady and Jejop. 
 
 id the flags of the 
 cly, of the Twciity- 
 i. Its ammunition 
 o the banner of tlic 
 )rth, as vohintLHMs. 
 nil it fought with a 
 skeleton regiments 
 nally Scctt onleroil 
 it purpose when tlw 
 ntermanded. Tky 
 srgency. 
 
 ig were enveloped in 
 est breeze, hiuis,' like 
 
 FL\a OF TUE TWENTV-nnn, 
 
 tish by Colonel Scott's 
 
 rmTconBtitntion Bhnttered. H( 
 li the WcBtern frontier. He was 
 |c was appointed an Indian com- 
 lit Jackaon surveyor of the port 
 narv,1860. Uo mm ricd a hit- 
 Lowcrful man, standiug sii fw 
 
 lounty In ITOS. He entered tlie 
 untain of the Fourth Infantry m 
 4 colonel of the Twentj-sccMl 
 ,edinl81^,andinlS22wa>br^ 
 flnctthero,BtthcngeofelsMy 
 
 Tcd eiuhty-three years, 
 rt the array as second lieuleniit 
 m in which he was also actio? 
 He'enth Infantry in April fota- 
 'raised mostly hyhi» own ««• 
 he was breveted Ucutenam CO, 
 Ed ho was hrcveted colonel. II' 
 ftryinlSlT. The following 5". 
 'naster general, with the rank « 
 service. In 1830 he wu appoi».- 
 ^cneral Call m command of » 
 Pdedinoneofthebatto. . 
 Lcr general's departmen ia k 
 [f seventy-two years, on tbelOti I 
 
 Int a* It appeared on the day rf- 1 
 
 Ito Light Gnard, and hangtas^ 
 leremlahWatts.oneottheinm- 
 
 |nETvENTY.FiFTuREO.M>.T0r 
 
 Oeuerals Brown and Bcott wounded. The Troops fall back to Chippewa. lnJurlouD Tardiness of General ni|>ley. 
 
 cornniaiul, as wo liave seen, and 
 the Amerieans by a part ofl'or- 
 ter's brigade, whieh took post on 
 Kipley's left, and participated in 
 the closing events of the battle. 
 The enemy was beaten off by 
 sheer hard blows gi\en by the 
 muscle of indomitable Persever- 
 ance, but at the expense of pre- 
 cious blood. Generals Brown 
 and Scott were severely wound- 
 ed and borne from the field, and 
 the active command devolved 
 on General Ripley, the senior 
 officer on duty.' 
 
 When the absolute repulse of 
 the enemy was manifest, and 
 General Brown observed great 
 numhers of stragglers in a'.l di- 
 rections from the broken regi- 
 ments, he ordered the new com- 
 mander to fall back Avith the 
 troops to Chippewa, there reor- 
 ganize the shattered battalions, 
 u'ivo them a little rest and rc- 
 tresliments, and return to the 
 field of conflict by daydawn, so 
 as to secure the fruits of victory 
 by holding the ground and se- 
 (uiing the captured cannon, 
 which, on account of a lack of 
 iioises, harness, or drag- ropes, 
 could not be removed at once. Ripley had not moved from Chippewa when the day 
 dawned, and Brown, disappointed and angered by his tardiness, ordered his own staff 
 to go to the commanders of corps and direct them to be promptly prepared to march. 
 It was sunrise before the army crossed the Chippewa, and they were halted by Rip- 
 ley at the Bridgewater Mills, a mile from the battle-gi-ound, where he was informed 
 that the enemy was again in possession of the heights of Lundy's Lane and his can- 
 non, had been re-enforced, and was too strong to be attacked by a less force than the 
 entire army of tiie Niagara with any promise of success. With this information Rip- 
 ley returned to head-quarters. The commanding general was irritated. He resolved 
 not to trust the brigadier with the command of the army any longer than necessity 
 required; and he dispatched a courier to Sackett's Harbor with an order for General 
 
 1 Tlie gailant Mi\jor M'Farland was mortally wounded while fighting at the head of his battalion of the Twenty- 
 third Regiment. Daniel M'Farland was a Penusylvaulan, and entered the army as captain in the Twenty-tecoud In- 
 fantry iu March, 1812. In August, 1813, he was promoted to major in the Twenty-third, and was killed iu the battle of 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 Captains Biddle and Ritchie, of the artillery, were both wounded in that battle early in the action, and the brnnt of 
 the artillery service fell on Towson. Thomas Biddle, Junior, was a gallant officer from Pennsylvania. He entered the 
 snny as captain of infantry in the spring of 1812, but Joined the Second Artillei? soon afterward. He was dlstlHguished 
 in tlic capture of Fort George, and also at Stony Creek in May and June, 1813. In September he was brigade major un- 
 der General Williams. He was slightly wounded nt Niagara, and for gallant service at Fort Erie afterward he was bre- 
 vtled a major. There he was again wounded. In December following he was ald-de-camp to General Izard. He re- 
 mained in the army some years, and was finally killed in a duel at St. Louis, Missouri, August 29, 1831. 
 ; John Ritchie, who was also in this battle, was a Virginian. He entered the army in the spring of 1812 as captain in 
 Ihe Second Artillery. Although severely wounded in the battle of Niagara Falls, he stuck to his gun, and was killed. 
 ilc liud declared that he would never leave bis piece, and, true tu that declaration, he fell by it, covered with wounds. 
 
 m 
 
f 
 
 li 
 
 Wfl 
 
 824 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ClrciimRUncei of tbo Battle nf Niagara. Namber nf Troupa eogaged lu It. Tbe Victory claimed by both Partlei, 
 
 (iaiiies to come and l:ikc the temporary leadership of tlie Niaj^ara forties.' UiplcyV 
 delay had doubtless deprived the Americans of all the substantial advantapes of vic- 
 tory, for the enemy was allowed to return, reoccupy the field of battle, and retake 
 the captured cannon, excepting one beautiful brass O-pounder, which was prescntcil 
 to Colonel Miller's regiment on the spot. This they bore away with them as a pic- 
 cious trophy of their prowess. Tlio remainder were retaken by the British a few 
 hours afterward.'* 
 
 Thus ended the sanguinary Battle op Niagara Falls, sometimes called Lundy\i 
 Zone, and sometimes Bridt/ewater,^ It has few purallcls in history in its -wealth of 
 gallant deeds. It was fought wholly in the shadows of a summer evening between 
 sunset and midnight. To the eye and ear of a distant spectator it must have bet n a 
 suolime experience. Above was a serene sky, a placid moon in its wane, and innu- 
 merable stars — a vision of Beauty and Peace; below was the sulphurous smoke of 
 battle, like a dense thunder-cloud on the horizon, out of whicli came the quick Hashes 
 of lightning and the bellowing of the echoes of its voice — a vision of Horror and 
 Strife. Musket, rocket, and cannon cracking, hissing, and boouiing ; and the claslidi' 
 sabre and bayonet, with the cries of human voices, made a horrid din that commin- 
 gled with the awful, solemn roar of the great cataract hard by, whose muffled thun- 
 der-tones rolled on, on, forever, in infinite grandeur when the pmiy drum had ceased 
 to beat, and silence had settled upon the field of carnage. There the dead were 
 buried, and the mighty diapason of the flood was their requiem. 
 
 According to the most careful estimates, the number of troops engaged in the hat- 
 tic of Niagara Falls was a little over seven thousand, the British having about four 
 thousand five hundred, and the Americans a little less than two thousand six hund- 
 red, ''oth parties lost heavily. Tlie Americans had one hundred and seventy-one 
 kille. \ hundred and seventy-one wounded, and one hundred and ten missing— 
 a total of eight hundred and fifty-two. The British lost eighty-four killed, five hund- 
 red and fifty-nine wounded, one hundred and ninety-three missing, and forty-two pris- 
 oners — a total of eight hundred and seventy-eight. A large proportion of those taken 
 by Jesup on the British left , and by Miller on the height, escaped during the night. 
 
 Both parties claimed a victory, the Americans because they drove the enemy from 
 the field and captured his cannon, and the British because their foe did not retain the 
 field and the cannon he had won. While the American people rejoiced over the af- 
 fair as a genuine triumph, as it undoubtedly was, as a victory in battle, the governm 
 general of Canada was right in complimenting his troops for their steadiness and 
 valor ; and the Prince Regent did a proper thing when he gave permission to one of 
 the regiments to wear the word Niagara upon their caps. 
 
 Major General Brown was twice severely wounded, yet he kept the saddle until 
 the victory was won. First a musket-ball passed through his right thigh ; and a few 
 
 ' General Brown's Mnnnscrlpt Memoir, etc. He says, "OeDernl Brown entertained no donbt of tin; iiitelllgence or 
 bravery of General Ripley," but his conduct on the morning of the 26th was such that " his confldcnce in him as a com- 
 miindcr was seueibly diminished. The j,'encral believed that he dreaded reapojiaibility more than danger. In short, 
 that he had a greater share of physical than moral courage." 
 
 ' Miller's Autograph Letter to his Wife, July 2a Brown's Memorandum, etc., and his Official Report to the Secretarj 
 of War, dated " Buffalo, August, 1S14." In that report the commanding general spoke in the highest terms of nil hi* 
 officers and troops. He particularly mentioned the gallant services of Scott, Porter, Jesup, Towson, nindman, Blddlf, 
 Ritchie, Gardner, his adjutant general, M'Ree and Wood, his engineers, his aids-de-camp Austin and Spencer, and Lieu- 
 tenant Randolph, of the Twentieth Regiment, " whose courage was conspicuous." " The staff of Generals Rlpiey and 
 Porter," he said, "discovered great zeal and attention to duty." 
 
 3 The battle was fought within sight and hearing of the great Falls of Niagara, and should bear that dignified name. 
 It was so called in one of the first pnblished accounts of it. "The battle of Niaoaba," said the Albany Argus atthf 
 beginning of August, " commands, like the achievements of our naval heroes, the admiration of all classes of the Amer- 
 ican people, a few excepted." The hottest of the contest having occurred in the struggle for the battery in Lwviiii 
 Law caused the battle to be called after the name of that road. About a mile above the field of battle, on the banks ot 
 the Niagara, were mills called The Bridgewaler Mills. A person attached to the American army, but not In tho battle. 
 wrote while it was in progress to some fric^iid in the interior of New York, paying that a great battle was then ragin; 
 near the Brldgewater Mills. This letter w:ih published extensively, and the conflict wos called the B(UtUo/ liri(lgtwi\Ur 
 It was HO announced in Niles's Register, August 13, 1814. 
 
 im-: 
 
 '■'ilW 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 885 
 
 id by both Pnrtlm. 
 
 OBIcera wonndad ia tiM Battle of Niagara. 
 
 Scott proceed* to Waahlngton. 
 
 Honora conterred upon Mm. 
 
 forces.* Riploy'K 
 advantages of vic- 
 hattle, and retake 
 lich was i)n'sc'nli'il 
 nth them as a jirt- 
 tho British a few 
 
 mos called Lumh/n 
 ivy in its wealtli of 
 3r evening between 
 it must have hem ;i 
 its wane, and innu- 
 ilphurous smoke of 
 mo the qniek flashes 
 irtion of Horror and 
 ng ; and the elasluil' 
 id din that commin- 
 whose muffled ihun- 
 my drum had ceased 
 :'hcro the dead were 
 
 B engaged in the bat- 
 
 sh having ahmU four 
 
 o thousand six hund- 
 
 Ared and seventy-one 
 
 ;d and ten missing- 
 
 Pfour killed, live lumd- 
 
 g, and forty-two pris- 
 
 portion of those taken 
 
 cd during the night. 
 
 .rove the enemy from ^ ] 
 
 foe did not retain tln' 
 
 rejoiced over the at- 
 
 battle, the govenmi 
 
 their steadiness and 
 
 permission to one ot 
 
 kept the saddle until 
 ight thigh ; and a few 
 
 doubt of ll... intelligence or 
 alsconfldeuce in him as a con- 
 more than danger. In short, 
 
 pfflclal Report to the Sccrclary 
 in the highest terms of alte 
 ,up,Towson.ninaman,Bll*. 
 J Austin and Spencer, and Ucii- 
 leetaff of Generals Ripiey and 
 
 lonld bear that dignified n»me. 
 •said the Albany Argus at the 
 Lion of «U classes of the Amer- 
 
 leie for the battery in l^fP 
 rfleldofbattle,onthebank»o 
 
 Ian army, but not in the bate, 
 
 fft great battle wa. then ragte 
 
 1 called the BottK of linitit«<^ 
 
 minutes afterward tho gallant Captain Spencer, his aid-de-camp, received a mortal 
 wound.' Then came a ball of some kind which struck Brown in the side, not lacer- 
 ating, but sev(>rely contusing it. Both hurts were so severe that the general felt 
 (loid)tful of his ability to keep his seat, and so informed Major Wood, his confidential 
 friend. That bravo officer, deeply engaged in the battle, exclaimed, " Never mind, 
 my dear general, you are winning the greatest battle ever gained for your country !" 
 The eni'my were soon repulsed, and tho general, supported by Captain Austin, his 
 only remaining aid, moved from tlic field, leaving the command, as we have seen, with 
 General Ripley. Brown rapidly recovered, and was able to resume the command of 
 the army of the Niagara early in September. 
 
 General Scott was wounded by a bullet tliat entered his left slioulder while he was 
 conversing with Major Jesup on the extreme right. lie had been exposed to death 
 on every i)art of the field, and had two horses shot under him. lie was spared until 
 the last struggle of the battle, when his aid. Lieutenant Worth, and Brigade Major 
 Smith, were very severely wounded. His own luirt was so great that he could no 
 longer remain on the field, and he was borne first to the Chippewa camp, then to Buf- 
 falo, and finally to Williamsville, a hamlet in the east part of the present town of 
 ■Java, Wyoming County, New York. At the latter place ho found the wounded 
 General Riall well-cared for. 
 
 Seott suftcred intensely, and for a month his recovery was considered doubtful. 
 He was finally removed to the house of a friend (Mr. Brisbane) in Bivtavia, where kind 
 nursing made his convalescence rapid; At length, when able to bear the motions of 
 a litter, he was carried on the shoulders of gentlemen of the country from town to 
 town, to the house of a friend (Mr. Nicholas) in Geneva, where lie remained until he 
 was able to resume his journey, wlien he went to Philadelphia, and placed himself in 
 cliarge of the eminent Doctors Physic and Chapman, of that city. He was every 
 \ where received with demonstrations of the warmest respect and admiiaiion for his 
 Irtrsonal achievements, and as the representative of the now glorious army of the Ni- 
 agara.'' From Philadelphia he passed on to Baltimore early in Septetnber, then 
 threatened by the British, who had just destroyed the public buildings of the na- 
 tional capital; and on the I6th of October he was so far recovered as to be able to 
 take command of the Tenth Military District, whose head-quarters were at Washing- 
 ton City. Honors were conferred upon him by public bodies in many places. The 
 Congress of the United StJites, by a resolution on the 8th of November, 1814, voted 
 him the thanks of the nation, and requested the President to have a gold medal, with 
 suitable devices, struck in his honor, and presented to him.^ The Legislatures of 
 
 1 Ambrose Spencer, of New York, was commissioned a first lieutenant In the Twenty-ninth Infantry In April, 1S13, 
 and promoted to captain in February, 1S14. lie had been made aid to General Brown in August, ISU, and remained in 
 Ills family until his death. He was greatly distingnlshod In the battle of Niagara Falls. General Brown relates. In his 
 Manuscript Memoir, etc., already cited, that when the last heavy rc-cnforcements of the British were coming up iu the 
 dim raoonlight, and he was watching them with intense interest. Captain Spencer suddenly put spurs to his horse, and 
 rode directly to the front nf the advancing foe. Then, turning to the enemy's right, he inquired, in a firm, strong 
 voice, "What regiment is that?" He was promptly answered, "The Royal Scots, sir." "Halt! Royal Scots," he re- 
 plied, and they obeyed. With this Information he returned to his general, and soon afterward received a wound which 
 caused his death, at Fort Kric, on the 5th of August. General Dtumniond hnii ^ent a message to Brown asking an ex- 
 change of their aids. Spencer was mortally wounded, but Lorin^ »»» well. A ifcction for his aid caused Brown to de- 
 part from the usages of war, an^ he complied. On the very day 1|(W*Pcncer was brought to Port Erie he died, and 
 Captain Loring was sent back to his general. 
 
 ' It was the annual Commencement at the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, when General Scott arrived i here on his 
 way to Philadelphia. The faculty of the college invited him to attend the ceremonies at the church. He was carried 
 Ihlther on a litter, pale and emaciated from suffering, and was placed upon the stage among the professors and invited 
 Rnesti. He was greeted by both sexes with the greatest enthusiasm. The orator of the day was the now deceased 
 brother of Bishop M'llvaine, of Ohio, and his subject happened to be " Tho public duties of n good citizen in peace and 
 war"— an appropriate one for the occasion ; and toward Its close he turned to Scott and pronounced a most touching 
 eulogy of his conduct. This compliment was followed by the conferring upon the wounded hero the honorary degree 
 of Master of Arts. With grateful heart Scott passed on, and was met, when approaching Philadelphia, by Governor 
 Suydcr and a division of militia.— See Mansfield's Life nf Scott, Chapter XI. 
 
 ' Our engraving on the following page Is a representation of the medal, a trifle smaller than the original. On one 
 ■ 1" i» a bust of General Scott, with his name. On the <ii lier side, surrounded by a wreath, composed of palm and olive 
 leaves entwining a snake, "uiblem of youth and immortality, are the words "besolutioh of oonobess, noveuuib ?, 
 

 ItM* 
 
 ill 
 
 820 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Medkl awarded u> Ncott. Other Olfti. Blu|{rapblcul Sketch. Appointed Bravet Uauluutnt Cleuintl. 
 
 • Febninry 12, 
 
 ISlfi. 
 
 ' February, 
 1810. 
 
 • 1S15. 
 
 i><ll.li UEUAL AWABOEO TO OINtBAL BOOTT. 
 
 Virrfinia" and New York'' tliaiikod him, and each vo^ed liim an elcn;unt 
 sword.' The Society of the Chicinnati, founded '-j Washington and liis 
 companions in arms, elected liina an honorary member,' and many towns 
 and counties were named in his honor in the course of time. He was 
 breveted a major general ; and for almost fifty years longer he served his country 
 actively in its military operations, ten of them as general-in-chief. When, in the au- 
 tumn of 1861, the great Civil War assumed immense proportions, the Nestor of the 
 republic, feeling the disabilities of increasing physical infirmities, retired from act- 
 ive service, bearing the commission given him a few years before of lieutenant gtu- 
 eral.2 
 
 ISU. Uatti.fb of niirpKWA, jhi.y 6, IS14; NiAOAnA, .idi.y 25, 1S14." This medal was uot prcpoutcd until about the 
 close of Mr. Moiiroe'8 udmiuistrotioii (February 20, 1825), when the President, In the presence of his cabinet, handed ii 
 to bim with tt brief address. Many years afterward, while it was In the City Bank for safe keeping, the safe of that cor- 
 poration was entered one ui^ht by robbers. They carried off $260,000, but left the medal. Several years afterward, one 
 of the rogues, when on trial for another offense, said that " when he took the moui^y from the City Bank he saw nnd 
 well knew the value of the medal, but scorned to take from the soldier what h.td beeu given by the gratitude of hij 
 country." The protllo uf General Scutt on the medal is said tu be the best likeness extant of the hero at the time ho 
 won the honor. 
 
 ' The New York sword was presented to General Scott by Governor Tompkins in the City Hall, New York, on " Evac- 
 uation Day" (November 25), isifl. Tlic Virginia sword was not presented until 1826, when it jvas bestowed by Govern- 
 or Pleasants. It was an elegant weapon, with suitable devices on the scabbard, hilt, and blade. On one side of the 
 blade is seen Scott, Just as Miller had carried the Lundy's Lane battery, mounting a charger, another having been torn 
 in pieces under him. Below this is an eagle between two scrolls, bearing the names and dates of his two battles. On 
 the opposite side of the blade are the words " Presented by the Commonwealth of Virgiulo to General Winflcld Scott, 
 12th February, ISlii ;" and below this the arms of Virginia. 
 
 " Winfleld Scott was born in Petersburg, Virginia, on the 13th of June, 1TS8. He was left an orphan in his boyhood, 
 and was educated, uuder the care of friends, at William and Mary College, lie chose the law for a profession, but boou 
 
 chauged it for that of arms. He entered the United States Army as 
 a captain of light artillery in 180S, and was slati(mcd at Baton Rouge, 
 Louisiana, under General Wilkinson. He hud some difficulty with 
 that officer, and during a temporary suspension from duty returned to 
 bis profession in his native state. Ilcrejoincdthcarmy, and, as lieu- 
 tenant colonel, went to the Canada ft-ontler in 1812. His career there 
 vatjLOte close of the battle of Niagara Falls has beeu delincntod in 
 ifl^ptt of this work. As we have observed, he took comnuuid of 
 the Tenth Military District, with his heod-qu:u-t«ni.j^(»»«liington City, late In the atltnmn of 1814, when he held the 
 commission of major general by brevet. His wuaiAw4*'ei'y severe. It was in the left shoulder, and his arm was left 
 partially disabled. He was offered and declined a place in ilio cabinet as Secretary of War. After assisting in the re- 
 duction of the army to a peace establishment, be was tent to Europe In a military and diplomatic copacity, where he 
 met some of the most distinguished of Napoleon's generals. He compiled some useful military text-books, and was in 
 active service wherever there was a speck of war until that with Mexico broke out, in which he was chief actor on the 
 part of the United States. He was then gcueral-iu-chief of the armies of the United States, with the rank of major gen- 
 eral. For his distinguished services in that war he received many civic honors. In 1862 he wos an nnsuccessfnl can- 
 didate for the Presidency of the United States. In 18'!6 the brevet rank of lieutenant general was revived and confer- 
 red upon him. When the great Civil War broke out he was found, unlike a great proportion of the officers of the reg- 
 ular army who were born in the Slave-labor states, a powerftil supporter of his government, and by his skill and cour- 
 age secured the jjcaceful inauguration of Mr. Lincoln as President of the United States at a time when the national 
 capital and the life of the chief magistrate elect were menaced by banded rebels. He retired from active service in the 
 automu of ISCl, and died at West Point, on the Hudson, May 29, 1SC6. 
 
 6- 
 
OF THE WAR OF ISIS. 
 
 827 
 
 It U«uteuaat Uciivral. 
 
 VUlt to the Nlngars Frontier. 
 
 Colonel Cummingf. 
 
 Uattle-Kround of NlR|{«ra Ht Landy'i Lane. 
 
 Ml him an elegant 
 ''ashingtoii ami liis 
 ,"= ami many towns 
 of time, lie was 
 icrved his ci)Uiilry 
 When, in the iui- 
 , the Nestor of the 
 ■<, retired from act- 
 ! of lieutenant guii- 
 
 prcfcnted until about the 
 
 oc of his cabinet, handed il 
 
 [■eying, the safe of tlmtcor- 
 
 i-v'cr»l years afterward, one 
 
 the City Bank he saw imd 
 
 'cn by the gratitude of liis 
 
 of the hero at the time he 
 
 lilall.NcwYork, on"Evnc- 
 t \v:\9 bestowed by Oovcrn- 
 hhido. On one side of the 
 [• another having been torn 
 itcB of his two battles. On 
 to General Wiuttcld Scott, 
 
 J an orphan In his boyhood, 
 L for a profession, but «oou 
 I the United States Army as 
 [s stationed at Baton Rouce, 
 
 lie had some difBcuUy with 
 Inslon from duty returned to 
 loined the army, and, iislieu- 
 |erlnlS12. His career there 
 VttllH has been dcllnciitea in 
 irvcd, he took command of 
 In of ISU, when he held the 
 juidcr, and his arm was left 
 1 After assisting in the re- 
 tlomatic capacity, where lie 
 ftary text-books, and was in 
 L he was chief actor on the 
 with the rank of major gen- 
 pe was an uusuccessful can 
 Iral was revived and confer 
 lonoftheoflScersofthorec 
 It, and by his skill and cour- 
 \ a. time when the national 
 fd from active service m the 
 
 I viHited the theatre of ovents descrihcd in this and u ])ait of the preceding ehap- 
 ter in the Hiiminer of 1800. I was at Niagara Kails, as already observetl (page 412), 
 on tlie evening of the lOth of August. On tlie following mornini,', accomj)aiiifd by 
 IVter A. I'orter, Ks(|.,son of (Jeneral Peter 15. 1'orter (and conveyed in his carriage), 
 1 crossed the Niagara on the great Suspension IJridge, and rode up to the Chippewa 
 hattle-grountl. We went over the great chasm at about ten o'clock, and halted at 
 Chippewa Village, where wo were joined by Colonel James Cummiiigs, a veneiable 
 Canadian, seventy-two years of age, who was an aid to (Jeneral Kiall in the battle of 
 the 5th of July, 1H14.' lie seemed as vigorous as most men at sixty, and we were 
 fortunate in iiaving the company of so fjjood a cicerone, for he was familiar with ev- 
 ery place and event of that battle, lie owns a part of the land whereon it was 
 fought; has resided near there for more than fitly years, and is full of reminiscencca 
 of the past. lie cherishes, as a precious iicir-loom for his family, the cocked hat and 
 plume which he wore when lie was fighting for his king and country. 
 
 Afler viewing the diflerent portions of the battle-ground at Street's Creek and Chip- 
 pewa Plains, and making the sketches printed on pages 800, '7, and '8,^ we returned 
 to the village, where I made a drawing of the remains of the tcte-de-pont battery,^ not 
 far from tlie mansion of Colonel Cummings. There we partt-ok of some refreshments, 
 and, accompanied by the colonel, rode U|) to the month of Lyon's Creek, where the 
 Americans prepared to cross the Chippewa and Hank the British, causing Riall, as 
 we have observed,* to Iiastcn back to Queenston. On returning to Chippewa we 
 spent an hour with Colonel Cummings an<l his family, and then left with enduring 
 recollections of time spent pleasantly and j)rofitably We rode slowly by the great 
 cataract, observing the site of the Widow Wilson's house, near Table Kock, the stu- 
 pendous falls, and the grand flood as it rushes in wild and resistless energy toward 
 the gn>at bend in the river at tlic seething whirlpool. 
 
 At Drummondvillc, a pleasant little town of about five hundred inhabitants, skirt- 
 Mig the highway from Chippewa to Queeiiston, wc turned into Lundy's Lane, ;',''.d 
 rode to the top of the hill on which stood the Hritish battery captured by Miller. It 
 is a pleasant spot, and sufficiently elevated to command extensive views of the coun- 
 try ill Canada and New York. On the crown of the hill was the ilwelling of Mr. Fra- 
 loigh and a Methodist church ; and on the slope toward Drummondville was a small 
 cemetery, a view of which may be seen oi. /'^ge 818. A little to the left of the large 
 tree in that picture was the site of the British battery taken by Miller. Near the mid- 
 dle of that cemetery was the grave and monument of Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp, de- 
 lineated on Jiage 628 ; and on its western margin, close by the fence, was the grave of 
 Captain Abraham F. Hull, who appears somewhat conspicuously in the narrative of 
 the surrender of Detroit by his father, General William Hu)'., in the summer of 1812. 
 On the spot where he fell, gallantly fightuig in the batt'. : Niagara, the brother 
 officers of Captain Hull erected a wooden slab, with a &'■■ do inscription, to mark 
 the spot;* and in after years his friends erected the r.-> of marble, which, with an 
 
 ^^^■^^-^■yv^- 
 
 :»2-«^L^j^ 
 
 1 Colonel Cummings is yet (18GT) living at Chippewa, at the age of eighty years. He enterud the military service as 
 llentcnant of- volunteer flank company in 1812, and was stationed on the spot where the battle of Chippewa was fought 
 two years later. He was promoted to the cavalry, but 
 
 was soon called to Fort George by General Brock, and ^^^ -^^^ 
 
 appointed deputy quartermaster general of militia, with _««^«S;??^.i^<T t--'^^^ 
 
 the rank of captain. He was in the battle at Stony 
 Creek, the taking of Bcerstler nt the Beaver Dams, and 
 was the one who received Colonel Chapin's sword when he surrendered there. He was with Llentecant Colonel Bis- 
 shopp at the taking of Black Kock, and was near him when he fell. He was in several Bkirmishcs, and participated in 
 the battles of Chippewa and Niagara as aid to General Riall. He was an active ofllcer, and between these battles had 
 charge of the establishing of beacons between Chippewa and Queenston, under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Christopher Myers. These heacons were made by setting up a pole, from which was suspended an iron basket filled 
 with resinous bark. 
 
 » Nothing of Samuel Street's house was left but the chimney, as delineated on page 800. His orchard, on the south 
 »ide of the stream, which wag young at the time of the battle, now appeared venerable, but vigorous. 
 
 ' See page SOT. * See page 813. 
 
 ' The cut on the following page represents the board slab which I found near the grave of Captain Hull, ou which 
 
 %\ 
 
 n 
 
i 
 
 W;\ 
 
 tn 
 
 ii«t' 
 
 8!28 
 
 nCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Observatory at Luiidy's Lane. 
 
 ObjcctJ seen from It. 
 
 Daring Feats at the Niagara Suspension Bridge. 
 
 inscription, now (1867) btands at the head of his grave, seen near >he fence in the pic- 
 ture on page 818.' 
 
 Fronting on Lundy's Lane, a little northwestward of the position of the Britisli 
 battery, was an observatory, made of timbers, and latticed. It was one hundred and 
 thirty feet in height, and was ascended on the interior by one hundred and twenty- 
 live steps. We climbed wearily to the top, and were richly rewarded for the toil by 
 a magnificent panoramic view of the surrounding country, including in the vision, by 
 the aid of a telescope, the statue of Brock on its lofty pedestal on the Heights of 
 Queenston. Westward we looked far over the Canadian peninsula to the broken 
 country around the Beaver Dam region, and eastward as far over tlie cultivated lands 
 of the State of New York, while at our feet was the great cataract, which gave a 
 tremor to the pile of timber work on which we stood, and formed a conception in 
 the mind of the amazing power of that mighty pouring flood. An elderly man, who 
 acted as guide to the surrounding scenery as seen from the observatory, ascended 
 with ns, and, in monotonous tone, began his well-learned task of repeating the record 
 of historical events there. We only wanted to know the exact locality of certain in- 
 cidents of the battle, and, after four times preventing him going farther in his tedi- 
 ous details than the words "In the year one thousand eight hundred and fourteen," 
 we obtained what we wished, and descended. We climbed into the little cemetery, 
 and I sketched the tomb of Bisshopp and the view on page 818, and at the same 
 time Mr. Porter made a neat pencil drawing 
 for me of a small house in Drummondville, 
 which was used as a hospital after the battle, 
 as seen from Bisshopp's grave. It is copied 
 in the annexed engraving. 
 
 On returning to the Suspension Bridge to 
 reeross the river, Ave observed large crowds 
 of people on both banks, above and below the 
 aerial highway, who had come to see the peril- 
 ous feats of Blondin and a rival upon sl.nck ropes stretched across the river from 
 bank to bank. They were both performing at the same time, cheered on by their re- 
 spective friends, one above and the other below the bridge. Beneath these daring 
 acrobats was the foaming river, r'lshing down hill to the great whirlpool at the rate 
 of thirty miles an hour. It was -..n unpleasant spectacle, for a sense of fearful danger 
 oppressed the mind of the beho.der. We rode slowly across the bridge, viewing 
 the foolish and yet heroic performances of both young men, and arrived at Niagara 
 Falls village in time for a late dinner. Toward evening I rode down to Queenstf n, 
 behind a blind horse, to make the visits on the Canadian peninsula described in pre- 
 ceding chaptt iH.' 
 
 Let us now resume the narrative of events in which the Army of the Niagara was 
 engaged in the summer and early autumn of 1^]4. 
 
 General Riplc's tardiness, if not absolute diKobedicnce, as we have observed, left 
 the battle-field ot ^Niagara, so gloriously won by the Americans, in tlie posnession of 
 
 HOSPITAL NEAB LUNDT'S LANE. 
 
 WOOOkN HLA 
 
 was \hp fo'lowliig Inccrlptlon : "Tljio was erected by his bi ither ofllce'~i to tnaik the spot 
 wher> Captain Hnll. I'. S. Army, fell in the memorablf anion at Lnu<l.r'H Ijmc, With July, HI', 
 gallantly leadinp hi men to the ol!ii!u;(\ ' 
 
 ' ThiH Is a plain «tone, two and n half feet in Iiel};'nt, which bears the fc'.lowing ir.iicriptloa 
 " Here lies the body of Abraham Hnll, cap'-aln In the Ninth Regiment U. 8. Infantry, who fell 
 near this spot in the battle of Bridgewater [sep note 3, page 824), July 25, 1S14, aged twenty- 
 eight years." 
 
 Captain Abraham Fuller Hnll entered the amy an inptalu iii the Ninth Inftntry on the U'li 
 of April, ISI'J. and was with his father during the mnrch of 'he arniy frcm Dayton to Detroit 
 He was mni'>' f>'d-<le-cntnT l.i his father In May, lai?, and served as snch until the snrrendfr in 
 August. Wiun he again assumed bin place in the line, ho took romimmd of hl« old cumpaiiv 
 In the Ninth, under Major Lcivenworth. He was au excellent ollke' und his loss was niiicli 
 lamented. ' Bee poge 41-'. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 820 
 
 ra Siisponsion Bridge, 
 fence in the pic- 
 
 lilpiey attempts to abuudSw Caoadii. 
 
 a Ind'.gnar'oD. 
 
 He orders the Army to Fort Krie. 
 
 the foe on the morning of fie 26th «<rJuly. At tl»t tinic Gene i, vis Brown and Scott, 
 Major Jesup, and other wounded cA^re, were placet! in boats for 'onveyance to Buf- 
 falo, and they departed with t^he expectation that Ripley would liold the strong po- 
 sition at Chippewa until the i»rrival of re-enforcement 8. The commanding general 
 fiad scarcely disappeared behind Navy Island in his upward voyage when I{i[)ley 
 ordered the destruction of the nasjiiriry works and bridge, and some of his own stores 
 at Chippewa, and made a precipiti.e fli::.i, with the whole army to the Black Rock 
 Ferry, a short distance below Fort En.. His intention was to lead the whole army 
 'across the river and att^rly abandon Canada. This design would have been accom- 
 plished had noi the firmi»w»s of the r>rincipal officers, by a vehement opposition, pre- 
 vented. Ripley <tosw<1 the river to Black Rock, where Brown lay, to get from liiut 
 an order for the »rmy to paos over; but that indignant commander not only refused, 
 hut treated tit*- brigadier with scorn.' Ripley returned, and, by order of General 
 Brown, he led ickj army to a good position, just above Fort Erie, along the lake shore, 
 encamped it tht-rf-. and proceeded to strengthen the old works, and to construct new 
 and more extensive <>ne8 preparatory to an expected siege.^ General Porter, at about 
 the saiT^e time, issued a stirring appeal to his fellow-citizens, asking for four thousand 
 volunt 'IS. 
 
 The labor at Fe-i, Erie for that purpose was commenced with great zeal and en- 
 ergy by the engineers, and from the 27tli of July until the 2d of August the troops 
 were employed in the business day and night, casting up intrenchments, constructing 
 redoubts, making traverses, and preparing abatis. Fortunately for the Americans, 
 Drummond did not know their real weakness, and he remained quietly at Lundy's 
 Lane and vicinity, resting his men and receiving re-enforcements for two or three 
 days. Finally, on the 29th, having been re-enforced by about eleven hundred men 
 of General De Watteville's brigade, he prepared to push forward and invest Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 At this time Fort Erie was an indifferent affair, small and weak, standing on a 
 plain about twelve or fifteen feet above Lake Erie, at its foot. Efforts to strengthen 
 it having been made ever since it was captured at the beginning of July, it was be- 
 ginning to assume a formidable appearance. On the extreme right of the American 
 encampment, and near the lake shore, a strong stone work had been erected, and two 
 guns mounted on it,en barbette, ov on the top without embrrsures. It was called the 
 Diiuglass Battery, in honor of Lieutenant David B, Douglass, of the Engineer corps, 
 under whose superintendence it was built. From the left of this battery to the right 
 of the old fort continuous earthworks were thrown up, seven feet in height, with a 
 
 ' "While the wounded," pays Major Jesup, " were moving by water to niiffnlo, the army abaudoned Its strong posi- 
 tion behind the Chippewa, and, after destroying a part of its »toree, fell baclt, or, rather, tied to the ferry opposite Blaclt 
 Roclt, but a short distance below Fort Erie ; and General Ripley, but for the opposition made by M'Hee, Wood, Tow- 
 son, Porter, and other otBccrs, would have cronged to the American shore. Had the enemy availed himself of this blun- 
 der, not a man of our army eruld have escaped The Anicrican general could have maintained his position [at 
 
 t'hippcwn], and have held General Diuminond in check du.Ing the remainder of the campaign."— Jesup's Manuscript 
 Urmoiro/thf Xiagani Oamjtnujn. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 27th the commanding general at Black Rock " was advised that the army had fallen back 
 in haste, and was then near him on the opposite side of the strait. This movement was unexpected, and greatly ef- 
 fected t'.'e general. General Ripley intended to have proceeded with the army immediately to the American side of 
 the strait, but the honorable stand taken by t.ie officers whom he consulted induced bin to sbrlnk from this Intention. 
 Majors M'Ree, Wood, and Towson, as well as Gencr,,! Porter, deserve particular honoi' for their high-minded conduct 
 on this (coasiou. General Ripley left the r.rmv, and came to General Brown with a hope of obtaining an order for him 
 to rnss with the forces. No proposition could have been more flurpi: ng to the major general : and perhaps, at this 
 Interview, he treated General Ripley with u'justlflable Ipdignation and scorn."— General Brown's Manuscript ifemo- 
 randum nf Omun\ncei mm^'eteil viiiK I'm Campaiqvt nf Siagara. 
 
 > When General Ripley leR Genersi Brown's chamber an ' went be1;iw, he remarked to persons there that he would 
 not be responsible f.-r t'.e army if it rcmnl'^icd in Canada, and insisted that a written order should be given him. When 
 inrorincd of this. Brown sent to RIoley the fallowing note • 
 
 " Hoad-qnarters. Buffalo, ZTth July, 1814. 
 
 •' Si*,— All the sick and wounded, and the surplua baggage, will be immediately removed to this place. Those men 
 v.'io .ire sound and able to fight will en.^amp at Fort Erie, so as to defend that post, and, at the same time, hold fne ferry 
 lielow unf.l this wounded, sick, and surplus baggage have crossed. You will (end MtOor Wood or Major M'Ree to me 
 uniuedlatcly.'— General Brown's Manuscript Ljlter-book. 
 
 % 
 
ijit 
 
 830 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Fort Eric and its RevetmentH. 
 
 The Britisli attacic Block Rucli. 
 
 Hbcldeuts of the Movement, 
 
 ■ ^-/^4ws«»*8i«r: 
 
 KKM.MNH (IF IMlK.LASH'h HA TTKBY ANI> lOUT EKIE. ' 
 
 ditch in front and slight aba- 
 tis ; and from tlie left of the 
 fort, and in a line nearly paral- 
 lel with the lake shore, strong 
 ])arapet breastworks wero 
 commenced, Avith two ditches 
 and abatis in front. At the 
 southwestern extremity of 
 this lino of works, on a natural 
 sand-mound called Snake llil!, 
 a sort of bastion, twenty feet in lieitjht, was cast up, hve gims mounted on it, ami 
 named Towson's Battery, in honor of the gallant artillery captain in whose charge it 
 was placed. From this battery to the lake shore, near Avhich lay at anchor the three 
 armed schooners Porcupine, Somers, and OA/o, was a lino of a6a<?s, thus complotinij 
 the inclosure of the American camp, with defenses on land and water, within an area 
 of about fifteen acres. All of these works, excepting old Fort Erie, were incomplete 
 when, on the 2d of August, it was discovered that the British army was approach 
 ing. They moved steadily onward in considerable force, drove in the Americaji pick- 
 ets, and in the woods, two miles from Fort Erie proper, formed a camp, and com- 
 menced casting up double and irregular lines of intrenchments, and constructing bat- 
 teries in front at points from which an effectual fire might be poured upon the Amer- 
 ican works. 
 
 Drummond perceived the importance of capturing the American batteries at Black 
 Rock, and seizing or destroying the armed schooners in the lake, before proceediiiij 
 to the business of bebieging Fort Erie ; and before dawn on the morning of the 3d 
 of August, he sent over Lieutenant Colonel Tucker with a detachment of the Fortv- 
 first Regiment, in nine boats, to attack the batteries. Tliey landed about half a iiiilo 
 below Shogeoquady Creek, wliere they found themselves unexjiectedly confronted 
 by a band of riflemen, two hundred and forty in number, and a small number of mi- 
 litia and vol'intcers, under Major Morgan. Tliat oflicer had been intrusted with the 
 defense of Buffalo. lie had perceived the advance of the British on the 2d, and be 
 lieving their intention to be to feign an attack on Fort Erie, but really to attempt 
 the capture of I^uifalo and the public stores there, and the release of (Tcneral JJiall, 
 he had liastened to Black Rock, destroyed the bridge over the creek, and during the 
 night had thi-own up a breastwork of logs. 
 
 Morgan's movement was tincly and fortunate. When the British conmienccd an 
 attack at dawn, and ". party moved forward to repair the bridge, the An.ericans of- 
 fered very little resistance until the foe Avcre within full and easy range of their 
 rifles, when they poured upon them such destructive volleys that the invaders recoik'd. 
 In the mean time Drummond sent over re-enforcements, whicli swelled the number 
 ofTucker's troops to about twelve hundred. With these he attempted a flank move- 
 ment, but was gallantly met at the fords of the creek by a small ])arty under Lieu- 
 tenants Ryan, Smith, and Armstrong, who disputed their passage \\'\i\\ success. Aft- 
 er a severe contest the British fell back, withdrew to Squaw Island, and with all pos- 
 sible dispatch recrossed the Niagara and joined in the investment of Fort Erie. The 
 British lost a considerable numbei", of which no official record seems to have been 
 given. The Amci-icans lost two priv.-ite soldiers killed, and Captain Hamilton, Lieu- 
 tenants Wadsworth and M'Intosh, and five private soldiers woundeil. 
 
 While Tucker was busy in the invasion at Black Rock, Drummond opened fire 
 with some 24-pounders in front of Fort Erie; but from that time until the 7th can- 
 
 ' This little Kketr.h shows the general appearitnce of the rcTnains wheti I violted the Bpot In the summer of ISfiO. In 
 the front, on the eittrcmc rifrht, are the crumbled walls of nou(,'lftBs'i' Bnttery, nnd In the extreme distr.nce those of Fin 
 Erie. Intcrmedmtcly are seen the mouuds of the Intrenchments which connected the old fort with Towscm's Dn!ter.v. 
 
 t 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 "bsi 
 
 euts of tbe Movement. 
 
 , and slight uba- 
 n tbe left of the 
 line nearly pural- 
 like shore, strong 
 reastworks Avero 
 with two ditches 
 n front. At the 
 a extremity of 
 orks, on a natural 
 called Snake Hill, 
 ounted on it, and 
 11 whose charge it 
 [, anchor the three 
 f, thus completing 
 ;er, within an avfii 
 B, were incomplete 
 my was approach- 
 ,he American pick- 
 a camp, and com- 
 \ constructing bat- 
 ■ed upon the Anier- 
 
 1 batteries at Blaek 
 before procecdiii'j; 
 morning of the ;kl 
 imcnt of the Forty- 
 ;d about half a mile 
 lectcdly confronted 
 mall number of mi- 
 i'ltrusled with the 
 . on the 2d, and he- 
 It really to attempt 
 L of General Itiall, 
 |eek, and during tlie 
 
 Itish conmieneed an 
 I., the An.ericans of- 
 lasy range of their 
 [le invaders recoiled, 
 ^welled the number 
 [npted a flank mow- 
 || ])arty under Lien- 
 I with success. All- 
 Id, and with all pnf- 
 l of Fort Erie. Tli. 
 teems to have been 
 ain Hamilton, Un\- 
 
 ided. 
 Immond opened fin 
 |c until the 7th can- 
 fin the fumnirroflRf'" In 
 Irnmcdlstr-iiocthosoofK'fi 
 l.rt with Tovrfon'i" UnMery 
 
 Preparations for Battle. 
 
 General Oaiucs takes Command of the Army. 
 
 A Reconnoissancc and its GfTeets. 
 
 nonading was seldom heard. Both parties were laboring intensely in preparing for 
 the impending battle, Drummond in constructing works for a siege and assault, and 
 Ripley in preparations for a defense. On th.U day most of the new works about 
 Fori Erie were completed. Towson's and Douglass's batteries were in readiness for 
 action. The parapeted breastworks from Fort Erie to Towson's Battery Avcre com- 
 pleted ; two ditches were dug in front of them, and ahatis were laid in continuous 
 line from Douglass's Battery around the front of the fort and breastAvorks to Tow- 
 son's, and from thence to the lake shore. Between Towson's and the old fort two 
 other batteries had been constructed. One, mounting two guns, was placed in com- 
 mand of Captain Biddle, and the other, also two guns, was put in charge of Lieuten- 
 ant Fontaine. The dragoons, infantry, riflemen, and volunteers were encamped be- 
 tween the southwestern ramparts and the water; and the artillery, under Major 
 Huidman, were stationed in the old fort.* 
 
 General Gaines^ arrived at the camp at Fort 
 • Augnst, Erie on the 5th,* and was welcomed 
 
 !*"■ with delight by the little army. lie 
 immediately assumed the chief command, and 
 his presence inspired them with confidence and 
 courage. General Ripley, who had labored 
 faithfully in preparations for defense, yet not 
 without gloomy forebodings, resumed the com- 
 mand of his brigade, and perfect good feeling 
 pre . ailed. 
 
 Gaines soon made himself acquainted with 
 the condition and position of his force, and on 
 the morning of the Gth'' he sent out 
 Major Alorgan and his riflemen (who 
 h.ad been called over from Buftalo) to recon- 
 noitre the enemy, and, if possible, draw him out 
 troui his Intre-^chments, Morgan soon encoun- 
 tered some of the British light troops, and at- 
 laeked and drove them back to their lines ; and 
 for two hours he maincuvred in ^--^ 
 
 a way calculated to draw the y — Tn y y (^^ /x, 
 
 main body out, but without sue- (J ^_ . ^. V tA t^ 
 (CSS. lie returned to the camp ^ — ^ € 
 with a loss of five men killed aud 
 tour wounded. 
 
 This reconnoissancc was followed by the British, early on the morning of the 
 7th," hurling a tremendous storm of round shot upon the American works 
 t'rom five of their heavy cannon. Tliis drew from tlie assailed a severe 
 response from all their lieavy guns that could be brought to bear on the enemy, 
 and from that day until the l.Tth the si'-ge went slowly and steadily on, the garri- 
 son, on all occasious, behaving most gallantly. Having on that morning completed 
 
 i?- 
 
 >-v^tA>a..^^ 
 
 ^^<H-C-c^ 
 
 ' Sec mop on page 5.19. 
 
 ' Edmniid Peudletun Qaincs was boru In Cnlpcppcr Coanty, Virginia, on the 20th of March, 1777. At the close of the 
 UeTolution his father returned to North I'arolinn, where he 'lad resided, and there the son toiled on a small farm. When 
 lie w,i9 about thirteen years of afje the family enilcrated to Tennofsee, and at the age of eighteen young G.iincs was 
 • lectpd a lieutenant of a rifle company. He entered the tJnited States Army an an enslpn in ilanuary, 1S09. Ue re- 
 iialncd in the army six yours, and then became collector of the port of Mobile. He was promoted to captain in th» 
 irray, and In th.it capacity « i\s placed in command of Fort Stoddart, and was active In the arrest of Burr (sec page l.TO. 
 lie was commissioned a nmlor in 1S12, and rose through the varlons grades to brlgadisr general in March, 1S14. He 
 wm breveted a major gciicial for bis gallant conduct at Fort Eric, where lio was wounded. Congress rewarded him 
 ivllh thauks and a gold medal. He was retained In 1S15. He was active In tbe Souihern Indian country, particularly 
 In the Seminole War. He died at New Orleans on tbe flth of .Tune. 1S4!). at the age of seventy-two years. The slgna- 
 iiire here given Is from a leilerto .ludge llui^h L.White, dated "Fort Erie, Vpper Canada, August 24, ISU. 
 
mm 
 
 lit I 
 
 8S*3( 
 
 AUack 
 
 ►EJAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 t an Aaasult. Situatiun of the American TruopB. 
 
 Secret Order. 
 
 the mouiKift^ of iii) tnus he —y ambance, Drammond commenced a cannonade, bom- 
 bardment, an4 M^jketefe/w)^, whaea wa*t continued througliout the day, and renewed 
 on the morning ■>/ >h" 1 4i' ftwaamtd at seven o'clock in the evening, w lien very 
 little impression haW 'A^in ni;i,4« -on the American defenses. 
 
 Gainew was convinwjd that I)/ vw<iond intindedto resort to a direct assault should 
 his cannonading prove meffec' \ with this impression, he kept the garrison con- 
 
 tinually on the alert. Men w liled *''/r wij^ht service m such manner that part 
 
 wer*t resting and part were under arjj),i< c^/iRtJniially. The guns in the batteries had 
 been <'harged afresh several evenings in succession with a variety of shot ; dark lan- 
 terns were kept burning, and linstocks ready for firing were near every cannon. Tlie 
 engineers and the commanding officer watched every movement with the eyes of ex- 
 portH, and they agreed in the belief that an assault would be made on the night of tlio 
 14tli. On that evening Gaines visited and inspected every part ol the works, gavt 
 explicit directions to every officer, and words of encouragement to the men ; ami En- 
 gineers M'Ree and Wood examined every part of the intrenchraents most carefully. 
 In the mean time, while the garrison were on evening parade, a shell came screamini; 
 across the space between tlie hostile camps, fell within the American lines, and lodged 
 in an almost empty magazine, which was blown up with a tremendous report. The 
 ***my huzzaed long and loud, supposing they had destroyed one of Gaines's chief 
 m»^;tzines. Hoping to profit by the confusion and loss, they prepared at once to as- 
 sail the American works. Their gun-flints were removed from their muskets, scaling- 
 ladders vf(-'Te collected, and the arrangements of the columns for attack were carefully 
 made in a<t«ordance with a secret order' issued by Drummond, and special secret in- 
 fed ((^MoHS given to Lieutenant Colonels Scott, Fischer, and Drnmniond, 
 
 At that iUliii l}iii Americans were situated as follows: Small, unfinishod Fort Erie, 
 with a 24, 18, and I'd plllUllUir, forming the northeast angle of the intrenched camp, 
 u'rts under the command of Oaplai/i Willi/(((|H, wllh ftliijor Trimble's Ninctecndi ]iv<i. 
 iment of liifiintry. The Douglass Battery, will) all id iimln |iii(lii(lfr, and fonniiig tin 
 southeast angle, was commanded by Lieutenant Douglass, wliiise owil liniiio it hor'' 
 On the loft, forifiirig the southwest angle, was Towson's Redoubt Battery, on the lUlli 
 
 ' Three copies wen made of this Becrct order l)y Licntenttnt Colon,-! Ilnrvpy, Prnmmond's assiBtuiit Bfljutmil gpiiitril 
 for the use respectively of Lieutenant Coionel Drnmmond, Lieutenant Colonel Fischer, .ind Colonel Scott. A copyo/ 
 the one given to Drumraoud Is before me. It is in the handwriting of Harvey, and was found on the body of Dnini 
 moud after his death, with another paper mentioned in the subjoined pnrr.graph in a letter of General Gaines to Judpi 
 Hugh L. V/hite, of Tennessee, tho original r)f which is also before me. It is dated at Fort Eric, August 24, IRU. Opc 
 era! Gaines says: "The Inclosed papers, numbers one and two, were in the pockets of Colonel Drummond. The In" 
 that killed him passed through the latter, and a bayonet through the form<!r. I send them to yon as trophies, and ciiri 
 osities which I wish preserved." The paper number one, through which the bayonet was thrust, was the ecrrel orilrr 
 above mentioned. Number two is a rough topographical pencil-s.ietch of Fort Erie, the position of the British wurk- 
 that of the three vessels on the lake, and the relative position of Buffalo and Black Rock. Through this the fntal liui 
 let went, and left a fracture in each of its four folds, aronnd which the biood-stiin may be still seen, having the appear 
 ancc (if sepia In color. 1 uese interesting mementoes of the sanguinary field of Erie are in the possewion of Samuel 
 iluudon, Esq., of New York, a relative of Judge White by marriage, to whose courtesy I ani indebted for their use. 
 
 In the secret order Is the following paragraph, of which I have made a fac-simile : " The lieutenant general moF! 
 strongly recommends a free use of the bayonet." The bayonet that wounded Drnmmond passed through the paragraph 
 
 ^1?^?^ ^k^^^Z^S-^l^-'-y'^^/S^^^'-^i^^t^'-'^J^ 
 
 yf^^^-t^-if^ <i^i 
 
 'C-d^^^' 
 
 immediately »bove this, and left a fracture In the paper »hont an Inch In letigth and half an Inch In width, 
 cret order the parole was "Steel," ind the coaatenign "Twenty." 
 
 Id the k- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 833 
 
 fOOpB. 
 
 Secret Order. 
 
 Fort Krie Oarrison expecting nn Attack. 
 
 The Fort osBailed. 
 
 The British repnlacd. 
 
 i cannonade, bom- 
 day, and renewed 
 feuing, wiieu very 
 
 •ect assault should 
 it the garrison con- 
 
 I manner that part 
 
 II the batteries liad 
 of shot ; dark lau- 
 very cannon. Tlie 
 vith the eyes of ex- 
 1 on the night of the 
 
 of the works, gavi' 
 the men ; an<l Eii- 
 ents most carefully. 
 lell came screamin«,' 
 !an lines, and lodged 
 •ndous report. The 
 [le of Gaines's chief 
 spared at once to as- 
 leir muskets, scaling- 
 ittack were carefully 
 and special secret in- 
 mnioiid. 
 
 uiitinishcd Fort Erie, 
 the intrtn<!ie<l ciimii, 
 jle's Nin<^t<"«'fitli Hcif- 
 Oder, and forniinij; llic 
 
 BO (IWll IIIIIIM* i' '""■'' 
 
 Battery, on the llllk' 
 
 L-saBsIstanlnajutuntKcnBral, 
 „1 'Colonel Scott. A copy o' 
 fonndon the body of Drain- 
 |,.r of General Gaines to Judge 
 rtErie,AngURt24,lR14^ Oon- 
 !olonel Drummond. Tlie tail 
 a to von KB trophies, and cnn- 
 ,8 thrust, was tlic scrret nnW 
 position of the BrltlHtiwnrt- 
 Through this the fnUl 'nil- 
 P still seen, having the appear 
 [e in *he possewion of Samod 
 ',r.i indebted for their use. 
 'The lieutenant general moH 
 
 passed throng\i the paragrapb 
 
 ,^C^- 
 
 r^-^ 
 
 Ifan Inch in width. InthcK 
 
 eminence called Snake Ilill ; a.'d the two two-gun batteries in front, already men- 
 tioned, were in cha-ge of Captains iiiJdle and Fanning, the latter outranking Fon- 
 taine. The whole of the artillery was in charge of Major Ilindiii.an. Parts of the 
 Ninth, Eleventh, and Twenty-fifth liegiinents (the remnants of Scott's veteran bri- 
 (rade) were posted on the right, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Aspinwall. 
 General Ripley's brigade, consisting of tlie Twenty-first and Twenty-tliird, was post- 
 ed on the left, and General Porte-'s brigade of New York and Pennsylvania Vohm- 
 tcers, with the riflemon, occupied the centre. 
 
 An ominous silence prevailed in both camps at midnight of the 14th. It Avas the 
 lull before the bursting forth of the tempest in its fury. It was not the silence of 
 inactivity on the ])art of the British ; on tiie contrary, there was micommon but cau- 
 tious stirjring within their lines. In the American camp alone, where, as tlie night 
 wore away, a doubt of immediate danger and the eft'ects of great fatigue were wooing 
 the garrison to slumber, did the quiet of rest prevail. It was soon l)rokcn. At two 
 o'clock in tlic morning an alarm came from a picket-guard of one hun'^rcd men, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Belknap, of the Twenty-third Infantry, who were posted in 
 the direction of the enemy's camp to watch their movements. The duties of this 
 picket were important and perilous, but were intrusted to good hands. Belknap 
 managed tb*> aflair with skill and bravery.' The sky was overhung with clouds. 
 Sound, not sight, gave intelligence of the approach of the enemy. Belknap fired an 
 alarm, and then fell steadily back to camp. The enemy came dashing on in the 
 '.doom, full fifteen hundred strong, under Lieutenant Colonel Fischer, and charged fu- 
 riously upon TowHon's Battery and the abatis on the extreme left, between that work 
 and the lake shore. They expected to find the Americans asleep, but were mistaken. 
 Colonel Miller's brave Twenty-first Regiment, then in charge of Major "Wood, of the 
 Kngineers, was behind the abatis, and Towson's artillerists, gallantly supj)orted on 
 ilic right by the Twenty-third Regiment, were on the alert. At a signal, Towson's 
 \imH 'ii |)'/iiiiders sent forth such a continuous stream of flamt from the h^ummit of 
 Snake Hill that the foe )d it the "Yankee Light-house." At the same instant a 
 I li(/M flame beamed for. . .rom the line of the Twenty-first, and sent a brilliant illu- 
 mination high and far, and revealed the position of the enemy to the garrison. It 
 was as evanescent as the I'ccht of the Roman candle of the pyrotechnic, and in a few 
 moments lieaviest gloom ,- itled upon the scene, relieved only by the Hashes of the 
 cannon and musketry. 
 
 While one assailing column Avas endeavoring by the use of ladders to scale Tow- 
 son's embankment, the other, failing to penetrate the abatis, waded in the shallow 
 water of the lake under cover of darkness, and attempted to < irge the Twenty-first 
 in the rear. But both columns failed. After a desperate struggle, they were re- 
 pulsed and fell back. Five times they came gallantly to the attack, and were as 
 often driven away. Finally, having suffered great loss, chiefly from the destructive 
 effects of grape and canister shot, they abandoned the enterprise. 
 Almost simultaneously with this movement on the extreme left, an assault was 
 
 I William Goldsmith Bell«nnp was born in NewlMirg, Orange Connty, New York, on the 14th of September, 1794. He 
 entered the army as third iiciitenant in the Twenty-third Regiment of United States Infantry in the spring of 1S14, and 
 111 the following autumn was in Wilkinson's ex|)cditlon down the St. Lawrence, lie followed the fortunes of CJeneral 
 Brown, nud was with him on the Ninsnra frontier In 1S14. Ili.s services at Port E.ie, where he was severely wounded, 
 nteived the warm pommendations of his superior oHicer.'i.* He was i, ained in the army at the peace as first lleuten- 
 aut in the Second Kegimont, Colonel Brady. At the reduction of the ariny.n 1S21 he was transferred to the Third, and 
 tiic fdllowing year was i)rnmoted to captain. He was promoted to maj>.: in 1842, and, having lieen active and useful in 
 the Seminole War in Florida, lie was breveted lieutiMiant colonel. Ho was with General Taylor in Texas and Mexico, 
 and III the battles of Palo Alto and llcsaca do la Palina ho gallawtly commanded a brigade. During the remainder of 
 I'uc service he was Taylor's Inspector general. For his gallant conduct at the battle of Bnena Vista he was breveted 
 lirigndicr general. He was with General Taylor in all 'li i battles. From December, 184S, to May, IW], General Bel- 
 knap was in command of Fort Gibson, in the Cherokee i'.ition,and his memory is cherished with graiitude by that peo- 
 ple He died near Preston, Tcxa.i, on the lOlh of November, 1861. 
 
 ' III a letter to Major Belknap in 1S41 (kindly placed in my hands by a daughter of that galKint oflicp'S Brigadier Gen- 
 eral Towsoi) gave most interesting details of the operations of the picket and tin itlack of tho caemj 
 
 3 G . ^ 
 
nCTOUIAL riELD-BOOK 
 
 The Battle of Fort Erie. 
 
 The BrItlBh iii u Biutlon. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Mr 
 
 ( , 
 
 made on the riglit by five Immlrod infantry and artillery, with a reserve of Indiiins 
 composing the centre and left columns of the enemy, under Lieutenant Colonels Diuin- 
 mond and Scott. They advanced rapidly, under a blaze of fire from cannon and mus- 
 ketry — Drummond toward old Fort Erie, which the mortified British had determiiitd 
 to recover at all hazards, and Scott toward the Dougl.iss Battery and the coniioctiiiL; 
 intrenchments. The latter were received by the veteran Ninth, under the conniiiiiiil 
 of Captain Foster, and Captains Broughton and Harding's companies of New Ydik 
 and Pennsylvania Volunteers, aided by a 0-pounder between Douglass Battery aiul 
 the lake shore, managed by Major JVI'ltee, the chief engineer. The enemy was soon re- 
 pulsed in this quarter; but the centre, led by Lieutenant Colonel Drummond, was not 
 long kept in check. It approached every assailable jioint of the fort at once. Tluv 
 brought scahng-laddcrs, and, with the greatest coolness and bravcrj-, attempted to 
 force an entrance over tiie walls, Captani Williams, and Lieutenants Macdonoui;!! 
 and Watmongh, in the fort, met thera gallantly, and twice repulsed them. TIkh 
 Drummond, taking advantage of the covering of a thick pall of gunpowder smoke 
 which hung low, went silently around the ditch, and with scaling-ladders ascended tn 
 the para})et with great cclerit y, and gained a secure footing there with one huiulud 
 of the Royal Artillery before any cfVectual opposition could be made. Alrciuly tin 
 exasperated Drummond, goaded almost to matlness by the murderous repulses wliidi 
 he had endured, had given orders to show no mercy to the " damned Yankees,"' ami 
 had actually stationed a body of pauited savages near, Avith instructions to rusli jntu 
 the fort when the regulars should get possession of it, and assist in t'.ie general mas- 
 sacre.^ Finding himself now in actual possession of a part of the fort, he instaiitiv 
 directed his men to charge upon the garrison with pike and bayonet, and to " show 
 no mercy." Most of the American officers and many of the men received deaillv 
 wounds. Among the former was Lieutenant Macdonough. He was severely limt. 
 and demanded quarter. It was refused by Lieutenant Colonel Drummond. Tiie lieu 
 tenant then seized a handspike, and boldly defended himself until ho was shot down 
 with a pistol by the monster who had refused him mercy, and who often reitoratil 
 the order, "Give the damned Yankees no quarter !" lie soon met his deserved iiiio. 
 for he was shot through the lieart, was severely bayoneted, and fell dead by the siili 
 of his own victim.^ 
 
 The battle now raged with increased fury on the right, while on the left the enemy 
 was repulsed at every jjoint and put to flight. Thence, and fi'om the centre, Gaines 
 promptly ordered re-enforcements. They were quickly sent by Ripley and Porter, 
 while Captain Fanning kept up .n spirited cannonading on the enemy, now to he seen 
 approaching the fort, for the day had dawned. The enemy still held the bastion, in 
 spite of all eflbrts to dislodge them, Ilindman and Trind)le had failed in their at 
 tempts to drive them out, Avhen Captain Birdsall, of the Fourth Rifle Itegimeiit, 
 rushed in through the gateway, and with some infantry charged the foe. They were 
 repulsed, anil the captain was severely wounded. Then a detaciunent fron< the Elev- 
 enth, Nineteenth, aiid Twenty-second Infontry, under Captahi Foster, of the Eleveiilli, 
 was introduced into the interior bastion for the purpose of cliarging the enemy. The 
 movement was gallantly maele — I"\jster was accompanied by Major Hall, the assist- 
 ant inspector general — but, owing to the narrowness of the passage, it failed. It was 
 often repeated, and as often checked; yet these attacks greatly diminished the mira- 
 her of combatants in the bastion. A more furious charge was about to be made. 
 when, days an eye-witness, " Every sound Avas hushed by the sense of an unnatural 
 
 • " I sHveral times hcnrd," Bays General Gniiieg in his report to the Secretary of War, "and mauy of our officer 
 hoard, iirdors jiiven ' '« (/tic the damneil I'mitet" rancale nn quarter I' " 
 
 ' Statement of "A Veteran of 1812, In Porter's Corps," who was n participant In the ttgM, writing from Troy, Np« 
 Vorlt. Sec Old Soldirrs' Advnaite, Cleveland, Ohio, Orfolirr, IfiBtl. Alludlnp to the capture of Lieutenant Fottaine.ot 
 the artillery, who fell among the Indians, and was kindly treated by them, G 'neral Gaines iu his report said, "Itwonl! 
 teem, ihen, that these savaRcs had not Joined in the rcs<dntion to give no quarter." 
 
 ' General Uaiues'e utBcial Uisputch to the Secretary of War. 
 
 m 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 835 
 
 The British In a Bimtlon. 
 
 reserve of Iiidiiiiii-. 
 liviit ColoiH'lsDium- 
 )m cannon luul iiius- 
 tisli hivd iletenuiiKMl 
 
 iuul the connci'liii;,' 
 \intlcr the coniiiuind 
 [Kinies of New York 
 t)Ui>;Ui88 liattery aihl 
 > enemy was soon re- 
 Drunimond, was not 
 ! fort at once. Tlioy 
 i-avery, attqmptcHl to 
 tenants Macdonou[;li 
 ?pulsed them. Then 
 of gunpowder smoke 
 jr-ladders ascended to 
 ere with one huiuhid 
 • made. Ah-eady the 
 derous repulses whicli 
 imned Yankees,"' and 
 itructions to rush iutu 
 st in the general mas- 
 ■ the fort, he instantly 
 jayonct, and to " sluiw 
 
 nien received deadly 
 lie was severely luul 
 
 3rummond. Tlie liin- 
 [ntil he was shot down 
 
 1 -who often rcitoiat^ 1 
 
 met his deserved fate, 
 |d fell dead by the side 
 
 on the left the enemy 
 
 fiom the centre, Gaines 
 
 by Ilipley and Porter, 
 
 enemy, now to he seen 
 
 ;illheld the bastion, in 
 
 had failed in tlunr at- 
 onrth Rifle Kegimeiit, 
 ed the foe. They were 
 ichmentfrom thcElev- 
 
 'oster,oftheElevenili, 
 [rging the enemy. The 
 
 Major Hall, the assist- 
 ^ssage, it failed. Itms 
 
 ly diminished the nnm- 
 Ivas about to be made. 
 sense of an unnatiu:il 
 
 leflKht.wrltiiis from Troy, N-f' 
 I'es in Wb report ealrt, "11 «»« 
 
 A BaatloDi with the BrltiBh, hlown up. 
 
 The Actors In the Mutter. 
 
 An Amwiora panradlng ftrtj. 
 
 tremor beneath our feet, like the first heave of an eartlKjuake. Almost at the same 
 inHtanttlie centre of the bastion burst up with a terrific explosion, and a jet of flame, 
 minified witli fragments t)f timber, eartli, stone, and botlii's of men, rose to the height 
 of one or two hundred feet in the air, and fell in a shower of ruins to a great distance 
 all around.'"' 
 
 Tliis explosion, so destructive and appalling, was almost the final and decisive blow 
 to tiu' Hritisli in the contest.^ It was followed immediately by a galling cannonade, 
 opened by Uiddle and Fanning, and in a l\'\v moments the Hritish broke and fled to 
 their intrenchments, iciiving on the field two hundred and twenty-orie killed, one 
 hundred and seventy-t'cur wounded, and one liundred ami eighty-six prisoners. Some 
 of their slightly wounded were borne away. Tiie loss of the Anu'ricans was seven- 
 teen killed, fifty-six wounded, and (deven missing. Among tlie officers lost were Cap- 
 tahi Williams and Lieutenant Macdonougli, killed ; Lieutenant Watmough, severely 
 wiHuided, aiul Lieutenant Fontaine, wlio was blown into the ranks of tlie Indians 
 wlien the bastion exploded, but was not severely hurt. Tiiese were of tlu" artillery, 
 and were all injured in defending the bastion. Captain Biddle, of the artillery, had 
 been previously injured, and Wutinougli had also received a contusion. Of tlie in- 
 fantry officers injured were Captain Birdsall, Lieutenants Huslinell and Urown, and 
 Ensign Cisna, wounded in defending the fort, and Lieutenant Belknap, wounded in 
 defending tiie picket-guard wiiieh he commanded. 
 
 General (Raines called the affiiir a "handsome victory," not merely a defense and a 
 repulse,' and in this opinion the impartial liistorian must agree. lie sj)oke in high- 
 est terms of all his officers and men, and particularly of the good conduct of (Jenerals 
 Itiploy and Porter, Captain Towson, and 3Iajors llindmaii, M'Wee, and Wood. The 
 iiitidligence of tiie event was reeeiveil witii great joy tiiroughout tiie country; and 
 for liis gallant conduct and valuable services at this time, and in tiie second siege of 
 Tort Erie, wiiich soon followed, (ieneral Gaines received substaiiti:il honors. On the 
 Htii of September he was breveted a major general, and on the Hd of November the 
 President approved of the action of the national Congress in voting liiiii tlie thanks 
 of the nation and ordering a gold medal, with suitable devices (see next Jiage), to be 
 struck and presented to him. Tiie three great states of New York, Virginia, and 
 Tennessee each rewarded him with reseilutions and an elegant sword. 
 
 There were drawbacks npon tiie joy and the honors of the victory besides those 
 of the less of life in the conflict, for two of the three schooners tliat lay at anchor off" 
 the fort, as we have observed, were caiitured by the enemy, and on the day succeed- 
 ina; tlie victory a marauding party brought dishonor npon the American name at 
 Port Talbot, on tlic Canada shore. Tiie schooners 0/iio and f^oincrs were captured 
 on tiie iiiglit of tiio Tiili of August by Captain Dobbs, of the Uoyal Navy, and sev- 
 enty-live men in nine boats. They were taken down the river halfway to Cliippewa 
 and secured, but the Porcupine beat off her assailants.'' The marauders referred to 
 
 1 Miinuscript Reminiscences of Mnjor (thin Lieutenant) Donglaes, quoted by Dawson in his Dattlcf <\f the United States 
 Ij Sm anil ImucI, il., 30S. 
 
 ! "The cause of this explosion," says nn oye-wltnons (one of Porter's men), "has never been officially ejtpl'ilncil, llis- 
 Mry ascribes It to accident ; and pcrliaps it would not lie proper for me to etato what I learned at the time. Even if it 
 wan design, I think the end justified the means. It was that mysterious explosior which, through Providence, saved 
 ■Jiir gallant little army from the horrors of a tjeneral massacre." 
 
 The venerable Jabez Fink, nov.- (lS(i7) living near Adrian, Michigan, who was in the flght, is not so reticent concern- 
 ing the explosion. In a letter to me, dated May 20, ISOIl, he writes : " Three or four hundred of llie enemy had got in'o 
 lif liastion. At this time an American ofllcor came rnnning up, and said, 'General (iaines, the baHtion i.s full. I can 
 ! l(i\v them ail to heil in a minute !' They both passed back throngh a stone building, and in a short time the bastion 
 m] the British were high in the air. General Gaines soon relumed, swinging his hat, and shouting ' Hurrah for Little 
 Yorli !' " This was in allusion to the blowing up of the British magazine at Little York, whore General Pike was killed. 
 Sec pa!;e tlSft. 
 
 ' Letter of General Gaines to the Secretary of War, August 2fi, 1S14. " It is due," he said, " to the brave men 1 have 
 <\w houor to command that I should say that the affair was to the enemy a sore beating and a ilc/ml ; and it was to us n 
 handmmr rMnry." 
 
 < In this nlTair the Americans lost one seaman killed, and three officers and four seamen wounded. The enemy loBt 
 two fcamcu killed and four wonnded. The />wi';"»i' sailed for Erie. 
 
^Hm 
 
 1/ 
 
 't\ 
 
 830 
 
 riCTOUIAL riELD-BOOK 
 
 Honnra to Oenernl Onlnei. 
 
 Cnnnnnade of Fort Erie. 
 
 Brown resumes Command of the Army. 
 
 " .\ GKNEBAL OAINEB'b VEnAL.I . i ' T 
 
 were a party of ono linndrcd AmcM'icans and Indians, wlio landed at Port Talhot nn 
 tlie night of the 16tli. and robbed about fifty families of A'aluable property, siicli iiv 
 horses, liousehold furniture, and wearing apparel, and several respectable citizen- 
 were carried off as prisoners of war; one of them, Mr. IJarnwell, was a member of tin 
 Canadian Assembly. As a dutiful historian I record the affair, but with slmmc. 
 Happily, such conduct on the j)art of the Americans was so rare that these pages 
 have not been often stained by the recital. 
 
 Both parties at Fort Erie immediately prepared for another struggle, and dniiii',' 
 the remainder of August and until the middle of Sejitember each received and eiv- 
 ated strength by the arrival of re-enforcements and completing of their respeetivi 
 defenses. The Americans had by that time mounted twenty-seven heavy guns, and 
 had over tliree thousand men behind them. Drummond also received re-eiifoiee- 
 ments a few days after his defeat on the 15th, and from some new batteries he opened 
 a caimonadc and bombardiront of Fort Erie with the design of compelling the Amer 
 icans to evacuate it. Alm.ost daily, until the close of August, he threw hot shot. 
 shells, and rockets into the fort, and annoyed the garrison much ; and finally, on tin 
 28th, a shell fell through the roof of Gaines's quarters, destroyed his writin£r-(le<k, 
 and, exploding at Iiis feet, injured him so severely that he was compelleil to reliiiijiiii.li 
 his command ana retire to Buffalo. 
 
 When General Brown, then at Batavia, heard of this accident, he became exceed- 
 ingly uneasy, and with shattered health and unhealed wounds he hastened to Buf- 
 falo, and on the 2d of September crossed over to F'ort Erie. lie found the garrison 
 in charge of Colonel James Miller, Avhose rank was not sufficient for the position. 
 Unable to remain himself with safety, he at once issued an order for General Kipley, 
 the senior officer, to take command ; and, returning to Buffalo, he established tliciv 
 the head-quarters of the Army of the Niagara, of which he now resumed coutiol. 
 Some of his officers followed him directly, and gave I'.im such assurance of the unpop- 
 ularity of Ripley with the army, and the dangers therefrom to be apprehended, tliiit, 
 though weak and suffering mucli, he returned to Fort Erie, and assumed tiie com- 
 mand in person. 
 
 The fort was still closely invested, and Brown perceived that peril was impend- 
 
 i Ou on-i Bide of the medpl is the bust, name, and title of General Gaines, i od on the other a flprnre of Victory slaiiit- 
 ini; ou a shield, under which is a flag and a halliert. She holds a palm branch In one hand, and with the other is plac- 
 ing a lanrf>l wreath on the end of a cannon which is staudinfr uprleht, its muzzle downward. Around it is n fcroll 
 Inscribed " erie." On one trunnion rests British colors, and from the other is snspetidcd a broadsword. By the (i* 
 of the cannon lies a howit/.cr, helmet, and balls. Behind the cannon is seen .1. halbert. Around the whole arc l!if 
 words "BEBOLexioN of uo.nubkbs, nove-mueb S, 1S14; and bulow, "uattlk of ebie, acqcbt 18, 1814." 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 837 
 
 en Commmul of the Army, 
 
 BrUlib Wurkii and Furt Eric. 
 
 Brown determineB on a Cortie. 
 
 Prcparatiuna fur It. 
 
 h\ at Port Talbot on 
 jlc property, such as 
 respc('tal)lc citizpiis 
 was a member of tliu 
 'air, but with sliaiue, 
 rare that these pages 
 
 Btruggle, and durini! 
 
 ach received and oiv- 
 
 \<r of their respective 
 
 even heavy guns, and 
 
 ) received re-eiiforcc- 
 
 w batteries he opened 
 
 compelling the Amei- 
 
 t, he threw hot shot, 
 
 h ; and finally, on the 
 
 yed his writinji-ilesk, 
 
 impelled to rclinquisli 
 
 it, he became exceed- 
 lie hastened to Unf- 
 ile found the garrison 
 
 ;icnt for the position. 
 
 M- for General Ripley, 
 I, ho established tlien 
 liow resumed control. 
 Isuraiice of the unpop- 
 Ibe apprehended, tliiit, 
 
 nd assumed the com- 
 
 Ut peril was impend- 
 
 Ittier ft flpnir" of Victory stand- 
 liid, iind witli tlic ottior Is plnc- 
 liwftril. Arinmd it is n fcroll. 
 Id ft broadsword. By the Mf 
 Around tlic wliolc are lli* 
 IsT 16, 1814." 
 
 ing. The British camp was in a field encircled by woods, two miles from their 
 works, beyond the range of shot and shell from the fort or lihu-k Rock. Tiie army 
 was divided into three brigades of from twelve to fifteen hundred men each; and 
 one of these, daily relieved by another, was constantly at the works, with artillery. 
 These works had now been advanced to within .uiir or five hundred yards of the old 
 fort, and at that distance two batteries had already been completed, and a third, from 
 which almost certain destruction might be hurled, was nearly finished. Ibown saw 
 iliis impending danger, and took measures to avert it. Circumstances were favor- 
 able. Heavy and continuous rains had flooded the country for several days. Drum- 
 inond's camp was on low, marshy ground ; and stragglers from it, who bad been 
 picked up by the American jiickets and deserters, informed IJrown that the Ibitish 
 force was so much weakened by typhoid fever that the lieutenant general' was con- 
 lemiilating a removal of the camp to some healthier position. So broken was bis 
 power by camp sickness that tor several days he had been unable to make an offensive 
 movement. 
 
 Now was Brown's golden opportunity, and he improved it. A sortie was planned, 
 and the time appointed for its execution the morning of the I7th of September. He 
 resolved, as he said, " to storm the batteries, destroy the cannon, and roughly bandit.' 
 the brigade upon duty before those in reserve [at the campl could be brought into 
 action."' His preparations Avere made a ith great secrecy. Va knew the hazards of 
 the enterprise, and desired the full co-operation of his oflicers. He sounded their opin- 
 ions as well as he might without fully disclosing his designs. They were not in con- 
 sonance with his own ; and he made his preparations in a manner to conceal his in- 
 tentions from the army until all should be in readiness, for he determined to attempt 
 tlie bold design as soon as Porter should join him with his militia re-enforcements.^ 
 These came, two thousand strong, and on the morning of the 17th the commanding 
 general explained his plans to Ciencral Ripley (his second in command), bis adjutant 
 ffeneial, and engineers. All evinced a desire for hearty co-operation excepting Gen- 
 eral liii)ley, who considered the enterprise a hopeless one, and desired to have noth- 
 in<; to do with it.^ 
 
 Toward noon Brown's sallying troops were in motion in the friendly and fortunate 
 ol)scurity of a thick fog. They were separated into three corps. One, under General 
 I'orter, and composed of his Volunteers, under the immediate command of jNIajor Gen- 
 eral Davis, of the New York militia: detachments from the First and Fourth Rifle 
 Regiments, undei* Colonel Gibson; detachments from ttie Twenty-first and Twenty- 
 tliiid Infantry, and a few dismounted dragoons acting as infantry, under JNIajor Wood, 
 of the Engineers, was directed to move from the extreme left of the American camp, 
 by a circuitous route, through the woods (which had been stealthily marked and pre- 
 pared by Lieutenants Riddle and I'Vazei-), of the Fifteenth Infantry, to within pistol- 
 shot distance of the enemy's right wing, and attack the British right flank. The sec- 
 ond division, composed of fragments of the Ninth, Eleventh, and Nineteenth Regi- 
 
 ' fldierol Brown's Letter to ttic Secrctnry of War, Scptpml)cr 29, 1S14. 
 
 ■ The council of oflicers was licld on tlic 9th. Major Jesnp, tiien recovering from liis wounds, was at Bnffalo, and 
 ivis iuvited to participate in the conference. The lalcc was so rough that he did not get over until after the meeting 
 h:ul broken up. " General Brown," says Jcsup in his manuscript Memoir, etc., " was evidently much (lisai)pointed at 
 ilif rcsull, of the conncil. In the course of the evening he expressed himself with great warmth in regard to his disap- 
 lirinlmcnt, and in relation to some of the oflicers who had been present at the council. But he added, in a manner pe- 
 culiarly emphatic, ' Wo must keep our own counsels ; the imp^e^<«ion must be made that we are done with the afl'air : 
 luit.iw mire a/t there in a God in heaven, the eiiem;i nhall lie attacked in hin workn, ami beaten too, ax noon an aV the rolunteem 
 >*«(( harejmnned over I' " " Prom this time," says the -manuscript Mmiorandum already quoted, " the major general 
 atied niul spoke as though he relied for safety on the defense of his camp ; and, to confirm this opinion in tlie army, he 
 look measures to floor the tents, and in every way to improve the condition of his forces in quarters, as if they were to 
 reniaia stationary for ft long time." lie sent spies, asdeserters, to the British camp to give information of these move- 
 mpnle in tlie American camp : and so adroitly was the whole afliilr managed, that a spy was sent on the dry of the sor- 
 tip,.nt the very honr when the American forces moved, and was received by the British without snsplcion. 
 
 ' "General Ripley contented himself with saying that the enterprise was a hopeless one, and he should be well sat- 
 Isfled to escape from the disgrace which, in his Judgment, would fall upon all engaged iu it."— Brown's Manuscript Mem- 
 vmndum, etc. 
 
888 
 
 PICTOUI AL !• I KI.D-HOOK 
 
 BriUaat SnccesR of Uenoral Torter, 
 
 Death ofvalukblo UBtcen. 
 
 Blogrnphlcal Sketch ut I'oricr 
 
 inentH (the flrHt conimaii<U'rt by Lieutenant Colonel Aspinwiill, and the last \>y Miijin 
 Trinil)l('), under James Miller (who had been breveted u brit,'iiilier t^enenil threi iIhvs 
 before for his gallantry in the liattle of Niajjjara Kails), was ordered to move I'r. imi,,. 
 riijht by way of a ravine between Fort Erie and the enemy's batteries, and attm ' ilu. 
 British centre. The remainder of tiiu Twenty-tirst Kej^iment, eominanded by (iincnil 
 
 JJijtley, was posted as a reserve near the 
 fort, and out of sight of the eneniyV 
 works. 
 
 General Porter' and his comiiiaml 
 moved from the eneanipment at noon, 
 and, followincj Lieutenants Hiddlc and 
 Fra/.er through tiie woods, readied u 
 position within a few rods of the Hilt. 
 ish right wing at a quarter before time 
 o'eloek, before their movement was eviii 
 suspected by the enemy. An assuuli 
 was immedi.'itely commeneiil. It was a 
 eomplete surprise, and the startled en- 
 emy on that flank fell back and left the 
 Atnerieans in ])ossession of the groniMJ. 
 The 1)atterie8 Nos. 3 and 4 were imin.- 
 diately stormed, and, after a (dose ami 
 tierce contest for about thirty minutes, 
 both were carried. This triuni])li m^ 
 " ^'^~^ — 'yPv C^ ,^ — followed by the capture of the bloekdinuse 
 
 yt^OC^X/^J . yaTL.^<^.yi^ i„ the rear of No. 3. The garrison were 
 
 •' \ ' made prisoners, the cannon and carriages 
 
 were destroyed, and the magazine blown up. Porter's victory Avas complete, hut it 
 was obtained at a fearful cost. His three ])rineipal leaders, namely. General Davis, 
 CJolonel (Jibson, and I^ieutenant Coloiiel Wood, all iidl mortally wounded; and the 
 commands of the two latter officers devolved respectively on Lieutenant Colonel 
 M'Donald and IVfajor Hrooks. 
 
 I Peter Bnel Porter was Ixirii in Snllsbury, Connecticnf, on the 14th of Angii§t, 1773. lie wns grndmited at Yale Col- 
 leije with hlfjh honorH, Rtiulled liiw, and ciitcreil upon its practice in his native town. He removed to Wcslorn Xen 
 Yorlt in 17!I5, was elected to l'on),'rc88 In 180S, and in that body, as we have oliscrvcd (page 212), he became prdniincni 
 as a supporter of the administration, and eoiispicuouH as a member of tlie Committee on Foreign Reiatioiin when 
 the country was approacliiiifj a war with Kii)jland. His residonee was at Black Rock, near Iliitraio, on tlic Niaspra 
 Kiver, when tlie war broke out, and he at (nice engaged In the military service of his country. lie was appointed hv 
 Governor Tompkins Major Oeneral of New York Volnntecrs in July, IHI'i, and In that capacity he performed dgiial 
 service for his country during that and the succeeding year, as our record in the text attests. In 1815 he was again 
 elected to Congress, and was appointed a commissioner to 
 run the bonndary-line between the United States and Can- 
 i.drt. He remained In public life much of the time until 
 182!), when, having served a year in J. Q. Adams's Cabinet 
 as Secretary of War, he left government employment for 
 the quiet of private life. He possessed large estates on 
 the Niagara frontier, and the wealth accumulated thereby 
 !3 now enjoyed by his descendants. His name and serv- 
 ices are identified with the growth and prosperity of West- 
 ern New Y'ork. lie died at bis residence at Niagara Falls 
 on the 20th of March, 1844, In the seveuty-flrst year of his 
 age. Ills remains rest in a quiet cemetery there, under :i 
 beautiful monument, mi which Is the following Inscription : 
 " Peteii Buki. PoKTEn, a i)loneer in Western New Y'ork ; 
 n statesman eminent in tlic annals of the nation and the 
 state: a general in the armies of America, defending in 
 the tleld what be bad maintained in the conncll. Born In 
 Salisbury, (Jonnccticut, August 14, 1773. Died at Niagara 
 Tails, March 2(), 1844, known and mourned throughout that 
 extensive region which he bad been among the foremost 
 to explore and to defend." I am indebted to the pencil 
 of bis son, the late Colonel Peter Augustna Porter, lor 
 the accompauylug sketch of the mouumeut. 
 
 rOBTEHS TOMll. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 igrniihlcnl Sketch uf formr 
 
 1(1 llic liiwt l>y Major 
 rgi'iu'riil tlirci ilavs 
 tul to move IVniu tile 
 iM-ics, mill aU;ii ' tlw 
 umsuuk'tl l)y (uiieral 
 aa a reserve near tlic 
 <'ht of the enemy's 
 
 and Ilia cotniiiand 
 iicanipiiu'nt :it ihmmi, 
 utenaiitH Itidille ami 
 le woods, readied u 
 few rodrt of tlic Uiit- 
 
 I (juarter hel'ore llinc 
 r movement was even 
 
 enemy. An asHmili 
 lommenctil. Itwasii 
 , and the startled cm- 
 
 lell back and lii't the 
 session of llio grouiiil 
 i. 3 and 4 were in\im- 
 vnd, after a elosc and 
 about thirty miimtis, 
 i. This triuin])li \v;b 
 ire of the bloek-lieusi' 
 . The garrison won 
 cannon and carriages 
 f was complete, hut it 
 
 amely, General Davis, 
 
 II y wounded; and the 
 jn Lieutenant Colond 
 
 IIo wn8 grndmitcd at Yule Col 
 
 llo removed to Western New 
 
 iii^e 'il'i), lie becftmc pniminral 
 
 (in Foreign Uclmions when 
 
 k, near lluflalo, on the Niagara 
 
 iiimtry. Ho was appointed by 
 
 |t capiicity lie performoa signal 
 
 attests. In 1818 he was again 
 
 Plan ofSlrgc und Dafttutl brVbrt Xrte. 
 
 Triumph of IDDir ifld Vfihtm. 
 
 Esri.ANATioN oi» THE AiiovK Map.— A, old Fort Eric ; n, a, demi-hnctions ; 6, u ravelin, anil r, <•, block-hou.-.eH. These 
 were all built by th,8 British previous to its capture at the beginning of July, rf, d, bastlouB built by the Americans uur- 
 iiig the siege ; f, c, a redoubt built for the security of the deinl-bastlons, a, a. 
 
 B, the American camp, secured on the right by the line ;/, the Douglrss Battery, f, and Fort Erie ; on the left, and In 
 front, by the lines/,/,/, and batteries on the extreme right and left of them. That on the right, immediately under the 
 lotlen. in the words t.kvei. plain, is Towson's; ft, ft, etc., camp traverses ; »i, nwiin traverse; o, magazine traverse, cov- 
 irias also the head-quarters of General Oaincs ; i>, hospital traverse ; 17, grand parade and provost-guard traverse ; r, 
 General Brown's head-quarters; «, a drain ; t, road from Chippewa up the lake. 
 
 C, the encampment of Volunteers outside of the Intreiichments, who joined the army a few days before the sortie. 
 
 D, D, the British works. 1, 2, 3, their first, second, and third batt.'ry. r, the route of Porter, with the left column, to 
 attack tl' ritish right flank on the 17th ; x, the ravine, and route of Miller's command. 
 
 I am iiii...uted to the late Chief Engineer General Joseph G. Totten for the manuscript map of which this is a copy. 
 
 In the mean time, General Miller, aided by the gallant T^ieiitenant Colonel ITphara, 
 liad executed his orders well. He penetrated between the British first and second bat- 
 teries, and, by the aid of Porter's successful oj)eration8, carried them both, and block- 
 
EJl 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT 3) 
 
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 l^lul 12.5 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEttSTER.N.Y. 14510 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 1 1' 
 
 FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Result of the Sortie at Fort Erie. 
 
 The Hopes of ttie British blasted. 
 
 The American People •nsjjlrited. 
 
 houses in the rear. One was abandoned before the assailants reached it. Within 
 forty minutes after the attack commenced by Porter and Miller, four batteries, two 
 block-houses, and the whole line of British intrenchments were in the possession of 
 the Americans. Just after the explosion of the magazine, and at near the close of 
 the action. General Ripley was ordered up with his little band of reserves, and while 
 engaged in observations he received such a severe and dangerous wound in the neck 
 that he fell to the ground. His aid. Lieutenant Kirby, caused him to be removed to 
 the fort, and the command of the reserves was given to Lieutenant Colonel Upham. 
 Notwithstanding Drumraond sent strong re-enforcements from his camp to the 
 imperiled British line of action, the object of the eortie was fully accomplished. The 
 British advanced works were captured and destroyed, and Fort Erie was saved, with 
 Buffalo and the public stores on that frontier, and possibly all Western New York.' 
 In this memorable sortie the Americans lost almost eighty killed, and more than 
 four hundred wounded and missing. The loss of the British in llilled, wounded, aud 
 missing was about five hundred, exclusive of three hundred and eighty-five who were 
 made prisoners, "Thus," said General Brown, in his letter to the Secretary of War 
 twelve days afterward, " one thousand regulars, and an equal portion of militia, in 
 one hour of close action, blasted the hopes of the enemy, destroyed the fruits of fifty 
 days' labor, and diminished his effective force one thousand men at least." 
 
 The " hopes oi the enemy" were indeed " blasted ;" and, after hastily collecting 
 his scattered forces, Drummond broke up his encampment on the night of the 21st, 
 &nd retired to Riall's old and partially demolished intrenchments behind Chippewa 
 Creek. So sudden and precipitate was his flight that he abandoned some of his 
 stores in front of Fort Erie, and destroyed others at Frenchman's Creek, on the line 
 of his retreat. It has been said, in praise of British courage and pugnacity, that thev 
 " never know Avhen they are whipped," and such seems to have been the case in the 
 present instance, for General L. De Watteville, writing in the camp two days af^er 
 the action, spoke of the " repulse of the Americans at every point ;"'* and General 
 Drummond, in a later dispatch, also spoke of a " repulse of an American army of live 
 thousand men by an inconsiderable number of British troops."' 
 
 This victory, following so soon those at Chippewa aud Niagara Falls, and occur- 
 ring so nearly simultaneously with the glorious one on land and water at Plattsburg, 
 and the expulsion of the enemy from before Baltimore, diffused unusual joy through- 
 out the country, and dispelled, in a measure, the gloom which had oversprc.id the whole 
 
 larid because of the capture of t o national 
 capital by the British less than a month before.' 
 General Brown, in his official report of the 
 affair,* gave a generous list of • September w, 
 heroes, with allusions to their ^^"' 
 
 gallant deeds," and the loyal public hastened 
 
 WOODS MONDHEMT. 
 
 ' Mnjor Jesnp, in his MS. Memoir, etc., says: "The sortie 
 from Fort Erie was by far the most splendid achievement of 
 the campaign, whether we consider the boldness of the concep- 
 tion, the excellence of the plaii, or the ability of the exccutioD. 
 No event in military history, on the same scale, has ever wr- 
 passed it. The whole credit is due to General Brown. The 
 writer was in a e'tuatlon to know that the conception, plan, and 
 execution were all his own." 
 
 » L. De Watteville to General Drnramond, Septembe. 10, 1814. 
 
 ' Thomson's Wntorival Sketches of the late War, page W. 
 
 * See Chapter XXXIX. 
 
 » General Brown •'poke In terms of warm enlogy of Me en- 
 gineers M'Ree and Wood. "No two afHcers of the grade," he 
 said, " could have contributed more to the safety and honor of 
 this army. Wood, brave, generous, and enterprising, died a« 
 he had lived, without a feeling but for the honor of his country 
 and glory o/her arms. His name and example will live to guide 
 the soldier iu the path of duty so long as tme heroism is held 
 
ii^llffi 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 841 
 
 imerlcan People tinplrited. 
 
 •cached it. Within 
 , foal- batteries, two 
 n the possession of 
 It near the close of 
 f reserves, and whik' 
 8 wound in the neck 
 im to be removed to 
 mt Colonel Upham. 
 )m his camp to the 
 accomplished. The 
 Erie was saved, with 
 t^estern New York.^ 
 :illed, and more than 
 billed, wounded, ami 
 eighty-five who were 
 the Secretary of War 
 portion of militia, in 
 yed the fruits of fifty 
 a at least." 
 ter hastily collecting 
 the night of the 21st, 
 !nts behind Chippewa 
 aandoned some of his 
 m's Creek, on the lino 
 d pugnacity, that they 
 c been the case in the 
 camp two days af^er 
 point -P and General 
 merican army of five 
 
 [gara Falls, and occur- 
 water at Plattshurg, 
 unusual joy through- 
 
 , overspread the whole 
 
 ipture of to national 
 ^s than a month Vefore/ 
 [is official report of the 
 
 IS list of •September!!?, 
 ^, . 1814. 
 
 to their 
 
 loyal public hastened 
 
 Lnofr.etcsnyB: "The ^ 
 
 Imoat splendid achievement o( 
 
 Ider the boldnesB of the concep- 
 
 Tor the ability of the exccntloo. 
 
 1 the same scale, has ever wr- 
 
 ; due to General Brown. The 
 
 » that the conception, plan, "h" 
 
 ,Dmmmond,Scptembe.l»,16W. 
 |e8 of the late War, page .W. 
 
 ims of warm enlogy of his «• 
 |o two officers of the grade, he 
 lore to the safety and h.mor of 
 
 Ions, and enterprising, died as 
 Lt for the honor of his counry 
 
 Land ««.".}* will live tog* 
 
 Iso long as trae heroism is hcM 
 
 Honors awarded to Qeneral Brown. The Freedom of the City of New York cuuferied on him. The Certificate, etc. 
 
 to honor thero individually and collectively. The national Congress, by a resolu- 
 tion, approved by the President of the Republic on the 3d of November," 
 awarded the thanks of the nation and a gold medal, with suitable devices, to 
 each of the general officers.' To General Brown, of whom it has been truthfully said 
 
 OBKEBAL BBOWm'b MKDAI.. 
 
 that " no enterprise undertaken by him ever failed,'"^ the Corporation of the City of 
 New York gave him the honorary privilege of the freedom of the city in a gold box ;^ 
 
 in estimation." The general not only admired Wood as a soldier, bnt loved him as a A-iend; and lie caused a hand- 
 fome marble monument to be erected at West Point (see opposite page) in his memory, with the following inscription 
 npoD it : 
 
 Xorth Side: " To the memory of Lieutenant Colonel E. D. Wood, of the corps of Engineers, who fell while leading 
 a charge at the sortie of Fort Erie, Upper Canada, 17th September, 1814, in the thirty-flrst year of his age." ffeat Side : 
 "He was exemplary as a Cliristian, and distinguished as a soldier." South Side: "A pupil of this institution, he died 
 an honor to his country." Most Side: " This memorial was erected by bU frltud and commander. Major Qeneral Jacob 
 Brown." * 
 
 On the uneven liorth slope of West Point, near the Laboratory Buildings, this monoment is seen, upon a grassy knoll, 
 eliooting up from a cluster of dark evergreen trees. 
 
 1 On one side of the commanding general's medal is the bust and name of Major General Brown. On the other the 
 Roman fisccs. Indicative of the Union, the top encircled with a laurol wreath, from which arc suspended three tablets 
 tearing the inscriptions ouippkwa, niaqaba, and ebie, surrounded by three stands of British colors. Below is seen a 
 mortar, cauuon-balls, and bomb-shells, a:. a in front of all is the American eagle with wiu,;s outspread as if about to soar. 
 Below tliLse are the names and dates of the above battles. 
 
 » See Mnmirs qftM QeneraU and Comviodoree, and other Commanderi, etc., of the American Army and Navy, by Thomas 
 Wyatt, A.M., page 133. 
 
 ' The certificate of tho*. freedom and the gold box with 
 wlilch it was presented arc in the possession of his widow, 
 yet (18u7) living. The box, delineated in the engraving, is 
 of fine gold, elliptical In form, three inches in length, two 
 and a half in width, and three fourths of nn Inch In depth. 
 On the under sldo of th>.' lid is the following inscription: 
 "The Corporation of the City of New York to Major Qcn- 
 ersJ Jacob Brown, in testimony of the high sense they enter 
 tain of his valor and skill in defeating the British forces, su- 
 perior in number, at the battles of Chippewa and Bridgewa- 
 ter,on the 6th and 26th of July, 1814." 
 
 The following is a copy of the certificate, or diploma <en- 
 •Irely exocuted with a pen), giving General Brown the free- 
 ilom of the city of New York. At the head is a fancy design 
 of the battle of Chippewa, and then the word" : 
 
 "To all to whom these presents shall come, De Witt Clin- 
 ton, Esq., Mayor, and the Aldermen of the City of New York, 
 rend greeting : At a meeting of the Common Council, held 
 at the Common Council Chamber in the City Hall of the City 
 of New York, the following resolutions were unanimously 
 agreed to : 
 
 "'Whereas the Corporation* of the city entertains the most 
 lively eenee of the late brilliant achievements of Qeneral Jacob Brown on the Niagara frontier, consi(<8rtng them as 
 
 • Bere is inserted a device of a spread eagle In the middle ; an ancient war-chariot on the right j cannon, flag, and 
 dram on the left. 
 
 ORNKRAI. UBOWM B 00U> BOX, 
 
 l^l 
 
 'H 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
\'i'\ 
 
 mi 
 
 842 
 
 PICTCBIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Medal awarded to Generals Porter and Ripley by Congress. 
 
 Ripley honored by Gifts from several States. 
 
 not long after the National Congress voted him a medal. An elegant sword was 
 also presented to him by Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of the State of New York, in 
 the name of that commonwealth.' 
 
 To Generals Porter''* and Ripley,^ as well as to Scott, Gaines, and Miller, as we liave 
 already observed, the National Congress awarded the thanks of the nation, and a gift 
 ^»- __ of a gold medal to each ; and to Ripley the States of New 
 
 L^t Ci/t/iy^'M.''^ York, Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Georgia each 
 ^ ^ gave expression of approbation, and visible honorary to- 
 kens of their appreciation of his services. The spirits of all the general officers in 
 
 OENKBAL POBTEB'b MEDAL. 
 
 proud evidences of the skill and intrepidity of the hero of Chippewa and his brave companions in arms, and affording 
 ample proof of the suporior valor of our hardy farmers over the veteran legions of the enemy, 
 
 " ' Resolved, That, as a tribute of respect to a gallant officer' and his intrepid associates, who have added such Instre 
 to our arms, the freedom of the city of New York be presented to General Jacob Brown, that his portrait be obtained 
 and placed iu the gallery of portraits belonging to this city.t and that the thanks of this Corporation be tendered to the 
 officers and men under his command.' 
 " Know ye that Jacob Brown, Esquire, is admitted and allowed a freeman and a citizen of the said city, to have, to 
 hold, to use, and enjoy the freedom of the city, together with all the benefits, privileges, 
 franchises, and immunities whatsoever granted or belonging to the saiu city. 
 " By order of the Mayor and Aldermen. 
 " In testimony whereof the said Mayor and Aldermen have cansed the seal of the said city 
 to be hereunto affixed. 
 
 " (Witness), De Witt Clinton, Esquire, Mayor, the fourth day of February, in the year 
 of onr Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifteen, and of the Independence and Sover- 
 eignty of the United States the .SOth. 
 
 "J. MoETON, C'crk." 
 
 ' The following inscription is trpon the scabbard ; 
 
 " Presented by his Excellercy Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of the State of New York, pursuant to resolutions of the 
 Senate and Assembly of the said stnte, as a testimony of gratitude, to Major General Jacob Brown, for his eminent 
 services, and as a memorial of the repeated victories obtained by him over the enemies of his coun'ry." On the other 
 side, " Major General Jacob Brown, U. S. Army." 
 
 » On one side of Porter's medal is his bust in profile, name, and title, and on the other the figure of Victory, stand- 
 ing, 'aolrting in one hand a palm branch and wreath, and in the other three little flags, on which are the names respeot- 
 ively of eiiirpEWA, niaoaba, and eeie. Sitting near, the Muse of History is recording the events. Around are the 
 words " eesolution of oonobksb, November 8, 1S14," and below the names and dates of the three battles. 
 
 ' On one side of Ripley's medal is his bust, r.anie, and title in profile , and on the other a figure of Victory holding np 
 a tablet amf-.ig the branches of a palm-tree, inscribed with the words ouippewa, niaoaba, and ebie. In her right 
 hand, which is hanging by bar side, are seen a trumpet and a laurel wreath, and around the whole and below, the same 
 inscriptions as upon Porter's medal. 
 
 EieaTer Wheelock Ripley was bom in Hano^ er, New Hampshire, in 1T82, and was a grandson of the Rev. Dr. Whee- 
 lock(w) ose name be bore), the fbnnder of Dartmouth College. He was a lineal descendant of Miles Standish. Hewa.< 
 
 • Here is a monument with memorial nm. On one side a woman with a wreath, about to crown it ; on the other a 
 woman on one knee inscribing on the monument, and back o/ her a tent, 
 t This portrait, a copy of which may be seen on page 608, is in the Uovemor's Room In the City Hall, Wew York. , 
 
 |: 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 843 
 
 ly Gifts from eeveral States. 
 
 Bat few of the Army uf the Niagara now alive. 
 
 Two remarkable Survivors. 
 
 How they were wonnded. 
 
 ,6 caused the seal of the Bald cltj 
 
 OINEBAI. BtPLET'S MEDAL. 
 
 the Arniy of Niagara at that tir le, and of nearly all of the subordinate officers, h".v^ 
 passed away from earth, but their memories are clicrished with honor and affection. 
 And of all the rank and file of that army, whose existence as an organization ended 
 soon after the siege and defense of Fort Erie, very few remain among us, and these 
 are men "with the snow that never melts" upon their heads. Fifty-three yeais or 
 more have elapsed since they were there in arms for their country.' 
 Major Geneial George Izard, who was in command on Lake Champlain, having, as 
 
 educated at Dartmouth, and was graduated in the year 180O. He adopted law as a profession, and in 180T was elected 
 aracmber of the Massachusetts Legislature, he being a resident of Winslow, in that state. He succeeded the late Judge 
 Story as its speaker. He entered the army as lieutenant colonel of infantry in March, 1812. He rose to brigadier gen- 
 eral in the spring of 1814, and was breveted major general for his gallant conduct in the battle of Niagara. He was 
 severely wounded at Fort Erie, when he was removed to Buffalo. For three months his life was despaired of. He was 
 a brave, eltillful, and patriotic soldier. He did not do himself or his country justice on the Niagara frontier owing to 
 a very serious misunderstanding between himself and General Brown, which became an open quarrel after the war. 
 General Ripley was retained in the army at its reduction, but resigned in 1820. He became a resident of Louisiana, and 
 represented that state in Congress. He died at West Feliciana on the 2d of March, 18iiB, at the age of flfty-scveii years. 
 
 I Tliere are two survivors of that army yet (18CT) living with whom I have had correspondence, who are worthy of no- 
 tice here because of their remarkable escapes from death, having been wounded so desperately that no hope could have 
 been entertained of their recovery. Yet for over fifty years since they have lived as B'<eful members of society. I refer 
 to Robert White, of Morrlsson, Whiteside County, Illinois, and Jabez Fisk, mentioned in note 2, page 835, living near 
 Adrian, Michigan. The former had both arms shot off above the elbows, and the latter was shot through the neck and 
 cast upon a brush-heap as a dead man. White was wonnded on the evening of the 15th of Angust, Fisk during the sor- 
 tie on the 17th of September. " Just at twilight," says White, in a letter to a friend (Lorenzo D. Johnson), " as my arms 
 were extended in the act of lifting a vessel on the fire, a 24-pounder came booming over the ramparts and struck off 
 both my arms above my elbows! The blow struck me so numb that at first I did not know what had happened, and 
 liie dust and ashes raised by the force of the ball so filled my face that I could not see. My left arm, as I was subse- 
 quently informed, was carried from my body some two rods, and struck a man in his back with such force as nearly 
 brought him to the ground. This same shot tftok off the right arm of another soldier standing not far from me, and, 
 passing on to the other side of the encampment, killed three men ! It was the most destructive shot of any that the 
 enemy sent into onr works." 
 
 Fisk, who was \vith General Porter, says in a letter to me in May, 1803, " Immediately after attacking the block-house 
 General Porter was taken prisoner. The companies of Captains Harding [In which Fisk was] and Hall rushed forward 
 and retook him. In this manoeuvre I was shot through the neck. The ball passed between the windpipe and the gul- 
 let, cutting both. Passing obliquely it came out near the backbone. I fell as if dead. All appeared dark as midnight. 
 I was conscious, but thought I was dead and in the other world. I was thrown on a brush-heap, and shonld have found 
 a final resting-place in a mud-hole near by had not dolomon Westbrook, a member of our company, discovered and 
 laiien me to the fort.'"* 
 
 • When the surgeons dressed Mr. Fl ik's wounds they had no idea that he would survive until morning ; bnt he rap- 
 idly recovered. He wns taken to the i eneral hospital at Willlamsville, and then to Bntavin, where he was discharged, 
 ind, weak and penniless, started for hi i home in Tlogn County, New York. He worked and begged his way. He was 
 .ifterwiird pensioned, and received hou <ty-land. On the latter he settled, and now owns it. He was bom in Franklin 
 County, Massachusetts, and Is the son o, a Revolutionary soldier. His family moved to Albany in 1802, and soon aft- 
 erward fettled in Tiopt Connty. Ther; he enlisted ',n Coptaln Harding's company, under General Porter. He was 
 with the Army of the Niagara during f'lc entire campaign of 1814 until he was woimded. He was present when Gen- 
 eral Swift was shot at Port George, '..id assisted in carrying him back to Qneenston. " Every member of Captain Hard- 
 iiiE's company is in heaven," Mr /Isk writes in a letter to me In May, ISG), "excepting Solomon Westbrook and my- 
 self." He visited Mr. Westbrool , in the State of New York, In 1502. They had not met since the latter bore young 
 Fisk from the battle-field. Mr. I sk Is now nearly eighty years of age, and Is full of vigor of body and mind. 
 
 :is; 
 
11 i 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Robert White, an armlesa Soldier. 
 
 Qeneral Izard sends Troops to the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 i 
 
 ' I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 ■■( 
 
 •i ' ^ 
 
 !■ fjiHf 
 
 .1 1 
 
 -* 
 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 ['- 
 
 ■■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 iv 
 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 .-. — , i. 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 -t'l 
 
 r 1 i|,i' 
 
 '■i 
 J 
 
 F' J ' 
 
 
 V 
 
 he believed, a competent force to protect that frontier, moved toward Sackett's Har- 
 bor early in September, under the direction of the Secretary of War, with about four 
 thousand troops, either to divert the British from their evident purpose of heavily 
 re-enforcing Drummond, by menacing Kingston and the St. Lawrence communica- 
 tion with Montreal, or moving on to the aid of General Brown. At the Harbor lie 
 received a letter from the laitei', dated the 10th of September,* stating the ef- 
 fective force on the Niagara frontier to be not much more than two thousaiid 
 men, and urging him to move on with his troops and form a junction with the Array 
 of the Niagara at Buffalo. Porter, be said, would probably raise three thousand vol 
 unteer recruits ; but, said he, " I will not conceal from you that I consider the fatt 
 of this army very doubtful unless speedy relief is afforded." 
 Izard's division arrived at Sackett's Harbor on the very day of the successful sor- 
 tie at Fort Erie,'' and at the same time he received a dispatch from Gen. 
 eral Macomb giving an inspiriting account of the repulse of the British 
 from Plattsburg. He at once resolved to move westward, and on the 2l8t he em- 
 barked on Chauncey's fleet twenty-five hundred infantry, at the same time directing 
 his mounted and dismounted dragoons and light artillery to move by land by way 
 of Onondaga. 
 
 ' September IT. 
 
 White was then about twenty years of age. His vounda 
 were dressed by the late Dr. Simon Hunt,* of Rochester, 
 New York, and a week afterward be was taker to Buffalo 
 nud placed in the care of Jeremiah Johnson, who . ;aa then 
 in charge of the hospital at that place. That kind-hearted 
 gentleman nursed him tenderly and became his benefac- 
 tor, and be was chiefly instrumental in procuring for the 
 maimed young soldier a generous life-pension of four hand- 
 red and eighty dollars a year. After the war he settled in 
 Vermont and married the widowed daughter of Mr. John- 
 son (whose young husband was killed at Fort Erie), who 
 is still (1867) his excellent companion. They are the pa- 
 rents of a large family, ail of whom are ueefUl members 
 of society in the West. Three of their sons are eminent 
 ministers of the Gospel. 
 
 Mr. White contrived on opparatus, composed of a pen 
 fixed In a triangular piece of wood, by which, holding it 
 between his teeth, he was soon enabled to write not only 
 with facility, but with remarkable clearness. His penman- 
 ship failed in excellence only when he lost his teeth. I 
 give below a fac-slmlle of a part of a note written to me in 
 March, 1800, and a part of a letter written twenty years be- 
 fore, to which he alludes. He has always worn tin arms and 
 bands, so that, with long-sleeved coats, a stranger would 
 not detect his mutilation. The engraving was made from 
 a daguerreotype kindly procured for rae by L. D. Johnson, 
 Esq., of Washington City, son of the benefactor of Mr. 
 White already mentioned. 
 
 BOUEET WHITE. 
 
 
 FAC-siMii.R OR white's wbitino im 1840 Ann 1800. 
 
 * Doctor Hnnt »~.8 a pioneer settler at Rochester, where he lived fifty-three years as a practicing physician, lie died 
 on the I2tb of April, 1864, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 846 
 
 pg to the Niagara Frontier. 
 
 ^ Jy^. 
 
 npr^otlclngphy»lelftn- Ucdlcd 
 
 Icard takes Comi-»nd of the Army of ine Niagara. He asanmen the oirenstvc. BIssell'B Victory at Lyon'a Creek. 
 
 Izard and his infantry reached tlie Genesee River on the 21st, where they dis- 
 embarked the next day, TJiey could 
 not commence their march until the 
 24th, \\\\KV. they moved slowly, it being 
 ■wilderness most of the way, and heavy 
 rains were falling. They finally arrived 
 at Lewiston on the 6th of October ; and 
 80 unexpected was their appearance to 
 the enemy that, if they could have pro- 
 cured boats, they might have surprised 
 and captured a British battalion at 
 Queenston. On that evening Izard was 
 visited by Generals Brown and Porter. 
 His design was to attack Fort Niagara, 
 but it was agreed to form a junction of 
 the two armies southward of Chippewa. 
 Izard moved np to Black Rock, crossed 
 there on the 10th and 11th, and en- 
 camped two miles north of Fort Erie. 
 Ranking General Brown, he assumed 
 chief command of the combined forces, 
 and the latter retired to his old post at 
 Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 General Izard was soon in command 
 of almost eight thousand troops, and prepared to march upon Drummond. Leaving 
 Lieutenant Colonel Hindman and a sufficient garrison to hold Fort Erie, he moved 
 with his array toward Chippewa, and vainly endeavored to draw the enemy out. lie 
 was informed that there was a considerable quantity of grain belonging to the Brit- 
 ish at Cook's Mill, on Lyon's Creek, and on the morning of the 1 8th of October he 
 sent General Bissell, with about nine hundred of his own brigade, a company of rifle- 
 men under Captain Irvine, and a squadron of dragoons commanded by Captain An- 
 spaugh, with instructions to capture or destroy it. They reached the vicinity of 
 the mill that night, and encamped. Two companies, under Captain Dorman and Lieu- 
 tennnt Horrel, with Irvine's riflemen, were sent across the creek as pickets for the se- 
 curity of the main body, and Lieutenant Gassaway,^ at the head of a small party, was 
 posted still more in advance, on the Chippewa Road. At midnight a detachment of 
 Glengary infantry attacked these pickets, and were repulsed ; and early in the morn- 
 ing Colonel Murray, with detachments from three regular regiments, the Glengary 
 infantry, some dragoons and rocketeers, and a field-piece, renewed the attack. For 
 fifteen minutes these gallant few of Bissell's men maintained their ground, when his 
 main body came up to their support. Colonel Pinckney, with his Fifth Regiment, 
 was ordered to turn the right flank of the enemy, and cit ofl^ his field-piece, while 
 Major Barnard advanced in front with instructions to make free use of the bayonet. 
 These orders were quickly and eflectively carried into execution, and, after some very 
 sharp fighting by both parties, the British fell back in confusion and .led, leaving their 
 killed and many of their wounded in the field, with a few prisoners. The fugitives 
 were pursued some distance, when Bissell called back his men. The British fled to 
 the main camp at Chippewa, and the Americans destroyed about two hundred bush- 
 els of wheat at the mill. The loss of the former was not exactly ascertained, but 
 is supposed to have been about one hundred and fifly in killed, wounded, and prison- 
 ers. The Americans lost twelve killed, fifty-four wounded, including five officers, and 
 one man mad - prisoner. Satisfied that he could not withstand the increased power 
 I Jubn Oaseaway was a native of Maryland, and oerred with honor during the whole war. 
 

 •■rv 
 
 HI 
 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Furt Erie blowD up. Disposition of tlie Troopa. Commodore Cliamplln. 
 
 of the Aiiny of Niagara, phy»ically and morally, Druramond now fell back to Fort 
 George and Burlington Heights.' 
 
 General Izard clearly perceived that farther offensive operations on the peninsula 
 so lato in the season would be imprudent, and perhaps extremely perilous to lils 
 army. He fell back from Street's Creek to the Black Rock Ferry. Soon afterward 
 the whole army crossed to the American side and abandoned Canada. General Win- 
 der, who had lately arrived from Baltimore, led General Brown's infantry to Sack- 
 ett's Harbor. About a thousand men were sent to Grcenbush, opposite Albany, on 
 the Hudson ; some of the troops commenced the erection of huts for winter quarteni, 
 and the remainder, excepting the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Regiments under Gen- 
 eral Miller, who went to Erie, were cantoned in that vicinity.^ Knowing Fort Erie 
 to be of little service, Izard, after consulting Major Totten, of the Engineers, and oth- 
 ers, caused it to be mined, and on the 6th of November it Avas blown np and laid iu 
 ruins. So it has remained until now.' 
 
 KUIN8 OF rOBT EBIE, 1860. 
 
 I was at Fort Erie and other distinguished places near, and in Buffalo, a day or two 
 before I visited the battle-grounds of Chippewa and Niagara in August, 1 860. It was 
 my good fortune to have the company, on that occasion, of the venerable and war- 
 scarred soldier of 1812, Captain (now Commodore) Stephen Charaplin, of the U.'iitcd 
 States Navy, whose gallant exploits on Lake Erie with the brave Perry have been 
 already recorded in this work.* When he learned my errand he seemed to forget his 
 painful wound, unhealed since he received it in the naval service in 1814, and, order- 
 
 1 General Izard's Official Correspondence, page 101 ; Genera! Bissell's Beport to General Izard, October 22, 1814; Ii- 
 ard's General Order, October 2a, 1S14. 
 
 > To cover and protect the stores at Bntavia, Major Helms was stationed there with a battalion of dismonntcd dra- 
 goons. Lieutenant Colonel Enstls, witb a battalion of light artillery, was stationed at Willlamsvllle to gnard the er 
 tensive hospital there. Colonel Ball's sqnadron of dragoons were stationed on the Genesee River, near the villafrcol 
 Avon, for the convenience of forage ; and the whole of the remaining infantry were cantoned on the margin of the wi- 
 ter between Buffalo and Black Rock.— Izard'e Letter to the Secretary of War, November 26, 1814. 
 
 ' Our engraving shows the appearance of the ruins of Fort Erie from Towson's Battery on the sonthweatem angle, 
 looking toward Buffalo, which is seen in the extreme distance toward the right. The woter in the foreground Is in thf 
 ditch. This was its appearance when I visited the spot in 1860. The main portion of the ruins, 'seen toward the n!:lii. 
 w'th windows, Is that of the mess-house built by the British. This was not fortified by them, hut was intrenched by Iht 
 Avnericans. On the left is seen the riitos of the magazine, between which and the met s-honse a portion of Bufalo ap- 
 pears. Jnst back of Towson's Battery, a part of which U seen in the foregroimd on the kft, Lieutenant Colouel DrniU' 
 mond and others were buried. 
 
 « See Chapter XXIV., and his portrait and biography on page 628. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 847 
 
 Commodore Champlln. 
 
 (V fell back to Fort 
 
 ns on the peninsula 
 lely perilous to \m 
 •y. Soon afterward 
 lada. General Win- 
 's infantry to Sack- 
 opposite Albany, on 
 1 for winter qiiarteri*, 
 egiments under (Icn- 
 Knowing Fort Erio 
 e Engineers, and oth- 
 blown up and laid in 
 
 In Buffalo, a day or two 
 \i August, 1860. It was 
 [be venerable and war- 
 kamplin, of the United 
 Lrave Perry ha\el)ecii 
 |he seemed to forget his 
 ace in 1814, and, order- 
 
 \xer%\ Uftrd, October 22, 1814; U- 
 
 It a battalion of dismounted dra- 
 ft WilllamBvUle to guard the ex- 
 lenesec River, near the vlUapeoi 
 Intoned on the margin of the wJ- 
 ler 26, 1814. 
 
 Ittery on the sonthwestcm angle. 
 1 water in the foreground is in tbf 
 Vthe nilns,-8een toward tlicneht. 
 I them, but was Intrenched Ijyihe 
 tfs-houBe a portion of Buffalo ap- 
 Ee left. Lieutenant Colonel Drnm- 
 
 lOUT KBIE M11.1.H, FOKT KUIE. 
 
 VUitto Fort Krie and historic Places In and near Buffalo. Veteran* of the War In that City. Forent Lawn Cemetery. 
 
 ing his light carriage, he took mo to every jilaco of interest to the historian, the stu- 
 dent, and the stranger, 
 
 Wc finst rode to F'ort Eric, crossing the head of the swift-flowing Niagara River from 
 the Frontier Mills at the old Black Rock Ferry to tlie village of F'ort Erie, which was 
 once called Waterloo. Tlic ruins of the fort are some distance up tlie Canada slittre 
 from the village. On our way we passed old Fort Erie Miil, on the margin of tiic 
 foot of the lake, which 
 
 stood there during the ,.= 
 
 war, as many scars and 
 ball-holes still in its clap- 
 boards fully attest. On 
 the left of the mill, delin- 
 eated in the engraving, 
 across the river, upon a 
 high bank, is seen F'ort 
 Porter, and in the ex- 
 treme distance on the 
 right is seen the wharf 
 of the Buffalo and Lake 
 Huron Railway Company. On our right, as we passed on to the fort, an elevated 
 ridge was pointed out, on which the British batteries were erected for the siege of 
 Fort Erie. No. 1 (see map on page 839), nearest the fort, was on property belonging 
 to Captain Murray, of the Royal Navy, and No. 2 on the promisee of Mr. Thompson. 
 I did not ascertain on whose land were the mounds of No. 3. The ruins of all were 
 quite prominent. 
 
 We spent about two hours in the hot sun on the site of Fort Erie and the battles, 
 examining the theatre of scenes described in this chapter, and sketching some of the 
 ruins; and, returning to Black Ro^l^, we visited the site of the old navy yard,^ a lit- 
 tle way up Shogeoquady Creek, and called on the venerable James Sloan, the last sur- 
 ^ vivor of the captors of the Caledo- 
 
 ^^ Cy ^/^ P '^^^ ^"'^ Adams in the aritumn of 
 
 CJyCt/yyl-^ %7^^r!^0 Ci'^'y^ ^/^J'J'V- I8I2.2 He was then past sevcnty- 
 ^^ one years of age. From his lips we 
 
 lieard an interesting narrative of some of the events of that daring enterprise, illus- 
 trative of the courage, fortitude, and skill of the actors. 
 
 Leaving Mr. Sloan, we rode to the office of Dr. Trowbridge, of whom I have already 
 spoken as a phyoician in Buffalo when the Bi'itish destroyed it. lie was seventy-five 
 years of age, yet vigorous in mind and body. He gave us some interesting particu- 
 lars of his own experience, and the bravery of the widow St. John. His son accom- 
 ])anied us to the room of the City Councils, where wc saw the portrait of Mrs. Mer- 
 rill (Miss Ransom), who was the first white child born in Western New York, on the 
 domain of the Holland Land Purchase. At a late hour we returned, heated and 
 weary, to'the delightful residence of Captain Champlin, in the midst of gardens, and 
 dined. There I saw the elegant straight sword presented to the hero,^ and the rich- 
 ly-caived easy-chair made of the wood of the Lawrence^ Perry's flag-ship, delineated 
 
 on page 542. 
 On the following morning" I rode out with Captain Champlin to a beau- ■ Angnst i6, 
 
 tiful depository of the dead in the suburbs of Buffalo, called Forest Lawn '^^'^■ 
 
 Cemetery. The ground is pleasantly undulating, is much covered with trees of the 
 
 primeval forest, and is really a delightful resort during the heats of summer for those 
 
 ' See page 385. ' See page 380. 
 
 ' The following is the inscription on one side of the blade of the sword : " Stephen Champlin, Actino Sailins Mab- 
 TiB, L\KK Eeik, 10th Skptkmbes, 1818." On the other side, " Ai.tics ibdnt <jue ad sumna niiunteb." 
 
Ill 
 
 !:|' 
 
 iii 
 
 hit;'i .! 
 
 '' * 111 
 
 848 
 
 PICTOlllAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Buldlera' Mo iiiment. 
 
 Other HonumenU, sod luwriptloni on them. 
 
 ^■Jn*. ■ 
 
 who are not saddened by the sight of graves. 
 There, in an elevated open Hpaco, within 
 ground one hundred loot Hiiuare, Hliglitly j^. 
 closed, stands a fine monument of nmrlilo, 
 twenty-two feet in height, whi<th was eroctcd 
 by the corporate authorities of Buffalo in tlic 
 autumn of 1852 in commemoration of several 
 officers of the United States Army who were 
 engaged in the War of 1812; also oj'a cele- 
 brated Indian chief, and to mark the Hpot 
 where the remains of over one thousand per- 
 sons, which were removed from the city, lie 
 buricd.i Near the nonumcnt (and seen in tlic 
 foreground on the right) is a tomb of brick, 
 bearing a recumbent slab of marble, over the 
 grave of Captain Williams, who \ayt liis life at 
 Fort Erie. The inscription on it is historical 
 and briefly biographical.^ Southward of this 
 is a handsomely-carved slab, lying on the ground, placed there in commemoration of 
 a Connectic\it soldier killed in the battle of Niagara.^ Northeasterly of the monu- 
 racnt is .-inother slab, over the grave of Captain Wattles ;* and south of it is another 
 over the grave of Captain Dox.* 
 
 Not far from this public monument, on a gentle, shaded slope, is the grave of Gen- 
 eral Bennet Riley, who was a soldier in the War of 1812, and was distinguished in 
 the Seminole War and the contest with Mexico, Over it is a handsome marble mon- 
 ument, bearing a brief inscription.^ Near this, in the cool shadows of the treei, we 
 
 BOI.IIIEBS ao.Nl'MllNT. 
 
 ' The folloM'Ing are the insicriptinns on the monument : feat Side.— "In memory of Major Lodowick Morgn\' * Captain 
 Alexander Williams, Captain Joseph Kenney, Captain Simeon D. Wattles, Captain Myndert M. Dox, and Sergeant Tay- 
 lor,t officers of the United States Army, who were engaged in the War of 1S12." North .S'l'rfc.—" farmer's Brother, 
 Chief of the Seneca Nation of Indiius."} South Side — "The remains of 1168 persons are bnried in this lot, all of wlilch 
 were removed from the old bnriai-gronnd on the west side of Delaware Street, between Church and Eagle Street*, in 
 the city of Buffalo." East Side.— " Erected Octobe , 18B2, by the Common Council of the City of Buffalo— Uiram Bar- 
 ton, Mayor." 
 
 » The following Is a copy of the inscription : " Sacred to the rae'^'ir- of Captain Alexander John Williams, of the 
 Twcnty-flrst Regiment United States Artillery, son of Ocneral Jonui.hHii> and Marianne Williams, of the city of Phila- 
 delphia, who was killed In the night attack by the British on For". Erie, August l-t-15, 1814. In the midst of the con- 
 flict, a lighted port-flre In fi-ont of the enemy enabled them to direct their fire with great precision upon his company. 
 lie sprang forward, cut it off with his sword, and fell mortally wounded by a musket-ball. lie eacriflced himself lo 
 save his men. Born October 10, 1700. Died August IB, 1814. Fratri Dilecto." 
 
 > His name is on the monument. The following inscription is on the slab: "Memorial tribute to Joseph Rlnney,of 
 Norwich, Connecticnt, senior captain in the Twenty-flfth Regiment United States Army, shot through the breast althf 
 battle of Bridgewater, July 25, 1814. To the friendship of George Colt, Esq., his relatives are indebted for his burial «; 
 this place. Erected by a brother, July, 1829. 
 
 « Ills name is on the monument. The following is the Inscription on the slab : "In memory of Captain Simeon I). 
 Wattles, of the United States Army, who g killed In the memorable sortie of Fort Erie on the 17th of September, 
 1814, M. 33 years. As a Christian, he was pious and exemplary ; as a Soldier, brave and magnanimous ; as a Cltiseo, 
 benevolent and sincere." Below this was a verse of poetry, but it was too much effaced to be deciphered. 
 
 'His name is on the monument. The following Is the inscription on tho slab : " The grave of Myndert M. Dox, late 
 captain In the Thirteenth Regiment Uni'ed States Army, son of Peter and Catbalina Dox, of Albany. Bom JanaarjO, 
 1790. Died September a, 1830, in the forty-flrst year of his age." 
 
 • The following is tho inscription: "Major General Bennet Rlley, United States Army. Died June 9, 1853, in tk 
 sixty-sixth year of his age." 
 
 General Riley was a native of Maryland, and entered the army as ensign in a rifle corps in January, 1813. He re- 
 
 • Lodowick Morgan was a native of Maryland, and entered the army as second lieutenant in arifle corps In May, 1805. 
 He was promoted to captatn in July, 1811, and to major In January, 1814. He was a very efficient officer, and received 
 the highest praise for his conduct In repelling the British invasion near Black Rock on the Bd of August, 1S14, ^Iremlj 
 mentioned in the text. He was killed, as we have seen. In a skirmish before Fort Erie on the 12lh of the same raonlh. 
 
 t The graves of all of these, excepting Morgan and the sergf ant, as observed In the text, are marked by inscribed slab!. 
 
 t Ho-na-ye-wuo, or Farmer's Brother, was a conspicuous contemporary of Cornplanter and Red Jacket. He was e^ 
 teemed as one of the noblest of his race. lie was a warrior on principle and practice, spurning every art of civilized 
 life. He was probably bom about the year 1T30. He was in the battle with Braddock in 1766, and during his whole 
 life he was a foremost chief among the Senecas. He was eloquent in speech, and brave on the war-path. He died ii 
 the autumn of 1314. 
 
 { He was long at the bead of the Engineer Department of the United States Army, and was one of the fonadera of 
 the Military Academy at West Point. See page 236. He superintended the constraction of many fortificatiuii& 
 
OF TIIK WAR OF 1812. 
 
 849 
 
 and luKTiptlonB on them. 
 
 the Bight of gravi'8. 
 open Bpaco, witli'm 
 
 s<iviure, Hliglitly in- 
 )iuiincnt of n>!iil)lo, 
 i, which waH L'lTcti'il 
 iics of Bufl'aio in tlic 
 cmoration of sovt'iiil 
 iteB Army wlio wito 
 1812; also ot' a cc'.o- 
 i to mark tlie ^n<\ 
 cr one thousand \m- 
 ed from tho city, I'k 
 iment (an<l focn in llic 
 t) IB a tomb of briik, 
 i\) of marble, over the 
 m8,whoh->?'tl>islifeat 
 tion on it is hisloriciil 
 1.2 Southward of this 
 
 in commemoration of 
 lieastcrly of the monu- 
 1 south of it is anotliiT 
 
 no, is tho grave of Gcn- 
 ,d was distinguished in 
 handsome marble mon- 
 ladows of the trwi, ^-e 
 
 [;;j;;;i;^o^;M^kM^">' • cnptata 
 
 „1ertM.Dox,an(l8erge«nlT.y. 
 
 Z Church and Eagle SlreeUio 
 theCUyofBuffalo-UlramBar- 
 
 I Alexanrter John Williams, of tho 
 ,Ve Williams, of the city of Phil- 
 1814 InthtmldBtoflhecoi,. 
 real precision upon his compatiy. 
 [eT-UTl. IleBacrlflccdhimBeKto 
 
 torialtrlbnte to Joseph Klnaey.ol 
 rny, shot through the breast ftth 
 fves are indebted for his burW.; 
 
 Iln memory of captain SlmcoDTi. 
 Ke on the nth of September, 
 
 fand magnanimous; as a Clti««, 
 
 Ud to be deciphered. 
 
 Idox, of Albany. BomJannaryO, 
 lArmy. Died June 9, 1853, la the 
 L corps In January, 1813^3«; 
 
 fc^^iliit^i^rlfle corps In May, » 
 I very efBclent officer, and rcccv^ 
 
 loTthe3aofA«snst,W4,ulre»* 
 Iteontheiathofthcsamcnonlb, 
 lxt?are marked by inscribed si* 
 Inter and Red Jacket. Hew ei- 
 Ice spurning every art of cIvlM 
 IrckTn 1T66, and during his «« 
 lave on the war-path. Uediedin 
 
 |y and was one of the founders of 
 ftionofraanyfortlflcatloiiB. 
 
 Sxpcdltlun of Captain liolmea into Canada. 
 
 Battle at the Longwoodi. 
 
 Lost Poats to be recaptorcd. 
 
 QKNEIUI. KII.KV H MONIi'MKHT, 
 UUVKALO. 
 
 lingered some tinto, when a thunder-peal from the direction 
 of l^ake Erie warned us of the ;ipproaeh of a Biimmor shower. 
 We rodo back to tho city deli^'htod with tho morning's ex- 
 perience, and between two and three o'clock I left for Niag- 
 ara Falls in a railway coach, whore I arrived, as before ob- 
 served, in the midst of a heavy thunder-storm. 
 
 While tho events we have been relating were occurring on 
 tho Niagara frontier, others of great importance were occur- 
 ring in other portions of tho wide field of action, especially 
 on Lake Champlain, and on and near the sea-coasts. Before 
 we proceed to a consideration of these, let us take a hasty 
 glance at movements in tho Northwest, which closed active 
 military opcrr.tioiis in the region of the upper lakes. 
 
 For many weeks after Harrison's victory on the Tliames 
 nothing of great importance occurred in that region. The 
 most stirring event was an expedition under Captain Holmes, 
 a gallant and greatly beloved young officer, sent out by Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Butler in February," whore he was in 
 temporary command at Detroit. It consisted of one 
 hundred and sixty men, including artillerists, with two 6-pounders, and its object 
 was the capture of Fort Talbot, a British outpost a hundred miles down Lake Erie 
 from Detroit. Difficulties caused Holmes to change his destination, and he proceed- 
 ed to attack another outpost at Delaware, on tho River Thames. In that movement, 
 too, ho was fo'led by the watchfulness and strategy of the foe, who lured him from 
 his expected prey. Finally they came to blow3 toward the evening of the 3d of 
 March,'' at a place called the Longwoods, in Canada, where they fought more 
 than an hour, and then each glaJly withdrew under cover of the night-shad- 
 ows. In this aifair the Americans lost seven men in killed and wounded, while the 
 enemy's loss, including the Indians, was much greater.* The expedition was fruitless 
 of good to any body.^ 
 
 In former cliapters we have a record of the capture of Fort St. Joseph and the post 
 and island of Michillimackinack, or Mackina\7, by tho British, immediately preceding 
 (and partly inducing) the fall of Detroit in the summer of 1812.^ The latter post, 
 with all Michigan, as we have observed,* was recovered from the British in 1 81 3. For 
 the better security of these acquisitions against British and Indian incursions. Gen- 
 eral M'Arthur, the commandant of the Eighth Military District, caused works to be 
 erected at the foot of Lake Huron, or head of the Straits or River St. Clair. It was 
 called Fort Gratiot, iu honor of the engineer of that name who superintended its con- 
 struction. 
 
 The Americans were not contented with the recovery of Michigan only, but de- 
 termined to recapture Mackinaw and St. Joseph. Tlie latter was the key to the vast 
 traffic in furs with the Indians of tho Northwest, and tlie British, knowing its im- 
 portance in its commercial and political relations to their American possessions, as 
 resolutely resolved to hold it. Accordingly Lieutenant Colonel M'Douall was sent 
 thither with a considerable body of troops (regulars and Canadian militia) and sea- 
 
 mained in the army, and in 1828 was breveted a major for ten years' falthCal service. He was breveted a colonel for 
 good conduct in Florida, brigadier general for his bravery at Cerro Oordo, and major general for his gallant conduct at 
 Contreras. He was made military commander of the Department of Upper California, and was ex officio governor in 
 1349 and 1850. > Captain Holmes's Dispatch to Lieutenant Colonel Butler, March 10, 1S14. 
 
 ' A similar expedition had been sent out by Butler a short time before. Butler was informed that a considerable . 
 Dumber of regulars, Canadians, and Indians were collected on the River Thames, not far ftom Chatham. He sent Cap- 
 tain Lee with a party of mounted men to reconnoitre, and, if feasible, to attack and disperse them. Lee gained the rear 
 of the enemy nnobseTved, fell upon them, and scattered them in all directions. He took several of them prisoners. 
 Smmg them was Colonel Babie (pronounced Bawbee), whose house, we have observed, was the hcad-qnarters of Gener- 
 al Hull, and yet standing in the village of Windsor, opposite Detroit. See page 203. Colonel Babie had been a leader 
 otindians in the invasion of the Niagara fhintier at the close of 1813. ' See Chapter XIV. < See page 667. 
 
 SH 
 
■ 
 
 H60 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Kipedltion to tbe Upper Lskei. 
 
 Operatluni at tha Haiit 8t. Mule. 
 
 Battle on Mackliuw Inland. 
 
 men, accompanied by twenty-four bateaux laden with ordnance. 'I lero ho found a 
 hir<;<' body of Indiaim waiting to join him as allien. 
 
 The Americans planned a land and naval expedition to the upper lakes ; and ho 
 
 ciirly an April, when M'DduiiH 
 O /^) /p went to Mackinaw, Conunander 
 
 •?-^ ^2.,A^^ Arthur St. Clair waH placed in 
 charge of a little squadron for tiic 
 purpose, consisting of the Niagara, Caledonia, .^'. Lawrence, Scorpion, and Ti(jress, all 
 familiar names in connection with Commodore Perry on Lake Krie. A land hnv 
 under Lieutenant Colonel Croghan, the gallant defender of Fort Stephenson, was jjrc- 
 pared to accompany the squadron. 
 
 Owing to differences of opinion in Madison's Cabinet, the expedition was not in 
 readiness until the close of June. It left Detroit at the Itegimung of July. Crmrhnn 
 had five hundred regular troops and two hundred and fifty militia; and on the ar- 
 rival of the expedition at Fort Gratiot on the 12th he was joined by the garrison of 
 that post, composed of a regiment of Ohio Volunteers, under Colonel William Cot- 
 greave. Captain Gratiot also joined the expedition. They sailed for Matcliadach 
 Bay to attack a newly-established British post there. A lack of good pilots for the 
 dangerous channels among islands, rocks, and shoals leading to it, and the perpetna! 
 fogs that lay upon the water, caused them to abandon the undertaking after a weck'H 
 trial, and the squadron sailed for St. Joseph, in the direction of Lake Superior. It 
 anchored before it on the 20th. The post was abandoned, and the fort was commit- 
 ted to the flames. This accomplished. Major Holmes, of the Thirty-second Ivfantry, 
 and Lieutenant Turner, of the Navy, wore sent with some troops and cannon to de- 
 stroy the establishment of the British Northwest Company at the Saut St. Marie, or 
 Falls of St. Mary. That company had been from the beginning, because of its vital 
 interest in maintaining the British ascendency among the Indian tribes, with whom 
 its profitable traffic was carried on, the most inveterate and active enemy of the 
 Americans. Its agents had been the most effective emissaries of the British author- 
 ities in inciting the Indians to make war on the Americans; and, in every way, it 
 merited severe chastisement at the hands of tliose whose friends had suffered from 
 the knife and hatchet of the cruel savages. 
 
 •July, Holmes arrived at St. Mary's on the 21 st* John Johnson, a renegade mag- 
 **"• istrate from Michigan, and an Indian trader, who was the agent of the North- 
 west Company at that place, apprised of his approach, fled with a considerable amount 
 of property, after setting on fire the company's vessel above the Rapids. She was 
 saved by the Americans,' but every thing valuable on shore that could not be carried 
 away was destroyed. Holmes then returned to St. Joseph, when the whole expedi- 
 tion started for Mackinaw, where it arrived on the 2(jth.'' It was soon ascer- 
 tained that the enemy thore were very strong in position and numbers, and 
 the propriety of an immediate attack was a question between Croghan and St. Clair. 
 The post could not be carried by storm, nor could the guns of the vessels easily do 
 much damage to the works, they were so elevated. It was finally decided that Cro- 
 ghan should land with his troops ou the back or western part of the island, under cov- 
 er of the guns of the ships, and attempt to attack the works in the rear. This was 
 done at Dowsman's farm on the tth of August, without much molestation, but Cro- 
 ghan had not advanced far before he was confronted by the garrison under M'Douall, 
 who were strongly supported by Indians in the thick woods. M'Douall poured a 
 storm of shot and flhell from a battery of guns upon the invaders, when the savages 
 fell npon them. A sharp con3ict ensued, carried on chiefly on the part of the enemy 
 by the Indians under Thomas, a brave chief of the Fallsovine tribe, when Croghan 
 
 I They enoeavored to bring this regsel away with them, but ahe bilged while paasing down the Rapids, and was then 
 destroyed. 
 
 ' July. 
 
 'V.^Ll.v 
 
OF TUB WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 8S1 
 
 Bfttlle tin M»ckln«w Inland 
 
 '1 icro ho found u 
 
 upper lakes ; iiiid ho 
 iril, when M'Doiiiill 
 Lckinaw, Coimniuidir 
 Jlair wan placed in 
 ittlo squadron for tlic 
 j^io/i,and 7VV/rcM,ull 
 Erie. A land forcf, 
 Stephenson, wiis pre- 
 
 jxpcdition was not in 
 iujr of July. Croirlian 
 illitia; and on tlic ai- 
 led by the garriHou of 
 Colonel William Cot- 
 sailed for Matchaducli 
 ; of good pilots for tlic 
 
 it, and the perpi'tiiiil 
 crtaking after a wooli's 
 
 1 of Lake Superior. It 
 d the fort was coniniit- 
 Thirty-second l-ifantry, 
 ■oops and cannon to do- 
 t the Saut St. Marie, or 
 ling, because of its vital 
 idian tribes, witli whom 
 id active enemy of tla- 
 .8 of the British author- 
 
 ; and,m every way, it 
 lends had suffered from 
 
 ohnson, a renegade mag- 
 the agent of the North- 
 h a considerable amount 
 > the Rapids. She was 
 ,hat could not be carried 
 ivhcn the whole expcdl- 
 th.^ It was soon asccr- 
 lition and numbers, and 
 . Croghan and St. Clair. 
 of the vessels easily do 
 jnally decided that Cro- 
 ofthe island, under cov- 
 in the rear. This was 
 [^h molestation, but Cro- 
 rarrison under M'Douall, 
 !d8 M'Douall poured a 
 aders, when the savages 
 ?n the part ofthe enemy 
 ne tribe, when Crogbn 
 
 Blockade of Mackinaw. 
 
 Capture of the blockading Veiaeli. 
 
 Commander Jhamplln wounded. 
 
 waH compelled to fall back and flee to the shipping, with the h)ss of the much-be- 
 loved Major Holmes, who was killed, and Captains Van Horn and Desha, and Lieuten- 
 ant Jackson, who were severely wounded. He also lost twelve private soldiers killed, 
 lifty-two wounded, and two missing. The loss ofthe enemy is unknown. 
 
 Croghan and St. Clair abandoned the attempt t<> take Mackinaw ; and as they were 
 ahout to dep.irt, they heard ofthe successful cxpcditii^n of Lieutenant Colonel M'Kay, 
 who, wltli nearly seven liundretl num, mostly Indians, had gone down the Wisconsin 
 lliver and taken from the Americans the j)()st at Prairie du Chien, at the mouth of 
 that stream.* Yet they were not disheartened, and resolved not to return . .T„iy n, 
 to Detroit empty-handed of all success. They proceeded to the mouth of '^'^ 
 the Nautawassaga River, assailed and destroyed a block-house three miles up from 
 its mouth, and hoped to capture the schooner Nancy, belonging to the Northwest 
 Company, and a quantity of valuable furs. They failed. The furs hnd been taken 
 to a place of safety, and the schooner was burnt by order of Lieutenant Worseley, 
 who was in command of the block-house. 
 
 Very soon after this the scjuadron sailed for Detroit, with the exception of the 
 'PiQreas, Captain Champlin, and Scorpion, Captain Turner, which were left to block- 
 ado the Nautawassaga, it being the only route by whicli provisions and other sup- 
 plies might be sent to Mackinaw. They cruised about for some time, eflectually cut- 
 ting off supplies from Mackinaw, and threatening the garrison with starvation. Their 
 useful career in tliat business was suddenly closed early in September, when they 
 were both captured by a party of British and Indians, sent out iu five boats (one 
 mounting a long 6, and another a .3 pounder) from Mackinaw to raise the blockade, 
 under the general command of Lieutenant Bulger, his second being Lieutenant Worse- 
 ley. They fell first upon the Tiffress, off St. Joseph's, when her consort was under- 
 stood to be fifteen miles away. She was at anchor near the shore. The attack was 
 made at nine o'clock in the evening of the 3d of September. It was intensely dark, 
 and they were within fifty yards of the Tigress when discovered. The assailants 
 were warmly received, but in five minutes the vessel was boarded and carried by 
 overwhelming numbers, her force being only thirty men, exclusive of oflicers, and 
 that of the assailants about one hundred. " The defens') of this vessel," said Bulger, 
 in his report of the affair, " did credit to her oflicers, whn were all severely wound- 
 ed."' Her oflicers and crew were sent prisoners of wai .<j Mackinaw the next mom- 
 ing.^ 
 
 Bulger and his men remained on board the Tigress. Her position was unchanged, 
 and her pennant was kept flying. On the 5th the Scorpion was seen approaching. 
 Bulgor ordered his men to hide. The unsuspecting vessel came within two miles, 
 and anchored for the night. At dawn the next morning** the Tigress , g ^^ . 
 ran down alongside of her, and then the enemy, starting from his con- " *' 
 
 cealment, rushed on ard, and in a few minutes the British flag was floating over 
 her. The loss on eacl 3ide in these captures was slight. Vessels and prisoners were 
 taken to Mackinaw, and their arrival produced great joy there. So exhausted Avere 
 the supplies of the garrison that starvation would have compelled a surrender in less 
 than a fortnight. These captures were announced with a great flourish by the Brit- 
 ish authorities ; and Adjutant General Baynes actually stated, in a general order, 
 that the vessels "had crews of three hundred men each !" He only exaggerated five 
 hundred and seventy in stating the aggregate of the crews of the two schooners. 
 
 Croghan and St. Clair reached Detroit, on their return, late in August, and for a 
 while no military movement was undertaken in that region. At length General 
 
 < Lient>snant Bulger to Lieutenant Colonel M'Douall, September T, 1814. Captain Champlin had his thigh-bone shat- 
 tered by a ball In that fight, and he has not only been a cripple ever since, but a palnAU sufferer from a seldom-healed 
 woand. In the jrear 1808 several pieces of bone were taken from his thigh. 
 
 ' Chunplir's Report to Lieutenant Turner, commanding. 
 
 !ll(l 
 
 if,. 
 
 ill 
 
!! I 
 
 M' Arthur madu a terrifying raid into Canada. IIo had been ordered to raise mount- 
 ed men for the purpose of chasti'-inK liie Indians around Lake Michigan, and on die 
 9th of October lie liad arrived at Detroit with about seven hundred mouMted men 
 from Kentucky and OJiio, accompanied by Major Charles S. Todd as adjutant gen- 
 eral. The critical Hituation of tlio American arniy under (eJcnoral Brown, at Fort 
 Erie, at that time induced M'Arthur first to make a diversion in favor of that gcnicral. 
 Accordingly, late in the month, ho left l)e:roit with seven hundred and iifty men and 
 five field-pieces, and, to mislead the enemy, passed up Lake and River St. Clair toward 
 Lake Huron. On the morning of the 20th ho suddenly crossed the St. Cliiir Ilivcr 
 into Canada, pushed on to the thriving Baldoon settlement of Scotch faniilies, and 
 then made his way as rapidly as possible to tlio Moravian Towns, on the scene of Har- 
 rison's exploits a year before, spreading great alarm in Ids path. On the 4tli of No- 
 vember ho entered the village of Oxford. He came unheralded, and tho inhabitants 
 were greatly terrified. Ho disarmed and paroled the militia, and threatened instant 
 destruction to the property of any one who should give notico to any British post of 
 his coming. Two men did so, and their liouses were laid in ashes. On the follow- 
 ing day lie pushed on to Burford, where the militia Avere casting up intrcncshmcnts. 
 They fled at liis approach, and tho whole country was filled with alarm. Fear mag- 
 nified the estimate of his number, and the story went before him that he had two 
 thousand men in his train. 
 
 H'aBTUIIB'8 BAtU, 
 
 Burlington, at tlie head of Lake Ontario, was M' Arthur's destination. On ''.c 
 pressed from Burford, but when ho arrived on the bank of the Grand River, at Brant 
 ford, lie found his passage of that considei-able Btream disputed by a large force of 
 the Six Nations who icsidod near, with militia and dragoons. He was informed tliat 
 Major Muir was not far distant, in a dangerous defile on tho road to Burlington, wiili 
 a considerable force of r jgulara and Indians, and some cannon. M'Arthur concludeil 
 it would not bo prudent to aitempt to go farther eastward, so he turned down the 
 Long Ponu Road, anr" proceeded to attack seme militia, who had a fortified cam]i 
 at Malcolm's Mill, on the vTrund River. They fled at his appi-oach, and in liis piii 
 suit of them M'Arthur killed and .^^ounded seven, and took one hundred and thirty 
 one prisoners. His own loss was only one killed and six wonndsd. Tlie mill was 
 bunied, with all the property in it. This accomj lished, the invaders pushed on to 
 Dover, destroying several mills on the way, which were making flour for Drum- 
 mond's army. There he was informed of the evacuation of Canada by Izard, aini 
 of a web of perils that were gathering around; so he tunied his faco westward, aiul 
 hastened toward Detroit, by way of St. Thomas and the Thames, pursued some dis- 
 tance by eleven hundred British regulars. He arrived at Sandwich on the 17th of 
 November, and there discharged his brave band. 
 
 M' Arthur's raid was one of the boldest operations of the war. For almost foar 
 weeks he had skurried hundreds of miles through the enemy's country, spreading 
 alarm every where, and keeping the militia from Drummond's ranks ; destroying 
 property here and there that might be useful to the enemy, and then returning to 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 853 
 
 M'Anliur'i! UcluFD. 
 
 iorcd to raise mount- 
 Michigan, and on die 
 Lunlrcul mounted )ncn 
 o«ld aH adjutant )?(mi- 
 iueral Brown, at Fori 
 favor of that gciu'ral. 
 Ired and iifty nun iuid 
 River St. Clair toward 
 lod the St. Cliiir llivcr 
 )f Scotch fau\ilics, and 
 18, on the Bconeofllar- 
 th. On the 4th of No- 
 sd and the inhabitants 
 and threatened instant 
 ) to any Brititth post ni' 
 ashes. On the foUow- 
 ting up intrcn(!hmcnts. 
 yrith alarm. Fcav niag- 
 •0 him that ho had two 
 
 r» 
 
 1I0H 
 
 .^< 
 
 '^^'^ 
 
 jicbf'_^OTVCff 
 
 Ir's destination. On ''p 
 e Grand River, at Bratit 
 ited by a large force of 
 , He was informed that 
 1 road to Burlington, with 
 n. M' Arthur concludeil 
 I 80 he turned down tlie 
 riio had a fortified oamp 
 ippvoaeh, and in his pui- 
 one Inmdred and tiiirty 
 fvoundod. The mill A^as 
 c invaders pushed on to 
 making flour for Drum- 
 ,f Canada by Izard, awl 
 Ihis faco westward, aiul 
 uimes, pursued some dis- 
 ;andwichonthenthoi 
 
 Ic war. For almost font 
 Iray's country, spreading 
 Iond'8 ranks; destroying 
 ly and then returning to 
 
 M'Arthnr'B Bravery and Qu-T'^oiliy. 
 
 the place of departure with the loss of only one life I' lie was generous n^* well as 
 bold; and ho ])ublicly acknowledged that nmch of his Huc<^eHH was due " t' die mili- 
 tary talents, activity, and intelligence of Major Todd," his adjutant general, who yet 
 [1807] lives in liis native Kentucky, in the vigor of a green old age. 
 
 I M'Afc'j'8 UUUtry of the late War in the Weeteru Co\.ntru, page 440. 
 
 annul. wumsLU eoorr im 1860. 
 
 § 
 
Ill 
 
 \ ll. il llji 
 
 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 General Izard in Command In Northern New York. Napoleon's Fortunes change. Washington Benevolent Societiea. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVH 
 
 "Hail to the day which, in splendor retnmlDg, 
 Lights r;a to conqaest and glory agair I 
 Time, hold that year I Still the war-totcb was bnmlng, 
 
 And threw its red ray on the waves of Champlain. 
 Roused by the spirit that conquered for Perry, 
 
 Danntless Macdonongh advanced to the fray ; 
 Instant the glory that brightened Lake Erie 
 Burst on Champlain with the splendor of day. 
 Loud swells the cannon's roar 
 On Platt^bi.rg's bloody shore, 
 Britons retreat trua the tempest of war, 
 Prevost deserts the field, 
 While thj gallant ships yield ; 
 Victory ! glory, Colnmbiuis, huzza I" 
 
 Old Bono— Ebix Ain> CaAjiPt.AtN. 
 
 (ROM the Niagara frontier and the portion of the Army of the 
 North engaged there we will now turn to the consideration of 
 the events upon Lake Champlain and its vicinity during the 
 year 1814, where the other portion of that army was in active 
 servico. "We have already taken a brief glance at military oi> 
 erations in that quarter to the close of the campaign of the pre- 
 vious year, A/hen General Wilkinson, relieved of command, re- 
 tired from the army, and General Hampton, another incompe- 
 tent, also left the service for his country's good.' His lieutenant. General George 
 • May 4, Izard, of South Carolina, was soon afterward* placed in command of the right 
 1314. wing of the Army of the North, with a competent staff,'* and made his head- 
 quarters at Plattsburg. 
 
 Since the opening of the campaign in the spring a great change had occurred ir. 
 the aspect of foreign affairs — a change which made a deep impression on the Ameri- 
 can mind in its contemplations of the war. We have already alluded to the disasters 
 of Napoleon at Leipsic in the autumn of 1813. Notwithstanding brilliant achieve- 
 ments on his part after that, the Allied Powers finally pushed him back, and not only 
 confined him to the soil of France, but hemmed him and his army almost within thf 
 walls of Paris. There was no chance for his escape. On the 3l8t of March, 1814, 
 the Emperor of Russia and the Duke of Wellington entered the city as conquerors, 
 and on the 11th of May Napoleon abdicated the throne of France and retired to the 
 island of Elba.^ His downfall was hailed with great joy, not only in Europe, but by 
 the great Federal party in the United States,* who considered his ruin as the most 
 
 > See page 6ST. 
 
 » Brigadier Qenera! Winder, just exchanged, was appointed his chief of staff; Alexander Macomb and Thomas A. 
 Smith were bis brigadier generals ; William CumiLing was adjutant general, and H^jor Joseph G. Totten was cliief 
 engineer. 
 
 » The fickle populace of Paris received the conquerors of Napoleon with acclamations of Joy, and the French Sena(c 
 lsi.ely Napoleon's pliant instrument, now declared that, by arbitrary acts and violations of the Constitution, he bsd for- 
 feited his right to the throne. 
 
 * The Wathington Benevolent Societies' (Federalist associations) had made Napoleon'c dlsasterB the subject of orttiosi 
 
 • These Washington Benevolent Societies originated in Philadelphia very soon after the declaration of war In the 
 summer of 1812. They were political organizations, with attractive social and benevolent features. The first orgaB- 
 ization was frilly comr'ated on the i9.d of February, 1818, under the title of the Washington Benevolent Society of 
 Pennsylvania, and each member was required to sign the Constitution and the following declaration . " We, each of m, 
 do hereby declare that we a>e firmly attached to the Oonstitntion of the United States and to that of Pennsylvania ; to 
 the principles of a f^ee republican government, and to those which regulated the public conduct of Oeobox Wabuiiio' 
 TON ; vhat we will, eacii of as, to the best of our ability, and so far m may be consistent with our rellgtoas prhiciplo 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 855. 
 
 Ington Benevolent Societies. 
 
 Q 
 
 )n of the Army of the 
 to the consideration of 
 its vicinity during the 
 liat army was in active 
 f glance at military oi> 
 he campaign of the p^^ 
 ilieved of command, re- 
 ipton, another incompe- 
 tenant, General George 
 in command oi tiie right 
 aff,'^ and made his head- 
 change had occurred ir. 
 ipression on the Ameri- 
 alluded to the disasters 
 inding brilliant achieve- 
 him back, and not only 
 army almost within ihv 
 ;he 31st of March, 1314, 
 the city as conque^o^, 
 ■ranee and retired to the 
 t only in Europe, but hy 
 •ed his ruin as the .nost 
 
 Lander Macomb and ThonwiA^ 
 \aJor Joseph G. Totten was chief 
 
 InBofjoy. and the French Sen,tf. 
 Inii of the ConBtUntlon, he h»d for- 
 
 L dUaaterB the subject oforaUw 
 
 tj^T^d^dmtto^ war In te 
 Volent featnres. The flrst organ- 
 bashlnRton Benevolent Society of 
 P„gdeclaration.''We,eacbof^ 
 Land to that of Pennsylvania; to 
 Lie conduct of GkoeokWasbt.^ 
 Lent with our rcliglouB principle- 
 
 The Downfall of Napoleon celebrated. 
 
 English Troops releaxed for Service !•? America. 
 
 damaging blow that could be given to their political opponents and the war party. 
 Pulpits, presses, public meetings, and social entertainments were pressed into the serv- 
 ice as proclaimers of their satisfaction, notwithstanding it was evident that the release 
 thereby of a large British army from service on the Continent would enable the com- 
 mon enemy to send an overwhelming force across the Atlantic that might crush the 
 American armies, and possibly reduce the states to British provinces. Their hopes 
 and the limit of their wishes doubtless were that the changed aspect of foreign af- 
 fairs, and the consciousness of the great peril that might reasonably be apprehended, 
 would cause the administration to seek peace on any terms. They were mistaken, as 
 the se "uel will show. 
 
 The retirement of Napoleon to Elba did release from Continental service a large 
 body of English troops, and several thousands of them were immediately dispatched 
 to Canada to re-enforce the little army there. They were sent from the Garonne, in 
 Spain, and many of them were Wellington's veterans, hardy and skillful. They ar- 
 rived at Quebec late in July and in August," aad were rapidly pushed up to 
 Montreal. In the mean time, the forces under T i-evost, the Governor of Cana-- * **"' 
 da and general-in-chifif, had been very busy in preparations for an invasion of New 
 York, and the little flotilla in the Richelieu, or Sorel River, h>d been greatly aug- 
 mented in numbers and strength during the winter and spring. '' b igu. 
 
 On the 9th of May" General Izard was informed that the enemy were in mo- " ism. 
 tion below. Captain Pring, of the Royal Navy, was moving up the Sorel in the brig 
 Linnet as his flag-ship, accompanied by five armed sloops aad thirteen row-galleys. 
 On the following day he anchored his flotilla behind Providence Island, in Lake Cham- 
 plain, where he remained until the 1 Sth,"* preparing for an attack on the Amer- 
 ican flotilla, then nearly ready for .,ea at Vergennes, in Vermont, at the head *^' 
 of the navigation of Otter Creek.' Captain Macdonough, who was in comr land of 
 the little squadron, was apprised of this movement, and sent Lieutenant Cassin, with 
 a party of seamen, to reenforce Captain Thornton, who had been ordered from Bur- 
 lington with a detachment of light artillery to man a battery of seven 12-poundera 
 
 and toasts on the anniversary of Washington's birthday (22d of February, 1814) ; and in Albany, where the Dutch ele- 
 ment was very predominant in the population, the emancipation of Holland from hU thrall was celebrated. 'Relig- 
 ions eervlces we.e held in the Dutch church on the occasion, and a sermon was preached by the pastor, Rev. Dr. Brad- 
 ford. These were followed by a dinner at the Eagle Inn. General Stephen Van Rensselaer prerided, assisted by John 
 H. Wendell as vice-president. Several songs were sung, and toasts given. In Dutch. 
 
 Ill June and July foiloiving, the downfall of Napoleon was celebrated in several of the commercial cities of the United 
 Slates. In Boston and New York It was celebrated by religious ceremonies and public dinners. In New York the 
 dinner was In the Washington Hotel, thei i the principal pnblic house in the city, which stood on the siie of Stewart's 
 marble store, on Broadway, between ChaiUbers and Reade Streets. It was on ';he 2»th of June. Three hundred geu- 
 tlemen sat down to the table. Ruths King presided. The vice-presidents were Generals Nicholas Fish, Ebenezer Ste- 
 vens, Mr. Clarkson, John B. Coles, and Comelins J. Bogart. All the foreign consuls but the French were present. 
 Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, gave as a toast : " Louis XVIII., King of France and Na.arre, heir-at-law to Ameri- 
 can gratitude." 
 
 On the 4th of July the event was celebrated by religious services and publi'; dinners. Rev. Timothy Dwight, Presi- 
 dent of Yaie College, presided at a dinner at Butler's Hocel, In Hartford, where one hundred gentlemen were assembled 
 at table. Among the toasts were the following : 
 
 "The Minority i,% Congre^.—Uaa they appealed to patriots they would have been heard." 
 
 "The Administration.— VroAlgtd enough, but too proud to return." 
 
 " The Rcnjal Family of Trance.— Oxa friends in adversity, we rejoice at their prosperity." 
 
 " The Democratic Party of America If not satisflec? with their own country, they may seek an asylum in the island 
 
 ofBlbn." 
 
 < The flotilla then at Vergennes consisted of the following vessels : 1 ohip of 20 guns, 1 schooner of 20 guns, 2 sioops 
 ofs, 6 row-galleys uf 2, and 4 gun-boats of 1 each. 
 
 rciipcctively, preserve the righto and liberties of our country against all foreign and domestic violence, A-aud, and asnr- 
 lution ; and that, as members of the Washington Benevolent Society, we will in all things comply with its regulations, 
 support Its principles, and enfcrce its views." 
 
 .''lie Itands of the society were used for the purposes of charity among Its members and their familiep, and for other 
 parpos-q which might be prescribed. They had anni.drsary dinners ou 'he birthday of Washington. Such econ- 
 nmy was used '.bat all the members might afford to participate in the festivities. The cost of the dinner to each, with 
 a bfluDtiftil supply of beer and choice ardent spirits, wa.' seventy-flve cents. They built Washington Hall, on the weal 
 i^iile nf Third Street, between Walnut and Spruce Streets It was dedicated with religious ceremonies, led by Bishop 
 White, in the autumn of 1816. These associations rapidly maltiplied throughout the country di^ring the war, but dis- 
 appeared with the demise of the old Federalist party. 
 
 *i 
 
 ii 
 
 Wl^ 
 
 Ki 
 
 m 
 
nw.-.i-iu i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 i! 
 
 
 -vf-- 
 
 struggle for the Control of Lake Cbaraplaln. 
 
 on sea-carriages at the mouth of the creek. 
 Governor Chittenden also ordered out a 
 brigade of Vermont militia to oppose the 
 thi eatened invasion ; and when, on the 
 morning of the 14th, eight ofPring's gal- 
 leys and a bomb-sloop anchored off thu 
 mouth of the creek, they found ample 
 preparations for their reception. A brisk 
 fire was opened from the battery. It was 
 answered from the water, and for more 
 than an hour a cannonade was kept up, 
 when the British vessels were driven off. 
 They then entered the Bouquet River for 
 the purpose of destroying flour at the falls 
 of that stream. On their return they were 
 compelled to run the gauntlet of a sho^ver 
 of bullets from some militia who had has- 
 tily assembled. Many of the British were 
 killed and wounded. Foiled and disheart- 
 ened, Pring returned to Isk awx, Nou 
 a wiser man, for he had learned tliat 
 even in Vermont, whose governor was 
 a zealous member of the " Peace Par- 
 ty," the people were ready to fight the 
 common enemy any where. A few days afterward Macdonough sailed out of the 
 creek with his flotilla, and anchored it in Cumberland Bay, off Plattsburg. 
 
 Both parties now prepared for a struggle for supi-emacy on Lake Champlain. The 
 British, as we have observed, had adopted in a degree the plan of Burgoyne for sep- 
 arating New England from the rest of the Union, while the Americans were as de- 
 termined to resist the meditated invasion at the very threshold, and defend the lake 
 region and the valley of the upper Hudson at the gates of Canada. Both parties 
 were also le-enforced during the remainder of May, and General Izard caused a bat- 
 tery of four 1 8-pounder8 to be planted on Cumberland Head instead of at Rouse's 
 Point, at the entrance to the Sorel River, as directed by the Secretary of War,' and 
 urged by Major Totten, his chief engineer. 
 
 At the middle of June Izard disposed his troops for a movement into C&nada. He 
 sent Brigadier General Thomas A. Smith, with a light brigade of about fourteen hund- 
 red men, to occupy the village of Champlain,^ five miles below the Canada line. Col- 
 onel Pearce, of the Sixteenth, was at Chazy with about eight hundred men composed 
 of consolidated regiments, and about twelve hundred men occupied the cantonment 
 at Plattsburg, on the peninsula between the lake and the Saranac, the works on Cum- 
 berland Head, and a position at Dead Creek, about two miles below Plattsburg, 
 Macdonough, with his flotilla, was below Cumberland Head, watching the little Brit- 
 ish squadron, which lay at the Isle aux TStes. The British had thirty-six hundred 
 troops at La Colle ; Meuron's Swiss regiment, a thousand strong, was at L'Acadie, am! 
 two brigades of artillery and three hundred cavalry were at Chambly, making a total 
 of five thousand five hundred and fifty men. There was also a reserve of two thou- 
 sand regulars at Montreal. 
 
 There was feverishness among the people and the soldiery along the Canada bor- j 
 der, which was frequently manifested. The armed belligerents were eager for a trial 
 
 > Letter of the Secretary of War, May 2^ 1814, In Izard'e Official Correapondenee, page 28. 
 
 « This brigade was composed of the Fourth and Tenth Regiments eonsolldnted, and commanded by Colonel Pnrdr, 
 the Twelfth, under Major Morgan, Lieutenant Colonel Porgyth'g riflemen, and a company of artillery under Captali 
 Branch, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 857 
 
 antrol of Lake Chumplain. 
 
 mouth of the creek, 
 also ordered out a 
 lilitia to oppose the 
 and when, on the 
 sight of Pring's gal- 
 »p anchored off thu 
 they found ample 
 reception. A brisk 
 the battery. It was 
 ivater, and for more 
 lonade waa kept up, 
 ;8el8 were driven off. 
 le Bouquet River for 
 lying flour at the falls 
 iieir return they were 
 gauntlet of a sliONvei' 
 , militia who had lias- 
 ny of the British were 
 Foiled and dishcart- 
 med to Isle mix Noix 
 r he had learned that 
 t, whose governor .vas 
 ,er of the "Peace Par- 
 vere ready to hght the 
 mgh sailed out of the 
 ■ Plattsburg. 
 ^ake Champlain. The 
 fofBurgoyneforsep- 
 ^ericans were as dc- 
 d and defend the lake 
 Janada. Both parties 
 ral Izard caused a bat- 
 instead of at Rouse's 
 Secretary of War,' and 
 
 nent into Canada. He 
 of about fourteen hund- 
 r the Canada line. Col- 
 nundred men composed 
 [cupied the cantonment 
 Inac, the works on Cum- 
 
 liles below Plattsburg. 
 Latching the little Brit- 
 Ihad thirty-six hundred 
 Ig.wasatL'Acadie.anu 
 kambly, making a total 
 a reserve of two thou- 
 
 I along the Canada bor- 
 Its were eagerfoi^a^' 
 
 f^~^dedl.y colonel Pn^^ 
 '.pany of artUIery under CapUlB 
 
 Inrailon of Canada. 
 
 Death of Forsyth. 
 
 Vengeance. 
 
 Preparations to meet an Invasion ttom Canada. 
 
 of prowess. Finally, on the 22d of June, Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth, the accom- 
 plished partisan commander, with seventy riflemen, crossed the frontier line, and at a 
 little hamlet northwesterly from Rouse's Point, called Odell Town, ho was attacked 
 by two hundred of the niemy's light troops. Forsyth heat thera ofl^, and retired in 
 rrood order to Champlain with the loss of one man killed and Ave wounded. A few 
 (lays afterward he was again sent in that direction for the purpose of drawing the 
 enemy across the lines. He formed an ambuscade, and then sent a few men forward 
 !i8 a decoy. They were soon met, and immediately fell back, followed by Cantain 
 Mahew and one hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians. When the pursuers were 
 near the ambuscuuc, Forsyth stepped upon a log to watch the movement, when he 
 was shot through the breast by an Indian. His mvjn immediately arose, and poured 
 such a deadly tire upon the foe that they retreated in wild confusion, leaving seven- 
 teen of their dead upon the 
 field. 
 
 Forsyth was greatly be- 
 loved by his followers. Hot- 
 ly incensed because of the 
 employment of savages by 
 the British, they resolved to 
 avenge the death of their 
 own leader by taking the 
 life of the leader of the In- 
 dians. A few days after- 
 ward some of thera crossed 
 the line and shot Mahew, 
 that leader. He was taken 
 to the house of Judge Moore, 
 in Champlain,' where he died 
 about a week afterward.^ 
 Skirmishing along the bor- 
 der was a frequent occurrence, but no movement of importance took place until the 
 close of July, when General Macomb's brigade, composed of the Sixth, Thirteenth, 
 Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Twenty-ninth Regiments, embarked in boats at Cumberland 
 • jniy 31, Head* for Chazy Landing, at the mouth of Chazy Creek. On the same day 
 
 ^^^*' General Bissell's brigade, composed of the Fifth, 
 Fourteenth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-fourth, and For- 
 ty-fifth Regiments, started for Chazy Village by land. /^^^/^ • 
 Two hundred effective men and a corps of invalids of y/^yA^/j^ /^^ 
 Macomb's brigade were left to complete the works on ca^-^^^^^c/^^f^l^^ 
 Cumberland Head, and a fatigue party four hundred £ 
 strong, taken from Bissell's brigade, was left in command ' 
 of Colonel Fenwick to complete three redoubts on the peninsula between the lake 
 and the Saranac River at Plattsburg. There were now four thousand five hundred 
 effective men ut Champlain, within five miles of the Canada border. But these were 
 few compared to the numbers of the enemy, which were constantly augmenting. 
 During the months of July and August not less than fifteen thousand troops, chiefly 
 veterans from Wellington's armies, as we have observed, arrived at Montreal. Only 
 one brigade was sent westward, and the remainder were kept in reserve for the con- 
 templated invasion of New York, in such overwhelming force as to overbear all op- 
 
 I This honsL, the residence of the late Judge Pliny Moore, is a fine old mansion on a pleasant shaded slope in the tU- 
 Isge of Champlain, not far n-om the banks of the Big Cbazy, Just north of the bridge, in the village. It was the bead- 
 qnarters of the British commander whenever that village was occnpled by him ; and Dearborn, Wilkinson, and Izard 
 were in turn sojourners under its -oof. This is from a sketch made by the author in 1860. It was then the residence 
 of Pliny, son of Judge Moore. * Palmer's Hittory qf Lake Champlain, page 184. 
 
 JDDOU MOOKES uocsi:. 
 
 m 
 
 !*lf 
 
 ti!i 
 
t 
 
 ' mm^ 
 
 |f:i||! 
 
 
 
 till 
 
 Mi 
 
 8A8 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PrevoBt comma.itiing In Person. 
 
 Alarmlcg Order from the War Department. 
 
 Izard's Protojt. 
 
 position. These newly-arrived troops were encamped in the level country between 
 Laprairie on the St. Lawrence, and Chambly on the SoreL 
 
 Very soon after the advance of the Americans to Chazy and Champlain, Sir George 
 
 Prevost* arrived at the Isk 
 aux Noix, where he had 
 concentrated a considerable 
 body of veterans, and took 
 chief command in person- 
 and strong detachments of seamen were sent from Quebec, by order of Sir James L, 
 Yeo, to strengthen the naval power at the same place. It was evident that a speedy 
 invasion of Northern New York was in contemplation ; and yet, with full informa- 
 tion on the subject, the American government, as if fearful of a conqueiit of Canada 
 whenever a spirited general was in command near assailable points,'* ordered Izard 
 at that critical moment, when danger was never more apparent, to march a larger 
 portion of his force westward to co-operate with the Army of Niagara. It was an 
 open invitation to invasion ; and the army and people, expecting a great battle soon 
 at the foot of Lake Champlain, and hoping for a decisive victory, were astonished by 
 the ordei. The disappointed Izard could scarcely restrain his indignation. On the 
 11th of August he wrote: "I will make the movement you direct, if possible ; but I 
 shall do it with the apprehension of risking the force under my command, and with 
 the certainty that every thing in this vicinity but the lately erected works at Platts- 
 burg and Cumberland Head will, in less 
 than three days after my departure, be 
 in the possession of the enemy. He is in 
 force superior to mine in my front ; he 
 daily threatens an attack on my position 
 at Champlain ; we are all in hourly ex- 
 pectation of a serious conflict. . . . Let 
 me not be supposed to hesitate about ex- 
 ecuting any project which the govern- 
 ment I have the honor to serve think 
 proper to direct. My little army will do 
 its duty."^ 
 
 Izard continued to protest against the 
 movement as unwise and perilous,* but, 
 like a true soldier, he made preparations 
 for it as speedily as his limited transpor- 
 tation would allow. He set about four 
 thousand men in motion by the way of 
 the head of Lake George, Schenectady, 
 and the Mohawk Valley,* and, as we 
 have observed, arrived with them 
 at Sackett's Harbor at the middle of 
 the month, and immediately started 
 a portion of them by land and wa- 
 
 > Gteorge Prevost was bom In the city of New York on the 19th of May, ITflT. His father was a native of Genevj, 
 Switzerland. His mother way a Dutch woman. He was created an Bnglish baronet in 1805. 
 
 » See note S on page 2B9. ' Izard's Official Correspondence, pnije 65. 
 
 ♦ Ou the 20th of August Izard wrote to the Secretary of War : " I must not be responsible for the consequences of 
 abandoning my present strong position. I will obey orders and execute them as well as I know how. Miijor Qenenil 
 Brisbane commands at Odell Town. He is said to have t>etween five and six thousand men with him. At Cbambl; m 
 ■aid to tie about four thousand." 
 
 > This route was chosen because the uppSr route by Chateangay and Ogdensbnrg would be altogether ton perilnns. He 
 submitted the question of route to his offlcers, who decided unanimously to goby the way of Schenectady.— See Iiard'i 
 Official Correspondence, page T3. 
 
 ^>-t?-£yZ^ 
 
OF THE WAR OK 1812. 
 
 850 
 
 Izard'B Proteat. 
 
 The Militia called out. 
 
 Concentration of Troops near Platteburg. 
 
 The British invading Force. 
 
 rel country between 
 
 I father was a native of Ocmth, 
 
 ■> 1806. 
 
 Iclal Corresponacnce, pase 65. 
 Insible for the consequences of 
 si know how. Mnjor General 
 Inen with him. AtChamblysre 
 
 gibe altogether too perilnns. Hf 
 fay of Schenectady. -See Imd« 
 
 Soptsmber IT, 
 1814. 
 
 ter* for the Niagara front- 
 ier,' He left all his sick 
 and convalescents, and about twelve 
 hundred effective men, to garrison Piatt's 
 Point, as the peninsula was called, and 
 Cumberland Head. In obedience to 
 an order of the War Department, he 
 made a requisition upon Major General 
 Mooers, the commander of the militia in 
 that district, for the assembling, without 
 delay, of one regiment of infantry and 
 one troop of light dragoons at the vil- 
 lage of Chazy, riflemen to be accepted 
 as infantry. Brigadier General Alexan- 
 der Macomb was left in chief command, 
 with his head-quarters at Plattsburg. 
 
 Immediately after General Izard left, 
 Macomb concentrated all his troops at 
 Plattsburg, and worked vigorously in 
 preparations for de- 
 fense. He had, at the 
 close of August, about 
 three thousand five 
 hundred troops under 
 his control,'' but they 
 
 were in a weak condition, for there was only on'- organized battalion among them, and 
 
 full fourteen hundred of them were invalids and non-combatants. The garrisons at 
 
 the different points were composed of convaleiicents and new recruits ; the condition 
 
 of the ordnance and stores was chaotic, and the defensive works were all unfinished. 
 On the day when Izard hift his camp at Champlain,'' General Brisbane <• August 29. 
 
 advanced from Odell Town, and occu- _ -£r; ^--: 
 
 pied that village and its vicinity ; and 
 
 on the 3d of September full fourteen 
 
 thousand British troops were gathered 
 
 there, under the jicneral command of 
 
 Sir George Prev:ot, assisted by General 
 
 De Rottenburg as his second. There he 
 
 avowed his intention to take and hold 
 
 possession of the country as far down as 
 
 Ticonderoga; and he issued orders and 
 
 proclamations inviting the people to cast 
 
 off their allegiance to their government, 
 
 and to furnish him with supplies. On 
 
 the following day they moved forward 
 
 to Chazy Village ; and on the 5th they 
 
 encamped near Sampson's, now (1867) oc- 
 
 bami'son's.' 
 
 > See page 844. 
 
 » These troops were composed of detachments of the regiments that had left, amounting to TO in namber; Captain 
 Leonard's company of light artillery, 100 ; Cnpta'n M'Glassin's company of the Fifteenth Regiment, 60 ; the Sixth, 
 Tvrenty-ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-third, and Thirty-fourth BeglmenU, 1771 s Captain Spronll's detachment of the Thir- 
 teenth Regiment, 200 ; sick and invalids, HOi ; two companies of artillery under Captain Alexander Brooks ; and abont 
 200 infantry on board the fleet serving as marines. 
 
 ' This is a view of the Sampson House looking north toward Chazy, which is six miles distant. It Is brick, and 
 when I sketched it in 1860 It was stUl a Uvem, and kept by Mr. Harvey Bromley. The old barn, just as it was in 1814, 
 it Been Just beyond the house. 
 
/ 1/ 
 
 I li!P 
 
 ii. ' 
 
 •H 
 
 860 
 
 PICTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 IndlcatioiB of an Advance of the Brltteb Army. 
 
 Poiltlon of American Worka at Plattaburg. 
 
 cupiccl as a tavern, about eight miles from Plattsburg. Captain Pring, with the 
 British squadron, moved at the same time, anchored oSJsle la Motte, and on the wost 
 side of that island erected a battery of three long 18-pounders to cover the landing 
 of supplies for Prevost's troops. Macomb, at the same time, was straining every 
 muscle at his command in preparations for defense, for the impressment of trains by 
 the British at Champlain and Chazy, and loading wagons with heavy baggage, indi- 
 cated a speedy advance upon Plattsburg. By great exertions (the soldiers working 
 day and night), the redoubts and block-houses were completed and manned before 
 the enemy appeared before them, for he made short and cautious marches. These 
 were on the high level peninsula between the Saranac and the lake, gently sloping 
 toward the latter. The redoubts were on a curved line across the neck of tho penin- 
 sula, and were named respectively Forts Brown, Moreau,' and Scott. The first- 
 named stood on the bank of the river, at its head, about ha'f way between the lower 
 
 bridge at the village and near its mouth, and the upper bridge, a mile higher up, ou 
 the road leading to the Salmon River. Fort Moreau, the principal work, was hal<" 
 way between the river and the lake, fifty rods eastward of Fort Brown ; and Fort 
 Scott was near the bank of the lake. Northward of it were store-houses and a hos- 
 pital Between the lower bridge, and some distance above Fort Brown, the right 
 bank of the Saranac is steep, and from fifty to sixty feet in height ; and about sixty 
 rods above the lower bridge it is cleft by a deep ravine that extends from the river 
 almost to the lake. Near this ravine a block-house was built, and on the point near 
 Foquet's Hotel, overlooking the modem steam-boat landing, was another block-house. 
 At the mouth of the river, a short distance from the lower bridge, stood (and yet 
 stands) a stone mill, which served an excellent defensive purpose. 
 To create a spirit of emulation and zeal among the troops, General Macomb di- 
 
 if'^Tftiul 
 
 • Port Moreaa was named by Izard in honor of a celebrated French genera' of that name, whom Bonaparte exiled 
 flrom France becanse of hia snppoaed complicity with Fichegro and others In a conspiracy against the newly-created 
 emperor. He remained In the United States nine years. The Bmperor Alexander invited him to Russia, and while en- 
 gaged in his military service, near Dresden, a cannon-ball f^om Napoleon's guard broke both his legs, ttom the effects 
 of which he died. Hacomb gave the names of Brown and Scott to the other two redoubts, in honor of those two offi- 
 cers, whose gallantry on the Niagara (h>ntier had won his admiration. 
 
OF THE WAtt OF 1812. 
 
 861 
 
 ican Work! at Plattiburg. 
 
 in Pring, with the 
 tte, and on the wi'st 
 ) cover the landing 
 r&B straining every 
 ssment of trains by 
 eavy baggage, inili- 
 he soldiers working 
 and manned before 
 us marches. These 
 lake, gently sloping 
 le neck of the penin- 
 1 Scott. The first- 
 f between the lower 
 
 , a mile higher up, on 
 icipal work, was haK 
 ort Brown ; and Fort 
 ore-houses and a hos- 
 'ort Brown, the right 
 ght ; and about sixty 
 xtends from the river 
 ind on the point near 
 I another block-house, 
 ridge, stood (and yet 
 
 je. 
 General Macomb di- 
 
 ame, whom Bonaparte exiled 
 
 •ttcy against the newly-created 
 
 Tl htm to RuBBla, and while en- 
 
 rboth hlB legs, from the effectt 
 
 Its, In honor of those two oil- 
 
 Occupants of the Plattsburg Forts. 
 
 Puaitlon of the Troops. 
 
 The British advance on Plattsbnrg. 
 
 vided them into detachments, declaring in orders that each detachment was the gar- 
 rison of its own work, and bound to finish it and defend it to the last extremity. 
 Colonel Melancthon Smith,* with the Sixth and Twenty-ninth Regiments, was placed 
 in command of Fort Moreau. Fort Brown was intrusted to Lieutenant Colonel 
 Storrs, with detachments of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Regiments ; and Major 
 Vinson, with the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Regiments, garrisoned Fort Scott 
 Captain Smith, of tlio Rifles, with a part of his company and the convalescents, occu- 
 pied the block-house near the ravine ; and Lieutenant Fowler, with a detachment of 
 artillery, held the block-house on the Point. The light artillery, under Captain Leon- 
 ard, were ordered to annoy the enemy whenever and wherever an opportunity should 
 oftcr. The main body of Macomb's nrmy lay within tlie triangular portion of the 
 peninsula formed by the ravine, the river, and the lake. 
 
 When the British advanced to Chazy, Macomb ordered Captain SprouU to take a 
 position near Dead C»-^ek Bridge, on the lake road, with two hundred of the Thir- 
 teent' Regiment'' and two field-pieces, while Lieutenant Colonel Appling, the hero 
 ofSai.ay Creek, was sent farther in advance, with a little more than a hundred rifle- 
 men, and a troop of New York Cavalry under Captain Stafford and Lieutenant M. 
 M. Siandish. Their business was to watch and annoy the enemy, and obstruct his 
 marcii by felling trees in the road. It was theiv appearance that caused his Jialt at 
 Sampson's. General Mooers had called for the entire militia force of his district to 
 repel the invasion, and Macomb made an earnest appeal for troops to Governor Chit- 
 tenden, of Vermont. 
 
 On the evening of the 4th Mooers had seven hundred men imder his command, and 
 with them, by order of Macomb, he advanced a few miles northward on the Beek- 
 mantown Road, on an errand similar to that of Sproull and Appling. He was in- 
 structed to watch the enemy, skirmish with his vanguard, break up the bridges, and 
 obstruct the roads with felled trees. He went forward on the morning of the 5th, 
 and bivouacked that night near the stone church in Beekmantown. 
 
 On the morning of the 6th the British army, full fourteen thousand strong, mostly 
 veteran troops, marched upon Plattsburg in two columns from their encampment 
 near Sampson's, the right crossing over to the Beekmantown Road, and the left fol- 
 lowing the lake shore that led to Dead Creek Bridge. General Edward Baynes was 
 the adjutant general, and Sir Sidney Beckwith, who was conspicuous at Hampton 
 and in Hampton Roads the previous year,' was quartermaster general. The right 
 column was composed of General Powers's brigade, supported by four companies 
 of light infantry and a half brigade under Ma- 
 jor General Robinson. The left was composed 
 of General Brisbane's brigade, and was led by 
 
 > Uelancthon Smith was commissioned a mnjor of the Twenty- 
 ninth Infantry on the 20th of February, 1818, and was promoted 
 to colonel on the 12th of April following. He left the army at 
 the close of the war, and died at Plattsburg on the IBth of Au- 
 gast, 1818. In the eastern extremity of the old bnrial-gronnd at 
 Plattsburg I found his grave in 18(X>, and at the bead of it an elab- 
 orately-wrought tombstone, of bine limestone, on which is the 
 following Inscription : "To the memory of Colonel Mkiabotiion 
 Sxnu, who died Angnet 18, 1818, aged 38 years. As a testimony 
 of respect for his virtues, and to mark the spot where rests the 
 athes of an excellent Father, this stone is erected by his son Rion- 
 siu. United with many masculine virtues, he had a tear for pity, 
 and a hand open as day for melting charity." 
 
 ' This was always a famous regiment. We first met portions 
 of It following the gallant Captain Wool up Queenston Heights. 
 See page 897. At this time [1867] only three of its offlcers enr- 
 vive, namely. Major General Wool, Dr. M'Call (then surgeon's 
 mate, and now superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum at Utica), 
 and Captain Myers, mentioned in the note on page C51. 
 
 ' See page 683. 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 V) •■» 
 
 COLOnn. BMITU'S MOMCIUUIT. 
 
 n v\ 
 
 , i . f 
 
i 1< 
 
 y ... 
 
 set 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Mi\)ur W<H)1 gent tci meet the Brltlah. 
 
 A Hkirmlah at Beekmantown. 
 
 BngaKement on Calver'n Hill. 
 
 Ilim in person. The whole were under the immediate command of Major General 
 De Uottenburg. 
 
 Macomb was informed of this movement being in contemplation on the eveninjr of 
 the 5th, and prepared to meet it. The gallant Major John E. Wool, ever ready tor 
 a daring enterprise, volunteered to lead some regulars to support the militia and on. 
 }»ose the advance of the foe. At about the time in the early morning of the fltli 
 when the British broke camp at Sampson's, Wool moved from Plattsburg with two 
 hundred and fifty regular infantry and thirty volunteers, with orders to set the mi- 
 
 litia an example of firm- 
 ness. This was done. 
 He reached IJeckinan- 
 town before the oni'inv 
 appeared, and took po- 
 sition near the residence 
 of Ira Howe. There tiie 
 first collision occurred. 
 The enemy came march- 
 ing on rapidly, anticipa- 
 ting no resistance, wiien 
 they were suddenly 
 checked by a heavy vol- 
 ley of musketry from 
 Wool's little corps. Tiie 
 militia broke and fled 
 toward Plattsburg, but 
 the regulars stood firm. 
 The enemy was in over- 
 whelming numbers, but Wool moved slowly back toward Culver's Hill, disputing 
 the way inch by inch in desperate skirmishing:. On that hill, a short distance below 
 Beekmantown, he made a stand, and as the British advance ascended the slope, fill- 
 ing the entire road, he made another gallant attack upon them. Some of the militia 
 had been rallied, and were in position behind the stone wall that bounded the road.' 
 The enemy's advance was driven back upon the main body, and their leader. Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Willington, of the Third Regiment of Buff's, and Ensign Chapman of 
 the same regiment, were killed.' Captain Westropp, of the Fifty-eighth, was severe- 
 ly wounded. Captain Partridge, of the Essex militia, and several other Americans. 
 were killed. The fight was severe, but very short. The heavy column of the enemy 
 came pressing steadily onward with irresistible force, filling the entire roadway. At 
 the same time Wool discovered a formidable movement to turn his flank and gain 
 his rear, when he again fell back in order to Halsey's Corners, within a mile and a half 
 of Plattsburg Bridge. There he was joined at about eight o'clock in the morning 
 by Captain Leonard with two pieces of artillery. These were immediately placed in 
 battery at an angle in the road. They were masked by Wool's infantry and a small 
 body of militia, and as the enemy came steadily on in heavy mass, Leonard opened 
 Tipon them, and his balls cut fearful lanes through their ranks. 
 
 Three times that battery hurled its deadly missiles through the lines of the foe, 
 yet it did not check them. The British bugles sounded, and the men, throwing away 
 tlieir knapsacks, rushed forward at double quick to charge with the bayonet. Leon- 
 ard was compelled to fly toward the village. He carried his guns with him, turning 
 
 > This honee was the residence of Mr. Joel Smith when I visited Beekmantown in 1860. It was naed as a bospiul, 
 with others, after the skinnigh there and at Calver's Hill. 
 
 > This heavy stone wall, bnilt by some Vermonters before the war, was yet standing when I rode over Calrer's Dill 
 in the gammer of 1860. 
 
 ' To Samuel Terry, who was living at Pern, Clinton County, New York, is awarded the fame of having shot Willlngloii. 
 
 IKA UUWK H, UKGKliA^TUWN. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 803 
 
 gagement on CaWer'a Rill. 
 
 i of Major Gciu'ral 
 
 the lines of the foe, 
 men, throwing away 
 the bayonet. Leon- 
 Bins with him, turning 
 
 lot of tba Britl*b. 
 
 They praw on tu Plattibarg. 
 
 PIght In and near the Village. 
 
 Otone-mlll Ctudel. 
 
 IBAAO O. PLATT'd RKBII>KNUE.> 
 
 them occasionally upon the ptirsuing foe, and, crossing the Saranac at the lower 
 bridge, he pluntod thoni in battery on a gentle eminence in tlie roatl, near the stone 
 mill, to co\er the crossing of the rest of the Americans if they should find it neces- 
 sary to retreat. In the affair at Ilalsey's Corners several of the British were killed. 
 Among them was Lieu- 
 tenant Kingsbury, of the 
 Third Bufi's, who was mor- 
 tally w^oundcd, and tak- 
 en into the farm-house of 
 the now (1807) venerable 
 Isaac C. Piatt, Esquire, 
 near by, where he soon 
 afterward died.' 
 
 llie more rapid march 
 of the British right col- 
 umn imperiled the de- 
 tacliments of Appling and 
 Sproul, who were await- 
 ing the approach of the 
 left, Macomb perceived 
 this, and ordered them to 
 tall back toward Plattsburg, and attack the enemy's flank. They did so, and their 
 riflemen galled the foe severely. They reached the lower bridge just in time to avoid 
 being cut ofl'by the British right, and to cross it with Wool's retiring troops. When 
 ail were safely over, the bridge was torn up in the face of a heavy fire from the head 
 of the enemy's right, which had reached the little village. The militia in the mean 
 time had fled across the upper bridge, and destroyed that in the same way. The 
 British lefl column soon aflerward appeared. It crossed the Dead Creek Bridge, and, 
 while making its way along the beach of Plattsb-irg Bay to unite with the right, it 
 was severely harassed by an enfilading fire L^t^ «ome of Macdonough's galleys which 
 had been sent to the head of the bay for the purpose. A heavy blow came on, and 
 Macdonough sent Midshipman Silas Duncan in a gig to order the galleys to return 
 to the fleet. His boat was fired upon by the enemy, and he was severely wounded, 
 but he delivered the order and escaped with his life. 
 
 The British were checked at the village by the destruction of the lower bridge, 
 whose timbers were used in the construction of a breastwork for the infantry. They 
 took position in some store-houses near the Saranac. Upon these Captain Brooks 
 hurled some hot shot, and burned out the enemy. Their light troops endeavored 
 during the day to force a passage of the Saranac, but were each time repulsed by the 
 guards at tlie bridge and a small company known as Aiken's Volunteers, of Platts- 
 burg, who were stationed in the stone mill (see engraving next page) already men- 
 tioned. These young men had been out on the Beekmantown Road in the morning 
 and behaved gallantly, and they garrisoned that mill-citadel most admirably.^ In 
 the mean time a division of the British had pressed toward the uppc: bridge, where 
 General Mooers and his militia, as we. have observed, crossed the bridge, tore it up, 
 
 ' Palmer'8 Hiftorij of Lake Champlain, page 192. Statement to the aathor by Mr. Piatt In 1860. 
 
 > Tbiii was the appearance of Mr. Piatt's hou le in 1860. The main building is of bricli. The Immense bnttemnt- 
 trce near the house was a fine bearing tree at the time of the battle, and two bullet scars npon Its trunk were pointed 
 oDt to me. We shall notice this honse and its owner hereafter. 
 
 ' The following are the names of these young men, or rather lads, for none of them were old enough to be legally 
 i-alled into the military service: Martin J. Aiken, Azariah C. Flagg, Ira Wood, Qustavns A. Bird, James Trowbridge, 
 Hazen Mooers. Henry K. Averlll, St. John B. L. Skinner, Frederick P. Allen, Hiram Walworth, Ethan Everest, Amos 
 Soper, James Patten, Bnrtimeus Brooks, Smith Bateman, Melancthon W. Travis, and Flavins Williams. They were 
 highly praised by Macomb for their gallantry, aud he promised that each of them should receive a rifle. This promise 
 Congress redeemed in 1826 by ordering a rifle to he presented to each member of that little volunteer company. Sev- 
 eral of these lads afterward became distlnguisbed men. 
 
h 
 
 'if 
 
 804 
 
 riCTOIUAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tbe Btltlib checked tt the Bridge in Plettibarg. 
 
 Prepanitlonii for liattle on Land and Witer, 
 
 OLD BTONB MILL.* 
 
 and UHod its timhorN for 
 n breastwork. The ea- 
 einy made extraordina- 
 ry efforts to for(!o a pan- 
 Hage there, but Alooers 
 and his men stood lirm, 
 and kept thcni at buy. 
 Finding the passage of 
 the stream impoHNibie 
 under the cirruinstan- 
 ceSjPrevost ordered hu 
 troops to encamp \ipon 
 an elevated ridge about 
 a mile back from the 
 rivei", and upon the liigh 
 ground north of the 
 village. IIo made his 
 head - quarters at Al- 
 len's farm-house on the 
 ridge,' and gave orders 
 for vigorous prepara- 
 tions for attack. Not- 
 withstanding he was at 
 the head of overwhelm- 
 ing numbers, the events 
 of that day* convinced him that the task before him was not a light one. 
 He had lost, in killed and wounded, since the dawn, over two hundred 
 men, while the loss of the Americans did not exceed forty-five.^ 
 
 Prevost employed the time between the 7th and 11th in bringing up his battering 
 trains and supplies, and in erecting several works that might command the river, the 
 bay, and the American forts and block-houses on the peninsula.* The Americans in 
 the mean time were not idle. They labored without ceasing in strengthening tiieir 
 wo\ks. They removed their sick and wounded to Crab Island, two miles distant, in 
 the lake, and there erected a two d-pound gun battery, and manned it with convales- 
 cents. 
 
 Wliile these preparations were under way on land, the belligerents were making 
 ready for a combat on the water. A greater portioii of the British flotilla, under 
 Captain Pring, had advanced, as we have seen, to Isle la Motte, where they were 
 joined'' by the remaindet of the squadron and Captain George Downie, 
 of the Royal Navy, late of the Montreal on Lake Ontario. Macdouough, 
 at the same time, had the American squadron at anchor in Plattsburg Bay, and calm- 
 ly awaited the approach of his enemy. 
 
 For almost five days the seamen waited for a general movement of the landsmen, 
 wh ich was to be a signal on the part of the British for the weighing of anchors and 
 
 > This was a large two-storied ftame hoase, nearly square, and stood on the site of the residence of John H. Sanborn, 
 Esquire, in 1860, when I visited Plattsbnrg. It was on a little hill west of the village. General Robinson mode hi; 
 head-quarters at the house of the Honorable William Bailey, not far distant. Judge Bailey (mentioned In the note on 
 page 660) took refuge, vdth his family, in the house of Dr. Man (mentioned in the same note), some distance from Flatls- 
 burg. Judge Bailey married the daughter of Zepbaniah Piatt, a patentee of Plattsburg, and was the father of Admiral 
 Bailey, of our navy, who performed gallant service in the battle of Ports Jackson and Philip, below New Orleans, in tlie 
 spring of 1803. 
 
 » This was the appearance of the old stone mill when the writer sketched it In 1860 fh)m the gallery of the UnlW 
 States Hotel. On the left is seen a portion of Plattsburg Bay, and Cumberland Head in the distance. 
 
 ' Palmer's Biatory of Lake Champlain, page 194. 
 
 * These consisted of threr block-houses erected at points within range of the American works ; a battery on the lak« 
 shore. Just north of the mouth of the Saranac ; another on the steep bank above the mill-pond ; a third near the burial- 
 ground ; and one for rocketeers on a hill opposite Fort Brown. 
 
 ' September 6, 
 
 1814. 
 
 ' September 8. 
 
br Battl* on Land and Wtttr, 
 
 OF TUB WAK OF 1818. 
 
 805 
 
 Drive Kxplult uf CapUin M'Uliuialn. A Britlih Batttrjr eaptand. Biittah land and naval fomi In Motion. 
 
 VmW UP TUK BAKANAO, rKUM fOKT UUUWN,> 
 
 preparing ships for action, and during that time no military operation of great im- 
 portance occurred. There were some minor movements worthy of notice. One of 
 them, on the part of the Americans, was a bold one. On the night of the 9th there 
 was tempestuous weather. There was liglitning, and rain, and wind, and thick dark- 
 ness. The British had been seen at sunset busily engaged in the erect ion of the 
 rocket battery opposite Fort Brown. Captain M'Glassin, who was described to me 
 as a "little beardless Scotchman" anxious to distinguish liimself, asked (Jencial Ma- 
 comb to allow him to load fifty men tliat night to an attiusk on the builders. Ma- 
 comb complied, and M'Glassin, who had arisen from a sick-bed, sallied out in the 
 gloom with his men, from whose gun-locks the flints were removed, crossed the Sar- 
 anac about half way between F'ort Brown and the upper bridge, and, unobserved, 
 reached the foot of the hill on which the battery was rising. There he divided his 
 men into two parties. One went to the rear of the battery by a circuitous route, 
 and, Avhen all was ready, lie Ehouted " Charge ! men, charge ! upon the front and 
 rear !" His men rushed forward with frightful yells. The British, believing over- 
 whelming numbers were upon them, fled precipitately to their main body. The work 
 was taken, the guns were spiked, and M'Glassin returned without the loss of a single 
 man. Over three hundred veteran troops had been surprised and frightened into 
 tliglit by only fifty men, and Sir George Prevost was much mortified. 
 
 The morning of the 11th dawned brightly, and at an early hour in the forenoon the 
 British land and naval forces were in motion for a combined attack on the Americ'^ns. 
 Prevost had arranged the movement with Downie. It was agreed that when the Brit- 
 ish squadron should be seen approaching Cumberland Head, the advance of the army, 
 under Major General Robinson, sliould press forward, force the fords of the Saranac, 
 climb tlie steep banks, and with ladders escalade the American works on the penin- 
 sula, while the several batteries around Plattsburg village should open a brisk fire. 
 
 Between seven and eight o'clock the squadron was seen advancing, and at eight it 
 rounded Cumberland Head. It consisted of the frigate Conflance, 38, Downie'c flag- 
 ship; the brig iiVme^, 16, Captain Pring; the sloops ^At<J, Lieutenant M'Ghee, and 
 Mnch,^ Lieutenant Hicks, carrying 1 1 guns each ; and twelve gun-boats, manned by 
 
 ' Thli view is from the monnds of Fort Brown, looking np the Sp.ranac. The bnildlngs In the extreme distance are 
 at the upper bridge, where Mooers's milltta were stationed. H'Qlassin forded the Saranac at the point indicated by the 
 drift-wood lodged in the atream. He crossed the little narrow plain where the cattle are seen, and np the slope to the 
 Hght. 
 
 ■ These were the Eagle and Qroaler, captureti trom the Americans on Lake Chomplaln bj the British, who changed 
 their names to Chvb and Fimh. 
 
 3l 
 
 1. 1 
 
 M 
 
'.I 
 
 r! * 
 
 866 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Force and Pogltlon of the hoBtile Fleeta. 
 
 HacdonoDgh Implores divine Aid. 
 
 Beginning of the Battle. 
 
 about forty-five men each. Eight of them carried 2 guns, and four of them 1 gun 
 each. At that moment Macdonough's squadron lay in Cumberland or Plattsburw 
 Bay, on a line north from Crab Island, a id almost parallel with the shore, at an aver- 
 age distance of two miles from it. On the extreme left, and at the head of the Hue 
 were two galleys at anchor, and next to them lay the brig Eagle, 26, Captain Henley, 
 just within the point of Cumberland Head. Next south of her was the Saratoga, 20, 
 Macdonough's flag-ship ; and the next in line was the schooner Ticonderoga, 1 7, Lieu- 
 tenant Cassin. Next southward in the line lay the Preble, Lieutenant Charles BuOd, 
 armed with 7 guns.> This vessel lay so near the shoal extending northeast from 
 Cuvb Island, that it was impossible for the enemy to turn that end of the line. In 
 the .'ear of these larger vessels were ten gun-boats or galleys, six of them mountinjr 
 one long 24-pounder and one 18-pound Columbiad each, and the other four carrying 
 each a 1£ pounder. These were so arranged as to fill up the openings between the 
 larger vessels in the line, making the order of battle in two lines, about forty rods 
 apart. The larger vessels were at anchor, while the gun-boats were kept in position 
 by the use of oars. ^ 
 
 The American line of battle had been formed with great skill by the young com- 
 mandci, reference being had to the confonnation of the land. It extended completely 
 across the entrance to Plattsburg Bay from Crab Island to Cumberland Head, and 
 the enemy, rounding the latter, was compelled to approach the Amsrican squadron 
 with his bows on, giving the latter a great advantage at the beginning.^ The firet 
 vessel that made its appearance was a sloop, which, it is said, carried a company of 
 amateurs, who kept out of the action that ensued. It was immediately followed by 
 the Finch, which led the van of the British squadron, and made for the right of the 
 American line, in the direction of the Preble, near Crab Island, At the same time 
 the Chub moved toward the head or left of the Americans, near Cumberland Head. 
 keeping well to the windward of the Eagle, to support the Linret in a direct attack 
 on that vessel, while the gun-boats coming up in order, their commanders received 
 from Commodore Downie ".nal instructions for action. He then attempted to lay tlic 
 Conjiance athwart the Saratoga, while the Finch and the gun-boats should attack 
 the Ticonderoga and Preble. He was baffled by shifting winds, and was compelled 
 to anchor his vessel within two cables' length of its antagonist, 
 
 Macdonough, in the mean time, had thoroughly prepared to receive the enemy. 
 When his vessels were cleared for action, springs placed on his cables, and all was in 
 readiness, lie knelt upon the deck of the Saratoga, near one of its heaviest guns, witli 
 his oflicers and men around him, and, in tew words, asked Almighty God for aid, and 
 committed the issue into his hands,* He arose with assured courage, and as the en- 
 emy came bearing down upon him, hip vessels sprang their broadsides to bear, and 
 the Eagle opened the action by hurling the first shot. It discharged in quick suc- 
 cession its four long 1 8-pounders in broadside. This was followed by the fire of a 
 long 24-pounder on the Saratoga, which the young and gallant commodore had sight- 
 ed himself The ball entered the outer hawse-hole of ihe Confiance, the enemy's flag- 
 ship, and went crashing through every obstacle the entire length of her deck, killing 
 
 ' The SarcUoga wai built at Vergennee in the spring of 1814. The Ticonderoga was in conrse of construction for n 
 steam-boat when she was taken for the public service by Macdonough and converted Into a sloop-of-wnr. The EagU 
 was also built at Vergennes in the summer of 1R14. So rapid was her construction that she was launched In uinetMQ 
 days after her keel was cut in the woods. She Joined the sqaadron early in August. 
 
 • The American force consisted of one ship, one brig, one schooner, ' . sloop, and ten gnn-boats, carrying 86 gum 
 in all, and manned by 882 mer. The British had one fVlgate, one brig, two sloops, and twelve gnn-boats, cnrryin;; hi 
 all 96 giins, and manned by a little more than 1000 men. The metal of each was unusually heavy. That of the Amer- 
 icans was as follows: Fourteen long 24'8, six 42'8, twenty-nine S2"«, twelve long IS's, twelve 'ong IS's, seven lonp 9'», 
 and six 18-ponnd Columblads. The British had thirty-one long 24'e, seven 18'e, sixteen 12's, Ave fl's, twelve 84-ponini 
 carronados six 24's, seventeen 18's, and one 18-pound Columbiad. ' See Map on page 871. 
 
 * At ■ pnblic dinner given to Hacdonongh at Plattsburg a few days after the battle, the following toast was olferfd 
 after he had left the table: "Theplons and brave Macdonongh— the professor of the religion ofthe Redeemer— prepar- 
 ing for action, he called on God, who forsook him not in the honr of danger: may he not be forgotten by his coontry." 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 867 
 
 BegiDDing of the Battte, 
 
 [ four of them 1 gun 
 erland or Plattsburw 
 the shore, at an aver- 
 the head of the line, 
 !, 26, Captain Henley, 
 waB the Saratoga, 2G, 
 Viconderoga, 1 7, Lieu- 
 tenant Charles Budd, 
 iding northeast from 
 , end of the line. In 
 six of them mounting 
 e other four carrying 
 >peningB between the 
 nes, about forty rods 
 were kept in position 
 
 11 by the yoimg com- 
 i extended completely 
 umberland Head, and 
 e Amsrican squadron 
 leginning.^ The fii-st 
 carried a company of 
 nediately followed hy 
 le for the right of the 
 1. At the same time 
 ar Cumberland Head, 
 iret in a direct attack 
 commanders received 
 1 attempted to lay tlie 
 boats should attack 
 and was compelled 
 
 Cock crowing on Uacdonongh's Flag-ehip. 
 
 Fight between the Flag-ebips. 
 
 The Battle general. 
 
 3 receive the enemy, 
 cables, and all was in 
 ;8 heaviest guns, with 
 jhty God for aid, and 
 luraae, and as the en- 
 jadsides to bear, and 
 
 larged in quick suc- 
 iwed by the fire of a 
 !ommodoro had sight- 
 nce, the enemy's flag- 
 
 1 of her deck, killing 
 
 _ conrse of construction for n 
 to a Bloop-of-wnr. The Kijk 
 she was launched In ulnetran 
 
 gtin-bo8t«, carrying 86 gtrai 
 twelve gnn-boatu, carrylnR la 
 ly heavy. That of the Amer- 
 jlve long IS's, (even lonf 9>, 
 12's, five fl'B, twelve 32-ponu(l 
 ' See Map on psjre 8J1, 
 _ following toast was nfferfd 
 Ion oftheRedeeiner— preptr- 
 be forgotten by his conntry." 
 
 several men on its way, and demolishing the wheel. The Linnet, as she was passing 
 to attack the Eagle, gave the Saratoga a broadside, but without serious effect. One 
 of her shoto demolished a hen-coop on the Saratoga, in which was a young game- 
 cock which some of the seamen had lately brought on board. The released fowl, 
 startled by the noise of cannon, flew upon a gun-slide, and, clapping his wings, crow- 
 ed lustily and defiantly. The sailors cheered, and the incident, appearing to them as 
 ominous of victory for the Americans, strengthened the courage of all. ' 
 
 The Conjiance made no reply to the Saratoga's savage 24-poiTnder until she had 
 secured a desirable position, notwithstanding the entire American line had become 
 engaged in the combat. When rear'.y, she exhibited a sheet of flame. Her entire 
 larboard broadside guns, consisting of sixteen 24-pounder8, doi .ble-shotted, leveled 
 point-blank range, coolly sighted, aiid favored by still water, were discharged at one 
 time. The effect was terrible. The Saratoga shivered from round-top to hull as 
 with an ague, and forty of her people, or almost one fifth of her complement, were 
 disabled. But the stunning blow was felt only for a moment. Almost iinmediatelj 
 Macdonough resumed the conflict, and the fire of the Saratoga was steady, and gal- 
 lantly conducted. Among her lost was her first lieutenant, Peter Gamble, who was 
 on his knees sighting a bow-gun, when a shot entered the port, split the quoin, drove 
 a part cf it against his breast, and luid him dead without breaking the skin. Fifteen 
 minutes afterward an American ball struck the muzzle of a 24-pounder on board the 
 Conjiance, dismounted it, sending it bodily inboard against the groin of Commodore 
 Downie, killing him also without breaking the skin.'' 
 
 The battle had now become general, steady, and active between the larger vessels. 
 Tlie Chub, while nianceuvring near the head of the American line, received a broad- 
 side from the gallant Henley,^ of the Eagle, which so crippled her that she drifted 
 helplessly, and, after receiving a shot from the Saratoga, she struck, and was taken 
 possession of by Mr. Piatt, one of the midshipmen of that vessel,* who had her towed 
 
 > statement to the anthor by Commodore Samuel L. Breese, who was commander of the gnn-boat NeUey In the ac- 
 tion,* anr". James Sloan, of Oswego, who, as we have observed [page 7BT], was Macdonough's clerk, and was a witness 
 to the affair. He says that some of the sailors were fond of cock-flghting. This particnlar bird, owned on shore, had 
 been a formidable antagonist, and, by " hook or by crook," they had obtained possession of him. 
 
 The following allusion to this event Is contained iu a rhyming " Epittk qf Brother Jonathan to Johnny BvU, said to 
 have been ,vritten at near the close of 1614 : 
 
 " O, Johnny Bull, my joe, John, 
 Behold on Lake Champlain, 
 With more than equal force, John, 
 
 Yon tried your fist again ; 
 But the cock sew how 'twas going, 
 
 And cried ' Cock-a-doodle-doo,' 
 And Macdonough was victorious, 
 O, Johnny Bull, my Joe !" 
 
 > Cooper's yatal Hiiitory of the United States, ii., 434. 
 
 ' Robert Henley was bom In James City County, Virginia, on the Bth of January, 1783. He was educated at William 
 ind Mary College. He obtained a midshipman's warrant in ITflO, and made his first cmlee with Commodore Trux- 
 tun in the ConnteUation. He showed much gallantry in several engagements, especially with La Vengeance (see page 
 104), when Truxtnn said, "That stripling Is destined to be a brave officer." He was appointed to the command of 
 the Eagle iu the spring of 1814, :md after the battle of Plattsbnrg in September, his commander, Macdonough, said, in 
 Ills official report : "To Captain Rob«rt Henley, of the brig Eagle, much is to be ascribed ; his courage was conspicu- 
 ous, and I most earnestly recommend him as worth) of the highest trust and confidence." The National Congress 
 thanked him, and gave him a gold medal.t He was also promoted to captain. He died at Charleston, Soath Carolina, 
 in the year 1829. 
 
 • The late Commodore Charles T. Piatt, who died ai Kcwburg, New York, on the 12th of December, 1860. He was a 
 native of Plattsbnrg, and a gallant officer. He entered the navy as midshipman In 1812 on Lake Champlain. During 
 the battle here recorded he passed three times through the line of the enemy's fire in an open boat carrying orders. He 
 was promoted to lieutenant, and accompanied Commodore Porter to the West Indies in 1822, in command of the schoon- 
 
 -;» jiif! 
 
 * Samuel L. Breese is a native of New York. He entered the navy as midshipman in December, 1810. He was pro- 
 moted to lieutenant in the spring of 18in ; to commander in December, 1835 ; to captain In September, 1841 ; and to 
 rear admiral in 1802. He Is on the retired list, and is now (1S(17) light-house inspector. 
 
 t The picture on the next page Is a representation of Henley's medal. On one side is abnst of Captain Henley In pro- 
 iUe, with the legend, " hob. inir«i.i!T, kaolk pii<«f7ot. palm* virtu. p«b «txiinit fi.ohibit." On the reverse is a repre- 
 Kntatlnn of a fleet ongaged before a town (Plattsbnrg), enveloped in smoke. Several small boats are seen on the 
 lake. X/egend— " dmo latsbe piboitsso. altisum. bhpibavit." Esergne— " lntxb olass. aioibi. bt but. vim xi. ibft., 
 
 WIOOOXUII," 
 
 I., 
 
 i\ 
 
 ^^^^^K 
 
 ^^^^^^^B 
 
 
 
 'W s' ' ' 
 
 / . 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
n 
 
 
 i 
 
 ill 
 
 
 868 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Capture of the Fnush. 
 
 BrilUh Qun-boatB in Action. 
 
 (Jold Medals awarded by Congresa. 
 
 benlet's meual. 
 
 into Plattsburg Bay, and anchored near the mouth of the Saranac. She had suffered 
 very severely. Almost half of her people were killed or wounded. An hour later 
 the Finch was driven from her position by the TYccK/ero^a, commanded by the in- 
 trepid Lieutenant Cassin; ard, being badly injured, drifted upon Crab Island shoal 
 
 oabsin's medal. 
 
 of rocks, and grounded. The invalid corps on the island brought their little two-gun 
 battery to bear on her, when she struck, and surrendered to this small band of con- 
 valescents.' 
 
 The British gun-boats now entered vigorously into the action, and soon compelled 
 the Prebk, Lieutenant Budd, to cut her cables and flee to a safer place near the shore, 
 where she anchored, and was of no farther service in the fight. This success embold- 
 ened the British galleys, and they made a combined and furious attack on the Ticon- 
 deroga, fourteen in number, with an average of fifty men in each.'* Cassin walked the 
 taffrail in a storm of grape and canister shot, watching the movements of the assail- 
 
 er BtagU. In this war against tlie pirates Piatt distln^lslied himself. He was attached to the steam fV!<;ate Fulxm 
 when she blew np, and was severely Injured. His last service was in command ofthe Navy Yard at Memphis. 
 
 « That inaccurate historian, Sir Archibald Alison, In his HUtonj of England, in writinp; of this event, remarks, "The 
 FltieK, a British brit;, grounded out of shot, and did not engage!" Again, he speaks of her ge'ting on rocks, and not 
 being able to engage In the action. Her commander, Captain Pring, in his ofilcial report, says truly that she struck on 
 a reef of rocks to the eastward of Crab Island, nbvut the middle 0/ the engagement, which prevented her rendering such 
 a!<sistance, etc., etc Alison, with these facts befui? him, calls a sloop-of-war with eleven guns and forty men a brifr, and 
 keeps her from action altogether ! > Statemeut to the author by Admiral Paulding. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 869 
 
 3dal8 awarded by Congreu. 
 
 ic. She had suffered 
 ided. An hour later 
 )ramanded by the iii- 
 on Crab Island shoal 
 
 IS. AMEBI' 
 ■XISEBT. 
 
 M 
 
 It their little two-gun 
 [is small band of con- 
 
 l, and soon compelled 
 ■ place near the shore, 
 
 I This success embold- 
 attack on the Ticon- 
 Cassin Avalked the 
 /cments of the assail- 
 
 Id to the Bteam ftlsate Fulton 
 \iy Yard at Memphis, 
 lof thU event, remarks, "The 
 Ver geHing on rocks, and not 
 I says truly that she struck on 
 fcrovented her rendering such 
 fnns and forty men a brig, and 
 Lor by Admiral Paulding. 
 
 Victory doubtful. 
 
 The Flag-ships disabled. 
 
 Surrender of the Confianoe. 
 
 Cassin and Paulding. 
 
 ants, and directing effective discharges of musket-balls and other light missiles, which 
 kept the enemy at bay.' Several times they were within a few feet of the sides of 
 the Ticonderoga with the intention of boarding her. They behaved with the utmost 
 gallantry, but with equal gallantry the Americans repulsed them. The Ticonderoga 
 maintained her position, and covered her extremity of the line to the last, winning 
 from the commodore and all beholders unqualified praise for her commander and 
 people.' 
 
 While the fortunes of the day were thus fluctuating at the lower end of the line, 
 the Americans were suffering at the other extremity. The Eagle lost the springs of 
 her cable, and b&came exposed to the combined fire of the Linnet and Conjiance, 
 Henley at once dropped her between and a little astern of the Saratoga and 7?con- 
 deroga, and, anchoring her there, opened his larboard guns afresh on the Conjiance 
 and the British galleys. But the Saratoga was left exposed to the whole fire of the 
 Linnet, which sprang her broadsides in such a manner as to rake the bows of her an- 
 tagonist. 
 
 Very soon th> , wo flag-ships became disabled. Tlie Saratoga had not a single 
 serviceable starboard gun left, and was silent. The Conjiance was not much better 
 off. Now was the moment for Macdonough to exhibit his splendid seamanship. He 
 did 80, quickly and effectively. With the aid of Philip Brum, his skillful sailing-mas- 
 ter, he wound the ship, by means of a stream ar^chor and hawsers, so that he brought 
 the guns of his larboard quarter to bear on the Conjiance., which had vainly endeav- 
 ored to imitate the movement. Under the direction of Acting Lieutenant Lavallette, 
 these poured such a destructive fire or. the British flag-ship that she soon surren- 
 dered. The Saratoga's fire was then uirected upon the Linnet, and in the course of 
 
 1 Stephen Cassin, eon of Commodore John Cassin, of the navy, was bom in Philadelphia on the 16th of February, 
 nS3. He entered the navy as a mldah'pman in the year 1800, and was in the Philadelphia with Decatur in the Mediter- 
 ranean. He was active, aud beiiaved bravely in the naval operations in that quarter from 1801 to 1804-'6. He was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the Ticonderoga in the spring of 1814, and Macdonough, in his official report of the b&ctle 
 off Plattsburg, in September of that year, said, " The Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Commandant Stephen Cassin, gallantly 
 fustnined her full share of the action." For his good conduct on that occasion Cassin was promoted to a post cap- 
 taincy, and received from Congress a vote of thanks and a gold medal. The latter is delineated in the engraving on the 
 Dpposite page. On one side is a bust of Cassin in profile, with the legend "stkf. cassin tioondkrooa PE^rsoT. quvg 
 iiEoio IN TXBBiB NOB. MON PLiNA LAB." On the reverde Ui the same design, legend, and exerguo as ou that of Captain 
 Henley. 
 
 > Among the brave spirits on board the Ticonderoga was Midshipman Hiram Fanlding, now (186T) a rear admiral. He 
 was then a lad not seventeen years of age, but, for want of 
 officers, he v/as placed in command of a division of eight 
 guns. When the British galleys approached it was discov- 
 ered that the matches for firing the cannon were useless. 
 Young Paulding saw no resource but the flash of a pistol, 
 and with his own hand he thns fired the gnns of his sec- 
 tion during a combat of more than two hours ; and in the 
 interval of the cannon-firing, when the enemy were with- 
 in pistol-shot, he discharged his weapon against them. 
 These facts I had fk'om the lips of the late Commodore 
 Tattnall. 
 
 Hiram Paulding, a son of one of the captors of AndrA, 
 was born in Westchester County, New York, on the 11th 
 of December, 179T. His first service In the navy was as a 
 midBbipman, at thirteen years of age, on Lake Ontario, in 
 1S12. During the remainder of the war he was confined to 
 like Chaniplain. In 181S he accompanied Decatur in the 
 CmiUllation frigate to the Mediterranean. He was pro- 
 moted to lieutenant, and served under Bainbridge and 
 Downes. He was on shore for some time in 1821 engaged 
 In study preparatory to a more useful career In the navy. 
 He accompanied Porter In his expedition against the West 
 India pirates, and from that time until 1806, he was in active, 
 nrdiion!<, and most useful service, afloat and ashore, as sub- 
 ordinate and commander, having been promoted to captain 
 Id 1843. He took an active Interest in the suppression of the 
 rebellion that broke out In the Slave-labor states in 1861, 
 and in 1868 (when the annexed portrait was drawn) was pro- 
 moted to rear admiral. He was the first American com- 
 mander who received a ftall admiral's salnte. It was given 
 bjr a French frigate lying In New York Harbor, August 1, 
 19<i, on the occasion of the admiral's visit to that vessel. 
 
 ^fe-^^g^-^^ 
 
 ' I 
 
 11 
 
 ll 
 
 
' iT'^m 
 
 ' 
 
 
 M 
 
 i ' 
 i 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 : 
 
 W' 
 
 ,.j 
 
 870 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Surrender of the British Fleet. 
 
 Escape of the British Galieys. 
 
 Spectators of the Battle. 
 
 fifteen minutes she too struck her colors. The British galleys in the mean time had 
 been driven by the Tioonderoga half a mile in the rear of their stately associates, and 
 they lay scattered, and giving feeble aid to them. Seeing the colors of the larger 
 vessels go down, they too dropped their ensigns, and at a little past noon not one of 
 the sixteen national flags which were so proudly floating over the British squadron 
 when it rounded Cumberland Head could be seen. 
 
 Finding they were not likely to be pursued, the galleys bent theii* sweeps with en- 
 ergy and escaped down the lake, followed by a store-sloop which had been lying 
 during the battle near the point of Cumberland Head on which the light-house now 
 stands. The American vessels were too much crippled to follow, and were, moreover 
 
 VIEW AT XUE LIOUT-UODeS 0« OUMJi£IU.AMU UiSAU.' 
 
 engaged in the humane business of saving the survivors of the Confiance and the 
 Linnet, which wci reported to be in a sinking condition.^ " I could Only look at the 
 enemy's galleys going off in a shattered condition," Macdonough wrote to the Sei^re- 
 • September 13, tary of War," " for there was not a mast in either squadron that could 
 ^^"- stand to make sail on ; the lower rigging, being nearly all shot away, 
 
 hung down as if it had just been placed over the mast-heads." "Our masts, yard?, 
 and sails were so shattered," wrote Midshipman Lee, of the Confiance, who was 
 wounded in the action, " that one looked like so many bunches of matches and the 
 other like a bundle of rags."^ 
 
 For two hours and twenty minutes this severe naval battle raged, while the tluin 
 der of cannon, the hiss of rockets, the scream of bombs, and the rattle of musketry 
 were heard on the shore. It was a sublime sight, and was beheld by hundreds of 
 spectators on the headlands of the Vermont shore, who greeted the victory with 
 shouts.* It was a battle characterized by a vigor and destructiveness not excelled 
 
 ' This view is from the light-house on Cumberland Head, and Includes the theatre of the battle of Lake Champlain, 
 The island in the centre of the picture is Crab Island, and the one nearer the left is Valcour Island, near •- .h Bene- 
 dict Arnold's famous naval battle was fonght in ITTfl. The hills in the distance are the lofty Adirondack ilonntaliu. 
 
 » This is the accepted reason for the flight of the gnn-boats. Cooper says that, after the surrender, a cannon on board 
 the Conftaruse was accidentally discharged, and in the direction of Cumberland Head. Up to that time, he enye, the 
 British galleys appeared to have been waiting to be taken possession of. They regarded this gun as a signal for e>- 
 cn|«.i, and they acted accordingly. Macdonongh made a signal for his gun-boats to follow, but they were recalled to the 
 relief of the J/inTut and Cot\ftance, ' Letter to his brother, December U, 1S14. * AiMlectic Magazine, vii., 2U 
 
Spectators of the Battle. 
 
 n the mean time had 
 tatcly associates, and 
 colors of the larger 
 past noon not one of 
 the British squadron 
 
 their sweeps with on- 
 hich had been lying 
 I the light-house now 
 ■, and were, moreover, 
 
 
 the Conflance and the 
 
 could only look at the 
 
 Lgh wrote to the Sc^re- 
 
 ler squadron that could 
 
 nearly all shot away, 
 
 > " Our masts, yard?, 
 
 he Confiance, who was 
 
 les of matches and the 
 
 |j raged, while the tlmn 
 Ithe rattle of musketry 
 Ibeheld by hundreds of 
 Leted the victory witli 
 luctiveness not excelled 
 
 M the hnttle of Lake Champlnin. 
 ^alcour Island, near •■ -hBcns- 
 le lofty Adirondack Wonntnins. 
 Ihe Burrendcr, a cannon on board 
 I Up to that time, he Biiyf,tta 
 Irdcd this gnn as a signal for ee- 
 low, bnt thoy were recalled to llic 
 I * il»iototi« Magazine, vU.,21l 
 
 OF THE WAK OF 1812. 
 
 871 
 
 Vijtory for the Americans complete. 
 
 Macdonough's Announcement of It. 
 
 Cunalties. 
 
 PLAN OP TDK NAVAL ACTION ON LAKE OIIAMPLAIN.' 
 
 by any during the war, indeed seldom equaled any where or at any time.' The vic- 
 tory for the Americans was complete and substantial; and from the Saratoga,\\aM 
 an hour after the Linnet struck and the galleys fled, Macdonough sent the following 
 dispatch ashore in a gig, to be forwarded to the Secretary of the Navy : 
 
 " Sir, — The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory on Lake Cham- 
 ])lain in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and two sloops of war of the enemy." 
 Two days afterward he sent Lieutenant Commanding Cassin to the Secretary of ♦he 
 Navy with a more detailed yet brief account of tlie battle, in which he statea that 
 the Saratoga had fifty round shot in her hull, and the Conjiance one hundrqjl and five. 
 He added, " The Saratoga was twice set on fire by hot shot from the enemy's ship."' 
 
 Very few officc-s or men on the Saratoga and Conjiance were uninjured. Indeed, 
 the same might be said of those of the other large vessels of both parties. Macdon- 
 ough was twice prostrated upon the deck, and his venerable sailing-master, Peter 
 Brum, had his clothes nearly torn off by a splinter while winding the ship.* Acting 
 
 ' This map was compiled from a large one in the Engineer Department, Washington City, and a rongh pen-and-ink 
 sketch made at the time of the battle by the late Chancellor R. U. Walworth, then Macomb's adjutant general. The 
 coast Hues are from the report of the Coast Surrey. 
 
 « " The havoc on both sides was dreadful," Midshipman William Lee wrote. " I don't think there are more than five 
 of our men, out of three hundred, but what are killed or wounded. Never was a shower of hail so thick as the shot 
 whistling about our ears. Were you to see my jacket, waistcoat, and trowsers, you would be astonished to know how 
 I escaped as I did, for they are literally torn all to rags with shot and splinters ; the upper part of my hat was also shot 
 sway. There is one of the marines who was in the Trafalgar action with Lord Nelson, who says it was a mere flea-bite 
 In comparison with this."— Letter to his Brother, December 14, 1S14. Midshipman Lee rose to the rank of lieutenant, 
 and died "on the 24th of Febniary, 1817, at the Telegraph, West Square."— O'Byme's Naval Biography. 
 
 Mr. James Sloane, of Oswego, Informed me that, a few days before the battle, he gave one of the seamen a very nice 
 glazed hat. After the battle was over the sailor came to him with the hat in his hand, having a semicircular cut in the 
 side and crown made by a cannon-shot while it was on his head. " Look here, Mr. Sloane," said the sailor, "how the 
 damned >John Bulls have spoiled my hat." He did not seem to reflect for a moment how nearly the cannon-ball came 
 to spoiling his head. 
 
 ' On page 8T9 is a fac-siinile of this paragraph of the dispatch, copied from the original in the archives of the Navy 
 Department, Washington City. When the Confianee was captured she was found to have ovens for heating shot. There 
 were no others in any vessel on the lake. 
 
 ' Macdonongh sighted a favorite gun much of the time during the action. Wliile doing so at one time, bending his 
 body, ft shot cut the spanker-boom in two, and it fell upon his back with such force as to prostrate him senseless on the 
 (Ifck. The cry went through the ship that the commodore was killed. He soon recovered and resumed his station. 
 A few minutes afterward a shot drove the head of the captain of his favorite gun in upon him, and knocked him Fensa- 
 kfi into the scupper^ when bis death was again announced ; but he speedily recovered. Mr. Bnim had a splinter 
 
HI..' 
 
 I I 
 
 \ ' 
 
 ( 1 
 ( i 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 ' 
 J- 
 
 ! ■ 
 
 
 iwfp 
 
 P 
 
 WW 
 
 i i 
 
 L ' m 
 
 872 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 CaBualties on the Sbipa. 
 
 Haccionoagh'g Reception of the captive British Offlcen. 
 
 /^-i"^ c^c^^ ^/^v-7^ >^ 
 
 (S^^t^My^J- 
 
 rA0-8IMILE OF A PART OF MAOnONODOR'B DIBPATOH. 
 
 Lieutenant Lavallette had a shot-box, on which he was standing, driven from tin- 
 der hiin by a ball, and was knocked down by the flying head of one of the st-iimen.' 
 Lieutenant Gamble, as we have seen, 
 was killed at the beginning of the action. 
 Lieutenant Stansbury suddenly disap- 
 peared from the bulwarks, and two days 
 afterward his body, cut in two, rose to 
 the surface. Joseph Smith, first lieuten- 
 ant of the Eagle, received a severe wound, 
 but returned to his quarters during the 
 action.* The British officers suifered se- 
 verely. Commodore Downie, Captain 
 Anderson, of the Marines, Midshipman 
 Gunn, of the Confiance, and Lieutenant 
 Paul and Boatswain Jackson, of the Lin- 
 net, were also killed, and many others 
 were wounded. The wife of the steward 
 of the Conjiance was also killed.' The 
 entire loss of the Americans was one 
 hundred and ten, of whom fifty-two were 
 killed. The total British loss was 
 more than two hundred.* 
 
 Macdonough received the offi- 
 cers of the captured vessels with 
 ^n at courtesy of manner and 
 «peech. When they offisred him 
 their swords, he instantly replied, 
 " Gentlemen, your gallant conduct makes you worthy to wear your weapons ; return 
 them to their scabbards." They did so, and they all walked the deck of the victori- 
 
 driven bo near his body rb to strip ofThia clotheB and prostrate bim senselesB. He soon gained his feet, and, makisg 
 an apron of his handlierchief, continued his labors. See Cooper's A'avai History, ii,, 444, note. 
 
 > Elie A. F. Lnvallette is a native of Virginia. He entered the navai service as Baliing-maBter a week after the decla- 
 ration of war in June, 1812. He was acting lieutenant In the battle of Lalce Champlain, and received a commission at 
 ftiU lieatenant at the middle of December following as a slight reward for bis gallant conduct. In March, 1831, be was 
 promoted to commander, and in 1802 to rear admiral. He is now (1867) on the retired list and awaiting orders. 
 
 » Joseph Smith, now (1807) rear admiral on the retired list, has been chief of the Bnrean of Yards and Doclts for sev- 
 eral years. He is a native of Hassachnsetts, and entered the navy as midBhipman in January, 1809. When he was abmt 
 to go to Lake Champlain he had an order to get a clerk. He fonnd Sloane (already mentioned) in a bookBtore in Bog- 
 ton, and persuaded bim to go with him. Smith behaved most gallantly on the Bogle in the battle of Lake Champlain, 
 He had been appointed lieutenant in July, 1818. He was promoted to commander in 1827, and to captain In 1837. He 
 was created rear admiral in 1802. 
 
 ' Letter in Niles's Weekly Regitter, vli., 43. Mr. Sloane Informed me that, while abb was stooping in the act of binding 
 np the wounded leg of one of the men, a cannon-ball cam" through the side of the ship, carried away both of her breasts, 
 and, driving her across the vessel, killed her instantly. 
 
 ♦ Macdonough's official Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, September 13, 1814 ; Letter of Captain Prlng to Sir Jamfs 
 L. Teo, September 12, 1814 ; Cooper's SavcA History, ii., 430 to 441, inclusive ; Palmer's History of Lake Champlain, pagea 
 lOT to 203, InclDBive. 
 
 z^r^:^^^^^^..^^. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 873 
 
 the captive BrtllBh Offlcere. 
 
 lud of the Battle of Lake UhamplaiD. 
 
 ing, driven from tin- 
 ' one of the s^'anien,' 
 
 our weapons; return 
 e deck of the victori- 
 
 gained hie feet, and, making 
 ote. 
 
 naeter a week after the decla- 
 ind received a commission as 
 duct. In March, 1831, he was 
 
 and awaiting orders. 
 
 of Yards and Docks for ecT- 
 iry, 1809. When he was ab^ut 
 -loned) tn a booketore in Bos- 
 he battle of Lake Champlaln. 
 f, and to captain in 183T. He 
 
 stooping In the actof blndhig 
 rled away both of her breasts, 
 
 if Captain Prlng to Sir James 
 my of Lake Champlain, pages 
 
 Movements of the land Troopg. 
 
 The Britlnh cross the Saranac River. 
 
 0U8 Saratoga, American and English officers, more in the character of friends than of 
 enemies. Lieutenant Lavallette, who had taiten formal possession of the Cotijiaitce, 
 was soon directed to prepare the prisoners for Crab Island, and before sunset all was 
 quiet on the lake. Thus ended the famous Battle of Lake Champlain. The Brit- 
 ish vessels were taken to Whitehall, at the head of the lake, and scuttled. The Sara- 
 toga shared the same fiite afterward. I saw the remains of this vessel and the Con- 
 fiance there » , late as 1850. 
 
 We have observed that while the roar of the battle-storm was heard on the water, 
 its thunders were bellowing over the land. According to arrangement, when the 
 pennants of the British fleet were seen over Cumberland Head, a part of the British 
 land force, under Major General Robinson, moved in three columns to force their way 
 across the Saranac at the site of the two bridges, and a ford at Pike's cantonment, 
 three miles from the mouth of the stream, and carry the American works by storm.' 
 When the first gun was fired on the lake, the British land batteries were opened, and, 
 under cover of the shot and shell which they hurled toward the American works, 
 
 
 g^^ 
 
 ■b 
 
 
 JK ^^JIUT~k ■'■ 
 
 
 ^V.l^fefr;. '■ .^. '^■'. ■ "■t^P'il.f _ 
 
 Jm^r ^fi^^^imm "^^''^^^B ■ 
 
 
 J-', -ci^jg^-t/^' 
 
 
 » %i»ss- 
 
 
 
 ■5 s^^»-»^;; ~4 
 
 
 w^ 
 
 iS^ 
 
 
 UATTLK OP PLATTsiitma. (From an old print.)" 
 
 their three assailing columns moved. At the lower bridge they were repulsed by the 
 guards, block-houses, and artillery of the forts, served by Captains Brooks, Richards, 
 and Smith, and Lieutenants Mountfort, Smyth, and Cromwell. At the upper bridge 
 the riflemen and pickets, under Captain Grosvenor and Lieutenants Hamilton and 
 Riley, aided by some militia, successfully disputed their passage. Thoy Mere a little 
 more successful at the upper ford, where the Clinton and Essex militia, mder Major 
 General Mooers and Brigadier General Wright, were stationed. After being driven 
 back several times with considerable loss, some companies of the British pushed 
 across the stream, then shallow and rapid, firing briskly by platoons as they advanced, 
 but doing very little harm.' The militia fell back. They were soon joined by a 
 large detachment of Vermont Volunteers, and a party of artillery with a field-piece, 
 under Lieutenant Sumter. 
 
 The flying companies were now rallied, and drawn up in battle array to meet the 
 pursuing foe, when Walworth, one of Mooers's aids,* came dashing up, his horse 
 
 1 These troops consisted o'" light infantry companies, 3d battalion Twenty-seventh and Seventy-sixth Seglmenfs, 
 and Mi^or General Powers's brigade, consisting of the 3d, 6th, and Ist battalion of the Twenty-seventh and Fifty-eightli 
 Regiments."— Sir George Prevost to Karl Bathnrst, September 11, 1814. 
 
 > This view is ft-om the right bank of the Saranac, at its month. Toward the left is the three-storied stone mill, and 
 in the distance Furt Brown. A portion of the lower bridge, from which the planks were torn up, is seen. Some of 
 tbe British are attempting to ford the stream. The conrt-honse is seen on Are. The church observed In the picture 
 was saved, and survived until September, 186T, when it perished in a great conflagration in the village. 
 
 ' Participants in ;he fight told Mr. Palmer, the historian of Lake Champlaln, that most of the enemy's bullets struck 
 the trees above thera " »t least fifteen feet from the ground." 
 
 • Reuben II. Walworth was bom in Bozrah, Connecticut, October 86, 1T89. His parents removed to Hnosick, New 
 Tork, where his early years were spent. Be received only a common school edncatior., and at tbe age of seventeen 
 
U *iJ 
 
 Ul 
 
 ^'1 
 
 .1 
 
 ' it 
 
 .'■1*1* ! ?!•* 
 
 974 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 British Troops recalled. 
 
 Their Leader alarmed. 
 
 Uprising of the Penpis, 
 
 TUK BABAMAC AT I'IKK 8 OANTUNMENT. 
 
 flecked with its own foam, and gave tliem 
 tlio joyful intelligence that the British 
 fleet had just surrendered. These glad 
 tidings were greeted with three liearty 
 cheers. At the same moment they ob- 
 served the pursuers with their backs tum- 
 ed, and making their way in haste toward 
 the Saranac. Sir George Prevost, mIio al- 
 ways played the coward when near dan- 
 ger, according to British historians, had 
 become terribly alarmed, ann recalled 
 these vigorous and only successful troops. 
 lie had experienced " the extreme morti- 
 fication," he said, " to hear the shout of 
 victory from the American works" when 
 the fleet surrendered on the lake. They 
 had been loud and mighty cheers, iterated 
 and reiterated by corps after corps, as the eye and ear caught knowledge of the vic- 
 tory ; and Sir George wisely saw, as he said, that " farther prosecution of the service 
 was become impracticable." He had assumed the position of co-operator with the 
 fleet rather than principal, leaving to Downie the brunt of the service, but ready to 
 receive and wear the garlands of honor which might be won. Seeing the British 
 flags humbled on all their ships, and their gun-boats fleeing, ho resolved to fall back 
 toward the Canada border, and halt until he should ascertain the use the Americans 
 intended to make of their naval ascendency just acquired on Lake Champlain.' It 
 was a wise determination, Notwithstanding his number was overwhelming,^ Pre- 
 vost was really in peril. He might have crushed Macomb and captured the post at 
 Plattsburg, but it would have been at the expense of many lives without obtaining 
 any permanent advantage. The British had lost the lake absolutely, and Avithout 
 any fair promise of its i-ecovery; and the militia of all that region were thoroughly 
 aroused, and were rapidly gathering. (Tovemor Chittenden, of Vermont, had issued 
 a patriotic address at the beginning of the invasion, calling upon the militia of his 
 state to hasten to the aid of their brethren across the lake. It had been heartily res- 
 spcnded to, and at the close of the memorable day of the battle not less than twenty- 
 five hundred Green Mountain boys were on the Saranac, under Major General Strong. 
 The militia of Washington and Warren counties were also streaming toward Platts- 
 burg at the call of General Mooers, and re-enforcements of regulars were on their 
 waj'. Prevost's array would very soon have been equaled in numerical strength, and 
 perhaps surrounded and supplies from Canada cut ofl". He perceived these dangers 
 when the navy was lost, and the moment the forces under General Robinson returned 
 to camp, he made preparations to abandon the siege, notwithstanding General Bris- 
 bane offered to cross the Saranac in force and carry the American works in twenty 
 minutes. The fire from his batteries were kept up until sunset, and Fort Brown, un- 
 der the immed'ate command of Lieutenant Mountfort,' sent back responses with great 
 
 commenced the Btndy of law. He settled in Plattsburg for Its practice, and in 1811 was appointed a Master in Chan- 
 cery. He was the favorite aid of General Mooers, of whose division th' ' - Colonel David B. M'Neil was Inspector 
 General. He was a member of Congress twelve consecutive years. He beca.ne u judge ; and in 1828 he was appolnttd 
 Chancellor, then the highest Judicial office In the state. He held it twenty years. After he left office he resided at Sar- 
 atoga Springs until his death late in 1807. He was long identified with Uie leading religious and benevolent movo- 
 ments of his day. 
 
 I Sir George Prevost to Bart Batbnrst, September 11, 1814. 
 
 • The BritUh had 14,000 troops and the Americans 4700 on the eventftal day of the b&ttle. The former conplrted of 
 Hobinson's brigade, 8700 ; Powers's, 3800 ; Brisbane's, SlOO ; light troops, 2800, composed of Menron's Swiss regiment, 
 Canadian chasseurs, voltlgenre, and frontier light infantry ; a troop of light dragoons, 800 ; Royal Artillery, 400 ; rock- 
 eteers, sappers and miners, 100. The AmfTiearM had 1600 regulars, commanded by leaden of various ranks; 2600 Vep 
 mont Volunteers, under Major General Strong ; and 700 Clinton and Essex militia. 
 
 > John Monntfort was born in Boston in November, 17iH), and was the son of a patriot of the Bevolntion. He en 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 876 
 
 Upriiing of the Penplt. 
 
 ; of the Hevolntton. He en 
 
 Flight of the British from Plattaburg. 
 
 Cause of their great Haste. 
 
 They re-enter Canada. 
 
 BtmiB OF roET nsowN.' 
 
 spirit.* So excel- 
 lent was the fir- 
 ing that the Brit- 
 ish believed that 
 French artiller- 
 ists were employ- 
 ed by the Ameri- 
 cunH. 
 
 When night fell 
 Prevost cftjisod 
 
 his cannon to be withdrawn from the batteries. At nine o'clock in the evening he 
 sent them Canada-ward, with all the baggage for which he could find transportation, 
 and at two o'clock in the raoming of the 12th the entire army fled with a precipita- 
 tion wholly unaccountable at the timc.^ The sick and wounded, and a vast amount 
 of munitions of war, were left behuid ; and the foe reached Chazy, eight miles dis- 
 tant, before the Americans were a])prised of the movement. Light troops, volun- 
 teers, and militia, under General Mooers,* at once started in pursuit. They made a 
 few prisoners, but heavy rains compelled them to relinquish the chase. Prevost halt- 
 ed and encamped at Ohamplain, and on the 24th left the territory of the United States, 
 and retired to Montreal with the main army. Thus ended the Battle op Platts- 
 BUKG and the second invasion of New York. Many of the British deserted, and the 
 loss of Sir George after he crossed the frontier line, in killed, wounded, missing, and 
 
 tered the army as second lieutenant of the Third Artillery In March, 1S12, and was promoted 
 to first llentenant In May, 1S13. This was won by his gallantry at York, where, In consc- 
 qnence of the absence of his superior officer, he commanded his company. He assisted In the 
 capture of Fort George. After that he and his company acted as marines In Chauncey's fleet, 
 volunteering for the service. He accompanied Wilkinson down the St. Lawrence, and be- 
 haved so gallantly at Plattsburg thot he won the promotion to captain. He was major of ar- 
 tillery in the Florida War, under Geuernl (Jaines, and afterward was the commander of sev- 
 eral forts In succession. He left the army in 1S38, and iu 1861, just as he was about to leave 
 for Europe with his family, he died. His death occurred on the 22d of October. While I was 
 in Boston in the autumn of 1800, his brother, George Monntfort, Esq., showed me a gunner's 
 quadrant, still smeared with gunpowder and blood, which the gallant officer took from un- 
 der the slain soldiers In one of the British redoubts at Plattsburg. The engraving is a rcprc- 
 MUtative of it. It Is a graduated quadrant of six-inch radius, attached to a rule a little more 
 than twenty-three Inches in length, and all made of brass. It has a plumb-line and bob. The 
 quadrant is applied either by the longer branch to the face of the piece, or this branch is run 
 Into the bore parallel with the axis. It was in the original oaken case in which it vcub car- 
 ried by the gunners of the Royal Artillery. 
 
 Mountfort wok always coul. A fellow-soldier (Itobert Keith, of Boston), in a communica- 
 tion before me, has related an example. During the battle, he says, he saw a small bomb- 
 shell fall at the feet of the gallant lientenant,'when he caught it, threw it over the parapet, 
 and said, "Don't be alarmed, boys, it is nothing but a humbug." 
 
 ' Dariug the hostilities at Plattsburg, fh)m the 0th until the evening of the 11th, scarcely a 
 building in the village escaped injury of some sort. Many houses were completely riddled. 
 Nine dwellings, thirteen stores and shops, and the court-house and jail, were burned. Some 
 of these were destroyed when the enemy were burned out by Brooks's hot shot, as mentioned 
 on page 803. 
 
 » These monnds are on the banks of the Saranac. Plattsburg is seen In the distance 
 across the river. 
 
 » The late Reverend Eleaier Williams (see page 3T7), who was in the military service of the United States at Platts- 
 burg as commonder of the Secret Corps of Observation, Informed me that Sir George, naturally timid, was intensely 
 alarmed by a clever trick arranged by Williams. Colonel Fassett, of Vermont, came over from Burlington on Friday 
 Ware the battle, and assured Macomb that the Vermont militia would cross the lake to old him in spite of Governor 
 Chittenden. Williams suggested to the general after Fassett left that a letter from that officer, declaring that a heavy 
 body of the militia were about to cross the lake, sent so as to fall into the hands of Prevost, would have a salnlary ef- 
 fect. Mncomb directed Williams to carry out the plan. He went over to Burlington, and received from Fassett a let- 
 ter to Macomb, in which he said that Chittenden was marching with ten thousand men for St. Albans ; that five thou- 
 sand more were marciiing ft'om St. Lawrence County ; and that four thousand from Washington County were in mo- 
 tion. This letter was placed in the hands of n shrewd Irish woman on Cumberland Head, who took it to Prevost. The 
 alarmed baronet immediately ordered the flight spoken of in the text, and at a little past midnight his whole army was 
 on the wing. The trick played npon Hull at Detroit (see note 1, page 286) was repeated upon Prevost with equal success. 
 « Benjamin Mooers was a soldier of the Revolution. He was bom in Haverhill, Massachusetts, In 1701, and entered 
 the military service in 17T6, at the age of fifteen years. He was commissioned first an ensign, and then first lieutenant, 
 and was an active officer during all the later years of the Revolution. When summoned to the field in 1814 he was fif- 
 ty-six years of age, and living in quietude on the borders of Plattsburg Bay. He obeyed the summons with alacrity, 
 and peiformed his duties nobly. He died at his residence on Cumberland Head on the J8th of February, 1888, at the 
 
\ I 
 
 iili 
 
 v 
 
 PICTOKIAL FlELD-nOOK 
 
 Public OlDoer given tu Macdonough. Bong, " Hiege of Platti'l)um.' 
 
 deserters, did not fall much short of two thousand, according to careful ostimateg 
 made at the time. The American loss was less than one hundred and fifty. Only 
 one commissioned officer, Lieutenant George W. Kunk, was mortally wounded. He 
 died the next day. 
 
 The events on land and water at Plattsburg on the 11th of September, 1814, pro- 
 duced a thrill of intense joy throughout the country, and with delight the people 
 read the stirring General Orders in which, on the 14th of September, Macomb an- 
 nounced the result to his little army." Spontaneous honors and praises were given 
 by the people to him and Macdonough conjointly.'* Bonfires and illuminations blazed 
 in almost every city and village in the land, and the recent disaster at the national 
 capital was almost unthought of for the moment. Legislative resolves, artillery, ora- 
 tory, and song' were pressed into the service of rendering homage to the two herocg 
 and their men. The newspapers teemed with eulogies, and at all public gatherings 
 and entertainments their names and deeds were mentioned with applause. Governor 
 
 age of eeveuty-seTen years. HU remains are in tlic Plattsburg burying-gronnd ; and at tlic 
 head of the grave, near the entrance to the cemetery, is a handsomely-wronght commemura- 
 tlve slab of marble with the following inscription : " In memory of General Bknjamin Moo- 
 XES, who died February 28, 1888, aged seventy-seven years. He served as lieutenant auil iidjn. 
 tant in the Revolutionary War. lie commanded the militia at the battle of Plattsburg, Sep- 
 tember 11, 18U. lie was the first settlor In this county, and for thirty years county trcnBurer. 
 He repeatedly represented this scctlou of country in the Assembly and Senate of the Stale, 
 and discharged the important duties which devolved upon him as a citizen, as a soldier, and 
 B Christian, with fidelity to his country and integrity to his Qod." 
 
 ' After alluding to the designs of Prevost, he said " he brought with him a powerful army 
 and flotilla— an army amounting to fourteen thousand men, completely equipped, and accom- 
 panied by a numerous train of artillery, and all the engines of war— men who had conqnered 
 in France, Spain, Portugal, the Indies, and in various other parts of the globe, and led by the 
 most experienced generals of the British ormy. A flotilla, also superior to ours in vessels, 
 men, and guns, had determined at once to crush us both by land and water." He then spoke 
 of the boastings of the governor general, and his attempts to seduce the Americans from llicir 
 allegiance, and then gave a concise history of the battle and the precipitate flight of (he 
 enemy. 
 
 ' A few days after the battle, the 
 citizens of Plattsburg, who had re- 
 turned to their homes, resolved. In 
 public meeting, to give a public 
 dinner to Commodore Macdon- 
 ough. A committee, of which Hen- 
 ry De Lord was chairman, waited 
 upon the hero on board his ship with an invitation. It was 
 accepted, and on Tuesday, the 28d Instant, at three o'clock 
 P.M., the commodore, with Generals Macomb and Mooers, 
 and other officers of the army and navy, who were Invited 
 guests, and a number of citizens, sat down to a bountiful din- 
 ner at the United States Hotel, kept by Thomas Green, and yet 
 standing in lS6n, between the stone mill and the bridge over 
 the Saranac, In Plattsburg. General Macomb's band furnish- 
 ed the music on the occasion. Peter Sailley, Esq., presided. 
 Seventeen regular toasts were drank. The distinguished 
 guests, as they retired, were toasted , and one was given in 
 respectful silence to "The memory of Commodore Downie, 
 our brave enemy." The fallen brave ofMacdonough's fleet 
 were also remembered in the regular toasts. " Much credit," 
 says a writer who was present, "Is due to Hr. Green for the 
 excellent dinner which he provided for the occasion, it being 
 generally conceded to be the best that was ever given in 
 Plattsburg." A f^iU report of the proceedings was published In a band-bill, a copy of which Is before me. 
 
 This Is a view of the United States Hotel at Plattsburg as it appeared In 1814. The clap-boards on the visible gable 
 exhibited the perforations of bullets flrom British muskets on the left bank of the Saranac when I saw it in 1860. On 
 the right is seen Plattsburg Bay, and Cumberland Head in the distance. 
 
 5 The victories of Macdonough and Macomb were the subject of one of the most popular songs written and snng dur- 
 ing the war. It was written by Mioajah Hawkins for the proprietor of a theatre In Albany, arfd snng by him lu the 
 character of a negro sailor. Qovemor Tompkins was present when U was first snng. Hawkins gained great npplaase 
 and a prize by his performance. He was afterward a grocer In Catharine Street, New York. The following is a copr 
 of th6 IkmouB ballad : 
 
 SIEGE OF PLATTSBURG. 
 
 Tnne—Boyne Water. 
 
 " Backside Albany stan' Lake Champlatn, On Lake Champlain Uncle Sam set he boat. 
 
 Little pond half full o' water : An' Mossa Macdonough he sail 'em ; 
 
 Plat-te-bnrg dar too, close 'pen de main ; While Glneral Macomb make Plat-te-bnrg he home 
 
 Town small— he grow bigger, do', herearter. Wid de army, whose conrage nebber fail 'em. 
 
 UNITED STATES UOTEL. 
 
I'li (!' 
 
 ,ng, "Blegc of PUttrburg.* 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 877 
 
 Booora to OanerBl Macomb. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of blm. 
 
 Uli MoDDmant 
 
 Tompkins, in the name of the State of Now York, i)reHentod General Macomb with a 
 gupcrb sword. Do Witt Clinton, Mayor of New York, presented him, in the name 
 of the Corporation, the " freedom of the city" in a gold box similar in character to the 
 one given to General Brown ;' and he was requested by the same body to sit for his 
 iwrtniit, to bo placed in the gallery of distinguished men. Congress gave him the 
 thanks of the nation, and voted him a gold medal.^ lie was commissioned by the 
 President major general by brevet. When he returned to his family at Belleville, 
 Xcw Jersey, the village was illuminated, and he was received with the most gratify- 
 ing tokens of respect. " Never, on the return of any hero to the peaceful bosom of 
 his family," said the New York Eoening Post, an opjjosition paper, " was evinced so 
 universal a sense of sincere joy and heartfelt satisfaction." 
 
 fATES UOTEL. 
 
 "On 'Icbenth day Sep-tem-bor, 
 
 In eighteen hun'rcd and funrteen, 
 Qubbernor Proboeo and be British eoj-er 
 
 Come to Plat-te-burg a tea-party courtin' s 
 An' he boat come too, arter Uncle 8am boat. 
 
 Massa 'Donougb, ho look sharp out do winder; 
 Den Qlneral Macomb (ah I bo always a-homo) 
 
 Cotch flre too, sirs, like a tinder. 
 
 "Bam; ! bang I bang ! den de cannons 'gin to roar, 
 In Plat-te-burg and all 'bout dat quarter ; 
 Gubbernor Proboee try he ban' 'pon do shore, 
 While he boat take be luck 'pon de water ; 
 
 Bnt Massa Macdonongh knock he boat In he bead, 
 lirciik he bciirt, break ho shin, 'tovo be caff In, 
 
 An' Oinoral Macomb start olo Probose home— 
 To't me soul den I muss die a lafUn'. 
 
 "Probose scare so ho Icf all boblne. 
 
 Powder, ball, cannon, tea-pot, an' kittle ; 
 Some say he cotch a cole— trouble In he mine 
 
 'Cause he eat so much raw an' cole vittle. 
 Undo Sara berry sorry, to be sure, for he pain, 
 
 Wish ho nuss hosolf up well an' hearty, 
 For Oinoral Macomb and Massa 'Donough home 
 
 When he notion for anudder tea-party 1" 
 
 1 See page «1T. 
 
 < A repreuentatlon of this medal Is given on the next page. On one side is a bust of Macomb In profile, with his 
 name and title. On the reverse a battle on laud. In sight of a large town, troops crossing a bridge, and war-vessels 
 lighting on a lake. Above this scene are the words " bebolctiom or oonqbess, mov. 8, 1814." The exergue—" battlk 
 or riATTBHtnto, sept. 11, 1814." 
 
 Alexander Macomb was the son of a fnr merchant of Detroit, who married one of the highly respectable family of Nn- 
 varre. Their son was bom In Detroit on the 3d of April, 1782. Ho became a resident of Now York In Infancy, and was 
 educated In New Jersey. He was a member of the " New York Rangers," a volunteer corps raised lu 1779, when war 
 with France was expected. Gonerol North, of the Revolution, placed him on his staff. lie became permanently at- 
 tached to the army as a dragoon, and was very useful, lie was with Wilkinson In the Southwest, and, being after- 
 ward attached to a corps of engineers as first lieutenant, be was sent to West Point, where he compiled a treatise oti 
 martial law. He became captain In 180B, and was ordered to superintend the erection of fortliicatlone on the frontiers. 
 He was promoted to m^Jor in 1808, and when the 
 war commenced in 1812 he was placed In command 
 o(an artillery corps. We hove already mot blm sev- 
 eral limes in the course of this narrative of the war. 
 His crowning achievement was at Plattsbnrg. After 
 llie war he was stationed nt Detroit. He was made 
 cliief engineer in 1821, and removed to Washington. 
 He remained In that bareau until 1836, when, on the 
 death of General Jacob Brown, he was promoted to 
 general - In - chief of the army of the United States. 
 He (lied at Washington City on the 26th of June, 
 1541, aged flfty-nlne years. He was burled with mil- 
 itary honors in the Congressional Bnrying-ground 
 at Washington, and over his grave now stands a 
 Iwaotiful white marble monnment bearing the fol- 
 lowing inscriptions : 
 
 Wnt Si'rfe.— "Alexakpeb Maoohb, Mi^or General 
 Commandlng-in-chief United States Army. Died at 
 Wasliiugton, the seat of government, SSth June, 
 1*»1." 
 
 fiwf Side.—" It were but small tribute to his mem- 
 ory to say that. In youth and manhood, he served his 
 conutry In the profession in which be died, during a 
 period of more than forty years, without stain or 
 blemish upon his escutcheon." 
 
 Smih Side.— "The honors conferred on him by 
 President Madison, received on the field of victory 
 for distinguished and gallant conduct in defeating 
 tbe enemy at Plattsbnrg, and the thanks of Congress, 
 bestowed with a medal commemorative of this tri- 
 umph of the arms of tbe Republic, attest tbe high 
 estimate of bis gallantry and meritorions services." 
 
 On the west side, over his name, is an olive wreath ; 
 on the Bonth side an hour-glass with wings, and a 
 scythe; on the east side a simple cross, and on tbe north side a serpent and butterfly. 
 
 In tbe above sketch, the little monument to Commodore Patterson Ik eeen in an iron ratling. Over one comer of it, 
 in tbe distance, is seen William Wirt's monument, and between it and Macomb's is neeu that of Commodore Cbanocey. 
 
 HAOOMBS MO.NDIIBifT. 
 
•iliin* 
 
 i«:»iMiil 
 
 Macdonoiigh, too, was nobly honored. The State of Now York pave him two thou- 
 sand acres of land. The State of Vermont purc'.ascd two hundred acres on Ciiinbcr- 
 land Head and presented it to him. It was on the borders of Cumberland, or Platts- 
 burg Hay, and the farm-house upon it overlooked the scene of his gallant exploits. 
 The cities of New York and Albany each gave the hero a valuable lot of land. 
 'Thus," said Macdonough to a friend, while team stood in his eyes, "in one month, 
 from a poor lieutenant I became a rich man." Congress gave him the thanks of thy 
 nation, and with his brave commanders, Henley and Cassin, voted him a gold medal, 
 with suitable devices and inscriptions.' 
 
 MAOnONOrOU'B MEDAT.. 
 
 ' See page 808. The above Ih a representation of the medal given to Macdonongli. On one side is a bust of Ibe 
 hero in profile, with the legend " tuo. maoikinouqu, btaqno onAMPt.AiN oi.as. rko. nair. bitpebavit." The reverse beare 
 the eame device and inscriptions as those of Henley and Cassin, given on page 808. 
 
 Thomas Macdonough was bom in the connty of New Castle, Delaware, on the 23d of December, 1T8S. His father was 
 a physician, and a major in the Continental array. Thomas entered the navy as midshipman In 171)8. He was with 
 Decatur In the Mediterranean, where he behaved with great gallantry, especially In the affair of the Philadflphia. S« 
 page 120. His spirit was shown in the harbor of Qlbraltar on one occasion. He was then first lieutenant of the Sim. 
 Near her lay an American merchant brig. A boat from a British man-of-war went alongside of her, and its crew seiiwl 
 a seaman who was claimed as a British subject. Macdonough saw it. His commander was absent. He instanllj 
 armed and m- aned his gig and gave chase. Ho overhauled the boat under the guns of the British frigate, released hini, 
 and took him back to the merchant vessel. The British captain, in great rage, appeared on the Siren, and inqnlrcd o! 
 Macdonough how he dared to take a man fi-om his boat. " He was under the protection of my country's flag, anil il 
 was my duty," was the reply. With warm oaths the captain swore he would lay his fUgate alongside ind sink the 
 Siren. "While she swims yon shall not have the man !" said Macdonough. "You'll repent of your rashness, yooni! 
 man," rejoined the Englishman. " Sappoee I had been in that boat, would yon have dared to commit such an actf" 
 
 V 
 
OF THE WAR OF 161S. 
 
 879 
 
 k|!' 
 
 nitreM to the Commandtn. 
 
 rk gave him two thou- 
 clri'd acres on Cuinljcr- 
 Cumbcrlaml, or I'latts- 
 of his gallant exploits. 
 I, valuable lot of land, 
 is eycB, " in one month, 
 • him the thanks of the 
 oted him a gold medal, 
 
 bh On one side is a bust of Ite 
 ..BUPBBAViT." The reverse bew 
 
 Jf December, 1T88. His father w« 
 
 L affair of the />MWP*-«J« 
 Ithen first lieutenant of the S.r«. 
 lngBiaeofher,anaUBCrewfel«fa 
 
 Inder was absent. He in, «nt^ 
 I the British Wgate, re easeflWm, 
 
 |redontheS<r«».andinci..irc<l° 
 lctlonofmyconntry'sflas,«"d 
 |» frigate alongside ind sink W 
 In repent of your rashness, yo.»f 
 ■( dared to commit such an act. 
 
 Eflbot of the Victory at Plattibiirg. 
 
 OniTM of Brltlih Oflcen. 
 
 The Colt of Prevost's Bxpodltlon. 
 
 The rcHult of the battle 
 of I'liittHburg was deeply 
 mortifying to tlio Brit- 
 i.Mh. The Canadian news- 
 paporw otl'ered many jere- 
 miail», and Sir (4eorge 
 Prevost was censured in 
 unmeasured terms for his 
 incomp'jtency and coward- 
 ice. It was estimated tliat 
 he led behind hira in his 
 fligiit munitions and stores MAui.ommuu-» kaem-uodm om oo-berlanp bkai... 
 
 wortii almost one hundred tliousand pounds sterling, and that his fruitless expedition 
 cost at U-iiot five hundred thousand pounds, or two million five hundred thouwaiul dol- 
 lars. It was dislicartening to the enemy, and wan a powerful instrumentality in the 
 speedy restoration of peace. Prevost abandoned all idea of renewing the attempt at 
 invasion, and retired to Quebec. He was soon afterward dismissed and dishonored 
 by his government, and he did not long survive the anxiety it occasioned and liis ef- 
 forts to get home to England and vindi- 
 cate his character. 
 
 Three days after the battle, when it Avas 
 ascertained that the British were making 
 their way toward the St. Lawrence, (tcner- 
 al Macomb discharged the New York and 
 Vermont militia, and the solemn rites of 
 burial were accorded to the dead of both 
 nations. Fifteen officers, including Com- 
 modore Downie, were laid in the Platts- 
 burg Burying-ground, and a neat marble 
 slab, with the name of the commemorated 
 cut upon it, was placed at the head of each 
 grave. On each side of Downie's grave a 
 pine-tree was planted. These Avere noble in 
 stature when I made the annexed sketch, 
 but one has since disappeared. A few 
 years ago a near relation of the British 
 commander laid a recumbent marble slab, 
 suitably inscribed, upon brick walls, over 
 his remains.^ Around it are the graves of 
 the other officers. 
 
 ■:^:f^m^^r^K^^^^ 
 
 downie'b OBAVB.3 
 
 'Yon 
 
 "Ishonld have made the attempt, sir !" ".What I would i/ow Interfere if /were to Impress men from that brig f" 
 hare only to try It, sir," was Macdonongh's cool reply. He did not try It. 
 
 Macdonongh was sent to Lake Champlain when the War of 1812 broke out There he won unfading laurels, as wc 
 find recorded In the text. From the close of the war his health gave way, yet he lived for more than ten years with the 
 tooth of consumption undermining the citadel of his life. On the 10th of November, 1826, he died In Middletown, Con- 
 Dcclicnt, where he married his wife, the excellent Miss Shaler, and who had died only a few months before. Ho was 
 only forty-two years of ago. HIa portrait on page 8M Is from the one painted from life by John Wesley Jarvis for the 
 Corporation of the City of New York, and now occupies a place In the Governor's Room. 
 
 I This picture Is from the title-page of the twelfth volume of the A naUetie Magazine. On page S8 Is some poor verse 
 latended as an accompaniment. In the distance Is seen the mouth of the Saranac and the village of Plattsburg. On 
 Cumberland Head at that time was the Plattsbnrg port of entry, and the leading men of that section resided on that 
 pleasant promontory. Among them was General Helancthon Woolsey (whose house is yet standing). General Mooers, 
 Peter Sailiey, Major Adams, and others. 
 
 ' The following is a copy of the inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Gkokok Downii, Esq., a post captain In the 
 Royal British Navy, who gloHousIy fell on board his B. M. S. the Conjlanee while leading; the vessels under bis command 
 to the attack of the American flotilla at anchor In Cumberland Bay, off Plattsburg, on the 11th of September, 1814. 
 
 "To mark the spot where the remains of a gallant officer and sincere friend were honorably Interred, this stone has 
 been erected by bis affectionate slster-inlaw, Mary Downii, 1881." 
 
 ' In the above picture Downie's tomb is seen between the trees. The head-stones of the other officers are seen 
 
 
 » 
 
 t 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 ] 
 
 B ' 
 
 
 
 
8^ 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Visit to historical Placea in Northern Now York. 
 
 Journey to Plattsbarg. 
 
 Graves of slain Offlcera. 
 
 I visited the theatre of the British invasion of Northern New York, and points of 
 interest at Plattsburg and in the vicinity, in August, 1860. I have already men- 
 tioned the passing of a night at Rouse's Point' Village after visiting La Colic Mill 
 and journeying on tlie next morning toward Plattsburg." I went to Cliaini)laiii 
 five miles south of the Canada border, by railway, and there strolled over the j)lace 
 of Dearborn and Wilkinson's encampments on the hill eastward of the railway sta- 
 tion, then (1860) the land of Francis Nye. I also went to the site of Izard's encamp- 
 ment, on rising ground south of the village, and of his battery on the brow of a \n\\^ 
 then (1860) the property of Noac^Jah Moore. After sketching the mansion of Judge 
 Moore, w^Iiich was used for officers' quarters by both parties,^ I left for Plattsburg i^ 
 a light wagon, accompanied by a very intelligent elderly gentleman of Chainplain,* 
 whose name I regret I can not now recall. He was familiar with the whole region, 
 and the events and localities which make it notable. 
 
 TIEW IN UEKUHANTOn'N. 
 
 We passed through Chazy, upon the Little Chazy River. Just before reaching it, 
 we saw at his house Captain Hiram Ferris, an old lake pilot, who gave us some of hiii 
 reminiscences of adventure as commander of a sloop in which Vermont militia vm 
 taken ."..ross the lake to Plattsburg before the battle. We rode on to Sampson's, 
 
 
 
 JJi. 
 
 n iwiiP II ;;,„[! 
 
 grouped aronnd it. The annexed diagram shows the position of each 
 of the graves, indic.lted by numerals as follows: 1. Commodore Dow- 
 L<ic; 2. Boatswain Charles Jackson; 3. Lieutenant William Qunn; 4. 
 Lieutenant WUiinm Paril; t. Captain Alexander Anderson, nf thcMs- 
 rlnes ; 0. Captain John Purchase. These were of the Brltieh Navy. 
 except Purchase, who was of the British Army. 7. Pilot Joseph Bar- 
 ron ; 8. Lieutenant Peter Gamble; 9. Lieutenant John Stansbiiry; 10 
 Sailing-master Rogers Carter ; 11. Midshipman James M. Baldwiii 
 These were of t'le American Navy. 12. Lieutenant Oeorgc W. Runt, 
 of the American Army ; 13. Colonel Willington ; 14. Lieutenant John 
 Chapman, of the British Army. A, A, the pine-trees. 
 
 I am indebted to Captain J. Van Cleve for the diagram. It vra? 
 made by him In 1S8C. He has omitted the grave of Lieutenant R 
 Eingsbnry, of the British Army. It Is near No. 12 in the dlngrani, 
 
 > Named from Jacques House, a French Canadian, who settled there 
 In 1T88. • Boe page m. 
 
 * See engraving on page 86T. 
 
 ♦ Champlain is a lively post-village of less than two thousand inhab- 
 itants, on the Chazy River, or Creek, and contains fine water pdwer. 
 It is the southern tcrminns of the Northern Railroad from Ogdenaburi:, 
 Mid from it most of the lumber brongbt down on that road ' . Khlppeil 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 881 
 
 Oraves of slain Offlcera. 
 
 fork, and points of 
 have already men- 
 Lting La Colic Mill, 
 vent to Chami)lain, 
 ailed over the place 
 I of the railway sta- 
 ,e of Izard's encarap- 
 n the brow of a lull, 
 \e mansion of Judge 
 eft for Plattsburg i^ 
 graan of Champlain,* 
 ,tb the whole region, 
 
 Ride tbruagb Beekmautown and over Calver's Hill. 
 
 The Seat of War in Northern New York. 
 
 Just before reaching it, 
 
 [ho gave ub some of bis 
 
 \ Vermont militia were 
 
 rode on to Sampson's, 
 
 Lam showB the position of escti 
 h follows: 1. Commodore Do«- 
 Is Lieutenant WllllnmGunn; 4. 
 rAlexantier Anderson, of the Ma- 
 lhe6ewereoftheDritW.>»vy, 
 llshArmy. T. Pilot Joseph B«- 
 ■Lieutenant John Stanslmry:. 
 lidshipman James M B.ldw . 
 l2. Lieutenant George W. Rmt 
 Ivmington; U. LicutenanlJota 
 
 I, the pine-trees. 
 Icleve for the diagram. H ■«» 
 Ited the grave of Licntcnsnt R. 
 1g near No. 12 in the dlmrrani. 
 fuch Canadian, who settle.. here 
 
 ■ • See page '»«• 
 
 Lf less than two thonsandlahiV 
 1 and conUins fine water p»«" 
 
 Ihern Railroad from Ogto'urc. 
 V down on that road .»lilppeU 
 
 • 1814. 
 
 and 
 southward of 
 the tavern, the place 
 of the British encamp- 
 ment from the 5th to 
 the 6th of Septem- 
 ber* was point- 
 ed out to us, on 
 the farm of Mr. Phelps. 
 We soon aflerward 
 tui-ned westward to- 
 ward Beokmantown,^ 
 and in that little vil- 
 lage, and upon Cul- 
 ver's Hill southward 
 of it, we spent about 
 two hours. I sketch- 
 ed the house of Ira 
 Ilowe^ in the upper 
 part of the viiiago; 
 and in the delightful 
 shadow of grand old 
 elms, which wore flour- 
 ishing trees in the time 
 of the war, I made the 
 sketch on the preced- 
 ing page, on the left 
 of which is seen the 
 stone meeting-house, 
 built by the Method- 
 ists in 1830, and in the 
 distance tlie road pass- 
 ing over Culver's Hill, on which Wool fought his second battle with the invaders 
 
 ' See sketch of the honse on page 8151). 
 
 < Named In bouor of William Beeknian, to whom, with tweuty-nlue others, the township waa granted in the spring 
 of 17W. ' Sec page 862. 
 
 SK 
 
' September, on the morning of the 6th.* A little south of the church (at a spot indi- 
 1814. cated by the two figures), we were shown a spring, by the side of the 
 road, near which Colonel Willington was buried ; and directly in front of Francis 
 Culver's house, on Culver's Hill, a flat rock was pointed out as the spot where Wil- 
 lington fell' It is said that the stains of his blood were upon it a long time. There 
 too, we saw the moss-covered stone fen'"o, built before the war, which formed an ad- 
 mirable shelter for the American militia during the fight on the hill.^ 
 
 Plattsburg was now eight miles distant, and the long summer day was passin" 
 away. We rode on, Avithout stopping, by Ilalsey's Corners, where Leonard made a 
 stand with his cannon,^ and at near sunset entered Plattsburg. I became the guest 
 of a kinsman (Philander C. Moore), and pnssed a part of the evening profitably with 
 P. S. Palmer, Esq., the historian of Lake Champlain. 
 
 At an early hour the next morning, accompanied by my kinsman, I went out to 
 visit the historical localities in and about Plattsburg; and just at twilight, after a 
 day of incessant labor, we returned, having fully accomplished the object of my er- 
 rand. We first rode up to the site of Pike's cantonment (where the British forced a 
 passage of the Saranac), crossing the river at the upper bridge, and traversing a roiicli 
 road most of the way for about two miles. The cantonment was on a low, narrow 
 plain at the foot of rapids in the river, which are seen in the little sketch on page 874. 
 We returned on the lake road by the United States military station, visiting the re- 
 mains of Forts Moreau, Brown, 
 and Scott, and sketching the old 
 store-houses on the margin of 
 the lake, which were erected ii: 
 1813 for the use of the Ameri- 
 can troops. We rode back to 
 the villatje, and, after skctchini' 
 the stone null* and the United 
 States Hotel," we crossed the 
 Saranac, and made our wav 
 along the lake shore road toward Cumberland Head. Soon after crossing Dead Creek 
 Bridge over the sluggish stream, and among sand dunes drifted by southerly winds 
 from the bay shore, wo passed ,^-vi: 
 
 the site of Macdonough's farm- 
 house,* on a rise of ground at 
 the left of the road, a mile and a 
 half from the light-house. The 
 place of the cellar was marked 
 by a luxuriant growth of weeds 
 and bushes. Near there avo 
 met a farmer on his way to 
 Plattsburg, who, to our mutual 
 surprise, proved to be Mr. J. J. 
 Mosher, who was my scliool- 
 master when I was a boy twelve 
 years of age. It was an agree- 
 able meeting. He turned back, 
 accompanied us to various pla- 
 ces of interest on the Head 
 (where he has a farm), and en- 
 
 HTORE-IIOD8ES. 
 
 QENRHAL HOOKBS B BOUBI, OUMUKHLANn UKAI>. 
 
 • Sec pnce 86?. 
 
 « The old Culver manstnii, bnilt of wood, was on the site of the pretteut brick mansion of Samuel Andrew?, on ihf 
 gQUthem (loi'J ofthe hill. 'Seepage 802. « See paije 364. 'Seepage 878. « Sec page SS. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 883 
 
 Islt to Cumberliiud Iloail, 
 
 rcli (at a spot indi- 
 by the side of the 
 in front of Francis 
 -10 spot where Wil- 
 , long time. There, 
 aiich formed an ad- 
 
 liU.^ 
 
 er day was passing 
 
 ere Leonard made a 
 
 I became tlie guest 
 
 ning profitably witli 
 
 sman, I went oiat to 
 ,t at twilight, after a 
 the object of my er- 
 e the British forced a 
 nd traversing a rougli 
 was on a low, narrow 
 Ic sketch on page 8(4. 
 station, visiting tlic re- 
 Forts Morcau, Brown, 
 t, and sketching the oW 
 ises on the margin of 
 which were erected in 
 
 the use of the Ameri- 
 )ps. Wc rode back to 
 ire", and, after sketching 
 e mill* and the Uniteil 
 lotel," we crossed the 
 
 and made our way 
 •or crossing Dead Creek 
 
 cd by sontherly wuuis 
 
 Besldencee of Mooers and Woolsey. 
 
 Bemains of " Wilkinson's Folly." 
 
 Mr. Piatt and hia Remintscencea. 
 
 Lion of Samuel And-.on.V 
 k page 8iO. 
 
 W00L8KT UOCSE. 
 
 tertained us with an excellent dinner and 
 pleasant intercourse with his family. 
 
 Taking the inner road to the light-house 
 on tlie extreme point of the Head, we pass- 
 ed the pleasantly situated old mansion of 
 General Mooers (page 882), where he lived 
 many years, and where he died. It over- 
 looks the bay and the lake. We visited 
 and sketched the light-house, and from its 
 lofty gallery obtained a fine panoramic 
 view of the entire theatre of the naval 
 battle near.* Passing along the lake side 
 of the Head, in full view of Grand Island 
 and the Green Mountains, we came, at tlie 
 distance of a mile from the light-house, to 
 the residence of General Woolsey, father 
 of the active commander on Lake Ontario. Near it was Colonel Durand's, the dep- 
 uty collector (when this was the place of the Plattsburg port of entry), which was 
 the custom-house ; and between Woolsey's and the light-house is the dwelling of Mr. 
 Mosher. It Avas a tavern during the war, and in front of it was the landing-place of 
 the troops brought over by Captain Ferris. When the British galleys were escaping 
 down the lake, and were passing this tavern, several men were sitting on its porch. 
 One of them called out to the fugitives in derision, when a British marine fired a mus- 
 ket-ball at the group. It passed just over their heads, and through a door, whicli 
 Mr. Moslier preserves as a memento of the incident. 
 
 About three fourths of a mile from the light-house, on the farm of J. T. Ilagar, we 
 saw the prominent remains of tlie ramparts and ditch of a large redoubt cast up by 
 Hampton, and which received the name of " Wilkinson's Folly." It is about forty 
 rods from the lake, on high ground, and on the shore in front of it was a water bat- 
 tery. Its ramparts were of earth and stone. From its top we had a fine view of the 
 surrounding country, and we lingered some timo in the sliadow of a tree that over- 
 hung one of its bastions. The day was now far spent, and we turned back toward 
 Plattsburg, where we arrived at dusk, well satisfied with our day's excursion. 
 
 On the following morning I visited the venerable Isaac C. Piatt, then in his eight- 
 ieth year, whose residence is on the Beekmantown road, not fitr from Ilalsoy's Cor- 
 ners. He was living there at the time of the British invasion, and took his family 
 over to Middlebury, in Vermont. On his return the skirmish liad occurred at Ilal- 
 soy's Corners. He found his house in possession of the enemy, and used as a sort of 
 hospital.^ He asked and obtained from General Brisbane protection for himself and 
 his property. That ofiicer gave hira a general parole of honor to go where he j)lcased. 
 When the British fled they left about forty liorscs in his fields, and tlicsc he consid- 
 iTod a fair equivalent for hay and other property whicli they had appropriated to 
 ilieir own use. The British behaved very honorably, ho said, generally paying for 
 whatever they procured from the inhabitants. During a delightful interview of an 
 limir with the liumorous octogenarian, he related many stirring incidents of the iiiva- 
 ■iii, which limited space will not allow me to record. He still [1867] lives ui the 
 iiij')ymefit of good health. 
 
 Leaving Mr. Plijtt's, wc passed a huge old butternut-tree between his house and 
 
 llilsey's Corners, its trnnk terribly scarred by the passage of one of Leonard's can- 
 
 1 ii-halls completely through it. It stands as a memento of the affair at that point. 
 
 (We passed on to the burial-ground, and visited and sketched the freestone memorials 
 
 Icf Downie and the slain, already mentioned ; of Colonel Melancthon Smith ; and of 
 
 > See page STO. . > See page SOS. 
 
 tfitil 
 
 ill!! 
 
884 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Orave of Hiss Davidson. 
 
 A Shot In Macomb's Ilead-qoarters. 
 
 Chauucey kept from active Service. 
 
 General Benjamin Mooers.' Tliere, too, I found the grave of the wonderfully preco- 
 cious child-poet, Lucretia Maria Davidson, who was th j author of a volume entitled 
 Amir Khan, and other Poems^ and yet she died I ./ore she was seventeen years of 
 age. A neat white marble monument marks the resting-place of her remains, and 
 bears those beautiful lines written by William Cullen Bryant on the occasion of her 
 burial : 
 
 " In the cold motst earth we laid her when the forest cast Its leaf, 
 And we wept that one bo lovely should have a lot so brief; 
 Yet not unmeet It was that one, like that young friend of ours. 
 So gentle and so beautiful, should perish with the flowers." , 
 
 In the course of the day I called on General A. C. Moore, whose fine mansion, not 
 far from the old stone mill, was the head-quarters of General Macomb before the bat- 
 tle. In the hall, near the foot of the staircase 
 and protruding from the upper edge of the wains- 
 coting, was a 24-pound iron ball, which British 
 cannon hurled across the Saranac. It had come 
 crashing through the house, and lodged there. 
 With good taste and patriotic feeling, it had been 
 left undisturbed. It was painted black and var- 
 nished, and on it, in white letters, were the words 
 September 11, 1814. 
 
 Toward evening of the same day I embarked 
 at Plattsburg in a steamer for Whitehall, and on 
 the following evening I was at my home on tht 
 Hudson. 
 With the flight of Prevost and his army from 
 Lake Champlain ended all military movements of importance on the Northern front- 
 ier. Hostilities soon afterward ceased on the Niagara frontier, as we have observed; 
 and during the entire season, Chauncey, one of the most vigilant and active of naval 
 commanders, had been compelled by circumstances to remain almost inactive at Sack- 
 ett's Harbor a greater part of the time. He was blockaded by a British squadron 
 tmtil early in June, when the completion of the armament of the Superior made Sir 
 James Yeo prudently withdraw his blockading vessels. And when the Mohawk, 
 which was launched* in thirty-four working days after her keel was laid, was 
 prepared for sea, and the movements on the Niagara frontier with vvhicli 
 Chauncey was to co-operate had commenced, that commander was prostrated bv 
 severe illness at the Harbor. His re-enforcements came tardily, while the enemy was 
 increasing his strength in vessels, arms, and men. It was the last of July before the 
 squadron was ready for sea. 
 
 Meanwhile Chauncey had set in motion minor operations. Supplies for the Brit- 
 ish were continually ascending the St. Lawrence in small boats. He resolved to at- 
 tempt the capture of some of them, and sent Lieutenant (late Rear Admiral) Fran- 
 cis H. Gregory,^ with Sailing-masters Vaughan and Dixon, in three gigs, for that pur- 
 
 BALL IH MOORe'B UOUBE, FLATTBBITItO. 
 
 > Jnne 11, 
 1814. 
 
 ' About a rod north of General Moocrs's grave is that of Samuel Norcro^^s, who, with two other nnarmcd cillzeni. 
 met three British soldiers on the retreat on the morning of the 12th, and slnmltanenusly sprang upon them and ffiui 
 their guns. A desperate struggle ensued. His antagonist wrenched the gnu from Norcross, and with it shot him, kill- 
 ing him almost instantly. This occurred not far from the place where hie ' <idy was buried. 
 
 > This volume was published in 1S29, and contained a biographical skii i li of the author by Professor Samnel F. B, 
 Morse. She was born in September, 1S08 ; was educated at Mrs. Willard's seminary in Troy, and died in August, ISS. 
 She was very beautiful. 
 
 ' l^runcis II. Gregory was born at Norwalk, Connccticnt, on the 9th of October, 1789. He entered the merchant «n- 
 ice in 1S02, and the navy as a midshipman in 1809 in the Heveiuje, commanded by Lieutenant O. H. Perry. He was pro- 1 
 moted to acting master in 1811, and in the spring of 1812 he was placed under Chauncey's command on Lake Ontario. 
 In tbit service he performed many gallant exploits as acting lieutenant, for his skill and bravery were so consplcnci' I 
 that he was employed in the most dangerous and diOlcult service. In August, 1814, be was captured and sent to En- 
 gland a prisoner of war, and was kept there until the close of the contest ; not in close confinement, but on wide parok j 
 in Devonshire, where the " vivacious little Yankee" was a great favorite with the ladies, and graced many a festal o«i- j 
 ►ion. In 18-25 Lieutenant Gregory commanded the Drandytoine when she conveyed Lafayette to this country; nndii 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 885 
 
 cey kept from active Service. 
 
 le wonderfully preco- 
 of a volume entitled 
 IS seventeen years of 
 e of her remains, and 
 )n the occasion of her 
 
 af. 
 s, 
 
 hose fine mansion, not 
 lacorab before the bat- 
 ! foot of the staii-casp, 
 pper edge of the waing- 
 ron ball, which British 
 Saranac. It had come 
 )use, and lodged there, 
 iotic feeling, it had been 
 1 painted black and var- 
 1 letters, were the words 
 
 e same day I emhaiked 
 er for Whitehall, and on 
 was at my home on thi' 
 
 svost and his army from 
 e on the Northern front- 
 ;r, as we have observed; 
 ilant and active of naval 
 almost inactive at Sack- 
 , by a British squadron 
 if the Superior made Sir 
 .nd when the Mohmcl 
 :cr her keel was laid, ^\ as 
 ;ara frontier with whiili 
 'nder was prostrated by 
 ily, while the enemy was 
 c last of July before tk 
 
 Supplies for the Biit- 
 jats. He resolved to at- 
 [ate Rear Admiral) Fran- 
 three gigs, for that pur- 
 
 I with two other nnarmcd citizens 
 t„gly ".prang upon them amUfi'rf 
 \orcroL,andwithitBhothira,Wl- 
 
 'a"t''hor'byProfe!..or Samuel F_B. 
 iu Troy, and died in August, is- 
 
 Isg He entered the merchant ot 
 Inienant O.H.Perry. He«»»f">] 
 tncey^ command on LalceOnUn.! 
 
 I land bravery were 80 couspku.^ 
 I4 he waa captured and .eut to EH 
 i;e confinement, hut on «i<iepj|« 
 
 lie., and graced many a (e.tal «• 
 lLafayetretothlacounlry;..a'» 
 
 Exploits of lileutennnt Gregory. 
 
 Chaoncey's Squadron leaves Sacketl's Harbor. 
 
 Its Composition, 
 
 pose at the middle of June. They lay in 
 ambush among the Thousand Islands, be- 
 low Alexandria Bay, on the 19th. They 
 were discovered, and a British gun-boat 
 sent to attack them. They did not wait 
 for her approach, but boldly dashed upon 
 and captured her. She was the Black 
 Snake, Captain Landon, carrying an 18- 
 pound carronade and eighteen men, chiefly 
 Royal Marines. Gregory returned to the 
 Haibor with liis prisoners, but was com- 
 pelled to destroy the lilack Snake to pre- 
 vent her recapture. For this gallant serv- 
 ice the National Congress, tlurty years 
 • May 4, afterward," gave Gregory and his 
 1^- companions three thousand dol- 
 lars.' Ten days afterward, Gregory and 
 the same assistants started in two gigs for 
 Nicholas Island, seven miles fromPresque 
 Isle, on the Canada coast, to intercept 
 some transports expected to pass there for 
 York and Fort George. They did not 
 come ; so, finding his presence was known 
 to the British authorities, Gregory landed 
 at Presque Isle, burned a schooner pierced 
 
 ^-'^^.--^^ 
 
 for fourteen guns and nearly ready to bo 
 launched, and a building containing her 
 stores, crossed the lake, and reached Sack- 
 ett's Harbor on the 6th of July"" 
 without the loss of a man. 
 
 Chauncey was carried on board the Su- 
 perior in a convalescent state on the 3l8t 
 of July, and on that day his squadron left, 
 the Harbor. It consisted of the flag-ship 
 Superior, C2, Lieutenant Elton ; Pike, 28, 
 Captain Crane, Chauncoy's second in com- 
 mand ;2 3fohawk, 42, Captain Jones ; Mad- 
 ison, 24, Captain Trencliard ; Jefferson, 
 22, Captain Ridgeley; Jones, 22, Captain 
 Woolsey; Sylph, 14, Captain Elliott; 
 Oneida, 16, Lieut. Commanding Brown; 
 and the look-oftt boat Za«?y of (he Lake. 
 They appeared off the mouth of the Niag- 
 ara River (then in possession of the Brit- 
 ish) on the 6th of August." Leav- 
 ing the Jefferson, Sylph, and Onei- 
 da to blockade some British vessels in the 
 
 ' 1814. 
 
 1S2(1 he commanded the 64-gnn ship sent to the Greeks from New York. He was promoted to commander in 1828, and 
 WM in active service afloat until 1882, when he was placed in charge of the Boston Navy Yard. When the Rebellion 
 liroke out he was anxious to enter into active service, but he was more ucefiilly employed as general superintendent of 
 the construction of the iron-clad or armored vessels engaged in the Civil War. He was promoted to the rank of rear 
 sflralral in 180-2, and died in Brooklyn, October 4, 1806, at the age of seventy-seven years. Few men hold a more worthy 
 place on the records of our navy. ' Hough's HUtory of Jeffrrmn Cmintti, page 616. 
 
 ' Mr. Crane was one of Chauncey'a most intimate friends and active commanders. He was born in ElizabethtowD, 
 New Jersey, on the Ist of February, 1T84, and was n son of General Wllliflm Crane, who was one of Montgomery's army, 
 luid made a prisoner in Quebec. He entered the nary in 1T90 aa midshipuian, and was in active service in the Hedtter- 
 
 mm 
 
 :||'} 
 
 H 
 
( I 
 
 886 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Chaoncey tries to draw oat Yeo. 
 
 A heavy British Ship on the Lake. 
 
 AmericauB prepare to match her. 
 
 river, Chauncey crossed the lake with the remainder of the squadron, looked into 
 • Augnst 9, York, and then sailed for Kingston," where, with four of his vessels, he 
 
 ^''"- blockaded the squadron of Sir James Yeo for six weeks. He vainly tried 
 to draw him out for combat ;' and in the mean time, as we have seen, he conveyed 
 a part of Izard's troops to the Genesee River.^ During this blockade, Lie.. Lcuant 
 Gregory, while reconnoitring, was captured. 
 
 At the close of September it was ascertained that the St. Lawrence, pierced for one 
 hundred and twelve guns, which had been all the season in preparation at Kingston, 
 was ready for sea. Chauncey prudently raised the blockade, i-etired to Sackett's 
 Harbor, and prepared for attack. On the 15 th of October the St. Lawrence sailed, 
 bearing Sir James Yeo and more than a thousand men.^ She was accompanied by 
 four ships, *,wo brigs, and a schooner, and from that time the baronet, with his great 
 ship, was lord of the lake. The Americans resolved to match the St. Lawrence before 
 the opening of the lake the following spring, and the keels of two first-class frigates 
 were speedily laid — one at Sackett's Harbor, to be called the iVeio Orleans, and an- 
 other at Storrs's Harbor, farther up the bay, to be called the Chippeica. Of the for- 
 mer we have already taken notice on page 616. These vessels were partly finished, 
 when the proclamation of peace caused work upon them to cease, as well as all far- 
 ther hostilities in that quarter. 
 
 Yeo did not venture to attack Chauncey* in Sackett's Harbor; but so imminent 
 
 ranean early in the present century. He was promoted to Ueatenant in 1803, ami 
 rose to the rank of captain in 1804. He was in command of the NautUun when 
 she was captnred (see page 436), and after his exchange was in continual service 
 on Lake Ontario. He was in the service of his government, afloat and ashore, un- 
 til his death, when he was chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. 
 
 Commodore Crane was buried with naval honors in the Congressional Burying. 
 ground In Washington City, and over his remains is a fine white marble moun- 
 ment with the following inscriptions: 
 
 West Side.— "Saerei to the memory of William Montgomebt Crane, a cuptaln 
 in the navy, who was bom in Elizabethtown, New Jereay, on th* Ist of Febmar;-. 
 1784, and died at Washinston on the ISth of March, 1848." South SWe.—'- En- 
 dowed with uncommon Judgment, skill, and ability, he was conspicuous amongst 
 the most distinguished of his professional compeers." Eatt Stdc— "The manly 
 qualities which he on all occasions exhibited endeared hijii to his associates, anil 
 forty-seven years of arduous service proved his devotion to his country.' Sorth 
 Side.—" In the war with France, with the Barbary Powers, and with England, lie 
 was actively engaged, and with undiminished reputation." 
 
 1 The fact that Sir James Yeo, after boasting of his desire to meet ChnnnceyV 
 fleet, and his look-outs often feigning a design to encounter the Lady of the Lake. 
 Chauncey's gallant little scout, caused many squibs. Among others was a short 
 poem entitled " The Courteous Knight, or the Flying Gallant." After stating that a 
 British knight (Sir James) of high reputation had jilted an American lady who had 
 already made some noise in the world {Ladj/ of the Voice), the poet said: 
 
 "He Hed like a truant; the lady in vain 
 
 Her ogling and glances employed : 
 She aimed at his heart, and she aimed at his brain, 
 And she vowed f^om pursuing she ne'er would refrain— 
 
 The knight was most sadly annoyed. 
 • , At length from love's fervor the recreant got clear, 
 
 And may have for a season some rest; 
 But if this fair lady he ever comes near, 
 For breaking his promise he'll pay very dear. 
 
 The price gallant Chauncey knows best." 
 
 See epigraph at the head of Chapter XXIX. » See page S84. 
 
 ' Soon »fter the St. Lawrence sailed, Mr. M'Gowan, a midshipman, accompanied by William Johnston, the " Hero of 
 the Thousand Islands" (see page 602), went with a torpedo to Kingston Harbor to blow her up. Her departure foiled 
 the enterprise. See Cooper's HavoA History, 51., 423. 
 
 * Isaac Chauncey was a native of Fairfield County, Connecticut, and was bom in 1773. He went to sea early In life 
 from the port of New York, and was master of a vessel at the age of nineteen years. He made several successful voy- 
 ages to the East Indies in vessels belonging to John Jacob Astor, and In 1798 he entered the navy of the United States 
 with a lieutenant's commission under Truxtun. He behaved gallantly In the Mediterranean, and for his good conduct 
 there Congress presented him with an elegant sword. He was promoted to commandant in 1804, and in 1806 he re- 
 ceived the commission of captain. He was appointed to the command of the embryo navy on the Lakes at the begin- 
 ning of the War of 1812, and by his gallant and judicious conduct there he won Imperishable fame. He commanded a 
 squadron in the Mediterranean after the war. He returned to the XTnited States In 1818, and was soon afterward called 
 to the post of navy commissioner at Washington City. He was afterward commander of the naval station at Brook- 
 lyn, but vras appointed navy commissioner again in 1S33, which office he held until his death, when he was president 
 
 obasi'b monuuent. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 887 
 
 ricans prepare to match her. 
 
 [uadron, looked into 
 ur of his vessels, he 
 ks. He vainly tried 
 ,'e Been, he conveyed 
 blockade, Lie - ;,euant 
 
 rence, pierced for one 
 )aration at Kingston, 
 , retired to Sackett's 
 1 St. Lawrence sailed, 
 was accompanied by 
 ironet, with his great 
 e St. Lawrence before 
 wo first-class frigates 
 Neio Orleans, and an- 
 hippe^oa. Of tlic for- 
 were partly finislied, 
 ase, as well as all far- 
 
 t)or; but so imminent 
 
 loted to llentenant in 1S03, and 
 ommand of the Nautilwi when 
 lange was in continual service 
 ernment, afloat and ashore, un- 
 rdnance and Hydrography. 
 , in the Congressional Burying- 
 I is a fine wtiite marble mouu- 
 
 MoNTGOMEBT Cbane, a cptnta 
 Jersey, on tlft Ist of Februari-. 
 rch, 1846." South Side.—'- En- 
 ', he was conspicuous amonget 
 jrs." £o«f Side— " The manly 
 tired hijd to his associates, anil 
 'votion to his country.' Sorth 
 
 Powers, and with England, he 
 itation." 
 
 his desire to meet Channccv's 
 encounter the Lady of the Lake. 
 je. Among others was a fhort 
 r GaUant." After stating that a 
 ilted an American lady who had 
 
 iote), the poet said: 
 
 rain 
 i: 
 
 ned at his brain, 
 ne'er would refrain— 
 )yed. 
 
 creant got clear, 
 rest; 
 near, 
 very dear, 
 ws best." 
 
 » See page R84. 
 illlam Johnston, the " Hero ot 
 her up. Her departure foiled 
 
 ,. He wont to sea early In life 
 ie made several surcessfal tot- 
 S the navy of the United SUles 
 jnean, and for his good conduct 
 dant in 1804, and In 180C he re- 
 lavy on the Lakes at the hegin- 
 hablefame. He commanded s 
 and was soon afterward called 
 of the naval station at Brook- 
 I death, when he was president 
 
 Cbanneey caHa for Militia. 
 
 Washington Irving's Rebniie. 
 
 Close of Hostilities on the Northern Frontier. 
 
 'i^<^2^ 
 
 ^y^^2-t^^^ 
 
 seemed the danger, when it was known 
 that the St. Lawrence was ready for sea, 
 that a request was made by the com- 
 manding officer at that post, of Govern- 
 or Tompkins, to send thither some mili- 
 tia re-enforcements, the entire militaiy 
 strength which had been left there by 
 Izard being some artillery under Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Mitchell, and two battal- 
 ions of infantry, commanded respect- 
 ively by Majors Malcolm and Brevoort.. 
 The governor at once sent his aid. Col- 
 onel Washington L'ving,^ with orders 
 for the commandant at the Harbor to 
 make such requisition on the militia as 
 he should think best. The result was 
 that General Collins called out the en- 
 tire body of the militia of Herkimer, 
 Oneida, Lewis, and Joffiarson counties, 
 and at the close of October the mili- 
 tary force at Sackctt's Harbor was 
 about six thousand. When the lake 
 closed, and all apprehensions of an 
 attack by the British subsided, the 
 militia were disbanded, and the war was closed on the Canada frontier. 
 
 of the board. He died at Washington City on the 27th of Jannary, 1(540, at 
 the age of about sixty-flve years. He was interred with appropriate honors 
 la the Congressional Burying-gronnd, upon the slope ovcrloolcing the East 
 Branch of the Potomac, and over his grave stands a superb monument made 
 of white clouded marble. On the pedestal, in relief, is the name CnAtmoKT. 
 On another part are the names of several of his family. On the east side is 
 the following inscription : " Isaao CnAiracEv, United States Navy, died in 
 this city January 27tb, 1840, while President of the Board of Navy Commis- 
 sioners, aged sixty-seven years." The monument is about eighteen feet in 
 height. Upon the obelislc is a wreath of laurel and a sword, cut in relief. 
 
 > This was the beloved Washington Irving, one of the purest of the planet- 
 ary lights of American literature. Mr. Irving was at that time editor of the 
 Amkctic Magazine, for "which he had'furnished some brilliant biographies of 
 the heroes of the war. Natnrally peaceful and retiring, he felt no special am- 
 bition to become a conspicuous actor ; yet his soul was full of patriotic flame. 
 It was increased intensely by a circumstance which occurred on a Hudson 
 River steam-boat late in August, 1814, when the news of the capture and de- 
 Rtmction of the national capital was fliling all loyal men with sadness. His 
 biographer thus relates the story : "It was night, and the passengers had be- 
 ttlicn themselves to their settees to rest, when a person came on board at 
 Ponghkeepsic with the news of the inglorious triumph, and proceeded, in the 
 darkness of the cabin, to relate the particulars : the destruction of the Presi- 
 dent's House, the Treasury, War, and Navy Ofliccs, the Capitol, the Depository 
 of the National Library and Public Records. There was a momentary pause 
 after the speaker had ceased, when some paltry spirit lifted his head from a 
 rettee, and, in a tone of complacent disdain, 'wondered what yt'mnit/ Madison 
 wonid say now ?' ' Sir,' said Mr. Irving, glad of an escape to his swelling in- 
 dignation, 'do you seize on such a disaster only for a sneer? Let me tell 
 you, sir, it is not now a question about Jimmy Madison or Johnny Armstrong. 
 The pride and honor of the nation are wonndc' the country is insulted and 
 . disgraced by this barbarous success, and every loyal citizen would feel the ig- 
 nominy, and be earnest to avenge it.' ' I could not see the fellow," said Mr. 
 Irving, but I let fly at him in the dark.' "—The Life and Letters of Wa»hingtim 
 Irving, by his nephew, Pierre M. Irving, i., 311. The fellow was cowed into 
 silence. He was a prototype of a small class which obtained the name of Cop- 
 perheads during the late Civil War, to whom the loyal men of the nation ad- 
 ministered a similar rebuke. 
 
 Mr. Irving's feelings were so much stirred by the incident that, on his arrival In New York, he offered his services to 
 Governor Tompkins as his aid. They were accepted, and he became his excellency's aid and secretary, with the rank 
 nf colonel. His name first appears attached to n general order dated September 2, 1314. He remained on the govern- 
 or's itaff until the close of the war, a few months afierward. 
 
 rUAUKOEY 8 MO.WHENT. 
 
 I , 
 
i 'i : ini - 1 
 
 888 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 A trjrlng Time for New Bngland. 
 
 The Blucknde of New London . 
 
 Commodore Lewli In Long Island Sound. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVm. 
 
 "Then, warriors on shore, be brave, 
 
 Tour wives and homes defend ; 
 Those preclons boons be tme to save. 
 
 And hearts and sinews bend. 
 Ob, think upon your fathers' fame, 
 
 For glory marked the way ; 
 And this foe aimed the blow, 
 
 Bnt victory crowned the day. 
 Then emulate the deeds of yore, 
 
 Let victory crown the day."— Old Somo. 
 
 ^EW ENGLAND experienced very little actual war within its bor- 
 ders, yet it felt its pressure heavily in the paralysis of its peculiar 
 industries, the continual ^rain upon its wealth of men and money, 
 and the wasting excitement caused by constantly impending men- 
 aces and a sense of insecurity. From the spring of 1813 until the 
 ■.„<^^ -y W close of the contest, British squadrons were hovering along its 
 ^rw^ coasts, and, in connection with the Embargo Acts, were double- 
 
 barring its sea-ports against commerce, and threatening the de- 
 struction of its maritime cities and villages. 
 
 The year 1814 was a specially trying one for New England. The British govern- 
 ment, as we have observed, had determined and prepared, at the beginning of that 
 year, to make the campaign a vigorous, sharp, and decisive one on land and sea. 
 Hitherto the more northerly coasts of the United States had been very little molest- 
 ed by the enemy excepting by threatenings, for Commodore Hardy's blockade of 
 New London and its vicinity had been so mild that it was practically little more than 
 a jailor's custody of two prisoners — Decatur's vessels — above that town. Now a sys- 
 tem of petty invasions commenced, and were followed by more serious operations. 
 
 The blockade of New London was kept up in 1814, and as early as April a party 
 of British seamen and marines, in several small vessels (each armed with a 9 or 12 
 pounder), under the command of Lieutenant Coote, of the Royal Navy, went up the 
 ■ April 8, Connecticut River in the evening, and at four o'clock the next morning" land- 
 ^"*- ed on Pautopaug Point, seven miles from the Sound, spiked the heavy guns 
 found there, and destroyed twenty-two vessels, valued at one hundred and sixty thou- 
 sand dollars. At ten o'clock they went down the river two or three miles to Brock- 
 way's Ferry, where they indulged in similar incendiary sport. In the mean time a 
 body of militia, with some marines and sailors from Decatur's vessels in the Thames, 
 under Captain Jones and Lieutenant Biddle, gathered on the shore and endeavored 
 to cut off their retreat, but, under cover of darkness that night, and with the silence 
 of muffled oars, they escaped. 
 
 At about this time Commodore Lewis made his appearance in the Sound with thir- 
 teen American gun-boats for the protection of the coast-trade against the Jjiverpool 
 Packet privateer, which was cruising very mischievously all along the Connecticut 
 shore. She fled eastward at Lewis's approach, and when he reached Saybrook he 
 found more than fifty vessels there, afraid to weigh anchor for fear of this corsair. 
 Lewis told them to follow his flotilla, and he would endeavor to convoy them safely 
 to New London. The entire fleet sailed on the 25th,'' and during the after- 
 ** ' noon Lewis had a shai-p engagement with a British frigate, sloop, and tender. 
 
\wn 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 889 
 
 wis Id Long Island Sound, 
 
 I war within its bor- 
 alysis of its peculiar 
 1 of men and money, 
 ntly impending men- 
 ingof 1813 untilthe 
 
 hovering along its 
 ) Acts, were doublo- 
 
 threateuing the de- 
 
 The British goveni- 
 he beginning of that 
 ine on land and sea. 
 :n very little molest- 
 ilardy's blockade of 
 ally little more than 
 ,t town. Now a sys- 
 lerious operations. 
 ,rly as April a party 
 Irmed with a 9 or 12 
 ,1 Navy, w ent up the 
 next morning" land- 
 iked the heavy guns 
 |idred and sixty thou- 
 ;hree miles to Brock- 
 In the mean time a 
 issels in the Thames, 
 ore and endeavored 
 and with the silence 
 
 the Sound with thir- 
 Lgainst the Liverpool 
 long the Connecticut 
 leached Saybrook he 
 ' fear of this corsair, 
 convoy them safely 
 ind during the after- 
 Ite, sloop, and tender. 
 
 I«wis attnclu the Blockaders. Ampblbluns Warfare on tl.-e New England Coast. New Bedford and Fair Haven. 
 
 The merchant fleet entered the Thames in safety, and Lewis, inspirited by his suc- 
 cess, determined to attack the blockading squadron with his gun-boats. He began 
 by hurling hot shot, which set the British vessels on fire. He soon disabled the sloop, 
 which, with the frigate, had attacked him while convoying the coasting vessels. He 
 80 maimed the frigate that she was on the point of surrendering, when night set in 
 and the fire of the gun-boats ceased. It was excessively dark, and at dawn Lewis 
 saw the enemy in the far distance towing away the wounded vessel. He was about 
 to pursue, when several other frigates made their appearance, and he prudently aban- 
 doned the design. 
 
 Early in Juno the enemy commenced depredations on the coasts of Massachusetts. 
 On the 13th a detachment of two hundred men, in six barges, were sent from thi Su- 
 perb and Mmrocl, then lying in Buzzard's Bay, to destroy the shipping at Wareham, 
 a village at the head of the bay. The elevated rocky neck at the mouth of the Nar- 
 rows concealed the approach of the barges, and the inhabitants were taken by sur- 
 prise. The enemy fired a ship, brig, and several schooners and sloops. The ship was 
 partially saved, and so also was a cotton factory, which was set on fire by a Congreve 
 rocket. The estimated value of the loss was $40,000. Quite a number of. the lead- 
 ing inhabitants were seized and carried away as hostages, so as to prevent the mili- 
 tia from firing on the vessels. These were released when the ships arrived at their 
 anchorage. Similar destruction was inflicted at Scituate and smaller places. Some- 
 times the militia would meet the marauders and drive them away, but in most cases 
 the blow would be struck before a foil could be raised to avert it. 
 
 On the 16th of June the Bulwark, 74, Captain Milne, carrying about ninety gnns, 
 anchored oflT the mouth of Saco River, in Maine, and her commander sent one hund- 
 red and fifty armed men, in five larg" boats, to destroy property on the Neck belong- 
 ing to Captain Thomas Cutts. That gentleman met them with a white flag, and pro- 
 posed a money commutation. The matter was referred to Captain Milne, who soon 
 afterward came ashore in his gig. He assured Cutts that he had positive orders to 
 destroy, and could not spare. The torch was then applied, and two vessels ^one fin- 
 ished, the other on the stocks), valued at $15,000, were destroyed, and another one 
 taken away, which the owner afterward ransomed for $6000. They also plundered 
 Mr. Cutts's store of goods to the amount of $2000.' 
 
 At about the same time the Nimrod and La Hogue were blockading New Bedford 
 and Fair Haven, little villages on each bank of the Acushnet River, an inlet from 
 Buzzard's Bay, They lay in Tarpaulin Cove, watching vigilantly the privateer Yan- 
 /tee, belonging to De Wolfe, of Bristol, Rhode Island, the great slave-merchant. This 
 vessel, and all others of her class, wei-e unwelcome to the New Bedford people, who 
 were Federalists, but right welcome to those of Fair Haven, who were Democrats — 
 a difference of opinion which led to the separation of the two towns. The Fair Haven 
 people cherished all privateers and other enemies of the British, and had, moreover, 
 a fort on their Point, built in the time of the threatened war with France in 1798 on 
 the site of a battery of the Revolution. It now had about a dozen iron cannon on its 
 rampart.^:, and was guarded by a small garrison under Lieutenant Selleck Osbonie, 
 the poet.'* Of course, the British blockaders did not like the Fair Haven folk, and 
 one dark night they planned an attack on the fort and the destruction of the village. 
 Every thing was ready long before daylight, and the Nimrod was to be the executor 
 of the plan. Just then the tin horn of a solitary mail-carrier was heard, and the clat- 
 ter of his horse's feet as ho galloped across the Acushnet bridge and causeway sound- 
 
 ' History of Saco and Blddcford, by George Folsom, page 309. 
 
 » Selleck Osborne was a native of Connectlcnt, and a printer by trade. He printed a paper in Lltchfleld abont the 
 fesr 1806. He was afterward an editor in Wilmington, TA-laware. He was commissioned first lientennnt of light dr»- 
 Boons in .Tuly, 1808, and made captain in 1811, His company was disbanded In May, 1814, and be was acting as lieuten- 
 ut in garrison at Fair Haven. He went to Lake Chnmplnin, and was engaged in the battle of Plattsbnrg. In 1893 ho 
 published a volume of poenu. He died in Philadelphia on the 1st of October, 1820, 
 
 II 
 
 t! 
 
800 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Baa-port Towns uf New England blockaded. Appearance of Hardj'i Squadron. The Britltih capture Eiutport 
 
 cd loudly upon the night air. The honi was mistaken for the braying of a trumpet 
 sounding an advance, and the rattle of hoofs was interpreted as the foi-erunner of the 
 approach of a large American force. The Nimrod hastened ♦" "' didraw to a Hufi! 
 distance from the fort, and New Bedford and Fair Haven were spared the notoriiiy 
 of a battle. The fort and its iron cannon yet (1867) remain, monuments of the wis- 
 dom of ample preparation for evil. 
 
 Other places were mcaced, and some were attacked. Formidable squadrons were 
 kept before New York, Now London, and Boston. Eastport and Castine fell into tiie 
 hands of the British, and Stonington became the theatre of a most distressing bom- 
 bardment. All along the eastern coast, from the Connecticut to the St. Croix, tlie 
 enejny carried on this kind of warfare, in most cases marauding on private property 
 in a manner which degraded the actors in the eyes of all honorable men to the level 
 of mere freebooters. The more respectable portion of British writers condemned the 
 policy, for it was damaging to the British interest. Hitherto lukewarm New En- 
 gland now became intensely heated with indignation against the common enemy, and 
 burned with a war-fever which made the peace party in that region exceedingly cir- 
 cumspect. 
 
 A more serious invasion of the New England coast now occurred. Early in July 
 • July 6, Sir Thomas M. Hardy sailed secretly from Halifax* with a considerable force 
 
 1814. fjjp \an({ and sea service. His squadron consisted of the Ramillics, 74, his 
 flag-ship ; the sloop Martin, brig Borer, the Bream, the bomb-ship Terror, and several 
 transports with troops, under Colonel Thomas Pilkington. The sqnidron entered 
 Passamaqnoddy Bay on the 11th, and anchored off Fort Sullivan at Euhtport,' which 
 was then in command of Major Perley Putnam, of Salem,* with a garrison of fifty 
 men and six pieces of artillery. The baronet demanded an instant surrender of the 
 post, giving the commander only five minutes for consideration. Putnam promptly 
 refused compliance, but, on account of the vehement importunities of the alarmed in- 
 habitants, who were indisposed to resist, he yielded his own judgment, and gave up 
 the post on condition that while the British should take possession of all public prop- 
 erty, private property should be respected. When this agreement was signed, a thou- 
 sand armed men, with women and children, a battalion of artillery, and fifty or sixty 
 pieces of cannon, were landed on the main, and formal possession was taken of the 
 fort, the town of Eastport, and all the islands and villages in and around Passama- 
 qnoddy Bay. Declaration was made that these were in permanent possession of the 
 British,^ and the inhabitants were called upon to take an oath of allegiance within 
 seven days, or leave the territory.* Two thirds of them complied. The custom- 
 house was opened under British officials ;' trade was resumed ; the fortifications 
 around Eastport were completed, and sixty pieces of cannon were mounted ; and an 
 arsenal was established. Several vessels, and goods valued at three hundred thou- 
 sand dollars, accumulated there to be smuggled into the United States, were made 
 prizes of by the British. The enemy held quiet possession of that region until the 
 close of the war. 
 
 Having established British rule at Eastport, and left eight hundred troops to hold 
 
 ' Eastport Is on Moose Island, In Passamaqnoddy Bay, which the British claimed as belonging to New Brunswick 
 nnder the treaty of 1TS3. 
 
 » After the declaration of war in June, 1812, the United Slates kept a garrison at Fort Sullivan. At first there were 
 two militia companies, from General Blake's brigade on the Penobscot, under the command of Major Ulmer. The 
 United States afterward took possession, and snbstitnted regular troops for militia. In the autumn of 1813 Major Pal- 
 nam was appointed to the command there. 
 
 » It was declared that "the object of the British government was to obtain possession of the islands of Pnsunmnqnod- 
 dy Bay, in consequence of their being considered within their boundary-line."— Letter fi-ora Lieutenant Colonel J. FItz- 
 herbert to Oenorai Brewer, of the Washington County Militia, July 12, 1814. 
 . « A " royal proclamation" to this effect wag made by Commodore Hardy on the 14th, In which notice was given that 
 "all persons at present on the island are to appear before ne on Saturday next, at ton o'clock in the forenoon, on the 
 ground near the school-house [at Eastport], to declare their intentions," etc. 
 
 ; • They took all the public property from the custom-house, and vainly endeavored to compel the collector tr sign nn- 
 flnlahed treasury notes of the value of $9000. He reftised, saying " hanging will b« no compnleion." 
 
 mfiirt , 
 
OP THE WAH OF 1812. 
 
 fiOl 
 
 Brltlab capture Butport. 
 
 Ired troops to hold 
 
 nging to New Brunswick 
 
 Tne BrltUb Hqnadron off PorUmoath. 
 
 the conquered region, Hardy sailed west- 
 ward with his squiulron, spreading alarm 
 along the coast. I'reparations for his re- 
 ception were made every where. Vigilant 
 eyes were watching, and strong arms were 
 waiting for the appearance of the foe at 
 Portsmouth, where little Fort Sumner was 
 manned. The energetic General Montgom- 
 ery,' of New Hampshire, ordered every 
 tenth man of his brigade to repair to Ports- 
 mouth for its defense, and there he com- 
 manded in person. Little F'ort Lilly, at 
 Gloucester, was armed. Fort Pickering, 
 near Salem, and Fort Sewall, at Marble- 
 head, were strengthened and garrisoned. 
 Fort Warren, on Governor's Island, and 
 Fort Lidependenco, on Cawtie Island, in 
 Boston Harbor, were put in readiness for 
 action, and well garrisoned by Massachu- 
 setts militia. 
 
 An attack npon 
 the important city 
 ofBoston was con- 
 fidently expected 
 after intelligence 
 was received of the 
 bombardment of 
 
 Vlgtlance of Qflneml Hont|;omei7. 
 
 Alluik ov BoitoD ox|)«eted. 
 
 • Angnst 9, 
 1814. 
 
 VOUT FIOKERINO.' 
 
 Stonington,* which we shall presently consider. It was the capital of New 
 England, and the moral effect of its capture or destruction would be great. 
 It was a place for the construction of American war-vessels, which the enemy feared 
 more than armies. On this account its destruction was desirable. It was also a 
 wealthy town, and offered a rich har\est for plunderers. It was well known, too, 
 that it was almost defenseless, for it was not until the descent of the enemy upon 
 Eastport, and his hostile operations elfiewhere, had aroused the authorities of Massa- 
 
 • John Montgomery was bom in Massachnsfctt!! In 1769, and was a relative of General Montgomery who was killed 
 at Qaebec. He became a spirited and snccessful n irchant, and when the War of 1812 broke out he had just cent a heavy 
 consignment ofgoods abroad, which were totally lost to him. At that time he was a brigadier general of New Ilamp- 
 »l)ire militia. He was a Federalist in politics, but when his country was in danger he gave the government his snpport. 
 When Portsmouth was threatened by the British squadron, he took command in person at that place, and there he re- 
 mained until the danger disappeared. 
 
 General Montgomery married a daughter of General Henry Knox, of the Bevolntlon, by whom he had six children, 
 nil danghters. He died at Haverhill, New Hampshire, on the 99tb of February, 1825, at the age of fifty-six years. I am 
 indebted to his danghter, Mrs. Samuel Bachelder, cf Cambridge, for the above portrait. 
 
 ' This view is from the slope back of the fort, looking seaward. On the extreme left, in the distance, is seen Beverly. 
 A little to the right, Misery Island. Still Earther toward the right, Baker's Island light-boase. On the extreme right la 
 Marblehead Point. 
 
 h\ 
 
 «» 
 
* lift' 
 
 liii 
 
 1 
 
 802 
 
 PIC 
 
 AL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 AUrm tn Botlon. 
 
 Preparattoni fur th« UnbDie or tb« City. 
 
 Cltiuni at Wurk un FontflcBitoni, 
 
 chusctts from their dreams of peace that any important preparations wore made to 
 repel an attack.' Tlio people had seen tlie blockading squadrons from the topH of 
 their houses, and trembled for the safety of the town, but it was not until the close 
 of August that any energetic measures were taken by the leading men of the city 
 •Augnitso, toward providing for its defense. Then' a public meeting was called to 
 
 '"*• consider the matter; and a committee, consisting of Harrison Gray Otis, 
 James Lloyd, Thomas II. Perkins, and others, were appointed to wait on the govern- 
 or, and present to him an address on the defenseless state of the city. They assured 
 him that the people were ready to co-opcrato in any way for the security of the cap- 
 ital and the stato. 
 
 Governor Strong, whose opposition to the war was intense, listened to this appeal, 
 and at once instituted measures for the defense of the whole line of the coast of Mas- 
 sachusetts and of the District of Maine, its dependent. The high ground on Noddle's 
 Island (now East Boston), known as Camp Hill,^ was chosen for the site of a new and 
 heavy fort, and it was resolved to place its erection under the supervision of Laoinmi 
 Baldwin, a graduate of Harvard College, as engineer. He issued his first official no- 
 tice on the 10th of September, when he asked for tools and volunteers to work on 
 the fortification. The response was patriotic. Large numbers of the inhabitants 
 might be seen, day after day, toiling like common laborers with pickaxe, spade, shov- 
 el, and barrow. Every class of citizens was represented. " I remember," says an 
 eye-witness, " tho venerable Rev. Dr. Lathrop, with the deacons and elders of his 
 church, each shouldering his shovel and doing yeoman's service in digging, shovel- 
 ing, and carrying sods in wheelbarrows."' The volunteers were soon numbered by 
 hundreds. A regular system of employment was adopted, confusion was avoided, 
 and the work went on rapidly.* The fort was completed at the close of October. 
 On the 26th of that month it was formally named, in honor of Governor Strong, Fort 
 Strong, Lieutep Governor Phillips ofliciating as the chief actor in the ceremonies. 
 The flag was 1 ^ amid the roar of artillery from Noddle's Island, North Battery, 
 
 and India Wh. , ...id on the 29th the Selectmen of Boston announced that " the im- 
 portant post of Fort Strong was completed," to the great joy of the people.* Hap- 
 pily, it was never needed.' A battery of heavy guns was placed on Dorchester 
 Heights (South Boston), and other defenses were prepared on prominent points at 
 Roxbury and Cambridge. 
 
 When Commodore Haidy left Eastport he rejoined the blockading squadron off 
 
 New London. He was not long inactive. He was charged with a part of the duty 
 
 " 1814 ®"j<'i"^*l "1 ^^^ terrible order of Admiral Cochrane, to destroy the coast towns 
 
 and ravage the country, and on the 9th of August** he appeared off the bor- 
 
 ' The demonstrations near Saybrook and In Buzzard's Bay had caused some alarm In Boston early In the summer ; 
 and on the Iflth of Jane the governor and conncll appointed the Honorable David Cobb, John Brooks, and Tlmotliy 
 Pickering commissioners for the defense of the sea-coast. 
 
 » On the crown of present Webster Street, East Boston, near Belmont Square. The fort was between the square and 
 brow of tho hill, near tjo dwelling of Mr. Lamson In 1800. 
 
 ' Funeral sermon at the burial of Dr. Lathrop, by his successor, T. -''erend Dr. Parkman. 
 
 ♦ A superintendent was appointed, who entered in a register the i-ames of the inhabitants who offered their service). 
 The laborers were classified, and particular days assigned for particnlar classes. The newspapers of that period were 
 filled with accounts of the patriotic ardor of the people of all classes. Notices like the following appeared : " Twenty- 
 five mechanics from each ward in this town will labor on the fortifications on Noddle's Island. This day (September 
 14) to embark tram the ferry ways at half past six o'clock."— Sen/ine!, September 14. " Dealers in dry goods and in 
 hardware to meet the next Thursday (20th) to do a day's work on Fort Strong," the name which it had already been 
 determined to give the new fortification. Other Industrial pursuits, trades, and professions, as well as military and 
 civil organizations, were continually represented on the work. Citizens also came firom the Interior. The Bosuin Ga- 
 utte of October 8 has the following paragraph : " Fort Strong progresses rapidly. On Saturday the citizens of Ooncoril 
 and Lincoln, to the number of two hundred, performed labor on It; the punctuality of the patriotic husbandmen de- 
 served the highest praise of their fellow-citizens of the metropolis. The volunteers from wards 1, 8, and 4, together 
 with others, amounted yesterday to five hundred." » Sumner's History of East Boston, page 416. 
 
 • Governor Strong had called an extraordinary session of the Legislature on the 6th of October, and in his short mes- 
 sage to that body, after giving the General Government a blow, he said : " Bnt, though we may be convinced that the 
 war in its commencement was unnecessary and unjust," etc., "and though, in a war thus commenced, we may have de- 
 clined to afford our voluntary aid to offensive measures, yet I presume there will be no doubts of our rights to defend 
 oar dwellings and possessions against any hostile attack by which tbelr destruction is menaced." 
 
OP THE WAR OF 18 13. 
 
 8M 
 
 'Mi' 
 
 I Bt Wurk un Purllflcailoni. 
 
 itions wore made to 
 118 from tho topH of 
 s not until the done 
 ing men of the city 
 eeting was called to 
 IlarriBoii (iray ()ti», 
 wait on the goverii- 
 city. They assured 
 3 security of tho cap- 
 
 itcncd to this appeal, 
 s of tho coast of Mas- 
 1 ground on Noddle's 
 tho site of a new and 
 ipervision of Laoinmi 
 •d his first official no- 
 )lunteers to work on 
 rs of tho inhabitants 
 pickaxe, spade, shov- 
 
 remember," says an 
 ns and elders of his 
 !e in digging, shovel- 
 re soon numbered by 
 nfusion was avoided, 
 the close of October. 
 Jovernor Strong, Fort 
 tor in the ceremonies. 
 Bland, North Battery, 
 lounced that " the ira- 
 of the people.* Ilap- 
 )laced on Dorchester 
 
 prominent points at 
 
 jkading squadron off 
 ith a part of the duty 
 lestroy the coast towns 
 ajjpearcd off the bor- 
 
 BoBton early in the eumraer; 
 lb, John Brooks, and Timothy 
 
 rt was between the square and 
 
 intB who offered their servlcei. 
 ewspapers of that period were 
 [)Uowiug appeared : " Twenty- 
 Island. This day (Septeral)cr 
 " Dealers in dry goods and In 
 imo which it had already been 
 isions, as well as military and 
 the interior. The Bmwn Go- 
 iturday the citizens of Concord 
 the patriotic husbandmen dc- 
 ■om wards 1, 8, and 4, together 
 tory of East Boston, page 416. 
 October, and in his short me«- 
 we may be convinced that the 
 I commenced, we may have de- 
 doubts of oar rights to defend 
 lenaced." 
 
 The Brlttih Hquadron off Htonlogton. 
 
 Surrender of the Town demanded and refused. 
 
 It Is bombarded. 
 
 ongh of Stonington, in Connecticut, for that purpose, with tho Jiamillies, 74, Pactohta, 
 44, bomb-ship Terror, tho brig JJispatch, 22, and barges and launches. He anchored 
 his little squadron within two miles of the town at four o'clock in the afternoon, a 
 mile and a half being the nearest point to tho village which the depth of water would 
 allow the flag-ship to approach. He then sent a Hug of truce ashore, bearing to tho 
 selectmen of the town the following mcHsage, dated half past live o'clock P.M. : " Not 
 wishing to destroy tho unoffending inhabitants residing in the town of Stonington, 
 one hour is granted them from the receipt of this to remove out of tlu; town."' " Will 
 a flag bo received from us in return V" inquired the magistrates of the bearer of 
 Hardy's letter. " No arrangements can bo made," was the reply ; and in answer to 
 a question whether it was tho commodore's intention to destroy the town, they were 
 assured that it was, and that it would be done eftcctually. Satisfled that no accom- 
 modation could bo effected, tho magistrates returned the following answer: "Wo 
 shall defend tho place to the last extremity ; should it be destroyed, wo will perish 
 in its ruins I" 
 
 The inhabitants were now in a state of great consternation. Tho sick and infirm, 
 the women and children — all who were incapable of bearing arms, left the village, 
 and the most valuable articles were immediately removed or concealed. A few mi- 
 litia under Lieutenant Hough were stationed on the point of tho narrow peninsula on 
 which Stonington stands, to watch the enemy and give notice of his nearer approach ; 
 a precaution adopted none too soon, for toward sunset they reported the Terror mov- 
 ing nearer the town by warping, accompanied by barges and launches each carrying 
 a carronade. At eight o'clock the bomb-ship commenced throwing shell from a 13 
 and a 15 inch mortar, and tho launches hurled rockets. This assault, grand in appear- 
 ance but teri'ible in fact, was kept up until midnight, when it ceased, and it wa.s as- 
 certained that no life had been lost, and no serious damage inflicted on the shore. 
 
 In the mean time an express had been sent to General Cushing, the United States 
 commander of the district, who regarded the movement as a feint to cover a real at- 
 tack on Fort Griswold, at Groton, and an attempt to seize Decatur's frigates in the 
 Thames above New London. He made corresponding arrangements with General 
 Williams, tho commander of the militia of tho district. A regiment was ordered to 
 Stonington ; another to the head of tho Mystic, to oppose tho landing of the enemy 
 there ; a company of artillery and ono of infantry were sent to a point on the Thames 
 above the frigates ; and another company of artillery and a regiment of infantry were 
 ordered to re-enforce the garrison of Fort Trumbull, for the protection of New Lon- 
 don. These prompt dispositions of troops disconcerted the enemy's movements to- 
 ward the Thames, if he ever liad a design of making any. 
 
 During the bombardment on the evening of the 9th, some bold spirits at Stoning- 
 ton took measures for opposing tho landing of the enemy. The only ordnance in the 
 place consisted of two 18, one 6, and one 4 pound cannon. They dragged the 6 and 
 one 18 pounder down to the extreme point of the peninsula, cast up some breastworks, 
 and placed them in battery there. The other 18-pounder was left in a slight battery 
 on the southwest point, near where the present breakwater leaves the shore. By the 
 streaming light of the rockets they watched the approach of the enemy, reserving 
 their fire until the barges and a launch came in a line near the southeast point of the 
 peninsula, when they opened upon them with serious eff"ect. The guns, loaded with 
 solid balls, were double shotted, and these so shattered the enemy's vessels that the 
 little flotilla retreated in confusion toward the larger warriors. From midnight until 
 dawn quiet prevailed, and during that time considerable numbers of militia and vol- 
 unteers assembled in the neighborhood. 
 
 At daylight on the morning of the 10th the frigate Pactolus and brig Dispatch 
 were seen making their way up nearer the town, and at the same time the barges and 
 1 This was received by two magistrates, and Ueutenant Hongh of the militia.. 
 
 !ii« 
 
 Hi 
 
 III 
 
1 
 
 8B« 
 
 PICTOni/L FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Borabnrdment of StoningtnD. 
 
 Captain llolmes and his Oun. 
 
 Hi8 Flag nailed to its Staff. 
 
 a launch had approached the eastern side of the peninsula, out of reach of the battery, 
 aud commenced throwing rockets. A number of volunteers, with muskets and tlie 
 4-pounder, immediately crossed the ptninsula to oppose an expected landing of the 
 enemy, but they could eftect little. The Dispatch came beating up, the Terror hurled 
 her shells, and the rocketeers of the barges were industrious. The Pactolus ground- 
 ed too far distant to hurt or to be hurt, and she was not engaged in the fight that 
 ensued. So severe was the bombardment of the Terror that the mi- 
 litia and volunteers who had assembled dared not enter the town. 
 Most of the missiles went over the borough, but some of them went 
 crashing through the village. One of them, called a carcass,' unex- 
 ploded, may still (1867) be seen on a granite post on the corner of Main 
 and Harmony Streets, in Stonington. It weighs two hundred and fif- 
 teen pounds.2 
 
 At about six o'clock in the morning some bold volunteers came over 
 from Mystic, among whom was the now (1867) venerable Captain Jer- 
 emiah Holmes, who had been a prisoner in a British war-ship some 
 years before, and had learned the art of gunnery well. He and his 
 OAROASB. companions made their way to the battery on the point, when Holmes 
 took charge of the old 18-pounder. At uhat moment the Dispatch was making her 
 last tack preparatory to anchoring. Holmes sighted the gun, which Avas double-shot- 
 ted with solid round biills, and at a favorable moment gave the word to fire. Both 
 shots struck the hull of the brig. She at once cast anchor, with springs on her cable, 
 and opened fire Avith 24-pound shot. The Terror sent shells in quick succession, Avhile 
 Holmes and his companions kept the old iron cannon busy. The fight was now fiiirly 
 opened, and it continued briskly for about an hour, when Holmes's ammunition gave 
 out, and the borough was searched in vain for more. At eight o'clock he ceased fir- 
 ing; and to prevent the great guP; which they could not drag away, being turned 
 upon the tOAvn by the enemy, he had it spiked. 
 
 Stonington was now wholly defenseless, for the militia were )>t a respectful distance 
 from danger. It was at the mercy of the invaders, and 
 a timid citizen, who was at the battery, proposed a for- 
 mal surrender by lowering the color that was floating- 
 over their hoads. " No !" shouted Captain Holmes, 
 indignantly, " that flag shall never come down while I 
 .im alive !" And it did not, in submission to the foe. 
 When the wind died away, and it hung drooping by 
 the side of the staflf", the br.ave captain held out the flag 
 on the point of a bayonet that the British might see it, 
 and while in that position several shots passed through 
 jt. To prevent its being struck by some coward, 
 Holmes held a companion (J. Dean Gallup) upon his 
 shoulders while the latter nailed it to the staff. It was 
 completely riddled by the British balls fired at the battery. I saw it in Stonington 
 in the autumn of 1800, and the above engraving is a correct sketch of its appearance. 
 The old cannon was not long silent. Six kegs of powder, taken from the privateer 
 Halka, and belonging to Thomas Swan, had been concealed by sea-weed behind a 
 
 BTONINQTON FLAO. 
 
 1 Theaa carcasses were generally made of iron honpg, canvas, and cord, of oblong shape, and filled with corabneti- 
 bies fi.t burning towns and ships. This one Is of cast-lrou, and was one of the missiles filled with fetid substances, and 
 called " sttnk-pots." 
 
 ' Their weight varied from sixteen to two hnndr'id ai. 1 tixt^en ponnds. One of the car-iasses was set on flre, and 
 burned with a flame ten fpel in height and emitting a horrible stench. Some of the rockets were shu'p-pointed, others 
 not, and all were made o hick sheet-iron, with a fuee. The rocket (which is still In use in modified foim) contniuR in 
 Its cylindrical case a comijosition of nitre, cHtrcoal, and sniphnr. propori oncd so as to burn slower than gunpowder. 
 The bead is either a so''d shot, shell, or spheiical case-shot. It has a guide-stick attached, like the common rocket in 
 pjToto(!hnic displays. 
 
ai8 Flag nailed to Ita Staff. 
 
 respectful distance 
 
 Captain Holmes reopens Are an the Br 
 
 
 E WAR OF 1812. 
 
 895 
 
 Deputation sent to Hard;. 
 
 The Resnit. 
 
 Tarting Shots. 
 
 rock. Their hiding-place was revealed by a lad, and at about nine o'clock the pow- 
 der was placed in care of Captain Holmes. The cannon was dragged by oxen to 
 the blacksmith-shop of Mr. Cobb, the spiking taken out, and then it was drawn back 
 again to the little redoubt and placed in position. To the astonishment of the Brit- 
 ish, it reopened fire vigorously. The gun was always double-shotted, and so telling 
 were its missiles that by noon the DisjMtch was so much injured that she slipped 
 her cables and hauled off to a place of safety. The Terror kept throwing shells until 
 night, but she was out of reach of the little battery. 
 
 During the day quite a number of militia assembled at Stonington, and General 
 Isham took chief command. Order was soon restored, and many of the inhabitants, 
 somewhat reassured, came back to their homes. During the afternoon, a deputation, 
 consisting of Colonel Williams and William Lord, went with a flag to the liamiUies 
 as bearers of a note from the authorities of the borough (signed Amos Denison, bur- 
 gess, and William Lord, magistrate), in which Hardy was informed that all unoffend- 
 ing inhabitants had left the village, and asked what was to be the fate of the place. 
 They gave him assurances that no torpedoes had been fitted out from that port, and 
 that none should be in the future; and he agreed to cease hostilities and spare the 
 town on condition that they should send on board the flag-ship, by eight o'clock 
 the next morning, Mrs. Stewart, a resident of New London, and wife of James Stew- 
 art, the late British consul at that place, who was then in the squadron. The depu- 
 tation returned, and the Ramillies and Pactolus took station within cannon-shot of 
 the village to await an answer. Hardy having threatened, in the event of noncompli- 
 ance with his demand, to lay the village in ruins. 
 
 At eight o'clock on the morning of the 11th, the authorities, under the direction of 
 General Isham, sent a message to Commodore Hardy,' saying (what he already knew) 
 that the borough of Stonington had no power to comply with the requisition. "I 
 will wait till twelve o'clock to-day," said Hardy, " and if the lady shall not be on 
 board my ship at that hour I shall renew the assault on the town." 
 
 At three o'clock the Terror resumed the bombardment, and threw shells until even- 
 ing. A suflicient military force had now arrived to prevent the landing of the ene- 
 my, but they could do his shipping no hprm. 
 
 The night of the 11th was an anxious one for the inhabitants of Stonington. There 
 was an ominous quietude on the water. It was broken at runrise," when • Angast 12, 
 the Terror opened her mortars again. The Ramillies and Pactolus warped ^®'^- 
 up near the town, and at eight o'clock opened fire. At this time an order was given 
 by General Isham for the cannon on the Point 10 be removed to the north end of the 
 town, where it was supposed the enemy would attempt to land. About twenty of 
 t'e Norwich artillery, under Lieutenant Lathrop, volunteered to perform that peril- 
 ous service. They did ^:0 without the slightest accident. 
 
 In the mean time the Ramillies and Pactolus had given three tremendous broad- 
 sides with spiteful vigor, which proved to be a parting salute, and quite harmless. 
 They then withdre'- . ^ut the Terror kept np a bombardment until past noon. At 
 four o'c' ^ck the assailaits ..'n withdrew, and the little squadron anchored far away 
 toward I'isher's Island.^ , 
 
 During this whole series of assaults not a single life was lot One person was 
 mortally wounded,^ and five or six slightly. Among the latter was Lieutenant 
 
 1 It was signed Isaac Williams, William Lord, Alexander G. Smith, magistrates ; John Smith, warden ; George Ilnb- 
 liard, Amos Denison, burgesses. 
 
 ' Perkins's History, rtr., nf the last War ; Reverend Frederick Denbon's paper on the linrnbarilment of Stonington, in 
 Thf Miittie Pimter; On\ statements to me by Captain Jeremiah Holmes ; Report of General t•uAln^'. 
 
 ' This was Frederick Denison, from Mystic Bridge, a highly-respected young man, nineteen years of age, who was 
 in the battery with Captain Holmes. While ontside of tho battery relighting the match-rope with which to Are the old 
 cannon, he was struck by a ball f-nm the Vispateh, which shattered his knea. He lingered In pain many weeks, and 
 :heu died. Over hl« grave was placed a stone with the following inscription; "If thy country's freedom Is dear tc 
 Ihoc, contemplate here congenial virtue. HU life was ihort, but Its eacilflce deserve;; a grateful reccllecliou. Uii 
 
 li 
 
 W^ 
 
 * 
 
 ifii* 
 
896 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 THE OUUII UOOSE. 
 
 Btlecti of the Bombardment ai StonlngtoD. The Numbers engaged in the Affair. The Imputeucy of the Attuck. 
 
 Hough. About forty buildings were more or less in- 
 jured, and two or three were nearly ruined. The rock- 
 ets and shells set several of them on fire, but the flames 
 were extinguished. Among the four houses then on tlit 
 Point, only one remained unaltered when I visited the 
 spot in 1860. This was known as tIie"Cobb House." 
 It was ancient in form, covered on the sides with shin- 
 gles instead of clap-boards, and presenting manj"^ a scar 
 of wounds received during the bombardment. It stood 
 on Water Street, not far from the site of the battery, 
 and was owned in 1 814 by Elkanah Cobb. Of my visit 
 at Stonington and in its vicinity in the autumn of 
 1860 I shall write presently. 
 The repulse of the British at Stonington was one of the most gallant affairs of the 
 war, and the spirit there shown by the few who conducted the defense caused Hardy 
 and his commanders to avoid all farther attempts to capture or destroy Connecticut 
 sea-port towns. The assailing squadron had about fifteen hundred men, while the 
 number actually engaged in driviiig them away did not exceed twenty.' It was 
 computed that the British hurled no less than fifty tons of metal on to the little pen- 
 insula during the three days.^ The loss to the British was twenty lives, over lifty 
 wounded, and the expenditure of ten thousand pounds sterling. The affair spread a 
 feeling of joy throughout the whole country, and the result was a deep mortifica- 
 tion of British pride. The impotence of the attack was the point of many a squib 
 and epigram.^ 
 
 Hardy's easy conquest at Eastport and its vicinity encouraged the British to at- 
 tempt the seizure of the whoij country lying between Passamaquoddy Bay and the 
 
 body moulders beneath this stone, but his spliit has fled to the seat of immor- 
 tality. 
 
 "There the brave youth, with love of virtue flrcd, 
 Who gallantly in his country's cause expired, 
 Shall know he conquered." 
 In ISM the State of Connecticut caused a handsome marble monnment, eight- 
 een feet in height, to be erected over his grave in the cemetery at Mystic, on 
 which are the following inscriptions: 
 
 Eastern Side: "Frederick Denison, died Nov. 1, 1814, aged 19. He was mor- 
 tally wounded by a shot ffom the enemy's brig-of-war Dispatch while acting as 
 a volunteer in the defense of Stonington against the attack of the British squad- 
 ron, August 10, 1814." Northern Side: "Erected by the State of Connecticut, 
 1S56, that the deed of patriotic devotion may be handed down to other genera- 
 tions, inspiring them with ridelity to our liberties, and prompting them to such 
 sacriflces as shall win their country's meed." Southern Side: " His life was his 
 legacy, and his country his hei'.'." The tablet with the earlier inscription was 
 lying near this monnment. 
 
 Young Denison w:is born in Stonington township .... the 2Tth of December, 
 1796. He heard the roar and saw the smoke of battle from Mystic on the morning of the 10th, and, borrowing a gnn, 
 he crossed the r:ver in a canoe, stopped a moment to speak with his sick father at the homestead, and hastened to the 
 post of danger, where he received his death-blow 
 
 ' The followiig are the names which have been preserved of the most prominent of the defenders of Stoninpton : 
 Jeremiah Ilolme,'", George Fellows, Simeon Haley, Amos Denison, J. Deane Gallnp, Isaac Miner, Isaac Denison, Uora- 
 tio Williams, Jeremiah Haley, Asa Lee, William Lord, Nathaniel Clift, Ebenezer Denison, Frederick Denison, Pot- 
 ter, John Miner. 
 
 » About flflecn tons were picked up by the inhabitants «)f Stonington, and sold to the United States government. 
 The following advertisement appeared in a New York paper on the 10th of November following : 
 
 " Just receive!, and offered for sale, about three tons of BorNO snoT, conslBtlng of 6, 9, 1'2, 18, 24, and 32 pounds, very 
 handsome, b^ing a mnall proportion which were fired from his Britannic majesty's ships on the unoffending iuhnbltants 
 of Stonington in the recent brilliant attack on that place. Likewise a few carcases, in good order, weighing about 200 
 pounds each. Apply to S. Trumbull, 41 Peck Slip." 
 
 ' The occasion was the theme of one c f the most popular ballads of the time, written by Philip Freneau, the bard of 
 the Revolution, In which the Impotence of the attack was set forth In the following verses : 
 
 " The bombardiirs, with bomb and ball. They dashed away— and, pray, what theu f 
 
 Soon made a farmer's barrack ftill. That was not taking Stonington. 
 
 And did a cow-house sadly mm] „ ^^g g^ells were thrown, the rockets flew. 
 
 That stood a mile from Stonington. jj^j „ot „ ^hell of all they threw, 
 
 " They killed a goose, they killed a hen, Thongh every house was full In view. 
 
 Three hogs Ihcy wounded In a pen— Could bum a bouse In Stonington." 
 
 nENlSON's MONUMENT. 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 807 
 
 e Impoleucy of the Attack. 
 
 3re more or less in- 
 ruined. The rock- 
 I fire, but the flames 
 r houses then on the 
 when I visited tlie 
 the " Cobb House." 
 the sides with sliin- 
 senting many a scar 
 bardment. It stood 
 site of the battery, 
 Cobb. Of my visit 
 in the autumn of 
 
 gallant affairs of the 
 efense caused Hardy 
 destroy Connecticut 
 dred men, while the 
 ed twenty.' It was 
 [ on to the little pen- 
 enty lives, over fifty 
 The affair spread a 
 r&s a deep mortifica- 
 oint of many a squib 
 
 Ted the British to at- 
 iquoddy Bay and the 
 
 i, Brlti'b loud aud naval Expedition leaves Halifax. 
 
 It appears off Caitioe, at the Month of the Penobreoi. 
 
 Ieni8on'h munumeht. 
 
 le 10th, and, borrowing a gm, 
 Imestead, and hastened to the 
 
 |the defenders of Stoniiipton ; 
 
 Miner, Isaac Denison, Uora- 
 
 , Frederick Denison, Pot- 
 
 le United States government. 
 
 llowing : 
 
 112, 18, 24, and 32 ponnds.very 
 In the nnoffending inhabitants 
 lod order, weighing about 2(« 
 
 ly Philip Freneau, the bard ot 
 
 nnd, pray, what then? 
 Jing Stonington. 
 vn, the rockets flevf, 
 I they threw, 
 Iwas full In view, 
 lae In Stonington." 
 
 Penobscot River. For this purpose a 
 IJritish fleet, consisting of the Bulwark, 
 jytagon, and Spencer, 74 guns each ; the 
 frigates Bacchante (late from the Med- 
 iterranean) and Tenedoa ; sloops-of-war 
 ^\jll)h and Perwoian ; and schooner Pic- 
 ton, with ten transports, sailed from 
 Halifax on the 26th of August, 1814.> 
 The latter bore almost four thousand 
 troops, under the command of Lieuten- 
 ant General Sir Jolin Cope Sherbrooke, 
 jToveinor of Nova Scotia, assisted by 
 Major General Gerard Gosselin and Col- 
 onel Douglass. The fleet was in com- 
 mand of Rear Admiral Edward Griflith. 
 
 It was the intention of Sherbrooke 
 and Griffith when they sailed to stop 
 and take possession ofMachias; but on 
 • August, t'^*' 30th* they learned from the 
 
 i^i^' commander of the brig jRifle- 
 nuxn, with whom they fell in, that the 
 United States corvette John 
 Adams, 24, Captain Morris, had 
 gone up the Penobscot, so they 
 hastened to the mouth of that riv- 
 er to blockade her. Passing up 
 the Green Island channel, they ar- 
 rived in the fine harbor of Castine, 
 oif Cape Bigaduce,^ on which the 
 pleasant village of Castine now 
 lies, on the morning of the 1st of 
 September. I Jouteiuint T,i"wis, of 
 ther»iited States Army, with about forty men, was occupying a half moon redoubt 
 
 UAkr-MOON BEDOrilT.— FOBT POBTEB.' 
 
 which the Americans had erected in ^ ^08. That redoubt, whose embankments were 
 
 il Artillery; two rifle companies of the Tth battalion ofthe Sixtieth 
 ixty-second, and Ninety-eighth Regiments— the whole divided into 
 
 ' The troops consisted of the 1st compai 
 Rejiraent; detachments from the Twcntj 
 Iwn brigades. 
 
 ' This Is a cormptlon and diminutive of Majahiipiaduiv, the Indian name ofthe peninsul.i, which the Baron Castlue, 
 of whom I shall presently write, wrote Mnrch4-M^Uu», the u in the last syllable being pronounced long. It is on the 
 east side of Penobscot Bay, in full view of the ocean. 
 
 ' The engraving is a view of the remains ofthe Ilalf-moon Redoubt as it appeared when I visited the spot in the an- 
 'iimn of IRSn, looking soutliward. On the extreme left, in the distance, are Noddle's Island, Cape Rozler, aud Hook's 
 Macd. Directly over the redoubt is ceen the ocean ; on tlie right, the main, with a porll(m ofthe Camden Mouutaine. 
 K little to the right of the redoubt is seen a small beacon at the entrance to the March6-blg8duce, or Castine Creek. 
 This redoubt was to command that entrance. 
 
 .". L 
 
 lli' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
r '' 
 
 1 1 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Flight of Americans from Caatine. 
 
 The John Adams up the Penobscot River. 
 
 The British go np that Stream. 
 
 very conspicuons on the edge of the water southward of the village when the writer 
 was there in 1860, was armed with four 24-pounders and two field-pieces. Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Nichols, of the Royal Engineers, who had been sent in a small schooner 
 to reconnoitre, sent a summons to Lewis, at sunrise, to surrender. Lewis saw that 
 resistance would be vain, so he resolved to flee. He gave Nichols a volley from his 
 24-pounder8, then spiked them, blew up the redoubt, and, with the field-pieces, he and 
 the garrison fled over the high peninsula to its neck, and escaped up the Penobscot. 
 Colonel Douglass immediately landed from the fleet at the back of the peninsula 
 with a detachment of lloyal Artillery and two companies of riflemen, and took quiet 
 possession of Castine, and with it the control of Penobscot Bay. The number of 
 troops landed was about six hundred. Governor Sherbrooke made the house of 
 Judge Nelson his head-quarters, and the court-house and other suitable buildings 
 were occupied as barracks for the soldiers. A number of women also Avere landed.' 
 The John Adams had just arrived from a successful cruise, and on entering Penob- 
 scot Bay in thick Aveather had struck a rock and received so much injury that it was 
 found necessary to lay her down for repairs. She was taken as far out of harm's way 
 as possible. It was with great difficulty that she was kept afloat until she reached 
 Hampden, a few mil^c below Bangor, when she was moored au Crosby's Wharf, with 
 several feet of water in her hold. Some of her crew were disabled by scurvy, and 
 she was almost helpless. This condition and position oixXie Adams was made known 
 to Sherbrooke on landing at Castine, and he and Griffith immediately detached a land 
 and naval force to seize or destroy that vessel, and treat the inhabitants of the towns 
 on the Penobscot as circumstances might seem to require. The expedition consisted 
 
 of the Sylph and Peruvian, a small schooner as a 
 tender, the transport brig Harmony, and nine 
 launches, commanded by Captain Robert Barrio, 
 of the Royal Navy (commander of the Drajon, 
 74), who acted as commodore. The land forces, 
 seven hundred strong, were unde'' the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry John, 
 assisted by Major Riddle. The expedition sailed in the afternoon of the day of the 
 • September 1, iirrival at Castine," and, passing Buckston at twilight, anchored for the 
 1S14. night in Marsh Bay. In the mean time Sherbrooke and Griffith had is- 
 
 sued a join i; proclamation, assuring the inhabitants of their intention to take posses- 
 sion of thf, country between the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, and oflering them 
 protectiori on condition of acquiescence. All persons taken in arms were to be pun- 
 ished, ard those who should supply the -^ j ij>_ 
 British with provisions should be paid 
 and protected. 
 
 There Avas no disposition among the in- 
 habitants along the Penobscot to submit 
 quietly unless absolutely compelled to. 
 On the da/ when the expedition sailed 
 up the river. Information of the fact was 
 conveyed by express to Captain Morris, 
 at Castine, and he at once sent word 
 to Brigadier General John Blake, at his 
 home in Brewer, opposite Bangor, asking 
 him to call out the militia immediately. 
 Blake mounted his horse, and late in 
 the afternoon was at Bangor, issuing or- 
 ders for the assembling of the brigade of 
 
 ^^^^/^ ^exy^^^t^ 
 
 PBNKBAI. UI.AKe'B BKSlSKNan. 
 
 > On the l8t and 5th of S("i)tember Sheibrooke and Orlftltli Issi-od joint proclamations assuring the inhabitants nmjile 
 protection and quietude iflliey should CDiiduct thcmsolvee peaceably. 
 
 m 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 809 
 
 M British go np that Stream. 
 
 The ■fohn Adams at Hampden. 
 
 Preparations there to oppose the British. 
 
 Gathering of the Hilitia. 
 
 I.akk'b nKfiiDKNo:;. 
 
 I assuring the Inhabitants ami.le 
 
 the tenth Massaclmsetts division, of which he Avas commander, and the same evening 
 he rode down to Hampden. Tlicre he found Captain Morris engaged in preparations 
 for defense. lie liad dismantled the Jo/m Adams, dragged her heavy guns to the 
 summit of the liigh right bank of the Soadabscook, fifty rods from the wharf, and 
 placed them in battery there, so as to command the river approaches from below. 
 Oil the following morning Blake held a consultation with Morris, and citizens of 
 Bangor and Hampden, on the best methods of defense, but opinions were so various 
 that no specific determination was arrived at. Morris had not much confidence in 
 the militia, and declined any immediate co-operation with them. He approved of a 
 proposition to meet the foe at his landing-place, wherever that might be, and ex- 
 pcssed his resolution to destroy the Adams should the militia retreat. 
 
 On the morning of the 2d, Belfast, on the western side of Penobscot Bay, was taken 
 possession of by General Gosselin, at the head of six hundred troops, without resist- 
 ance ; and, at the same time, the expedition under Bavrie and John, after landing a 
 detachment from the Sixtieth and Ninety-eighth llegimonts at Frankfort, at the head 
 of Marsh Bay, proceeded up the river. The detachment marched up the western 
 side of the Penobscot unmolested, and the iittle squadron arrived at Bald Hill Cove, 
 near Hampton, at five o'clock in the evening. The troops and about eighty marines 
 were landed, and bivouacked there during the night in the midst of a drenching rain- 
 storm. 
 
 During the 2d, about six hundred raw militia, who had never seen any thing more 
 like war than their own annual parade, assembled at Hampden, and General Blake 
 posted them in an admirable position on the brow of the hill, where the residence of 
 ill'. James A. Swett was standing when I visited Hampden in 1800. He had been 
 joined by Lieutenant Lewis and forty regulars who filed from Castine. The artillery 
 company of Blake's brigade, commanded by Captain Hammond, was there with two 
 brass s-jjounders ; and an iron 18-pound carronade from Morris's vessel was placed in 
 battery in the highway near the meeting-house, in charge of Mr. Bent, of the artillery. 
 Many of the militia were without weapons and ammunition, and these were supplied, 
 lis far as possible, by Captain Morris. Such was Blake's position on the dark and 
 gloomy mornhig of the 3d. 
 
 Morris in the mean time had mounted nine short 18-pounders from the Adams upon 
 his redoubt on the high bank over Crosby's Wharf, and placed the battery in charge 
 
 obobuy's WUAKF. I 
 
 of Lieutenant Wadsworth, the first of the Adams, assisted by Lieutenants Madison 
 :in(l Purser. With the remainder of his guns he took position in person on the wharf 
 with a'-out two hundred seamen and marines and twenty invalids, prepared to defend 
 Ills crippled ship to the last extremity. 
 
 ' This is a view of Crosby's Wharf from the month of the SondabBcnolc Crook, north side, looklns; sonth. The place 
 where the Adavm lay is indicated by the vessel at the end of the wharf Hampden is seen in the distance over the 
 wliarf Toward the right is Crosby's old storc-honse, and the cleared spot to the richt and above it Is the place where 
 MorriK's battery was planted. It Is the property of the Honorable Unnnibnl Hamlin, late [18041 Vice-President of the 
 I'nlied States. Another store-house, like the one seen in the picture, stood on the end of the wharf, and was barnt 
 when the John Adam» was destroyed. 
 
'M M: 
 
 900 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The British arrive at Hampden. 
 
 Panic and Flight of the Militia. 
 
 The British march on Bangor. 
 
 The whole region of the Penobscot was enveloped in a dense fog on the morning 
 of the 3d. The British at BaUi Hill Cove had been joined by the detachment who 
 landed at Frankfort, and at five o'clock all were in motion toward'IIampdcn. They 
 movt 1 1 cautiously in the mist, with a vanguard of riflemen. On the flanks were de- 
 tachments of marines and sailors, with a 6-pound caniion, a G^-inch howitzer, and a 
 rocket apparatus. The British vessels moved slowly up the river at the same time 
 within supporting distance. 
 
 Blake had dispatched two flank companies to watch and annoy the approaching 
 enemy. Between seven and eight o'clock they reported them crossing the little 
 stream that divides Hampden Corners from Hampden, and ascending the hill to at- 
 tack the Americans. The fog was so thick that no enemy could be seen, but Blako 
 pointed his 18-pounder4n the direction of the foe, and with his field-pieces blazed 
 away with considerable effect, as was afterward ascertained. He had resolved to re- 
 serve his musket-firing until the enemy should be near enough to be seriously hurt, 
 but the ordeal of waiting, AvitLout breastworks in front, was too severe for the un- 
 tried militia. The enemy suddenly advanced at a " double-quick," firing volleys in 
 rapid succession. The militia, panic-stricken, broke and fled in every direction, leav- 
 ing Blake and his oflScers alone. Lieutenant Wadsworth, at Morris's upper battery, 
 perceived the disaster in its full extent, and communicated the fact to his chief on 
 the wl arf Morris knew the impending danger. His rear and flank were exposed, 
 and he saw no other way for salvation than flight. He oi-dered Wadsworth to spike 
 his guns, and with his men retreat across the bridge over the Soadabscook while it 
 was yet open, for that stream was fordable only at low water, and the tide was ris- 
 ing. Wadsworth did so, his rear gal- 
 lantly covered by Lieutenant Watson 
 with some marines. The John Adams 
 was fired at the same time, the guns 
 on the wharf were spiked, and the men 
 under the immediate command of Mor- 
 ris retreated across the Soadabscook 
 bridge. Their commander was the last 
 man to leave the wharf. Before he 
 could reach the bridge the enemy were 
 on the bank above him. He dashed 
 across the stream, arm-pit deep, under 
 a galling musket-firing from the Brit- 
 ish, unhurt, and, joining his friends on 
 the other side, retreated, with Blake, 
 his officers, and a bare remnant of his 
 command, to Bau'^or. From there Moi*- 
 ris soon made his way to Portland over- 
 land. 
 
 The British took possession of Hamp- 
 den without farther resistance, and a 
 part of their force, about five liundred 
 strong, with their vessels, pushed on 
 toward Bangor. They met a flag of 
 truce a mile from the town, with a 
 mess^ige from the magisti-ates asking 
 terms of capitulation. No other was 
 
 ' Charles Morris was horn in Woodstock, Connecticut, on the 20th of Jnly, 1734. He was one of the most useful men 
 In the American Navy. He entered the service as midshipman in July, 1799, and from that day until his death, a pe- 
 riod of flfty-seven years, his furlonghg and ahscncea from active duty amounted only to two years. He was dlslln- 
 guUhed io the Mediterranean durinj; the wars with the Barbar; powers; and as a volanteer with Decatnr in the de- 
 
le British march on Bangor. 
 
 OF TUE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 901 
 
 pinnderiug at Baagor. 
 
 Destraction of Veesels. 
 
 Oatrages at Uumpden. 
 
 Commodore MorriH. 
 
 promised excepting respect for private property. They entered the village at about 
 ter o'clock,* when Commodore Barrie gave notice that, if required, sup- 
 plies should be cheerfully sent in, the inhabitants should be unharmed * *^ *"* " 
 in persons and property. This assurance was scarcely uttered before Barrie gave 
 tacit license to his sailors to plunder as much as they pleased ; and almost every 
 store on the western side of the Kenduskeag Creek, which there enters the Penobscot, 
 was robbed of all valuable property. Colonel John, on the contrary, did all in his 
 power to protect the inhabitants. 
 
 The British remained at Bangor thirty-one hours, during wbich time they were 
 quartered on the inhabitants, and compelled them not only to bring in and surrender 
 all their arms, military stores, and public property of every kind— ^even a few dollars 
 in the post-office — but to report themselves prisoners of Avar for parole, with the 
 agreement that they would not take up arms against the British. They compelled 
 General Blake to come to Bangor, surrender himself as a prisoner, and sign the same 
 parole. One hundred and ninety citizens were thus bound to keep themselves fron; 
 hostilities. When this work was accomplished, the selectmen were required to give 
 a bond, in the penal sum of $30,000, as a guaranty for the delivery of vessels on the 
 stocks at Bangor to the commander at Castine by the end of October. The speedy 
 appearance of peace canceled this bond. 
 
 Having finished their work, and despoiled the inhabitants of property valued at 
 $23,000, and destroyed several vessels,' the marauders left Bangor, and spent the 6th 
 in similar employment at Hampden. There the soldiers and sailors, unrebuked by 
 Barrie, performed scenes which had been enacted at Havre de Grace under the eye 
 ofCockburn. They committed the most wanton acts of destruction. The village 
 meeting-house (now the town-house — see engraving, next page) was desolated. They 
 tore up the Bible and Psalm-books, and demolished the pulpit and pews. They de- 
 stroyed cattle and hogs as at Havre de Grace. They carried away much private 
 property, and compelled the selectmen to sign a bond for $12,000 as a guaranty for 
 the delivery of vessels at Hampden to the commander at Castine.'' This bond sha>-ed 
 
 stmctlon of the Philadelphia, he was the flrst on her 
 deck. lie was a lieutenant when the War of 1812 hroke 
 oat, nud was the executive officer of the Comtitution at 
 the lime of her CBCapc from a British squadron (see page 
 439), and her capture of the Oueniere. In that action 
 be was shot through the body by a mnsket-ball. He 
 was promoted to post captain in September, 1813, for 
 special cervices, and toolt command of the John Adamt 
 floop-of-war. The following year, as we have seen in 
 the text, he was compelled to destroy his vessel. The 
 war closed soon afterward, and he was employed in im- 
 portant services. lie was captain of the Brandi/ioine 
 when she conveyed La Fayette back to France In 1825, 
 ,i!!d ne afterward commanded squadrons on the Bra7.il 
 and Mediterranean stations. His last cruise was in the 
 DtUucare in 1S44, after which he was almost continually 
 at the head of one of the bureaus in the Navy Depart- 
 ment at Washington. At the time of his death, which 
 occurred at Washington on the 27th of January, 1850, 
 he was chief of the Bureau of Hydrography and Repairs. 
 No man in the navy ever stood higlier in the estimation 
 of his countrymen for wisdom and Integrity. He was 
 liuried, with appropriate honors, upon a beautlftil wood- 
 ed slope In Oak Hill Cemetery, near Georgetown, in the 
 District of Columbia, and over his grave Is a beautiful 
 white marble monument, delineated in the engraving, 
 with this simple inscription on Its western side, under 
 an anchor enwreathcd : "Com. Chahles Mobeis. Bobn 
 JuLV 20, 1784. Died Jancarv 27, 1860." 
 
 ■ The number of vessels burned was fourteen, and six 
 were carried away. The entire property destroyed or 
 carried away from Bangor was valued at $40,000.— Wil- 
 liamson's History «/ Maine, il., 048, note '. commodohb morhib's .monumknt. 
 
 ' HiMory of Aauiie, Penohiteot Hay and River, etc., by Joseph Whipple, 1S16 ; MS. HtHtury of tlie Briiinh Operations on 
 lAe Pa.iA)»eot, by the late William D. Williamson, author of a Uintory of the Slate of Maine. 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 mi 
 
 il 
 
i^ 
 
 the fate of the one given at 
 Bangor. The total Iohs of 
 property at Ilampilen, cxclu- 
 siv of a valuabh' cargo of 
 brandy, wino, oil, and silk 
 whicli they found on hoard 
 the schooner Commodore 
 Decatur, was estimated at 
 «44,000.> 
 
 The indignant suft'ercrs 
 ciiarged a greater portion of 
 their misfortunes to the feeble resistance made by General lilakc at Hampden. His 
 tardiness; his non-compliance with tlie wishes of Morris and others to attack the t.; 
 emy at their landing-place; his neglect to throw up breastworks on the ridge at 
 Hampden, and other evidence of inefficiency, Avere regarded as crimes ; and he was 
 charged with cowardice, and even treason. The clamor against him was vehement 
 for some time. He was hung, shot, and burned in effigy ;^ and for a while his per- 
 sonal safety was not considered secure in some districts. The public indignation 
 finally cooled, and sober judgment, on considering the crude materials of his little 
 force, acquitted him of every other fault but a lack of competent military ability and 
 experience for the extraordinary occasion. A court of inquiry investigated his con- 
 duct, and acquitted him of censure or suspicion.* 
 
 On the 12th of September Sherbrooke and Griffith, with most of the troops and a 
 greater part of the fleet, left Penv)b8Cot Bay, and, after capturing Machias,* returned 
 to Halifax. General Gerard Gosselin, a gentleman in manners and a brave so'dier, 
 was left in command at Castine, and immediately prepared to maintain his position 
 by thoroughly repairing the fortifications thei-e. Old Fort George, in the centre of 
 the peninsula, which was built by the British in 1779,* was repaired, fraised, and 
 
 > In the midst of the rapine a committee waited on Harrie, and told him that the people expected at his hand? thn 
 common safeguards of humanilii, if nothing more, when the brntal officer rcplhul, " I have none for you. My buKiiiess 
 is to burn, sink, and destroy. Yonr town Is taken by storm, and by the rules of war we ought botn to lay your vlllnt'e 
 in ashes and put its inhabitants to the sword. But I will spare your lives, though I dou't mean to spare your huusca." 
 — WilliamiKm'ii Hiatory iif Maine, ii., 046. 
 
 » This Is a view of the old mecting-honse, now used as a town-honse, as it appeared In the antnmn of 1800. On tho 
 left is seen the old hcnrsc-house, and in the distance is seen the dwelling of Mr. Swett, mentioned on page 8U9 as the 
 position of General Blake when attacked by the British on the morning of the Sd of September. 
 
 ' A small building was yet standing in Hampden when I was there in 1800, ,« .,^, _ 
 
 in which the efflgy of General Blake was made. It was a cabinet-maker's shop, 
 the property of George C. Reed, standing abont ninety rods from the town- 
 house. In one corner of it I saw a post into which ft cannon-ball entered dur- 
 ing the action, and was still lodged. In the shop was a rnde candelabra, used 
 on the occasion of exhibiting the efflgy. That shop is one of the scarred relics 
 of the fight, and is represented in the annexed engraving. 
 
 ♦ Williamson's IlUtonj of Maine, ii., 049. 
 
 » Machias is on the west branch of the Machlas River, and capital of Wash- 
 ington County, Maine. At thfe time we are considering, the fort at that place 
 was garrisoned by flftv United Stntes troops and ten militia, under the com- 
 mand of C^aptain Leonai-d. When the British appeared, and it was evident that 
 the fort could not be held, It was blown up. and the garrison retreated to the 
 block-house near. They were forced to fly fiom that, and escaped. 
 
 • In 1771), the British, under General Francis M'Lean, took possession of the 
 peninsula of Bigaduce [see note 2, page 897], and commenced the erection of 
 ft fort on the high central part of the land. The people of Massachusetts resolved to expel them, for they were on 
 their territory, Maine being then a dependent of the Old Bay State. They sent a fleet of nineteen armed vesrels mid 
 twenty-fonr transports, with almost four thousand men. Commodore Saltonstall was the naval commander, and Gen- 
 eral Lovell led the troops. M'Lean was informed of this expedition four days before Us arrival In Penobscot Bay, and 
 prepared to receive the Americans. They arrived on the 28th of July, and landed on the 28th. They at once com. 
 menccd a siege of the fort, and continued it until the 1.1th of August, when Lovell was informed of the arrival of Sir 
 George Collier with a heavy naval force. Tie immediately re-embarked his troops on the transports, and had the flo- 
 tilla drawn up in crest .t form across thi I'cnobscot, to dispute the passage nntll the troops in the boats could flee np 
 the river. Collier sailed boldly in, chased the Americans np the river, destroyed all their vessels, and compelled them 
 to find their way home through the wilderness. The British then completed tiie fort, which they named George, in hon- 
 or of the king. 
 
 The Twenty-ninth British Regiment, that was at the taking of Castine, was the same that was stationed at Boston 
 
 RERI> S BUOP. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 608 
 
 CsBtloe in Ihc Kevtilutton. 
 
 of tho one givfii at 
 The total Iohs of 
 
 at IImiii)ilen,exclu- 
 i valuable cargo of 
 
 wine, oil, and silk 
 
 hey found on board 
 
 looner Commodore 
 
 was esthnated at 
 
 1 
 
 indignant sufferers 
 I a greater portion of 
 ic at Ihunpden. His 
 hers to attack the i.. 
 orks on the ridge at 
 1 crimes ; and he wiis 
 St him was vehement 
 1 for a while his per- 
 he public indignation 
 materials of his little 
 It military ability and 
 f investigated his con- 
 
 )8t of the troops and a 
 ing Machias,^ returned 
 rs and a brave soUlier, 
 ) maintain his position 
 rcorgc, in the centre of 
 s repaired, fraised, and 
 
 [■■■lie expected at hli> hands the 
 live none Tor you. My biiMiiesf 
 e onRht botn to Iny your vl)l«|.'e 
 n't mean to spare your houses." 
 
 in the nntnmn of 1800. On the 
 , mentioned on page 8i)9 as tbc 
 pteuiber. 
 
 Dew military Worki at Caatlne. 
 
 An Oath of Allegiance exacted. 
 
 Popularity of Qeuvrul OoiiBcUn. 
 
 ill 
 
 RESI>'8 8U0P. 
 
 „ expel them, for they were on 
 k of nineteen armed veps-els mid 
 fthe naval commander, mid Gcii- 
 Its arrival in Penobscot Bay, and 
 hn the 28th. They at once com- 
 lis informed of the arrival of Sir 
 Ji the transports, and had theflo- 
 Itroops in the boats conid flee np 
 Their vessela, and compelled them 
 yhich they named George, In hon- 
 
 , that was stationed at Bojtoii 
 
 UKMAINB OK roKT UE(IU<il':. 
 
 armed. Tho half- moon re- 
 doubt was rebuilt. In vari- 
 ous parts of the peninsula new 
 -vorks were thrown up ;' and 
 through the Neck, from 
 Hatch's Cove to PerkinsV 
 Hack Cove, a canal was cut. 
 (ieneral Gosselin issued a 
 .October 81, proclamation," by 
 ixii- which he directed 
 
 all the male i">habitaiits be- 
 tween the I'enobseot and the 
 boundary-line of New IJruns- 
 wicl above sixteen years of 
 age, to take an oath of alle- 
 uiaiicc to his majesty,^ and 
 iiluo of neutrality. By the 
 latter they agreed that they 
 would peaceably and quietly 
 demean and conduct themselves while in that territory ; that they Avould not carry 
 
 arms, harbor lirit- 
 isli deserters, nor 
 give intelligence to 
 the king's enemies 
 during the current 
 Avar.^ The select- 
 men of different 
 
 towns were authorized to administer these oaths of allegiance and neutrality ; and 
 the permanent occupation of the country by the British was quietly accepted by the 
 inhabitants as an inevitable necessity. 
 
 General Gosselin m.-ide himself very popular at Castinc. The officers were quar- 
 tered in private houses, and paid fairly for all they received from the inhabitants.* 
 The soldiers were housed in the court-house and public school building. The barn 
 of Mr. Hook, the collector of the port,* was converted into a theatre, and play-act- 
 ors from Halifax afforded mucli amusement. Had these new-comers been friends in- 
 stead of enemies, the inhabitants of Castine would have enjoyed their visit, notwith- 
 standing the citizens suffered many inconveniences. It was not very long. Peace 
 was proclaimed early in 1815, and on the 25th of April'' the British sailed out 
 of Penobscot Bay.^ The event was celebrated by the people with festivities 
 
 i\t the time of the " massacre" there In ITTO. The celebrated Sir John Moore, whose burial was the Buoject of Wolfe's 
 immortal poem, commencing 
 
 " Not a gnn was heard, nor a fnneral note," etc., 
 was an ensign in this regiment, and, in a letter to a fi-lond, said that the first time he ever heard an enemy's gun was 
 at Cnstlne on the occasion in question. He then commanded a picket. 
 
 ' The following defensive works ganiishcd the peninsula at the close of the year : Fort George ; batteries Shcrbrooke, 
 Gowelln, Penobscot, Grlfnth, Furlense, Castine, and United States ; a redoul)t called Fort Anne ; little batterlcB on North 
 and West Points, and a block-house. Battery Cnptinc was old Fort Castine, now in the vlllnpe, and flattery United 
 States was the hnlf-moon redoubt blown up by Lewis. It was originally called Fort Porter, it having been construct- 
 ed by an officer of that name in ISOS. 
 
 ' The following was the form of the oath of alleciance, copied from an original, in manuscript, before me : 
 
 "I, A.B., do swear that I wHl be faithful, and bear true allegiance to his majesty King George the Third. So help 
 me Ood." 
 
 ' The seal and signatnre of General Gosselin above given I copied from Ills proclamation in manuscript. 
 
 • See note 1, page 004. 
 
 » Mr. Hook had the good fortune to escape fl-om Castine with the public papers before the British landed. 
 
 • llittory of Aeadie, PenobHeot Ban ""li IH^fr, by .Toseph Whipple, 1810; //tViton/ of the State of Maiw, by William D. 
 Wlllinms, In two volumes, 18ii2 : MS. Xarralive of the War in Maine, placed In the author's hands by the Hon. .Toseph 
 Williamson, of Belfast ; Oral and written statements to the author by Dr. John Mason and the widow of the Rev. WII- 
 
 » 1816. 
 
MBMINTO OP TUB BBITIBO AT OABTtNS. 
 
 and rejoicings. Within a few days aft. 
 erward not an armed enemy remained 
 westward of the St. Croix River and 
 Passamaquoddy Bay. Peace, joy, tran- 
 quillity, and prosperity came with the 
 birds and blossoms in the spring of 1815- 
 and from that day until now no foreign 
 enemy has ever appeared on our coast 
 with hostile intentions, and probably 
 never will.' 
 
 T visited most of the places mentioned 
 in this chapter in the month of Novem- 
 ber, 1800. Leaving New York in the 
 afternoon of the 16th, I arrived in Bos- 
 ton at midnight, and spent three days 
 there visiting men and places associated 
 with the War of 1812, in company with 
 a friend,^ to whom I had been indebted 
 for kind attentions and information while 
 seeking materials for my Pictorial Field-book of the Eevoliition twelve years before, 
 In East Boston^ wo visited Mr. Samuel Dillaway, who was a soldier and a priva- 
 teersman in the war. He was captured on board the privateer Sine qua nan, put 
 into a prison-ship at Gibraltar, sent to England, and finally exchanged. He informed 
 us that the authorities in charge of the exchange of prisoners, and sending them in 
 cartel ships to America, generally subjected their victims to as much annoyance as 
 possible. They were in the habit of sending prisoners whose homes were in the 
 Northern States to some Southern port, and those from Southern States to Northern 
 ports. This produced exasperation, and in miiiiy instances the prisoners rose and 
 took possession of the ship. That was the case when Mr. Dillaway came in the biig 
 Shakespeare. The captain was ordered to a Southern port. The prisoners too' 
 session of the ship and sailed her into Boston. 
 
 We went to the site of Fort Strong, in East Boston,* saw some of its reiiiiuung 
 mounds, and then started to visit Fort Warren, on Governor's Island, which became 
 famous as a prison for political oiTenders during the late Civil War. The sea was 
 too rough for a skiff, and we contented ourselves with gazing at the venerable fort- 
 ress from the highest part of East Boston. We turned, and in a two-wheeled chaise 
 rode over to Charlestown, dined with Mr. Frothingham, the accomplished author of 
 The Siege of Boston,^ who then lived in the shadow of Bunker's Hill Monument, on 
 Monument Square, and with him visited Mr. Byron, one of the last survivors of the 
 crew of the frigate Constitution. He was a Baltimorean and a musician. He en- 
 tered the land service, but, preferring the sea, became a fifer on board the Constitu- 
 tion, and was made a " minute-man ;" that is to say, one ready to fight at a mo- 
 ment's warning. As such he fought gallantly in the actions of that vessel, and was 
 highly commended by his superiors. Mr. Byron was lively and fluent in conversa- 
 tion, and entertained us for an hour with grave and humorous narratives of his expe- 
 rience in the service. He has passed away since my visit. 
 
 liam Mason, of Bnngor ; Major Croflhy and Mrs. Stetson, of Hampden ; Dr. Joseph L. Stevens and Samnel T. Noycf, of 
 Castine, and Jndge WilUams, of Belfast. 
 
 1 A curious memento of the British at Castine was yet in existence when I visited that place in 1860. It was an out- 
 line of the British flag above that of the American flag, and the words " Yanlcee Doodle npeet," cut by Lieutensnt El- 
 liot, of the British Army, with a diamond on a window-pane In the house of Mrs. Whitney, where some of the officers 
 were qoartered. That pane of glass was the only one In the sash at the time of my visit that was not badly cracked. 
 The above engraving is a fac-simile of the diamond-etching, slightly reduced. ' Frederick Kidiier, E*). 
 
 3 Noddle's Island. It contained 26,000 Inhabitants iu 1800. ♦Page 892. 
 
 » Uistory qfthe Sieye ({fJBoaton, etc., by Bichard Frothingham, Jnn. 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 005 
 
 on the New England Uuut. 
 
 thin a few days aft- 
 L'd enemy remuined 
 t. Croix River and 
 y. Peace, joy, tran- 
 rity came with the 
 n the spring of 181 5; 
 until now no foreign 
 peared on our coast 
 tions, and probably 
 
 the places mentioned j 
 he month of Novcm- I 
 g New York in the 
 3th, I arrived in Bos- 
 md spent three days 
 and places associated 
 B12, in company with 
 I I had been indebted 
 and information while 
 I twelve years before, 
 a soldier and a priva- 
 3er Sine qua non, \M 
 hanged. He informed 
 i, and sending them in 
 18 much annoyance as 
 se homes were in the 
 prn States to Northern 
 .he prisoners rose and 
 away came in the brig 
 le prisoners too' 
 
 some of its rcn.uiaiij; 
 Island, which became 
 War. The sea was 
 at the venerable fort- 
 . a two-wheeled chaise 
 ccomplished author of 
 r's Hill Monument, on 
 last survivors of the 
 d a musician. He en- 
 on board the Constitn- 
 sady to fight at a mo- 
 of that vessel, and was 
 md fluent in conversa- 
 narrativesofhisexpe- 
 
 Nivjr Yard at Cbarlentown, 
 
 The Figure-head of the CotutUuHon. 
 
 The Place of her Conitrnctlon. 
 
 ilfN 
 
 Itevens and Samnel T.Noyw,ot 
 
 ,at place In 1800. Itwasanojt- 
 die upset," cut by Llentenant E)- 
 Itney, where some of the offlceri 
 risit that was not badly cracW. 
 ■^ a Frederick Kiduer, Esq. 
 
 4 Page S92. 
 
 •1834. 
 
 BILLET-UEAD. 
 
 At Charlcstown wo visited the national dock-yard, and at 
 tiio head of the dry-dock saw upon a post, over a lunij), the 
 billet-head which the Constitution had boi-ne during lier bat- 
 tles in the War of 1812.' It was the one which Coininod(»re 
 Elliott removed in 1834 while she was lying at that station, 
 and put in its place a bust of (ieneral Jackson, then President 
 of the United States. The substitution of tliat image for the 
 old billet-head which had braved tlie storms of battle and the 
 seas during the War of 1812 was considered an unpatriotic 
 act, and was vehemently denounced by the Opposition as a 
 partisan outrage. Elliott was assailed in newspapers, hand- 
 billH,2 and speeches, and was threatened with violence in 
 anonymous letters if he did not remove the obnoxious efti- 
 gy. He disregarded all complaints ; so, one night, early in 
 July,» during a feaiful storm of wind, lightning, and 
 rain, a daring young man from New York went out to 
 the ship in a skiff, sawed off the head of the image, and car- 
 ried it to Boston. Great efforts were made to discover the 
 mutilator of a government vessel, but in vain. The excite- 
 ment died away, and at near the close of Jackson's adminis- 
 tration the iconoclast went to Washington City, called on the 
 President, frankly acknowledged his exploit, and assured him that it was only a 
 "young man's daio-dovil adventure." Fie amused more than angered the President, 
 who told him he should not be harmed. 
 
 In the museum of the Navy Yard at Charlestown we saw a beautiful alabaster 
 model of the monument erected to the memory of Lieutenant Allen, at Hudson, New 
 York, Under it, in a glass-case, were a lock of Allen's hair, and the bullet which 
 caused liis death. We found little else of interest connected with the history of the 
 War of 1812, and, after a brief visit to Bunker's Hill Monument, returned to Boston. 
 On the following day ihe writer went out to Salem by railway, sixteen miles from 
 Boston, and visited Fort Pickering, Marblehead, and other points of interest, in com- 
 pany with a citizen of Salem. If was a cold November morning, and with difficulty 
 the pencil was used in sketching the exterior of Fort Pickering, seen on page 891, and 
 the view of the interior (see next page), drawn while standing on t!ie southern ram- 
 parts of the fortification, looking northward toward Beverly. This fort was built in 
 1798, and named in honor of the eminent Timothy Pickering, who was born in that 
 town, and whose remains lie buried in its soil. It was an irregular work, occupied 
 
 about an acre of ground, and commanded the harbor and the entrance to the North 
 
 1 . 
 
 ' The original flsure-head of the Conxtitution was a bn«t of Ilcrcnles. It was shot away In the Tripolitan war [see 
 Chapter VI], and its place supplied with the blllct-hcad delineated lu the engraving. 
 
 'One of these, posted about the streets of Boston, was headed, "Fbekmen, awake! or the CoNSTirnTios wm, 
 piSKi!" It then went on to sny that the President had issued orders "for a colossal figure of his royal «?(/, in Roman 
 costnme, to be placed as a flgurc-head on Old Ironbideb." It appealed to the most excitable people and passions to 
 "save the ship" by the cry of "all hands on deck." It asked the citizens to assemble at Fnneuii Hail to take action 
 affainst the outrage. "North Enders!" It exclaimed, "shall this Boston-bnilt ship be thus disgraced without remon- 
 strance f Let this wooden i/orf— this old Roman, builded at the expense of three hundred dollars of tiie people's money, 
 be presented to the office-holders, who glory in such worship, bnt, for God's sake, save tub suir from this foul disgrace." 
 It was signed " A North Ender." 
 
 The Constitution was built where Constitution Wharf now is, at what was called, even before the Revolution, The 
 North Eud— that is, of Boston. It was the place for ship-building, and trom the Revolution until the War of 1812 it was 
 the focus of groat political power. Samnel Adams was bom in that section of the town, and always had great influence 
 with the people there. The caulkers were a numerous class, and with these Adams held ir.any secret meetings when the 
 revolntionary movements were going on from 1704 to 1774. These were known as the " Caulkers' meetings," where 
 revolutionary measures were proposed and perfected. From this fact has come the word caucus in our political nomen- 
 clature—the private gathering of politicians to arrange for a political campaign. It is said that these caulkers of 
 Adams's time were mostly descendants of the Huguenots. 
 
 ' Oral statement to the author by the adventurer. He is yet (1807) living— a small, fearless, shrewd, energetic busl- 
 nesB man, with a character above reproach in private life. Upon his address card he yet has the device of a iiand-saw, 
 aad the words of Csesar— " I came, I saw, I conqaered," in allusion to the exploit of bis earlier daya. 
 
 \ lit! I 
 
I !|, 
 
 ;I-! 
 
 '1 f " 
 
 000 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-nOOK 
 
 ForU PIckorlug and I^e, 
 
 Balem Harbor and itR HurroondliiK' 
 
 BItuatton of Marblchcnd. 
 
 aiifl South Hivprs, ns tlio cs- 
 
 limi'u'H lire called wliiiii cm- 
 
 imco the |)('iiiiiH\ila. Uh oin- 
 
 (Uukiiu'iitM, coiupoHcd ot'cartli 
 
 and sl(»ii(',c'X('ej)tiiijj tho hiick 
 
 wall ill till! rear {hvv ])i('tuiv 
 
 oil \)n<^^' Hl)l), wore alxjiit 
 
 eijj;ht leet in hei<jlit, and well 
 
 |)reserveil. TliedHicer.s'iiiiai- 
 
 ters (seen on the ii,i,dit),liuilt 
 
 of brick, an<l wliadod by balm 
 
 ofClilead trccH, were well \nv 
 
 served. There the keejicr, 
 
 Sergeant llouben Cahooii, w- 
 
 Hided. He was Heveiily-(me 
 
 years of" age when I was tlieii'. 
 
 I le was a soldier on the North- 
 
 Hjui' noKKBiNo, NKAB sAiKM, IN 1800, (jfn frotitior jii 1812, aiid yt't 
 
 carried a ball in his leg which he received at the battle of Plattsburg. His wife was 
 
 his only companion. 
 
 Not far from Fort Picker- 
 ing wc passed the remains of 
 Fort Lee, near the house of 
 Mr. Welch, at the western end 
 of the causeway leading to 
 Winter Island. It was an ir- 
 regular work, built at the be- 
 ginning of the War nf 1812, 
 and occupied a very com- 
 manding position, especially 
 as the guardian of JJeverly 
 Harbor. It also commanded 
 Salem Harbor, in a degree. 
 From its mounds, now eight 
 or ten feet in height, we ob- 'i^ 
 tained fine views of Salem, 
 Beverly, and the Avhole outer 
 harbor. The Avater which it 
 was chiefly designed to watch 
 over and protect was the estuary called Bass River. It extends up to Danvers, or 
 Old Salem Village,* and was the one spanned by the famous "Leslie Bridge"^ of tlii' 
 Revolution. 
 
 Returning- to Salem, we rode out to Marlilehead. After passing a fine avenue skirt- 
 ed with lofty elms, we crossed the Forest River, near the Forest City Mills, anil, as- 
 cending the gentle slope of Marblehead promontory, soon came to the village lyins; 
 at the head of a bay in which there is a good harbor. The village is situated amom.' 
 rocks, and the street lines are so irregular in some places that it appears as if the 
 houses might have dropped from the clouds, and the ways among them had been laid 
 out afterward. It was quite natural for the celebrated Whitcfield, on entering tho 
 
 » At Danvers Governor Endleott and his associates made the first settlement In 1628. There was the scene of " Salem 
 Witchcraft," and there the famons General Israel Pntnam was bom. A pear-tree planted by Governor Endlcott yet 
 (IMT) bears frnit. It was planted at about the time the Stiivvesnnt pear-tree In the city of New York, that died in 
 lS6fl, wag brought ftom Holland. » See Losslng's Field-book of the Bevolutum, 11, 8T4, note 2. 
 
 UKMAINH OF FORT LEK, bAI.LM. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1819. 
 
 907 
 
 BltuattoD of Mkrbltheiui 
 
 Kurt s«wiitl and lU Keeper. 
 
 AKumllyorHoldlen. 
 
 Marblehend diirInK the lievulutlon. 
 
 town, and M'l'injj no vcrdnn- us in<lit'!iliv(> of Koil, to in<|iiin', " I'luy, wlu'iv do they 
 bury llii'ir dfiulV"' It wuh inlmbilod chictly bfciuisu of itH udviiiitanfH und ron- 
 voniencc as a fishing jmrt, ti churactt-r which it has alwayH bonu'.'' Its tradu wuh 
 alinoat wliolly tk'stroyed during tho Uevohition,^ but it revived booh afterward. 
 
 MABIILEUBAI) lURIIOH.* 
 
 Mil 
 
 ith 
 
 
 ^' -fSf'r 
 
 H>ltT HKWAI,!,.'' 
 
 3I0UH, With many rocky islaiidR 
 trance. On the liigh promon- 
 tory near tlie viUage was Fort 
 Scwail, built 'n the year 1800, 
 and rebuilt eauy in tlic War 
 of 1812. When I visited it 
 Mrs. Maria T. Perkins was tlie 
 United States Agent in charge 
 of tlie property there, liaving 
 been a resident of Fort Sewall 
 since 1835. She was an ener- 
 getic woman, and with the 
 greatest courtesy she received 
 and entertained us. On the 
 floor of one of lier rooms was 
 a carpet ofwliich she was just- 
 ly proud. It was made en- 
 tirely of the clothes of her fa- 
 ther (Sergeant Stephen Twist, 
 of the Continental Army) and her two brothers, worn by th-^m during tlie War of 
 1812. They were ever afterward in the military service of the United States up 
 to 1857." She was engaged in piecing it during twenty years. The carj)et was 
 woven by Mrs. Perkins and her daughter, in Fort Sewall, a few months before my 
 visit, and took a premium at a Fair in Boston. 
 
 On returning to Salem I liad the pleasure of meeting T)r. Benjamin F. Browne, a 
 native of that place, who entered the naval service as surgeon's mate in the })rivateer 
 Alfred, in September, 1612, when lie was only nineteen years of age. While in the 
 schooner Frolic, in the West Indies, he was captured, taken to Barbadoes, sent to En- 
 
 1 Barber's Ilietorical CoUffiliotvi of MasmrhunHts, pnge 201, note. 
 
 2 A hundred years ngo there were between thirty and forty ships, scows, and topsaii-scliooners owned in Marblehead, 
 and cngafied in foreign trade ; and In 1770 it contained a greater number of inhabitants than any town in Massachn- 
 wlt« excepting Boston. 
 
 'The inhabitants were very patriotic. In 1774, when the port of Boston was closed by order of Parllnmcnt, the in 
 habitants offered the nse of their harbor to the Boston mcrcliants. They also ftirnished an entire regiment, fully offl- 
 rerert, for tbe Continental Army. Blbridge Gerry, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born at 
 Marblehead. 
 
 • This slcetch was made from the gravelly beach. On the left is seen Fort Sewall, and on the extreme right, In the 
 liletance, Marblehead Point. Toward the left, and extending behind Fort Sewall, is seen Lowell Island. 
 
 ' In this view, ft-om the entrance to the fort, with baclf to the harbor, is seen the row of boml)-proof casemates, with 
 arched windows and doors. Above them is seen the offlcers' quarters, builtof briclc, in which Mrs. Perliins resided. 
 
 * The aggregate tipie of military service by her father and two brothers was about one hundred years. 
 
 I 
 
 1^ 
 
 i 
 
 il; 
 
 i 
 
^l*fit«*H^» 
 
 903 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 /: 
 
 //C/>yyo 
 
 .^s. 
 
 '/njfjjtie^ 
 
 A Survivor of the Dartmoor Prison. Rettiin to Boston from Sr.lem. Journey to Boston and Voyago to Castine. 
 
 gland, and confined six months in the 
 notorious Dartmoor prison, of which I 
 shall write hereafter. The cartd sliip 
 Anne^ in which he was sent homo, was 
 ordered to Norfolk. Most of the priv 
 oners were from New England and 
 New York. They seized the ship, and 
 sailed into New York in .Tune, 1815. 
 Dr. Browne was in the Dartmoor pris- 
 on at tht time of the massacre there, 
 and published an interesting sketch of 
 it in the Democratic Heview, 1845.' 
 The prisoners were chiefly privateers- 
 men, and a verj"^ large proportion of 
 them were from New England. He 
 furnished me with a list of the names 
 of more than one hundred survivors 
 k»'own to be living in the vicinity of 
 Salem at the time of my visit. 
 
 In the evening I had an interview 
 with Mr. William Leavitt, a teacher of 
 navigation at Salem, who was living 
 there during the war, and saw the Con- 
 stitution chased into Marblehead by liic 
 British frigates Junon and Tenedos, early in April, 1814. Mr. Leavitt was a careful 
 investigator and chronicler ; and he furnished me with a most interesting list of all 
 the privateers fitted out at Salem during the war, and of the names, armament, ton- 
 nage, oommanders, etc., of all the prizes taken by them during that period. 
 
 I passed the night at Salem, returned to BonLon the next day, and toward evening 
 departed on a visit to the theatre of the sti'ring historic scenes on the Penobscot Bay 
 and River, in Maine, in the year 1814. I traveled on the Eastern Railway to Port- 
 land, one hundred and seven miles, where I embarked for Belfas-t, at ten o'clock in the 
 evening, in the steamer Daniel Webster. It was a rough and stormy night on the 
 Atlantic, but we made the voyage of one hundred and thirty miles in good lime. 
 When we entered Penobscot Bay at dawn, the storm-clouds had passed away, and 
 the sun shone out brilliantly when we landed at Belfast between seven and eight 
 • November 19, o'clock in the morning." Soon after breakfast I sailed in the little piiek- 
 ***"'*■ et Spy (formerly a Boston pilot-boat), with raking masts and schooner- 
 
 rigged, for Castine, on the eastern side of Penobscot Bay. A stiff breeze had sprung 
 up from the northwest, and before it we ran across the bay, thirteen miles, in little 
 more than an hour. It was an exhilarating voyage. We entered the picturesque 
 harbor of Castine at eleven o'clock, and, after a pleasant and profitable interview Avith 
 Dr. Joseph L. Stevens and Samuel T. Noyes, Esq. (the former a physician and the lat- 
 ter a ship-builder of Castine), I rambled over the interesting peninsula with an intel- 
 ligent lad who was familiar with the historical localities. A portion of the peninsula 
 is high, rocky, and covered with evergreens, while its southwestern slope is wet and 
 spongy, bare, and abounding in juniper bushes. Tiie village of Castine is beautifully 
 situated on a slope overlooking several picturesque islands. It is said to be the 
 wealthiest town in Maine in proportion to its size, and is the seat of customs of the 
 Penobscot district. '^ 
 
 • Dr. Browne was a member of the MaBsaclniBetts Le^elature In 1831, and of the State Senate in 1848. He was In the 
 enjoyment of remarltal)le health, having never been sick in his life. 
 > Castine is a pleasant town of about fifteen hundred inhabitants, whoso principal business Is fishing and ship-bailil' 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812, 
 
 909 
 
 on and Voyage to Castlne. 
 
 MementoB of the War at Castine. 
 
 Fort George and View from It. 
 
 Kemaina of Fort Oantine. 
 
 We first visited Fort Geort^e,' the principal military work on the peninsula, which 
 lies northwestward of the town. A sketch of a portion of the ruins from the south 
 bastion is given on page 903, in which one of the casemates is seen. In that bastion 
 was tiie bomb-proof magazine. That, and all of the casemates, excepting the one de- 
 lineated, built of brick and stone, had becij carried away for building purposes. The 
 fort was a quadrangle, with bastions at each angle. The ditch was dug down to the 
 flat rock, about six feet deep. The banks were about 
 eighteen feet in height from the bottom of the ditch 
 when I visited it, and were covered with a hard sward. 
 Near the fort lay a 24-pound iron cannon — a relic of 
 the War of 1812 — on a decayed carriage, whic^. the 
 citizens on some occasion had dragged up from the 
 old half-moon redoubt (Fort Porter) on the shore, 
 where two of the same kind yet lay. 
 
 The view from the banks of Fort George is very interesting at every point. The 
 little picture gives an outline of the scenery around the head of Penobscot Bay, look- 
 
 VIEW FROM FORT OKOROE. 
 
 ing northwestward from the fort. On the extreme right is the entrance to the canal 
 across Castine Neck, cut by the British. This canal was about twelve feet in width 
 and eighty rods in length, and made Castine, or Bigaduce j)enin8ula, an island. It 
 is now crossed by a bridge. Between the promontory seen beyond Brigadier Island 
 
 ing. It derives its name fi'om tlie Bnron de Castin, a French no1)1eman, who established a residence there in 188T, 
 married the daughter of Modockawando, a Penobscot Indian chief, built a fort, and opened a profitable trade with the 
 natives, among whom he introduced Christianity in the form of the Roman Catholic Church, and gaimil the greatest 
 influence over them. The baron lived there thirty years, and then returned to France, leaving his domiiin in possession 
 of his hnlf-blood son, Cnstln the Younger, who was a man of dome education. When the country fell into the control 
 of the English, after the fall of Louisburg in 1746, the Castine family abandoned it, and it became permanently settled 
 bytheEugiishin 1700. 
 
 Castin was a foe to the New Englanders. lie taught the Indians around him the nse of fire-arms, and he frequently 
 co-operated with them in their attacks on the frontier New England settlements. The penalty for these sins of the fa- 
 ther was unrighteously visited npon the son, who was really a friend to the English. In IT'il he wjs secured and car- 
 ried to Boston, and there kept a prisoner for several months. The ruins of Castin's fort, now (1S07) in the suburbs of 
 
 BEMAIH8 OF FORT OASTINE. 
 
 Ihe village of Castine, on the property of Mr. Oeorgo Webb, arc nearly obliterated. Indeed, the monnda now seen are 
 the remains of the embankments cast up In 1S12 on those of the ancient fort. In the above view are seen the remains 
 ofthefort, Castine River, and the islands In front of Ihe village, with the high head of a peninsula. The highest |)otnts 
 are called the Caterpillar and Ilnekctt's Hills. The lillle Island with the evergreens, between the two vessels on the 
 rljht, is Noddle's. ' Ou the land of the heirs of Captain Joseph I'erkln'', near the vcsidcuce of Charles Abbott, Ksq. 
 
910 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Remains of Fortifications near Castiue. 
 
 Voyage up the Penobscot. 
 
 Historical Localities. 
 
 BKMAI^H Of FORT OBIKFITII.' 
 
 (then the pi-operty of David Soars, of Boston), near the centre of the picture, is sion 
 the mouth of the Penobscot River. On the extreme left, over the cedar-covered point 
 of land called Banks's Head, is seen Belfast, thirteen miles distant. 
 
 J'rora Fort George we wont 
 
 down the northwestern slope 
 toward the Neck to the re- 
 mains of Fort Griffith, one of 
 the larger redoubts built l)v 
 the British, and named in 
 honor of the English admiral. 
 It was intended to guard tlic 
 Neck. There was another, 
 called Fort Gosselin in honor 
 of the general, just above tlu' 
 present bridge over the canal. After sketching the remains of Fort Griffith, we visit- 
 ed those of two or three others, and then hastened back to Castine, and embarked in 
 the Spy for Belfast. It was toward evening, and the light wind was directly aiiead. 
 The voyage was long and tedious, and it was almost eight o'clock before I was ad- 
 mitted to the comforts of a warm supper at our destined haven, where I hud the 
 pleasure of meeting Judge Joseph Williamson, son of the historian of Maine, and to 
 whom I am indebted for valuable information. 
 
 On the morning of the 21st I left Belfast for Hampden on the steamer Sanford. 
 Cai)tain C B. Sanford, which plied between Boston and Bangor. The voyage up th( 
 Penobscot — the winding, picturesque Penobscot — was a delightful one, and was made 
 particularly instructive to 
 
 me by Captain Sanford, who ,, ■ i: i. ■\^"'*: " ^ ^ '^^^"^^ 
 
 kindly pointed out every a^ 
 
 place and object of interest 
 on the way. Fourteen miles 
 from Belfast we passed Fort 
 Point, a bluff with a light- 
 house upon it.^ 
 
 Opposite Bucksport, on the 
 rugged hills, the solid mason- 
 ry of a stupendous fortifica- 
 tion, called Fort Knox, in process of erection, was seen, with the small village of Pros- 
 pect nestled near. A little above we passed Indian Point, made famous as the site 
 of a conflict between the savages and Captain Ciiui-ch, the decapitator of the slain 
 King Philii). Farther on we entered Marsh Bay, in which the British invading squad- 
 ron lay one night on their way toward Hamj)den.^ It is an expansion of the Penob- 
 scot, and at its head lies the pretty little village of Frankfort. Westward rises tlu' 
 Musquito Mountain, a huge mass of granite, ivhere, it seems, quarrying might bo car- 
 ried on for a thousand years. In Frankfort, M'Glathry's store-house was jKjintod o\il 
 as the recipient of a British cannon-ball when the invaders landed there in Septoni- 
 ber, 1814;* and about a mile above the landing my attention was called to a thick 
 Norway pine, the only one in that region, which bears the name of " Tiie Bacon 
 Tree." It is a round, compact ti'ee, its short trunk composed apparently of a groii|i 
 of smaller ones, and the limbs so near the ground that it is difficult to get under it. 
 
 ' On the left is seen Banks's Head, on which were batteries. One was named Furieute, as It was armed with cannon 
 taken from ii French vessel of that name, by the Kngllsh. On the rlpht Is BriKndier Island and month of the Penobecol 
 
 1 For the protection of the Penobscot Kivcr, Governor Pownnll oauscd a fort to be built on this point In 17HB. Ho 
 made an expedition from Iloston for the imn'ose with three hundred and Ihlrly-thrce men. It was completed In July 
 at a cost of nearly ilSOflO. It was named Fort Pownall. Some remains of It may yet be seen. It was (garrisoned until 
 the Revolution, when It was betrayed into the hands of the British by a Tory commander. ' Page 898. ♦ Pago 899. 
 
 FOBT POINT. 
 
Illstorical Localities. 
 
 the picture, is seen 
 cedar-covered point 
 t. 
 
 ''ort George we wont 
 > northwestern nlopc 
 :he Neck to the ro- 
 Fort Griffith, out' of 
 n- redoubts built hy 
 tish, and nanu'd in 
 the English admiral, 
 itended to guard the 
 Tliere was anotlicr, 
 ort Gossclin in lionor 
 sneral, just o,bovc tlio 
 fort Griffith, wo visit- 
 ine, and embarked in 
 1 was directly ahead. 
 ,ock before I was ad- 
 vex\, where I had tlu' 
 rian of Maine, and to 
 
 Lhe steamer Sanford. 
 
 The voyage up the 
 
 till one, and was made 
 
 small village of Pros- 
 lo famous as the siti' 
 capitator of the slain 
 itish invading squad- 
 )ansion of the Peuob- 
 Westward rises thu 
 arryiug might be car- 
 louse was pointed out 
 idod there in Scpteni- 
 was called to a thick 
 name of "The Bacon 
 .pparently of a grouji 
 fficult to get under it. 
 
 ., as It was armed with cannon 
 1(1 and mouth of tlin Pciii)bsoot. 
 iillt on this point in ITim. He 
 icn. It was compli'tcd In July 
 seen. It was garrisoned nnf.l 
 3 Page 888. «Fa({cSii9. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 911 
 
 The Bacon Tree. 
 
 A Visit to Hampden. 
 
 Jonmey to Buugur. 
 
 THE HACON TKKK. 
 
 I had a good view of it th»-iigh a telescope, by which I 
 was enabled to make the annexed sketch. It derived its 
 name from the circumstance that when the British land- 
 ed, a citizen of Frankfort, having a large quantity of ba- 
 con, carried it to this tree, and hung the pieces in the 
 branches to conceal them from the foe. The measure 
 was successful. The British passed along the road a short 
 distance from the tree without observing its savory fruit, 
 and the man saved his bacon. In a cove oif Oak Point, 
 two or tliree miles above Frankfort, we saw the ribs of 
 the Warren, one of the Massachusetts vessels destroyed 
 by the British when they took Castine in 1779.' 
 
 We landed at Hampden at an early liour, and T went 
 immediately in search of the historical localities of that pleasant town. I called on 
 the venerable Mrs. Stetson witli a letter of introduction from a friend in Boston. She 
 was then eighty-seven years of age, and lived in a fine old mansion in the Upper 
 Town, not far from the Soadabscook. Her husband was one of the citizens who was 
 confined as a prisoner on board the Decatur.'^ She gave me a most vivid description 
 of events in Hampden at the time of the invasion; and s]i(> furnished me with such 
 directions that, with the aid of a young man wiiom I had engaged to take me to 
 Bangor in a light wagon, I experienced no difficulty in finding all I had come to sec. 
 I went down the winding road to the mouth of the Soadabscook, and sketched Cros- 
 by's Wharf,3 climbed to the place of Morris's hill battery, and visited the meeting 
 (now town) house and the site of Blake's brief encounter with the invaders near the 
 Lower Town. When these pleasant tasks Avere accomplished, we dined at the liotel, 
 near which I saw a small building, with a little Aveather-beaten signd)oard over the 
 door, that was innocent of all paint excepting the black letters wliich composed the 
 name of IlAxxinAL Hamlix. It was the law office* of that distinguished United 
 States Senator, who a few Aveeks before had been elected V^ice-President of the Re- 
 public. 
 
 At three o'clock in the afternoon I left Hampden for Bangor, following the road 
 which the British traveled in their march to that place.* I spent the remainder of 
 
 the afternoon in ram- 
 bling about that fine 
 inland city of the pic- 
 turesque State of 
 IMaine, and Avas sur- 
 prised by the great 
 number of schooners 
 that lay in the Penob- 
 scot and in the mouth 
 of the Kenduskeig. 
 There Avere no less 
 than two hundred and 
 thirty. It Avas the 
 
 VIEW AT TUH MOUTU Of TUK KENUimKEAO. 
 
 ' Note «, pace W2. " Page 902. 
 
 ' CroshyV Wharf (see pirtnre on pasje SiW) was erected liy (Jeneral John Croshy, one of the early settlers, wlio came 
 from Woolwich in ITW. He entered Into commercial businesB there, and carried on an extensive trade with Europe 
 ami the AVest Indies. He was a ft-iend and correspondent of Washinslon durinir the Revolution. General Crosby died 
 .It Hampden in May, 1S4.S, at the age of eighty-six yeiirs. Vm a more minute account of Hampden and its people, see 
 Cnolliige and Mansfield's llintiini and Ikiurriptinn »/ .Vcic Knfilnnd— Maine, 
 
 ' Mr. Hamlin settled In Hampden as a lawyer in the year is:i2. 
 
 ' Bangor is a line city of about seventeen thousand Inhabitants. Ills a port of entry and a great lumber dfpiH. It Is 
 Miont thirty miles from the mouth of the Penobscot, and wae originally culled Kenduskeag, from the Indian name of 
 lhe stream that there enters the river. 
 
 \i 
 
912 
 
 PICTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Bangor. 
 
 Henry Van Meter and his History. 
 
 From Baugor to New Bedford, 
 
 time for these vessels, engaged in the lumber-trade, to lay up for the winter, and 
 they were rapidly lilling tlie stream below the bridge. 
 
 I remained in Bangor two days, and spent a greater part of the time in the com- 
 pany and under the hospitable roof of 
 br. John Mason. With him I visited 
 places of interest about Bangor; rode 
 over to Brewer, and sketched the resi- 
 dence of General Blake,' and spent some 
 time in the humble dwelling of Henry 
 Van INIeter, a remarkable black man, 
 then ninety-five years of age. He was 
 a slave to Governor Nelson, of Virginia, 
 during the Revolution, became a sea- 
 man in long after years, and was one 
 of the crew of the privateer Lawrence 
 which sailed from Baltimore in 1814.^ 
 He was captured, sent to Plymouth, and 
 confined in the Dartmoor Prison, where 
 he saw the massacre in the spring of 
 1815. Van Meter's history, as he re- 
 lated it to me, was an eventful one.^ 
 His mind seemed clear, and his body not 
 very feeble ; and when I had finished 
 the annexed sketch of him, he 
 
 wrote his name, Avith my pencil, ^,^^ . 9^^ ^^'^~6 /~\rO y^yr~ >0 
 
 under it, as well as he could with- O^^*/^ ^^ >icy /C/^^L^^ ^^ 
 out glasses. 
 
 I left Bangor on the morning of the 23d,* and, traveling by railway, 
 reached Boston the same evening. A few days afterward, just at twi- 
 light, I arrived at New Bedford,'' spent the evening with Dr. Charles L. Swasey, and 
 made arrangements for a ride the next morning to the old fort near Fair Haven, 
 across the Acushnet, spoken of on page 889 as having been saved from an attack by 
 the British on a dark night in 1814 by the blast of a postman's tin-horn and the clat- 
 ter of his horse's hoofs, which frightened them away. A heavy storm of wind and 
 rain arose during the night ; nevertheless we made the journey, and at ten o'clock 
 
 ' About a mile and a half above Bangor, on the same side of the Penobscot, was the residence of General Joseph 
 Treat. See note 2, page SOT. • See page liwo, 
 
 s Henry remembered peeing Washington many times. When Governor Nelson's estate was sold after the war to 
 pay hi« debtK, Henry became the property of a planter beyond the Blue Ridge, on the extreme frontier. He wiis lli^ 
 contented, and wished to leave, notwithstanding his master was kind. He wished Henry to marry one of his tiliivi' 
 girls, and raise cliildrcn for him, offering, if he would do so, to order in his will that he should bo made a free man at 
 his death. " I didn't like the gals," said Henry, " and didn't wani to ' wait for dead men's shoes.' So master sold me 
 to a man near Lexington, in Kentucky, and there was only one log house in that town when I went there." He wa* 
 sooA sold to one of those vile men engaged in the slave-trading business, who treated him shamefully. Henry inouut- 
 ed one of his master's horses one night, and fled to the Iventnclty River, where he turned him loose, and told him to go 
 home if he had a mind to, as he didn't wish to steal him. Some benevolent white people helped b'-n on to the Ohio, 
 and at Cincinnati, then a collection of houses around Fort Washington, he took the name of Van Meter, borne by some 
 of the family of his kind master of the Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 Henry became a servant of an officer in St. Clair's army, and served in the company, in the Northwest, with that com- 
 mander a-il General Wayne. After the peace in 171)6, he was living in Chlllicothe, and came East with some E.ifrtifh- , 
 men with horses, by way of Wheeling, to Philadelphia. In the latter city some Quakers sent him to school, and he learned 
 to read and write. When the war broke out he shipped as a common sailor in the privateer Lawmirr, having previ- 
 ously been to Europe several times In the same capacity, and when cast into Dartmoor he held a prize ticket which was 
 worth, when he got home, one thousand dollars. He let a captain have it as security for sixteen dollars. The man died 
 of yellow fever in the South, and Henry never recovered his ticket. 
 
 ♦ The half-shire town of Bristol County, Massachusetts, on the west side of the Acushnet River, an arm of Buzzard'? 
 Bay. It is beanlifully situal.d upon rising ground, and is the child of the whale-flshery, that, and other branches con- 
 nected with it, having been from the beiriuning the chief business of the inhabitants. During the Revolution It was a 
 Kreat resort for privateers. A force of four thousand men, under General Grey, fell npon it, and destroyed buildings, 
 wharves, vc ^els, and merchandise to the amount of more than $3'20,O0O. 
 
 • November, 
 
 1800. 
 
m Bangor to New Bedford. 
 
 for the winter, and 
 le time in the com- 
 
 traveling by railway, 
 
 fterward,just at twi- 
 
 harles L. Swascy, and 
 
 brt near Fair Haven, 
 
 ed from an attack by 
 
 tin-horn and the clat- 
 
 ■y storm of wind and 
 
 r, and at ten o'clock 
 
 e residence of General Joreph 
 « See pnge im. 
 ate was sold after the war to 
 !Xtreme frontier. lie was (lis- 
 nry to marry one of liis slave 
 slioHld bo made a free man at 
 i'8 shoes." So master sold nic 
 wiicn 1 went there." He was 
 i,n shamefully. Henry mount- 
 I him loose, and told him to go 
 )le helped bii on to the Obio. 
 ic of Van Meter, borne by Bomc 
 
 the Northwest, with that com- 
 came East with some E.itrlifh- , 
 nt him to pchool, and he learned 
 vateer Lavrence, havinft previ- 
 ,e held a pri7,cticliet which was 
 sixteen dollars. The man died 
 
 net River, an arm of Vrnmi't 
 rf, that, and other branches con- 
 luring tlie Kevolution it wne a 
 on 11, and destroyed buiWiugJ, 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 913 
 
 Thfl Port at Fair Haven. 
 
 Captain Lemuel Akin. 
 
 Providence. 
 
 Mew London. 
 
 Stonington. 
 
 rode into the parade of the ruined fortress as far as the rocks would allow. The re- 
 mains of the fort were upon a very vough cape opposite New Bedford, and a mile be- 
 low the Acushnet Bridge and causeway. It was called Fort Phoenix, and was little 
 more than an 8 or 10 gun battery, whose walls were of hewn stone and earth. Sev- 
 eral of the iron cannon (24-pounder8) with which it was armed were lying within it, 
 never having been removed since they were placed there in 1812. 
 
 The storm was beating so furiously as it came driving in from the sea that our horse 
 became very restive; 
 so the kind Doctor 
 stood out in the blind- 
 ing tempest, and held 
 him in quietude while, 
 under the cover of tlic 
 little carriage, I made 
 the annexed sketch of 
 the interior of the fort 
 with all possible dis- 
 patch.' Then we re- 
 turned to Fair Haven 
 village, and rode out to 
 the residence of Cap- 
 tain Lemuel Akin, an 
 exceedingly intelli- 
 gent and well-read gen- 
 tleman, whose home 
 had been on the sea 
 during a large portion 
 of his long life.2 For 
 the good cheer with which he welcomed us, and for much valuable information which 
 he gave me then, and afterward in letters, I feel grateful. While at his house the 
 storm abated somewhat. Wc rode back to New Bedford, and in the aflcrnoon I 
 traveled by railway to Providence, Rhode Island, where I passed Thanksgiving Day 
 most profitably with Dr. Usher Parsons, the surgeon of the Lawrence, Perry's flag- 
 ship at the time of the battle of Lake Erie, whoso name and record of services are 
 fiimiliar to the readers of this volume. From this last survivor of Perry's commis- 
 sioned officers I received much valuable and minute information concerning the army 
 and navy on the Niagara frontier and on Lake Erio.^ Dr. Parsons is still (1867) liv- 
 ing, in the enjoyment of excellent health of body and mind. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 29th'' I left Providence for New London, •November, 
 on the Thames, fifty miles westward, whore I spent the day, as already re- ^®™' 
 corded in the latter part of Chapter XXX. of this work. At sunset I left for Ston- 
 ingto'., a few miles eastward, and became the guest of Dr. George E. Palmer, whose 
 house bears evidence of the cannonade in 1814. On the following morning, accom- 
 panied by Dr. Palmer, I visited places of interest about Stonington, among others the 
 old arsenal at the upper end of Main Street, in which were two or three cannon. It 
 
 ' Between the walls of the fort and the wooden bnllding more in the foreground Is seen Ceres Island, with the city 
 of New Bedford beyond. Since my visit the fort has been revived. " For five months," Dr. Swasey wrote to me in 
 September, 1861 (six months after the great Civil War had begun), " the old fort has been thoroughly repaired, and gai-- 
 risoned by the Home Guard of New Bedford and Fair Haven. IIow little did you or I dream of the events and neces- 
 lities which have brought about this change, as wc stood on that old place that day when you sketched the fort ! How 
 mild and gentle was even that storm that beat on our unsheltered beads compared with the tempest of war that has 
 (Ince burst over our beloved land 1" 
 
 ' Mr. Akin was engaged in the merchant service. He was captured ofT the Carolina coast by the British fri..'ate 
 Sewm, taken to Amelia Island, and sent ftom there to Bermuda, where he was exchanged. Captain Akin died in 186T, 
 at the age of gcvouty-flve years. ' See Chapter XXV. 
 
 3M 
 
 BEMAIhS OF FOUT PUUiNlX, FAIB HAVEN. 
 
 f 
 
 If 
 
 ill 
 
 ffr 
 
! i 
 
 014 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Ileru ofStoalngton and bis Wife. 
 
 The Kim Grove Cemetery. 
 
 The Denlsuu Fiimily, 
 
 AB8KNAJ. AT bTOMlKUTON. 
 
 ward, the joyful news 
 of peace came, and the 
 men of Stonington and 
 Mystic were celebra- 
 ting the event at a 
 public dinner, Mrs. 
 Holmes, justly consid- 
 ering her sex entitled 
 to recognition in the 
 public demonstrations 
 of delight, procured 
 some powder, andjwith 
 the aid of other young 
 women, loaded and 
 fired, with her own 
 hands, a heavy cannon, 
 in joyful commemora- 
 tion of the great event. 
 She bears the distinc- 
 tion of having fired the 
 first salute in that re- 
 gion as a voice of wel- 
 come to Peace. 
 
 While at Mystic we 
 
 was a brick building, somewhat altered since the war 
 when the door was in the centre where the arch is seea 
 Toward noon we rode over to Mystic, to visit the vcn- 
 erable liero, Captain Holmes, who performed so conspic- 
 uous a part in the defense of Stonington, as already re- 
 lated in this chapter. We found him and his aged wifu 
 in the enjoyment of good health of mind and body 
 and such is still their condition." • December 
 
 Mrs. Holmes is a small woman, and retains ^^''■ 
 many mail<s of the beauty of her earlier years. She 
 was as tuergetic and patriotic as her husband, and 
 did all a woman i ould do at the trying time when 
 
 Stoninsiion was attacked. 
 
 When, several months after- 
 
 IIKMBON B U 
 
 visited the beautiful Elm Grove Cemetery, in wliich, as 
 we have observed in note on page 896, the State of Con- 
 necticut erected a monument to the memory of Freder- 
 ick Denison, who lost his life in defense of Stonington. 
 Near that monument was one (delineated in the anne.\ed 
 engraving) in commemoration of the first of his franily 
 who resided in that vicinity;^ and near it (seen to the 
 left of the monument in the picture) was the first tomb- 
 stone erected in the town of Stonington.^ It is of dark 
 
 t Upon it Ih the following inscription : " Oeoroe Denison, a flrst settler in Stonington, and founder of the Denlenn 
 family. Died Oct. 23d, 1694, aged T4 years. This stone is erected by his descendants in 1S66. Ann B., his wife, died 
 Sept. 26, 1712, aged 07 years." 
 
 « It bears the following inscription : "Here lyes y« body of Ann Denison, who died Sept. y' 2«th, 1712, ngecl 9' 
 years." This stone is abont twenty inches in height. The modem mounment is of granite, fifteen feet in height. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 018 
 
 The Denlnou Family. 
 
 tered since the war, 
 lere the arch is seen. 
 itic, to visit the von- 
 erformed so conspic- 
 iigton, as ahviuly re- 
 im and his aged wife 
 of mind and body, 
 
 • December, 
 
 id retains ^'"^^^ 
 r earlier years. She 
 18 her huBband, ami 
 e trying time when 
 several months after- 
 
 i/^. 
 
 -^2^ 
 
 ICemetery, in which, as 
 
 896, the State of Con- 
 
 [he memory of Freder- 
 
 [defense of Stonington. 
 
 Vneated in the annexed 
 
 the first of his franily 
 
 id near it (seen to the 
 
 fre) was the first tomb- 
 
 ungton.2 It is of dark 
 
 ton, and fonnder of the nenUon 
 Tin 1868. Ann B.,hlB wife, died 
 
 lied Sept. y 26th, 1712. aged 9; 
 lanite, fifteen feet In height. 
 
 Bnrun de Steubeu'a Gold Box. 
 
 The fftithftil Daughter. 
 
 Return Home. 
 
 slate, witii the cherub on the arched upper part, which was a fashionable ornament a 
 hundred and fifty years ago. 
 
 We returned to Stonington toward sunset, and called on the Rev. Mr. Weston, of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, where we saw the beautiful gold box in whicli the 
 freedom of the city of New York was publicly presented to the Baron de Steuben by 
 the hands of liis old friend and aid-de-camp, General North. Around its edge was 
 the following inscription : " Presented by the Corporation of the City of Neto York, 
 with the Freedom of the City." On the lid are the arras of the city, engraved by 
 Maverick. We also saw, in the course of the evening, the famous Stonington flag, 
 delineated on page 894, bearing sixteen stars, the then number of States in tlie 
 Union. It is bunting, about six yards in length and three yards and a luilf in width. 
 It was in the possession of Captain Francis Amy, of Stonington. 
 
 During that evening I heard many relations of stirring incidents connected with 
 the attack on Stonington. I will repeat only one, a touching narrative of a dying 
 mother and her faithful daughter. The mother (Mrs. Hall) Avas a poor woman, liv- 
 ing in the old barracks near the " Cobb House" (page 896), in the last stages of con- 
 sumption, and exposed to tlie British balls when they were Inirled upon the town. 
 Tlie people had fled in terror, and none but Huldah, the daughter of the dying Avom- 
 an, remained. She was faithful. Sometimes, Avhen the balls came crashing through 
 the building, she would fly to the cellar, and sometimes to the garret, and then im- 
 mediately return to the bedside of her mother. At length two or three soldiers 
 rushed into the building, and bore the poor woman away on her bed to tlie burying- 
 ground near the present Watawanuc* Institute, by the railway, where tliey thought 
 she would be safe. Just as they had laid her on the greensward, a bomb-shell struck 
 near and exploded, by which a deep trench was scooped from the earth. The shock 
 was too much for the poor woman, and she expired. In the grave dug by the shell 
 she was hastily buried, and then tlie faithful Huldah hurried away to a place of great- 
 er safety. 
 
 At a late hour in the evening I bade adieu to Dr. Palmer and his excellent family, 
 rode over to New London, and then embarked in a stanch steamer for New York, 
 where Ave arrived tlie next morning at the beginning of the first snoAv -storm of the 
 season. I had seen snow but once before since my departure from the city, and that 
 was on the summits of the lofty Katahdin mountains of Maine, while vieAving them 
 from the hills around Bangor at a distance of almost a hundred miles in the far north- 
 east. 
 
 So ended a delightful and instructive visit to the eastern coast district of New En- 
 glnnd, Avhere I gleaned much valuable materials for History, and enjoyed open-hand- 
 ed hospitality that can never be forgotten by the recipient. 
 
 1 AA'atawannc was the Indian name for the site of Stonington. 
 
 fti 
 
 \u 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 k' 
 
 ■...rt t 
 ,■ i 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 " A veteran hoit, by vetcrnnB led, 
 With Ru88 and Cockbum at thoir head, 
 They came— they saw— they burned— and fled I 
 
 They left oar Congress naked walls— 
 
 Farewell to towers and capltols I 
 
 To lofty roofs and splendid halls ! » 
 
 To conquer armies in the field 
 Was, once, the surest method held 
 To make a hostile conntry yield. 
 
 The warfare now the invaders make 
 Must surely keep us all awake, 
 Or life is lost for freedom's sake. 
 
 PniLip Fbkneau. 
 
 niLE tlic events recorded in the preceding chapter were occurring 
 on the New England coast, others of a more important character 
 in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay were attracting public atten- 
 tion. We have already observed how audaciously the British op- 
 erated along the shores of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays 
 during the year 1813, continually menacing not only the smaller 
 coast villages, but the larger cities. The national capital itself, 
 situated at the head of the navigation of the Potomac, was in peril at times, and yet 
 the government seemed to have been paralyzed by a strange delusion — a conviction 
 that the British would never attempt to penetrate the country so far as the city of 
 Washington, and that the archives of the nation were safe there. Tokens of danger 
 were not wanting. First came intelligence, late in January, that fonr thousand Brit- 
 ish troops destined for the United States had landed at Bermuda. This was folloAvcd 
 by the appearance of Admiral Cockburn, the marauder, in Lynnhaven Bay, on the 1st 
 of March, with a 74 line-of-battle ship, two frigates, and a brig, and who commenced 
 at once the practice of his wicked amphibious warfare. At the close of April a ves- 
 sel from Europe brought the startling news of the downfall of Napoleon ; and soon 
 afterward came the announcement of his abdication and retirement to Elba, and the 
 probable release of a large British force that might be sent to America. 
 
 For several months previous to the advent of Cockburn, thoughtful men had called 
 the attention of the President and his constitutional advisers to the exposed state of 
 the entire District of Columbia, and especially the capital, and to the importance of 
 adopting vigorous measures for its defense.' The President appears to have feared 
 danger, but his cabinet were unmoved. Ev*n when the foe was so near that the 
 booming of his cannon could almost be heard, they could not be impressed with a 
 sense of impending danger; and on the 14th of May the government organ {National 
 Intelligencer') said : " We have no idea of the enemy attempting to reach the vicin- 
 ity of the capital ; and if he does, we have no doubt he will meet such a reception as 
 
 or, when ^ . 
 
 he mem- ^-^ -^^m^^mmmmjL-. 
 
 1 So early as the middle of July, the previous year, when 
 the enemy were no nearer the capital than at the 
 question. General Philip Stuart, of the Maryland militia 
 fered a resolution In Conjtress for the distribution 
 among the people of the District of Columbia and the i 
 bers of Congress for the defense of the capital. 
 
 a This paper is still (1S6T) published at Washington City, and, until recently, by Gales and Soaton, the proprietors 
 in 1S14. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Oil 
 
 ipalhy of the Government. 
 
 lapter were occurring 
 ! important charactor 
 racting public attoii- 
 jioualy the British op- 
 I and Delaware Ikyi? 
 ; not only the smaller 
 lational capital itself, 
 leril at times, and yet 
 [elusion — a conviction 
 r so far as the city of 
 •e. Tokens of danger 
 at four thousand Brit- 
 This was followed 
 haven Bay, on the 1st 
 and who commenced 
 c close of April a vcs- 
 Napoleon ; and soon 
 mcnt to Elba, and the 
 America. 
 
 ghtful men had called 
 the exposed state of 
 to the importance of 
 ppears to have feared 
 was so near that tlie 
 be impressed with a 
 .ment organ {National 
 ing to reach the vicin- 
 eet such a reception as 
 
 ^ ^^^uM/rO 
 
 les and Soaton, the proprietors 
 
 A Dearth of Troops for the Deftonae of Washington. The Qovemment alarmed. The Prealdent'i Plan for Defense. 
 
 he had a sample of at Craney Island. The enemy knows l)cttpr than to trust him- 
 self abreast of or on this side of Fort Washington." This idle boast and the govern- 
 ment apathy were terribly rebuked a little more than three months afterward by 
 British arms and British torches. At that very time hostile marauders were in tlie 
 waters of the Potomac, and their leaders, employing competent spies, had made them- 
 nelves perfectly acquainted with the condition of the country, and of military afluirs 
 around Washington. 
 
 June came, and yet there was strange apathy in official circles, and very little prep- 
 aration for defense. In the entire Fifth Military District, of which the District of 
 Columbia was a part, there were only two thousand one hundred and fifty-four effect- 
 ive enlisted men, of whom one half were at Norfolk, one quarter at Baltimore, and 
 
 the remaining quarter divided between An- 
 napolis, Fort Washington, and St. Mary's. 
 There were, besides, only a company of ma- 
 rines in the barracks at Washington, and a 
 company of artillery at Fort Washington 
 (late Fort Warburton), on the Potomac, 
 twelve miles below the capital. Five hund- 
 red recruits for the regular army from North 
 Carolina, under Lieutenant Colonel Clinch,* 
 who had been in camp near Washington for 
 the purpose of drill and exercise, were al- 
 lowed to leave for the Northern frontier 
 (juite late in June, when the public mind 
 was filled Avith alarm because of the men- 
 aces of the enemy. 
 
 At length the government was aroused to 
 a sense of danger and responsibility by in- 
 telligence that a number of the largest class 
 of transports had been fitted out at Ports- 
 mouth, England, " as well as all troop-ships in 
 that port," for the purpose, it was believed, 
 of going to Bordeaux and taking on board 
 there the most effective of Wellington's reg- 
 iments and conveying them to the United States. This was confirmed at near the 
 close of June by the arrival at New York of a cartel from Bermuda, which brought 
 intelligence that she left at that port " a fleet of transpoi-ts, with a large force, boimd 
 to some port in the United States, probably the Potomac." Official intelligence of 
 this fact reached the government on the 26th, and on the 1st of July the President 
 called a cabinet council and laid before them a Avell-considered plan of defense against 
 threatened invasion, which had been suggested, if not actually prepared, by General 
 William H. Winder, who had lately been exchanged, and had returned from Canada.^ 
 It contemplated the establishment of a camp of regular troops, two or three thousand 
 strong, somewhere between the Eastern Branch of the Potomac and the Patuxent 
 Rivers, in Maryland, and the concentration of ten thousand militia in tlie vicinity of 
 Washington City. 
 
 ' Di.ncan L. Clinch wns one of the most mcrltorions officers in the United Stntcs service. lie was n native of North 
 Carolina, and entered the army as first liontcuant of infantry in 180S, and was soon made regimental paymaster. lie 
 ffas promoted to captain in 1810, and lieutenant colonel in August, 1813. At the close of the war he was retained in the 
 array, and was promoted to colonel in 1810. In 1829 he was breveted brigadier general for ten years' meritorious serv- 
 ices. He was an efficient officer in the war with the Seminolcs in 1836 and 1830. He resigned in September, 1S36. 
 From 1843 to 1846 he was a representative in Congress from Georgia. He died at Macon, Georgia, on the 28th of Octo- 
 licr, 1849. He was a bravo soldier and noble-hearted man. I am indebted to his daughter, the wife of General Robert 
 Anderson, of Fort Snmter fame, for the above portrait. 
 
 " U;tter to the Secretarr of War, June 80, 1814, in Winder's Letter-book. 
 
 i ; 
 
 -^^ 
 
 /r^^^^^^^^^w^ 
 
 I ■ if 
 
r 
 
 918 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 I'rupuratious fur defeudlnK the Capital. Oeaeral Winder iu military Command. Tbe Htatca called on for Troopn, 
 
 Tho Cabinet approved the Prosi- 
 dent'H plan.' A n»'\v military diHtrici, 
 entitled the Tenth, was formed, com- 
 prising Maryland, tho Distrit^t of Co- 
 lumhia, and tho portions of Eastern 
 Vir^'inin lying between the I'otouuK 
 and Uappahannot^k Kivors. Brigadier 
 General Winder^ was appointed to the 
 command of it, and tho goveniinoiu 
 made a niiiisition upon the several 
 States for militia to the aggregate of 
 iiinely-tliree thousand men, who were 
 to be organized at home and held in 
 readiness.^ The District of Colnnihia 
 and the State of IVIaryland were ( ailed 
 upon to furnish their respective quo- 
 tas immediately, the former being two 
 thousand men and the latter six thou- 
 sand. Pennsylvania was directed to 
 send five thousand and Virginia two 
 thousand to tho militia rendezvous at 
 once. The naval defenses were in- 
 trusted to Commodore Barney, a vet- 
 eran commander, who was in tho Patuxent with a small flotilla of gun-boats. 
 
 In oflicial orders there appeared an army of fifteen thousand militia for t he defense 
 of Washington, and General Winder was envied as the fortunate commander of a 
 larger force than had yet appeared in the field. But that army remained hidden in 
 
 .^i^-^'^^^^^-LPe^ 
 
 > The Secretnry of War could not be made to believe, even as late as Aiignst, when the enemy was almost at the door 
 of the capital, tlmt Washington City was his object. " What the devil will they do here f" was his qnestion to one who 
 expressed a belief that the cnpitnl was in dnnjier. "No, no; Baltimore Is the place, civ : that Is of so much more coii- 
 sequence."— Statement of Ocncrnl Van Ness before a Committee of Inquiry. In his Xotirrn of the War of 1S12, tiie Spc ro- 
 tary says that the attack on Wiishlngton was an after-thought of Admiral Cochrane when he had caused the destruclion 
 of IJarney's flotilla. Cochrane, in a letter to the Board of Admiralty In September, says that the presence of n flotilla 
 at the head of the Patuxent gave him a "pretext for ascending that river," while " the ultimate destination of thi' com- 
 bined force was Washington, should it be found that the attempt might be made with any prospect of success." And at 
 the beginning of August, a letter, written by some one on compulsory duty in the British fleet in the Chesapeake, dated 
 July 27th, was placed In Winder's hands, and submitted to the Secretary of War, in which the Intentions of the enemy 
 to rush to the capital were fully revealed. "The manner In which they Intend doing it is," said the writer, "tn tnlie 
 advantage of a fair wind in ascending the Patuxent, and, after having ascended it a certain distance, to land their men 
 at once and to make all possible dispatch to the capital, batter it down, and then return to their vessels immediately. 
 In doing this there is calculated to be employed upward of seven thousand mou."— Winder Papers. 
 
 On the contrary, Mr. Gleig, the now (1S07) venerable chaplain general of the Uritish Army, who accompanied the in- 
 vaders, soys that thr destruction of Barney's flotilla was the sole oliject of the passage up the Patuxent, and that ilio 
 capture and destruci ion of Washington was suggested by Cockburn, tlic marauder, wlien that work was accompli.«lio(l. 
 
 ' William II. Winder was born in Somerset County, Maryland, on tlie 18th of February, 1775. Ills ancestors were 
 among tbe earliest settlers In that state, and were influential nicii. lie was graduated at the University of Pennpylva- 
 nin, studied law, and entered upon Us practice. He went to Nnshvlllc, Tennessee, to settle, but fonnd so little encour- 
 agement that he returned to his native state. At the age of twenty-three he was elected a member of the Maryland 
 Legislature. In 1802 he took np his residence in Baltimore, and soon stood in the foremost rank at the bar in that city, 
 where his rivals and friends were William Plnkney, Luther Martin, and men of that character. In March, 1S12, lie 
 received the commission of lieutenant colonel of infantry, and was promoted to colonel In July following, and with 
 troops from his state performed eminent service on the Niagara frontier. He was commissioned a brigadier in March, 
 1843^ and in June following he was captured at 8t<mv Creek, in Canada, and held as a prisoner of war until the eprini; 
 of 1814. In May of that year he was appointed adjutant and inspector general, and at the beginning of July he was as- 
 signed tn the command of the Tenth Military District. He was active iu efforts to defend Washington City, and after- 
 ward Baltimore. After the retirement of the British he was ordered to the Northern frontier. Ho left the army in 
 1819, and returned to the practice of his profession with a ruined constitution. He was twice elected state senator. Ili« 
 health finally gave way, and he died in Baltimore on the 24th of May, 1824, at the age of forty-eight years. He was 
 Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Maryland. No private citizen was ever before or since honored with such a fu- 
 neral as his; and the pen of William Wir; indited a most eloquent eulogy of his characlei. 
 
 ' The requisition upon the several States was as follows: New Hampshire, S600; Massachusetts, 10,000; Rhode W- 
 and, 1500; Connecticut, SOOO; New York, 13,600; New Jersey, 6000; Pennsylvania, 14,000; Delaware, 1000; Maryland, 
 6000 ; Virginia, 12,000 ; North Carolina, 7000 ; South Carolina, 6000 ; Georgia, S800 ; Kentucky, B.'iOO ; Tennessee, '" '^ ■ 
 I<oulsiaua, 1000 ; Missigsippi Territory, 600. Of this force 8400 were to be artillery, and the remainder Infantry. 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 019 
 
 •Itutei called ou for Truopr. 
 
 iprovcd tlio Pri'wi- 
 •w mUitiiry diHtrict, 
 I, W118 foniu'd, (Mini- 
 the District of Co- 
 jiortioim of Eiistcni 
 tweou the I'otomui 
 i. Rivers. Brigadiir 
 vas apiiointeil to tlic 
 11(1 the govcrnnient 
 m upon the several 
 to the aggrefiiitc of 
 saml n\en, who wcw 
 \t home and held in 
 District of Columhia 
 ^laryland wore imIIoiI 
 their resptctive qiio- 
 the former heing two 
 d the latter six thou- 
 vnia was directed to 
 lid and Virginia two 
 militia rendezvous at 
 al defenses were iii- 
 lodore Barney, a vet- 
 \ of gun-boats, 
 militia for the defense 
 nate commander of a 
 ly remained hidden in 
 
 enemy was almoBt at the door 
 ' was his question to one whD 
 that Is of so much more con- 
 a 0/ the War of 1S12, the Secro- 
 he had caused the dcstnictioii 
 „ that the prcpcnce of n flotilla 
 Itlmato destination of Un com- 
 y pr( ispect of success." Ami al 
 1 llect 111 the Chesapeake, dated 
 ch the intentions of the enemy 
 it is," said the writer, " to take 
 ain distance, to land their men 
 to their vessels immediately. 
 , r Papers. 
 i-niv, who accompanied the in- 
 np' the Patuxent, and thiit tlic 
 ,1 that work was nccompllfliod. 
 lary, 177». His anccBtors were 
 ttt the University of Pcnnpylvn- 
 ittle, but fonnd so Utile enconr- 
 ;ted a member of the Maryland 
 lost rank at the bar In thiit city, 
 character. In March, lS12,hc 
 lel in July following, and with 
 nlssioned a brii;adier in Miircli, 
 irleoner of war until the eprini; 
 ic beginning of July he was as- 
 k1 Washington City, and aflcr- 
 frontier, lie left the army iu 
 wlcc elected state senator. Ilis 
 of forty-eight years. He was 
 since honored with such a fu- 
 
 issnchusetts, 10,000; Rhode IrI- 
 flO: Delaware, 1000; Maryland, 
 ntucky, KM; Tennessee,'' ''■ 
 the remainder Infantry. 
 
 Turdiucsji of the Secretary of War. 
 
 Apathy of the People. 
 
 Winder's Advice and Wanilngt. 
 
 official paragraplis, ami only a small portion of it confronted the invader, for he camo 
 before the States on whom the government had made a requiHition ftu militia had 
 moved in the matter. There was extraordinary tardiness every where, and indiea- 
 tions of the most fatal oflieial ai)athy or weakness. The Governor of Maryland, re- 
 siding within an easy day's ride of tlie War Offitie, did not receive a copy of that req- 
 uisition until six days alter it was orde^'d; and the (iovernor of Pennsylvania did 
 not receive his until ten days afterward. And it was not until the day when the 
 IJiitish ai)peai'ed in heavy force in Chesapeake Hay (July 12, 1814) that the Secretary 
 of War placed a copy of it in the hands of (Jeneral Winder, and then it was accom- 
 panied by a cautious order ilirecting him, in the event of an invasion, to call for a 
 liart or the whole (piotii required of Maryland, but to "be careful to avoid unneces- 
 sary calls, and to ap])o!lioii the call to the exigency."' Five days afterward another 
 order from the War Department reached him, which gave him authority to draw, in 
 addition to the Maryland quota, two thousand men from Nirginia and five thousand 
 iVoin Pennsylvania, and assuring him that the whole of the militia of the District 
 of Columbia, amounting to about two thousand, were kept in a disposable state, and 
 subject to liis orders. 
 
 General Winder had comprehended the difficulties of the situation from the begin- 
 ning. As early as the 9th of July, before he had received notice of his afipointment 
 to the comnnmd, he wrote a letter to the Secretary of War, full of sound advice, 
 wholesome Avarning, and sagacious predictions, but that functionary never deigned 
 to reply to it.^ He issued orders in accordance with his own judgment alone, and 
 with an ajiparent obliviousness to stern facts — orders which inqilieil the organization 
 and readiness of the troops mentioned when there was not a shadow of such force in 
 existence. The Governor of Maryland (Levin Winder), after issuing dtafls for three 
 thousand men, foimd that scarcely so many liuiidreds could be collected; and the 
 Governor of Pennsylvania informed the Secretary of War that, in consequence of the 
 ilefcct of the militia laws of that commonwealth, the executive liad no power to en- 
 force the draft. 
 
 General Winder entered upon nis duties with alacrity, under the inspiration of se- 
 ductive promises by the government; and, notwithstanding lie was soon made to 
 feel that he was the victim of official incompetency, he was untiring in his exertions 
 to make the defenst" of the District a certainty. He visited every part of the region 
 to be defended, inspecting every fortification under his command, and reconnoitring 
 every position thought to be favorable for the defense of the capital.^ He was in 
 daily communication with the government, giving information, sounding notes of 
 alarm, and making wise suggestions. " The door of Washington" (meaning Annapo- 
 lis), he wrote on the 16th of July, "is wide open, and can not be shut Avith the few 
 troops under my command." Fort Madison there Avas utterly defenseless, and too 
 iiiihcalthfid for a garrison to occupy it. He Avarncd the government that its heavy 
 armainuut might be easily seized by the invaders, and turned upon the town and Fort 
 Severn Avith fatal effect.* He begged in vain for efforts to save that post, and made 
 stirring appeals to the people to come forward for the defense of the state. Yet, not- 
 withstanding the danger that threatened, and his great personal popularity, height- 
 ened by good deeds on the Northern frontier. Winder Avas compelled to report on the 
 1st of August that he had actually in camp only one thousand regulars, and about 
 
 ' The Secretary of War, as we have seen, did not believe that the British would attempt to penetrate to Washington ; 
 and on the day when he gave this cautious order, the Satioiuil Tntelliijeneer (the government organ) said, " It is not prob- 
 able they will be required to be embodied unless the enemy should attempt to execute his threats of invasion." 
 
 ' Autograph Letter, Winder Papers ; Report of an Investigating Committee of Congress. 
 
 ' It is related that n f:irmer living near Bladensburg, who having, with some of his neighbors, followed some direc- 
 tions for deep plowing given iu a book, struck the gravel below his soil, and allowed all his manure to leach through 
 and Ihns ruin his land, saw General Winder one day, when the British were near, with a map in his hand, inspecting 
 that region. " He'll be whipped," said the farmer. " Why f " asked a by-stander. " Because he's going to book-flght- 
 ing the British, as we have been book-farming, and got whipped." * Autograph Letter. 
 
 I 
 
020 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tbo lirltlih sppcBr In Chesapeike Bay. 
 
 Barney'i Flotilla. 
 
 Ueneral Winder's Ualla fur Tniopa, 
 
 four thousand militia (.'iirollcd, a larger proportion of them yet to be collected. Tlie 
 jjovcrnincnt had neglected to rail for cavalry and riflemen, very important braiieheg 
 of the service. 
 
 While these feeble efforts were in operation the enemy ;ij)[>oared in strong force. 
 On the Iflth of August the small Hritish sciuudron in the Chesn, "ake was re-enforcuil 
 by a fleet of twenty-one vessels under Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, the senior 
 commander on the American station. These were soon joined by another umlur 
 Commodore Sir Charles Malcolm. These vessels bore several thousand land troops 
 commanded by General Ross, an Irish officer, and one of Wellington's most active 
 leaders. Washington and J$altiiuore ajipear to have been chosen objects of attack 
 simultaneously. A part of the British naval force, under Captain Gordon, went up 
 the Potomac, and another portion, under Sir Peter Parker, went up the Chesapuaku 
 toward IJaltimore. 
 
 At that time Commodore Barney, with a fl(»tilla of thirteen armed barges and the 
 
 schooner Scorpion, with an aggregate of about five hundred men, was in the Patux- 
 
 ent River. Ilis vessels had been clased out of the Chesapeake, and blockaded in St. 
 
 - Leonard's Bay. Of this confineiiient 
 
 jj)/^ . ^^ ^ J?y, <j^ v*^ *^''"y ^* '""' '■^'I'l'vcd by some artillery 
 
 ^JjC^n^yJl^ i^^in^-C^TQn under Colonel Henry Carbory," witJi 
 
 / ^r^ which he drove away the ZoeVe, the 
 
 blockading frigate, when the released 
 flotilla went up the Patuxent, first to Benedict, and then to Nottingham, that it might 
 be within co-operating distance of both Washington and Baltimore. Seeing this, the 
 Jiritish determined to capture or destroy it, and on the 18th of August a force of a 
 little more than five thousand men, composed of regulars, marines, and negroes,^ went 
 up the Patuxent, and landed at Benedict with three cannon under cover of an armed 
 brig. Most of the other large British vessels were below, some of them aground, and 
 all too heavy to ascend the comparatively shallow stream. 
 
 Bamey, then at Nottingham,^ promptly informed the Navy Department of this 
 movement, and of a boast of the British admiral that he would destroy the American 
 flotilla, and dine in Washington the following Sunday. General Winder, by direction 
 of the War Department, immediately ordered General Samuel Smith's division (the 
 Third) of the Maryland militia into actual service. He also called upon General John 
 •AoifUBtis, P- Van Nc88,» com- 
 
 1814. mander of the militia 
 of the District of Columbia, for X// //7/% // 7 /y/jL''ty\^ 
 
 two brigades, to be encamj)ed //// ^' t-^ C/ ' C^ f^^ 
 near Alexandria ; and he sent a 
 circular letter*" to all 
 
 b Ancmst ID 
 
 the brigadiers of the Maryland militia, asking for volunteers to the atnount 
 of one half of their respective commands. By his orders, his adjutant general, Ilite, 
 issued a stirring aj)peal to the citizens to come forward, " without regard to sacri- 
 fices and privations," in defense of the national capital. Winder also asked General 
 Strieker, of Baltimore, to send to Wasliington his volunteer regiments of infantry and 
 his rifle battalion. These calls for volunteers were approved by the Secretary of 
 War, who enjoined Winder so to word the requisition as " to guard against interfer- 
 ing with the legal draft."* 
 
 ' Henry Carbery was n captain in the American Navy In 1T92, and reslprncd In 1704. He entered the military serv- 
 ice In Maryland In the spring of 1813 as colonel. lie died on the 20th of May, 1822. 
 
 » These "dieciplined negroes" hod been forced by threats, and bribed by promises of freedom, to enter the Britisli 
 service. 
 
 3 Bamey had been very active with his flotilla in opposinfj the maranding expeditions of the British. On the Mb of 
 July he wrote from Nottingham to a friend, sayiuR, " Six times In one month I have beat the enemy, always increajlD? 
 In their force, so that I believe they are tired of me. They now lie at the mouth of the Patuxent."— Autograph Letter, 
 
 * Autograph Letter, Winder Papers. 
 
OF THE WAK OF 181t. 
 
 831 
 
 I WIndtr'i C«1U fur Trnopi. 
 
 OatherlngofTriMjpi. 
 
 ' )ie BritUb In the Pttuxent. 
 
 OMtraetlon of Ilarnajp'i Flotilla. 
 
 for aof ive hitvico, addinf?,"Tho 
 third brigade ia now under the 
 pay of the Un.tod States, in it« 
 Borvicc, and Huiijoct to tiic Ai*- 
 
 ' August 20. 
 
 The veteran patriot, General Smith, promptly reHponded to the call of tlie goveni- 
 meiit. He at onee isHued a diviHion order," in which he j^avo notice of the • Ainru"t i», 
 invasion, and directed the whole of General Staimbury's hrifjade (the ""''• 
 
 ^^ Third) to be held in readinenK 
 
 tides of War."' Tliat corps General Smith declared to bo " the finest set of men lio 
 ever saw."* They paraded at foiir o'clock the same day, and on the following' morn- 
 ing General Staimbury' lell lialtiiuoro for Washington with tiiirteen hundred of hia 
 corps. Another force, un- 
 der Lieutenant Colonel 
 Joseph Sterett, consisting 
 of the Fifth Regiment 
 of Baltimore Volunteers, 
 Major Pinkiiey's* ritlo 
 battalion, and tho artil- 
 lery com])anies of Cap- 
 tains JMyers and Magru- 
 (ler, left Baltimore on tho evening of the 20th, and joined Rtansbury on the evening 
 of the 2nd. With wise precaution. General Smith ordered'' tho eleventh 
 brigade and Colonel Moore's cavalry to hold tliemselves in readiness to 
 march to Baltimore at a moment's warning, for it seemed probable that the enemy 
 would strike at both cities simultaneously. They were ordered to Baltimore on 
 the 23d. 
 
 The British in the mean time had moved up tho Patuxont from Benedict, the land 
 troops being accompanied by a flotilla of launches and barges that kept ai)reast of 
 thcni. The naval forces were under the command of the notorious marauder, Cock- 
 burn. Tliey reached Lower Marlborough on the 21st, when Barney's flotilla, then in 
 charge of Lieutenant Frazier and a sufficient number of men to destroy it if neces- 
 sary, moved up to Pig Point, where some of the vessels grounded in the shallow wa- 
 ter. Barney hau landed with four hundred seamen and pushed on toward Winder's 
 head-quarters, then at the Wood Yard, on the road between I '^jjper Marlborough and 
 Washington, and twelve miles from tho latter, where he had established a slightly- 
 intrenched camp. Frazier was instructed to destroy tho flotilla at Pig Point rather 
 than allow it to fall into the hands of the foe. This order was obeyed, and the flotil- 
 la was blown up on the morning \*" he 22d, when the enemy moved up from Notting- 
 ham in forty barges, and comir ' ,'td firing u])on it with cannon and rockets.* They 
 found only the ruins of Baraf -^ vessels at Pig Point. Their land force pressed for- 
 ward to Upper Marlborough, -.vhence a road led directly to Washington City, and 
 there encamped, leaving Cockburn and the British fiotilla at Pig Point. 
 
 Now let us see what forces were at the disposal of General Winder for the defense 
 of Washington- There were two small brigades of District troops. One of these 
 comprised the militia and volunteers of Washington and Georgetown, arranged in 
 two regiments under Colonels Magruder and Brent, and was commanded by General 
 Walter Smith, of Georgetown. Attached to tho brigade were two companies of light 
 
 ' General Smith's MS. Order-book. I am Indebted to the kind courtesy of Qencrnl .lohn Spoar Smith, of Baltimore, 
 HOD of General Samnel Smith, and hie aid-de-camp in 1814, for the use of hla father's military papers of this period. 
 
 ' Autograph Letter to General Winder. 
 
 ' Tobias E. Stansbnry lived to the great age of ninety-three years. He was an activa public man f^om the commence- 
 ment of the Revolution almost to the time of his death, which occurred in Baltimore County, Maryland, on the 26th of 
 October, 1849. He was repeatedly a member of the Maryland Legislature, and was Speaker of its Honse of Delegates. 
 He always enjoyed the perfect confidence of his fellow-citizens. • See sketch of William Finkney on page 148. 
 
 * Barney's autograph Letter to the lavestigating Committee, October 30, 1814. 
 
 1^ 
 
 I' 
 
 II 
 
 > I 
 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 
 
922 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Forces gathered for the Defense of Washiugtoii and Baltimore. 
 
 ' * : 
 
 !■« i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 • i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 artillery, commanded respectively by Ma- 
 jor George Peter, of the regular army, 
 and Captain Benjamin Burch, a soldier 
 of the lievolution. There were also two 
 rifle companies under Captains Doughty 
 and Stull. This brigade numbered, on 
 the morning of the 2l8t of August, one tliousand and seventy men. The second bri- 
 gade was commanded by General Robert Young, and numbered live Iiundred mon. 
 It comprised a company of artillery led by Captain Marsteller. It was chiefly em- 
 ployed in defending the approaches to I'^ort Wusiiington 
 about twelve miles below the capital. Brigadier Gen- 
 ral West, of I'rince George's County, Lad troops on the 
 
 w/ 
 
 ———— - • look-out toward the Potomac. 
 
 The troops from lialtimore comprised a greater portion of the brigade of General 
 Stansbury, formed in tAvo regiments under Lieutenant Colonels Kagan and Scliiitz 
 thirteen hundred and fifty in number; and the Fifth Regiment, under Colojiel Stci- 
 ett, with ariillery and riflemen already mentioned, the latter under the celebrated 
 William Pinkney. The whole force from Baltimore Avas about two thousand two 
 hundred, commanded by General Stansbury as chief. Besides these there were vari- 
 ous detachments of Maryland militia, under the 
 respective command of Colonels W. D. Beall (of 
 the Revolution) and He id. Lieutenant Colonel 
 Kramer, and "Majors Waring and Maynard — in all 
 less than twelve hundred. There was also a regi- 
 ment of Virginia mililia under Colonel George Mi- 
 nor, six hundred strong, with one Iiundred cavalry. The regular army cf)ntribiite(l 
 
 three hundred men from the Twelfth, Thirty-sixth, 
 and Thirty-eighth Regiments, under Lieutenant 
 Colonel William Scott. To these must be added 
 the sailors of Barney's flotilla, four hundred, and 
 one hundred and twenty marines from the nnw 
 yard at Washington, furnished with two 1 8-])oiiml 
 ers and tiiree Impounders. There were also 
 various small companies of volunteer cav- 
 alry from tlie district, Maryland, and Vir- 
 ginia, under Lieutenant Colonel Tilghmun, 
 and Maiors O. II. Williams and Charles Ster- 
 ett, three Iiundred in number, and a squad- 
 ron of United States dragoons commanded 
 by Major Laval. Tlie whole force was about seven tliousand strong, of .vhom nim 
 hundred were enlisted men. The cavaliy did not exceed four hundred in miinber. 
 The little army had twenty-six pieces of cannon, of which twenty were only O-pouiid- 
 ei-3. This force, if concentrated, would have been cumpotent to roll back the inva- 
 sion had' the commanding oflicer been untrammeled by the interference of the Presi- 
 dent and his Cabinet. 
 
 Winders v igilanee was sleepless after the apjiearance of the invaders in th-j P.i- 
 tuxent. He was actively employed with the cavalry in reconnoitring; and on lln 
 morning of the 22d lie ordered Lie.itcnant Colonel Scott's command, Laval's cavalry. 
 Major Peter's artillery, and the rifle company of Stull, and another under Cai»taiii 
 Davidson, acting as riflemon, with 8o\'tral tieid-j.ieces, numbering about eight hiuidied 
 men, to proceed immediately to Nottingham, where the onomy had encamped during 
 the night just passed, and reconnoitre and liarasp (hem. The remainder of WiiuU'i's 
 force in hand was directed to follow iu their supp«>rt. The general himself, accompa- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 923 
 
 The British move ou Waabla^hn. 
 
 AlBTnlnr Note 
 
 Secretary Honroe. 
 
 Remnval of the Pnblic Records, 
 
 jz:^^ 
 
 .•11. Tlie pccond hri- 
 1 five liuiulrc'd inen, 
 It was cliicfly oiii- 
 ;0 Fort, Wasliingtoii, 
 tal. Brigadier Gen- 
 y, Lad troops on the 
 
 e brigade of General 
 ! Ragan and Sebutz, 
 ,, under Ccjloiiel Stei- 
 under tlie celebrated 
 it two tbousand two 
 these there wore vaii- 
 
 ilar army contributcri 
 Twelfth, Thirty-sixtli. 
 ts, under Lieutenant 
 these must be uddcil 
 ], four hundred, ami 
 rines from the navy 
 with two 18-])oun(l- 
 
 strong, of -vhom niii' 
 hundred in number, 
 ty were only C-pound- 
 to roll bacik the invn- 
 erferenco of the Presi- 
 
 le invaders in the P;i- 
 moitring ; and on tlu' 
 nand, La^'al's cavalry, 
 lother under Captain 
 g about eight liundnnl 
 had encamped during 
 emainder ofWiiidor's 
 -val himself, accompa- 
 
 nied by his liaofCed stjdt Proceeded in advance of the troops, and soon discovered the 
 enemy movieg ap the rrver. He was convinced that an encounter with that over- 
 whelming force would fce perilous, and he ordered Scott and Peter to fall back to the 
 Wood Yard and vait for him. The main body of the trocps, under General W. 
 Smith, had arrived m the mean time within two miles of the advr.nce; and the whole 
 American foree, th« within five miles of the invaders, including Barney's men and 
 marines from the Wanffiingt -fi Navy Yard, numbered about twenty-five hundred, fair- 
 iv iriiUHl with musket* an., rilles, and five pieces of heavy artillery. 
 
 )n arriviitc at the junction of the roads leading respectively to Marlborough and 
 ;i Wood Yard,GeuefnB Ross, who led the British column in person, turned into the 
 la; r with the seeming intention of pushing on toward Washington. He was in- 
 duced to do so by Cockburn, who thirsted for plunder, and who argued that the pres- 
 isj-e which the British ^Vould accpjire by the capture of the 'netropalis of the re])ublic 
 Tv'-nld be of immense advantage to the cause, and that no doubt the government, to 
 ■ city, would make a liberal oifer of money, a circumstance that would greatly 
 111, 11" the marauder's amount of prize-money. After proceeding a short distance, 
 Ross hanged his course and j)roceeded toward Marlborough. Vv^inder deemed it pru- 
 dent to avoid an encounter, an<? in the afternoon he retreated toward the capital, and 
 encan-Med at a place called Long Old Battalion Fields, about eight miles from the 
 city, where he might be within easy striking distance of Bladensburg, the bridges 
 over the East Branch of the Potomac, and the road leading to Fort Washington.' 
 
 Colonel James Monroe, the Secretary of State, who had been several days with 
 Winder reconnoitring the enemy, and watching all military movements, believed that 
 Washington was in great peril, for he well knew the weakness of the American forTS. 
 While Ross was yet advancing, and before he retraced his steps and went toward 
 Marlborough, Monroe sent the following dispatch to the President : 
 
 "The enemy are advanced six miles on the road to the Wood Y'"ard, and our troops 
 are retiring. Our troops were on tlie march to meet them, but in too small a body 
 to engage. General Winder proposes to retire till he can collect them in a body. 
 The enemy are in full march to Washington. Have the materials prejiared to de- 
 stroy the bridges. J. Monroe. 
 
 "P.S. — You had better remove the records."^ 
 
 This message produced the wildest excitement in the national capital, tiieu a strag- 
 ijling town of between eiglit and nine thousand inhabitants, and caused a sudden and 
 confused exodus of all the timid and helpless ones who were able to leave. 
 
 Winder's situation was an unenviable one. With a comparatively strong foe on 
 liis front, ready to fall upon him or the capital he was expected to dcll'iid, he had 
 only aboiit twenty-five hundred armed and effective men in camp, and many of these 
 iiaJ been from their homes only three or four days. They Avere undisciplined and 
 untried, and surrounded and influenced by a crowd of excited civilians, to wliose 
 
 officious but well-intended information and advice" the general was compelled to 
 listen. In addition to this intrusion and interference of common men, he was einbar- 
 
 ' S<p Map nil page 920. 
 
 ' Mr. S. Pleueanton, then eniployt.1 In the office of the Secretary of State, made immedln.te arranijcmenlo for the re- 
 raoval of thj booka snti pr.per-i of the State Department. Ho had lluen hajjs made In Vi'hlch tlii'y were placed, and 
 tlicii conveyed In cnrt3 a'jroBB the Chain Bridge, ovi , 'he Potomac, two miles above Georgetown, to the grist-mill of 
 Srtsnr Patterson, lu Virgin.a. Consideung them iniBafe there, Irtr. Plea.wnton had them conveyed to Leesburp, iliirty- 
 live miles from Wnshington, where they were locked up in an iinoccupied hnnse, and the keys ^Iven to the Kcv, Mr. 
 Litflejohn, who had been one of the collectors oftlic intern.il rcvenne. Thus the prccions docnmciitc of the Revola- 
 :ioniiry period uid other valuable papern rum in the Ofllce of the Rolls at Wnshineton City wore saved fj i in de.sl ruction. 
 -Antnjrnph Letter of S. Pleasanton to (Jeneral Winder, August 7, 1S48. Mr. I'leasanton, in his account of tills trans- 
 action, 5ayR : " Whilj engaged in the pnss.ige-wny of the buildings with tlie papers, tlio nepartment of State being on 
 due side, and the War Department on the other side of the passage, General Arnistron;;, then Secretary of War, on his 
 »sy to his own room, stopped a short time, and observed to me that he thonght we were under unnecessary alarm, as 
 V did not think the lirltish were serious in their imenJoaa of coming to Waehlugton." To this belief the Secretary 
 odlierud until tbej' were iu fiili mcrcli upon the capital. 
 
 I«:| 
 

 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■;| 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 f| 
 
 
 924 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 
 Prcparattone for Battle. 
 
 DlspoBitlon of Troops. 
 
 Battle-Hue formed near Bladensburg. 
 
 rassed by the presence and snggestions of the President and his Cabinet ministers 
 the most of them utterly ignorant of military affairs. Bettor would it have been for 
 Winder and the country if these civilians, from the President down, had kept awav 
 from the camp and the field, and prudently j)reServed silence. 
 
 The fatigued little army at Long Old Fields had reposed but a short time when, at 
 two o'clock in the morning (August 23), a timid sentinel gave a false alarm, and tliey 
 were summoned to their feet in battle order. They Avere soon dismissed, and slept 
 on their arms until dawn. At sunrise they were ordered to strike their tents, load 
 the baggage wagons, and have every thing in readiness to move within an hour. 
 When every thing was prepared for marching they Avere reviewed by President ^lacl- 
 ison. In the mean time Winder had ascertained from scouts that the British Avero 
 resting quietly in their camp at Upper Marlborough, and lie resolved to concentrate 
 all the troops within his reach at some point between his present camp and that of 
 the enemy. He accordingly sent orders to General Stansbury, at Bladensburg, to 
 march with his own and Lieutenant Colonel Sterett's troops, and take position in the 
 road within seven miles of Marlborough. The same order was sent to Lieutenant 
 Colonel Beall, supposed to be then approaching with his corps from Annapolis. A 
 detachment from General Walter Smith's brigade, under Major Peter, composed of 
 the same companies as the detachment sent forward the day before, was ordered to 
 move from camp in the same direction and for the same purj)ost — to approach as 
 near the enemy as possible without incurring too much risk, and annoy him whetlier 
 in motion or at rest. General Winder himself, accompanied by a troop of Laval's 
 cavalry, started for Bladensbnrg at noon for the purpose of holding a conference with 
 General Stansbury. When within four or five miles of that place, he was overtaken 
 by Major M'Kenney with intelligence that Major Peter had met and skirmished with 
 the vanguard of the advancing enemy, two or three miles from Marlborough, on tlio 
 road toward the Wood Yard, had been driven back toward the Old Fields, and that 
 General Smith had sent off the baggage toward Washington across the Eastern 
 Bran(!h, and had drawn up his own troops and Banuy's seamen in battle order to 
 await an attack from the foe. Winder 'mraediately sent orders to Stansbury, now- 
 moving forward, to fall back toward Bladensburg, take the best position possible witli 
 his own and Sterett's troops in front of that village, and resist the enemy if attaciied. 
 if driven, lie was to re- 
 
 treat toward the cap- 
 ital. He then h; sten- 
 ed bad. to the Old 
 Fields, where he found 
 Smith and Barney well 
 posted. Stansbury's 
 force took ])osition in 
 an orchard (near a mill 
 yet standing near Bla- 
 densburg) on a gentle 
 eminence, and there, 
 behind a slight breast- 
 work, he placed si.x 
 heavy guns in position 
 to command the pass 
 into the town and the 
 bridge sonthwestward 
 of it. Al>out one hun- 
 dred yards in the rear 
 
 Ol.l> MILL UUMi lll.AI>l'..'<IHnilllU IM ISlil.' 
 
 > Thin in a sketch of the old mill made near the close of ISOl. Bladensburg uud the bridge are seen In the dietauce. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 928 
 
 formed near Bludeiwburg. 
 
 Advance of the British. 
 
 Retreat of the Americans. 
 
 Winder invites the Government to a Council. 
 
 Uge arc seen In the dlstauce. 
 
 of this position, in the small dwelling on Tourneclifte's farm, the surgeons of the com- 
 mand were placed, to receive and take care of tlie wounded soldiers. ' 
 
 General Ross rested at Upper Marlborough until after noon of the 23d, when, being 
 joined by Cockburn and his seamen and marines, he moved fonvard at two o'clock, 
 and, as we have observed, encountered and drove back Major Peter and his command. 
 He then pressed steadily on unmolested to the junction of the roads leading respect- 
 ively to Washington City and the Alexand.-ia Ferry, on the Potomac River, not far 
 above Fort Washington. There they halted. The Americans were puzzled. Some 
 believed that an attack on Fort Washington in the rear, simultaneously with an as- 
 sault by the British fleet in front, was contemplated ; but more, and among these 
 General Winder and Colonel Monroe, believed the national capital to be the prize 
 sought to bo won. Impressed with this conviction. Winder issued orders toward 
 sunset for the troops to retire across the Eastern Branch Bridge and take position on 
 the borders of the city, where greater facility would be afforded for assisting General 
 Young, who was covering Fort Wasliington with a small force, and for drawing to 
 himself Stansbury and Sterett if the enemy should advance rapidly upon tlie capital. 
 Late at night the troops, greatly wearied and dispirited, encamped within the limits 
 of the city. " Thus," said General Smith, " terminated the four days of service of the 
 troops of this District. They had been under arms, with but little intermission, the 
 whole of the time, both night and day ; had traveled, during their different marches 
 in advance and retreat, a considerable tract of country, exposed to the burning heat 
 of a sultry sun by day, and many of them to the cold dews of the night, uncover- 
 ed. They had in this period drawn but two rations, the requisition therefor in the 
 Srst instance heing but partially con.pliod with, and it being afterward almost ini- 
 poesib'c to procure the means of transportation, the wagons employed by our quar- 
 tiimaster for that purpose being constantly im])ressed by the government agents 
 for the purpose of removing the public records when the enemy's approach was 
 known, and some of them thus seized while proceeding to take in provisions lor the 
 army." 
 
 '.lie night of the 23d of August was marked by great excitement in the National 
 ( iqiital. The President and his Cabinet indulged in no slumbers, for Ross, the invad- 
 er, was bivouacked at Mclw ood, near the Long Old Fields, about ten miles from the 
 city, and Winder's troops, worn down and ''spirited, were fugitives before him. La- 
 val's horsemen were exhausted, and Stansbury's troops at Bladcnsburg were too 
 wearied with long marching to do miu'h fighting without some repose. What the 
 morning would reveal no one could tell, and the daik hours were passed in great 
 anxiety by the troops and people. The Secretary of State was in his saddle half 
 the night; and .it midnight he had visited the hcad-quaiters of Stansbury, acquaint- 
 ed him with the relative [)OHitions of Winder and Ross, and advised him to fall in the 
 rear of the latter. Fortunately the military leader did not follow the advice of the 
 eivilian. 
 
 Winder's head-quarters were at Combs's, near the Eastern Branch Bridge, and at 
 (lawn the President and several of his Cabinet minister were there." Before tlieir 
 irrival, General Winder (who was greatly fatigued' in body and mind, and had re- 
 i^eived a severe injury from a fall during the night) had sent a note to the Secretary 
 if War, expressing a desire to have the counsel of that officer and of the government. 
 Tills was a mistake. lie had had too miu'h of (hat bane to success already, and it 
 was now administered too libei-ally for the good ri>putation of liimself and his coun- 
 try. These government officera were so officious as well as fickle — fickle, because im- 
 l>nl,m>, and not judgment, guided them— that the general's thoughts and plans were 
 
 1 1 have heforo mi> a vci v intcrcstlnc narrative in manuscript of the events of the Iiattle, which came under thp ob- 
 serration of Dr. 8am\u:l B. Martin, cue of the surpeons stationed at Tminici-llffe's honcc, whnro he was made a prisoner 
 at tlie doie of the battle. a Secretarie* of War, Navy, and Treasury, and the Attorney Genor»I. 
 
 m 
 
iWB 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 WfllMMix 
 
 iianflMtaiilnirg. 
 
 The Field of Action. 
 
 The Secretary of War and General Winder. 
 
 »teffer<i^ wifli akmwmment when one mind sliould control all movements, a id that 
 4KMt4 be frtA t^ acKaHMnmrneled and unbiased.^ 
 
 WkMe yithli4¥ •wi "(fe government were in council, Ross moved toward Bladcns- 
 burg. //avarw .'/ ' -■ first br^ ight intelligence of the fact to head-quarters. They 
 were soon followc y an <xpres8 from Stansbury, giving positive information tliat 
 the British weif .arching in tlmt direction, T^ith the view, no doubt, of crushing the 
 little force of Baltii/iorcans lo Bladonsbin-L'^ Mill. \Tp to that moment the coun. 
 
 cil believed that Ross won in . ve on Fort \V isliington, or on the city .by the very 
 bridge near which they were in consultation. This delusive idea now vanished, anil 
 government, general, and troops all moved off toward the point of danger. Winder 
 ha/1 now under his command at Washington and Bladensburg five thousand oni 
 hundred effective men. The force of f lie enemy was about the same. 
 
 It was ten o'clock in the morning wlien Winder ordered General W. Smith, with 
 the whole of his troops, to hasten tOAvard Bladensburg. Barney was soon afterwanl 
 ordered to move with his five hundred men, and the Secretary of State, who had seen 
 some military service in the Revolution, was requested by the President and General 
 Winder to hasten to Stansbury and assist him in properly posting his troops, Mr. 
 Monroe was immediately followed by General Winder and his staff. The Secrctaiv 
 of War then followed; and lastly the President and Attorney General, accompanied 
 by some friends, all on horseback, rode on toward the expected theatre of battle.- 
 Stansbury seems not to have been well pleased with the aid of the Secretary of State 
 for he afterward intimated that " somebody," without consulting him, cluingecl and 
 deranged his order of battle. That "somebody" wan Colonel Monroe, as we shall 
 prpsontly observe. ' ' 
 
 li< / i/rt fur n moment take a glance at the theatre on wliieli the opposing forces were 
 soon to meet litm la fiipo, |f, wfis III'' Hhines and plain ariMiiwI lihideiisl/uig, then a 
 little straggling village at the |l|i|j/| ((rHIIinll-nrMCl navigation on I he KimtUf/i Brnneh 
 of the Potomac, up which for four rnili's vessels itl' lummi elnss might ride. Tho vil 
 l^ge is about six miles from Washington by the old post-road fiu/ii Ihdl city to Bal- 
 iAtlioTi'. Another road from Georgetown joined the Washington Road at ((// (je(i(e 
 angle a few yards from the bridge less than a hundred feet long, that spanned the 
 stream at Bladensburg. Above the bridge the creek was every where fordable. 
 
 In the triangular field formed by the two roads just mentioned, and near the mill, 
 Generjil Stansbury's command was posted on the morning of the 24th. On tlie hmw 
 of a little eminence in that field, three hundred and fifty yards from the Blinlensbr.ra 
 Bridge, between a large barn^ and the Washington Road, a barbette earth-work had 
 been thrown up for the use of heavy cannon. Behind this work were tlic arli'lerv 
 companies from Baltimore, under Captains Myers and Magruder, one hundred and 
 fifty strong, with six 6-pounders. These were too small for the high embankment, 
 and embrasures were cut so that they might command the bridge and both roads. 
 Major Pinkney's riflemen were on the right of the battery, near the junction of the 
 
 < It Appears from contcmporaneons testimony that, at the interview at Winder's head-qnnrtcrs that mominp, it was 
 resolved by the President to give the supreme control of military nffiiirs to the Secretary of War, lint that in a short 
 time ihe President changed his mind, who toJd the Secretary that "the military functionaries should he. left to the dis- 
 charge of their own duties on their own rcsponsibtlitieH.'' See General Armstrong's account of the matter in his SDlim 
 (ff Ihe War of ist2. The now (1867) venernble .Jacob Barker, of New Orleans, who was at the seat of government at this 
 time, in an interesting narrative of these events, says : " The President left Washington at about 9 A.M. [August ^41, in 
 great haate, to recall General Armstrong, who had preceded hini ahont an hour witli the President's order to saperwde 
 General Winder in the defense of the capital, and reaching the ground a few minutes before the flght began, said lo 
 General Armstrong, ' It is too late to make any change. Come with me, and leave the defense with the military au- 
 thorities, where it lielongs." "—Letter to Mr. Carrol', February 8, 1848, in reply to one from that gentleman in the New 
 York //croW, December 1, 1847. General Armstrong was offended, and, as he eays In his narrative, "now became, of 
 courpc, a more spectator of the combat." 
 
 a Richard Rush, then Attorney General, says tliat the President informed him, when they were riding ont toward 
 Bladensburg. that one motive that caused his going to the Held was to be on hand to give the requisite sanctiou to the 
 claims to superior command of (Jeneral .Armstmug. 
 
 ' This barn, on the Georgetown Road, was yet standing In 18G1, A small drawing of it is seen In the corner of the 
 ttsiller section of the map on page 9129, 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 927 
 
 •War and General Wluder. 
 
 ovcments, a id that 
 
 ed toward Blailcns- 
 lad-qiiarters. Tluy 
 ve information that 
 lubt, of crushing tlif 
 it inomei\t the co\in- 
 :,hc city .by the very 
 a now vanished, ami 
 of danger. Winder 
 y five thousand one 
 »ame. 
 
 icral W. Smith, witli 
 r was soon afterward 
 t" State, who had seen 
 'resident and General 
 ting his troops. Mr. 
 staff. Tlie Secretary 
 Kcneral, accompanied 
 ed theatre of hattle.- 
 he Secretary of State, 
 ng him, cliaugcd and 
 I Monroe, as we shall 
 
 1 opposing forces wen 
 rl Uhideiislmrg, thena 
 n till" KiiHli'ilt MniiKli 
 niinlit ride. The vil 
 rnilil lli/it ('|t|rtoBal- 
 Iton Road al an miili 
 ong, that spanned the 
 |y wiiere fordahle. 
 lied, and near tin* mill, 
 ic '24th. On the hrow 
 IVom the Bladeiisbr.rg 
 rhette earth-work had 
 ,;rk were the arti'lery 
 |der, one hundred and 
 die liitrh embankment, 
 ■idge and both roads. 
 ar the junction of the 
 
 |l-qnnrt^eie that momlnp, it wan 
 Inry of Wnr, hnt that In n ftwrt 
 liarlcs phouUl he left to the dif- 
 [mnt of the matter ill his .V»(i«« 
 T the seat of (rovertiinent ntilils 
 |atabout9A.M.[Angnsf!41,in 
 I Prosiflent's order to Hupcrwde 
 Iheforc the flpht heRnn, fwl 'o 
 1 defence with the military nn- 
 |)m that pentleman in the Now 
 Vsuarrallvc," now became, or 
 
 m they wero riding ont toward 
 Ivc the requisite aanctlon to the 
 
 r It l8 seen In the corner ottta 
 
 Arrangements for Battle near niadensbiiri;. 
 
 lUli IIUIDOK AT ULAUKNHUCUU IN 1$G1.> 
 
 roads, and concealed 
 by tlie shrubbery on 
 the low ground near 
 the river. Two com- 
 panies of militia, un- 
 der Captains Ducker 
 and Gorsuch, acting as 
 riflemen, were station- 
 ed in the ronr of the 
 left of the battery, 
 near the barn and the 
 Georgetown Road. 
 About fifty yards in 
 the rear of Pinkiiey's 
 riilemen was Sterett's 
 Fifth Regiment of 
 Baltimore Volunteers, 
 while the regiments 
 of Ragan and Schutz 
 were drawn uj) en eche- 
 lon,'^ their right rest- 
 ing on the left of Ducker's and Gorsuch's companies, and commanding the George- 
 •own Road. The cavalry, about three hundred and eighty in all, were placed some- 
 what in the rear, on the extreme left, and seem not to have taken any part in the bat- 
 tle that ensued. 
 
 This, all things considered, seems to have been a judicious arrangement ; but Colo- 
 nel Monroe, without consulting General Stansbury, and in face of the enemy, then on 
 the other side of the Eastern Branch, proceeded to change it, by moving the Balti- 
 more reg nts of Sterett, Ragan, and Schutz a quarter of a mile in the rear of the 
 artillery una riflemen, their right resting on the Washington Road. This formed a 
 second line in full view of the enemy, 
 within reac' of his Congreve ro(!kets, en- 
 tirely uncovered, and so far from the first 
 line ac not to be able to give it immedi- 
 ate support in case of an attack. This 
 was a blunder that proved disastrous, 
 but it was made too late to be corrected, 
 the enemy Avas so near. 
 
 General Winder in the mean time had 
 arrived on the field, and posted a third 
 and rear line on the crown of the hills, 
 near the residence of the late John C 
 Rives, proprietor of the Washington 
 Globe, about a mile from the Bladens- 
 burg Bridge. This line embraced a reg- 
 iment of Maryland militia, under Colonel 
 
 BEBIDENOG or TBE LATK JOHN O. R1VK8.' 
 
 ' This view Is ft-om the right hank of the Eastern Branch, on the road leading to Washington. 
 
 ' See note 4, page 652. 
 
 " ThiB mnnnlon stands between the Baltimore and Washington Railway and the turnpike lending from Washlnpton 
 In Bladensburg. It 1b abont four ni'!"9 from the national capital. Mr. Rives, who died there on Sunday, the inth of 
 April, 1864, at the age of eiity-nine j'.>ar«, was one of the foiindern of the Washington Globe, the official ofu'sn of Prcsl- 
 dcntJackson. His partner in the cstablishmeut of that paper, Mr. Blair, survives hiin. Mr. Blair was thf editor of the 
 (Hobf, and Mr. Kiver v. as the business manager. The latter was the publisher of the Mnbf at the time of his death. H« 
 ». 1 a uoble and generous citizen. For a long time duriii(T the great Civil War he gave from his private purse nbout 
 SliXK) 1. month to the famillea of the volunteer soldiers It tb< District of Columble. 
 
 M^^ 
 
 . K.^'-r' .^■'-'■'^\-r-<f- 
 
i 
 
 Beall, which liad just arrived from Annapolis, and was posted on the extreme riglit- 
 Barney's flotilla-men, who formed the centre on the Washington Road, with two 18 
 pounders jjlanted in the highway a few yards from the site of llives's barn, a portion 
 of the seamen acting as artillerists ; and Colonel Magruder's District militia, rejftilai'H 
 under Lieutenant Colonel Scott, and Peter's battery, who formed the left. About 
 five hundred yards in front of this position the road descends into a gentle ravine, 
 which was then, as now, crossed by a small bridge (Tournecliffe's), on the north of 
 which it widens into a little grassy level, and formed the dueling-grouud where De- 
 
 DL'ELIMa-UUUUNI) NEAIi lll.AUEMHUritU.' 
 
 catur and others lost their lives. Overlooking it, about one hundred and fifty yards 
 from the road, is an abrupt blufi", on which the companies of Captains StuU and Da- 
 vidson were posted 
 in position to com- ^y ^ \^ I '/7 
 
 mand that high- ^^^ ~P^^^^^^^-^^ <=^<^ ^^.^C^^-'Z^C^-'O'i^^^ 
 
 way . L i e u t e n- 
 ant Colonel Scott, 
 
 with his regulars. Colonel Brent, with the Second Regiment of General Smith's bri- 
 gade, and Major Waring, with the battalion of Maryland militia, were posted in the 
 tear of Major I'eter's battery. Magrudcr was immediately on the left of Barney's 
 men, his right resting on the Washington Road ; and Colonel Kramer, with a small 
 detachment, was thrown forward of Colonel Beall. 
 
 Such was the disposition of Winder's little army when, at noon, the enemy were 
 seen descending the hills beyond Bladensburg, and pressing on toward the bridge. 
 At half past twelve they were in the town, and came within range of the heavy guns 
 
 . ' This Is a view of Toumccliffo's Bridge and the Dnelinft-ground from the north side of the road from Wnshiiiiton 
 to niiuleushurg. The place where Decatur and Barron fouKht was on the low ground by the creek, eeeu immediaiely 
 over the two figures in the picture, nearest the left of it. These officers fought with pistols on the 22d of Miinli, 1S'20, 
 when Dccatnr was mortally wsnndcd, and died lu the arms of his distracted wife at Kaloranin, near Georgetown, tlic 
 same night, at the early age of fo.-ty years. The even'. Is olsewhere mentioned in this volume. Here, also, a duel was 
 fought by Jonathan Cilley, of Maine, and W. J. Graves, of Kentucky (both members of Congress), on the 24th of Fcbra- 
 ary, 183S. They fought with rifles at eighty yards' distance. Cilley was mortally wouuded at the third flre. The hlglicr 
 ground seen toward the right of the picture is the place where Captains Davidson and Stnll were posted. 
 
 Other duels have been fought on this ground. The first was In 1814, when one of the parties (Edward Hopkins) wu 
 killed. The next was in ISISI, by A. T. Mason and .lohn M'Carty. Mason was killed. Decatur and Barron foughtthcrc 
 the next year. In 1822, Midshipman Locke, and Gibson, Chief Clerk of the Troafcury Department, fought there. Olbsoii 
 i«as shot. Key and Sherborn fought there in 18.18, when Key was killed. The duel of Graves aad CUIey, as wc hnvc 
 eeen, was in 1838. There was a duel there in 1848, when a lawyer named Joues killod Dr. Johnson. Hoole and Dallaj 
 exchanged shots there in 1860 or 1861. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 18 12. 
 
 029 
 
 ng-groind nt Blftdounburg. 
 
 the extreme right; 
 lload, with two 18 
 /es's harn, a portion 
 rict militia, regulai-s 
 ccl the left. Al)Oul 
 tito a gentle vaviiit', 
 j's), on the north of 
 g-grovmd where Do- 
 
 ,-«^ 
 
 Battle-nroiiiiil nt RlnilvDHburi;. 
 
 andred and fifty ymds 
 Captains Stull auJ Da- 
 
 i^^^V^' 
 
 C-^^Z-'v-^ 
 
 X General Smith's hri- 
 itia, were posted in the 
 oil the left of Barney's 
 Kramer, with a small 
 
 noon, the enemy were 
 
 Ion toward the bridge. 
 
 Mige of the heavy guns 
 
 L of the road from WnshlMt™ 
 I by the creek, eeen immcdiaiels 
 Ltolsonthe22dofMnr.h,b», 
 Valoran.n.nearQeorKClowMh 
 
 fvolume. Here, also ttducUn^^ 
 
 lcoiiKreBe),onthe5!4thorFehni- 
 
 lied at the third fire. TheUighcr 
 
 latnll were posted. 
 
 \ parties (Edward Hopkins) w 
 
 peCur and Barron foughUhojc 
 
 tpartn-cnt, fought there, (to™ 
 |f Graves uadClUey, as rf 
 
 MAS (D K 
 of jbfia 
 
 Pf]ITOH ARMY* 
 
 fra^f 
 
 BEMCDICT 
 
 TO BLApCNS^{« 
 
 ^BATTLE GROW W0 AT 1I,A0EMSPW!??G' 
 
 of the first American line.' The British commenced hurling rockets at the exposed 
 Americans, and attempted to tlirow a heavy force across the bridge, but were driven 
 baek by their antagonists' cannon, and forced to taivc shelter in the village and be- 
 hind Lowndes's Hill, in the rear of it.^ Again, after due preparation, they advanced 
 in (lonble-quick time; and, when the bridge was crowded Avitli them, tlie artillery of 
 
 
 ' Sec Note on page 943. 
 
 ' Ross made the house of Mr. Lowudes his head-quarters on that day. 
 3N 
 

 ^'^9lmM 
 
 ^s 
 
 ^M 
 
 1- 
 
 
 i 
 
 / / 
 
 ■ i 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ' 1 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 T 
 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
 t 
 
 930 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle iieiir HInileiiBbiirg. 
 
 Gallant aud cflTcctivo Stuiid by Coinmodoro Ilurney. 
 
 "Winder's first and second lines opened upon tliem with terrible effect, sweeping down 
 a whole coni))any. The concealed ritlenu'ii, under l*i»>kney, also poured deadly vol- 
 leys into their exposed ranks ; hut the British, continually rc-enlorced, pusheil gul- 
 lantly forward, some over the bridge, and some fording the stream above it, and I'lH 
 so heavily upon the first and unsupported line of the Americans that it was com- 
 ))elled to fall back upon the second. A company, whose commander is minaimd in 
 the reports of the battle, were so panic-stricken tliat they fled after the first fire, leav- 
 ing their guns to fall into the liands of the enemy. 
 
 The first British brigade were now over the stream, and, elated by their success, 
 did not wait for the second. They threw aAvay their knapsacks and haversacks, aiul 
 pushed up the hill to attack the American second line in the face of an annoying tire 
 from Captain Burch's artillery. They weakened their force by stretching out so as 
 to form a front equal to that of their antagonists. It was a blunder which Windei' 
 (piickly j)erceived and took advantage of. He Avas then at the head of Sterett's rc;;- 
 iment. With this and some of Stanobury's militia, who behaved gallantly, ho not 
 only checked the enemy's advance, but, at the point of the bayonet, pressed their at- 
 tenuated line so strongly that it fell back to the thickets on the brink of the vivor. 
 near the bridge, where it nuiintained its position most obstinately until re-enfoicwl 
 by the second brigade. Thus strengthened, it again pressed forward, and soon turiK'd 
 the left flank of the Americans, and at the same time sent a flight of hissing rockets 
 over and very near the centre and right of Stansbury's line. The frightened rei,'i- 
 ments of Schutz and Kagan broke, and fled in the wildest confusion. Winder tried 
 
 to rally them, but in vain. Sterett's corps 
 
 wounded, and General Ross had his horse sliot under him. 
 
 maintained their ground gallantly until 
 the enemy had gained both their flanks, 
 when Winder ordered them and the sup- 
 porting artillery to retire up the liiil. 
 They, too, became alarmed, and the re- 
 treat, covered by riflemen, was soon a 
 disorderly flight. 
 
 The first and second Hnc of the Amer- 
 icans having been dispersed, the Britisii. 
 flushed with success, pushed forward to 
 attack the third. Peter's artillery an- 
 noyed, but did not check them ; and the 
 left, under the gallant Colonel Thornton, 
 soon confronted Barney, in the centre, 
 who maintained his position like a genu- 
 ine hero, as he was. Ilin 18-poundors en- 
 filaded the Washington Road, and with 
 them he swept the highway with such 
 terrible efl'i-ct that the enemy filed oti' 
 into a field, and attem])ted to turn Bar- 
 ney's right flank. There they were met 
 by three 1 2-pounders and marines, under 
 Captains Miller and Sevier, and were 
 badly cut u]>. They were driven baek 
 to the ravine already mentioned as tlie 
 dueling-ground, leaving several of their 
 wounded oflieers in the hands of tlio 
 Americans. Colonel Thornton, who brave- 
 ly led the attacking colunm,was severely 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 931 
 
 (1 by Commodore Barney. 
 
 ct, swccpiti;^ ilown 
 poured doiidly vol- 
 Ibrccd, piishi'd <j;al- 
 u abovo it, ami till 
 H that it V.-M cdin- 
 [kIlt is uiniiiiiH'(l ill 
 sr the first liie, leav- 
 ed by their success, 
 iiid haversacks, iuul 
 of an annoying; tiro 
 stretching out so as 
 inder whidi Wiiukr 
 lead of Stcrett's reg- 
 ed gallantly, he not 
 net, pressed their at- 
 e brink of the river, 
 ely until re-enforccd 
 ard, and soon turned 
 ;ht of hissing rockcU 
 The frightened rogi- 
 ision. AV inder tried 
 vain. Stcrett's corps 
 round gallantly until 
 led both their flanks, 
 red them and the suii- 
 o retire up the hill, 
 alarmed, and the re- 
 riflemen, was soon a 
 
 loud line of the Amor- 
 dispersed, the Britisli, 
 ss, pushed forward to 
 Peter's artillery an- 
 check them ; and t'lo 
 ;mt Colonel Thornton, 
 iirney, in the ccntiv, 
 . position like a genu- 
 irnlS-poundcrscn- 
 vton Road, and with 
 "highway with suoli 
 „ the enemy filed oft' 
 :temi>ted to turn Bar- 
 There they were met 
 rs and marines, under 
 ,nd Sevier, and were 
 lioy were driven haik 
 ady mentioned as tlu' 
 [iving several of tluii 
 in the hands of tli>' 
 ■1 Thornton, who hravi- 
 column, was severely 
 
 Carney wounded, mude Prisoner, and paroled. 
 
 Blcigraphical Sketch of Uarnejr. 
 
 VIEW AT U.VBNEV'b Bl'Bl.NO 
 
 
 The flight of Stansbury's 
 troops left Harney utisujjported 
 ill that direction, while a lieavy 
 column was hurled against J}eall 
 and his militia, on the right, with 
 such force as to disperse them. 
 Tiie British light troops soon 
 gained position on each flank, 
 and Barney himself was severely 
 wounded near a living fountain 
 of water on the estate of the late 
 Mr. liivc's, which is still known 
 as Barney's Spring.' When it 
 became evident that Minor's Vir- 
 ginia troops could not arrive in 
 time to aid the gallant flotilla- 
 men, who were obstinately main- 
 taining their position against 
 fearful odds, and tliM farther re- 
 sistance would be i.-^eless. Win- 
 der ordered a general retreat. 
 The commodore, too severely 
 hurt to be moved, became a pris- 
 oner of w\ar,2 but was immediate- 
 ly paroled by General Ross, and 
 sent to Bladensburg after Ins 
 wound was dressed by a British 
 surgeon.^ Tiiere he was joined 
 by his wife and son, and his own surgeon, and on the 27th was conveyed to his farm 
 at Elkridge, in Maryland. The great body of the Americans Avho were not dis- 
 
 1 The picture is n view at "Barucy's Spring" wlien I viBltcd and eltctctied it in Decenibcr, 180(1. It is n little fiontli 
 of the road leading between Wnsliington and Bladensburg, and about two hundred yards southwest from the mansion 
 of the lute 5Ir. Rives. Barney's battery was in the road near by ; and the stumps of two cedar-trees, a short distance 
 from the site of the battery, indicate the spot where the commodore's horse, which was shot under him, was buried. 
 
 2 Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on the fith of July, 17.59. He went to sea when a small boy, and at the 
 age of fourteen years was second mate of a vessel, and at sixteen was commander. After many adventures abroad, he 
 
 arrived in the Chesapeake in October. 1775. The following .lunc he was appoint 
 cd a lieutenant in the United States Navy, and was the first to unfurl the Amer- 
 ican flag in Maryland. Ho was a very active oftlcer during the whole war. He 
 brought the first news of peace with Great Britain, on the 12th of March, 17S;(. 
 Continuing in service, he was one of the six comnmndcrs appointed under the 
 act of 17'.)3, but he declined the honor. He went to France with Monroe, and was 
 the bearer of the American flag to tlie National Convention. He entered the 
 French service in command of two fine frigates. He resigned his French com- 
 mission in 1802, and returned home. He again entered the naval service of the 
 United States in 1812, and distinguished himself during the war that ensued. He 
 died of a bilious fever at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of December, ISIR, 
 at the age of fifty-nine years. His renntlns were interred in the burjiiig-ground 
 of the First Presbyterian Church at Pittsburg, and over them a plain white mar- 
 ble slab was laid by his widow. They were removed to the Alleghany Cemetery 
 on the 12th of May, 1848, where they repose in the shadow of thrifty young trees, 
 without a record there on wood or stone. The bullet which finally caused the 
 death of Commodore Barney was never extracted during his lifetime. In obe- 
 dience to his orders, it was sought for after his death, and found. It is preserved 
 in a disc of brass, with an inscription, in the archives of the Navy Department 
 at Washington City. The annexed engraving is a representation, the exact size, 
 of the bullet, the disc, and the inscription. The portrait uf Barney on the oppo- 
 • fitc page was painted by Joseph Wood, of Washington City, in 1S18. 
 ' Dr. Martin, In his MS. Kcminisccnccs, already mentioned, says that when he and other prisoners were going np the 
 
 hill toward where Barney fell, they met a litter with the wouuded commodore on It. He desired his guard to halt, and 
 
 call the prisoners to him. The leader called out to them, " Coom over here, Yankees, to see your.coonthrymau, Barney ; 
 
 lie Iiiciks like a spread aigle, Yankees !" The prisoners shook hands with the brave old commodore, who gave them 
 
 words of cheer. 
 
;S.:*S-^^*»»=*«»we 
 
 ' ?■■ 
 
 ■ /I '■ 
 
 i'^ 
 
 1; : 
 
 
 932 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 CUmo of the Ilnttlo of UlailvniibiirK. 1'lic BritiHh inarch uii WoithliiKtun. Au Bxciire for burulUK tho City wiiijied. 
 
 pcrHcd retreated toward Alontgoinory Coiirt-hoiiHc, in Maryland, leavins; tho battle- 
 field in full j)OHse8Hion of the enemy, and their Avay to the national capital unobstruct- 
 ed except by the burnini» of the two bridjjeH over the Eastern Hranch of the Poto- 
 mac.' Tho AmericanH lost twenty-six killed and lifty-on wounded. The HritJHh 
 loss was manifold greater. According to one of their officers who was in tho battle 
 and yet living (Mr. Gleig, Chaplain General of the British Army), it was " upwiinl 
 of five hundred killed and wounded," among them "several ortiic ^ of rank and dis- 
 tinction." The battle commenced at about noon, and ended at four 'dock. 
 
 Up to this time tho conduct of the British had bi'on in accordance with the rules 
 of modern warfare. Now they abandoned them, and on entering the national capi- 
 tal they performed deeds worthy only of barbariatis. In a proclamation issued by 
 the President on tho 1st of September ho submitted tho following indictment : "Tluy 
 wantonly destroyed the public edifices, having no relation in their structure to oper- 
 ations of war, nor used at the time for military aiuioyance ; some of these edifices 
 being also costly monuments of taste and of the arts, and others depositories of the 
 public archives, not only precious to the nation as the memorials of its origin and its 
 early transactions, but interesting to all nations as contributions to the general stock 
 of historical instruction and political science." Let us briefly examine the testimony 
 of history. 
 
 When Koss was assured of complete victory, lie lialted his army a short time on 
 the field of battle, and then, with the fresh Third Brigade, which had not been in the 
 
 conflict, he crossed the East- 
 ern Branch Bridge. Assured 
 of the retreat of the Americans 
 beyond Georgetown, Uoss left 
 the main body a mile and a 
 half from tho Capitol, and en- 
 tered the town, tl.cn contain- 
 ing about nine hundred build- 
 ings, lie came to destroy the 
 public property there. It was 
 TUB oAPiToi. IN isu, F1.0M ,-KN.N8Yi.vANiA AVENUB. j^,^ crraiid, it Is Said, uot at all 
 
 coincident with his taste or habits, and what was done by him appears to have been 
 performed as humanely as the orders of his superiors would allow.^ When, on his 
 arrival in the Chesapeake, he had been informed by Admiral Cochrane that he (the 
 •admiral) had been urged by Sir George Provost, tho Governor General of Canada 
 (who was not satisfied with tho terrible devastation of tho Niagara froYitier at the 
 close of 1R13),3 to retaliate in kind upon the Americans for the destruction of the gov- 
 ernment buildings at York* and the village of Newark,' lie demurred, saying that they 
 
 ' The lowor bri(l<rp, near the nnvy yard, had been left in charge of Captain Crelghton, with orders to destrr.y It on Ihp 
 approach of the enemy. If was flred at four o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 ' Hoping to spare the town, Ross had sent an agent to negotiate for n pecuniary ransom. There was no compotput 
 authority to meet his agent, and if there \vm>, the proposition would, as tho President afterward said, have been Ircf.tcil 
 with contempt. ' See page f).S4. * See page (i-29. 
 
 » See page (Ki2. Evidently ashamed of the barbarism committed by Britislj hands, Vice Admiral Cochrane attempted 
 to pnllinte ii by a pitifitl trick. After the destruction of the capital, and the invaders were safely back on their vessels 
 in the Piitiixent, Cochrane wrote a letter to Secretary Monroe, in which he said to him, " Having been called npni by 
 the fiovernor Clonerttl of the Canadas to aid him in carrying into effect measures of retaliation against the inhabitants 
 of the United States for the wanton destruction committed t)y their army in Tapper Canada, it has become imporionsly 
 my duty, conformably with the governor general's application, to issue to the naval force under my command nn order 
 to destroy and lay wasti such to\vTis and districts upon tlie mast as may le found assailable." Cochrane t*- expressed 
 a hope that the "conduct of the csiuitive of the United stnieg would huthorlzc him in staying such pr^-.^-edlngs, by 
 roakiuL' • :i:iration to the sufferint 'nhabitants of Upper C':'nnda," etc. This letter wan nn talaUd Ansnul IS, or six days 
 before rhi lattle of Bladensbnrg, so :ik t^ appear like a huniane sucrgcstion, in the non-compliance with which might be 
 found an exi use for the iles'ructinn nl' the national rapitni. It did not reach Mr. Monroe until tlie morning of the 3l!t 
 <* August, a week after Washington was devastated, when that officer, in a dignified reply, reminded tho vice admiral 
 that the wanton destruction by the British of Frenchto^vn, Frederick, Georgetown, and Havre de Grace, and tho ont- 
 figes at Hampton by the same people, had occurred long before the dcstraction of Newark. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 088 
 
 iruluK tho City wiimcd. 
 
 iviiiij the l)iittl(- 
 ipiliil unubntruct 
 inch of the I '"to- 
 ed. The Hnii«h 
 was ill the battle, 
 , it was " ujiwiird 
 4 of rank and dis- 
 r I 'clock, 
 ice with the rules 
 the national capi- 
 imation issued by 
 idiotnient: "They 
 structure to nper- 
 e of these ediiiees 
 depositories of the 
 ,f its ori<?in and its 
 ■y the tfoncral Ktotk 
 nine tho testimony 
 
 ly a short time on 
 uid not been in tlie 
 i crossed the East- 
 i Bridge. Assured 
 lat of the Americans 
 ■orgetown, Uoss left 
 body a mile and a 
 the Capitol, and en- 
 town, tl.on contain- 
 nine hundred Imild- 
 came to destroy the 
 porty there. It was 
 it is said, not at all 
 )pears to have been 
 )W.- When, on his 
 •hrane that he (the 
 (U'ucral of Canada 
 fara frotitier at the 
 [truction of the gov- 
 ,d, saying that they 
 
 The BrItUb eulor Wuiiblii)(iun. 
 
 Cuckbuni in hia Element. 
 
 '?'^1 
 
 I orders to destrry it on Ihc 
 
 ■ There was no competent 
 lard Buid, have been trcf.tea 
 J t Sec page IV2'<. 
 
 Idmlrnl Cochrane nttomptcd 
 Ipofely back on their vessels 
 BavinR been called npnr by 
 lion asninst the inhabitants 
 l it has become imperimisly 
 lider mv command an order 
 > Coctiranef- expressed 
 liying ench pr>. ..iedingf , by 
 [,/«WAnKUHtlS,or8ixday9 
 lllnnce with which micht 1)6 
 liin tlie morninRofthfiawt 
 I reminrtrd the vice adinirsl 
 livro de Grace, and the ont- 
 
 Dvatructiun ufthe Public Bollding*. 
 
 had carried on the war on the Peninsula and in France with a very different spirit, 
 and that he could not sanction the destruction of public or private property, wit li the 
 exception of military structures and warlike stores.' " It was not," says one of Itoss's 
 surviving aids, Sir Duncan M'Dougall, in a letter to the author in 1 80 1 , " until he was 
 w arinly iinssid that he consented to destroy the Cai)itol anil President's Iiouse, for 
 the piirjiose of preventhig a repetition of the uncivilized proceedings of tlie troops of 
 the United Mates." Fortunately for Ross's sensibility there was a titled incendiary 
 at hand in the person of Admiral Sir George Cockburn, who delighted iu such inhii- 
 inaii work, and who literally became his torch-bearer. 
 
 The bulk of the invaders, having crossed the Eastern Branch, halted ui)on the plain 
 between the Cajiitol and tiie site of the Congressional Hurying-ground, wlii-n (iciieral 
 Ross, accompanied by Cockburn and a guard of two liundred men, rode into the city 
 at eiglit o'clock in the evening. They were fired upon from behind the house of Rob- 
 ert Sewall, near tiie Capitol, by a single musket, and the horse on wliicli the general 
 was riding was killed. Mr. SewalFs house was immediately destroyed. The same 
 fate awaited the materials in the office of the National Iiitelllgencer, ihc government 
 organ, whose strictures on the brutality of Cockburn had filled that marauder with 
 hot anger.^ These, and some houses on Cajiitol Ilill, a large rope-walk, and a tavern, 
 comprised the bulk of private property destroyed, tlianks to the restraining power of 
 tJeneial Ross. Several houses and stores Avere also plundered. The iiiifinished Cap- 
 itol, in which was tho library of Congress, the I'resideiit's house, a mile distant, the 
 Treasury buildings, the Arsenal, and barracks for almost three thousand troops, were 
 soon in flames, whose light was jilainly seen in Baltimore, about forty miles north- 
 ward. In the course of a few hours nothing of the superb Cajiitol and the Presiden- 
 tial mansion was left but their smoke-blackened walls.^ Of the public buildings only 
 the Patent-office was saved. 
 
 All the glory that the British had won on the battle-fiekl was lost in this barbarian 
 
 v.-^<'^^* 
 
 BKMAINB OF TU£ UAI'ITOL AFTKB lUK FIBE. 
 
 i^onflagration. " Willingly," said the London Statesman newspaper, " would we 
 tiirow a veil of oblivion over our transactions at Washington. The Cossacks spared 
 Paris, but we spared not the capital of America." The British Aimnal Register for 
 1814 denounced the proceedings as " a return to the times of barbarism." It can not 
 be concealed," the writer continued, " that the extent of devastation practiced by the 
 victors brought a heavy censure upon the British character, not only in America, but 
 
 ' Dr. Martin (eec note 1, pnpf fl25) snya : " General Ross was the perfect model of the Irish gentleman, of easy and 
 'leantiful manners, humane and br.ive, and dij»niflcd in his deportment to all. lie was beloved by all bia officers, and 
 tlie prisnnerK had no reason to rcf^ret falling into snrli hands." 
 
 ' Cockburn was about to apply the torch, when lie was prevailed upon by the women of adjoining residences not to 
 do so, as it would endanger their dwellingf. lie caused all the type and otlier printing materials to be thrown into the 
 street, the printing-presses to be destroyed, and the library, contaiuing several hundred volumes, to be burned. IIo as- 
 sisted in this work with his own liiinds. Ilia companions in the business were some sailors and soldiers. 
 
 ' These buildings were flred under the direct superintendence of Lieutenant George Pratt, the second of the Sea-Iiorse, 
 who was shot In the gun-boat battle on Lake Uorguo, near New Orleans, a few montha afterward. 
 
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 riCTOllIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Barbarities of the British condemned by their Countrymen. The Navy Yard destroyed. The Long Bridge l)artiL 
 
 SKIIAIM8 UF TilU I'UKblDKNX's UUUSE AFTER TUK FIRB. 
 
 on the Continent of Europe." Continental writers and speakers condemned the act 
 in unmeasured terms ; pud yet the government of England, which has seldom repre- 
 sented the sentiments of the pecple, caused the Tower guns to be fired in honor of 
 Ross's victory ; thanked the actors through Parliament ; decreed a monument to that 
 general in Westminster Abbey at lis death; and, making additions to his armorial 
 bearings, authorized his descendants forever to style themselves " Ross of Bladeiis- 
 burg !"' 
 
 While the public buildings in Washington were in flames, the national shipping, 
 stores, and otiier property were blazing at the navy yard; also the great bridge 
 over the Potomac, from Was'aington City to the Virginia shore. Commodore Thomas 
 
 Tingey was in command of the 
 navy yard, and, before the bat- 
 tle, had received orders to set 
 fire to the public property there 
 in the event of the British gain- 
 ing a victory, so as to prevent 
 its falling into the hands of the invaders. Tingey delayed the execution of the order 
 for four hours after the contingency had occurred. When, at half past eight in the 
 evening, he was informed that the enemy was encan)ped within the city limits, :icar 
 the Capitol, he applied the torch, and property valued at about a million of dollars 
 was destroyed. The schooner Lynx was saved, and most of the metallic work at the 
 navy yard remained but little injured.'^ The fine naval monument, delineated on 
 p.age 124, was somevt'hat mutilated, but Avhether accidentally at the time of the con- 
 flagration, or wantonly by the British, who went there the next day to complete the 
 destructive work, is an unsettled question.^ At the same time, the Long Bridge over 
 the Potomac was fired at botli ends. The Americans on the \ irginia side thought 
 a large body of British troops were about to pass over, and fired that end to foil 
 them, while the British on the city side, perceiving, as they thought, a large body of 
 Americans about to cross over from the Virgiriia side, fired the Maryland end of the 
 bridge. The value of the entire amount of property destroyed at Washington by the 
 
 ' The London Timet, then, as now, the exponent of the principles of the niling classes in England, and the lilitcr foe 
 of the American people, gloried over the destmction of the public buildings, and the expulsion of the Prcsiilcnt and 
 C'lblnct from the capital, and Indulged in exulting prophecies of t*ic speedy disappearance of the great repnlilic lu the 
 West. "That ill-organized association," said the Tim&t, "is on the eve of dissolution, and the world Is speedily to be 
 delivered of the mischievous example of the existence of a government founded on democratic rchellion." In loiij; after 
 years, when Cockbnrn died at the age of eighty-two, the Time» lauded him chleHy for his marauding exploits in thit 
 country, and his " splendid achievement" lu firing onr national capital. 
 
 « Letter of Commodore Tingey to the EJecretary of the Navy, August 2T, 1814. The ofBcers and other persons at the 
 navy yard fled In boats to Alexandria. 
 
 ' On the dny after the entrance of the British Into Washington (August 20), a party of two hundred of them were 
 sent to finish the work of destruction at the navy yard. A large quantity of powder, shot, and shell had been thrown 
 into a well. A British ar".lleryinan accidentally dropped a match into it, when a terrible c:cp1oslon occurred, and com- 
 municated Are to a small magazine of powder near by. That also exploded. Earth, stones, bricks, shot, shell!", etc.. 
 were thrown Into tbe air, and, falling among the Invaders, killed twelve men, and wonntleil more than thirty others. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 935 
 
 The Long Bridge bniit. 
 
 acers and other persons nt the 
 
 flight <if the President nud bis Cabinet. 
 
 MfH. Madixon'g Patrlotlem. 
 
 Jacob Barker at the President's House. 
 
 British and Americans was estimated at about two million dollars. The walls of 
 the Capitol and President's house stood firm, and were used in rebuilding. 
 President Madison, and other civil offi- 
 
 cers wlio went out to see the fight and 
 give such assistance as they might, re- 
 mained on the field until Bjirney fell, when 
 they fled to the city as fiist as swift-fiDOted 
 horses could carry them, and were among 
 the first to announce the startling intelli- 
 ireiicc that the British, victorious, were 
 probably marching on the town.' Mrs. 
 Madison'^ had already been a' 'prised of the 
 dfjiger. Wlien the flight ^v" Congreve 
 rockets caused the panic-stricken militia to 
 fly, the President sent messengers to in- 
 form her that the defeat of the Americans 
 and the capture of the city seemed to be 
 promised, and to advise her to fly to a 
 place of safety. These messengers reached 
 iier between two and three o'clock. Mrs. 
 Madison ordered her carriage, and sent 
 away in a wagon silver plate and other 
 valuables, to be deposited in the Bank of 
 
 =0"^^.^, 
 
 ■&Jt 5 
 
 Maryland. She anxiously waited for her husband, and in the mean time took meas- 
 ures for preserving the full-length portrait of Washington, painted by Stuart, which 
 hung in the presidential mansion.^ Finding the process of unscrewing the frame 
 from the wall too tedious for the exigency, she had it broken in pieces, and the pic- 
 ture removed with the " stretcher," or light frame on which the canvas was nailed. 
 This she did with her own hands. Just as she had accomplished so much, two gen- 
 tlemen from New York, one of whom wab the now (18G7) venerable New Orleans 
 hanker, Jacob Barker,'' entered the room. The picture was lying on the floor. The 
 sounds of approaching troops were heard. They might be the invaders, Avho would 
 be delighted by the possession of so notable a captive as the beautiful wife of the 
 President. It was time for her to fly. " Save that picture," she said to Mr. Barker 
 ;ind Mr. R. G. L. De Peyster, his companion — " save that picture, if possible ; if not 
 possible, destroy it : under no circumstances allow it to fall into the hands of the 
 
 ' Tlic Opposition press and speakers were merry over the flight of the President and his Cabinet from the battlc-fleld. 
 A New Yolk paper said ; " Should some Walter Scott in the next century write a poem, and call it Madison, «r tite Bat- 
 ik (/ Bladeivsburg, we wonld suggest the 'bllcwing lines for the •jonchision, to be put into the mouth of his hero : 
 
 " ' Ply, Monroe, fly I run, Armstrong, run ; 
 Were the last words of Madison.' " 
 
 ' Dolly Payne was the maiden name of Mrs. Madison. She was the daughter of Qoaker parents, residents ofVlr- 
 ;'lnia, and was bom on the 20th of May, 1T07, while her motlier was visiting some friends in North Carolina. Her fa- 
 ther manumitted his slaves, and made Philadelphia his residence. There Dolly married a young lawyer named Todd, 
 who was also n Quaker. He died, leaving her a yonng ividow with an infant son j and in 1704 she married Mr. Madi- 
 son, then a distinguished member of Congress, and Montpellier, in Virginia, became their home. She adorned every 
 slntioii in life in which she was placed. She died In July, 1S60, at the age of eighty-three years, haviug survived her 
 hnsbnnd fourteen years. 
 
 ' Mrs. Madison wrote to her sister at Intervals. At three o'clock she wrote: "Mr. Madison comes not. May God 
 
 protect him ! Two messengers, covered with dust, come to hid me fly, but I wait for him Our kind friend, Mr. 
 
 Carroll, has come to hasten my departure, and is In a very bad humor with me because I insist on waiting un'll the 
 large picture of General Washington Is secured, and It requires to he unscrewed from the wall." 
 
 ' Jacol) Barker Is one of the remarkable men of this country. He was bom In Maine on the 17th of December, 1770. 
 nia mother was a Quaker, and he has been a member of that Society through life. He entered early into mercantile 
 life, and became largely Interested In commerce as an extensive ship-owner. He wa i a firm and efficient snpporter of 
 ihc administration during the war, and aided the govem-ncnt largely in It* flnanelal operations. He was an Intimate 
 family friend of President M.-.dlson. Ho became extensively engaged in banking, and his long and active life has been 
 a scene of many vicissitudes for bim. He Is now (18<i7), ot the age of eighty-nine years, engaged In banking In tlie city 
 "f New Orleans. 
 
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 936 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ^fiH^^l!'^^ 
 
 The Declaration of Iiulepcniloncc Hiived. Origlual Object of this Britinh Invasion. Their Fears of the aroused People. 
 
 British." Then, snatching up the pre- 
 cious parchment on which was written 
 the Declaration of Independence and 
 the autograpliti of the signers, whicli 
 she had resolved to save also, she hast- 
 ened to the carriage with her sister 
 (Mrs. Cutts) and her husband, and tAvo 
 servants, and was borne away to a place 
 of safety beyond the Potomac' 
 
 Just as Barker and De Peyster had 
 taken the picture from the stretcher 
 and rolled it up, a portion of the flying 
 American army came up, and halted in 
 front of the President's house. Some 
 refreshments were given to them, when 
 they marched on toward Montgomery 
 Court-house, the appointed place of 
 rendezvous for the broken armj"^, fol- 
 lowed by those gentlemen Avith the pic- 
 ture. They left it in charge 
 of a farmer in whose house 
 they lodged that night, and 
 a few weeks afterward Mr. 
 Bai'ker restored tlie portrait 
 to Mrs. Madison.* It now 
 hangs upon the wall in the Blue Room of the Presidential mansion. 
 
 It was not the design of the British to hold the territory which they had, unex- 
 pectedly to themselves, acquired. Indeed, the whole movement up the Chesapeake 
 was originally intended as a feint — a menace of Baltimore and Washington, to en- 
 gage the attention of the govei'nment and people, and to draw in that direction the 
 military force of the country, while the far more important measure of invading Lou- 
 isiana with a formidable force, and taking possession of the Mississippi Valley, should 
 be matured and executed. Accordingly, Avhen Winder's forces were defeated ami 
 routed, the President and his Cabinet driven from the national capital, and the pub- 
 lic buildings Averc destroyed, the invaders retreated precipitately, evidently in fear 
 of a reactive blow. While the British Cabinet, judging from metropolitan influence 
 in European countries, were disposed to believe that, with the loss of their capital, 
 the Americans would consider all gone, and would yield in despair to their victors, 
 those conquerors, on the spot, saw too vrell the danger to be apprehended fi'om the 
 spnit of a people aroused to greater exertions, and with more united energy, because 
 of that very misfortune. 
 
 ' The flight of the President from the battle-fleld, and of Mrs. Madison from the Presidential mansion, formed the 
 subject of many sqnibs for the Opposition. Among others was a witty parody on Jnlin Gilpiii'a Hide, only one sinnzji 
 of which I can now recall. It is descriptive of Mrs. Madison's directions for the flight of the family, where she says to 
 the President : 
 
 " Sister Ciitts, and Cntts and I, 
 
 And Cutts's children three, 
 Shall in the coach— and you shall ride 
 
 On horseback after we." 
 Accotiling to letters among General Winder's papers, the President and his Cabinet fled to different vlaccs. On the 
 2«th, the day after the British withdrew from Washington, the President, with General Mason, the Commissary of Pris- 
 oners, and Richard Rush, the Attorney General, was at Brookvllle, in Maryland; the Secretary of the Navy was with 
 the President's fiimlly in London Connty, Virginia; and the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Treasury wore at 
 Frederick, In Maryland, on the Momcacy River. As soon as the President was certified of the flight of the Invaders to 
 their ships, he summoned his Cabinet to a reunion at Washington. The President, with the Secretary of State, arrived 
 
 thcre.on the 38th, The reaDion took place <m the 99th Autograph Letters of Monroe and Armstrong, Augnst 2« and 
 
 21, 1814. » Oral atatement of Mr. Barker to tht author at New Orleans in April, 1S«1. 
 
ars of the aroused People. 
 
 ^^i;^^^^^ 
 
 ion. 
 
 fiich they had, unex- 
 
 up the Chesapeake 
 
 Washington, to en- 
 
 n that direction the 
 
 ure of invadinp; Lo«- 
 
 ssippi Valley, should 
 
 were defeated ami 
 capital, and the pnb- 
 ly, evidently in fear 
 etropolitan influence 
 0S8 of their capital, 
 jair to their victors, 
 
 prehended from the 
 
 ted energy, because 
 
 (Ipntifil mnnslon, formed the 
 ilpin'K linie, only one stnnza 
 ,he family, where she Bays to 
 
 to different iiUece. On the 
 son, the CommiBsnryofPri!- 
 retnry of the Nnvy was with 
 nrv of the Treasury w<!re at 
 fthcilislitofthe invaders to 
 
 e Secretary of State, arrived 
 .1 Armstrouir, Angnst 28 and 
 lew Orleans In April, ISOl. 
 
 OF THE WAK OF 18 12. 
 
 987 
 
 Brllish retreat A-um Washington. 
 
 An Account by an Eye-witness. 
 
 Effect of the Invasion. 
 
 '^.f£e^ 
 
 Impressed with a sense of this danger, 
 Ross and Cochrane moved away with 
 their forces with great secrecy on tlie 
 night of the 25th of August, after order- 
 ing every inhabitant of Wasliington to 
 remain within doors from sunset till sun- 
 rise, on pain of death, aiid increasing tlieir 
 camp-fires, so as to deceive the Ameri- 
 cans. It was immediately after the pas- 
 sage of a terrific tempest of wind, light- 
 ning, and rain, during wh.ich houses were 
 unroofed and trees were uprooted. Soft- 
 ly these victors stole away in the gloom. 
 "No man spoke above his breath," says 
 one of the British officers who was pres- 
 ent. " Our v I y steps were planted 
 lightly, and " .eared the town without 
 exciting obse; vation."! At midnight, 
 just as the moon arose and cast a pale 
 light over the scenes, they passed the 
 battle-field and Bladensburg, leaving 
 tlieir dead unburied, and full ninety of 
 their wounded to the humanity of Com- 
 modore Barney and his men. It was hu- 
 miliating to the British troops tlius to steal away in the dark from the field of their 
 conquest. They moved sullenly onward, so wearied with fatigue aiid loss of sleej) 
 that, wlien the columns halted for a few minutes, the roads would be filled with sleep- 
 ing soldiers. At seven o'clock in the morning, finding themselves but little annoyed 
 by pursuers, they halted for rest and refreshments for several hours. At noon tliev 
 moved forward, encamped at Marlborough, and, marching leisurely, reached Benedict 
 on the 29th, where they embarked on the transports the next day."^ •Anpustao 
 
 Tiie loss of the battle at Bladensburg and of the national capital filled ^'*^''- 
 the American people with mortification, and produced the most intense excitement 
 throughout the country.^ Crimination and recrimination kindled widespread anger, 
 ihat burned intensely Avhile the actors lived. The public Aveie disposed to hold the 
 Secretary of War responsible for the misfortune, because of his alleged obstinaov and 
 inefficienoy, and on the 3d of September he left the Cabinet, and retired to private 
 
 ' Rev. George R. Gleig, now (1807) chaplain general of the British Army. He entered the army at an early age, was 
 in the Pc; insular War with Wellington, and served as a subaltern in America at Haltiinore, and Washington, and New 
 Orleans. He was severely wounded in the battle of Bladensourg. He has published two works on these campaigns, 
 jne entitled The Subaltern inAmirica, and the other Campaigns of Washington and Xeio Orleans. To these books, writ- 
 ten with great candor, I am indebted for much information concerning the movements of the British in these cam- 
 paigns. Mr. Oleig has been an indnstrions book-maker. After the war in this country he took orders, and was chap- 
 lain of Chelsea Hospital for some time. He was made chaplain general to the forces In 1S40. A line lithographed por- 
 trait of him, fi-om which the above picture was copied, and his signature, I r jceived from him through the hands of a 
 gentleman residing in London. 
 
 'The chief anthorities consulted in the preparation of the narrative of the capture of Washington are the official 
 reports of the commanders; Wilkinson's Memoirs ; Armstrorg's Uotlces of the War of 1812 : flics of the National In- 
 telligencer; Niles's Register ; Ingraham's Sketch of the Event which preceded the Capture of Washington ; Ingersoll's 
 liistorlcal Sketch of the Second War, etc. ; Williams's Histcrj of the Invasion and Capture of Washington ; the MS. 
 Papers of General Winder and Commodore Barney ; Glelg's C. mpaign of Washington, etc. ; Statements of Survivors, 
 ftc, etc. 
 
 ' Intelligence of the disaster reached Cincinnati on the 0th o* September. General Harrison was there. Forgetful 
 »f the ill treatment which he had received from those in power and anxious to save his country, he at once addressed 
 a letter to the Governors of Ohio and Kentucky, to whom ny ,.cal8 had never been made in \ ain, suggesting the i)roprl- 
 oty offending a volunteer force of dragoons and monntr j riflemen to the aid of the people on the sea-board. Move- 
 ments for that purpose were set on foot, when the repuls ■ of the British at Baltimore, and their abandonment of expe- 
 (llllors (If ever conceived) against Philadelphia and New "^ork, rendered farther operations in the West unnecessary.— 
 .\ntograph Letter of General Harrison to Governor Shelh •, Septe- bcr 0, 1S14. 
 
 Mk4 
 
 w 
 
 t|HD| 
 

 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Who was to blnmc for the Unfeat at hluilcuBburg. 
 
 Slavery the Oulprit. 
 
 Fort W: iuiugton. 
 
 Hie.* The g.yvernment glndly afiempted to fix the otliiim upon the milit of Maiy. 
 land and the District of Columbia, who were easilj' panicftricken, and who, on hii'iwr 
 driven from the field, fled in disorder to their homes; and General Wlnc'er ieco''o(] 
 a full share of bkrao, how worthily let the preceding narrative determine. O.ily Bar- 
 ney and his seamen were praised. Historians, pui.zled by contemporaneouH quarrel?, 
 have generally agreed in condemning both tiie government and the militia — the I'o;- 
 mer for imbecility, and the latter for cowardice. A culprit more cuipable i,lian 'jitl.er 
 may be discovered by close research. The lato Alvan Stewart, in a lettc: to Or. 
 Bailey on the .'<Oth of Auif ust, 1845, gives us a clew to tl'.r: identity of the criniii)al. 
 He says: "General Smith,'' of Georgetown, District of Columbia, told me hi 1818, 
 Avhile passing over this ^ery ground [between Bladensburg and the national cap-fall 
 in a journey I i^-?'- taking to Washington City, that he commanded a b; igade in the 
 fleeing army of ours, ji-id that the secret of our disgraceful flight war -hat a story liad 
 been clvcuhited through the District and ailjucent counties of the two states, tliat 
 on that day the slaves were to rise and assert then' liberty,' aud that each man mon 
 feareil th? enemy he had left behind^ in the shape of Ci slave in his own house or plan- 
 tation., than he did any thing else.* The ofticf rs and soldiers had their minds distract- 
 vf^ with the possibility of this insurrection," paid General Smith/' and therefore fled 
 to their homes before an inferior force, and left Washington to liio mercy of its cap- 
 tors. '"^ J^arney's men, having no such fears, fought gallantly and persistently. 'Shx 
 wc not look for the chief cause of the disaster fit Pladens'jurg, and the loss of the na- 
 tional capital iii 1814, to the slave system, which ha^ cursed evCi-y thing upon which 
 the blight of its influence has fall?! 's 
 
 While C'ochrane ai-d Ross were making their way toAvard Washington, a portion 
 of the British fleet, consisting of two fv-gates of thirty-six and thirty-eight guns, two 
 rocket-ships of eighteen guns each, two bomb-vessels of eight guns each, and or-" 
 ischooner of two guns, sailed up the Potomac River, under Commodore Gordon, of the 
 Sea-horse, to co-operate Avith them. The only obstruction to the passage of the fleet 
 on which the Americans might place the least icliance was Fort Washington (late 
 Wa'"^ "1 ton), on the Maryland side of the Potomac, about tn-elve miles below theNa- 
 tion.il capital. It was a feeble f(>rtress, but capable of being made strong. So early 
 as May, 1813, a deputation from Alexandria, Georgetown, and Washington waited 
 upon the Secretary of War, and represented the importance of strengthening f'lat 
 
 ^,--^ f^^ ^^ 5 X, post- -An engineer (Colonel Decius AVads- 
 
 -.~^^ . '^^^^ C^i^''^-'^'~V~''^^'^C' ^orth) A\ns sent to examine it. He re- 
 ^^^^^ X ^^1 ported in favor of additional works in the 
 
 rear, while he believed that the armament 
 of the fort, and its elevated situation, would enable a well-managed garrison to re- 
 pulse any number of ships of war that might attempt to pass up the river. Nothins 
 more was done. In July, 1814, when a British fleet and army were in the Chesa- 
 peake, the authorities of Alexandria again called the attention of the Secretary of 
 War to the feeble condition of Fort Washington. The Secretary did not believe tlie 
 enemy would push for the capital, anfi nothing was done. The Alexandrians appealed 
 
 ' On the 29t. of August President Madison Informed General Armstrong that there was a high degree of oxciieracnt 
 iigainst him among the militia of the Blstrict, and that an officer of a corps had given notice that he wonld no loiipor 
 obey any order coming through the then Secretary of War. He told Armstrong that he must so far yield to public 
 clamor as to permit some other person to perform the duties of his office in relation to the defense of the District. Arm- 
 strong would not consent to a division of hie dnries, and resigned. In his letter of rcsi^rnation, and in a euhscquoDt 
 paper, he offered a vindication of his conduct, in the year ISilfi General Armstrong published a still nrore elaborate 
 vindication, in two small volumes, entitled Noticen of the War 0/I8I2. 
 
 » General Walter Smith. See page 922. 
 
 > On several occasions during the war the British had offered liberty to the slaves if the latter wonld join them, nnd 
 on one occasion, as we have seen (page 090), preparations were made, on that account, for a general insurrection In 
 South Carolina. 
 
 « See the testimony of John Randolph on this point in a speech on the floor of Congress in the yearlSll. Sec 
 page 214. 
 
 » WV«in<7» and Speeches (if Alvan Stewart on Slavery, edited by his aon-in-law, Luther B. Marsh, page 372. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 039 
 
 Fort Wi juiugton. 
 the milit of M.ny 
 
 Fort \Va«hi:igtou neglected. 
 
 It is denerted and blown up. 
 
 British 8litpB pass up tlio Potomac. 
 
 .Inly 28, 
 1S14. 
 
 to General Winder, who, in a letter to the Secretary of Wai-," recommended 
 the streug^hening of the post. Three of the banks of Alexandria oftered to 
 loan the government fifty thousand dollars for the construction of more defenses for 
 the District. The money was accepted, but nothing was done to Fort Washington. 
 v,'l)on the battle of Bladensburg occurred, a!id the seat of government was left to the 
 lueicy of the invaders, Fort Washington was as feebly armed as ever, and its gar- 
 rison consisted of only about eighty men, under Captain Samuel T. Dyson, who had 
 received orders from General Winder to be very watchful, and, in the event of its be- 
 ing apji reached by the enemy on land, to blow up the fortification and retreat across 
 I'lC rivtr. 
 The British squadron appeared before Fort Washuigton on the 27th of August, 
 
 t^ - -■.'.«.rf 
 
 FOKT WABUINQTON, 
 
 three days after the capture of the capital. Captain Dyson cither misunderstood 
 General Winder's order, or was influenced by mortal fear, for he blew up and aban- 
 doned the fort without firing a gun.'* No doubt the British fleet could have been 
 kept below by the heavy cannon of the fort. Dyson chose not to try the experiment, 
 and for his injurious conduct he was dismissed from the service. 
 
 The British squadi'on now had nothing to fear, and without hinderance it sailed on, 
 and was anchored off Alexandria on the evening of the 28th. On the morning of the 
 29th it assumed a hostile attitude a hundred yards from the wharves, and was well 
 prepared to lay every building in the town in ashes. The citizens had done Avhat 
 they could to protect their city.^ The able-bodied men and their heavy guns had 
 been called to the defense of Washington City, and only exempts and a few others, 
 not more than one hundred in all, were left. When the squadron came they had no 
 effective means to oppose the intruders, aiid the citizens sent a. deputation to Com- 
 modore Gordon to ask upon what terms he would consent to si)are the town. He 
 replied that all naval stores and ordnance ; all the shipping and its furniture : mer- 
 chandise of every description in the city, or which had been carried out of it to a 
 place of safety ; and refreshments of every kind, must be immediately given up to 
 him. Also that the vessels which had been scuttled to save them from tlostruction 
 must be raised, and delivered up to him. " Do all this," he said, " and the town of 
 Alexandria, with the exception of public works, shall be spared, and the inhabitan*;8 
 
 ' 'ijls is a view of Fort Washington from the roar, loolcing across the Potomac to the Virginia shore, as it appeared 
 In November, 1801. It is on the Maryland shore, abont three miles higher up the river than Mount Vernon. 
 
 ' In a letter to the Secretary of War, dated "Camp at Macon's Island, August 29, 1S14," Captain Dyson excused his 
 conduct by saying he had been Informed that the enemy had been re-cnforced at Benedict by six thousand men, and 
 w°ro marching on Fort Washington to co-operate with the fleet. This was a false rumor. He acted too precipitately 
 10 And out the truth, but not until it was too late t« be usefiil. 
 
 ' At about the time vthen the British fleet appeared in the Potomac, General Winder received from nn nnknown hand 
 niketch of a simple torpedo for blowing np vessels, with a description of Its construction and use. The engraving of 
 it on the next page is a fac-simile of the original pen-and-ink sketch found among the Winder papers. General Winder 
 lielieved It was from General Guy, of Alexandria, who had conversed with him on the subject previously. 
 
 The torpedo's construction and use were described as follows : Ascertain the depth of the channel in which a row of 
 torpedoes are to be placed, and cut trees three feet in diameter of such length as will allow ships to pass over them 
 ivhcn they stand perpeudicular. Bore them ont with a pnmp auger, the hole being large "inough for a IS-ponod ball. 
 
 I I 
 
 / 
 
ft 
 
 • !• 1 ' ■ V 
 
 jl- I' 
 
 tt9 )i I 
 -L'ff at 
 
 'SSI 
 
 i 
 
 \ 1 
 
 r: 
 
 040 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Alexmidrlu plundered. 
 
 I'ropuratious tu intercept tbe BrltiHh Vessela lu the Putumac. 
 
 A Toriwdo. 
 
 shall remain unmolested. These were harsh and humiliating terms, and the iiiliabit- 
 nuts were allowed only one hour for consideration. They were powerless, and wiio 
 compelled to submit. The merchandise that had been carried from the town iiud iln. 
 sunken vessels could not be given up to the invader, so ho contented himself by I»uin. 
 ing one vessel and loading several others, chiefly with flour, cotton, and tobacco. 
 With these in charge, the squadron weighed anchor aud sailed down the Potomac.' 
 On hearing of the surrender of Alexandria, the government determined to annov 
 and, if possible, capt.iro or destroy the British squadron in its descent of the Potomac. 
 The Maryland and District militia could not be rallied in time, so the Secretary of tlic 
 Navy sent an express to Commodore Rodgers, at Baltimore,^ for him to hasten to tlic 
 Potomac with as large a number of seamen as he could collect. These were ])laccil 
 under the command of Commodores Rodgers, Perry, Porter, and Creighton.^ Armed 
 boats and fire-ships Mere soon prepared, and the seamen, in conjunction with tiie Vir- 
 ginia militia, gave the enemy a great deal of trouble. Batteries were erected on the 
 river bank at the " White House," a short distance below Mount Vernon, and on In- 
 dian Head, both commanding points on the Virginia side of the stream. Musketeei's 
 were stationed on the thickly-wooded shores. Cannon M'cre taken by District Volun- 
 teers, and placed in battery with all possible dispatch, and for several days from the 
 , 1st of September they kept the British war and plunder vessels from descend- 
 
 ing the river. Meanwhile the batteries and the militia were strengthened hy 
 accessions of guns sent down from Washington and men from the neighboring coun- 
 try, and at times there was heavy fighting. Finally the war vessels, ten in number, 
 with an aggregate of one hundred and seventy-threo guns, brought their concentrated 
 
 ^X^>v^ /o Ccririyvui^ .fc^c^^"^ 
 
 Then flII the place 
 with liot tallow, so 
 that it will llioronjh- 
 '^ ly enter tlic pores of 
 tlic wood, and make 
 it impervious to wa- 
 ter. Tlien bore it 
 oiitas.iini.nndimtin 
 powder in flannel 
 cartridges. Overthc 
 powder p!ncc two 
 balls, and tlicr. pour 
 in melted tallow 
 again, so as to com- 
 pletely inclose the 
 powder. Over the 
 balls put a wad of 
 oakum, also covered at top with tallow. Beioro putting in the powder, a hole 
 must be made in the log, and a wire inserted so as to penetrate the cartridge, and 
 the hole then made water-tight. This wire was to extend to the shore. It was 
 to be a conductor of an electric spark to the po-vder. To secure the trees from 
 bursting with the powder explosion, they were to be hooped. The following are 
 the directions for the working of the torpedo, given by the projector: 
 
 t, a tree on the shore, serving as a mark by day, and having a lantern hanging 
 upon it by night. 2, position of a sentinel, who views an object on the water be- 
 tween himself and the tree 1 through a fixed tube, it, another tree, with a lantern 
 at night. 4, 6, C, 7, 8, other sentinels on the shore, who look through fixed lubes 
 upon tree number 3, their vision crossing that of sentinel number 2 at different 
 poaitlons. The circles in the channel of the river show the position of five tree torpedoes. Thus stationed, the differ- 
 ent sentinels would all see a vessel, as it crossed their vision between them and tree 3, at differ-jnt points. When the 
 sentinel at 4, 5, 0, 7, or 8 sees an object on his line of vision, he will immediately pull a cord to convey information of 
 the fact to number 2, and if, at the same time, that object covers the vision of the sentinel on line 1 and 2, the vessel 
 must be over one of the torpedoes. Then number 2, having in charge the electric wire, will communicate the spark to 
 the powder of the torpedo. 
 
 ' The loss sustained by the Alexandrians by the surrender of the city consisted of three shlpc, three brigs, several 
 small bay and river craft, 10,000 pounds of flour, 1000 hogsheads of tobacco, tBO bales of cotton, and $5000 worth of wines 
 and segurs. 
 
 • Commodore Rodgers was at Philadelphia when the British captured Washington. As early as the 20th he hod re- 
 ceived an order from the Secretary of the Navy to hasten to Washington with all the force under his command, lie 
 started with four hundred seamen and fifty marines armed with muskets, and four pieces of artillery (12-poHnders), bnt 
 before he reached Unltlmore he heard of the fall of the capital. At Baltimore he awaited farther orders.— Rodgers to 
 Winder— Autograph Letter among the Winder Papers. 
 
 ' Perry and Porter were in Baltimore at the time, and accompanied Rodgers to Washington. The former was In com- 
 mand of the frigate Java, recently launched at Baltimore. 
 
 F;l0-8IMILE OK DRAWINO OF 
 TOBPEDO. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 041 
 
 A Torpedo. 
 
 rms, and the inhabit- 
 j)Owei-lt'8s, and wito 
 orn the town iind tlic 
 ited himself hy burn- 
 cotton, and tobacco. 
 down the Potomac' 
 Ictermined to annoy, 
 icent of the Potomac. 
 3 the Secretary of tlic 
 hint to hasten to the 
 These were jjlac'cd 
 . Creighton.^ Armed 
 unction Avith the Vir- 
 8 were erected on tlic 
 lit Vernon, and on hi- 
 stream. Muskcteei's 
 en by District Vohin- 
 Beveral days from the 
 vessels from desccnd- 
 were strengthened by 
 the neighboring coun- 
 essels, ten in number, 
 Tht their concentrated 
 
 Then fill the pl.ice 
 with hot tallow, so 
 thnt it will thoron;.'!!- 
 
 '^ ly enter the pores of 
 
 tlie wooil, and make 
 it impcrvinns to wa- 
 ter. Then bore it 
 out ns'^in.andputin 
 powder in flannel 
 cartridges. Over the 
 powder place two 
 balls, and then pout 
 In melted tallow 
 again, so as to com- 
 pletely inclope the 
 powder. Over tlic 
 balls put a wad of 
 DUtting in the powder, ii hole 
 .0 penetrate the cartiidgc, and 
 extend to the shore. It was 
 To secure the trees from 
 )e hooped. The following arc 
 by the projector : 
 and having a lantern hanging 
 ws an object on the water be- 
 3, another tree, with a lantern 
 vho look through fixed lubes 
 lentinel number 2 at difTercnt 
 Thus stationed, the differ- 
 . difi"ennt points. When tlie 
 !ord to convey information of 
 lel on line 1 and 2, the vessel 
 ■ill communicate the spark to 
 
 — 7 
 
 — 6 
 S 
 
 ree shlpn, three brigs, several 
 :ton, and $5000 worth of wiues 
 
 LB early as the 2flth he had re- 
 rce under his command. He 
 of artillery (12-ponnder9), but 
 d farther orders.— Kodgers to 
 
 ■ton. The former was in com- 
 
 British Ships pass American Uatteries and escape. Visit to the Battle-ground at Bladensbnrg. Oak IIIll Cemetery. 
 
 power to bear upon Porter's battery at the " White House" and its bupports, and 
 drove all away. Perry's battery at Indian Head received like attention. His guns 
 were skillfully managed by Lieutenant (late Commodore) George C. Read ;' but 
 Perry, like Porter, overwhelmed by a vastly sui)erior force, was compelled to retire, 
 and allow the enemy, with his plunder, to pass on to Chesapeake Bay.^ 
 
 Tlius ended the invasion which resulted in the capture of Washington City, the de- 
 struction of its public buildings and navy yard, the surrender and plunder of Alexan- 
 dria, and the profound regret and humiliation of the American people.^ 
 
 I visited the theatre of many of the events described in this chapter, in the years 
 I860 and 1861. At the close of the former year I was in Washington City, on my 
 way southward to go over the region of tlie Creek War in Alabama* from the Ten- 
 nessee River to the Gulf of Mexico, and to view the grounds of conflict in the vicin- 
 ity of New Orleans. I was met there by a letter from a distinguished South Caro- 
 lina author, informing me that on a certain day a Convention would declare that 
 state seceded from the Union,* and advising me to defer my visit on account of the 
 excitement and confusion that must inevitably follow such revolutionary action. On 
 the day after receiving this letter," and while conversing with the ven- • Decemi-er 20, 
 erablo General Cass (who had lately left Mr. Buchanan's Cabinet in dis- ^**'**'- 
 
 gnst) at his own house, a messenger brought to him the startling intelligence of the 
 passage of the Ordinance of Secession by the South Carolina Conven- 
 
 '...,, December 20. 
 
 tion of politicians." I shall never forget the extreme sadness of counte- 
 nance, voice, and words of the eminent statesman after chat announcement. " I 
 hoped," he said, " to leave to my children, as an inheritance from patriotic men, a 
 united, prosperous, and happy country ; but all is over ! This is but the beginning 
 of the end!" 
 
 Tlie political finnament was so cloudy th.at I concluded to defer my visit to the 
 Gulf region until a more propitious time, and so I spent a week among the public 
 reccrds in the Departments at Washington, and in visiting the battle-ground at Bla- 
 densburg. I had the good fortune to go over that field of strife with the late John 
 C. Rives, whose residence, we have observed,^ was near the place where Barney fought 
 and fell. Beuig his guest for a day, we spent nearlj'^ the whole time in exploring the 
 battle-ground, and making the sketches on preceding pages. Not long afterward the 
 great Civil War broke out, and it was a year after the visit now considered before I 
 was again in the National capital in the prosecution of this work, when it was filled 
 with soldiery and all the paraphernalia of war. Accompanied by a young kins- 
 woman, I then visited localities of interest connected with the War of 1812 in and 
 around Washuigton City, at Baltimore, North Point, Havre do Grace, and other 
 places. 
 
 It ^^-as a bright day in November'' when we rode over to Oak Hill Ceme- ^ 
 tcry, near Georgetown, to visit the graves of General Towson and Commodore 
 Morris. It was 3, beautiful spot. The burial-pla(!es were spread over the slopes of a 
 broad ravine that went down to Piney Branch Creek, where the gentle murmur of a 
 small cascade was heard. The ground was covered with stately oaks, and among 
 them stood many commemorative monuments. I sketched those of Towson "nd Mor- 
 
 1 Commodore Read died at Philadelphia, v.hero he was Governor of the Naval Asylum, in August, 1863. 
 
 ' On the 6th of September twenty-six sail passed Point Lookout, and at four o'clock on the afternoon of the l)th 
 twenty-one ships, six brigs, and three smaller vessels were seen beating up the Chesapeake. — Autograph Letters from 
 Thomas Swann, at Point Lookout, among the Winder Papers. 
 
 ' The slight resistance offered to the invaders during their operations in the space of twelve days excited great sur- 
 prise, alarm, and indignation. They had been performed In the midst of n population most interested In the events, 
 sDd capable of furnishing at least 20,000 able-bcdied men for the defense of their homes and the National capUal. The 
 tatlonal honor required an investigation, and early in the next session of Congress a committee for that pnrpoee was 
 sppoirted by the House of Representatives. Their report exculpated the President and General Winder, but left Con- 
 gress and the people to form their own judgment from the facts presented. ♦ See Chapters XXIII and XXIV. 
 
 ' Tho writer was William Gilmoro Simms. His letter was dated December 13, 1860. " In ten days more," he wrote, 
 "South Carolina will have certainly seceded ; and in reasonable Interval after tlilB event, if the forts in our harbor are 
 not eurrendered to the state, they will be taken." ' See page 027. 
 
 \\ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 lii 
 
 ," 
 
 
042 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Kalorama. 
 
 Barlow'a Vault. 
 
 The Death of Decatur. 
 
 Van Kenaaeluer'it Letter. 
 
 ■IIIE UNKNOWN. 
 
 Klope, at the foot of which 
 was a circiUar plain of ten 
 or twelve acres, then beat- 
 en hard by the tread of 
 troops, for it had been 
 made a camp-groiind. On 
 the edT;e of this plain, 
 overlooking a steep slope 
 covered with oaks, was 
 the family vault of Mr. 
 Barlow,^ in which the 
 
 ris,' and a small uninscribed stone, witlt a cross upon it 
 near tiie latter, and tiieii we rode back, crossed I'liicy 
 Creek, and, a mile from (Jeorgetown, entered a pkasant 
 lane sliaded with oaks, that led to tiie beautiful mansion 
 of Kalorama, on the brow of a hill, which was oiiec tlic 
 residence of the eminent Joel IJarlow.'* At the time of 
 our visit it was used as a hospital for soldiers sick with 
 small-pox and measles. Uefore it was a gentle woodtil 
 
 KAl.UUASIA. 
 
 uaklow'h vault. 
 
 body of Commodore Decatur was laid on the 24th of 
 March, 1820, two days after he fell in a duel with Commodore Barron, nei\.' Bladciis- 
 burg.* It was followed to this tomb by a vast concourse of people, and was plactil 
 in it with military honors.® 
 
 We returned to Washington just as the stars were appearing. Early the next day 
 we rode out to the Congressional Burial-ground, which lies party upon a plain, ami 
 
 • A picture of Towson's appears on page 809, and Morris's on page 901. ' See pnjie 04 
 'On each side of the entrance door to the vau't was a white marble slab, suitably Inscribed. Commencing on one, and 
 
 running across to the other, are the words " Sacred to the repose of the dead and the meditation of the living." On the 
 left-hand slab we read : " Joel Barlow, Patriot, Poet, and Philosopher, lies burled at Zarowltch, Poland, where he dieii, 
 20th December, 1812, aged flfty-seveu years." 
 
 "Judith Baldwin Barlow, his wife, died 29th of May, 1818, aged sixty-two." 
 
 " Abraham Baldwiu, her brother, died a senator In Congress from Georgia, 4tb of March, 1807, aged fifty-two years. 
 nis memory needs no marble ; hU country is his monument ; the Constitution his greatest work." Mr. Baldwin was 
 a member Irom Georgia of the Convention that framed the National Constitution in 17ST. On the right-hand side arc 
 luscrlptions commemorative of the Bomford family. 
 
 * General Solomon Vau Beusselacr, then in Washington City, wrote as follows to Mrs. Van Rensselaer: 
 
 "Washington, March 50, ISM. 
 
 "Dear Habeiet,— I have only time, after writing to several, to say that an affair of honor took place this mornin; 
 between Commodores Decatnr and Barron, in which both fell at the first fire. The ball entered Decatur's body Hvi 
 inches above the hip, and lodged against the opposite side. I just came from his house. He yet lives, but wDl neve: 
 see another sun. Barron's wonnd is severe, but not dangerous. The ball struck the upper part of his hip, and turucil 
 to the rear. He Is mined in public estimation. The excitement Is very great." 
 
 On the following day Vau Rensselaer wrote of his death, and said : " His poor wife (they have no children) is dis- 
 tressed beyond expression. She would suflfer no one to be in her room, and, strange to say, she did not see him unlil 
 after his death." General Vau Rensselaer was misinformed, for she was present when he died. Mrs. Decatur surviwil 
 her husband about forty years. She died at Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, in ISOO. 
 
 » Decatur's remains were taken from his late residence in Washington City at four o'clock in the afternoon, and Iwmf 
 to Kalorama by the following officers : Commodores Tlngey, Macdoiiongh, Rodgers, and Porter, Captains Cassln, Bal- 
 lard, and Chauncey, Generals Brown and Jesup, and Lieutenant M'Phersim. The funeral was attended by iicnrly all 
 the public functionaries in Washington, American and foreign, and a great rumber of citlzeus. While the processiuu 
 was moving, minnte-gans were fired ut the navy yard. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 043 
 
 Van Keniaelaer's Letter. 
 
 with a cross upon it, 
 I back, crossed I'iiuy 
 '11, entered a pliasant 
 the beautiful iniuisidn 
 , which was oiu'e tlic 
 ow.'* At the time of 
 for soldiers sick with 
 was a gentle woodwl 
 
 The CniiKreailonBl BuryluK-Kround. 
 
 A Visit to Fort WuhiiiKtoD. 
 
 Departure rrom the NatlonI Otpttal.' 
 
 1 laid on the 24tli of 
 
 Barron, nciw Bladcns- 
 
 people, and was placed 
 
 Early the next day 
 >arty upon a plain, ami 
 
 » See pnfrc M. 
 ■Ibecl. CommencinK on one, anfl 
 cditntion of tliclivlnj:." On the 
 irowitch, Poland, where he dW, 
 
 larch, 180T, aged fifty-two years. 
 eatcst work." Mr. Baldwin was 
 :ST. On the right-hand side are 
 
 rs. Van Rensselaer: 
 Washington, March £0, 1S20. 
 
 honor took place this morniii? 
 ball entered Decatur's body Hfo 
 ise. He yet lives, but will never 
 
 pper part of his hip, and turned 
 
 K (they have no children) Is dif- 
 to say, she did not see him until 
 ho died. Mrs. Decatur survivcil 
 in ISCO. 
 
 :lock In the afternoon, and home 
 nd Porter, Captains Cassiu.Bal 
 lernl was attended by nearly all 
 • citizens. While the processiou 
 
 l)iirtly upon an uneven slope toward the Anacostia, or East- 
 ern Hraiicii of the Potonitic. It contains many beautiful 
 moiiunients, and also monotonous rows of small marble cen- 
 (itiiplis erected to the memory of members of Congress who 
 r died while representatives 
 
 of districts, but who were 
 not buried there. Anionij: the 
 most elaborately wrought of 
 the tine monuments is that 
 of Elbridgc (icrry, who died 
 
 suildenly while he was Vice-President of the United 
 States.' It is of white marble, about thirteen feet in 
 height, with a netit iron railing around it.^ ./vfter 
 sketching this monument and those of several other 
 distinguished ])ublic servants, we returned to the 
 city, and ])as8ed the evening pleasantly with Colonel 
 C. S. Todd, one of (leneral Harrison's staft" in the 
 War of 1812, already mentioned,^ and the late ven- 
 erable Elisha Whittlesey, Comptroller of the Nation- 
 til Treasury, who was also an active jiarticipant in 
 the Second War for Independence.' 
 
 Having procured a special letter of permission 
 from General M'Clellan, we st.-yted for old Fort 
 Wasliington, twelve miles down the Potomac, on 
 the following morning, accompr.nied by Mr. Samuel 
 Yorke At Lee, Librarian of the Treasury I)e])art- 
 ment. Beyond Cue Potomac, from Arlington Heights 
 to Alexandria and below, we saw the white tents of 
 At Fort Washington, v.'hich stands upon the high 
 bank of the Potomac, on the Maryland side, at the mouth of the T'jscatiiway Cret'., 
 we were courteously received by Major Haskin, the comtrande- jf the garrison ; and 
 while making the sketch seen on page 939, we heard the heavy guns of the Confeder- 
 ates, Avho then blockaded the Potomac. It was twilight Avhen we returned to Wash- 
 ington City. At an early hour tl-.o next morning we crossed the Long Bridge into 
 Virginia, m.ade a journey of almost twenty miles among camps and forts in the vicin- 
 ity of the National capital, and returned to Washington at dusk. On Monday morn- 
 ing we departed for Baltimore, to visit places of historic interest there and in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 ' Mr. Gerry was boarding at the house of Mrs. Wilson, and was on his way from there to the Capitol when the death- 
 Eummons came to him in the street. At his ftincral his body was taken from Mrs. Wilson's to the hall of the House 
 of Representatives In charge of a committee of arrnngcments. From there it was conveyed to the Congressional Bury- 
 ing-g;round by Messrs. Tallmadge, Macon, Browcr, Sevier, Wright, Findicy, Nelson, and Brighum, chosen pall-bearcrs, 
 fallowed by all the public functionaries in Washington, domestic and foreign. 
 
 ' Mr. Gerry was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and had ever been conspicuous In public life. 
 The following is a copy of tlie inscription on his monument : Eaiit Siile—" The tomb of Ei.»nti)OK Gkbrv, Vice-President 
 of the United States, who died suddenly In this city, on his way to the Cai)ltol as Pre.<ident of the Senate, November 23d, 
 ISU, aged seventy, thus fulfllling ills own memorable injunction,* It is the duty of every citizen, though he may have 
 lint one day to live, to devote that day to the good of his country.' " West Side—" Erected by order of the Conurees 
 of the United States, 1823." ' See page 648. « See page 341. 
 
 Note.— In the smaller section of the map on page 929 are figures which Indicate the iiosition Ok certain troops, as fol- 
 lows: 6, Second Regiment, of Smith's brigade; 0, Major Peter's battery; 7, Mn.|or Warlng's battnlion; fi, Scott's rcgn- 
 lars; 9, companies of Stull and Davids(m ; 10, Ragan's regiment: 11, Schntz's; 12, Fifth Baltimore Regiment; 13, 
 Bnrch's artillery ; IC, militia and riflemen ; 17, Baltimore artillery ; 20, the British. 
 
 I I 
 
 okkuv'h mondmsnt, 
 
 various military encampments, 
 
 lli'Sj' i 
 
 H;;^:r 
 
.■; 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 f' 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1'' 
 
 044 
 
 PICTOlilAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Brltlih tn CbeMpcnke Day. 
 
 An Atuek on 8t. MIchMl'f 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 "The eon'rnl (jave orders for the troop* to mnrrh down. 
 
 To meat tho proud Hdhh, nnd to chock Mo nmblliou; 
 To tiiform him w« have dccrcnd In our town 
 
 Thiit hrre he cnn't enter without our pcrmUiilon. 
 And If life he rettnrdn, he will not preKH too hard, 
 For Hiiltlniorc frflenicn iire ever prepared 
 To check the prcRuniptuoua, whoever they be, 
 That may raahly attempt tu ovado our decree."— Old Bono. 
 
 \ALTIM0RE was menaced while Washington was assailed. In- 
 deed, the whole coast of tho ChoHapeako Bay, front its mouth to 
 the Patapsco, wa.s continually harassed by the invaders diirin<; 
 August and September, 1814. "Whenever a favorable oppor- 
 tunity presented itself," wrote a British officer who participated 
 in the capture of Washington, " parties landed, plundered or de- 
 stroyed the government stores, and brought off all the shipiiinir 
 which could be reached. In a word," he says, with great cuiidor, 
 "the hostilities carried on in tlie Chesapeake resembled the expeditions cf tlie aii- 
 ciont Danes against Great Britain ratlier than a modern war between civilized na- 
 tions." He added, "But these hasty excursions, though generally successful, were 
 not always performed Avithout loss to the invaders."' We will hero record two 
 events in proof of the truth of the last observation, in which tho courage and spirit 
 of the M.aryl.and militia were very conspicuous. 
 
 Among other places on the Chesapeake which received special attention from the 
 British was the little village of St. Michael's, in Talbot County, on the eastern shore 
 of the bay. It was founded by ship-builders, and was famous as the place wiiore 
 most of the swift-sailing priva'.eers, called " Baltimore clij)per8," were constructed. 
 At the time in question seven of these wene on the stocks there. Cockburn, the ma- 
 rauder, determined to destroy them, the ship-yards, and the town. Intimation of iiis 
 intentions had been received at the village, and the veteran General Derry Benson, 
 commander of the militia of Talbot County, prepared to receive them. He construct- 
 ed two batteries, one at tho entrance to the harbor or creek, mounting three Opoiind- 
 ers and one long 9-pounder, and the other on an emincnue in front of the town, armed 
 with two 6-pounders. 
 
 Two companies from Easton, and two or three from the adjacent country, were 
 called to the defense of St. Michael's, numbering in the aggregate about three hun- 
 dred souls. They were in readiness for some time, AVJiiting for the invaders. They 
 appeared oarly in August," in a small squadron, that entered Eastern Bay be- 
 tween the Talbot County main" and Kent Island. Between midnight and the 
 dawn of the 11th, while the darkness was intensifi ,1 by thick clouds, they made their 
 way in eleven barges (each armed with a 6-poun(I field-piece), with oars muffled, so 
 secretly that the booming of their cannon was the Irst intimation the Americans re- 
 ceived of their near presence. The Maryl.inders were a little surprised, yet they be- 
 haved most gallantly. They returned the fi/e with spirit from the lower battery. 
 Tlie 9-pounder was in charge of Captain William Dodson, of St. Michael's, and did 
 terrible execution. He had literally crammed it with grape and canister shot, nnd 
 ' Campaign* of WathingUm and Nem Orleans, by the Hev. Q. K. Qleig. See page 981. 
 
 • 1814. 
 
 i.r,\^ 
 
n Atuck on Bt. MIchtel'P 
 
 1 was aHsaile<l. In- 
 , from Uh mouth to 
 he invaders duriii;^ 
 a favorable o]i|)or- 
 ar who participated 
 !(1, phuulored or dp- 
 off all the Hhii)]iini,' 
 i, with great candor, 
 peditions cf the an- 
 ['tween civilized na- 
 illy Bucccssfiil, were 
 ill hero record two 
 courago and spirit 
 
 1 attention from the 
 )n the eastern siiore 
 as the place wliore 
 ' were constructed. 
 
 Cockburn, the ma- 
 Intimation of his 
 iieral Dcrry Benson, 
 lem. He construct- 
 iiting three O-pound- 
 
 of the town, armed 
 
 Lcent country, were 
 ke about three hun- 
 the invaders. They 
 ted Eastern Bay be- 
 Jn midnight and the 
 lids, they made their 
 >ith oai-8 muffled, so 
 In the Americans re- 
 l-prised, yet they be- 
 the lower battery 
 . Michael's, and did 
 canister s hot, and 
 
 I page 98T. 
 
 OF THE WAR UF 18 12. 
 
 948 
 
 1'h« I>ef«DM of Bt. Iltellli«rs. 
 
 Bsplolti of Sir Pttw Parker. 
 
 lufHinnaii Cimduct of Admiral Cuckbnm, 
 
 ' 1814. 
 
 being well acquainted with every foot of the locality, ho know precisely, by soundB, 
 where to (ire most eftectively in the gloom. The invadoi>, under cover of their heavy 
 guns, had landed in a campaet body for the purpose of storming the batteries, and 
 whun Dodson opened his great gun ujx)!! them, a wide swathe was cut tlirough tiieir 
 Hue. Nineteen of the British were killed, aiul many were wounc'ed. Tin- Ameri- 
 eans, fimling themselve" outiMind>ered, fled to the upper battery, whose guns, worked 
 liy C!i])taiiis Viekers and Auld, kejit up a eontintuu's tire on the foe. The fight con- 
 tinued until daylight, when the Britisli fle<l to their boats and abandoned the enter- 
 |irise. They had spiked the guns in the lower battery, and this was the |»rinei| al 
 lo,«s sustained by the* Americans.' St. Miriiaers and its siiip-yards were savetl by the 
 gallantry of a few spirited militia, and no attempt to enter its harbor was ever afler- 
 v.ard made by a British arme<l vessel. It is yet a flourishing town of about eight 
 liundred people, surrounded by fertile land and deep estuaries of the Clx'sapeake. 
 
 Soon after the expulsion of the invaders from St. Michael's, Sir Peter Parker, of the 
 Royal Navy, appeared in the Upper Chesapeake for the purpose of patrolling its wa- 
 ters and blockading the harbor of Baltimore with two vessels iinder his command, 
 while Cochrane, and Ross, and Cockburn were penetrating the country to Washing- 
 ton. His flag-ship was the frigate Menelaiw, 38, and his deportnu-nt was so haughty, 
 and his acts, under the direction of his superior, Cockburn, were so cruel,'^ that the 
 Americans became greatly exasperated, lie frequently sent parties ashore to plun- 
 der and destroy private as well as public prcperty, and he swept domestic commerce 
 from the bay. He boasted to his 8n})eriors that during the month of his blockading 
 service not a single American boat crossed the waters of the Chesapeake. 
 
 On the fall of Washington Sir Peter was ordered to proceed down the bay. " I 
 must first have a frolic with the Yankees," he said.^ Accordingly, on the night of 
 the 30th of August," after a jolly dinner with his oflieers, and Indulgence in 
 drinking; .and dancing, he proceeded to engjvge in tlie sport. He had been in- 
 formed that a body of Maryland militia were encamped at Moorfields, near th.e George- 
 town Cross Koads, on the eastern shore of Maryland (not far from Chestertown), anu 
 he prepared to surprise them. They were loss than two hundred in number, under 
 the vigilant Colonel Read, who was fully apprised of the movement. 
 
 The Menelaus ran into one of the numerous estuaries, and at eleven clock at night 
 landed a force of seamen and marines, armed with muskets, pikes, and cutlasses. 
 
 1 rommnnlcatloiiB to the author by Mesers. Dr. Ooldsborongh, M. Spencer, and William H. Qroome, of Easton.Mnry- 
 liind, in Miirch, ISuO. 
 
 » A British ofBccr, who gerved with Cockbnm and Parker, publlehed ennie spicy sketches of his experience in nM- 
 rmidliig expeditions along the shores of the Chesapeake. He relates one, commanded by Cockbiirn In person, wfUi 
 Parker and General Ross as " amateurs," as he expresses it. The object was, he says, " to destroy a factory village, 
 wliich was not only the abode of innocent labor, but likewise the resort of some few militiamen guilty of the unnatar>U 
 fin of defending their own county." Their apr .. *i being known, all but women and children had fled fl-om the town. 
 "We therefore," he says, "most valiantly set fl' o the unprotected property, notwithstanding the tears of the wom- 
 en, and, like a parcel of savages, as we were, we d -ced round the wreck of ruin." The excuse was the necessity of re- 
 tallntion for the destruction of Newark, In Oanadii. See pages 034 and 932. " Eveiy house," uc continues, "which we 
 conld by ingenuity vote Into the residence of a military man, was burned." He then gives an account of scones at a 
 dwellln^-house neor the beach which they surrounded. "Like midnight murderers," he says, "we cautiously ap- 
 proached the house. The door was open, and we unceremoniously intruded ourselves upon three young ladies sitting 
 quietly at teo. Sir George Cockburn, Sir Peter Parker, and myself enterml the room rather suddenly, and a simultane- 
 ons fcream was our welcome." Sir George, he said, was austere, but Sir < ;ter " was the handsomest man In the navy," 
 and to the latter the ladles appealed. Cockbnm told them that he knew their father to be an American officer — a col- 
 onel of militia, and that his duty being to bum their house, he gave them ten minutes for removing what they most de- 
 fired to save. The youncr womeu, on their knees, begged the admiral to spare their house. " The youngest, a girl of 
 flxtcen, and lovely ijeyoiid the general beauty of those parts, threw herself at Sir Peter's feet, and prayed him to inter- 
 fere. The tears started from his eyes in a moment, and I was so bewildered at the afflicting scene that I appeared to 
 fee Ihrongh a thick mist." Cockburn was unmoved, with his watch on the table, measuring the fleeting minutes. The 
 other girls were In tears, and asking for mercy. Sir Peter had opened his lips to plead for them, when the brutal Cock- 
 ^bnrn stopped him, and ordered men to bring the flre-balls. "Never shall I forget the despair of that moment. Poor 
 ' Sir Peter wept like a child, while the girl clung to his knees and Impeded his retreat. The admiral walked ont with 
 his usnal haughty stride, followed by the two elder girls, who vainly implored him to countermand the order. In a mo- 
 ment the house was in flames. " We retreated from the scene of ruin, leaving the three daughters gazing at the work 
 o( destruction, which made the innocent houseless and th-s affluent beggars By the li?ht of that honse we em- 
 harked and retumed on board. It was a scene which impressed itself apou my heart, and which my memory and my 
 liand anwUUngly recall and publish." ' Niles's Wetkbj RegitUr, vii., 11. 
 
 30 
 
 II 
 
 
 ' ! 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 !i 
 
 ••lit 
 
 ^ 
 
 
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Death of Sir Peter Parker. 
 
 The Britlnh Fleet in the Chesapeake. 
 
 The mo(>n was shining brightly. Stealth- 
 ily they moved forward, and fell furi- 
 ously upon the Marylanders, who were 
 in battle order to receive them. A fierce 
 conflict of an hour ensued, when the in- 
 vaders, repulsed, fled back to their frig- 
 ate, leaving thirteen dead and three 
 wounded on the field. Among those 
 mortr.lly hurt was the gallant Sir Peter, 
 a brave and generous Irishman, descend- 
 ed from Archbishop Parker and Admiral 
 Byron, and then only twenty-eight years 
 of age. He was at the head of his men, 
 cheering them on, when a musket-bali 
 cut *V.e main artery in his thigh. " They 
 have hit me, Peaice," he said to his first 
 lieutenant, " but it is nothing ; push on, 
 my bravo boya, and folio%v me !'' He 
 attempted to cheer, but his voice failed 
 him. He fell in the arms of Pearce, and 
 ' efore he could be conveyed to the frig- 
 ate or receive surgical aid he bled to 
 death. ' The invaders fled to their ship, 
 and the Mcnelaus sailed down the bay. 
 
 Sir Peter's body was preserved in spirits and sent to England, and on the 14th of 
 May, 1815, it was deposited in the family vault in St. Margaret's Church, West- 
 minster.^ 
 
 Let us now observe the movements of the British army and navy, under General 
 Ross and Admiral Cochrane, after the flight of the former from the smoking ruins of 
 Washington City. 
 
 We left the invaders re-embarked on their vessels in the Patuxent. They re- 
 mained tlier« several days to rest, recruit, and make provision for their wounded. 
 These were placed on board vessels, and sent, some to Halifax and others to England 
 and by the Iphigenia dispatches were sent to the home government. Preparacions 
 were made in the mean time for other oflensive operations. At daybreak on ihe 
 eih of September the whole fleet weighed anchor, and stood toward the Chesapeake 
 with a fair wind. Down that bay they sailed, ana on the morning of the Vth entered 
 the Potomac. For two days they moved up that stream to assist Gordon in his 
 operations against Fort Washington and .Jexandria. Hearing of his success, they 
 • September 9, turned,* hastened back to the Chesapeake and stood for the mouth of 
 IS"- the Patapsco,'' spreading terror along the entire coasts of the bay. TIio 
 
 " September 10. pgopig ^^^ ft-om their dwellings and the villages with their most valued 
 property that might be carried away, and at every light-house and .ugnal-statioii 
 alarm guns were fired. On Sunday, the 11th, they entered the Pat ipsco with fifty 
 
 > Dallne'e Bioijraphieal Memoir of Sir Peter I'arker, Barf. 
 
 » Sir Peter Parker w;ib a son of Admiral Christopher Parker, and first cousin of the eminent poet, Lord Byron. Hi- 
 i.iherlted from his f.ther a love of the naval service, and fl-om his mother much personal beauty. He was educated ai 
 Westminster Sch.)ol, and entered the navy at the age of thirteen years, with his grandfather. Sir Peter Parker, who fom- 
 manded the British fleet at Charleston in the summer of 1T78. He rose rapidly In hlf, profession under Lord Nelsnii. 
 Earl St. Vincent, and others, and in 1810 he wag made commander of the MimeUiuK, a new ship, in which he performed 
 gallant service. He accompanied Admiral Malcolm to Bermuda in the spring of 1814, and -vith him went with hi' 
 frigate to the Chesapeake, whefe, as thj text relates, he lost Ms life. His body was flijt conveyed to Bcrmnda, and 
 there received the honors cf a public funeral. It was afterward conveyed In the same vessel (the Hcbrxui) to Kngland. 
 apd was again burled with a public funeral. Lord Byror. wrote r poetic eulogy of S'r Peter. HIg ft'lend, and one of the 
 chief mourners at his ftineral, wrotfl a touching Biographical Memoir of him, dedicated to his wife, from which the 
 above portrait, fl-om a painting by Hoppner, of the Royal Academy, woa copied. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 947 
 
 Fleet In the Chesapeake. 
 
 BaltiiTiore threatened. 
 
 Exasperation against it. 
 
 General Samuel Smith. 
 
 1, and on the 14tli of 
 ravet's Church, West- 
 navy, under General 
 le smoking ruhis of 
 
 Patuxent. They re- 
 n for their wounded. 
 nd others to England, 
 nment. Prcparacions 
 At daybreak on ihe 
 ward the Chesapeake 
 ling of the 7th entered 
 assist Gordon in his 
 jg of his success, they 
 ood for the mouth of 
 oasts of the bay. The 
 ith their most valued 
 se and .xignal-statiou 
 le Pat ipsco with fifty 
 
 imtnent poet, Lord Byron. n> 
 1 beauty- He was educated at 
 MX, Sir Peter Parlter, who corn- 
 profession under Lord Nelson 
 » ship, in which he per ormet 
 
 4, and vdth him went with hl» 
 vjt conveyed to Bermuda, ami 
 reasel (the ff«bn«) to hnRland, 
 ter. His friend, and one of je 
 I to Ws wife, from winch tbc 
 
 sail of vessels, bearing at least six thousand fighting men, for the purpose of attack- 
 ing Baltimore. The victorious Ross, elated by his good fortune, had boasted that he 
 would make that fine city of forty thousand inhabitants (one fifth negroes) his win- 
 ter quarters. 
 
 Saltimoro stands on the Patapsco River, ten miles from the Chesapeake. Tlie har- 
 bor is entered by a narrow strait, commanded by Fort M'llenry, 'vhich stood there 
 at the lime we are considering. The growth of the city had been extremely rapid. 
 
 In 1814 it was the third in population, 
 and fourth in wealth and commerce, in 
 the United States. 
 
 Intelligence of the capture of Wash- 
 ington, created intense excitement in 
 Baltimore. It was believed that the 
 victorious Ross would fall upon it im- 
 mediately, either by land or water; and 
 the V3teran soldier of the Revolution, 
 General Samuel Smith,' renewed his ex- 
 ertions for the defense of the city, and 
 Annapolis, the political capital of Mary- 
 land. That v'igilant officer had been 
 active ever since the first appearance 
 of danger in the spring of 1813, when a 
 British squadron appeared in tlie Ches- 
 apeake. It was well known that the 
 enenriy felt great exasperation toward 
 the I'altimoreans because they had sent 
 out so many swift " clipper-built" ves- 
 sels and expert seamen to smite terri- 
 bly the commerce of Great Britain on 
 the high seas. " It is a doomed town," 
 declared Vice-admiral Warren. " The 
 American navy must be annihilated," 
 said a London paper; his arsenals and 
 dock -yards must be consumed, and 
 
 ' Samuel Smith was born in Lancaster County, PcniiBvlvania, July 2T, 1T52. Hia education, commenced at Carlisle, 
 was completed at an academy at Elltton, in Maryland, after his father made Baltimore his place of residence. lie was 
 in his father's counting-house five years, and thcu, in 1TT2, sailed for Havre in one of his father's vessels as supercargo. 
 Having traveled extensively in Europe, he returned home to find his countrymen in the midst of the excitements of 
 tlic opening' of tlie Revolutionary hostilities. The battles of Lexington, Concord, and Banker Hill bad been fought. 
 Fired with patriotic zeal, he sought to serve 
 his country in the army, and In January,lITO, 
 obtained a captaln'r- commission in Colonel 
 Sraallwood's regiment. He was soon after- 
 ward promoted to the ranlt of major, and 
 early In 1777 he received n lieutenant colo- 
 nel's commission. In that capacity he served 
 with distinction in the bfittlus of Brandywine 
 and Fort Mifflin, suflfcred at Valley Forge, 
 and participated in the action on the plains 
 of Monmouth. For his gallantry at Fort 
 Mifflin, Congress voted him thanks and a 
 sword. At the close of the war he was ap- 
 pointed a brigadier general of militia, and 
 commanded the Maryland quota of troops 
 In the " Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylva- 
 nia. He served as major general In the War 
 of 181?, anO commanded the troops assembled 
 for the defense of Baltimore in 1S14. At that 
 period he was spending much of his time at 
 his elevaut country-seat of Mit/ifeMdi, north 
 01 Baltimore, which is yet (1307) standing 
 
 MONTItl;KI.I,0. 
 
 During a riot In Baltimore in 1$S6, when the civil power was Inadequate to 
 
 1 1 
 
 m 
 
 \m 
 
I 
 
 mil 
 
 
 948 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Preparations for the Defense of Baltimore in 1813 and 1814. 
 
 Patriotism of tlie Cilizcng, 
 
 ' 1818. 
 
 the truculent inhabitants of Baltimore must be tamed with the weapons which shook 
 the wooden turrets of Copenhagen." 
 
 So early as the 13th of April, 1813, the City Councils of Baltimore appropriated 
 twenty thousand dollai's to be used for the defense of the city, under the direction of 
 the mayoi', Edward Johnson, and seven other citizens, who were named as a Com- 
 mittee of Supply.' The gc .ernor of the State (Levin Vfinder) also called an extra- 
 ordinary session of the Legislature, to meet at Annapolis on the third Monday in 
 May. Meanwhile a rumor reached the city that the enemy were approaching, aiid 
 within a few hours at least five thousand armed men were found i?i their proper 
 places, and several companies of militia from the country came pouring into Balti- 
 more. Several persons Avere arrested as traitors and spies. These deraonstritions 
 of preparation and power undoubtedly saved the city from assault at that time. 
 Very soon afterward, Strieker's brigade, and other military bodies in the city, full 
 five thousand strong, with forty pieces of artillery, were reviewed. At the beginning 
 of June a batt'jry was erected at Fort M'PIeury for the marine artillery of Baltimore 
 one hundred and sixty in number, under Captain George Stiles, and composed of mas 
 ters and master's-mates of vessels there It was armed with 42-pounders.2 
 
 In September* the British fleet went to sea, and Baltimore enjoyed a season 
 of repose. The blockaders, as we have observed, reappeared in the Chesa- 
 peake in the spi-ing of 1814, and all tLe summer and early autumn infested its wa- 
 ters, during which time occurred the destructive invasion recorded in the preceding 
 chapter, when every thing that could be done by vigilant men for the safety of Bal- 
 timore was accomplishe(?. A Committee of Vigilance and Safety, of which Mayor 
 Johnson was Chairman, aiid Theodore Bland was secretaiy, co-operated unceasingly 
 with General Smith and the military. On the 27th of August, three days after the 
 capture of Washington, that committee called upon the citizens to organize into 
 working parties, and to contribute implements of labor for the purpose of increasing 
 the strength of the city defenses. The city was divided into four sections, and the 
 people of each 'abored alternately on the fortifications. The exempts from military 
 service and free colored men were required to assemble fof labor, with provisions for 
 a day, at Hempstead Hill (equally well known as Loudenslager's Hill), on Sunday, 
 the 28th of September ; at Myer Garden on Monday ; at Wasliington Square on Tues- 
 day ; and at the intersection of Eutaw and Market Streets on Wednesday. Eoch 
 portion, comprising a section, was under the command of appointed superintendents. 
 The response of the citizens in men and money was quick, cordial, and ample ; and 
 volunteers to work on the fortifications came from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vii- 
 ginia. By the 1 0th of September General Winder was in Baltimore, with all the forces 
 of the Tenth Military District at his command. 
 
 The principal fortifications constructed by the people consisted of a long line on 
 Hempstead, or Loudenslager's Hill, now the site of Patterson Park. At proper dis- 
 tances several semiaircular batteries were constructed, well mounted with cannon and 
 
 qnell the violence of the mob, the aged generrl, then oigtity-fonr years old, appeared in the streets with the United 
 i'tates fliig, placed himself at the head of peaceful citiaMins, and very soon restored order and tranquillity. In the an- 
 tnmn of that year he was elected mayor of the city, which office he held until his death on the 2'id of April, iS.tn, at thr 
 age of eighty-seven years. General Smith waj elected a representative In Congress In 1793, and served until 1803. He 
 was again elected in 1816, and served six years longer. He was also a member of the TTnlted States Senate for a period 
 of twenty-three years. The portrait on the preceding page is from a painting in possession of his son, Qenernl Jnliii 
 Spear Smith, who was his volunteer ald-de-camp during the defense of Bnltimnre In 1S14. It was painted by iJlllicit 
 Stuart when the general was about forty-flve years of age. lie is in the uniform of a miOcr general of that day (1791). 
 and shows the Order of thi Cincinnati suspended from a button-hole. 
 
 1 These were James Hosher, Luke Tiernan, Henry Payson, Dr. J. C. White, James A. Bnchannan, Samuel Sterett, and 
 Thorndike Gha«e. 
 
 « This corjffl was celebrated for its gallantry. Dr Martin (see note 1, page 928) says, in his MS. Reminiscences before 
 me, that when he was atBladensburg, the British officers, who were expecting re-enforcements for Winder from Ball!- 
 more, " were particularly anxious about the marine ar'Jllery— the material of which it was c.imposed, the weight of 
 pietal, number of men, etc. I exaggerated the condition of its ability to do effective service," he said, "and I coiifldent- 
 ly believe that, had they been part of our force at Bladensburg, we would have succeeded In driving back the enemy, It 
 not lu capturing the whole force, for I never eaw men so completely exhausted as were the foe." 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 049 
 
 airlotism of the Cillitns, 
 
 ipoDS which shook 
 
 nore appropriated 
 er the direction of 
 
 named as a Com- 
 80 called an extra- 
 3 third Monday in 
 3 approaching, and 
 ind in tlielr proper 
 pouring into Balti- 
 ese deraonstrntions 
 sault at that time, 
 ies in the city, full 
 At the beginning' 
 tillery of Baltimore 
 id composed of mas 
 lounders.^ 
 ire enjoyed a season 
 jared in the Chesa- 
 imn infested its wa- 
 led in the preceding 
 or the safety of Bal- 
 3ty, of which Mayor 
 •perated unceasingly 
 three days after the 
 3n8 to organize into 
 lurpose of increasing 
 )ur sections, and the 
 [empts from military 
 
 ', with provisions for 
 
 [r's Hill), on Sunday, 
 
 ton Square on Tues- 
 
 Wednesday. Enr-h 
 
 ited superintendents, 
 ial, and ample ; ami 
 
 ,, Maryland, and Vir- 
 
 ,ro,with all the forces 
 
 3d of a long line on 
 [ark. At proper dis- 
 Ited with cannon and 
 
 1 the streets with the United 
 land tranqumUy. lu the an- 
 il the Md of April, 1S39, nt t>.r 
 la, and served until 1803. Ho 
 led States Senate for a period 
 Won of his son, General .lohii 
 u. It was painted by Oillici; 
 Icr general of that day (ITO^. 
 
 Ichannan, Samnel Sterett, ord 
 
 his MS. Bemlniecences before 
 ments for Winder from Bait!- 
 Us cimposed, the weight ot 
 ie," he said, " and I confldent- 
 Iln driving back the enemy, H 
 le toe." 
 
 Fortifications at Baltimore. 
 
 Troops for Defense, and their Uispositlon. 
 
 ably manned, some of them by volunteer artillery companies of Baltimore, but chiefly 
 by men-of-war's men, about twelve hundred in number, under the general command 
 of Commodore Rodgers. The spaces between these batteries were filled with mili- 
 tia. One of the larger of these bastions, known as Rodgers's Bastion, may now (1807) 
 
 ilUUOEBS's BASTION.' 
 
 be seen, well preserved, on the harbor side of Patterson Park, and overlooking Fort 
 M'Henry and the region about it. Four of the smaller batteries on this line M'orc ui 
 charge of officers of the Cruerriere and Erie, the former then lying in Baltimore Har- 
 bor.^ 
 
 A brigade of Virginia Volunteers and of regular troops, including a corps of cav- 
 alry under Captain Bird, were placed under the command of General Winder ; the 
 City Brigade of Baltimore was commanded by General Strieker ; and the general 
 management of the entire military force destined \ov the defense of the city was in- 
 trusted to General Smith. Fort M'Henry was garrisoned by about one thousand 
 me:i, volunteers and regulars, commanded by Major George Armistead. To the right 
 of ii, guarding the shores of the Patapsco. on the I'erry Branch, from the landing of 
 troops who might endeavor to assail the city in the rear, were two redoubts, named 
 respectively Fort Covington, and City, or Babcock Battery. The former was manned 
 by a detachment of seamen under Lieutenant Newcorab, and the latter — a 6-gun bat- 
 tery — by another detachment from Barney's flotilla under Sailing-master John A. 
 Webster. In the rear of these, upon high ground, at the end of Light Street, near the 
 present Fort Avenue, was an unfinished circular redoubt for seven guns, in charge of 
 Lieutenant (Seorge Budd. On Lazaretto Point, across the entrance channel to Bal- 
 timore Harbor, opposite Fort M'Henry, was also a small battery, in charge of Lieu- 
 tenant Rutter, of the flotilla. To these several batteries, and to Fort M'Henry, the 
 citizens of Baltimore looked most confidently for defense.' 
 
 Such were the most important?preparationa for the reception of the enemy, when, 
 on Sunday evening, the 11th of September, they were seen at the mouth of the Pa- 
 
 < This view Is f^om one sidt of the bastion, looking toward the harbor. On the point on the right is seen Fort 
 M'Henry. The point opposite Is Lazaretto Point. 
 
 ' These were Lieutenant Onmblc, the first of the Gturriere, Midshipman Field, Sailing-master Hamate, and Mldchlp- 
 man Salter, of the same vessel, and Sailing-master Dc la Roche, of the Erie 
 
 ' Letter of Commodore Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, September 28,1814; Letter of Sailing-master (now Cap- 
 tain) John A. Webster to Brantz Mayer, Esq., Jtil; 22, 18SS, 
 
 I i 
 
 [till 
 
 ■ ' i 
 
 t |.,|f I 
 
 
t':! 
 
 
 hi 
 
 
 960 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 "'i 
 
 The British land at North Point. Preparations for advancing on Baltimore. General Strieker sent to oppose then. 
 
 tapsco, in strong force, preparing to land at North Point, twelve miles from Balti- 
 more by Avater, and fifteen miles by land. Off that point the fleet anchored that 
 evening. The night was a delightful one. The air was balmy, and the full moon 
 shone brightly in a cloudless sky. The sarth was refreshed by vhe falling of a heavy 
 dew. The fleet lay two miles from the shore. Brief repose was given to its people, 
 • September 12, for, at two o'clock in the morning," the boats of every sliip were low- 
 1814. ered, and then the land troops and scan, n went to the shore, under cover 
 
 of several gun-brigs anchored within a cable's length of the beach. The boats went 
 in divisions, and the leading one of each was armed with a carronade ready for actioii. 
 
 At about seven o'clock in tlie morning, General Ross and Admiral Cockburn were 
 on shore, with a force nine thousand strong, composed of five thousand land tioops, 
 two thousand marines, and two thousand seamen, led by Captain E. Crofton. They 
 were furnished with cooked provisions sufiicient for three days. Each combatant 
 bore eighty rounds of ammunition, and carried as little baggage as possible, for they 
 were to march rapidly and take Baltimore by surprise, where Ross had boasted that 
 he should eat his Sunday dinner. At the same time, a frigate was sent to try the 
 depth and take the soundings of the channel leading to Baltimore, as the navy, under 
 the immediate command of Captain Nourse, of Cockburn's flag-ship Severn, was to 
 co-operate wi' h the arif y. Intelligence of these movements produced great alarm in 
 Baltimore. A large number of families, with portable articles of value, were sent uito 
 the interior of the country, and every inn, for almost a hundred miles northward of 
 the city, was crowded with the refugees. 
 
 When it was known tnat the Britisli fleet was anchor- 
 ed ofl" North Point, General Smith, who had about nine 
 thousand troops under his command, sent General Striek- 
 er' with three thousand two hundred in that direction 
 to watch the movements of the enemy and act as circum- 
 stances might warrant. He left the city toward even- 
 ing, and just before sunset reached a meeting-house (yet 
 
 Stan d- 
 
 r^\ 
 
 METnODIST UEETLNU-UOl'BE. 
 
 ^jj^^-T^^*^ '^/^c^c^t 
 
 VJ'Z^ 
 
 ing) almost seven miles from tlie 
 town, near the junction of the roads 
 leading respectively to North Point 
 and Bear Creek. Meanwhile Major 
 Randall, of the Maryland militia, had 
 been sent with a light corps from 
 General Stansbury's brigade, and 
 the Pennsylvania Volunteers, to tiie 
 mouth of Bear Creek, to co-operate 
 with Strieker, and to check the de- 
 barkation of the enemy, should it bo 
 attempted at that point. 
 
 Strieker's little army rested until 
 morning at the meeting-house, not 
 far from what was then called Long 
 Log Lane (now the road to North 
 P«int), with the exception of a de- 
 tachment of one hundred and forty 
 horsemen xmder Lieutenant Colonel 
 Biays, who were ordered forward, 
 three miles, to Gorsuch's farm, and 
 
 I The Kbove portrait of General Strieker Is fhim a painting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, 
 erol Strieker died in Baltimore on the 2Sd of June, 1820, 
 
 Gen- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 051 
 
 ker eent to oppose them. 
 
 miles from Balti- 
 eet anchored that 
 and the full moon 
 falluig of a heavy 
 ;iven ♦o its people, 
 •ry sliip were low- 
 shore, under cover 
 , The boats went 
 ie ready for actioil. 
 ral Cockburn wore 
 tusaud land tioops, 
 E. Crofton. They 
 Each combatant 
 vs possible, for they 
 88 had boasted that 
 yas sent to try the 
 , as the navy, imder 
 ship Severn, was to 
 uced great alarm in 
 calue,were senthito 
 miles northward of 
 
 Position of the American Troops. 
 
 Disposition of the British Troops. 
 
 Preliminary SlEirmish. 
 
 lODIST IIEKTIKO-UOCBB. 
 
 /en miles from the 
 junction of the roads 
 [vely to North Point 
 , Meanwhile Major 
 ^laryland militia, had 
 a light corps from 
 jury's brigade, and 
 [ia Volunteers, to the 
 Creek, to co-operate 
 Ind to check the de- 
 enemy, should it he 
 lat point. 
 
 [le army rested until 
 meeting-house, not 
 -as then called Long 
 the road to North 
 e exception of a de- 
 |e hundred and forty 
 r Lieutenant Colonel 
 fre ordered forward, 
 Gorsuch's farm, and 
 
 land Historical Society. Gen- 
 
 one hundred and fifly riflemen under Captain Dyer, who were directed to take posi- 
 tion at a blacksmith's shop one mile in the rear of the cavaliy. So they remained 
 until the moi'ning of the 12th, when information was received fi-om the vedettes that 
 the enemy had landed at North Point, w^en Strieker immediately sent back his bag- 
 gage under a strong guai'd, and disposed his troops for battle in three lines, stretch- 
 ing from a branch of Bear Creek on his right, to a swamp on the mai-gin of a branch 
 of Back River on his left. The sevei*al corps v/ere posted as follows: the Fifth Bal- 
 timore Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, five hundred and fifty strong, were 
 placed on the right, extending from Long Log Lane to a branch of Besy Creek ; the 
 Twenty-seventh Maryland Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Long, numbering the same, 
 were on the lefb of the Fiflh, extending from the Lane to the swamp ; and the Union 
 Artillerymen of Baltimore, seventy-five in number, with six 4-pounders, under Cap- 
 tain Montgomery, then Attorney General of the State, were in the Lane. The Thirty- 
 ninth Regiment, four hundred and fifty men, under Lieutenant Colonel Fowler, were 
 posted three hundred yards in the rear of the Twenty-seventh and parallel with it ; 
 and on the riglit of the Thirty-ninth, at the same distance in the rear of the Fifth, 
 were the Fifly-first Regiment, inider Lieutenant Colonel Amey. These formed the 
 second line. About half a mile in the rear of this line, near the site of the present 
 (1867) Battle-ground House, was a reserve corps, consisting of the Sixth Regiment 
 (six hundred and twenty men), under Lieutenant Colonel M'Donald. Thus judicious- 
 ly posted, Strieker awaited the approach of Ross. 
 
 The British general disposed his troops as at Bladensburg. A coi'ps composed of 
 the light companies of the Fourth, Twenty-first, and Forty-fourth Regiments, the en- 
 tire Eighty-tiflh, a battalion of "disciplined negroes," and .. company of marhies, num- 
 bering in the aggregate about eleven hundred men, under Major Jones, were sent in 
 advance. These were followed by six field-pieces and two howitzers d wn by horses ; 
 and the whole formed the first brigade. The second brigade, under Colonel Brooke, 
 was composed of the Fourth and Forty-fourth Regiments, about fourteen hundred 
 strong, and was followed by more than a thousand sailors led by Captain Crofton. 
 The rear, or third brigade, consisted of the Twenty-first Regiment, and a battalion of 
 raa.'ines, numbering in all about fointeen hundred and fifty men, under Colonel Pat- 
 terson At the same time, the fleet moved toward Baltimore to attack Fort M'Henry. 
 Feeling confident of success, Ross and Cockburn rode gayly forward at the head 
 of the troops for about an hour, when they halted at Gorsuch's farm, and spent an- 
 other hour in resting and careless carousing. The American riflemen in the advance 
 had fallen back in the mean time, with the impression that the British were landing 
 on Back River or Bear Creek to cut them off, and they were placed on tlie right of 
 Strieker's front line. When the general was informed of the exact position of the 
 invaders, he sent forward to attack them the companies of Captains Levering and 
 Howai-d from Sterett's Fifth, one hundred an'i fifty in number, under Major Richard 
 K. Heath, and Asquith's and a few other riflemen, numbering about seventy, with a 
 small piece of artillery and some cavalry under Lieutenant Stiles. They met the 
 British advancing, and a skirmish ensued near the house occupied, when the writer 
 visited the spot in 1861, by Samuel C. Cole as a store and dwelling, seven and a half 
 miles from Baltimore, and about seven from the landing-place of the Biitish. Ross 
 was mortally wounded by one of two young men, natives of Maryland, belonging to 
 Asquith's rifle corps, and who had both fought in the battle at Bladensburg. Their 
 names were Daniel Wells and Henry C. M'Comas. They were concealed in a hollow, 
 and fired the fatal shot when Ross appeared upon a little knoll near them. That 
 commander died in the arms of his favorite aid, the now (1867) venerable Sir Duncan 
 M'Dougall, of London,' before his bearers reached the boats at North Point. " He 
 
 ' Sir Dnncan M'Don^all, K.C.F., son of Patrick H'Souf^ali, Esq., of Argyleshire, Scotland, was bom in 1789. He en- 
 tend the army in isai, and served in several regiments, and on the staff in Portugal, Spain, France, America, Cape of 
 
 :l'i 
 
 i: --i [ 
 
032 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Death orUeoeral Rosa. 
 
 Advance ^f the BrItlHh. 
 
 A spirited Battle. 
 
 lived only long enough," Hays Glelg," to 
 name his wife, and to commend his fum- 
 ily to the protection of his country.' In 
 this skirmish Heath's horse was sliot 
 under hira, and several Americans wore 
 killed or wounded. Among the slain 
 were the two young men whose bullets 
 brought Ross to the earth.' Tiie ad- 
 vancing British far outnumbered 
 Heath's detachment, and he ordered 
 them to fall back. Finding the com- 
 panies of Levering and Howard too fa- 
 tigued to engage efficiently in the im- 
 pending battle, Strieker ordered them 
 to the rear to attach themselves to the 
 reserve. 
 
 On the fall of Ross the command of 
 the British troops devolved on Colonel 
 A. Brooke, of the Forty-fourth Regi- 
 ment, and under his direction the entire 
 invading force pressed 
 vigorously forward. At 
 about two o'clock in the 
 afternoon they came 
 within cannon-shot of 
 the American line, and 
 were immediately formed in battle order. Their first brigade, supported by the For- 
 ty-fourth Regiment, the seamen and marines, menaced the entire front of the Amer- 
 icans, and commenced the action by opening a brisk discharge of cannon and rockets 
 upon them. The British Twenty-first remained in column as a reserve; and the 
 Fourth made a circuitous march to turn the left flank of the Americans, against which 
 also artillerists and rocketeers directed their missiles, and were replied to by Captain 
 Montgomery's cannon. General Strieker instantly comprehended the meaning of the 
 flank movement and artillery attack, and brought up the Thirty-ninth Regiment, 
 with two field-pieces, to its support in a line with the Twenty-seventh, which was 
 behaving most gallantly. He also ordered the Fifty-first, under Colonel Aniey, to 
 form in line at right angles with the first line, with its right resting on the left of 
 the Thirty-ninth. This movement was productive of some confusion, but Strieker's 
 staff" soon brought out order. The battle was continued with great spirit on botli 
 sides, in the mean time, with Victory coquetting first with one and then Avith the 
 other, and the armies swaying backward and forward with mutual pressure. 
 
 When the contest had been carried on for about two hours the enemy's right col- 
 umn fell upon and endeavored to turn the i^.merican left. The Fifty-first were sud- 
 denly struck with dismay, and, after firing a voUey at random, broke, and fled in 
 wild disorder, producing a like effect in the second battalion of the Thirty-ninth. 
 
 Good Hope, and West Indies. He has the distinction of having received into his arms two eminent British generals 
 when they fell In battle, namely, General Boss, killed .loar Baltimore, and General Pakenham, slain near New Orleous. 
 He commanded the Seventy-ninth Highlanders for several years. His son and heir. Colonel Patrick Leonard M'Dou- 
 Kall, l« commandant of the Royal Stall College. The family is descended, in a direct line, trom Somerled, the Prince of 
 the western coaet of A'gyleshlre, and famons " liord of the Isles." The above portrait of the gallant soldier Is from a 
 carte de visite likeness, gent to me at my reqnest by Sir Dnncan in the enmmer of 1861. 
 
 ' The remains of these young men were reinterrod In a vault in Ashland Square on the 12th of September, 18B8, with 
 civic and military honors. The mayor of the city, Thomas Swann, made some remarks, and was followed by Hon. John 
 C. Le Grand, who pronounced an oration. A dirge was executed by the East Baltimore band, and before the retnalns 
 were laid in the vault, over which a monument Is to be erected, the Law Greys flred a volley over them. 
 
:ir 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 908 
 
 A spirited Buttle. 
 
 rb,"8ay8Gleig,"to 
 I coinineml his fam- 
 of his country.' In 
 I's liorse was shot 
 ral Americans were 
 Among the slain 
 men whose bullets 
 e earth. ^ The atl- 
 r outnumbered 
 it, and he ordered 
 Finding the com- 
 and Howard too fa- 
 fficiently in the im- 
 icker ordered them 
 h themselves to the 
 
 )88 the command of 
 devolved on Colonel 
 
 Forty-fourth Regi- 
 3 direction the entire 
 duig force pressed 
 rously forward. At 
 it two o'clock in the 
 I mo on they came 
 lin cannon-shot of 
 
 American line, and 
 ipported by the Fov- 
 •e front of the Amer- 
 
 Plcture ufthe Battle of Nortb Puint. 
 
 cannon and rockets 
 a reserve ; and the 
 ricans, against which 
 )lied to by Captain 
 the meaning of tlu' 
 ■ty-ninth Regiment, 
 seventh, which was 
 er Colonel Amey, to 
 ESting on the left of 
 fusion, but Strieker's 
 great spirit on both 
 and then with the 
 .al pressure, 
 le enemy's right col- 
 Fifty-first were sud- 
 n, broke, and fled in 
 of the Thirty-ninth, 
 
 wo eminent BrltUh generals 
 ,am, slain near New Orleans, 
 incl Patrick Leonard M'Dou- 
 from Somerled, the Frince of 
 the gallant soldier is from a 
 
 12th of September, 1858, with 
 d was followed by Hon. John 
 land, and before the remaina 
 ej over them. 
 
 I ' 
 
 |l|l 
 
 All efforts to rally the fugitives were vain. But the remainder of the Thirty-niuth 
 
 M 
 
,1 * 
 
 054 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 W-\ 
 
 II ; 
 
 ni^-; 
 
 Retreat of the Amerlciina. 
 
 The BritiHh Fleet approaches Baltlmure. 
 
 PreparutlonH tu attack Furt M'Uturv. 
 
 and the gallant Twenty-seventh (whose tattered bat- 
 tle-flag, now in the possession of its bearer in the fight 
 Captain Lester, of Baltimore, attests the severity of 
 their conflict) bravely maintained their position. Fi- 
 nally, at about four o'clock, when the superior force of 
 the enemy could no longer be kept in check. General 
 Strieker ordered a retreat upon his reserved corps. 
 This movement was performed in good order. Some 
 of the wounded and two field-pieces were abandoned. 
 Strieker reformed his brigade, and then fell back to- 
 ward the city as far as Worthington's Mill, about half 
 a mile in advance of the intrenchments car.t up by the 
 citizens. There he was joined by General ^V^inder, with 
 General Douglass's Virginia Brigade and Captain ^^ 
 
 Bird's United States Dragoons, who took post on his "^"I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^— ^ 
 left. The British bivouacked on the battle-field that "^ '^ 
 
 night, after calling in some pursuers and collecting the stragglers. 
 
 While these movements were in operation on the land, the British fleet was pro- 
 paring to perform a conspicuous part in the drama. Frigates, schooners, 8loop.s, aiul 
 bomb-ketches had entered the Patapsco early in the morning of the 12th, while Hoss 
 was moving from North Point, and anchored oft" Fort M'Henry (then about one htJf 
 its present dimensions), beyond the reach of its guns, near the present Fort Carroll. 
 
 ^.;--.B;^. 
 
 BATTLB-FLAO OP TIIB TWKNTT-BBVKMTH 
 BKUIliEHT.' 
 
 I'OBT M'UKNBY in ISUl. 
 
 During the day and evening the bomb and rocket vessels were so posted as to act 
 upon the fortifications on the hill, commanded by Rodgers, as well as on Fort 
 M'Henry, while the frigates were stationed farther outward, the water being so slial- 
 ' low that they could not approach nearer the city than four or five miles, nor the fort 
 within two and a half miles. The Americans had already sunk some vessels, as ve 
 have observed, in the narrow channel at Fort M'Henry, which prevented any pas?a(;e 
 by the ships of the enemy.^ During the night of the 12th the fleet made full prepa- 
 rations for an attack on the fort and hill intrenchments on the morning of the 13tli, 
 when Brooke was to move on Baltimore with the British land force from the battle- 
 field of the day before. The fleet prepared for action consisted of sixteen heavy ves- 
 sels, five of them bomb-ships. 
 Fort M'Henry was commanded by a brave soldier, and defended by gallant com- 
 
 ' This little picture represents the tnttered battle-flag of the Jeferson BhieM, Twenty-seventh Regiment of the Mary- 
 land Militia, who fought gallantly on the 12th of September, 1814. It was in the poseesHlon of Captain John Lester, of 
 Ball,imore, when I made a sketch of It In 1862. He has presented It to the Maryland Historical Society. It is blue (ilk, 
 with the designs in gold. Its width is four feet six inches. It is qnlte tattered. The black spots represent the forms 
 of cannon-ball holes made during the battle. On scrolls are the words Jefferson liluea and Hon tibi »ed patria. 
 
 » General Smith, on the recommendation of Commodore Rodgers, caused twenty-four vessels then lying In the harbor 
 to be sunk in the narrow channel between Fort M'Henry and Lazaretto Point. These were afterword raised at the ex- 
 jwnse of the United States. The aggregate amount of money paid to the owners afterward was about $100,000. 
 
H»P"s^ 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 055 
 
 nB tu uttuck Furl M'lU'ury. 
 
 whose tattered bat- 
 i bearer in the fight, 
 '8t8 the severity of 
 
 their |iosition. Fi- 
 ,he superior force of 
 pt in clieck, General 
 
 his reserved corps. 
 
 good order. Some 
 jes were abandoiitd. 
 d then fell back to- 
 on's Mill, about iialf 
 ncnts caf.t up by tlic 
 General ^Vinder, with 
 
 rs. 
 
 3ritish fleet was pre- 
 icliooners, sloops, and 
 the 12th, wliile Ross 
 (then about one lit»lf 
 present Fort Carroll. 
 
 Xli» Defenders of Fort M 'Henry. 
 
 Bombardment of the ?ort. 
 
 Ita effective Beply. 
 
 e so posted as to act 
 as well as on Fort 
 water being so slial- 
 e miles, nor the fort 
 some vessels, as ^e 
 •evented any passaj^c 
 fleet made full prcpa- 
 morning of the 13tli, 
 brce from the hattle- 
 of sixteen heavy vcs- 
 
 ided by gallant cora- 
 
 venth Regiment of the Mary- 
 lu of Cnptiiln John Uster.or 
 irlcftl Society. It Is bine Mlk, 
 ick BpotB represent the forms 
 
 J jVonsiftioedpatna- 
 ssels then lying In the harbor 
 
 •,re fttlerward rnlsed ntthe ei- 
 :d was aboat $100,000. 
 
 ^^c^^^^^ ^ <^t^^Z^- 
 
 nanions. The latter were composed of one company of United States Artillery, iin- 
 iler Captain Evans ; two companies of Sea-fencibles, under Cai)taiiiH Hunbury and Ad- 
 dison ; two companies of volunteers from the city, named respectively the " Washiiijj- 
 ton Artillery" and the " Baltimore Independent Artillerists," the former commanded 
 by Captain John Berry, and the latter by Lieutenant Commanding Charles Penning- 
 ton ; the " Baltimore Fcncibles," a fine company of volunteer artillerists led by Judge 
 Joseph II. Nichol- ^ 
 
 iion; a detachment (j 
 
 of Barney's flotil- 
 la-men, command- // ^ 
 
 od by Lieutenant 
 Redman ; and de- 
 tachments of regulars, in all six hundred men, furnished by General Winder from the 
 y^ ( /^ Twelfth, Fourtee...,h, Thirty -sixth, and Thirty-eighth Uegi- 
 
 C-<^ JLTiA d / ''*'^' ""J*^"" t^'^ command of Lieutenant Colonel Stewart and 
 ^J c^ V\JLJ Major Lane. The regular artillerists under Captain Evans, 
 and the volunteers under Captain Nicholson, manned the bastions in tlie Star Fort. 
 Tiie commands of Bunbury, Addison, Redman, Berry, and Pennington were stationed 
 the lower works ; and the infantry, imder Stewart and Lane, were placed in the 
 
 outer ditch, to meet the enemy at his landing, if ho should attempt it. 
 
 Tlie bomb-vessels opened a heavy 
 fire upon the American works at sun- 
 rise on Tuesday morning, the 13th, at 
 about seven o'clock, at a distance of 
 two miles, and kept up a well-directed 
 bombardment until three o'clock in the 
 afternoon. Armistead immediately 
 opened the batteries of Fort M'llenry 
 upon them, and kept up a brisk fire 
 for some time from his guns and mor- 
 tars, when, to his great chagrin, he 
 found that his missiles fell short, and 
 were harmless. The garrison was ex- 
 posed to a tremendous shower of shells 
 for several hours without power to in- 
 flict injury in turn, or even to check 
 the fury of thu assault ; yet they kept 
 at their posts, and endured the trial 
 with cool courage and great fortitude. 
 At length a bomb-shell dis- 
 mounted one of the 24-pound- 
 ers in the southwest bastion, 
 under the immediate command 
 of Captain Nicholson, killing 
 his second lieutenant (Clag- 
 geit), and wounding several of 
 his men. The confusion in the 
 fort produced by this accident was observed by Cochrane, who commanded the fleet, 
 and, hoping to profit by it, he ordered three of his bomb-vessels to move up nearer 
 the fort in order to increase the eflfectiveness of their guns. This movement delight- 
 ed Armistead. His turn for inflicting injury had come, and he quickly took advan- 
 tage of it. He ordered a general cannonade and bombardment from every part of 
 the fort ; and so severe was his punishment of the venturesome intruders, that within 
 
 ! ' 
 
 \\\ 
 
 if 
 
111'! m !: 
 
 956 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Attempt to aelze Kort Covington. 
 
 Tbe Invadura driven off. 
 
 Knd of the Bombnrtlmeni. 
 
 half an hour they fell back to their old anchorage. The rocket-vesHcl M-ehus was so 
 mucli injured that they were compelled to send a diviHioii of Hinall boats to tow her 
 beyond the range of Armistead'a guns to save her from deutructiou. The garrison 
 gave three cheers, and the firing ceased. 
 
 After resuming their former stations the vessels kept up a more furious bombard- 
 ment than before, with slight intermissions, until past midnight, when it was discov. 
 ered that the enemy had thrown a considerable force up the Patapsco to the right of 
 the fort, and between it and the city, under cover of the darkness, for the purpose of 
 capturing Fort Covington, commanded by Lieutenant Newcomb, of the United States 
 Navy, and the City Battery, in charge of the gallant sailing-masfcr of Barney's flotil- 
 la, and assaulting Fort M'llenry in the rear. For this service twelve hundred ami 
 fifty picked men were sent in barges, with scaling-ladders and other implements for 
 storming the fort. For the purpose of examining the shores, wh. i near Covington 
 they threw up sonic small rockets. These gave the alarm, and Fort M'llenry, as well 
 as the two redoubts on the Patapsco, opened a heavy fire upon the invaders. It was 
 kept up for nearly two hours, when the enemy were driven away. The concussion 
 was tremendous. The houses in the city were shaken to their very foundations. 
 Itodgers's men in Fort Covington worked their guns with great effect, but to tiio 
 continuous and skillful cannonade kept up by Webster with his six-gun battcrv, 
 nearer the sliore. Major Armistead said he was " persuaded the country was miicli iii- 
 debted for the final repulse of the enemy." It is not too much to say, I think, that 
 Captain Webster's gallant conduct on that occasion, which frustrated the plans of 
 the British boat expedition, saved Fort M'llenry and Baltimore. Two of the enemy's 
 vessels were sunk, and a large number of his men were slain. Sailing-master (after- 
 ward Captain) Webster yet (1867) lives, at the age of eighty years, to enjoy the re- 
 spect and gratitude of his countrymen. He was in active service until the year 
 1852. 
 
 The bombardment from the vessels was continued until seven o'clock on the morn- 
 ing of the 14th, when it ceased entirely.' The night had been passed in the greatest 
 .inxiety by the inhabitants of Baltimore, for in the maintenance of Fort M'llenry was 
 
 y . their chief hope for the safety of the city. An incident 
 
 V^ jf^i^^f^^oyj which occurred at that time gave birth to one of the most 
 
 popular of our national songs, the Star-spangled Hanner,^ 
 in which that anxiety is graphically expressed. It was 
 written by Francis S. Key, who was a resident of George- 
 town, in the District of Columbia, and then a volunteer in the light artillery com- 
 manded by Major Peter.' 
 
 ' The bombardment of Fort M'Hcnry lasted twenty-five honrs, with two slight intermissions, and it was estimaleil 
 by Armistead that during that time from 1500 to ISOO shells were thrown by the enemy. A few of them fell short, tnl 
 a greater number burst over the fort, throwing their fragments among the garrison. Abont 400 Aielis fell wllhlu the 
 works, some of them, afterward dug up, weighing 210 and 220 pounds. " Wonderful as it may appear," said the com- 
 mander in his report, " our loss amounts only to fonr men killed and twenty-four wounded. The latter will nil recov- 
 er." The wife of a soldier, while conversing with her husband before the tents outside of the fort, was cut in two by a 
 cannon-ball. A shell fell into the magazine, but did not explode. 
 
 ' The fac-simile of the original manuscript of the first stanza of the " Star-spangled Banner," given on the opposite 
 page, was first published, by permission of ite owner (Mrs. Howard), daughter of the author, in "Autograph Leaves of 
 our Country's Authors," a volume edited by John P. Kennedy and Alexander Bliss for the Baltimore Sanitary Fair.lWl. 
 
 3 On the return of the British to their vessels after the capture of Washington City, they carried with them Dr. 
 Beanes, an influential citizen and well-known physician of Upper Marlborough. His friends begged for his release, 
 but Cockbum refused to give him up, and sent him on board the flag-ship of Admiral Cochrane. Mr. Key, well known 
 for his affability of manner, was solicited to go to Cochrane as a pleader for the release of the doctor. He consented. 
 The President granted bim permission, and, in company with the late Oeneral J. 8. Skinner, he went In the cnrtel-shlp 
 Minden, under a flag of truce. They found the British fleet at the mouth of the Potomac, preparing to attack Bnlllmore. 
 Cochrane agreed to release Beanes, but refused to let him or his friends return then. They were placed on board the 
 Surprine, where they were courteously treated. The fleet sailed up to the Patapsco, where they were transferred to their 
 own vessel, but with a guard of marines to prevent their landing and communicating information to thtir conntrymen. 
 The Mindm was anchored in sight of Fort M'Henry, and fh)m her deck the three friends saw the bombardment of that { 
 fortress which soon ensued. It ceased, as we have observed In the text, soon after midnight. Having no communicj- 
 tion with the shore, these anxious Americans did not know whether the fort had surrendered or not. They awaited 
 the dawn with the greatest sollcltnde. In the dim light of the opening morning they saw through their glasses that 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 067 
 
 Knd of the Bnmhnrdmenl. 
 
 -vcHHcl ijrefnis waa 80 
 mull boats to tow her 
 Action. The garrwon 
 
 lore furious bombard- 
 t, wlicn it was discov- 
 ta|)8CO to tbc right of 
 38S, for tbo ])uri)08e of 
 \), of tbc Unitiul Stall's 
 isfer of IJarucy's flotil- 
 B twelve bundreil ami 
 otbcr iniplemi'iitH for 
 wli. 1 near Covington 
 Fort M'llenry, as wdl 
 I tbc invaders. It was 
 way. Tbo ccxussion 
 bcir very foundations. 
 reat effect, but to tiic 
 li bis six-gun battery, 
 ! country was much in- 
 cb to say, I think, tii;it 
 rustrated tlic plans of 
 B. Two of tbe enemy's 
 Sailing-master (after- 
 years, to enjoy the re- 
 servico until the year 
 
 in o'clock on tbe morn- 
 i passed in tbe greatest 
 e of Fort M'llcnry was 
 tlie city. An incident 
 )irtb to one of the most 
 Star-spangled Banner^- 
 Uy expressed. It was 
 8 a resident of George- 
 he ligbt artillery com- 
 
 rmisBlons, and U was cstlmatetl 
 
 A few of them fell short, tut 
 
 About 400 Shells fell wllhlu tk 
 
 it may appear," said the com- 
 
 inded. The latter will nil recov- 
 
 of the fort, was cut lu two by a 
 
 Banner," given on the opposite 
 
 uthor. In " Autograph Lcnvcs of 
 
 he Baltimore Sanitary Fair, ISM. 
 
 Ity, they carried with them Dr. 
 
 ft-iends begged for his release, 
 
 Cochrane. Mr. Key, well knom 
 
 96 of the doctor. He consented. 
 
 inner, he went In the cartel-ship 
 
 :, preparing to attack Baltimore. 
 
 They were placed on board tke 
 
 re they were transferred to their 
 
 iformatlon to thtir conntryraeo. 
 
 Is enw the bombardment of thai 
 
 Jnight. Having no communlo- 
 
 rendered or not. They awaited 
 
 saw through their glasses that 
 
 The Stor-ipangled Banner. 
 
 I ' 
 
 Simultaneously witb the movement of tbe fleet toward Fort M'Henry, on the raorn- 
 
 "oar flag woa still there !" To their great Joy, they goon learned that the attack on Baltimore had failed, that Horb was 
 killed, and that tbe Britleh were re-embarktng. When tbe fleet was ready to sail. Key and bis friends were released, 
 iDd returned to the city. 
 
 It was during the excitement of the bombardment, and when pacing the deck of the Minden with Intense Anxiety be- 
 tween midnight and dawn, that Key composed that song—" The Star-spangled Banner"— which immortalUed him, and 
 ohose first stansa expressed the feelings of thousands of eye-witnesses of the scene : 
 
 A 
 
OfiS 
 
 PICTUUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Tba BrItUrti move towkrd Baltlmon. 
 
 AmmKcnieiiU tat «n Auault on the Dehniieii nfthe 
 
 ing of the inth, was that of the land forces of the Uritish from their Hmoiil(l(riii(» 
 caiii|»-Hres on tlie hattle-tield, until they arrived at the brow of the Hlojje on whiili lav- 
 Surrey Farm (now the valuable estate of Mrs. Jane Diinj^an), then the fine reNidonci, 
 of Colonel Sterett,' of the Fifth Maryland Uefi;iinent, who was busily eni^aged in nut. 
 inu; up intrenchments on Loudenslat^er's Hill, about two miles distant, between then, 
 and Haitimore. There they halted to reeonnoitre, and Colonel IJrooko made liix Ikh,]. 
 quarters at the old farm-house of Mr. Ernest, liirther in the rear. They were in sjulii 
 of the American intrenehments, behin<l which were the brigades of Stansbury and 
 B\)reman ; the Pennsylvania Volunteers, under C'olonels Cobeau and Findlay; tin 
 marines, under Uodgors ; the Baltimore Artillery, under Colonel Harris; and the 
 Marine Artillery, under Captain Stiles, who had spent the night under arms, exinjct- 
 ing a vigorous j)ursuit and attaek by the Hritisli. 
 
 The enemy manceuvred a good deal in tlu* morning toward the left of the American 
 works, and at one time seemed disposed to move upon them by the York and liar- 
 ford Roads; but they were baffled by eountervailing movements on the part ot'Otti- 
 crals Winder and Strieker. At noon tJiey eoneentrated in front, and moved to within 
 a mile of the intrenehments, when they made arrangements for an assault that even- 
 ing. Perceiving this, (Jeneral Smith ordered Winder and Strieker to move to the 
 right of the enemy, and, in the event of their making an attack, to fall upon tluir 
 flank and rear. ]irf)oke was cautious and watchful, and clearly saw the peril ot his 
 ])ro])osed undertaking. He was also aware that the bombardment of Fort Al'Ilcnry 
 from morning until evening had produced very little effect upon that work, and that 
 the vessels could not run by it because of the obstructions in the chaimel. Insttad 
 of opening a battle, he sought and obtained a conference with Admiral Coclirano dur- 
 ing the evening. The result of the interview was the conclusion that the eHbrt of 
 
 "O Bny ! can yon gee, by the dawn's cnrly light, 
 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, 
 Wh<)80 broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous light, 
 
 O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? 
 And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting In air, 
 Gave proof through tlie night that our flag was still tiicre : 
 
 U say ! does that star-s|>unglcd banner yet wave 
 
 O'er the laud of the free and the home of the bravo ?" 
 
 The rude substance of t;'.e song was written on the back of a letter which Key happened to have In his pockol, ind 
 ho wrote It out In full on the night after his arrival In Baltimore. On the following morning ho read It to hl» iinclp, 
 Judge Nicholson, one of the gallant defenders of the fort, and asked his opinion of It. The judge was so pleased with 
 It that he took it t the prlntlng-ofBco of Captain Henjnmin Edes, on the corner of Ualtimore and (lay Streets, mid di- 
 rected copies of It to be struck off In hand-bill form. Edes was then on duty with the gallant Twenty-seventh licgl- 
 ment, and his apprentice, Samuel Sands, who, 1 believe. Is yet living In Baltimore, net up the song In type, printed it, 
 and distributed it among the citizens.* It was first sung in a restaurant In Baltimore, next door to the Holidii.v Street 
 Theatre, by Charles Durang, to an assemblage of the jiatrlotlc defenders of the city, and after that, nightly at the tliei- 
 tre. It created intense enthusiasm, and was every where sung In public and In private. 
 
 "The Star-spangled Banner" ili^elf, the old garrison flag that waved over Fort M'llenry during that bombardment, 
 Is still In existence. I saw it at the house of Christopher Hughes Armlstead (a son of the gallant defender of the fort) 
 iu Baltimore during the late Civil War. It had eleven holes in It, made there by the shot of the British during tbc 
 bombardment. 
 
 ' When the British discovered that they were in actual possession, for a day, of the mansion of one of the nfBcersnf 
 the American army then confronting them, they made Its contents the object of their special attcntl(m. The fnmliy 
 had fled that morning, leaving the house in charge of only the colored butler and cook. Some Britleh ofUcers toul; 
 possession of It. In the cellar was found a large quantity of choice wine. It was ft-cely used, and what was not con- 
 sumed on the premises was carried away as lawfnl plunder. Wax-candles, bedding, and other things were also carried 
 away, and all the bureau-drawers were ijroken open Iu a search for valuables. Among other things prized by the fam- 
 ily which the plunderers seized was the Order of the Cincinnati that had belonged to the deceased father of Mrs, Ster- 
 ett. Finally, after keeping the cook busy, and faring sumptuously, and when they were about to depart, the following 
 good-natured but Impudent note was written and left on the sideboard : 
 
 "Captains Brown, Wilcox, and M'Namara, of the Fifty-third Regiment, Royal Marines, have received everything' 
 they could desire at this house, notwithstanding It was received at the hands of the butler, and in the absence of tiie 
 colonel." I saw the original of this note In ISGO, iu the possession of a daughter of Colonel Sterett, the wife of J. M. 
 Uolllns, then a captain in the United States Navy. It was written on a piece of paper on one side of which an epitaph 
 for the tomb-stone of Mrs. Sterett's father had been prepared. 
 
 * The words of the song were inclosed iu an elliptical border composed of the common type ornaments of that day. 
 
 Around that border, and a little distance from it, on a line of the same form, are the words " Bombardment of Furl 
 
 tPHmrit." The letters of these words are wide apart, and each one Is surrounded by a circle of stars. Around the 
 
 ' four edges of the hand-bill is a heavy border of common typo ornaments. Below the song, within the ellipse, ate the 
 
 words " Written by Francis S. Key, of Geurgetowu, D. 0." 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1 8 H. 
 
 OSO 
 
 III 
 
 ( . i 
 
 Miilt on tha Dehnieii ofthc (,'it;. 
 
 from thoir RiiKmldi'ring 
 if'tho h1<>|u' on wliich lay 
 , tlion till- fine icsidfiKL. 
 1 biiHily cnj^agi'd in cant. 
 ■H (liHtiintjlK'twccn thciu 
 •1 Brooko niadt' hi.s luad. 
 ■ar. Tlicy wurc in siirlit 
 jrades ofStuiiHhury ami 
 )l)eau and Findliiy; tli( 
 :!oloiitd Harris; luul tlif 
 iglit undor anus, expect- 
 
 . the left of the American 
 ni by the York and Ilm-- 
 iients on the imrl (it'(ien- 
 ont, and moved to witliiu 
 for an assault that even- 
 Strieker to move to tlie 
 attack, to fall upon their 
 early saw the peril ot'iiis 
 vrdment of Fort ^I'llenry 
 upon that work, and tlwi 
 in the ehaniud. Instead 
 til Admiral Cochrane dm- 
 iclusion that the effort of 
 
 nmlng, 
 rUoiis fli;ht, 
 camiogt 
 
 I 
 here: 
 
 inppened to have In his pocket, jnd 
 lU morning ho rend it to til* uurle, 
 it. The judge was no jilcaswl with 
 llaltimore nnd Ony Streeti', mid dl- 
 111 tlio gallant Twcnly-scvenlh Kcsi- 
 ] -ct up the song In type, printprt it, 
 [ore, next door to the Holldiiy Sirect 
 r, and after that, nightly at the then- 
 Ivate. 
 
 ,.. 'Henry during that hombnrdmcnl, 
 1 of the gallant defender of the furl) 
 the shot of the DrltlBh during tlic 
 
 Ihe mansion of one of the ofBcere of 
 Vhelr special attention. The family 
 1 cook. Some British olflccrs tocilc 
 [fi-eely used, and what wna not con- 
 k and other thlngn were also carried 
 long other things prized by the fair- 
 I to the deceased father of Mrs.Stcr- 
 I were about to depart, the toilowing 
 
 iMarlncs, have received every thin; 
 Le butler, and In the absence of the 
 lof Colonel Stereit, the wife of J. SI. 
 Iper on one side of which an epitaph 
 
 innmon type ornaments of that day. 
 le the words " Bombardnienl o) Fort 
 Id by a circle of stars. Aronnd the 
 ■the song, within the ellipse, are the 
 
 Th< I'riiliih fall bkck and rttoin to tiMir 8kl|w. Rflkct of tha RcpulM of the Invadart. Tha iirltliih Programme. 
 
 the combined forces to capture Haltiujore was already a fiiilure, and that priulenco 
 (leniiiuded an immediiite relinquishment of the enterprise. Hrooke liiist('iie<l back to 
 camp. Tlie rain, which eommeiu'ed <lropi>iiij^ twenly-foi'r liours before, was yet fall- 
 inir copiously, and the nii^ht was very dark. In the midst of the j^loom, at three 
 o'idoek in the morning of the 14th, while the 8hij)s kept up the bombardment to di- 
 vert the attention of the Aiiu'ricans, the Hritish stole otf to North Toint, and tied in 
 boats to the fleet. The latter also withdrew at an early hour, and llaltimore was 
 sftveil. 
 
 When, at dtiwn, the retreat of the liritish was discovered, (4eneral Winder, with 
 the Virginia brigade, Captain Bird's dragoons, Major Randall's light corpf, and all 
 the cavalry, were immediately detailed in pursuit. But the troops were so exhaust- 
 ed by continued watidiing and working after the battle and retreat, having been un- 
 der arms during three days and three nights, a portion of the tinu! drenched by rain, 
 that it was found impossible to accomplish any thing of moment beyond the picking 
 up of a few stragglers of the enemy. The troops were taken on board the fleet on 
 the evening of the 14th, and on the following nu)rning the entire land and naval ar- 
 mament of the enemy went down the bay, crestfidlen and badly punished. In the 
 l)attle of the I'ith they had lost their general, a lieutemmt, and thirty-seven men 
 killed, and eleven ofticers and two hmidred and forty men wounded. The Americans 
 lost twenty-four men killed, one hundred and thirty-nine wounded, fifty jjrisonere, 
 and two field-pieces. In the attack on the forts by the shij)ping the British lost not 
 a man killed or wounded, while the Americans lost four men killed and tAvcnty-four 
 wounded, as wo liavo before observed, chiefly by the explosion of the shell that dis- 
 mounted Nicholson's 24-poundcr. 
 
 The successful defense of Baltimore was hailed with great delight throughout the 
 country, and trembling Philadelphia and New York breathed freer. It was a very 
 humiliating blow to the British, for great confidence of success was felt throughout 
 the realm. After the capture of Washington, that of Baltimore seemed but holiday 
 sport ; and so well assured of Ross's success there was the Governor General of Can- 
 ada, tliat the proposed public rejoicings at Montreal because of the capture of Wash- 
 ington were postponed, bo that they might celebrate that of Baltimore at the same 
 time ! lu England no one seemed to doubt that an army from Canada would meet 
 that of Ross on the Susquehanna or the Schuylkill as conquerors of the country, and 
 that Baltimore would be their base for future operations. " In the dij)lomatic circles 
 ii is rumored," said a London paper as early as the llth of June, " that our naval and 
 military commanders on the Am'^rican station have no power to conclude any armis- 
 tice or suspension of arms. They carry with them certain terms," the supercilious 
 writer continued, " which will be ofibred to the American government at the point 
 of the bayonet. There is reason to believe that America will be left in a much worse 
 situatior , as a naval and commercial power, than she was at the commencement of 
 the war." 
 
 This programme, so delightsome to British arrogance and British commercial greed, 
 was not carried out. On the very day when Ross and his army anchored off" North 
 Point,* Sir George Prevost, the Governor General of Canada, and his . September ii. 
 army, making their way toward the Susquehanna, were so smitten at **^'*- 
 
 the very beginning of their march — within the sound of cannon-booming of the Can- 
 ada line — that they fled back toward the St.Lawrence in wild disorder.' Instead of 
 monrning as captives, the Americans were jubilant as victors. 
 
 The prowess of Colonel Armistead and his little band in defending Fort M'Henry 
 was a theme for praise upon every lip. The grateful citizens of Baltimore presented 
 hira with a costly and appropriate testimonial of their appreciation of his services in 
 the shape of an elegant silver vase, in the form and of the size of the largest bomb- 
 
 1 See page 8T5. 
 
 I! 
 
 •1 *l 
 
 |i 
 
 
 ii 
 
 mi 
 
n 
 
 f 1'9 
 
 960 
 
 PICTOBI\L FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Honors to Colonel Armistcnd. 
 
 Tokens of pnbllc Gratitude. 
 
 The Artnlstead Faniilj. 
 
 shell thrown into the fort 
 by the British ; also goblets 
 and salver of the same ma- 
 terial.' These are in the 
 possession of his son, who. 
 as we have observeil, has 
 the old " Star-spangled Han- 
 ner," and also a sword voted 
 to him by the Stato of Vir- 
 ginia.'' After his death a 
 tine marble monument was 
 erected to his memory, on 
 which the following words 
 were written with a pen of 
 steel : " Colonel George Ar- 
 MisTEAD, in honor of wliom 
 this monument is erected, 
 
 TIIK AllMIBTEAl) VABK, 
 
 was the gallant defender of Fort M'Henry 
 during the bombardment of the British fleet, 
 13th September, 1814. He died, universally 
 esteemed and regretted, on the 25th of April, 
 1818, aged thirty-nine years. "^ 
 
 The grateful citizens were not contented 
 with bestowing praises upon their defenders, 
 so tliey devised a memf>rial as perpetual and 
 enduring as marble could make it. ~ i the 
 now great city of Baltimore, containing (1867) 
 full two hundred and forty thousand souls, 
 may be seen a noble monument designed by 
 Maximilian Godefroy, and wrought in Avhite 
 marble. It was erected in 1815, at a cost of 
 sixty thousand dollars, in commemoration of 
 those who, on the 13th and 14th of Septem- 
 
 aiuiibteaii'b monument. 
 
 ' The vase was made to answer the pnrpose of a pnnch-bowl. The iaa.e is in the form of a shrnpuel shell. The bndj 
 rests upon four eagles wiih outspread wings. Upon one side Is an engraving, surronndcd by military trophies, repre- 
 senting the boTibardment of Fort M'Henry. Upon the other side is the following Ini^cription': " Presented by a niim- 
 ber of the cilizens of Baltimore to Lieutenant Coioiicl George Annistead. for his gallant and successful defense of Fort 
 M'Henry during the bombardment by a large British force on the 12th and 13th of September, ISU, when upwnrd of 
 IBOO shells were thrown, 400 of which fell within the area of the fort, and some of them of the diameter of this vase " 
 I am indebted to the kind courtesy of Mr. C. Hughes Armistead for the photograph of the vase and surroundings from 
 which the above picture was engraved. 
 
 » That sword was presented to his son, C. Hughes Armlitead, and baars the following inscription : " The State of Vir- 
 ginia to Colonel George Armistead, U. 8. A. Honor to the brave. Presented by the State of Virginia to the eon of Col- 
 onel Georjje Armistead, late of the Army of the United States, as an evidence of the high esteem and admiration enter- 
 taincdbyhis n ''ve state of the courage and soldierlike conduct of Colonel Armistead in the cannonade of Fort Gcorgf 
 by Niagara, and ia the gallant defense of Fort M'Henry, September 14, 1814." 
 
 » George Armistead was born at New Market, Caroline County, Virginia, on the 10th of April, 1T80, and was rchtfd 
 to several of the most distinguished families in that state. He entered the army as second lieutenant in 17W. lie vu 
 
 appointed assistant military agent at P"rt Niagara in isn2, and a^ 
 sistant paymaster in 1806. He rose • ihe rank of major of the 
 Third Artillery in 1813, and was distinguished at the captnrc of Fort 
 George, in May, 1818, where his brother, William Keith Armistead, 
 as chief engineer on the Niagara, was conspicuous in the bom'o.ir(l- 
 mt.it of Fort NIagpra In November, 1812. For his gallantry at Fort Ger.rge, the subject of this notice was breveted 
 lieutenant colonel. He had Hve brothers In the army during the War of 1812, three in the regular service and two In 
 the militia. Lieutenant Colonel Annistead served mnch among the Indians previous to his marriage with a sister of 
 the eminent Christopher Hnghcs, In 1810. While in command of Furt M'Henry, after the war, a number of chiefs villi- 
 
 e'd him, and partcok of refreshments oat of the allver bomb-shell. 
 
OF THE WAR 0? 1812. 
 
 961 
 
 The Arinlstciid Family. 
 
 thrown into the fort 
 le British ; also gu'olets 
 salver of the same ma- 
 
 1.1 These are in tho 
 Bssion of his son, who, 
 ve have observed, lias 
 )ld " Star-spanglod JJan- 
 ' and also a sword voted 
 im by the State of Vir- 
 
 1.2 After liis death a 
 marble monument was 
 ted to his memory, on 
 }h the following words 
 3 written with a pen of 
 I : " Colonel George Ah- 
 ead, in honor of Avhom 
 
 monument is erected, 
 
 Battle Mouumeut in Bnltimure. 
 
 A ViBtt to i^ultimore. 
 
 Services of a valuet Friend. 
 
 - — ir- 
 
 ',. ii. \'M 
 
 m 
 
 ■ i 
 
 liiii. 
 
 
 .!■ w.wi:iiii<«:i 
 
 W4M 
 
 ^ 
 
 AIL 
 
 fc3 — - 
 
 .a 
 •IH 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ " ' 
 
 ! 1 
 
 P ■»! .••• ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 '■,"■ ,. ■"" •■ 
 
 :;;;"" 
 
 B.: 
 
 bTEAV's lIONimENT. 
 
 rm of n shrnpuel shell. The bojT 
 inded hy mllltnry trophle?, Kfrf- 
 Lcrlptlon: " Prcpcnted by ft niim- 
 [nt nnd enccessfiil defense of Fort 
 feptemher, 1814, when iipwnrd of 
 \m of the diameter of this vnce" 
 f the vase and anrroundings from 
 
 -! inscription : " The State of Vir- 
 late of Virginlft to the eon ofCol- 
 Igh eB»eem and admiration enter- 
 lin the cannonade of FortGcorgf 
 
 Ih of April, 1T80, and was rehleii 
 
 lond lieutenant In 17ii9. He was 
 
 t at F"rt NlBRBra in 1S02, and a."- 
 
 i)«e • ihe rank of ninjor of the 
 
 itinRTilshed at the cnptnre of Fort 
 
 lother, William Keith Armlsteail, 
 
 jfas conspicnona In tho bonu.ir(l- 
 
 Uect of this notice was breveted 
 
 1 tho regnlar service and two Ir. 
 
 I to his marriBRO with a sister of 
 
 Ibe war, a number of chiefs visit- 
 
 ber, 1814, fell on the field 
 and in the fort. The en- 
 graving depicts it as it ap- 
 peared, with its surround- 
 ings, in the autumn of 1861, 
 when the writer sketched 
 it liom the stops of Bar- 
 num's Hotel. 
 
 I visited the theatre of 
 scenes described in the few 
 preceding pages in Novem- 
 ber, 1861, on my return 
 homeward from Wasiiing- 
 ton, mentioned on page 
 943. On arriving at the 
 E".taw House, Baltimore, 
 in the evening, I had the 
 good fortune to meet an 
 esteemed friend, Brantz 
 Mayer, Esq,, a resident of 
 that city, and perfectly fa- 
 miliar with the mtn, events, 
 and localities we have just 
 been considering. To his 
 kind courtesy I am indebt- 
 ed for much valuable infor- 
 mation, and for facilities for 
 
 BATTLE MOMCUENT.' 
 
 Armlstcttd was In command of Fort MS'Jenry when the war brolce oat, and held It until its close. His gallant defense 
 of that position is made more consplcuoui; from the fact that he, and he alone, Itnew that the magazine was not bomb- 
 proof when the foe approached. He dared not reveal the fact, for feai' his men might refnse to remain in the fort. With 
 these enormous chances against him, he faithfully sustained that siege, and won a victory and a namt. The sense of 
 responsibility, and tho tax upon his nervous system during that bombardment, left him with a disease of the heart, and 
 three years and n half afterward, or on tho 2ISth of April, 1818, he expired, at the age of thirty-eight years. Colonel Ar- 
 ralstcnd was bur'-!d with military honors. There was an Immense funeral procession, civil and inlll'ary, and during the 
 Mrcmonies artillerists tired minute-guns on Federal Hill. It was said to have been the largest procession that had ever 
 been seen in Baltimore. The lllieness of Lieutenant Colonel Armistead or. page 965 is f^om a miniature in |)ossession 
 of his daughter, Mrs. Mary Bradford, of Westchester, Pennsylvania, to whom I am indebted for much minute and valu- 
 able information. 
 
 I The monument represents a cenotaph surmounted by a short column, and rests upon a plinth, or terrace, of the 
 fame material, forty feet square and four feel high. At eaoh angle is placed a cannon erect, having a ball apparently 
 iesning from Itt month. Betwseu the cannon are continuous rows of spear-shaped railing, and eight heavy supporting 
 fasces, all of iron. Outside of all is a chain guard. The lower part of the monument is of Egypt'.iu form and ornament- 
 ation, composed of eighteen layers of stone, the then number of the states of ti5C republic. At each of four angles of the 
 surmountlBg cornice Is a massive grlflln, wrought of marble. The column represents a huge fasces, symbolical of the 
 Union, the rods of which are bound by a fillet, on which. In bronze letters, are the names of the honored dead, whose 
 brave conduct strengthened the bands of that Union. Wreaths of laurel and cypress, emblems of glory and mourning, 
 bind the top of the great fasces ; and between them, in bronze letters, are the names of the following officers who per- 
 ished on the occasion : 
 
 Jamks I.,owbv DoNAi.nsoN, Adjutant Twenty-seventh Regiment ; Gbkooricf Anorek, Lieutenant First Rifle Battal- 
 ion ; Lkvi Ci.aooktt, Third Lientenant Nicholson's Artillerists. On the fillet are the following names of the slain non- 
 commissioned officers and privates .- John Clemm, T. V. Beaston, 8. Haubert, John Jephson, T. Wallace, .1. II. Marrlot 
 of John, K. Marrlot, Wni. Ways, J. Armstrong, J. Richardson, BcnJ. Pond, Clement Cox, Cecllins Bc't, .Tohii Garrett, H. 
 O.M'Comas, Wm. M'Ciellan, .Tohn t. Bird, M. Desk, Daniel Wells, Jan., John R. Cop, BenJ. Neal, C. Reynolds, D. How- 
 nrd, Uriah Prosser, A. Randall, R. H. Cooksey, J. Gregg, J. Kvaus, A. Maas, G. Jenkins, W. Alexander, C. Fallicr, T. 
 Bnnicston, J. Dunn, P. Byard, J. Craig. 
 
 On the lower part of the fasces are two hasso-rellevos, one representing the battle of North Point and the death of 
 Oenernl Ross, and the iher a batter;, of Fort M'Henry at the moment of the bombardment. On the east and west 
 fronts are lachrymal urns, emblematic of regret and sorrow. On the sonth part of tho square base of the fasces, below 
 the basso-relievos, is the following inscription In bronze letters: "Battle of North Point, 12th September, A.D. 1814, and 
 of Ihe Independence of the United States the thirty-ninth." On tho north front, corresponding to this, is the following : 
 "Bombardment of Port M'Henry, 18th September, A.D. 1814, and of the independence of the United States the thlrfy- 
 ninlh." That base and fasces together form a column :hirty-nlne feel in height, to show that the events commemorated 
 ocenrrert In the thirty-ninth year of tho Independence of the republic. The whole monument, including the exquisitely- 
 wronght female figure, representing the City of Baltimore, that surmounts It, rises to the height of almost flfly-three 
 fcct. Ujiou the head of ttat figure is a mural crown, the emblem of a city. In one bund she holds an antique rudder, 
 
 3P 
 
PICTORIAL riP:LI).B(JOK 
 
 A Visit to Patterson I'ark and other historical Localities. 
 
 The Cltj- Sprlnj;. 
 
 acquiring more. His introiluotion was a key to the treasures of the Maryland His- 
 torical Society. He acconipanietl me to many places of interest in the city aiul its 
 vicinity, ainong others Patterson Pai'k and R<nlger8's Battery, There we met tin 
 venerable John M'Lean, the keeper of the park, who was then peventy-eight years of 
 age. He was a member of Captain Benjamin Ringgold's company in the battle of 
 North Point. After listening with pleasui-e to his reminiscences, we returned to tho 
 city, where I was introduced to General John Spear Smith, a son of the cliivf com- 
 mander in the defense of Baltimore, and his volunteer aid on that occasion. GciK'ial 
 Smith subsequently placed in my hands his father's military papers of that period, 
 which I freely used in the preparation of the foregoing narrative. 
 We went to the pleasant inclosure of the City Spring, to see the monument erected 
 
 TUI OITT SraiNd ANU AltMIHTEAU's tld.xrMKNT.' 
 
 there to the memory of Colonel Armistead (delineated on page 960), but found it re- 
 moved, and the embattled edifice around it, seen beyond the figures in the above jiio- 
 ture, nearly demolished. Nor could we find any clew to it. On leaving that sluuli'l 
 5pot, where so many Baltimoreans have promenaded during the heats of summer, i 
 was inti'odnced to Captain John Lester, a veteran soldier, seventy-one years of agf. 
 Avho (then an ensign) was the color-bearer of the gallant Twenty-seventh Marylaii'l 
 Regiment in the battle of North Point. He seemed quite too young to claim tin 
 .patriarchal honors of threescore and ten yeai's. I found in his possession the tatternl 
 flag of the Twenty-seventh (delineated on page 054), whose wounds were receivtMl 
 while it was borne in his hands forty-seven years before. Twenty-seven years atler- 
 
 symbnllc of navigation, and in the other n crown of laurel j while, with a graccfiil Inclination of the head, flic lookc In 
 the direction of the theatre of conflict. At her feet, on hci right. Is an eagle, and near it .1 bomb-fhell, connncmoraliv.' 
 of the bombardment. This monument, in its cuiireption and execution. Is worthy of the great events commciiioraicd 
 
 A few years ago, a thin volume was published In Baltimore entitled The Citizen SohUfri at Xorth Point nnrf Fiirl M'llrnni, 
 Srptembitr 12 and 18, 1R14. It contains the names of all the men, ofllrers and privates, who were on dnty at that time, 
 and Is dedicated to " Major Qeiieral Samuel Smith, the Hero of two Wars." 
 
 ' This Is a view of the City Spring and Its surrouudlngs taken fl-om Saratoga Street a short time before the monn- 
 ment was removed. That monnmcnt was placed In a recess of tho building with bnttlements, seen townrrt the left of 
 the picture, with an Iron railing in front. The City Spring Is under the temple-shaped pavilluu In the foregrouud, wlild 
 is yet (1S07) standing, I believe, with the same lantern banging beneath Its dome. 
 
The City Sprlnj!. 
 
 i" the Maryland Ilis- 
 , in the city and its 
 There we met tlie 
 /cnty-eight years of 
 any in the haltle of 
 , we returned to the 
 on of the chief com- 
 t occasion. Gcni'ral 
 ipers of that jjeriod, 
 
 le monument creeled 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 068 
 
 The Color-bearer of the Twenty-seventh Begiment. 
 
 Visit to North Point Battle-ground. 
 
 •1841. 
 
 ward* he bore the same flag at 
 
 the head of about thirty surviv- 
 ors of the Twenty-seventh, who were 
 in the funeral procession at the burial 
 of President Harrison, the distinguish- 
 ed soldier of the Second War for Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Captain Lester accompanied my 
 traveling companion and myself to 
 the North Point battle-ground on the 
 'November, morning of the 20th.'' The 
 1800. jjjj. ^yjjg very chilling, but 
 
 ill a covered carriage, with fleet horses 
 and a good postillion, we made the 
 journey comfortably and quickh 'o 
 the battle-ground, seven miles Iroiu 
 the city. On our way, as we approach- 
 ed Long Log Lane, I sketched the 
 Methodist meeting-house, whicli was 
 used for a hospital after tlie battle, and 
 where General Strieker biv- 
 ouacked on tlie night of the 
 
 'September, Hth^ A sllOl't dis- 
 
 ^^^*- tance from it, on the 
 comer, where a road leads to 
 Hancock's Pavilion, on Ik-ar 
 Creek, was a place of refresliment called the Battle-ground House. In a field adjoin- 
 ing it we saw a roughdiewn block of granite, with a square hollow in it, which was 
 piiited out as the corner-stone of a mominient which it is proposed to erect on the 
 tield of strife. This was on the right of Long Log Lane going out. On the opposite 
 side of the lane (which is now the highway to North Point) was the scene of the 
 lieavicst of the battle, which was then an open oak wood, as delinoated in the accora- 
 piiiiying picture of the battle-ground, drawn a few days after the conflict by Thomas 
 
 'I 
 
 1 1 
 
 M 
 
 9G0), but found it n- 
 lures in the above yw- 
 h leaving that shade.l 
 lie heats of summer, 1 
 Inty-one years of agi, 
 
 ity-M'venth ]\Iarylaiul 
 young to claim the 
 
 pssession the tattercJ 
 
 [-ounds were received 
 ity-seven years after- 
 
 Jition of the head, die 'ookp in 
 1.1 bomb-shell, comniomorativ.' 
 1 great event* commemoraled. 
 [Xorthi'mntand Fort H'lUnrii. 
 \o were on duty at that llnw, 
 
 I short Umo before the niona- 
 JnentK, feen townrd the left "I 
 liliou la the foreground, vh\di 
 
 
 im^^0itimmM:i:m!^ 
 
 *mt',^~^;"i^i 
 
 WOllTU POINT UATTLE-OUOCNI).' 
 
 Rmkle, who was hi the fight. The view is from the site of the Battle-ground House. 
 Tlie stately oaks which then shaded the ground have disappeared, and it is covered 
 by a new and smaller growtli, and in some places by a tangled undergrowth. 
 We rode on to the house of Richard Brady (occupied at the time of our visit by 
 
 1 In thlf view, copied fl-om Rnckle's picttu-e In the Maryland Hlgtorlcnl Society, LonR Log Lane Ib Been over the 
 oqnpplrlan flcnres townrd the right, and on the extreme right the head of Bear Creek. The conflict occurred within 
 the (paces included in the picture. 
 
 > 
 
u 
 
 ' ' ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ i 
 
 'I 
 
 { 
 
 » 1 
 
 I: 
 
 :; i 
 
 \m. 
 
 . Si 
 ii, -': 
 
 ''•i|!l 
 
 ' h 
 
 
 664^ 
 
 PICTOniAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Monumeut where Ross fell. 
 
 AViBtttoPortM'Henry, 
 
 Samuel Cole), in front of which General Ross received his death-wound, as related on 
 page 951. Near that spot, by the side of the road, the soldiers, commanded by Cap- 
 tain Benjamin C. Howard on that occasion, and known as the First Mechanical Vol- 
 unteers, erected a monument, about eight feet in height, partly in commemoration 
 
 MOKCUENT WUEBE BOSS FELL. 
 
 of the action, but specifically, as the inscription declares,' " as a tribute of respect for 
 the memory of their gallant brother" in arms, Aquila Randall, who fell there. Tlio 
 view in the engraving was sketched from Mr. Cole's house, in which is seen, towaid 
 the left, the venerable oak-tree under which Ross was laid for a few minutes by Cap- 
 tain M'Dougall, and in the centre, over the horseman, a part of Bear Creek. Ross 
 was shot on the gentle rise of ground in the road a few rods eastward of the monu- 
 ment. 
 
 We returned to Baltimore at a little past noon, turning off from the direct road to 
 visit the homestead of Colonel Sterett, mentioned on page 958. The mansion was 
 upon a beautiful terraced slope along the old Philadelphia Road. "We did not stop 
 in the city, but riding through it to Fort Avenue, which traverses the length of Fell's 
 Point to Fort M'Henry, we passed along that fine stone road a full mile, to the en- 
 trance-gate to the outer grounds of the fort. A pass from General Dury^e, then in 
 command at Baltimore, opened the portals. We were kindly received by the courte- 
 ous Colonel (afterward General) W. Morris, the commandant (since doad), and were 
 allowed to visit every part of the venerated fortification. After making the sketcli 
 on page 954, we returned, stopping on the way to make a drawing of the circular 
 seven-gun battery mentioned on page 949, and to find the sites of Fort Covington 
 and the City Battp: y, which was commanded by the gallant Webster. These were 
 
 ■ The following are the inscriptions on the raonnment: A'ortfc Side: "Sncred to the memory of Aquila RASDiLi. 
 who died In brnvely defending his country and his home on the mcmomble 12th of September, 1814, aged 24 years." 
 EaM Side : "In the skirmish which occurred at this spot between the advanced party nnder Mnjor Richard K. Ileath. 
 of the Pth Regt. M. M., and the fl'ont of the British column. Major General Ross, the commander of the British forces 
 received his mortal wound." West Siik : " The First Mechanical Volunteers, commanded by Captain Benjamin C. Hon-- 
 ard, in the 6th Regt. M. M., have erected this monument as a tribute of their respect fur the memory of their gallant 
 ' brother." South Side : " How beautiful is Death when earned by Virtue." 
 
AVUtttoFortM'Henry. 
 
 •wound, as relatuil on 
 commanded by Cap- 
 rirst Mechanical Vol- 
 y in comraeraoration 
 
 3. 
 
 1 tribute of respect for 
 ,who fell there. The 
 which is seen, toward 
 few minutes by Caj)- 
 of Bear Creek. Ross 
 
 jastward of the menu- 
 
 rem the direct road to 
 The mansion was 
 
 ad. We did not stop 
 
 ses the length of Fell's 
 a full mile, to the en- 
 
 eneral Duryfie, then in 
 ■eceived by the courtc- 
 since dead), and were 
 
 ter making the sketcli 
 •awing of the circular 
 tes of Fort Covington 
 Webster. These were 
 
 P memory of Aquii-a Randaii. 
 ieptember, 1814, Bgefl 24 yearsT 
 nnder Major Hlchnrd K. Heath, 
 immander of the British fcirce«. 
 Iby Captain Benjamin CHmv- 
 or the memory of their gallant 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 965 
 
 The Circular Battery auii Its Outlook. 
 
 New York and Philadelphia relieved. 
 
 Philadelphia Troops. 
 
 BEMAINS OF THE UIBODLAB U^TTKBY. 
 
 situated on the river bank, below the circular battery, and nearly half a mile distant. 
 Webster's battery was on a line with it, in the direction of the river, and Fort Cov- 
 ington was about five hundred yards farther up the stream. The circular battery 
 was at the end of Light Street, that skirts Federal Hill, on which, at the time of my 
 visit, were heavy earth-works, in charge of Duryfce's Zouaves, thrown up as a protec- 
 tion to Fort M'Henry against land attacks by insurgents. The mounds of the old 
 cii'cular battery were six or eight feet high in some places. It was in a commanding 
 position. Our \dew, taken from within it, comprises the entire theatre of the opei-a- 
 tions of the British boat expedition on that eventful night. "We are looking toward 
 Chesapeake Bay. On the left is seen Fort M'Henry, and in the extreme distance, ap- 
 pearing like a speck near the mouth of the Patapsco, is Fort Carroll. 
 
 On the following morning* I made a careful drawing of the Battle • November 21, 
 Monument, delineated on page 960. We afterward spent several hours ^®''^- 
 
 in the rooms of the Historical Society, and in the afternoon called on Mr. Armistead, 
 where we were kindly shown the old garrison flag, tattered and faded — the identical 
 S^ar-spangkd Banner on which Key and his companions so anxiously gazed " at the 
 twilight's last gleaming." On the same evening we left Baltimore for Havre de 
 Grace, where, as we have observed on page 943, we passed the night and the follow- 
 ing day. 
 
 We have remarked that when the British were driven away from Baltimore, the 
 trembling citizens of Philadelphia and Now York breathed freer. Both felt them- 
 selves seriously menaced by the heavy British force in the Chesapeake, and both had 
 made juch vigorous preparations for attack that the enemy did not deem it prudent 
 to attempt it. Indeed, it was not their intention to do so at that time, and they 
 sailed away to the Bermudas to join in the more important work of mvading Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 When, as we have already obsei-ved, the depredations of Cockburn on the shores 
 of the Delaware, in the spring of 1813, were made known at Philadelphia, an intense 
 martial spirit was aroused in that city, and along the shores of the Delaware River 
 and Bay. At the beginning of the Avar that spirit was almost dormant. The fine 
 corps known as the M'^Pherson Blues^ had been disbanded twelve years before the 
 ileclaration of war, and another, called Sheets Legion, was no more. Only three or 
 four volunteer companies of any note then existed in Philadelphia, the oldest of which, 
 a company of cavalry, was called the First, or old City Troo}), Captain Charles Ross, 
 which was formed in the autumn of 1774, and did good service in the Revolution 
 un'''r Captain Morris. They formed a body-guard for General Washington when 
 he traveled from "Philadelphia to New York in 1775 to take command of the army 
 at Cambridge. These, with Captain Rush's old Philadelphia Blues, and Captain 
 Fottevall's Independent Volunteers, both large companies, composed the most of the 
 
 1 See page 111. . 
 
Ill I ' 
 
 V f 
 
 96& 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Volunteer Compauies uf Philadelphia. 
 
 Protection for Duponts' Powder-mllb. 
 
 Captain Junies Page. 
 
 uniformed militia of that vicinity. During the summer of 1812 
 a new uniform company was formed, called the State Fenciblea, 
 which, like the City l^roop, is still an organized corps, and until a 
 few years ago was led by Captain James Page, who was elected 
 its commander in June, 1818.' The original manuscript, contain- 
 ing the call for the formation of this company, is before me, having 
 been kindly placed in my hands by the veteran Captain Page, of 
 Philadelphia, who was a private in that company during the War 
 of 1812, The first name on tlie list is that of one of Philadelphia's 
 most honored sons, lion, Joseph R. Ingersoll, and the third is that 
 of the late Colonel Clement C. Biddle. The latter, who was the 
 originator of the company, was chosen captain, and the former first 
 lieatenant. Captain Page is yet (1867) a vigorous man, nearly 
 eighty years of age, and to him I am indebted for much valuable 
 information concerning military affairs in and around Philadelphia 
 during the war,* 
 
 When the news of the presence of the British in the Delaware ^ -. . 
 reached Philadelphia, great alarm was felt because of the defense- *^^™ fenoiule i> isu. 
 less state of the city. Fort Mifflin, just below, its only defense on the water, was gar- 
 risoned by only eleven recruits, under Captain James N, Barker, Something must be 
 done immediately to strengthen that post. James M. Porter, Secretaiy of the " Youii(» 
 Men's Democratic Society" of Philadelphia, a young lawyer, called a meetin"' on the 
 20th of March at Stratton's Tavern. It was fully attended, and about seventy youii" 
 men who Avere present formed a volunteer company for artillery service on that very 
 evening. They organized by the election of officers the next day, with the name of 
 The Junior Artillerists. They at once tendered their services to General Bloonifiold 
 the commander of the district, to re-enforce the garrison at Fort Mifflin. They were 
 accepted, and within three days after they were organized they marched to Fort 
 Mifflin, under Captain Fisler, each Avith a cockade in his hat, and Avearing a coat Avitli 
 bright buttons, accompanied by Captain Mitchell's volunteer corps of eighty n^cn 
 dressed in bh;e and buff, and known as the Independent Blues. The latter, Avith the 
 Independent Volunteers, and a ncAvly- organized company called the Washington 
 Guards, Captain Raguet — the first new company of infantry formed in Philadelphia 
 at that time — left the city for the State of Delaware on the afternoon of the 12th of 
 May, under the command of Colonel Lewis Rush, They proceeded to Staunton, 
 about six miles bi^yond Wilmington, and near that place formed a camp at a spot se- 
 lected by OeneiT.l Bloomfield, 
 
 At about that time it Avas rumored that Duponts' powder-mills at Wilmington 
 Avere about to be attacked. Colonel Rush disposed his troops in that vicinity so as 
 to protect them, and there they remained until the invaders left; the neighboring Ava- 
 ters. The inhabitants of DelaAvare, in the mean time, had raised several volunteer 
 companies; and the names of the Duponts, Rodney, Young, Van Dyke, Warren, Wil- 
 
 1 Captain Page was commander of the First Company. AVhen, in April, 1801, the President of the United States 
 railed for scveuty-flve thousand troops to put down the great insurrection of the slaveholders against the government, 
 the Fencibles offered themselves as volunteers, and were mustered into the service of the United States, and formed ii 
 I)art of the Eighteenth Hegiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. They served the full term of three months, when they were 
 mustered out of the service, and honorably discharged. Many of them afterward entered the service as volunteers in 
 different corps. The Pennsylvania militia law of May, 1804, dissolved the organization, and the Htnte Fmdhkx, after an 
 honorable career of more than half a century, passed into History as an extinct military association. The Inst captain 
 was John Miller. Among the brave men of the corps who went into the War for the Union, Captain Hesscr, made 
 colonel of the Seventy-second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, deserves honorable mention. He fr'l at the head 
 of his regiment, at Orange Court-house, Virginia, in November, 1868. 
 
 a In is.'ift former members of the State Fencibles presented to Captain Pu^e a sword, on which is the following In- 
 scription : " Presented to Captain James Page by retired members of the State Fencibles, as a token of their esteem 
 f(ir him as a citizen and soldier, and of their appreciation of his services as commanding officer of that corps for a pe- 
 niod of forty years. Philadelphia, December 20, 1SS9." 
 
OP THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 967 
 
 Captain Jume« Page. 
 
 Orguulzation of Troops. 
 
 Camp DnpuDt. 
 
 Camp at Marcan's Ilook. 
 
 jg. BTATE FBNOUILE IN ISU. 
 
 a the water, was giir- 
 Something must be 
 retaiy of the "Young 
 led a meeting on the 
 about seventy young 
 service on that very 
 ly, with the name of 
 ) General Bloomfield, 
 f Mifflin, They were 
 ey marched to Fort 
 wearing a coat witli 
 orps of eighty ircn, 
 The latter, with the 
 led the Washington 
 med in Philadelphia 
 ;rnoon of the 12th of 
 ceeded to Staunton, 
 a camp at a spot se- 
 nilis at Wilmington 
 in that vicinity so as 
 the neighboring wa- 
 ed several volunteer 
 Dyke, Warren, Wil- 
 
 isident of the United States 
 lere agninst the government, 
 UnUed States, nnd formed ii 
 iree months, when they were 
 the service as volunteers in 
 d the fitnte FencihlcK, nfler an 
 ^sociation. The last captain 
 Tnion, Captain Hesser, made 
 entlon. He fr'l at the head 
 
 n which is the following in- 
 B, as a token of their esteem 
 jfflcer of that corps for a pe- 
 
 son, Leonard, and others, are held in grateful remembrance to this day as prominent 
 actors in the business of state defense. 
 
 On the receipt of the requisition for troops from the War Department early in July, 
 1814, Governor Snyder, of Pennsylvania, caused a general order to be issued for the 
 mustering of the militia and the raising of volunteers, in which several military com- 
 ])anies of Philadelphia, and elsewhere in the state, who had ottered their services to 
 tlic government in the sumir 3r of 1812, were named as accepted volunteers, and as 
 forming a part of the quota of the state.' Recruiting Avent briskly on, and it was 
 greatly promoted by intelligence of the capture of Washington toward the close of 
 August. Volunteers flocked to the standard of General Bloomfield in great num- 
 bers.* Kennet Square, in Chester County, thirty-six miles southwest from Philadel- 
 phia, was the designated place of rendezvous, and there, at the close of August, a 
 camp was formed, under the direction of Cr.ptain C. W. Hunter, and named Camp 
 Bloomfield. On the 7th of September, Lieutenant Colonel Clemson, of the United 
 States Army, assumed the command, and on the 14th he was succeeded by Brigadier 
 General Thomas Cadwalader. The troops were brigaded, and the corps was called 
 The Advanced Light Guard.^ Captain Ross, with his First City Troop, took post on 
 Mount Bull, a height overlooking the Chesapeake, thirteen miles below Elkton, to 
 watch the approach of the enemy, and held communication with the camp and Phila- 
 delphia by a line of vedettes. 
 
 The brigade changed its position several times, but was continually in the vicinity 
 of Wilmington. The last one that it occupied was called Camj) Dupont, about three 
 miles west of Wilmington, where it remained until the 30th of November, when, all 
 danger seeming to be distant, the troops were marched back to Philadelphia, and 
 there disbanded on the 3d of January, 1815.* 
 
 In the mean time a body of almost ten thousand men was assembled near Marcus's 
 Hook, on the Delaware, twenty miles below Philadelphia, which was at first organ- 
 ized by Adjutant General William Duane, under the command of Major General Isaac 
 Worrall. It was composed of Pennsylvania militia and volunteers. Its rendezvous 
 was called Camp Gaines, in honor of General E. P. Gaines, who succeeded Bloomfield 
 in the command of the Department, in September. This camp was broken up on the 
 5th of December, 1814. Besides these, several companies were organized in the city 
 and county of Philadelphia who did not take the field.^ When Gaines left for New 
 Orleans in December, General Cadwalader' succeeded him as chief of the Fourth 
 Military Department. 
 
 While the volunteers were hastening to the camps to be enrolled as soldiers, the 
 inhabitants of Philadelphia were vigorously making preparations for the defense of 
 
 'These were the Ilarrialntrrf rohtnteers, C!t\)Mn Thomas Walker: State Ftm^^Mfi.Capiain C. C. Biddlc; three rifle 
 companies, commanded respectively by Captains Andrew Mitchell, Nicholas Bcckwith, and Samuel Dunn ; Benevolent 
 Blws, Henry Reed ; and Light Dracioont, James Noble. 
 
 » "The very flower of the yonth and best hopes of the nation," wrote an eye-witness—" citizens of erery rank and 
 profession, and of every political name, were there commingled in the ranks, united In a common cause for the defense 
 nf their country, and exhibiting to the monarchs of Europe the glorious spectacle of practical equality."— Author of A 
 Short liketch of the MiUtanj Operations on the Delaware durinj the late War, etc. Philadelphia, 1820. 
 
 'The brigade staff consisted of the fbllowlng officers: Thomas Cadwalader, brigadier general; John Hare Powell, 
 brigade major. In place of Hnnter, promoted ; Richard M'Call and John G. Biddle, alds-de-camp : Henry Sergeant, as- 
 eistant quartermaster general : David Correy, assistant deputy quartermaster general. The number of officers and prl- 
 v.itesmaybe stated as follows : Brigade staff, 7; one companyof flying artillery, Captoin Richard Bache, 01 ; two troops 
 of cavalry, 116 ; one artillery regiment, 689 j one infantry regiment, 1203 ; riflemen, 11T9 ; one militia battalion, 280. 
 Total, 3604. 
 
 ' Among the gallant officers at Camp Dnpont was Captain John Ross Mifflin, of the Washington Guards. He was a 
 nephew of Captain Ross, and died, unmarried, in Philadelphia in 1826. He wrote a series of interesting letters IVom 
 C»mp Dnpont, copies of some of which were kindly placed in my hands by Miss Elizabeth Mifflin, of Philadelphia. 
 Tliese give a lively picture of camp life there. 
 
 » A Short Sketch of Militarii Operations on the Delaware during the late War, pages 8 to 29 Inclusive. 
 
 • Son of General John Cadwalader, of the Continent! 1 Army. He was born on the 28th of October, 1"T9. He wai 
 admitted to the bar In Phlladfilphia In ISOl. He studied military science Intently, and entered the service as captain in 
 1S12. He rose to the rank of briiradier general in 1814. After the war he became major general of Pennsylvania mllU 
 lla. Be assisted tn forming a system of cavalry tactics in 1S26. He died on tb« 20tb of October, 1341. 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 '■ 
 
 ' ! 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 -r :! > til 
 
w 
 
 068 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Public Mcotlu)Jt In I'blliiilclphlii. 
 
 Committee of UereuHO. 
 
 CItlicenK coiiBtruct Fortlflcmidiu. 
 
 the city. When intelligence of the capture of Washington reached them, a public 
 meeting was held, and a committee of defense was appointed, with ample powers to 
 adopt such measures as the exigency seemed to require.' "They determined," says 
 Mr. Wescott,'' " that, for the safety of the city, field fortifications should be thrown 
 up in the most eligible situations on the western side of the town, and where an at- 
 tack might be expected. A fort was planned near Gray's Ferry, on the west side of 
 the Schuylkill River, at the junction of the Gray's Ferry and Darby Roads ; also a 
 redoubt opposite Hamilton's Grove, another upon the Lancaster Road, and a third 
 upon the site of an old British redoubt on the southern side of the hill at Fainnomit 
 which would command the bridge at Market Street .and the roads leading to it. 
 
 " To construct these works required much labor, and, under the circumstances, tiiey 
 could not have been built without the voluntary assistance of the citizens. A hearty 
 enthusiasm was shown in the service. Companies, societies, and the artificers of the 
 difierent trades organized themselves for the purpose. Day after day these parties 
 assembled, and left the city at from five to six o'clock in the morning, and, with knap- 
 sacks or handkerchiefs containing a supply of food, marched out to the fortifications 
 to a dj>v of toilsome labor at an occupation to which but few of them were accus- 
 tomed. Labor commenced on the 3d of September, and from that time until .about 
 the 1 st of October, when the field-works were finished, the toil was participated in 
 by parties having' the following numbers: House carpenters, 62 ; victualers, 400 ; the 
 Tammany Society, 400 ; painters, 70 ; hatters and brickmakers, 300 ; Philadelphia Be- 
 nevolent Society and Fourth Washington Guard, 160; Rev, Mr. Staughton and tlie 
 members of his church, 60; printers, 200 ; crew of the Wasp, 140; watchmakers, sil- 
 versmiths, and jewelers (on Monday, September 11), 400 ; cabinet-makers and joiners, 
 300 ; Washington Association, 70 ; Tioie Republican Society, 70 ; teachers, 30 ; friend- 
 ly aliens, 500 ; Freemasons, grand and subordinate lodges, 510 ; Washington Benev- 
 olent Society, 600 ; Sons of Erin, citizens of the United States, 2200 ; Tammany Soci- 
 ety, second day, 1 30 ; friendly aliens, second day, 150; German societies, 540 ; colored 
 men, 650; citizens of Germantown, 400 ; Scotchmen, 100 ; Sons of Erin, second day, 
 350. The colored people also gave a second day to the work. Small bodies, not 
 enumerated, including beneficial societies and social clubs, participated. The physi- 
 cians and artists of the city also labored at the works. When the fortifications were 
 completed, it was found that about fifteen thousand persons had labored on them. In 
 lieu of work, many who were unable or unwilling to assist in that manner gave money. 
 The collections from this source amounted to about six thousand dollars. 
 
 " Arriving at the fortifications, the citizens, having been previously divided into 
 companies, were put to work. At ten o'clock the drum beat for ' grog,' when liquor 
 suflicient for each company was dealt out by its captain. At twelve o'clock the drum 
 
 > The public meeting was held In the State House Yard, on the 26th of Angnst, 1814. Thomas M'Kean was chair- 
 man, and Joseph Reed was secretary. A committee, of which Jared IngersoU was chairman, was appointed "to con- 
 sider and report what measares ought, in their opinion, to he adopted for protection and defense." They reported 
 resolutions, the first of which nominated a number of gentlemen as a committee of defense, for the purpose of orgiiniz- 
 Ing the citizens of Philadelphia, and of the northern and southern districts, for defense, with power to appoint cotiimit- 
 tees under them, correspond with the state and general governments, malce arrangements for supplies, fix on places of 
 rendezvous, etc. This committee consisted of the following named persons: For the city of Philadelphia— Charles 
 BIddle, Thomas Lelper, Thomas Cadwalader, Gen. John Steel, George Latimer, John Earlier, Henry Hawkins, Liberty 
 Browne, Ci.urles Ross, Manuel Eyre, John Connelly, Condy Raguet, Wm. M'Faden, .Tohn Sergeantj John Geyer (ilnyof). 
 and .Toseph Reed. For the Northern Liberties and Penn Township— Colonel Jonathan W - ■>. John Goodman, Dan- 
 lei Groves, John Barclay, John Naglee, Thomas Snyder, J. W. Norris, Michael Lieb, Jacob HniT, anJ James Whltehend. 
 For the district of Southwarlt and townships of Moyamensing and Passynnk— James Josiah, R. M'Mullen, John Thomp- 
 son, K. Ferguson, James Ronaldson, P. Mlercken, R. Palmer, and P. Pitts. 
 
 These citizens met on the day of their appointment, at the State House, where they were organized into a committee 
 of defense, with Chories Biddle as chairman, and .Tohn Goodman as secretary. The labors of the committee were very 
 nseta\ and Important. The organization was continued until the 16th of August, 1815, when, at the eighty-second meet- 
 lug, their labors ceased. The minutes of the committee, caref^iHy kept by Mr. Goodman, and giving the details of tlieir 
 proceedings, were published in 1S6T as the eighth volume of the Memoirs of the Historical Society ^f Penntvlvania, accom- 
 panied by brief biographical notices of the members of the committee. 
 
 • Hixtoni of the Citu of PMlmMphia frcm 1682 to 1864, by Thompson Wescott,E8q. This history was in manuscript 
 when Mr. Wescott kindly allowed me to copy the matter quoted in the text. 
 
OF THE WAIl OF 18 12, 
 
 909 
 
 in coustruct Fortlflcatluni, 
 
 hed them, a public 
 h amplo powern to 
 ■ ckteriniiied," says 
 Hhould be thiuwii 
 II, and where an al- 
 on the west side of 
 arby Roads ; also a 
 • Road, and a tliiid 
 e hill at Fan-mount, 
 I leading to it. 
 circumstances, they 
 I citizens. A hearty 
 the artificers of the 
 er day these parties 
 ling, and, with knap- 
 , to the fortifications 
 of them were acciis- 
 liat time until about 
 was participated in 
 victualers, 400 ; the 
 00 ; Philadelphia Be- 
 ■. Staughton and tlic 
 .0 ; watchmakers, sil- 
 ;t-maker8 and joiners, 
 teachers, 30 ; friend- 
 Washington Benev- 
 200; Tammany Soci- 
 jcieties, 540 ; colored 
 of Erin, second day, 
 Small bodies, not 
 icipated. The pUysi- 
 lie fortifications were 
 labored on them. Li 
 manner gave money. 
 Id dollars, 
 viously divided into 
 ,r ' grog,' when liquor 
 'Ive o'clock the drum 
 
 New York stirred up. 
 
 Committee of Defense. 
 
 Pntrtotlc Action of the CltUens. 
 
 Thomas M'Kean was chnlr- 
 man, was appointed "to con- 
 tnd defense." They reported 
 L, for the purpose of orgaiiiz- 
 llth power to appoint commit- 
 \ for supplies, ax on places of 
 (city of Phlladelphla-Chnrles 
 fker, Henry Hawkins, Liberty 
 Icreeant, John Gcyer (Mayor), 
 "■ ■ •.. .lohn Goodman, Dao- 
 ■> HniT, an.: James Whitehead. 
 |h, R. M-MuUen, John Thomp- 
 
 le organized Into a committee 
 \s of the committee were very 
 len, at the eighty-second meet- 
 f nd Riving the details of ttieir 
 hoeietij of Penn«vlnani<t< """""■ 
 
 lis history was In manuecript 
 
 beat for dinner, when more ' grog' was furnished. This was also the case at three and 
 at five o'clock in the afternoon. At six the drum beat the retreat, when it was sug- 
 gested in General Orders, ' For the honor of the cause we are engaged in, freemen to 
 live or die, it is hoped that every man will retire sober.'' " 
 
 So did Philadelphians prepare for the invader. Happily the enemy did not come, 
 and their beautiful city was spared the horrors of war. 
 
 New York was likewise fearfully excited by apprehensions of danger during tlio 
 ginnmer and autumn of 1814, Like Philadelj)hia and Boston, its defenses were few 
 and weak at that critical moment. The appearance of the powerful British force in 
 the Chesapeake aroused the citizens to a sense of their immediate danger, and they 
 soon put forth mighty efforts ui preparations to repel the invader. The mayor of the 
 city, De Witt Clinton, issued, through the medium of the City Council, a stirring ad- 
 dress to the people on the 2d of August, in which he set forth the importance of New 
 York to the enemy on account of its wealth and geographical position, which in- 
 creased its liabilities to attack. He recommended the militia to hold themselves in 
 readiness for duty, and called upon the citizens to offer their personal services and 
 means cheerfully to the United States officers in command there, to aid in the com- 
 pletion of the unfinished fortifications around the city. 
 
 In response to the mayor's appeal, a large meeting of citizens was held in the City 
 Hall Park, on Tuesday, the 9th of August,' when a Committee of Defense, chosen from 
 the Common Council, was appointed,^ clothed with ample powers to direct the ef- 
 forts of the inhabitants in the business of protection. On the same morning the ofli- 
 cers of General Mapes's brigade, to the number of two hundred, gave the first prac- 
 tical response to the mayor's appeal by crossing the East River from Beekman's Slip, 
 and, with Captain Andrew Bremmer's artillery, marching to the lines traced out for 
 the fortifications on the heights around Brooklyn by General Swifl, and taking pick- 
 axes, and shovels, and every other appropriate implement at hand, breaking ground at. 
 eight o'clock, and working lustily all day. They were followed the next morning by 
 as many carpenters and cabinet-makers ; and only four days after the meeting in the 
 Park, the Committee of Defense announced* tliat three thousand persons 
 were at work on the fortifications. They also reported the receipt of 
 large sums of money ; and on the same day it was announced that " two hundred 
 journeymen printers, one thousand Sons of Erin, thirty pilots, seventy men from the 
 Asbury (African) Church, with one hundred and fifty other colored men, two hundred 
 weavers, and many heads of manufacturing establishments," were at work on the 
 lines. Two days afterward the city newspapers were suspended, that all hands might 
 work on the fortifications ; and on- the 20th of August five hundred men " left on the 
 Jersey steam-boat for Harlem Heights," to work on intrenchments there ; and, at the 
 same time, fifteen hundred " patriotic Sons of Erin" crossed the ferry to Brooklyn for 
 the same purpose. Two days afterward nearly one thousand colored people crossed 
 the Catharine Ferry to work on the fortifications between Fort Greene and GoAvanus 
 Creek ; and on the 25th the Washington Benevolent Society, an organization opjiosed 
 to the war, inspired with zeal for the common cause, went over in a body, with their 
 banner bearing the portrait of Washington — the largest number belonging to one 
 society that had crossed over at one time. On the same day the butchers went to 
 the lines to labor, bearing the flag, on which was the figure of an ox prepared for 
 slaughter, which had been used by them in the great " Federal Procession" in honor 
 of the ratification of the National Constitution in 1789, Masonic and other societies 
 went in bodies to the patriotic task ; and school-teachers and pupils went together 
 to give their aid. Little boys, too small to handle a spade or pickaxe, carried earth on 
 
 tH 
 
 Jv 
 
 r ,1 ' ' 
 
 ' The call was signed by Henry Eutger and Oliver Wolcott. The chief organ of the Opposition— the Evening Pott— 
 denounced it, and asked, " Has it not a squinting toward the charter election ?" 
 * The committee consisted of Nicholas Fish, Gideon Tucker, Peter Mesier, George Bnckmaster, and J. Nltchle. 
 
I.d 
 
 1) i 
 
 070 
 
 riCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 NolicbborH usrIhI Now York. 
 
 tintherliiK of T.'unpi in and aronnd th« Oity. 
 
 " The Patriotic Ulggon." 
 
 flhinglea, atid ho adilud their niitos in roarinj? tln» breastworkH. It was a scene like 
 that of cairii-l)uil(liiig in the olden time. The infection Hpread, and every day ciil- 
 zenw from neighboring towim on Long Island,' on the Hudson, and from New Jersey, 
 j)rottered their services. Nor were the nights undisturbed by the sound of the patri- 
 otic toil. On that of the 31st of August it is recorded that full six hundred men 
 went over to Brooklyn, and worked " by the light of the moon." 
 
 Intelligence of the capture of Washington City reached New York on the 27th of 
 August, three days after that sad occurrence. The zeal and patriotism of the citi- 
 zens were increased tiiorc- 
 by. In General Orders, 
 
 , y •' / >^ y l''"''^'l T^- Tompkins, gov- 
 
 ^1 J^. /7 / (^ a yvOtoT^ ^yt yW^..^i^ yf ernor of the State of Now 
 
 York, who had been untir- 
 ing in his exertions for the 
 public good from the be- 
 ginning of the war, ea'led on the inhabitants to send arms of every description to the 
 State Arsenal, where all fit for service would be paid for. The call was ])roniptly 
 answered. He also ordered the organization of a battalion of Sea Fencibles, to be 
 commanded by Captain James T. Leonard ; and expressed a desire to enroll volun- 
 teers for one or two months' service. Already nearly four thousand militia had 
 come do rn the Hudson in sloops; and Commodore Decatur had been assigned to 
 the command of the naval force in the harbor of New York, with orders to co-op- 
 erate with the military in defense of the city. On the Ist of September the gov- 
 ernor issued a proclamation for an extraordinary session of tlie Legislature of the 
 State, to commence on tlie 27th of that month. 
 
 On the 3l8t of August there was a grand military review in the city of New York, 
 Avhen about six thousand men were under arms. On the 2d of September the militia 
 were mustered into actual service, when 
 the division of General Ebenezer Stevens 
 was transferred to the command of Major 
 General Morgan Lewis, Cadwallader D. 
 Golden was appointed to the command of 
 all the uniformed militia companies of the 
 city and county, and every thing pertain- 
 ing to the military was put upon the war footing of actual service. The citizens con- 
 tinued their zealous labors on the military works all through September and in Octo- 
 ber, and made the lines of fortifications around New York truly formidable.^ 
 
 ' On the 17th of August, the people of Biishwick, Long Island, led by the Rev. Mr. Bnssett, repaired to Fort Swift (erect- 
 ed on the old redoubt of the Revolution on Cobble Hill) to labor on that work. The venerable pastor of the flock that 
 followed him opened the operntlons with prayer, and be remained with them throughout the day, encourngiiig tliera 
 aud distributing refreshments among them. 
 
 a These displays of patriotism inspired Samuel Woodworth, an American poet of considerable eminence, and then the 
 editor and publisher of a weekly record of events entitled The irar, to write a very popular ballad called V/m; J'alriolic 
 Diggtrri, of which the following is a copy : 
 
 "Johnny Bull, beware. 
 Keep at proper distance. 
 Else we'll make you stare 
 At onr firm resistance ; 
 Let alone the lads 
 
 Who are freedom tasting, 
 Recollect our dads 
 Gave yon once a basting. 
 Pickaxe, shovel, spade. 
 
 Crowbar, hoe, and barrow, 
 Better not invade, 
 Yankees have the marrow. 
 
 "To protect onr rights 
 
 'Gainst yonr flints and triggers, 
 See on Brooklyn Heights 
 
 Our patriotic diggers ; 
 Men of every age. 
 
 Color, rank, profession, 
 Ardently engage. 
 
 Labor in succession. 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 
 " Grandeur leaves her towers, 
 Poverty her hovel. 
 Here to join their powers 
 
 With the hoe and shovel. 
 Here the merchant toils 
 
 With the patriot sawyer. 
 There the laborer smiles. 
 Near him sweats the lawyer. 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 911 
 
 Tbe Patriotic Ulgi;en." 
 
 WHS ft scene liki- 
 d every day citi- 
 IVom New Jerney, 
 ouiul of the patvi- 
 BIX hundred men 
 
 .rk on the 27th of 
 iotism of the eiti- 
 
 increased tliere- 
 (ieneral Orders, 
 ). Tonii)kins, s^ov- 
 the State of New 
 10 liad been uiitir- 
 9 exertions for the 
 ;ood from the he- 
 T description to tlie 
 call was promptly 
 ea Fencibles, to bo 
 re to enroll voluii- 
 ousand militia had 
 
 1 been assigned to 
 th orders to co-op- 
 leptember the gov- 
 
 Legislature of the 
 
 3 city of New York, 
 ptember the militia 
 
 Ueneral Hwin> Kepnrt uf tbo Fortlflcntliinii nMnnd Now York. 
 
 The citizens con- 
 'mber and in Octo- 
 [brmidable.2 
 
 I'pnired to Fort Swift (erect- 
 iible pnstor of the floek that 
 the Any, encouraging tliem 
 
 iblc eminence, and then the 
 • ballad called Tlie Patriotk 
 
 Iggets; 
 
 'I 
 ofeBeton, 
 
 aeloD. 
 
 her towers, 
 
 )vel, 
 
 r powers 
 
 ind shovel. 
 
 nt tolls 
 
 ot sawyer, 
 
 !r smiles, 
 
 Its the lawyer. 
 
 Earlier than the movements of the public authorities and inhabitants of New York 
 and l'hiladel|)hia for the defense of their cities, recorded in the preceding pages, the 
 
 "Uero the ninson hiitldii 
 Frecdom'8 nhrlno uf ^lory, 
 WhWe the painter i;ild8 
 
 Tno Immortal story. 
 filacksmilhH eutch the flame, 
 
 Grocers feel the spirit. 
 Printers Hliare the fume, 
 And record their merit. 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 "Scholars leave their schools 
 With their patriot teachers , 
 Farmers soixe their tools, 
 
 lleadc<l hy their prencliers. 
 How they break the soil ! 
 
 Hrewers, butchers, bakers ; 
 Here the doctors toll. 
 There the undertakers. 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 
 " Bright Ap(dlo'» sims 
 
 Leave their pipe and tabor, 
 'Mid the roar of guns 
 
 Join the martiiM labor; 
 Round the embattled plain 
 
 In sweet concord rally. 
 
 And In freedom's strain 
 Sing the foe's flnale t 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 
 Plnmbers, founders, dyers. 
 
 Tinmen, turners, shavers, 
 Hwecpers, clerks, and criers, 
 
 Jewelers, engravers, 
 Clothiers, drapers, players, 
 
 Curtmen, hatters, tailors, 
 Gangers, sealers, weighers, 
 
 Carpenters and sailors. 
 Pickaxe, etc. 
 
 "Better not invade; 
 llecollcct the spirit 
 Which our dads displayed, 
 
 And their s(mH inlierlt. 
 If you still advance, 
 
 Friendly caution slightltig. 
 You mny get, by chance, 
 A bellyful of tlghling. 
 Pickaxe, shovel, spado, 
 
 Crowbar, hoe, and burrow, 
 Better not invade, 
 Yankees liave the marrow. 
 
 The most onthentlc account of the fortifications thrown up around New York in the summer and autumn of 1S14 may 
 lie found in the report of General Joseph Swift, Chief Engineer (sec page (>:!S), to the Common Council Committee of 
 Defense, made at the close of the year H14. 1 have complied the following statements from the original mauuscrliit 
 of tiiat report, with Its maps, and landscape and topographical drawings, which are now before me. 
 
 The city of New York might be approached by un enemy by way of Sandy Uook and the Narrows, Long Island Sound 
 tnd the East River, and across Long Island. To guard against invasion by either one of these approaches, and to l.'o 
 prepared at all points, old fortifications, built during the Revolution, or when war witli France seemed inevitable In ITI S 
 and 1791), were strengthened and new ones were erected. The commanding situations near the dangerous passage In 
 the East SIvcr known as Hell Gate, at the mouth of the Hurlem River, were occupied by batteries, some of which were 
 oovcred by towers. The heights overlooking Harlem Plains, and those around Brooklyn, on Long Island, were also 
 covered with military works, within which necessary magazines and barracks were erected. The jjosltlon of these va- 
 rious works, and those around and In the harbor of New York, may be seen at a glance by reference to the map ou the 
 uext page. 
 
 In the rear of Brooklyn works were erected which completely Isolated the town. On the high ground overlooking 
 the Wttllabout and the navy yard was Fort Greene, mounting twenty-three heavy cannon, and between it and Oowauua 
 Creek, which ran through a low morass, Kcdoubts ('niniiiin;;s and MiisDnic, WaHliiii^itoii HiUtcry and Fort Firemen were 
 erected. These were 
 
 united by lines of In- ■■:^''l^^'-^^BillllgBilUtSE)^KaitiiiiiiUMltllt8iS^- ta 
 
 trcndnnents. In each 
 of these redoubts, as 
 well as nt the salient 
 nnijlcs of the lutrench- 
 meuts, twelve -pound- 
 ers were placed. The 
 intervals between them 
 did not exceed half 
 grape-shot distance of 
 ^nns of that capacity. 
 On a email eminence ou 
 the margin of Gownuus 
 
 -JfeijtubO 
 
 TOWKK AT IIAl.Lr.TTS POINT. 
 
 rOBT STEVENS AND MILL BOCK.' 
 
 Creek, on the right flank of these lines, was a little redonbt, op- in the rear, cal- 
 culated for three heavy guns, to defend the ralll-dam and bridge. On a com- 
 manding conical hill forming a part of Brooklyn Heights, and nearly on the site 
 of Port Stirling of the Revolution, was a strong redoubt called Fort Swift ; and 
 another, named Fort Lawrence, was constrncted at the southwestern extremity 
 of the heights, and overlooking Gowanue Bay and Governor's Island. 
 
 On Hnllett's Point, Long Island, near Hell Gate, was quite an extensive work 
 called Port Stevens, In honor of General Ebenezer Stevens, who had been In 
 command of the troops In and around New York. On Lawrence's IIIII, In the 
 rear, and commanding an extensive view, was a tower. In front of It, In the 
 middle of the East River, at the month of the Oarlcm River, stood (and yet 
 stands) Mill Rock. On this a very strong block-house and a powerful battery 
 were erected. On the shore of York I:«land, opposite, at a place Icnown as Rhine- 
 lander's Point (Horn's Hook In the Revolution), not far above the present Asto- 
 
 Mi:!' 
 
 ii-\-\ 
 
 ' This Is a view from the tower ou La\vrence'8 Hill, back of Fort Stevens, at d looking up the Hnrlem River. Directly 
 over tbe fort is seen the block-bouse on Mill Rock. Over the island on the left is seen Rbiuelauder's Point. At the 
 extreme right Is Hell Gate. 
 
m 
 
 ii 
 
 mij 
 
 I i 
 
 U72 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-HOOK 
 
 ,(' 
 
 1- t 
 
 
 jtii Ul: ■ ■ , f I 
 
 Fiirtldcatloni aroaml New Yurk. 
 
 subject of harbor defenses had occupied much of the public attention in sea-coast 
 
 rla Ferry, wag a redoubt to cover the Hell Gate passage. These works, in the aggregate, were of sufficient capacity to 
 mount thirty large cannon, beside, mortars, so arranged that half of them might be concentrated at one time upon nny 
 object in the river. At Benson's, nearly on a line with the present Second Avenue, was a redoubt to guard a mill-aam 
 and fording-place on the Harlem Creek, which empties into the Harlem Hiver near by. Intrenchments extended bad 
 to another short creek, where they were flanked by a battery. At the head of Harlem Creek commenced a pnrnpct anil 
 ditch, running to Fort Clinton (delineated on the next page), which was situated on an elevated rock at M'Gownn'i' 
 
OF TUli WAK OF 1812. 
 
 078 
 
 IK HOUSC 
 
 ttention in sea-coast 
 
 ■were of sufficient capacity to 
 itrated at one time upon nny 
 redoubt to gnard a miU-dara 
 
 —atrenchmentB extended back 
 ek commenced a pnrnpct and 
 elevated rock at M'Gowan'f 
 
 Ooueral Swlft'a HaporL 
 
 towns, oipccially in tlio fast-f?rowing conimorcifti city of Ncv, Yurk. Among tlio scl- 
 
 Piiiia, now called Moimt Ht. 
 Viiii'uiit, III tliv niirtlieiintttrn 
 |iurt»rili<!('eii<i'<il I'lirk. tim- 
 Mt'clcil Willi Kort C'liiitiin, ami 
 oxii'iiilliiK like n l)ridi;e over 
 M'Uiiwiiirii I'ujia, wore a lilock- 
 liDiiHi! and Niittor'a llattvry (u 
 •ki'toh of wlilcli U ;{iv(<n on 
 the foliowiiiK paijfl), the whole 
 jnliK'il to and coiiimaniluil liy 
 Fort FIhIi (a vi«w of l\w lii>i>- 
 rliir of wlilcli, with lliirli m In 
 the diHtancc, will aUo be r<iniiil 
 on the following pn^'e), on an- 
 other cniincncu wi'Htward of 
 the paHR, on which llvu heavy 
 cannon were piiintert. Thin 
 pane, on the old KliiK"l)rld,.-i' 
 Road (between the prcHoni 
 Fifth and Hixth AvenneH nmi 
 One Hundred and Fifth and 
 Une Ilnndred and Kif;lilh 
 Htreeti<)i was a very Important 
 point, and (;rcat cffortu were 
 used tu make It a Tliermopylog 
 
 BUCK AM) IIH M'UIU'K^VTIONH. 
 
 rOBT CLINTON AT M'QOWAN'b PAPH. 
 
 ward the Earl of Dev- 
 on), was a Btronp «tone 
 tower (see picture on 
 pni?e 976) which com- 
 manded Mnnhattnn- 
 ville, and from which 
 was a fine view of the 
 Paiifodes of the Ilud- 
 xtn, and of the river al- 
 most to the II!;»hlands. 
 Such were the fortiflca- 
 tlons described In Gen- 
 eral Swift's report,* at 
 the conclneion of which 
 he raid ; 
 
 "The worka compre- 
 hended In the foregoing 
 
 to any foe that might attempt to go 
 throHKh. 
 
 Immediately woBt of Fort Fish, and 
 at the foot of tlie worke, wn» a deep, 
 ronph, wondod valley, whiili Is now 
 within the Coiitral Park, and jirc- 
 Hcrvod In all Its original riideness. 
 On the opposite side of this valley 
 was a raiife of wooded and rocky 
 heights, of difllcuit ascent excepting 
 In one place, and there for only the 
 lightest troops. On these heights, 
 extending to Mnnliattanvilie, several 
 block -houses were erected, mostly 
 of Btonc, within supporting distance 
 from each other. These extended 
 from near SrOowan's Pass almost 
 to the Bioomingdale Road. The 
 one nearest that road, and overlook- 
 ing Manhnttanviiie, was called Fort 
 Luiglit. All of them had heavy guns 
 mounted en barMte, that Is, on the 
 top, without embrasures. 
 
 From Fort Lalglit ran a line of in- 
 trenchments wcstwardly across the 
 Bioomingdale Road, which ended on 
 the high, precipitous bank of the 
 Hudson. Here, near the tlien resi- 
 dence of Viscount Courtenay (after- 
 
 FOBT CLINTON AND UABLKM CREEK. 
 
 ' General Swift's aid-de-camp. Lieutenant Oadsden, of the United States Engineers, superintended the erection of the 
 works at Brooklyn, assisted by Messrs. Nlcholls and Merceln. Ma.lor Horn snperlntended those In the vicinity of Har- 
 lem. The snrveys, maps, and small views presented in the report were flirnlshed by Captain (late Professor In Colum- 
 bia College, New York) Renwlck, of General Mapes's brigade, aided by Lieutenants Oadsden, Craig, Turner, De Russy, 
 Kemble, and Oothont. The larger views were drawn by Mr. Holland, 
 
 W 
 
 i j; 
 
■B 
 
 974 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 r'i 
 
 m.. 
 
 m 
 
 I mm 
 
 
 i 
 
 \i 
 
 : ii' 
 
 j; .1.' -r: tli.S, . . i 
 
 
 Fortifications arotind NcwYorlc. 
 
 A proposed Revolving Batter)-. 
 
 entific men of that clay, John Stevens and Robert Fulton appear most conspicuous in 
 proposing plans for that pui-pose. Earlier than this (in 1807), Abraham Blood'food 
 of Albany, suggested the construction of a floating revolving battery, not unlike in 
 its essential character, the tuiret of Captain Ericsson's Monitor of 1802.' In March 
 
 description liave been chiefly con- 
 structed by the labor of the citizens 
 of tbe city of New Yorlc, Lon;,' Isl- 
 and, and of the neighboring towns 
 near the North River, and iu Xew 
 Jersey, all claeses volunteering daily 
 working-parties of from five to flf- 
 teen hundred men. The fortifica- 
 tions are testimonials of patriotic 
 zeal, honorable to the citizens anfi 
 to the active and assiduous Commit- 
 tee of Defense." 
 
 Besides these works there were 
 old Fort George, at the foot of Broad- 
 way ; the North Battery (given be- 
 low), at the foot of llubert Street; 
 and a partly finished work near the 
 foc't of the present Twenty -third 
 Street, called Fort Ganscvoort. At 
 Princes Bay, Staten Island, a towc?r 
 was erected to command the oniv 
 secure auchorago for the shipping 
 and safe landing-place of a foe. For- 
 tifications were commenced on the 
 
 WOBKS AT m'OOVAn's PASS. 
 
 Staten Island Shore at the Narrows, and near there a brigade 
 of two thousand militia from the Hudson River counties were 
 stationed from August to December, 1S14. On Governor's Isl- 
 and, very near the city, were Forts Jay and Castle Williams. Of 
 all these works only those on Governor's Island remain, ex- 
 cepting one of the block-honses near M'Gowan's Pass, in the 
 upper part of the Central Park, between Seventh and Eighth 
 Avenues, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, overlooking Har- 
 lem Plains. Its massive walls are well preserved, as may be 
 seen from the drawing of it given on page 976. The mounds 
 of Forts Fish and Clinton, at M'Gowan's Pass, were also well 
 preserved as late as ISOO, when, from the north, they presented 
 thi. appearance given in the engraving on the opposite page. nouth battery. 
 
 yiKW FBOM roRT Ftsn, looking toward uablku. 
 
 > In a volume containing the proceedings of the Sneietji/nr the Promotion nf Vne/vl A rt» in the fitate of AVie Tori; pnl>- 
 llshed at Albany in ISOT, is th? following account of Mr. Bloodgooi. s plan, reference being had to nccompanyini: diaw 
 ings: "The model of this battery was exhibited to the society with a verbal description only. The annexed plalc 
 shows an exact profile of its body, the shape of which, as seen above, is circular. It Is to be connected at the centre of 
 its bottom with a strong keel, in such a manner that, while the keel is held by cables and anchors in one position, Ihi 
 batterri U made to turn ronnri on tts centre. This motion may be given to it either by tlie tide acting on float-boards at- 
 tached to the body of the battery, by sails raised ou its exterior parts, or by manual application. In this last way it may 
 
upoeed Hevolving Baitery. 
 
 lost conspicuous in 
 irahain Bloodgood, 
 ;tery, not unlike, in 
 ri862.> In March, 
 
 m have been chiefly con- 
 by the labor of the citizens 
 ly of New York, Loii;,' M- 
 of the neighboring towns 
 North River, and in Xew 
 II classes volunteering daily 
 parties of from five to flf- 
 idrcd men. The fortiftcii- 
 ! testimonials of patriotic 
 orable to the citizens anc! 
 live and assiduous Commit- 
 fense." 
 
 B these works there were 
 Seorge, at the foot of Broad- 
 3 North Battery (given Ije- 
 the foot of Uubert Street; 
 rtly finished work near ilie 
 the present Twenty - third 
 ailed Fort Gansevoort. At 
 Bay, Staten Island, a towor 
 :ted to command the only 
 inchorage for the shipping 
 landing-place of a foe. For- 
 18 were commenced on the 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 975 
 
 i\ 
 
 Description of proposed Itevolving Battery. 
 
 A proposed Iron-clad Vessel. 
 
 Remains of a Block-house. 
 
 1814. Thomas Gregg, of Pennsylvania, obtained a patent for a proposed iron-clad 
 
 be effected by men in the hold 
 liriiwing on a lever fastened to a 
 po!<t flxed to the keel and rising 
 through a well-hole in the centre 
 of the battery. The strength of 
 horses might perhaps be applied 
 to the same purpose. The cablta 
 ))T which the keel is held are to 
 Je entirely under water, and thus 
 secure from an enemy's shot. 
 The advantages of such a battery 
 would be — 1. Ita rotary motion 
 would oiing all its cannon to bear 
 successively, as fast as they could 
 be loaded, on objects in any direc- 
 tion, ii. Its circular form would 
 cause every shot that might strike 
 it not near the centre to glance. 
 3. Its motion, as well as its want 
 of piirts on which grapplings 
 mijs'ht be fastened, would rendn- 
 boarding almost impossible. 4. 
 The steadiness with whica it 
 wu\ild lie on the water would ren- 
 der ii8 fire more certain than that 
 of a ship. 6. The guns would be 
 more easily worked than is com- 
 mon, as they would not require 
 any lateral movement. C. The cornTENAv's and tiik utrusoN towkb.' 
 
 thr State (^Xeto YnrV, pnli- 
 nd to nccompanyini; diaw 
 only. The annexed pink 
 connected at the ceiitro of 
 irhors in one position, Ik 
 acting on float-hoards at- 
 In this last way It tuuy 
 
 !1 II i 
 
 BEMAINH OF ULOOX-UOl'SE OVEBLOOKLNO UAUr.EM I'l.AINB IM ISCO.t 
 
 men would bo completely sheltered from the Are of the 
 1 l{?ntod parts of an enemy's ship. 7. The battery might 
 Iki made so strong ae to be impenr trable to common shot. 
 
 ■ Th'' house in which Vlncount Oonrtenay, son of the 
 Eiirl of Devon, lived was bnllt by the elder Doctor Post, 
 cf Now York, and named Clennont. There .Joseph Boua- 
 pnrtf resided for a while. It Is now (ISfiT) kno«ii as 
 Iiinoa's Ci.iremont Hotel, and Is a place of great resort In 
 lliic weather for pleasure-seeker . who frequent the Blooni- 
 iiiLMiale and Kiiigsbridgc Road.s The appearance of the 
 man.«ion has been entirely changed by ndditiims. 
 
 t This sketch shows the character of the rocky heights 
 nil which the line of hlock-houseg was built. In the dis- 
 tance is seen the "High Bridge," or Croton Aqueduct, 
 iwr Harlem River. The w.iIIh of the bloek-liouse arc 
 i«elve or fifteen feet In height, and four feet in tbick- 
 nc<«. 
 
 . ) 'Hic remains of Fort Clinton nre seen on the left. 
 
 H'aOWAJt'a I'ABH l.N ItMXi.t 
 
1. ii 
 
 ill 
 
 I .: 
 
 
 H: 
 
 976 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Iron-clad Gan-boat. 
 
 A Floating Battery authorized by Congress. 
 
 Launch of the Battery. 
 
 Steam vessel of war, resembling in figure vessels used during our late great Civil 
 War. Drawings of it may be seen in the Patent-office, with full specifications.' 
 Our little sketch below was copied from one of these drawings. 
 
 At about the same time a committee of citizens examined a plan of a floatino' bat- 
 tery submitted by Robert Fulton, and approved by such tried naval officers as Cui)- 
 tains Decatur, Jones, Evans, Biddle, Perry, Warrington, and Lewis. It was to bo in 
 tlie form of a steam-ship of peculiar construction, that might move at the rate of four 
 miles an hour, and furnished, in addition to its regular armament, with subniaiine 
 guns. Tlie committee memorialized Congress on the subject, and asked the Secre- 
 tary of the Navy to give it his official favor. It was objected that a discussion in 
 Congress would reveal the matter to the enemy, and also that the President was not 
 authorized to make an appropriation without the special authority of law. To meet 
 these objections, the committee agreed to have the vessel constructed at their own 
 expense and risk, provided assurances should be given that the government, which 
 alone could employ her, would receive and pay for her when her utility should be 
 demonstrated. It was estimated that she would cost nearly as much as a first-class 
 frigate, or about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Tlie liberal offer was 
 • March, accepted, and Congress authorized the President" to liave one or more float- 
 ing batteries built, under the supervision of the Coast and Harbor Defense 
 
 Committee.^ They appointeil 
 Mr. Fulton the engineer, and 
 Adam and Noah Brown the 
 architects. The keel was laid 
 at the ship-yard at Corlcar's 
 Hook, in tlie city of Now Yoik, 
 on the 20th of June, 1814, and 
 she was launched at 9 o'clock 
 in the morning of the 29th of October following, in the presence of a vast assemlda^'c 
 
 1814. 
 
 ^^d 
 
 l^/^ 
 
 •.■.*^'~.. 
 
 of people. The scene was described as vei-y exciting. It was a bright autumnal 
 day. Fleets of vessels and crowds of spectators might be seen on every hand ; and 
 she went into the water amid the roar of cannon and the shouts of a multitude full 
 twenty thousand in number.' Her engines were put on board, and her machinciy 
 
 ' The foliowing is a portion of the specifl- 
 cation : 
 
 "The l)08t is framed on an angle of nbont 
 eighteen degrees all round the vessel, when 
 the top timbers elevate the balls, and the 
 lower ones direct them under her. The top 
 deck, which glances the ball, may be hung 
 on a muss of hinges near the ports. Said 
 deck is supi)orted by knees and croes-tlmbers 
 on the lower Hide?, so that it may be sprung 
 with powder, if required (when boarded by 
 the enemy), to a iM-.rpendicnlar, when the said 
 deck will be checked by stays, while the pow- 
 er of powder will be exhausted in the open 
 air, and then fall or spring to the centre of 
 the deck again. The aforesaid deck will run 
 up and down with the angle, which may be 
 coppered or laid with iron. The gun-deck 
 
 IROM-OLAU TKUSKL IN 1814. 
 
 may be bored at pleasure, to give room, if required, as the men and guns are under said deck. The power is apiilicd 
 between her keels, where there is a concave formed to receive them from the bow to the stern, except n small distHiicc 
 ill each end, forming an eddy. The power may be reversed to propel her cither way. Said power is connected lo ni)- 
 right levers to make horizontal strokes alternately. The elevation of her timbers and gearing will be proportioned by 
 her keel and tonnage." 
 
 ' That committee consisted of General Dearborn, then commanding the district, Colonel Henry Rutgers, Oliver Wol- 
 cott, Samuel L. Mitchell, and Thomas Morris. 
 
 ' The New York Eveniiu) Pout published an account of the launching of r 
 dimensions and capacity for armament : " She measures one hundred aid 
 breadth of beam, draws only oi^xht feet of water, mounts thirty 82-pound "' 
 drod pounds each. She is to bn commanded by Captain Porter." It may b( 
 
 vessel, and gave the following as her 
 
 £y-five feet on deck, and flfly-flve foot 
 
 ies, and two coliimhlnds of one liuti- 
 
 cha'. it was a structure resting upon 
 
 two boats and keels, separated from end to end by a channel flftceu feet wide .luu sixty-six feet long. One boat ciiu- 
 
 I 'l\ 
 
Launch of the Battery, 
 
 OF THK WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 977 
 
 gteam-Bhip or Floating Battery, Fulton the First. 
 
 Extravagant Stories concerning her. 
 
 • 1816. 
 
 tested, in the month of ^<l^.y foHowing,* when Fulton was no more, he having 
 (lied in February.' She made a trial trip to the ocean and back, fifty-tltree 
 miles, on tho 4th of July, at the rate of about six miles an hour by her engines alone. 
 In September she made another voyage to the sea, with her whole armament on 
 board, at the rate of live and a half miles an hour against wind and tide. The vessel 
 was named Fulton, the First. 
 
 At the close of 1814 active war had ceased in the Northern States. Its chief thea- 
 tre of operations was in Louisiana and on the ocean, to which we will now turn our 
 attention. 
 
 Uined the boiler for generating Bteam, which was made of copper. The machinery occupied fhe other boat. The wa- 
 ter-wheel (A) revolved in the space between them. The main or gnu-deck supported tho ar- 
 mament, and was protected by a parapet four feet ten inches thick, of solid timber, pierced by 
 embrasures. Through twenty-flve port-holes were as many SU-pounders, Intended to lire red-hot 
 shot, which could be heated with great safety and convenience. Her upper, or spar-deck, upon 
 which many hundred men might parade, was encompassed with a bulwark, for safety. She was 
 rigged with two stout masts, each of which supported a large lateen yard and sails. She hud two 
 bowsprits and jibs, and four rudders, one at each extremity of each boat, so that she might be 
 steered with either end foremost. Her machinery was calculated for an additional engine, 
 which might discharge an immense column of water, which it was intended to throw upon the 
 deckj and through the port-holes of an enemy, and thereby deluge her armament and ammu- 
 nitlon.— See Colden's Li/e of Robert Fulton, page 229. 
 
 The most extravagant stories concerning this monster of the deep went forth at abont the 
 time of her being launclfcd. In a treatise on steam-vessels, published in Scotland soon after- 
 ward, the author said : " Her length is 300 feet ; breadth. 200 feet ; thickness of her sides, 13 
 feet, of alternate oak plank and corkwood : carries 44 guns, four of which are 100-pounders ; can 
 discharge 100 gallons of boiling water In a few minutes, and by mechanics Ijrandlshes 300 cutlasses with the utmost 
 regularity over her gunwales ; works, also, an equal number of pikes of great length, darting them from her sides with 
 prodi"ioU8 force, and withdrawing them every quarter of a minute." ' See page 242. 
 
 3Q 
 
 bEOIION OF TUP. KLOAT- 
 INO UATTERV. 
 
 i ! 
 
 Inenry Rutgers, Oliver Wol- 
 
 rULTUM TUE FIB6T, 
 
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 978 
 
 PICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 New yessels for tbe American Navy. 
 
 The Adams runs tbe Blockade. 
 
 Her Escape from Danger. 
 
 CHAPTER XLL 
 
 "We had sailed ont a letter of marque, 
 
 Fourteen guns and forty-five men, 
 » And a costly freight our gallant barque 
 
 Was bearing home again. 
 We had ranged the seas the whole summer tide, 
 
 Crossed the main and returned once more ; 
 And our sails were spread, and from the mast-head 
 
 The look-out saw the distant shore. 
 A sail 1 a sail on our weather-bow 1 
 
 Hand over hand ten knots nn hour ; 
 Now God defend it ever should end 
 
 That we should fall in the foeman's power."'— Caeoline P. Obne. 
 
 fUR story of the operations of the American Navy during the year 1813 
 closed with the cruise of the Pr^ident, imder Commodore Rodgeis, 
 and her bold dash through the British blockading squadron off Sandy 
 Hook into the harbor of New ifork, at the middle of February, 1814, 
 when the broad pennant of Commodore Decatur was unfurled over 
 her deck. 
 
 The Guerriere, 44, the first frigate built by the United States gov- 
 ernment on the sea-board since 1804, was launched at Philadelphia on 
 the 20th of June, 1814, in the presence of fifty thousand persons, and 
 was placed under the command of Commodore Rodgers. On the 20tli 
 of July, the Independence, 74, was launched at Charlestown, amid the roar of cannon 
 and the shouts of a great multitude. She was placed in charge of Commodore Bain- 
 bridge. The Ind^endence was a two-decker, the first that had ever been built for 
 the service of the United States. '^ The keels of two others were laid, but they were 
 not put afloat until the war had ceased. The Java, 44, was launched at Baltimore 
 on the 1st of August, while twenty thousand people were looking on. She was placed 
 under the command of Commodore Perry. Several new sloops of war were made 
 ready for sea during the summer of 1814 ; and the Adams, 28, had been cut down to 
 a sloop and lengthened the previous autumn at Washington, and armed with the 
 same number of guns, but on a single deck. 
 
 On the night of the 18th of January, 1814, the Adams, Ca^ioXn Charles Morris, 
 passed the blockading squadron in Lynnhaven Bay, put to sea, and ran off to the 
 northeast to cross the track of the British West India merchantmen. She made a 
 few prizes. On the 25th of March she captured the Indiaman Woodbridge, and, while 
 taking possession of her, observed twenty-five merchant vessels, with two ships of 
 war, bearing down upon her with a fair wind. Morris abandoned his prize, and gave 
 the Adams wings for flight from danger. She escaped, sailed down the coast, and 
 entered the harbor of Savannah for supplies in the month of April. On the 5tli of 
 May she sailed for the Manilla Reef to watch for the Jamaica convoy. The fleet 
 passed her in the night. She gave chase in the morning, gained uji ii the fugitive?, 
 but was kept at bay by two vessels of war. 
 
 The Adams now stood to the northward, and on the 3d of July was off the Irisli 
 coast, where she was chased by British frigates at different times, but always escaped. 
 
 ' Prom a spirited poem, 'n manuscript, written by Miss Orne, of Cambridge, Massnchnsetts, entitled "The Letter of 
 Marque." 
 9 The America, of the same class, was presented to the French government while she was yet on the stocks. 
 
Her Escape from Danger, 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 979 
 
 Destruction of the Adama. 
 
 Cmlse of the Wanp. 
 
 She carv^ares the Reindeer. 
 
 The weather was cold, damp, and foggy for nearly two months, because the ocean 
 was dotted with icebergs floating down from circumpolar waters. Her crew sick- 
 ened, and Captain Morris determined to 
 go into port. He entered the Penobscot 
 liiver, in a somewhat disabled condition, 
 on the afternoon of the 17th of AugiSt, 
 and made his way with the Adams to 
 Hampden, far up the river, where he was 
 soon afterward compelled to destroy his 
 vessel to prevent its falling into the hands 
 of the British, as we have already ob- 
 served.' 
 
 Captain Johnston Blakeley left the har- 
 bor of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 
 the 1st of May, 1814, in command of the 
 new sloop-of-war Wasp, 18, and soon ap- 
 peared in the chops of the British Chan- 
 nel. There he spread terror among the 
 merchant ships and the people of the sea- 
 port towns, and revived painful recollec- 
 tions of the exploits of the Argus."^ On 
 the morning of the 28th of June, Avhile 
 some distance at sea, the Wasp was chased 
 by two vessels. These were joined by a 
 third at ten o'clock, when the foremost 
 one showed English colors. After a good 
 (leal of manoeuvring until a little past three o'clock in the afternoon, when the foe 
 was within sixty yards of the Wasp and on her weather-quarter, the former opened 
 fire with a 12-pound carronade, and gave four heavy discharges of round and grape 
 shot before her antagonist could bring one of her guns to bear. At about half past 
 three the Wasp opened fire, and in a few minutes the action became very severe. 
 Several times the men of the stranger attempted to board the Wasp, but were re- 
 pulsed. Her crew finally boarded the stranger, and at the end of twenty-eight min- 
 utes after the combat commenced the latter was a prize to the Wasp. The van- 
 quished vessel was the British sloop-of-war Meindeer, Captain William Manners. She 
 was terribly shattered. Her people had fought bravely, and her captain and purser 
 (Barton), and twenty-three others, were killed, and forty-two were wounded. The 
 Wasp was hulled six times, but was not very seriously damaged. Her loss was five 
 men killed and twenty-two wounded. She was every Avay the superior of the Eein- 
 deer. She was new, mounted twenty 32-pound carronades and two long guns, and 
 her complement was one hundred and seventy-three men. That of the Jiei7ideer was 
 only one hundred and eighteen. Blakeley put some of his wounded prisoners on a 
 neutral vessel, and with the remainder sailed for L'Orient, where he arrived on the 
 8th of July. He had burned the wrecked Reindeer. For his gallant conduct on this 
 occasion Congress voted him a gold medal.^ 
 
 Blakeley left L'Orient on another cruise ' *\\c Wasp on the 27th of August. On 
 the evening of the Ist of September he disco v^ered four sail ahead, two on the lar- 
 board and two on the starboard bow of the Wasp. He bore down upon them, and 
 at almost half past nine in the evening he was so near one of them that he opened 
 
 ' See page 899. ' See page 716. 
 
 ' On one side of the medal Is a bmt of Captain Blakeley In profile, with the words aronnd It " johnston iimkelev 
 ««ir. F.KD. AM. WAV. WABP vivx." On the other side 1b represented a naval action, with the legend " khmi I bib tio- 
 
 TOB. TATBIA TUA TB LVQXT rLAlTOITO." BelOW, " INTKB WABP NAV. AMKBI. KT BEINDEEB NAV. AMQ. DIE XXTIII. JUNItB 
 HBOOOXIT." 
 
 1 I 
 
 h 
 
980 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Combat between the tt'aup and Avon. Loss uf the Waup aud all un buard. Blakeley and Warriugtoi 
 
 M 
 
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 IILAKELGY 8 MEDAL. 
 
 fire upon her with a 12-pound carronade. The shot was promptly returned. Tlie 
 night was intensely dark, the wind was blowing freshly, and the vessels were run- 
 ning at the rate of ten knots an hour. After the exchange of shots, the commanders 
 of both vessels hailed ; and soon afterward the Wasp opened a broadside upon her 
 antagonist. A severe engagement ensued. Thirty minutes later the fire of the 
 stranger ceased. " Have you surrendered ?" inquired Blakeley. He was answered 
 by a few shots, when he gave his foe another broadside, followed by the same ques- 
 tion. It was answered in the affirmative, when a boat was lowered from the Wasj), 
 with an officer to take possession of the prize. Just then another vessel appeared 
 astern, rapidly approaching ; then another, and another. Blakeley felt compelled to 
 abandon his prize, so nearly in his possession. He could not ascertain the name or 
 power of his antagonist, but believed her to be one of the largest brigs in the British 
 Navy. It was afterward ascertained that it was the Avon, 1 8, Captain Arbuthnot, 
 and that the vessel that first came to her aid was the Gastilian, 18. The Avon was 
 so much shattered in the contlict that she sunk almost immediately. The survivors 
 of her people were rescued by their friends in the other vessels. 
 
 The Wasp continued her cruise, capturing several prizes. Among others, she took 
 the Atlanta, nG?kr the Azores, on the 21st of September. The prize was so valuahlc 
 that Blakeley sent her home in command of Midshipman (late Commodore) David 
 Geisinger.' She arrived safely at Savannah on the 4th of November. On the 9tli 
 of October the Wasp was spoken by the Swedish bark Adonis, making her way to- 
 ward the Spanish Main. On that occasion two officers of the Essex (Acting Lieuten- 
 ant M'Knight and Master's-mate Lyman), who were passengers in the Adonis, left 
 her for the Wasp. This was the last that was ever heard of that vessel and of those 
 on board of her at that time. She and all her people perished in some unknown way 
 in the solitudes of the sea.^ 
 
 In March, 1814, the Peacock, 18, Captain Warrington,^ sailed on a cruise from New 
 
 ' Commodore Gelsluger died at hU residence In Philadelphia on Saturday, the 10th of March, 1800, at the aec of nhoiit 
 seventy years. He was among the oldest officers of the navy. His commission as captain was dated May 24, 1S3S. 
 For several years he was stationed at the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia. 
 
 ' Johnston Blakeley was a native of Ireland, where he was born in the month of October, 1T81. His father emigrated 
 to the United States with his family in 1T83, and settled in Charleston, South Carolina, and afterward made Wilminj;- 
 ton, in North Carolina, his home. He sent Johnston, his only surviving son, to New York to be educated. He fliiishcd 
 his education at Chapel Hill, in North Carolina. He entered the navy as a midshipman in the year 1800. He served 
 with faitlifulness, and rose to the rank of captain. In 1814 he was appointed to the command of the Wa«p, in which, as 
 we have observed in the text, he perished toward the close of that year, when he was only thirty-three years of age. 
 
 3 Lewis Warrington was born at Williamsburg, in Virginia, on the Sd of November, 1782. He was educated at Wil- 
 liam and Mary College in that state. He entered the naval service as midshipman in January, 1800, and made hi« flrft 
 cruise with Captain Barron in the Chesapeake. He was promoted to lieutenant in 180T, and to master commandnnt nn 
 the 24th of July, 1813. This was the office which he held, by commission, when he started on the cruise In the PokocI 
 
 
 
lakeley and Warrlugtun. 
 
 ,tly returned. Tlic 
 e vessels were run- 
 its, the commandevs 
 broadside upon her 
 ,ter the fire of the 
 
 He was answered 
 i by the same ques- 
 ered from the Wasp, 
 her vessel appeared 
 ey felt compelled to 
 [certain the name or 
 
 brigs in the Britisli 
 Captain Arbuthnot, 
 The Avon was 
 
 8. 
 
 The survivors 
 
 ong others, she took 
 •ize was so valuable 
 Commodore) David 
 ember. On the 9th 
 making her way to- 
 sea; (Acting Lieuten- 
 
 in the Adonis,M{ 
 . vessel and of those 
 
 some unknown way 
 
 a cruise from New 
 
 irch, 1800, at the age of nbont 
 tttlu was dated May 24, 1S3S. 
 
 ,1781. nisfatlicrcmit^ated 
 id afterword made Wilroinj.-- 
 to he educated. He fiiiisti<"l 
 In the year isno. He cerved 
 *nd of the Wasp, in wh'clit »« 
 
 thirty-three years of nw- 
 I. He was educated at Wil- 
 lary, 1800, and made his flrrt 
 d to master commandnnt nii 
 
 on the cruise In the /Vofwt. 
 
 OF THE WAIl OF 18 12. 
 
 081 
 
 Fight between the Peacock and Epervier. 
 
 Capture of the latter. 
 
 Her Escape (torn Recapture. 
 
 York. She went down the coast, and 
 was off tlie shores of Florida for some 
 time without encountering any conspic- 
 uous adventures. Finally, on tlie 29th 
 of April, Warrington discovered three 
 sail to the windward, under convoy of 
 an armed brig of large dimensions. The 
 mcrcliantmen were an English brig, and 
 a Russian and a Spanish ship. Tlie two 
 war vessels made for each other, and 
 very soon a close and severe battle com- 
 menced. The Peacock was so badly 
 wounded in the rigging by a broadside 
 from her antagonist, which proved to be 
 the Epervier, 1 8, Captain Wales, that she 
 was compelled to fight " running large," 
 as the jjhrasc is. She could not manoeu- 
 vre much, and the contest became one 
 of gunnery. The Peacock won the game 
 at the end of forty minutes after it be- 
 gan, when the Epervier struck her col- 
 ors. She was extensively injured. No 
 less than forty-five round shot had struck 
 her hull, and twenty-two of her men were slain or disabled. The hull of the Pea- 
 cock was scarcely bruised, and witliin an hour after the conclusion of the combat 
 she was in perfect fighting order. Not a round shot had touclied her hull, and not 
 a man on board of her was killed. Only two men were wounded. 
 
 The Peacock was ihe heavier of the two vessels, fully manned, and in stanch order. 
 The Epervier was also fully manned. Slie was a valuable prize. The vessel sold for 
 fifty-five thousand dollars, and on board of her were found one hundred and eighteen 
 thousand dollars in specie. She was so rich, and the waters of the Southern coast 
 was then so much infested by British cruiisers, that Warrington determined to con- 
 voy her into Savannah, He placed J. B, Nicholson, liis first lieutenant, on board of 
 her, and on the evening of the day of the capture started for port. On the following 
 day, when abreast Amelia Island, on the coast of Florida, they encountered two Brit- 
 ish frigates. Arrangements were at once made to send the prize into St. Mary's, 
 and to haul to tlie southward with the Peacock. By this means the frigates were 
 separated, and the one in chase of the Peacock iras led off the coast, and lost sight 
 of her intended victim on the 1 st of September. The Epervier, while veering along 
 the coast toward Savannah, fell in with the other frigate. The w\ater was shoal in 
 which the prize vessel ran. The bo.ats of the frigate were lowered, filled with armed 
 men, and sent in chase of the Epervier, which moved slowly before a very light wind. 
 Tlie boats gained upon her, .and her position became critical, for Nicholson had only 
 sixteen officers and men with him. He employed a stratagem successfully. Using 
 the trumpet, as if his vessel was full of men, he summoned them, in a loud voice, to 
 prepare to fire a broadside. Tlie men in the boats heard the order, and fled. Had 
 they known the real state of affairs, they might have captured the Epervier in less 
 than five minutes with little loss. She escaped, and reached Savannah on the Ist of 
 May. The Peacock entered the same port on the 4th. 
 
 Recanse of his bi;ccps», i.e was promoted to captain in November, 1814. He had served with distinction under Decatur 
 snd others. He was a very active and nscfnl ofBcer during the whole of the second War for Independence, and subse- 
 quently performed much important service afloat and ashore. For many years he was a member of the Board of Navy 
 Commissioners ; and in September, 1842, he was appointed chief of the Burean of Ordnance and Hydrography, which 
 office he held at the time of his death. That event occurred at Washington City on the 12th of October, 1851. 
 
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 982 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Baruey'i Flotilla In Cheaapeake Bay. 
 
 It is blockaded. 
 
 Bight with the Blockaderi. 
 
 Tho capture of the Epervier produced much exultation throughout the country. 
 The name of Warrington was upon every lip in phrases of honor, and the CongrcHs 
 of tho United States ordered a gold medal to be struck and presented to him because 
 of this exploit.' 
 
 WABEIJIOTO.n'h MEnAL. 
 
 Soon after her return to Savannah the Peacock went on another cruise, and entered 
 the Bay of Biscay and the waters on the coast of Portugal. She captured fourteen 
 merchantmen, but had no engagement with a ship of war. iSho returned to New 
 York at the end of Octobei*. 
 
 We have alluded to Barney's operations with a flotilla in the Chesapeake in the 
 summer of 1814. The brave and active veteran left the Patuxent on the Ist of June, 
 with the Si'OTpion as liis flag-ship, two gun-boats, and several large barges, in chase 
 of two British schooners. By the vigorous use of sweeps he was fast overhaulintc 
 the fugitives, when a large ship was se^in at the southward. The wind commenced 
 blowing freshly, and the great vessel, being to windward, was seen bearing down upon 
 the flotilla. Barney signaled the return of his boats, and all fled back to the Patux- 
 ent, followed for a while by the huge enemy, a two-decker, which anchored at the 
 mouth of the river. On the 6th of June this ship was joined by two others, and Bar- 
 ney's flotilla was thoroughly blockaded. On the 8th, the ship of the line, a brig, two 
 schooners, and fifteen barges sailed up the Patuxent with a fair wind, and Barney 
 moved to St. Leonard's Creek, two miles farther up, and there, in battle order, await- 
 ed their approach. The heavier British vessels anchored at the mouth of the creek, 
 and the barges advanced, led by a rocket-boat. Barney, with thirteen barges, ad- 
 vanced to meet them, when they retreated. Tiie movement was repeated in the aft- 
 •Jnneo, ernoon. Twenty-four hours afterward* the enemy sent twenty barges up 
 *^^*- the creek, which, after a sharp skirmish, fled back to the protection of the 
 large armed vessels. On the 11th, twenty-one barges, and two schooners in tow, re- 
 newed the attack, when, after receiving a more severe punishment than at any time 
 before, they were again compelled to fly, with considerable loss. 
 
 Barney now caused some small earth-works to be thrown up on the shore to pro- 
 tect his flotilla. These were placed in the command of Captain Miller, of the Marine 
 Corps, and a considerable force of militia, under Colonel Decius Wadsworth, of the 
 Ordnance Corps. The combined force attempted to end the blockade on the 26th. 
 A raking shot ripped a plank from the bottom of the large British ship,'* and she was 
 
 I On one side of the mednl Ig a bust in profile of Captain Warrington, and the words " i.itdovioijb wABniNnTO.s on 
 NAVAUB AHRi." On the other side is a representation of a naval battle, and aronnd it the legend " pro patria tara- 
 
 TUB ACT YINOEBR ADT liOBI." BcloW, " INTEB PEACOCK BAT. AUBI. ET EPEBTIEB NAT. ANO. DIE XXIX HABOU HOOCCXIV." 
 
 ' This was either the Severn or the Loin. 
 
!l 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 988 
 
 I I 
 
 ght with the Blockadert, 
 
 Reappearance of the Oarutitution, 
 
 8be U chaied Into Marblehead Uarbor. 
 
 Again pata to Sea. 
 
 compelled to run on a Band-bank to avoid sinking. The engagement continued about 
 two hours, during which time Barney lost thirteen men in killed and wounded. The 
 blockade was eifectually raised, for the enemy prudently dropped down the Patux- 
 ent. Barney and his flotilla remained in that river until about the middle of Au- 
 gust, when the British commenced those operations which resulted in the destruc- 
 tion of his vessels by order of its commander,' and the capture of Washington City, 
 as recorded in a preceding chapter. 
 
 Now the gallant Constitution, 44, again appears on the scene of strife. When 
 Bainb ridge relinquished the command of her in 1813 she was thoroughly repaired. 
 A greater portion of her crew were sent to the Lakes, and when she was ready for 
 sea a new one was entered, and she was placed under the command of Captain Charles 
 Stewart. She left Boston Harbor for a cruise on the 30th of December, 1 813, and for 
 seventeen days did not see a sail. She was on the coast of Surinam at the beginning 
 of February, and on the 14th of that month she captured the British war schooner 
 Picton, 1 6, together with a letter-of-marque which Avas under her convoy. Return- 
 ing northward through the West India Islands, she chased" the British • February is, 
 frigate La Pique, 36, Captain Maitland, off Porto Rico. Night coming ^^^*- 
 on, that vessel escaped through the Mona Channel. The Constitution continued her 
 way Homeward, and early in the morning of Sunday, the 3d of April, when off Cape 
 Anne, discovered two large sail to the southeast standing for her, and nearing her 
 rapidly with a fair breeze. They were two British frigates of great weight, the Jto- 
 nan and La JVjttnphe. Boston Ilarbor was her destination, but she was compelled 
 to seek safety in that of Marblehead. By great exertions, superior skill in manage- 
 ment, and lightening her of much of her burden, Stewart succeeded in reaching the 
 harbor of Marblehead in safety. The situation of the Constitution was still one of 
 great peril. An express was in. mediately sent to Commodore Bainbridge, at Boston, 
 who proceeded with all the force at his command to her relief. Several companies 
 of militia, artillery, and infantry hastened to Marblehead. The pursuers kept at a 
 respectful distance, and the Constitution was soon afterward safely anchored in the 
 harbor of Salem, from whence she sailed in due time to Boston, where she remained 
 until near the close of the year. 
 
 At the close of December,'" the CowttitHtion, still commanded by Captain 
 Stewart, put to sea. She went to the Bay of Biscay by way of Bermuda and 
 Madeira, and then cruised some time farther southward off Lisbon. While in sight 
 of the Portuguese capital, Stewart observed a large ship seaward, and immediately 
 gave chase. Stopping to capture and secure a prize, he lost sight of her. She was 
 the Elizabeth, 74, on her way to the port of Lisbon. On her arrival there her com- 
 mander was informed of the presence of the Constitution on the coast, and he went 
 out at once in search of her. He was unsuccessful. 
 
 Stewart sailed farther southward toward Cape St. Vincent, and on the 20th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1815, he discovered a strange sail and made chase. At about two o'clock in 
 the afternoon a second vessel appeared farther to the leeward. Both were ships, and 
 evidently in comppny. Toward evening ori^ signaled the other, and they drew to- 
 gether. The Constitution still kept up the chase, and crowded all sail to get the near- 
 est of the two under her guns before night should set in. At near sunset she fired a 
 few shots, but they fell short. Stewart found he was slowly gaining on the fugitives, 
 and cleared the Constitution for action. At six, being within range, he showed his 
 I colors, when the two strangers flung out the British flag. 
 
 The position of the three vessels now became very interesting. The Constitution 
 shot by, and the three ships were so ranged that they formed the points of an equi- 
 lateral triangle, Stewart's vessel to windward of the other two. In this advantageous 
 position the Constitution commenced the action, the ihree vessels keeping up an un- 
 
 '1814. 
 
 ru 
 
 > See page 921. 
 
MM! 
 
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 1- ]i '• 
 
 
 )I<!J 
 
 'I ' 
 
 i, 
 
 f. 
 
 1 
 
 984 
 
 PIC 'ORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle between the Canntitution and British Vesieli Cyan* and Levant. 
 
 The CtnuM(u««n capturea both. 
 
 ceasing and terrific fire for about fifteen minutes, when that of the enemy slackened. 
 An immense volume of heavy smoke hung over the combatants, admitting only an 
 occasional gleam of moonlight. The Constitution also became silent; ^r. '. as the 
 cloud of smoke rolled sullenly away as a very light breeze sprung up, Stewart per- 
 ceived the leading ship of the enemy to bo under the lee-beam of his own vessel 
 while the stcrnmost was lufiing up as il' with the intention of tacking, and crossing 
 the stern of the Constitution. TLj latter delivered a broadside into the shij) abreast 
 of her, and then, by a skillful management of the sails, backed swiftly asteui, com- 
 pelling the foe to fill again to avoid being raked. 
 
 The leading ship now attemi)ted to tack so as to cross the bow of the Constitution. 
 For some time both vessels manoeuvred admirably, pouring heavy shot into eacii 
 other whenever opportunity offered, when, at a quarter before seven, the British ves- 
 sel fired a gun to leeward and struck her flag. Lieutenant Iloff'man was sent to take 
 possession of her. She was the frigate Cyane, 30, Cajitain Falcoln, manned by a crew 
 of one hundred and eighty men. 
 
 Stewart now looked after the Cyane's consort, which had been forced out of tlu! 
 combat by the crippled condition of her running gear, and to avoid damage from the 
 Constitution's heavy cannonading. She was ignorant of the fate of her consort. 
 About an hour after the action had ceased, having repaired damages, she bore up, 
 and met the Constitution coming down in search of her. They crossed on opposite 
 tacks, each delivering a broadside as they did so. For a time there was a brisk run- 
 ning fight, the Constitution chasing, and her bow guns sending shot that ripped up 
 the planks of her antagonist. The latter was soon overpowered, and at ten o'clock 
 at night she fired a gun to leeward and surrendered. Lieutenant (now Admiral) W. B, 
 Shiibrick was sent to take possession of her. She was found to be the Levant, 18, 
 Captain Douglass. 
 
 The Constitution at this time was equipped with fifty-two guns, and her comple- 
 ment of men and boys was about four hundred and seventy. The Cyane was a 
 frigate-built ship, mounting twenty 32-pound carronades on her gun-deck, and ten 
 1 8-pound carronades, with two chase-guns, on her quarter-deck and forecastle, making 
 thirty-four in all. Her complement of men was one hundred and eighty-five. The 
 Levant was a new ship, mounting eighteen 32-pound carronades, a shifting 18 on her 
 top-gallant forecastle, and two chase-guns, making twenty-one in all. Her regular 
 complement was one hundred and thirty souls. Both vessels had additional nuniliers 
 on board, going to the Western Islands to bring away a ship that was being built 
 there. The loss of the Constitution in this gallant action Avas three killed and twelve 
 wounded. That of the enemy, in the two vessels, was estimated at seventy-seven 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 The Constitution was so little damaged that in three hours after her last conflict 
 she was again ready for action. She had been engaged for three hours with her an- 
 tagonists, but the actual fighting had not occupied more than forty-five minutes. She 
 had not a single officer hurt. It was a most gallant fight in that moonlit sea by the 
 three vessels; and the commanders of Till received, as they deserved to, the highest 
 praise. 
 
 Placing Lieutenant Iloff'man on the Cyane, and Lieutenant Ballard on the Levant., 
 as commanders. Captain Stewart proceeded with the Constitution and her prizes t<i 
 Porto Praya, the capital of Santiago, one of the Cape de Verde Islands, where he ar- 
 rived on the 10th of March, 1815. On the following day, while Lieutenant Shubrick ^j 
 was walking the quarter-deck, he heard one of the prisoners, a midshipman, exclaim, 
 " There's a large ship in the offing !" One of the English captains severely repri- 
 manded him in a low tone. Shubrick's vigilance was aroused. The ocean was cov- 
 ered with a thick fog resting low on the water. Above it, in thick luminous mist, he 
 saw the sails of a large ship, set portward. He immediately reported to Stewart, 
 
O^ THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 086 
 
 mtittUinn capturca hciih. 
 
 enemy slackened, 
 dmittiiig only an 
 ilent; -:'. ' as the 
 f up, Stewart per- 
 >f his own vesHel, 
 iing, antl crossing 
 
 the ship abrt'ust 
 rit'tly aatcin, coni- 
 
 )f the Constitution. 
 vj shot into eacli 
 ;n, the British vos- 
 n was sent to tiike 
 manned by a crew 
 
 forced out of the 
 il damage from the 
 ,te of her consort, 
 lages, she bore up, 
 irossed on opposite 
 re was a brisk run- 
 hot that rippeil u)) 
 , and at ten oVinek 
 low Admiral) W.B. 
 
 1 be the Levant, 18, 
 
 ns, and her comple- 
 
 1 The Cyane was ii 
 
 gun-deck, and ten 
 
 forecastle, raakinj; 
 
 eighty-five. The 
 
 shifting 18 on her 
 
 all. Iler regular 
 
 additional nunihers 
 
 it was being built 
 
 killed and t welve 
 
 at seventy-seven 
 
 ler her last conflict 
 lours with her an- 
 five minutes. She 
 moonlit sea by the 
 irved to, the highest 
 
 iird on the Levant, 
 . and her prizes to 
 ilands, where he ar- 
 lieutenant Shubrick 
 idshipman, exclaim, 
 ains severely rcpri- 
 riie ocean was cov- 
 { luminous mist, he 
 sported to Stewart, 
 
 The CofvUitutiun eK«p«i frum three Brltliih Frigate 
 
 Fate of her Priiei. 
 
 Ilonon to Comm«>dore Stewart. 
 
 1IILI.ET-11KA]). 
 
 who was below. That officer coolly replied that it was probably an Knglish frigate, 
 and directed Shubrick to return to the deck, call all haiuls, and get ready to go out 
 and attack her. Shubrick did so, wlien he discovered the sails of two other vessels 
 above the fog-bank, and tliey were evidently those of men-of-war. Again he reported 
 to Captain Stewart, when that officer, perfectly unmoved by what he knew to be im- 
 minent peril to liis vessel, immediately ordered the cables of the Vonstitutioii to bo 
 cut and signals made for the prizes t«) follow. lie well knew that the English would 
 have no resjiect for the neutrality of that port, and that he was too feeble to cope 
 
 witii three heavy men of war; autl within fifteen minutes 
 afler the first shij) had been seen, the Constuution was mak- 
 ing her way out of tiie roads of Porto Praya, followed by 
 the two prizes. They were chased by the strangers, which 
 were the British frigates Leander, 50, Sir George Collier; 
 Neiccastle, 50, Lord (ieorge Stuart ; and Acasta, 40, Captain 
 Kerr. Tiu-y jiressed hard ujton the fugitives. The Cyane 
 was falling astern, and must soon become a prey to her pur- 
 suers. Stewart signaled for her to tack. Ilofi'nian ])roni|tt- 
 ly obeyed, and she was soon lost to view in the fog, under 
 cover of which she escaped, and reached New York on tho 
 10th of April.* 
 
 The three sliips continued to chase the Constitution, and finally the Nerccastle began 
 to fi..' her chase-guns, but withe it eftect. Meanwhile the Levant had fallen far in tho 
 rear, and Stewart signaled for her commander to tack. Ballard obeyed, when the 
 three British ships, abandoning the chase of the Constitution, ytnrsnvd him. He ran 
 the Levant back to port, and at four o'clock in the afternoon anchored her Avithin one 
 hundred and fifty yards of the shore, under the shelter of what he supposed to be at 
 least a neutral battery of thirty or forty guns. He Avas mistaken. Tlie English pris- 
 oners, one hundred and twenty in number, Avhom Stewart had landed there on parole 
 before the British squadron hove in sight, regardless of the neutral character of the 
 port (Portuguese), took possession of the battery and opened it upon the Jjcvant. She 
 received the fire of her pursuers at the same time, and was compelled to strike her 
 colors. She was sent to Barbadoes in charge of Lieutenant Jellicoe, formerly of the 
 Cyane. 
 
 With these exploits, performed after peace had been proclaimed in the United 
 States, ended the career of " Old Ironsides," as the Constitution was called, in tho 
 War of 1812. Stewart landed many of his prisoners at Marauliam, in Brazil ; and at 
 Porto Rico he heard of the proclamation of peace. He immediately sailed home- 
 ward, and arrived in New York at the middle of May, bringing with him the intel- 
 ligence of the capture of the Cyane and Levant. The arrival of the Constitution 
 was hailed with delight. The Common Council of New York gave him the freedom 
 of the city in a gold box,'^ and tendered to him and his officers the hos])italities of 
 the city at a public dinner. The Legislature of Pennsylvania gave him thanks in 
 the name of the state, and voted him a gold-hilted sword ; and the Congress of the 
 United States voted him and his brave men the thanks of the nation, and directed a 
 gold medal, commemorative of the capture of the Cyane and JjCvant, to be struck 
 and presented to him. His exploits and that of his ship became the theme for ora- 
 tory and song, and from that day to this the people of the United States have held 
 that vessel in peculiar reverence. She was always fortunate in having skillful com- 
 manders, and brave and intelligent men. Her crews were principally men of New 
 England. From the time of the Tripolitan War until she left oflf" cruising and be- 
 came a school-ship, she always ranked as a " lucky vessel." 
 
 ' The billet-head of the Cijane, finely carved, is preserved at the Philadelphia Na^-y Yard. It is about three feet six 
 inches in height, and baa the representation of a dragon carved upon it. > See note 3, page 841. 
 
i I 
 
 I' If 
 
 \i 
 
 II ' 
 
 i 
 
 ill' 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Mihpl : !•■!:! 
 
 •N 
 
 I'ICTORIA JLD-UOOK 
 
 Admiral 8tew»rt. 
 
 nil Home In New Jetiey. 
 
 Bl(>2r*phleal Sketch, 
 
 GT2W art's 1IIDAL.> 
 
 couMonoBE btewabt'b rkbii>enoi. 
 
 The gallant commaiulor of the 
 ConstUntioti at the close of the war, 
 who was then a veteran in the serv- 
 ice, still (1807) survives, and is oft- 
 en called affectionately by the nanii' 
 siven to his vessel — " Old Iron- 
 sides." lie lives in retirement, with 
 a sufficiency of this world's goocb, 
 in an unostentatious dwelling on 
 the banks of the Delaware, at Bor- 
 dentown, New Jersey, around which 
 are delightful grounds attached to 
 the mansion.* 
 
 In the summer of 1814, Commo- 
 dore Decatur, who had been endur- 
 
 I The ftbo' e picture represents tlie medal, flill size. On one side Is a bust of Stewart, with the words nronnd It " ca- 
 HOLDS sTEW.iRT NAV18 AMER. CON8TITDTION DUX." On thc Other sldc ft represeulatlon of the capture of the Ci/atie and 
 lAtvant, and 'he words " una viotoriam erm'Uit ratihdb iiinis." Below, "inter oonbtitc. 
 
 WAV. AMEBI. ET LEVANT ET OYANE NAV. ANQ. PIE XX EKIIR. MPOOOXV." 
 
 s The writer visited Admiral Stewart at his pleasant home, near Bordentown, In the snmmer 
 of 1803, In company with Dr. Peterson, his neighbor and friend. I was then on my return from 
 the then fresh battle-field at Gettysburg. At that time he was cighty-slx years of age, a firm 
 and compactly-knit man, about five "eet nine Inches In height, and possessed of great bodily 
 and mental vigor. Ills narrative of adventnres on sea and land In the service of his country 
 for more than sixty years were full of romance of the most stirring character. lie showed us 
 a plain sword, the blade of which was presented to hira by the King of Spain In 1S04 because 
 of his services, while In command rtthc Experiment, in the West Indies, in saving from destruc- 
 tion about sixty persons, many of them women, who were flying from Insurgent blacks of St. 
 Domingo. He could not constitutionally receive a sword from a foreign potentate, but he might 
 a blade for his defense. He had it plainly mounted, and wore it on the occasion of the combat 
 with the Cyaiw. and f^vant. During that contest the guard was carried away by a cannon-ball 
 that grazed the commander's side. The blacksmith of the Comtitulian constnicted a rude 
 guard, and It still remains. He also showed ns a dirk, a foot long, with a handle made of a 
 rhinoceros tooth, which was In the hands of the Turk with whom Decatur engaged In mortal 
 struggle on the deck of the PhiVidelphia In the harbor of Tripoli, mentioned on page 122. 
 
 Chorles Stewart was bom In Philadelphia on the 22d of .July, 177«. His parents were natives 
 of Ireland. His father, who was a mariner In the merchont service, came to America at an 
 early age. Charles was the yonngest of eight children, and lost his father before he was two 
 years of age. He entered the merchant service on the ocean at the age of thirteen years as a 
 cabin-boy, and rose gradually to the office of captain. In March, 1X08, he was commissioned a 
 lieutenant in the Navy of the United States, and made his first cniise under Commodore Bar- 
 ney. In 1800 he was appointed to the command of the armed schooner Experiment. At the 
 beginning of the autumn of that yeor he fonght and captured the French schooner Twn Friendg, 
 after ap action often minutes, without incurring loss on his part. From that time the caveer 
 of Lieutenant Stewart was a most honorable one to himself and the navy of his country. Ha 
 was conspicuous in the war with Tripoli, and was greatly beloved by the brave Decatur for his 
 
 STEWART'S 8W0«I). 
 
BliiiP'iphlcal Hkctch, 
 
 OP THE WAR OP J8ia. 
 
 987 
 
 Owalur'* Hqundrun. 
 
 lU pats tu 8«a In tho I'raiMtnt. 
 
 The />»•<•'•/ chiued. 
 
 ing inaction for a long time on account of the blockade of his vcsHcltt in the Thames 
 above New Lon<l()ri, was trsinHferred to the coiuinimd of tho President, 44, which 
 Kodgers lind li'ft for tho new Hhip Ciuerriire. Captiiin iiiddle, comnuuider or the 
 Jfoniet, which iiad been long engaged in protecting the Cnitcd IStutes and the J\I<ice- 
 duniun in tlie Thames, was iinally ordered to join Deeatur, and, with joyous alacrity, 
 he obeyed. He soon found an opportunity to avoid the bloeivading mpnidron, and in 
 November he joined Decatur with his ship at New York, when that commander's 
 8(iuadron, assembled there, consisted of the President (the flag-ship) ; Peacock, 18, 
 Captain Warrington; 7/<>r/<67, 1 8, Captain Hiddle; and 7'om /yoW/ziC, store-ship. 
 
 Decatur had been engaged all the summer and autumn in the vicinity of New 
 York, watching for tho ajtproach of the enemy, who were ravaging the cotmtry in 
 tho vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay. Ignorant of tiie real destination of the Uritish 
 when they left those waters, the government detained Decatur so long as there were 
 any apprehensions of an attack on New York. lie finally received an order to pro- 
 pare for a cruise in the East Indies, to si)rea<l havoc among the British shipi)ing in 
 that ren\ote (juartcr of the world. He was ready at the middle of January,* • ism. 
 and on the niglit of the 14th'' tho President dropped down to Sandy Hook, ' Jtuumry. 
 leaving the other vessels at their ancliorage near Staten Island. Hhe grounded on 
 the bar in the darkness of the nigiit, but was floated off by the rising tide in time to 
 clear the coast and the Hritish blockading Sipiadron before morning. 
 
 Tl)ere had been a heavy gale on the 14th, and Decatur, believing that tho block- 
 aders had been driven by it to the leeward, ke|»t the President close along tho Long 
 Island shore for about five hours, when he sailed boldly out to sea in a southeasterly 
 by easterly direction. Two hours after changing his course ho discovered by the 
 starlight a strange sail ahead, and within gun-shot distance. Two others soon mai'e 
 thi i appearance, and at dawn the President was chased by four ships of war, two on 
 iicr quarters and two astern. These were the Endymion, 40; Pomone,?>% \ Ihnedos, 
 
 )l 
 
 BTEW art's SWOJD- 
 
 eerviccs there, and his generous friendship ever afterward. In tho month of May, 1804, he was promoted to the 
 rank of master commandant, and tu that of captain in ISOO. During that and tho foiiuwing yeak ho was employed 
 in snpcrintendiniJt the construction of gun-boats. In 
 isi'i lie was appointed to tho command of the frigate 
 Cimilitutinn. lie was with her in Hampton Roads 
 in February, 1813, where, by Gkillful management, lio 
 eliulcd the enemy, and took his ship safely to Norfolk. 
 In tinnc following he was appointed to the command 
 of the OmalilHliim, and in her ])erformed the gallant 
 servirca recorded in the text. After the war ho was 
 placed in command (ISIC) of the Franklin, 74, and con- 
 veyed the Hon. Richard Rush, American minister, to 
 England. Until very recently he has been employed, 
 adoat or ashore, in the naval service of his country, and 
 on all occasions evincing eminent executive ability 
 and statesmanlike views. The annexed portrait of the 
 venerable admiral is from a photograph taken In 1SG4. 
 
 Admiral Stewart is the only surviving officer in the 
 civiior military service of the United States who holds 
 a commission dated in the last century. He is a most 
 interesting link between the fathers of the Revolution 
 and the patriots and heroes of our day. Our visit with 
 tiim in his pleasant homo was fur too short for our own 
 inclination, and we reluctantly parted with one so fa- 
 mous in our nnnals, and so fluent In speech In the re- 
 cital of tho events of his wonderful experience. We 
 bade the hale old admiral farewell with feelings coin- 
 cident with those of an anonymous poet, who wrote, 
 "Oh, oft may you meet with brave Stewart, 
 
 The tar with the free and the true heart ; 
 
 .\ bright welcome smile, and a soul free from guile, 
 
 You'll find in the hero, Charles Stewart. 
 
 A commander both generous and brave, too, 
 
 Who risked his life others to save, too; 
 
 And thousands that roam by his neat Jersey 
 home 
 
 Bless thekindheart of gallantCharlesStewart." 
 
 
988 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLD-BOOK 
 
 Battle Mil t-en the /'resident nnd Endyviion. 
 
 Cap'ure of the I'rmiiieitt. 
 
 ' ) 
 
 W'A 
 
 1 1 
 
 38 ; and Majestic, razee, of the blockaJing 
 squadron, which had been blown off the coast 
 by tlie gale, and were now returning to the 
 cruising-ground off Sandy Hook. 
 
 The chase continued during the mornintj 
 with a light and baffling Avind, and the Prai- 
 dent, deeply laden with stores for a long cruise 
 soon found the Endymion, Captain Hope, the 
 nearest vessel, rapidly overtaking her. Deca- 
 tur at once gave orders for lightening his own 
 ship for the purpose of increasing her speed. 
 It availed but little. At three o'clock in tlio 
 afternoon the Endyinion came down with a 
 fresh breeze, which the President did not leel, 
 and opened her bow-guns upon the fugitive. 
 The President promptly returned the fire in 
 an effort to damage the spars and rigging of 
 her pursuer, but without effect. Iler sliot 
 moved feebly and fell short, as if propelled by 
 weak powder. On came the En- 
 ' y/ y^ — - dymion, and at five o'clock she 
 
 ^^T'lyC^^^^'i^''^^ ■€ C CC^^i^C^ ^^~* gained a position in which she 
 
 terribly annoyed her antagonist, 
 The President could not bring a gun to bear upon the foe, and was lacerated by every 
 shot of her pursuer. It was evident that the Endymion was endeavoring to secure 
 a victory by gradually crippling the President, and reducing her to an unmanageable 
 wreck. 
 
 Decatur quickly penetrated the design of his enemy, and prepared to frustrate it 
 by boldly running down upon the Endymion, carrying her by a hand-to-hand fight, 
 and, abandoning his own vessel, seize his antagonist as a prize, and in her ■ an away 
 from the other pursuers. But the commander of the Endymion was as wary as he 
 Avas skillful, and was not to be caught in that manner. He .accommodated the move- 
 ments of his own ship to those of his antagonist, until at length they were brought 
 abeam of each other, and both opened tremendous broadsides. Every attempt of 
 Decatur to lay the President alongside the Endymion was foiled by Captain Hope, 
 who adroitly kept his ship a quarter of a mile from his antagonist. 
 
 Decatur no\\« determined to dismantle the Endymion. The two frigates kept run- 
 ning dead before the wind, head and head, each discharging heavy broadsides upon 
 the other for two hours and a half, when the Endymion, having most of her sails cut 
 from the yards, fell astern. The President, no doubt, could have compelled her ad- 
 versary to strike her colors in a few minutes, but just at that moment the other ves- 
 sels in chase were seen by the dim starlight to be approaching. The}' had been joined 
 by the Dispatch. The President tlierefore kept on her course in efforts to escape, 
 Il> this she failed. The pursuers closed upon her. At 11 o'clock the Pomone got on 
 the weather-bow of the President, and gave her a damaging broadside. The Ihiahi 
 was coming up and closing on her quarter, and the Jfajestic .iid Dispatch were with- 
 in gun-shot distance astern. They all fell upon her wii' energy. Farther resistance 
 would have been useless. The President struck her colors, and Decatur surreiulcreil 
 his t word to Captain Hayes, of the Majestic, which was the tiist vessel that came 
 alongside of the vanquished frigate. 
 
 In the chase and running fight the President lost twenty-four men killed and fifty- 
 six wounded. Among the s'-'in were her first, fourth, and fifth lieutenants, ]\fessis. 
 Babbitt, Hamilton, and How .11. "he Endymion had eleven killed and fourteen 
 
!n 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 989 
 
 Capture of the I'reMmL 
 
 f the blockading 
 lown off the coast 
 
 returning to the 
 Look. 
 
 •ing the morning, 
 iu(l, and the Fred- 
 >s for a long cruise, 
 Captain Hope, tlie 
 taking her. Deca- 
 lightening his own 
 reasing her speed. 
 Iircc o'clock in tlic 
 !ame down AviUi a 
 sident did not I'eel, 
 upon the fugitive, 
 eturncd the fire in 
 lars and rigging of 
 
 effect. Her sliot 
 t, as if propelled by 
 On came the En- 
 It five o'clock she 
 tion in which she 
 ^ed her antagonist. 
 i lacerated by every 
 leavoring to secure 
 to an unmanageable 
 
 larcd to frustrate it 
 
 land-to-hiind fii^lit, 
 
 nd in her ■ an away 
 
 was as wary as he 
 
 miodatcd the niove- 
 
 they were brought 
 
 very attempt of 
 
 by Captain Hope, 
 
 o frigates kept rnn- 
 \-y broadsides uiion 
 [lost of her sails cut 
 compelled her ad- 
 Tieiit the other vcs- 
 ley had been joined 
 1 efibrts to escape, 
 he Fomone got on 
 side. The Tenahs 
 ^ispatch were witli- 
 1 Farther resistance 
 lecatur surrendered 
 It vessel that came 
 
 len killed and fifty- 
 lieutenants, ^Messrs. 
 lilled and fourteen 
 
 The rest of Decatur's Squadron puts to Sea. 
 
 Biographical Slietch of Decatur. 
 
 wounded. It was found that her hull had been struck by many balls which did not 
 penetrate, and this fact confirmed the impressions of Decatur at the beginning of the 
 contest that the powder Avas inferior. 
 
 After the action, the Presicltn', accompanied by the Etulymion, sailed for Bermuda. 
 Both vessels were dismasted in a gale before reaching port. Decatur wrote an offi- 
 cial account for the Secretary of War on board of the Endymion on the 1 8th. He 
 was soon after paroled, and returned to New York at the beginning of March. A 
 court of inquiry was convened, and he and all of his officers, tried for losing their sliip, 
 were honorably acquitted. It was proven, and was admitted by the English, that 
 the President was captured by the squadron, and not by a single vessel. • And when 
 the details of the combat became known, the heroism of Decatur and his men pro- 
 duced the most profound sensation. Language was too feeble to express the admi- 
 ration of the American people.* 
 
 On the 22d of January* the Peacock, Hornet, and Tom liowline followed the 
 President to sea. Their commanders were ignorant of her fate. They passed 
 the bar at daylight, regardless of the blockading squadron, and passed out upon the 
 broad ocean unmolested. Each made its Avay, sometimes alone and sometimes con- 
 sorting with another, for the port of Tristan d'Acunha, the principal of a group of 
 islands in the South Atlantic, in latitude 37° S., and longitude 12° W. from Washing- 
 ton. That was the place of rendezvous designated by Decatur. Tiie Peacock and 
 
 ' 1810. 
 
 1 The force of the President was thirty-two long 24-ponndcr8, one 24-ponn(l howitzer, twenty 42-pound carroiiades, 
 and dvc small pieces in her tops. The Kmbjmiun mounted tweuty-six long 24-p()unders, twenty-two !t2-i)ounrlerH, one 
 12-pound carrot ade, and one long IS. The Majestic rated 60 guns ; the Tetudoa, 38 ; the funnoiu, 38. That of the Dis- 
 patch is nnknovn. 
 
 » We have noticed on pages 457 and 45S the honors showered npon Decatur on another occasion, when Congress voted 
 him a gold medal. Stephen Decatur was born in Worcester County, Maryland, on the 6th of January, 1779. He en- 
 tered the navy as a midshipman in the frigate United States, Commodore Barry. In isni he was promoted to licutennnt, 
 and sailed in the Essex, then of Commodore Dale's squadron, to the Mediterranean Sea. On account of an affray with 
 a British ofHcer at Malta, ht was suspended, and returned home. An investigation proved him to have been blameless, 
 and he was appointed to the command of the Argus, of Preble's squadron, tiieu lying before Tripoli. Ilis services in 
 tliat field of duty have been noticed in the text. On his return to America he was appointed to superintend llic build- 
 ing of gim-boats, and Unally succeeded Barron in com- 
 mand of the frigate Chesapeake. His services during the 
 Second War for Independence have been recorded in the 
 text. After the peace with England he was sent to the 
 Mediterranean with a sqnadron to chastise the Alge- 
 rines, and his vigorous actlim there caused the discon- 
 tinuance of tlie practice of paying tribute to the Barbary 
 powers, not only by the United States, but by the pow- 
 ers of Western Europe. On his return home lie was ap- 
 pointed one of the Board of Naval Commi88i(mers, and 
 resided at Kalorama, near Georgetown (see page !t42), 
 until hi^ death in March, lS2n. He was mortally wound- 
 ed in a iiiel with Commodore Barron, fought near Bla- 
 ilensburg (see page !I2!S) on the 2nth of that month, and 
 (lied at Kalorama the same evening. Ills remains were 
 laid in the family vault o ' Joel Barlow, where they re- 
 mained until 1S4C, when they were reinterred, with ap- 
 propriate ceremonies. In the burial-ground of St. Peter's 
 Church, Philadelphia, by the side of those of his father 
 and family, and over them a beautiful monument, de- 
 picted in the anne.xed engraving, was erected, bearinf- 
 llic following inscriptiims : 
 
 Sorth Side: "Stephen Decatur,! ^m January 5,1 779. 
 l^ntercd llie navy of the United Sta'ea as midshipman 
 .\pril ;tn, 1793. Became lieutenant June 3, 179!). Made 
 (iiptain for distinguished merit, passing over the rank 
 iif commander, Fel)ruary 10, 1S04. Oied March 22, 1820." 
 Kail Side: "Devoted to his country by u patriot father, 
 tie cherished in his heart, and sustained by his intrepid 
 ;i'"llonH, the Inspliing sentiment, 'Our country, right or 
 wrong.' A nation gave him in return its applause and 
 gratitude." Smith Side: "The gallant officer whose 
 p.ompt and active Valor, always on the watch, was 
 .iiided by a Wisdom and supported by aPlrmuess which 
 never tired. Whosi exploits ii. arms reflected the daring featnrcs of Romance and Chlvalr/." WestSiile: "A name 
 lirilllant from a series of heroic deeds on the coast of Barbi.ry, and Uiustrious by acUievcmeuvs agaliiBt more disciplined 
 enemies ; the pride of the Navy, the glory of the Republic." 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 1 
 . 1 
 
 , 
 
 
 s 
 
 ATIIK B HONIUIEMT. 
 
990 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle between the llomet and i'enguin. 
 
 //^ 
 
 c- ' t2^i>t^^,e^ 
 
 Tom Bowline arrived there togetlier at 
 the middle of March, and were driven 
 away by a storm. The Hornet, Captain 
 Biddle, entered the port on the 23d, and 
 was about to cast her anchor, when a 
 strange sail was discovered to the wind- 
 ward. Captain Biddle immediately 
 spread the sails of the Hornet, and went 
 seaward to reconnoitre. The stranger 
 soon came running down before the 
 wind, and at a quarter before two o'clock 
 in the afternoon approached the Hornet 
 within musket-shot distance, displayed 
 English colors, and fired a gun. The 
 Hornet accepted the challenge, and for 
 about fifteen minutes a sharp cannonade 
 was kept up. The fire of the Hornet 
 was so severe that her antagonist ran 
 down for the purpose of boarding her. 
 The vessels became entangled, and a 
 good opportunity was oftered to the 
 stranger to accomplish her purpose. 
 But her first lieutenant could not in- 
 duce his men to follow him. Biddlc's men, on the contrary, were eager to rush into 
 the British, ship for a hand-to-hand fight. Ilia advantage lay with his guns, and he 
 would not allow his people to leave the ^hip. His broadsides raked the foe terribly, 
 and very soon an officer on board the stranger called out thiit she had surrendered. 
 Firing ceased, and Captain Biddle sprang upon the taffrail to inquire whether his an- 
 tagonist had actually surrendered, Avhen two British marines fired at him. One bul- 
 let wounded him severely in the neck. The assassins wore instantly slain by bullets 
 fired from the Hornet. She immediately Avore round, after being disentangled from 
 her foe by a lurch given by the sea, and Avas preparing to fire another broadside, 
 when at least twenty men appeared on her antagonist throwing up their hands aiii, 
 asking for quarter. It was difficult to restrain the indignant Americans, who wanted 
 to avenge the injury done to their commander. It was done, however. The van- 
 quished vessel, after a contest of twenty-three minutes, struck her colors. She was 
 the brig Penguin, 18, Captain Dickenson, which had been fitted and manned express- 
 ly to encounter the privateer Young Wasp, a more powerful vessel than herself. She 
 mounted nineteen carrin^^c-guns, besides guns on ner tops, and her size and weight of 
 metal was the same as that of the Hornet. Her complement of men was one hun- 
 dred and thirty-two. 
 
 The Hornet lost one man killed and ten wounded. Among the latter were Cap- 
 tain Biddle, Lieutenant (afterward Commodore) Conner, and eight men. Not a 
 round shot marred the hull of the Hornet, but her rigging was much cut, while tiie 
 Penguin was terribly riddled. Her foremast and bowsj)rit were shot away, and her 
 mainmast was so riiuch shattered that it could not be secured for farther use. 
 Amojg her slain were her commander and boatswain. After taking from her all 
 that was valuable. Captain Biddle scuttled her on the morning of the 25th, and she 
 went to the bottom of the deep South Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The conflict between the Hornet and Penguin was regarded by naval men as one of 
 the most creditable actions of the war, and the American people testified their ajipre- 
 elation of the services of Captain Biddle by the bestowal of special honors upon him.' 
 
 > James Biddle waa boru in Philadelphia on the 18th of February, 1T83, Ho wai edocated at the University of Pcun- 
 
re eager to rush into 
 
 n\\\ his guns, and he 
 
 ikcd the foe terribly, 
 
 she had surrenderod, 
 
 juire wliether his an- 
 
 d at liim. One hul- 
 
 intly slain by bullets 
 
 tr disentangled from 
 
 another broadside, 
 
 up their hands an., 
 
 icricans, who Avanted 
 
 lowever. The van- 
 
 icr colors. She was 
 
 and manned exprcss- 
 
 ,el than herself Slie 
 
 ■r size and weight of 
 
 men was one hun- 
 
 hc latter were Cap- 
 eiglit men. Not a 
 much cut, while the 
 
 shot away, and her 
 red for farther use. 
 
 taking from hor all 
 of the 25th, and she 
 
 naval men as one of 
 
 testified their aiipre- 
 
 ■al honors upon him.' 
 
 ed at the Unlvorslty of Pcun- 
 
 Hooors to Captain Biddle. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 J — 
 
 991 
 
 fiiugrupblcal Sketch. 
 
 Wlien lie arrived in New York a public dinner was given liim in that city. Citizens 
 of his native town, Philadelphia, presented to him a beautiful service of silver plate ;' 
 and the Congress of the United States, in the name of the Republic, gave him thanks, 
 and ordered a gold medal to be struck in commemoration of the victory, and pre- 
 sented to him. 
 
 bidsle's medal.' 
 
 On tlie same day," and a few hours after the action with the Penguin, • March 28, 
 Captain Biddle discovered another sail in sight. It proved to be the Peor ^^'°- 
 nock, having the Tom Bowline in company. He converted the latter into a cartel 
 ship, and sent her to Rio de Janeiro with his prisoners. They then continued on 
 tlieir course, after remaining in Tristan d'Acunha the length of time appointed by 
 Decatur (until the 13th of April), and, in the mean time, they had intelligence that 
 the President was probably captured. 
 
 While sailing onward toward the Indian Seas on the morning of the 27th of April, 
 Captain Warrington, o* the Peacock, signaled to Captain Biddle that a strange ves- 
 sel was seen in the distance. Both ^'oops started in chase with a light wind, and 
 before evening tiny had rapidly gained on the stranger. She was yet in sight in the 
 morning. The K^ock was two leagues ahead of the JTomet between two and three 
 
 o'clock in the ali< noon.' and at that time bcsjan \' si \v some caution in 
 
 1 I , • T 1 ■ 1 April 28. 
 
 her movements. It wa- soi n discDveriMl that tn< stranger was a heavy , 
 
 line-of-battle ship and an ■ .uiny, and that she was about to give cli:ise. The Pea- 
 
 »ylvania. He and his brotlicr Edward entered the navy in 1800 an mirt«"ilpinen In the frigate i>/-. "iAent. James made 
 a cruise in the Mediterranean under Captain Murray, and afterward ' Icr Bninbridge. Ilis condiiit while in those 
 waters, and especially at Tripoli, was distinguished by gnat courage aii nnntioal skill. He was a prisoner among the 
 semi-barharianB of that region for nineteen months. On ! - rctnni in If'O.'i ho was promoted to a lieutenancy, and was 
 in active service most of the time until the war broke on; u 1S1'2, when he sailed in the Wafp, Captain Jones, in which 
 he acquired special honor in the flght of that vessel witt .«■ PrnlU\ Soon after that affair Lieutenant IJiddlc was pro- 
 moted to master commandant, and assigned to the command of the Hornet. With her he gained new laurels, as record- 
 ed ill the text. On his return to the United States in the summer of 1816 he was promoted to post captain. He con- 
 
 mportant. In 1817 he took possession of Oregon 
 
 ■38 to 1842 he was Governor of the Naval Asylum, 
 
 t Indies, be exchanged the ratillcations of the flrst 
 
 r.iclflc, he engaged In some of the scenes in the war 
 
 larch, 1S4S, and died at Philadelphia on the 1st of Oc- 
 
 tinued in active service until his death. Ills special servlci - wi 
 
 Territory ; in 1820 he signed a commercial treaty with Turkey , fi 
 
 Pliiladclphla ; and in 184(1, while in command of a squadron in " 
 
 American treaty with China. lie was at Japnn, and, cros"- 
 
 with Mexico on the coast of California. He returned her » 
 
 tol)cr following. The portrait of Commodore Biddle on the opposite page was copied from one in the possession of 
 
 the Navy Department at Washington. 
 
 > He had already received from his townsmen and friends a beautiful testimonial of their esteem the previous year. 
 See page 4.'B. 
 
 ' The above plctnre represents the medal, the exact size. On one side Is a bust of Captain Biddle, and the words 
 
 "the onNOBESS OK THE tl. B. TO OAPT. J.\MKH UIDOI.E FOB IMS nAI.I.ANTnV, OOOI) OONIICOT, ANTJ BERVIOKS." On the Other 
 
 side is represented a naval action, with the Peak of Tristan d'Aounhu in sight beyond the smoke. Around this are the 
 words " (^APTUBE or tue ubitisii ubiu i>ii«uiin uy tue u. b. buii> uounet. Below, " off tristan u'AuuNaA, mabou xxiu. 
 
 UDOOOXV." 
 
 ii 
 
 
fiCTORIAL FIE'.D-BOOK 
 
 The War over. 
 
 The American Navy at the close of the War. 
 
 cock and tlie Hornet spread their sails /or flight, Tlie latter was more particularly 
 in peril, as she was a slower sailer than her consort. The huge Englishman was gain- 
 ing upon her. Biddle began to lighten her, and the chase became intensely interest- 
 ing during the entire night of the 28th and early morning of the 29th. At dawn the 
 enemy was within gun-shot distance of the Hornet on her Ico quarter. At seven 
 o'clock English colors and a rear admiral's flag was dis] layed by the stranger, and 
 she commenced firing. On sped the Hornet, casting overboard shot, anchors, cables, 
 spars, boats, many heavy articles on deck and below, and all of her guns but one. 
 At noon the pursuer Avas within a mile of her, and again commenced firing, three of 
 the balls striking the Hornet. Still on she sped, her gallant commander having ic- 
 solved to save his ship at all hazards. He did so. By consummate seamanshij) and 
 prudence, he soon took the Hornet out of harm's way, and with her single gun, and 
 without boat or anchor, she made her way to New York, where she arrived on the 
 9th of June. Biddle's skill in saving his vessel elicited the unbounded praise of his 
 countrymen. It was afterward ascertained that the pursuer of the Hornet was tlio 
 CormoaliiSy 14, on her way to the East Indies, and bearing the flag of an oflicer in 
 that service. 
 
 Warrington continued his cruise in the Peacock, and on the 30ir ^Junc," 
 when off" Anjer, in the Straits of Sunda, between Borneo and Sumatra, he fell 
 in with the East India Company's crnhcr Nautilus, 14, JAQ.utena.nt Charles Boyce, 
 Broadsides were exchanged, when the Nautilus struck her colors. She had lost six 
 men killed and eight wounded. The Peacock lost none. This event occurred a few 
 days after the period set by the treaty of peace for the cessation of hostilities. War- 
 rington was ignorant of any such ti'eaty, but, being informed of its ratification on the 
 next day, he gave up the Nautilus, and did every thing in his power to alleviate the 
 sufferings of her wounded people. He then returned home, bearing the lionor of hav- 
 ing fired the last shot in the Second War for Independence. The combat betAveen 
 the Hornet and Penguin was the last regular naval battle, the affair between the Pea- 
 cock and Nautilus being only a rencounter. 
 
 When the Peacock reached America, every cruiser, public and private, that had 
 been out against the British Jiad returned to port, and the Avar was over. "The 
 navy," says Cooper, " came out of this struggle with a vast increase of reputation. 
 The brilliant style in which the ships had been carried into action, the steadiness and 
 rapidity with which thoy had been handled, and the fatal accuracy of their fire on 
 nearly every occasion, 'jroduced a new era in naval Avarfare. Most of the frigate ac- 
 tions had been as soon decided as circumstances would at all alloAV ; and in no in- 
 stance was it found necessary to keep up the fire of a sloop of Avar an hour Aviion 
 singly engaged. Most of the combats of the latter, indeed, AA^ere decided in about 
 half that time, i'h.i execution done in these short conflicts Avas often equal to that 
 made by the largest vessels of Europe in general actions, and in some of them the 
 slain and wounded co.nprised a very large proportion of the crcAvs. It is not easy to 
 
 say in vhich nation th?s unlooked-for resnlt created the most surprise The 
 
 ablest and bravest captains of the English fleet Avere ready to admit that a ncAV pow- 
 er Avas about to appear on the ocean, and that it Avas not improbable the battle for 
 the mastery of the seas would have to be fought over again."' 
 
 It noAV remains for us only to cwnsider the principal exploits of the American pri- 
 vateers, whose services appear in most admirable conspicuousness at every period of 
 the war, from the month af^or it was proclaimed until some time after peace Ava;; as- 
 sured by solemn treaty. Although privateering is nothing less than legalized piracy, 
 it has ever been sanctioned by the laws of nations since such codes Avcre first estab- 
 lished, and th< foremost of the American statesmen at the period we are considering 
 advocated it . a just and expedient measure for a nation so feeble as ours in mari- 
 
 ~~ • 1 Naval nistory of the United Statet, iT, 47o! 
 
y at the close of the War. 
 
 more particuhiily 
 ;lishinan was gain- 
 intensely inteix'st- 
 )lli. At dawn the 
 uarter. At sovcn 
 ' the stranger, aiul 
 ot, anchors, cahlcs, 
 lier guns bnl oiip. 
 eecl firing, three of 
 niantler having rc- 
 ite seamansliii) and 
 ler single gun, and 
 she arrived on the 
 unded praise of his 
 ,he Hornet was tl>c 
 las of an officer in 
 
 1 the 30u- ^'.Tunc,* 
 nd Sumatra, he fdl 
 ant Charles Boycc. 
 3. She had lost six 
 vent occurred a few 
 of hostilities. War- 
 is ratification on the 
 wer to alleviate tlip 
 [ig the honor of hav- 
 he combat between 
 lir between the Pea- 
 private, that had 
 was over. "The 
 ■ease of reputation, 
 the steadiness and 
 acy of their fire on 
 )st of the frigate ac- 
 ow ; and in no in- 
 war an hour wlicn 
 decided in about 
 often equal to that 
 some of them the 
 It is not easy to 
 
 iirprise The 
 
 init that a new pow- 
 bable the battle for 
 
 )f the American jiri- 
 at every period of 
 after peace wa;. as- 
 
 lan legalized piracy, 
 
 ties were first estah- 
 we arc considering 
 
 ■ble as ours in mari- 
 
 OF THE War OF 1813. 
 
 993 
 
 '/•rlvatcerB commiesloned. 
 
 Tlie flfBt Crulserg ofthnt Class. 
 
 PrlvateerluR approved. 
 
 Ul.iri'£U-UUlLT rlllVATKKU HCIIUUNtll. 
 
 time strength when contending with one so powerful as Great Britain.' So regard- 
 ing it, Congress, in the act declaring war, sanctioned it, by authorizing the President 
 to " issue to private-armed vessels of the United States commissions, or letters of 
 marque and reprisal," as they were termed, in such manner as he should think proper. 
 The President was not tardy in 
 issuing such commissions under a 
 specific act of Congress passed on 
 the 2Gth of June," and very 
 soon swift-sailing brigs and 
 schooners, and armed pilot-boats, 
 were out upon the high seas in 
 search of plunder from tlie com- 
 mon enemy. Of these the clip- 
 per-built schooner represented in 
 the engraving was the favorite. 
 The most noted of these were 
 huilt at Baltimore. They gener- 
 ally carried from six to ten guns, 
 with a single long gun, called 
 "Long Tom," mounted on a swiv- 
 el in ti;e centre. They were usu- 
 ally manned with fifty i)ersons, besides ofiicers, all armed with muskets, cutlasses, and 
 hoarding-pikes, commanded to "burn, sink, and destroy" the property of an enemy 
 wherever it might be found, either on the high seas or in British ports. 
 
 Into the pon of Silem, Massachusetts, which became famous as the home of priva- 
 teers during the contest, the first prize captured on the ocean after the declaration 
 of war was taken. On the 10th of July the private-armed schooner i^tme, Captain 
 Webb, took into that harbor two British ships, one laden with timber and the other 
 with. tar. On the same day the privateer Dash, Captain Carroway, of Baltimore, en- 
 tered Hampton Roads and captured the British government schooner Whiting, Lieu- 
 tenant Maxey, who was bearing dispatches from London to Washington. 
 
 On the 14th of July, a stanch privateer of Gloucester, Massachusetts, named the 
 j)/tf(//so«, fell in with a British transport ship from Halifax bound to St. John's. She 
 liad been under convey of the Indian, a Bntish sloop of war, which had just given 
 cliase to the Folhj and Dolphin, two American privateers. The Madison pounced 
 on and captured the transj)ort, which, with the cargo, was valued at $50,000. She 
 was sent into (Tloucester. On the following day the Indian, after chasing the Polly 
 for sonic time, manned her launch and several boats, and sent them to capture the 
 fugitive. The Polhj turned, and resisted so gallantly that she caused the launch to 
 strike her colors. By this time the Indian was almost within gun-shot, when the 
 Volhj took to her sweeps and esca])ed. The Madison soon afterward caj)tured a Brit- 
 ish ship of twelve guns, name not given, and the brig Eliza, of six guns. 
 
 On the 18th of July the letter of marque schooner Falcon, of Baltimore, armed 
 
 ' Immediately after the declnrattoii of war, Thomax Jefferson wrote on the snbject (July 4, 1S12), and after asking 
 "What Is war?" answered, "It Is ciniply n contest between nations of trylni; whhh can do the other the most harm." 
 .\g3lii he asked and answered as follows : " Who carries ou the war? Armies are formed and navies n.aniied by indl- 
 viiliinls. What jirodnces pence? The distress of Individuals. What difference to the sufferer Is It that his property Is 
 taken by a national or private-armed vessel ? Did our merchants, who have lost !>17 vessels by British captures, feel any 
 sratillcation that most of them were taken by his majesty's mtn-of-war ? Were the spoils less rifrldly enforced by a 74- 
 pin ship than by a privateer of four jinns, and were not all equally condemned ? .... In the United States every pos- 
 flble enconrapement should oe piven to prlvateerlnj; in time of war with a commercial nation. We have tens of thou- 
 tands of seamen that without It would be destitute of the means of support, and useless to their country. Our national 
 ships are too few in number to (jIve employment to one twentieth part of them, or retaliate the acts of the enemy. By 
 liceiisinc private-armed vessels, the whole naval force of the nation Is trnly brought to bear on the foo ; and while the 
 contest lasts, that it may have the speedier termination, let every individual contribute his mite, in the best way he can, 
 to distress and harass the enemy, and compel him to peace." So arizued Mr. Jefferscni, the founder of the Democratic 
 party, thou admluisterlnj; the national government, and which was a unit in favor of war with Great Britain. 
 
 3 11 
 
 
 S■^^ 
 
 I 
 
 I I 
 
if: 
 
 094 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 EffectH of American PrIvatcerlDg. 
 
 Cruise of the Hostie. 
 
 ' 1812. 
 
 ■ July 22. 
 
 with four guns and si-xteen men, fought the British cutter Hero, five guns and fifty. 
 five men, on the coast of France, for two hours and a lialf, and drove her off. On tlie 
 following day the Falcon was attacked by a British privateer of six guns and forty 
 men. She resisted for an hour and a half, wlien, her captain having been killed and 
 several of her (icw wounded, she struck her colors, and was taken into a Guernsey 
 port. The first prize that arrived at ]Jaltimore was a British schooner laden with a 
 cargo of sugar, valued at $18,000. She was captured by the Dolphin. This was on 
 the 2Cth of July. A little more than a month had elapsed since the declaration of 
 war, yet within that time such displays of American valor had been made on the soa 
 that the British began to feel some respect for their new foe on that element. Dur- 
 ing the month of July more than fifty vessels were taken from the British by Amer- 
 ican privateers, and taken into the harbors of the United States. 
 
 Toward the middle of July se^'en privateers sailed from Baltimore on a cruise. 
 One of them was the swift clipper-built schooner Jiossie, fourteen guns and one hun- 
 dred and twenty men, commanded by the veteran Commodore Barney. His manu- 
 script journal of that and a second cruise lies before me, and bears evidence that it 
 was one of the most exciting voyages on record. He sailed from Baltimore on the 12th 
 of July," and cruised along the eastern coast of the United States for forty-five 
 days without entering port. He was almost daily capturing English vessels, 
 cliasing and being chased, and informing all American vessels that fell in his way of 
 the beginning of war. 
 
 Nine days after lie left Baltimore'' Barney fell in with the brig Wi/wph, 
 of Newburyport, and seized her for violating the Non-importation Act. On 
 the following day the liossie was chased by a British frigate, which hurled twenty- 
 five shota after her, but without effect. The Jiossie outsailed the frigate, and es- 
 <• July 80. caped. Six days afterward'' she was chased by another frigate, and aiiaiii 
 outsailed the pursuer. On the following day Barney took and burned tlie 
 ' August 1. giiip Princess lioyal, and the day following'' took and manned the ship 
 Kltti/. On the 2d of August he took and burned the brigs Fame and Devonshire, 
 and schooner Squid ; and on the same day he captured the brig Two Drothers, \m 
 on board of her sixty of his prisoners, and ordered her as a cartel to St. John's, New 
 Brunswick, to eflect an exchange for as many American prisoners. Barney sent his 
 
 compliments to Admiral Sawyer, the British 
 commnnder on tlie Halifax station, desired him 
 to treat the prisoners well, and assured him, 
 very coolly, that he should soon send him an- 
 other shipload of captives for exchange. On 
 the next day he took and sunk the brig Henry, and schooners Race-horse and IMl- 
 fax, captured and manned the brig William, and added forty prisoners to the num- 
 ber on board the Tico Brothers. On the 9th of August he captured the ship Jcunij, 
 of twelve guns, after a brief action ; and on the following day he seized the brig Re- 
 becca, of Saco, from London, for a breach of the non-importation law. On the 28th 
 he seized the Euphrates, of New Bedford, for the same reason ; and on the 30tli he 
 ran into Narraganset Bay, and anchored off Newport. During his cruise of forty- 
 five days he seized and captured fourteen vessels, nine of which he destroyed. Their 
 aggregate capacity amounted to two thousand nine hundred and fourteen tons, and 
 they were manned by one hundred and sixty-six men. The estimated value of his 
 prizes was $1,289,000. 
 
 Barney remained in Newport until the Tth of September,"' when the Rmk 
 
 started on another cruise. On the 9th she was chased by three British ships 
 
 of war, but by superior speed she soon lefb them out of sight. On the 12th she was 
 
 chased by an English frigate for six hours, when she, too, was left so far 
 
 ' September 10. 
 
 behind that she gave up the pursuit. Four days afterward' she fell i 
 
!!l 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 995 
 
 Cruise of the Houiie. 
 
 Cruise of the Hossie. 
 
 First Prize in Baltimore. 
 
 Cruise of tlie Olobe. 
 
 " 1812. 
 
 with and captured the British armed packet Priiicess Amelia, They had a severe 
 engagement for almost an hour, at pistol-shot distance most of the time. Mr. Long, 
 Barney's iirst lieutenant, was severely wounded; and six of the crew were injured, 
 but not so badly. The Princess Amelia lost lier captain, sailing-master, and one sea- 
 man killed ; and the master's male and six seamen were wounded. The Rossie suf- 
 fered in her rigging and sails, but not in her hull, while the Princess Amelia was ter- 
 ribly cut uj) in all. 
 
 Barney had just secured his prize when he fell in, on the same day,* • September 12, 
 with three ships and an armed brig. From tlie latter the Possie re- ^***'^- 
 
 ceived an eighteen-pound shot through her quarter, which wounded a man and lodged 
 ill the pump. She dogged the three vessels for four days in hopes of seeing them 
 separated, and thus aifording an opportunity to pounce on one of them. They kept 
 together, and he gave up the game. On the 23d he spoke the privateer Globe, Cap- 
 tain Murphy, of Baltimore, and the two went in seai'ch of the three ships, but could 
 not find them. On the 8th of October, while they were sailing together, they cap- 
 tured the British schooner Jubilee, and sent her into port. On the 22d Ba.ney seized 
 the ship Merrimack for a violation of law. She was laden Avith a valuable cargo. 
 On the 10th of November'' he returned to Baltimore. The result of his two 
 cruises in the Rossie since he left that city was 3698 tons of shipping, valued 
 at $1,500,000, and two hundred and seventeen prisoners. 
 
 The Dolphin, of Baltimore, Captain Stafford, was a (Successful privateer. She car- 
 ried twelve guns and one hundred men. Tlie first prize sent into Baltimore after the 
 declaration of war was hers, as we have observed on the opposite page ; and other 
 ports received her captives. She entered Salem, Massachusetts, on the 23d of July, 
 after a cruise of twenty days, during which time she had taken six vessels without 
 receiving tlie least injury. She was repeatedly chased by British cruisers, but al- 
 ways outsailed them. Captain Stafford Avas remarkable for kindness of manner to- 
 ward his prisoners. Such M'as its power, that on several occasions, when he was com- 
 pelled to use sweeps to escape from the ICnglish men-of-Avar, they volunteered to man 
 them. 
 
 Tiie privateer Globe, of Baltimore, Captain Mui-phy, carrying eight guns and about 
 eighty men, went to sea on the 24tli of July in company with the letter of marque 
 Oora, On the 31st of that month she chased a vessel about three hours, when she 
 was within gun-shot, and commenced firing. The fugitive hoisted British colors, and 
 returned the shots from her stern-chasers, consisting of two long 9-pounders. The 
 Ghhe could only bring a long nine amidships to bear during an action of about forty 
 minutes, for it was blowing very fresh, and the enemy crowded all sail. The Globe 
 Snally gained on her, .and commenced firing broadsides. Her antagonist returned 
 broadside for broadside, until the Globe, getting within musket-shot distance, fired 
 deadly volleys of bullets. After a brisk engagement of an hour and a half at close 
 quarters, the British vessel struck her colors. She proved to be the English letter of 
 marque Boyd, from New Providence for Liverpool, mounting ten guns. No person 
 was injured on eitlier ship. Tlie Boyd's boats were destroyed, and she suffered much 
 in hull and rigging. The Globe suffered in sails and rigging, but was able, after send- 
 ing her prize to Philadelphia, to proceed on her cruise. On the 14th of August she 
 captured a British schooner of four guns, laden with mahogany ; and, a few days aft- 
 erward, she arrived at Hampton Roads, accompanied by a large British ship carrj'- 
 ing twenty-two guns, richly laden, and bound for Glasgow, which she captured not 
 far from the Bermudas. Having secured her prize in port, the Globe started immedi- 
 ately on another cruise.' 
 
 i 
 
 ' Willie cruising off the const of Portiifrnl. the Glohe hnd n severe eniragemcnt with an Algerlne sloop of war, which 
 lastctl three hours, at iialf gun-shot distance. The Algerlnc shot lilirh. The Olohe received 110 less than eighty-two 
 (hot through her Bails, bat had not a roan killed, and only two wounded. It was a drawn battle. 
 
 
!' ' I 
 
 i ,: 
 
 006 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Cralees of the Highflyer, Yankee, nnd Shadow. 
 
 The Highflyer., Captain Gavit, of Baltimore, was ano'''"ir successful cruiser on pri- 
 vate account. She was armed with eight guns, and manned by one hundred men. 
 She left Baltimore early in July, and on the 20th captured the British schooner Ilm- 
 riet, in ballast, but with $8000 in specie on board. On the 10th of August, while in 
 the G'jlf of Mexico, Captain Gavit discovered the Jamaica fleet of merchantmen, ami 
 gave chase. He soon observed that they were convoyed by a British frigate. That 
 vessel gave chase to the Highflyer. The latter outsailed her, and on the 2l8t pounced 
 upon the Diana, one of the fleet, and captured her. She was of three hundred and 
 fifty tons burden, and laden with a valuable cargo of rum, sugar, coffee, etc. Gavit 
 took out her crew, and sent her as a prize to the United States. On the following 
 day the Highflyer fell in with and engaged two other British vessels at half gun-shot 
 distance, giving them about sixty shot. The breeze was too stiff" to allow safety in 
 boarding them, and so he hauled oflTand left them. These were the Jamaica, of Liv- 
 erpool, and the Mary Ann, of London, the former carrying seven guns and twenty- 
 one men, and the latter twelve guns and eighteen men. On the 23d the Hig/ijfi/er 
 fell upon tiic vessels again, the wind having moderated.. Her people, after a severe 
 cannonading and musket firing from both sides, boarded the Jamaica, and captured 
 her. The Mary Ann struck her colors at the same time. During the action Captain 
 Gavit was shot thiough his right arm by a musket-ball, and one of his seamen was 
 wounded in the cheek. These were the only casualties, excepting the damage (which 
 was considerable) done to the sails and rigging of the Highflyer. Her antagonists 
 were severely bruised. Several of their seamen were wouuded. Both ships were 
 richly laden with the products of the West Indies. 
 
 On the 1st of August, the privateer Ya7ikee, carrying ten guns, while cruising off 
 the coast of Nova Scotia, fell in with the letter of marque lloyal Bounty, also can y- 
 ing ten guns. She was a fine vessel of six hundred and fifty-eight tons, and manned 
 by twenty-five men. The Yankee had the advantage of wind, and, bearing down 
 upon the weather quarter of the Royal Bounty, o^^iva her a division broadside, whieli 
 made her quake in every fibre. Making a quick movement, she gave her an entire 
 broadsid(!, which was returned with spirit. The mariners of the Yankee were most- 
 ly sharp-shooters, and their execution was terribly galling. At the same time tiie 
 ship was well managed, and her great guns were making havoc with her enemy's 
 sails and rigging. The Royal Boi(nty''s helmsman was killed, and she became so un- 
 manageable that, after fighting an hour, she was compelled to surrender. She was 
 terribly wounded. All her boats were stove, and no less than one hundred and titty 
 round shot of various kinds went through her rigging and sails, or lodged in her hull 
 and spars. 
 
 The schooner Shadow, Captain Taylor, of Philadelphia, had a severe encounter with 
 the British letter of marque May, Captain Affleck, from Liverpool bound to St. Lucia. 
 carrying fourteen guns and fifty men. At noon on the 4th of August the Shadow 
 discovered the May, and gave chase. It continued until almost sunset, when an ac- 
 tion was fought. At six o'clock, Avhen the vessels wore within gun-shot of each otli- 
 er, the 3fay commenced firing from her stern guns. The action commenced at seven, 
 and at half past seven the May hoisted a light in her mizzen rigghig. The Shadow 
 then hailed her, and Captain Taylor ordered her to send her papers on board of his ves- 
 sel that he might examine them. This was only partially compjied with. Taylor im- 
 mediately sent a boat's crew to the May with a demand for the instant surrender of 
 all her papers. The British captain refused. He sent a note to this effect to Captain 
 Taylor, stated the character and force of his vessel, and informed him that a change 
 of ministry had taken place in England, and that the Orders in Council had been re- 
 scinded. Again Captain T ylor dcmandrd Affleck's papers, and again they were re- 
 fused. At half past eight o'clock the action was renewed. The night was squally 
 and dark. The vessels kept near each other, occasionally exchanging shots, and in 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 997 
 
 ssful cruiHcr on pri- 
 one hundred num. 
 itish schooner ILn- 
 of August, while in 
 f merchantmen, iiml 
 itish frigate. That 
 on the 21 8t pounced 
 "three hundred and 
 , cotFee, etc. Gavit 
 On the following 
 sels at half gun-shot 
 ff to allow safety in 
 the Jamaica, of Liv- 
 n guns and twonty- 
 e 23d the Jliff/ifyer 
 eople, after a severe 
 naica, and captured 
 g the action Captain 
 e of his seamen was 
 I the damage (whicli 
 °r. Her antagonists 
 J. Both ships were 
 
 IS, while cruising off 
 I Bounty, also cari'v- 
 ;ht tons, and manned 
 I, and, bearing down 
 ion broadside, which 
 e gave her an entire 
 e Yanhee were most- 
 t the same time ♦he 
 )c with her enemy's 
 id she became so un- 
 surrender. Slio was 
 ne hundred and tit'ty 
 or lodged in her hull 
 
 Dvere encounter with 
 il bound to St. Lucia, 
 August the Sliadov 
 , sunset, when an ac- 
 run-shot of each otii- 
 ■ommenced at seven, 
 jging. The Sfiadow 
 •s on board of his ves- 
 ed with. Taylor im- 
 instant surrender of 
 this eiFect to Captain 
 d him that a change 
 Council had been re- 
 again they were re- 
 le night was squally 
 anacing shots, aud ui 
 
 Salem and Baltimore Privateers. 
 
 ^1 
 
 the morning early they commenced a severe fight. Captain Taylor was shot through 
 the head and instantly killed, and tlie Shadow was so much damaged that she with- 
 drew, and by superior sailing escaped, and returned to Philadelphia. 
 
 On the 3d of August, the schooner Atlas, Captain David Alaffit, attacked two Brit- 
 ish armed sh'ps at the same time. Aller an engagement of about an hour the smaller 
 vessel of the foe surrendered, and the fire of tlie Atlas was wholly directed upon tlte 
 larger one. Suddenly the smaller one, notwithstanding her colors were down, again 
 opened her fire; but tha Atla^ soon silenced her, and in less than an hour and a half 
 from the time of the attack both vessels were captured. They proved to be the ship 
 Pursuit, sixteen guns and a complement of thirty-five men, and the ship Planter, 
 twelve guns and fifteen men. Tliey were both stored with valuable cargoes from 
 Surinam, and bound to Loudon. They were sent to the United States. The Atlas 
 was badly damaged in the contest. 
 
 At about this time the privateer «7t»/(M, Captain Benjamin Crowninshield, of Salem, 
 returned to that port after a cruise of three weeks, during whicli time she made 
 eleven captures. All along the coasts of the United States and the West Indies the 
 American privateers were now exceedingly active. None were more so than the 
 Paul e/bwt's. Captain Hazard, of New York. Within a very short space of time slie 
 captured fourteen vessels near the island of Porto Rico, some of them of considerable 
 value; and she obtained a crowning glory by the capture, early in August, of the 
 British ship Hassan, fourteen guns and twenty men, sailing from Gibraltar for Ha- 
 vana with wines and dry goods valued at $200,000. This was accomplished after a 
 contest of only half an hour. 
 
 One of the boldest of the privateersmen was Captain Thomas Boyle, of Baltimore, 
 who sailed the Comet, of fourteen guns and one hundred and twenty men. One of 
 his earliest exploits in the Comet was the capture, in August, 1812, of the British ship 
 Ifopewell, carrying fourteen guns and twenty-five men. She was bound from Surinam 
 for London with a cargo valued, with the ship, at $150,000. The two vessels had an 
 obstinate combat, but the Comet was the victor. The prize was sent into Baltimore. 
 Of the Comet and her captain we shall have more to say hereafter. 
 
 Another active and successful Baltimore privateer was the Nonsuch, Captain Leve- 
 ley, armed with twelve guns, and carrying about one hundred men. She was one of 
 the famous "Baltimore clippers." On the 27th of September, when cruising near the 
 island of Martinique, she fell in with a British ship mounting sixteen guns, Avith 
 about two hundred troops on board, and a schooner mounting six 4-pounders, and 
 manned with a crew of about fifty or sixty men. The Nonsuch ran in between the 
 two vessels, within pistol-shot of each, and commenced a hot contest which lasted 
 three hours and twenty minutes. It was a fierce fight. The guns of the Nonsuch 
 (carronades) became much heated by continual firing. Their bolts and breachings 
 were carried away, and they were all dismounted. Captain Leveley now deter- 
 mined to board his antagonists ; but the damage done to the rigging of the Nonsuch 
 so disabled her that he was not able to bring her alongside for the purpose. In con- 
 sequence of this disability the two vessels escaped, but not without severe punish- 
 ment. The larger ship was much damaged in hull and rigging, and lost twenty-three 
 of her men killed and wounded. The schooner was also much damaged.' The per- 
 formance of the Nonstich yvds called, by the journals of the day, "gallant, but un- 
 profitable conduct." The British spoke of the attack upon them as " exceedingly 
 brave." Several persons of distinction in these ships were injured. 
 
 The privateer Saratoga, of New York, Captain Riker, armed with eighteen guns 
 
 and one hundred and forty men, was a successful cruiser. In the autumn of 1812 she 
 
 captured the ship Quebec, sixteen guns, from Jamaica, with a cargo valued at $300,000. 
 
 In December following she had a desperate fight o9"Laguira, Venezuela. It was on 
 
 • Log-book of the Somuclh qaoted In The War, 1., 92 ; and NUes's SegMer, ill., 1T2. 
 
 m\ 
 
098 
 
 I'ICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Privateering to the cloae uflilU. 
 
 Captain Shnler'a Letter. 
 
 The Comtt, of Baltimore 
 
 tho 11th of that month, and she was then in command of Captain Charles W. Woos- 
 ter. She entered tlie [)ort oFLuguira the lOth, but was warned ott", tlic authorities be- 
 ing neutrals. Going out of the bay, siio captured a vessel with goods wortii ij!20,()00, 
 •December 11, in*l ^^ ""'^ '" ^''0 morning Oil the following day," after the elearini; up 
 i*''*- of the fog, she fell in with the brig Jiachcl, from (ireenock, S(!otl,iii(l, 
 
 which mounted twelve guns and carried sixty men. They were in sight of the town, 
 and almost the entire population, from the beggar to the commander, turned out to 
 see the conflict from the house-tops. The combat was quick and furious. It result- 
 ed in victory for the Saratoga, whoso loss was only one man slightly wounded. The 
 liachel sutfered much. The second mate was the only officer alive after the action.' 
 
 Such is a brief record of some of the most prominent events in tho history of 
 American privateering, from the declaration of war in 'une, 1812, until the close of 
 tho year. Tho record is of a small i)ortion of the swarm of private-armed vessels 
 which were out at the beginning of 1813. These were harassing IJritish comnurcc 
 in all directions, and uttbrding powerful and timely aid to the little navy of the re- 
 public. The business was recognized as legitimate, useful, and practically ijatriotic. 
 Merchants and other citizens of the highest respectability engaged in it,^ and Con- 
 gress passed laws to encourage it by the allowance of liberal privileges, making pro- 
 visions for pensions for tliose engaged in the service, and for the families of those 
 who might be lost on board private-armed vessels, etc. 
 
 The history of American privateering in 1813 opens with a letter from Captain 
 Shaler,^ of the schooner Governor Tompkins, which was armed with fourteen cai- 
 ronades and one " Long Tom," and manned by about a hundred and forty men. She 
 was built in New York, and was first commanded by Cajjtain Skinner. Shaler wrote 
 on the 1st of January that on the 25th of December he chased three British vessels, 
 which appeared to be two ships and a brig. The larger he took to be a transport, 
 and ran down to attack her, when he found himself within a quarter of a mile of a 
 large frigate, which had been completely masked. He boldly opened fire upon her, 
 and received a terrible response. Of course he could not sustain a contest witli 
 such overwhelming odds, so he spread his sails to fly. He was successful. " Thanks 
 to her heels," he said, " and the exertions of my brave officers and crew, I still have 
 the command of her." He got out all his sweeps, threw overboard all the lumber 
 on his decks, and about two thousand pounds cf sliot from the after-hold, and at halt' 
 past five o'clock in the evening had tho pleasure of seeing his pursuer far beliiiul, 
 heaving about. The Tomjikins lost two men killed and six wounded. One of tiie 
 former, a black man named Johnson, " ought to be registered on the book of fume," 
 Captain Shaler wrote, "and remembered with reverence as long as bravery is con- 
 sidered a virtue. A 24-pound shot struck him in the hip, and took away all the 
 lower part of his body. In this state the poor brave fellow lay on the deck, and sev- 
 eral times exclaimed to his shipmates, *' Fire away, boys ; neber haul de color down !" 
 The other man killed was also colored, and was wounded in a similar manner. " Sev- 
 eral times," says Shaler, " he requested to be thrown overboard, saying he was only 
 in the way of the others. While America has such sailors she has little to fear from 
 the tyrants of the ocean." 
 
 We have already spoken of the Comet, of Baltimore, and her brave commander, 
 Captain Boyle. She sailed from that port late in December, 1812, passed througli 
 the British blockading squadron on a dark night, and went on a cruise toward the 
 
 1 Letter from Lagnira, quoted In Coggeshall's ITintory of the American Privateers, etc., page TO. 
 
 » Washington and other patriots were specnlators in the profits of privateering during the Revolution. In a loiter 
 before me, written to John Parke Cnstis, and dated at Whitemarsh, November 14, ITTT, In answer to one from that 
 gentleman on the subject of a sale of a portion of a privateer ship, Washington aald : " It is perfectly agreeable, too, 
 that Colonel Baylor should share part of the privateer. I have spoken to him on the subject. I shall therefore con- 
 sider myself as possessing one fourth of yonr ftill share, and that yourself, Baylor, Lund Washington, and I are equally 
 concerned In the share you at first held."— 3f.S. Letttrr. 
 
 ' Quoted by Coggeshall in bis History qf the American Privateers, page 140. 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 099 
 
 Tbe Camtt, of Bullimore 
 
 I'liiirlos W. \V()08- 
 ;ho authorities be- 
 ds worth i|!20,()n(), 
 cr the cloiirini^ ii|) 
 reenock, ScioUaiHl, 
 sight of the town, 
 iler, turned out to 
 furious. It ri'siilt- 
 ,ly wounded. Tlic 
 2 after tlie aetioii.' 
 in the liistory of 
 
 until the close of 
 irate-arnied vessels 
 
 British comniercu 
 tie navy of the re- 
 actically vatriotic. 
 ed in it,^ and Con- 
 ileges, niakinu; pro- 
 e liirailies of those 
 
 )ttor from Captain 
 with fourteen car- 
 id forty men. She 
 iner. Shaler wrote 
 ree IJritish vessels, 
 to be a transport, 
 irter of a mile of a 
 encd fire upon her, 
 ivhi a contest witli 
 cccssful. " Tiianks 
 crew, I still have 
 ard all the hunher 
 r-hold, and at half 
 jursucr far beliiml, 
 inded. One of tlie 
 the book of fume," 
 as bravery is con- 
 took away all tlie 
 the deck, and sev- 
 ul de color down !" 
 !ir manner. " Scv- 
 ying he was only 
 s little to fear from 
 
 brave commander, 
 12, passed througli 
 cruise toward the 
 
 eTO. 
 
 le Rcvolntion. In ii letter 
 answer to one from that 
 is perfectly agreeable, too, 
 3ct. 1 shall therefore con- 
 ihington, and I are equally 
 
 Crolw ufthe Comet. 
 
 Uer wouderfal Career. 
 
 The C ha m i u r . 
 
 coast of Ilrazil. On the 0th of January, I HI H, she was oft' the harbor of I'ernanibuco, 
 antl Hoyle was informed by a coaster that some Jiritish vessels were about to sail 
 from that jtort. The Comet watched until the 14tii, when, at a little jtast noon, four 
 sail appeared. Boyle waited mitil they were well clear of the land, and then gave 
 chase. The Cornet was a switl clipper, and soon overhauled them ; and at seven in 
 the evening, Imving prepared for action, she hoisted her colors, and made for the 
 larger of the four vessels, wliich proved lo be a I'ortiiguese brig^ mounting twenty 
 heavy guns (;{2-pounders), and manned by one hundred and sixty-five men. She was 
 convoying three English merchant ships laden with wlieat, aiul warned Captain JJoyle 
 not to molest them. To this injunction Boyle replied that his commission authorized 
 him to capture them if he could, and that the Portuguese warrior had no right to in- 
 terfere. 
 
 All the vessels were now crowding sail with a stiffi'iiing breeze. The Comet shot 
 past the others, when Boyle summoned the Englishmen to heave to, with a threat 
 tiiat if they did not ho would open a broadside upon them. The Portuguese gave 
 chase to the Comet. The latter tacked, came alongside of the meichantinen at half 
 past eight o'clock in the evening, and so distributed a heavy fire that she wounded 
 all three. The Portuguese suftered severely in the contest which followed, for the 
 quick movements of the clipper gave the latter great ad\ .intages of position. Tlie 
 combat continued until an hour past midnight, whin the moon went down, and the 
 night became dark and squally. In the mean time the merchantmen had surrendered, 
 and one of them was taken possession of by IJoyle. At dawn, the Portuguese brig, 
 with the other two English vessels, fied for Pernambuco, while the Comet and her 
 prize, the i^owt'«, proceeded liomeward. Boyle - ion afterward cajjtured the Scotch 
 i]xvp Adelphi, andi outsailed the famous British frigate Surprise, ihiii gave chase. 
 
 On the 0th of February the Comet captured, first, the brig Alexis, of Greenock, and 
 soon afterward an armed brig v/hich formed part of a convoy for nine merchantmen 
 from Demerara. At the same time another man-of-war, called the Sina(j(jerer, ap- 
 peared, Boyle was anxious to get his prizes oft", and he amused the brig until that 
 desired end was accomplished. In the mean time he added tiie Dominica, a Liver- 
 ■ool packet, to his list of prizes. When these were fairly on their way he turned his 
 heels ui)on the Swdf/r/erer, and soon outsailed his pursuer. At three o'clock in the 
 afternoon he captured the schooner Jtme, and before sunset he lost sight of the tiwag- 
 gerer entirely. 
 
 Soon after this encounter Boyle turned his face homeward, and on the way met 
 and fought a terrible battle for eight hours with tho British slii]) Ilibernia, eight hun- 
 dred tons, twenty-two guns, and a full complement of nun. The Comet lost three 
 killed and sixteen wounded. The Jlihernia lost eight killed and thirteen wounded. 
 Tlie Comet put into Porto Rico for repairs, and the Ilibemia into St. Thomas. Both 
 were much injured. The Comet arrived at Baltimore on the 17th of jVIarch. 
 
 Boyle was not long on land. His next cruise was in the beautiful C/iusstiir, a pri- 
 vateer brig, elegant in model, and formidable in men and arms. She was the fieetest 
 of all vessels, and the story of her cruises is a tale of romance of the most exciting 
 kind. She seemed as ubiquitous as the " Phantom Ship." Sometimes she was in the 
 West Indies ; then on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, and France ; and then in the 
 Irish and British Channels, spreading the wildest alarm among England's commercial 
 marine. So much was she feared in the West Indies and the islands of the Carib- 
 bean Sea, that the merchants there implored Admiral Dunh.im to send them "at least 
 a heavy sloop of war" to protect their property. The admiral immediately sent them 
 the frigate Barrosaa, which the fleet Chasseur delighted to tease. 
 
 The Chasseur captured eighty vessels, of which thirty-two were of equal force with 
 herself, and eighteen her superior. Many of the prizes were of great value. Three 
 of them alone were valued at $400,000. She seemed to sweep over the seas with im- 
 
 I 
 
I ' ' 
 
 1000 
 
 PICTORIAL FIKLU-UOOK 
 
 Boyle'i Proclamation of Blockada. 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 OrallM of the Dolphin, Saratnga, l^iU«ry,iun\ ymttm. 
 
 punity, and wnH n« itn|)ii(k>iit an ho was bold. On one occasion, while in the liritish 
 Clmiinel, ho inMuod a proclnniation, as a ImrlcHquc on thone of AdniiralH Warren and 
 Coelirane concerning the hlocknde of the portH of" the Tfnited States, in which he de- 
 clared " all the ports, hurhors, bays, creeks, rivers, iidets, outlets, islands, and Hca-eoast 
 of the United Kingdom of <«reat Jiritain and Jrelutid in a state of rigorous hloekadc." 
 He assured the world that he possessed a sutHcient force (the ChiiKseur) to eonipcl 
 obedience. This proclanrntion he caused to be sent in a cartel to London, with a re- 
 quest to have it j)ost( <1 up at Lloyd's C'ottee-house 1 
 
 We have already noticed some of the earlier operations of the Dolphin, Cii]Asm 
 Stafford. On the 25th of January, 18i;J, she fell in with a largo ship and a brig off 
 Cape St. Vincent, and, as was common with the njore daring American privateers, en. 
 gaged them both. After a severe tight they were cai>tured, and sent to the United 
 States. They were richly laden, and were valuable j)rizes. The wounded Captain 
 Brigh.am, of the liritish ship {IJef)e, 10), thought his capture "extronary." Tie did 
 "not expe(;t to find a damned Yankee jjrivateer in that part of the world !" and when 
 assured by Stafford that they would appear in the Thames by-and-by, his eyes ijilat- 
 cd with mute wonder. Stafford's kind good-nature won Hrigham's heart ; and in a 
 card, published on his arrival in Boston in Februal-y, he thanked the commander of 
 the Dolphiii, ,ind his associates for their attentions, saying, " Should the fortune of 
 war ever throw Captain Stafford or any of his crew into the liands of the British, it 
 is sincerely hoped he will meet a similar treatment."' 
 
 We again find the Saratoga, Captain Woolsey, on lior destructive errand in Febru- 
 ary, 1813. On the 0th of that month she captured the Lord Nelson, o\' Kix hinidred 
 tons, and one of the finest vessels in the British mercliant service. She was sent into 
 New Orleans. At about the same time tlie Saratoga captured the Britisli packet 
 Morgiana, eighteen guns. The Saratoga liad just been chased by a British frigate, 
 and h.^d been compelled, in order to lighten her to increase her speed, to throw over- 
 board twelve of her guns. She had only four to attack the Morgiana with. Her 
 annory was replenished with several of the fine brass pieces of the captive, and the 
 prize was sent to Newport witli her caj)tain. The kindness of the prize-master w.is 
 so conspicuous that the captain of the Morgiana thanked him in the Newport news- 
 papers. 
 
 On the 15th of February* the letter of marque Lottery, of Baltimore, anned 
 with six guns and manned by thirty-five men, had a desperate fight in Ciiosa- 
 peake Bay with nine British barges containing two hundred and forty men. She 
 fought them an hour and a half, during which time it was believed that more of tlie 
 foe were killed than the number of the whole crew of the letter of marque. At length 
 Captain Southcote, commander of the schooner, Avas severely wounded, and the ene- 
 my, in overwhelming numbers, boarded the vessel, hauled down the colors, and made 
 her a prize. 
 
 At about tliis time we find the privateer Yankee, whose exploits we have already 
 observed, entering the harbor of Newport after a cruise of one hundred and fifty 
 days, during which time she had scoured the whole western coast of Africa, taken 
 eight prizes, made one hundred and ninety-six prisoners, and secui'ed as trophies 
 sixty-two cannon, five hundred muskets, and property worth almost $300,000. 
 
 The merchants of New York fitted out no less than twenty-six fast-sailing priva- 
 teers and letters of marque within a hundred and twenty days after the declaration 
 of war, carrying almost two hundred pieces of artillery, and manned by over two 
 thousand seamen. Among the most noted of these privateers was a moderate-sized 
 schooner, mounting a Long Tom 42-pounder, and eighteen carronades.^ Her comple- 
 ment was one hundred and forty men, and her first commander was Captain Barnard. 
 
 1 History of American Privateers and Letters of Marqtu, by George Coggeshall, page 129. 
 3 See table of New York privateers in Niles'B Register, iil., 120. 
 
OF TlIK VVAll OF 18 12. 
 
 1001 
 
 000, Lotttry, and I'artktt. 
 
 lilc in tin- British 
 inils WiiiTi'ii and 
 s, ill which he dc- 
 iuIh, ivikI Hca-coiiKt 
 jforouH hloeitiKh'." 
 asaeiir) to compel 
 joiidon, with a re- 
 
 Dolphin, Cii\>\im 
 lii]i and a hriu; off 
 can in-ivatciM's, en- 
 sent to the UiiiliMl 
 wounded Caiitaiii 
 Toiiary." He (Uil 
 world I" and wlioii 
 -by, his eyes dilat- 
 's heart ; and in a 
 tlic commander of 
 lid the fortune of 
 Ib of the British, it 
 
 ^c errand in Fehru- 
 son, of six iniiidred 
 
 She was sent into 
 the British packet 
 y a British iriuato, 
 ced, to tlirow over- 
 rgiana witli. Iler 
 lie captive, and the 
 e prize-master was 
 
 he Newport news- 
 
 |f Baltimore, aniied 
 •ate fight in Chesa- 
 Id forty men. Slio 
 Id that more of the 
 arque. At length 
 mded, and the enc- 
 le colors, and made 
 
 [;a we have already 
 
 hundred and fifty 
 
 Ist of Africa, taken 
 
 jcufed as trophies 
 
 [st $300,000. 
 
 fast-sailing priva- 
 
 ter the declaration 
 
 Inned by over two 
 
 Is a moderate-sized 
 
 |les.2 jier complc- 
 
 Captain Barnard. 
 
 L page 129. 
 
 CrolMi of the Utntral AmuOnmg, Xtd, tud Seourgi. 
 
 Valuable Prlua taken by th« KanjM. 
 
 Early in March, 181.1, the General Armatrong was in command of (luy 11. Cham- 
 plin, and cruisinn otV the Surinam Uiver, on the coast of South America. Karly in 
 ilio morning of the 11th she gave chase to the Coquette, a British sloop of war iiKuint- 
 ing twenty-seven guns, and manned by one liundred and twenty-one men and b lys. 
 lletween nine and ten o'clock the vessels were within gun-shot, and commenced a 
 brisk engagement. Convinced by observation that liis antagonist was a Ibitish loi- 
 ter of maniue, Chani|)liii and his men agreed to board her, and ft)r this purpose they 
 ran the Armatroiuj down upon her, when, too late to retreat, they discovered her to 
 he a much heavier vessel than they imagined. The two vessels poured heavy shot 
 into each other, and for a while the fight was fierce and obstinate, witliin piwtol-shot 
 distance for almost an hour. The Annsfrotig was severely injured, and her captain 
 received a ball in his shoulder, but continued some time on duty after the wound was 
 dressed, and from the cabin gave orders until his vessel was fairly out of the clutches 
 of the enemy. By the vigorous use of sweeps the Annstronr/ escaped, under a heavy 
 fire from the Coquette. For his gallant condmit on this occasion, and his skill in sav- 
 ing his vessel, the stockholders, at a meeting held at Tammany Hall on the 14th of 
 April, presented Captain Chainplin an elegant sword, and voted thanks to his com- 
 panions in the coiiibat. We shall meet the Armdrovf; !;crv.'after. 
 
 The Ned, Captain Dawson, a New York letter of marque, arrived at tliat port ten 
 days after the sword-preseitation to Champlin, and brought with her the !{ritish let- 
 ter of marque Maluina, of Aberdeen, mounting ten guns. The N^ed captured her 
 after an action of almost an hour. Her ca])tain was killed, and in the combat the 
 ^ed had seven men badly wounded. The Malvina was laden with wine from tlio 
 Mediterranean, and was a valuable prize. 
 
 Another successful privateer, owned in New York, was the Scouiv/c, Captain Nicoll. 
 She mounted fifteen guns, and sailed from port in April, 181. 'J, for a long cruise in 
 European waters, and was frequently in consort with the ii««fc»Mrt^t', ofl'hiladelphla. 
 Captain David Mattit. This commander went into tlie business at the beginning of 
 the war, with the Atlas, and continued its pursuit until the close of the contest in 
 1815. The Rattlesnake was a fast-sailing brig of fourteen guns. 
 
 Captain Nicoll was often absent from the Ificourge while on the coast of Norway, 
 because he found it more profitable to remain on shore and attend to the sale of 
 prizes brought or sent in, while his first officer skillfully commanded her in cruises. 
 The Scourge made a large number of captures on the coast of Norway, and these 
 were nearly all sent into Drontheim and disposed of there. The aggregate tonnage 
 of prizes then and there disposed of, captured by the Scourge and Rattlesnake, was 
 4500. The trophies were sixty guns. On her homeward passage from Norway the 
 t>coiirge made several captures. She arrived at Cape Cod in May, 1814, liaving been 
 absent little more than a year. During her cruise she had made four hundred and 
 twenty prisoners. Her deeds made her name an appropriate one, for she scourged 
 British commerce most severely. 
 
 The Yankee, already mentioned, left Newport on a cruise on the 2:kl of May, 1813. 
 A month afterward, when off" the coast of Ireland, she captured the British cutter 
 sloop Mirl Camden, valued at $10,000. Eight days afterward" she cap- 
 tured the brig Elizabeth, valued at $40,000, and the brig Watson, laden with 
 cotton, valued at $70,000. On the 2d of July she took the brig Mariner, with a cargo 
 valued at $70,000. All of these prizes, Avorth in the aggregate about $200,000, were 
 sent to French pprts for adjudication and sale. The work was accomplished in the 
 space of about six weeks. The Yankee returned to Providence, Rhode Island, on 
 the 19th of August, without having lost a man during the cruise either killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 The records of privateering during the summer of 1813 present one dark chapter 
 iu the deed of a desperate wretch named Johnson, who commanded the Teaser, a lit- 
 
 • June 30. 
 
 H«|«n 
 
 ■ 15' • 
 
 i! 
 
91 
 
 f t 
 
 1002 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 PestrucUou of tho TeoMr. 
 
 Capture of the BagU. 
 
 Cruise of the Decatur. 
 
 1*9 
 
 !l 
 
 tie two-gun vessel, that went out from New York with fifty men. When that vessel 
 was captured by one of Admiral Warren's fleet, Johnson was released on his parole. 
 Soon afterward, without waiting to be exchanged, he entered as firnt lieutenant ou 
 board another privateer named the Yoimg Teaser, Captain Dawson. In June, isi.s^ 
 slie was closely pursued by an English man-of-war. She was likely to be overtaken, 
 and Johnson knew that death would be his fate should he be oauglit. Dawson called 
 liis orticcrt- aft in consultation, and while they were deliberating on tlie subject one 
 of the sailors called out to the captain that Lieutenant Johnson had just gone into 
 the cabin with a blazing fire-brand. The next instant the Teaser was blown into 
 fragments. Only six of all her people escaped desiruction. Tlie captain, Joinison, 
 and all tlie others, had perished in a moment. 
 
 Toward midsummer, 1813, an affair occurred off Sandy Ilook, New York, winch 
 created a great sensation. It properly belongs to the history of privateering. Com- 
 modore Lewis was then in command of a flotilla of gun-boats on that station, anil 
 the British man-of-war Foictiers, 74, waa cruising in those waters. She had for ten- 
 der the sloop Uar/le, and on the 5th of July Lewis sent out a little fishing-smack 
 named Yankee, which he borrowed at V\y Market, in New York, to capture this ten- 
 der hy stratagem. With a calf, a sheep, and a goose secured on deck, and between 
 thirty and forty well-armed men below, tlie smac': stood out for sea with only three 
 men in sight, in tishermen's garb, as if going to the fishing-banks. The Aht/le gave 
 i>ba«o, overhauled her, and, seeing live-stock on board, ordered her to go to the com- 
 modore. The watchword "Lawrence" was then given, when the armed men rusheil 
 to the deck, and delivered a volley of musketry which sent the crew of the L'a;/le he- 
 low in dismay. Sailing-master Percival, who commanded the expedition, ordered tho 
 firing to cease, when one of the Ragle's company came up and struck her colors. The 
 surprise was so complete that her heavy brass howitzer, loaded with canister-sliot, 
 remained undisoharged. Her crew consisted of her commander, a midshipman, an<l 
 eleven seamen. The two former and a marine were slain. The Eagle and prisoners 
 were taken to the city in view of thousands of the inhabitants, who were on the Bat- 
 tery celebrating the anniversary of the National Independence.' They were received 
 with shouts, salvos of artillery, the waving of hats and handkerchiefs, and the ring- 
 ing of bells. 
 
 A month ufter the capture of the iSagle, the privateer schooner Commodore Deca- 
 tur, Captain Diron, of Charleston, South Carolina, carrying seven guns and a little 
 over a hundred men, had a dcsjierate encounter with the British war schooner Do- 
 minica, Lieutenant Barrette, carryhig sixteen guns and eighty-eight men. The De- 
 catur was cruising in the track of the West India traders on their return to England, 
 and on the morning of the 5th of August" gave chase to a ship and a schoon- 
 er. At about one o'clock in tho afternoon they were so near each other that 
 the schooner fired a shot at the Decatur. The latter was immediately prei)arcd for 
 action, not with heavy guns alone, but with implements for boardinrt. Diron intend- 
 ed to run down near his adversary, discliarge all his guns, great and small, and then 
 bGiMtl her under cover of the smoke. This was not immediately accomplished, t'of 
 the Dominica was on the alert, and manoeuvred so as to give the Decatur some dam- 
 aging broadsides. Twice her crew attempted to board her antagonist, but failed, 
 and the contest was kept up with cannon and musketry. Finally, at about half past 
 three o'clock, the Decatur forced her bowsprit over the stern of the Dominica, and 
 her jib-boom penetrated the Englishman's mainsail. In face of a murderous fire of 
 musketry, the Decatur's men, led by P^irst Prize-master Safifth and Quartermaster 
 VYasborn, rushed from her bow along the bowsprit, boarded the enemy, and engaged 
 in a most sanguinary fight, hand-to-hand, with swords, pistols, and small-arms. Both 
 parties fought with the greatest courage and determination. The decks were cov- 
 1 It fell ou Sunday lii 1818, aud the event was celebrated on Monday, the Bth. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1003 
 
 Crnise of the Decatur. 
 
 When that vessel 
 asctl on liis jmrole, 
 
 tir.it lieutenant on 
 Ml. In June, 1813, 
 ly to bu overtaken, 
 [it. DawHon called 
 on the subject one 
 had just f^one into 
 ler was blown into 
 e captain, Johnson, 
 
 , New York, wliicii 
 irivateering. Com- 
 in that station, and 
 I. She liacl for ten- 
 little fishing-smack 
 to capture this ten- 
 deck, and between 
 sea with only three 
 8. The Miffle gave 
 r to go to the com- 
 I armed men rushed 
 •ew of the A\i(/le he- 
 ledition, ordered the 
 ick licr colors. The 
 with canister-shot, 
 a midshipman, and 
 Eagle and prisoners 
 lio were on the IJat- 
 ^hey were received 
 liefs, and the ring- 
 
 Commodore Beca- 
 n guns and a little 
 war schooner Do- 
 <rht men. The Be- 
 ■eturn to England, 
 ship and a schoon- 
 lear each other that 
 lately prei>are(l for 
 ni'r. Diron intend- 
 and small, and then 
 accomplislicd, for 
 Decatur some dam- 
 agonist, but failed, 
 . at about h.alf past 
 the Dominico, and 
 murderous fire of 
 and Quartermaster 
 nemy, and engaged 
 small-arms. Both 
 he decks were cov- 
 he otb. 
 
 CruUe of the David Porter, Ulubt, and Uarpy. 
 
 ered with the dead and wounded. The colors of the Dominica were hauled down 
 by the boarders, and she became the Decatur's in'he. The Dominica lost sixty-five 
 killed and wounded. Among tlio former were the captain, sailing master, and purser. 
 The Decatur lost twenty killed and wounded. Diron started with his prize for Charles- 
 ton, and on the following day captured the London Trader, bound f"om Surinam to 
 London with a valuable cargo. She reached Charleston in safety with both prizes.* 
 
 In the autumn of 181-1, Captain George Coggeshall, whose History of the American 
 Privateers luis been alluded to, commanded the letter of marque schqpner David Por- 
 ter, of New York. Late in October she was lying at Providence, Rhode Island, where 
 the President, Commodore Rodgers, was blockaded. In a thick snow-storm on the 
 14th of November, and under the cover of night, the Porter passed the blockading 
 squadron and p'.t to sea. She reached Charleston, lier destined port, in safety, where 
 she was freighted for France with Sea Ishind cotton, and sailed for " Bordeaux, or a 
 port in France," on the 20th of December. In the Bay of Biscay she encountered a 
 terrible and damaging gale, but weathered it, and on the 20th of January entered the 
 port of La Teste. Coggeshall sent his vessel home in cliarge of hja first officer, and 
 remained in France some time. The Porter captured several prizes on her way to the 
 United States. 
 
 We have noticed the arrival at Hampton Roads, with a large British ship as a 
 prize, the privateer Globe, of Baltimore, and her departure on another cruise.^ She 
 was successful in the capture of prizes, but did not meet with any foir tests of her 
 sailing qualities, or the valor and skill of her men, until November, 1813, On the Ist 
 of that month, while cruising off the coast, of Madeira, she fell in and exchanged shots 
 with a large armed brig, but considered it prudent to keep at a respectful distance 
 from her. She then proceeded to the offing of Funchal, where, on the 2d, she chased 
 two vessels in vain, for night came on dark and squally, and she lost sight of them. 
 On the .3d the Globe again chased two vessels, and at eleven o'clock were so near that 
 the larger of the fugitives opened her stern guns on her pursuer, A severe action 
 ensued, when, at noon, the crew of the Globe attempted to board her adversary. 
 They failed. Their vessel Avas much damaged, and while in this condition the other 
 vessel came up and gave the Globe a terrible raking fire, which almost disabled her. 
 Yet they fought on at close quarters, and at half past three o'clock the larger vessel 
 was compelled to strike her colors. The other one poured in broadside after broad- 
 side within half pistol-shot distance. The Globe was reduced to an almost sinking 
 condition, yet she managed to give her second antagonist such blows that she, too, 
 struck her colors. She then hauled to windward to take possession of the first prize, 
 when that vessel hoisted her colors and gave the Globe a tremendous broadside. She 
 was compelled to haul off for repairs, and the two vessels, believed to be severely in- 
 jured, sailed slowly away. They were packet brigs, one mounting eighteen and the 
 other sixteen cannon, mostly brass. The Globe lost eight men killed and titleen 
 wounded in tliis desperate encounter. 
 
 During the first eight or nine months of the year 1814, although the American pri- 
 vate-armed ships were active and successful, there seems not to have been any per- 
 formance by them that deserves the name of a naval action. This monotony of 
 quiet business Avas broken in September, when the privateer Harpy fell in with the 
 British packet Princess Elizabeth, and captured her after a short but sharp confiict. 
 The Elizabeth was armed with ten guns, and manned by thirty-eight men. She had 
 on board a Turkish embassador for England, an aid-de-camp to a British general, a 
 lieutenant of a 74 line of battle ship, and j!10,000 in specie. This specie, with sev- 
 eral pipes of wine and some of the cannon, were transferred to the Harj)y, The re- 
 mainder of her armament was thrown overboard, and the ship was ransomed for 
 12000, when she was allowed to proceed on her voyage. 
 
 !M: 
 
 ' Coggeshall'a HUtory of AtMiican Privateers, page 172. 
 
 > See page 095. 
 
h 
 
 1604 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The Cureer of the General ,1 rviatnnuj. 
 
 How New Orloana waa saved. 
 
 The most desperate and famous combat recorded in the history of privateering 
 during the war Avas that maintained by the Getieral Armstrong, of New York, Cap- 
 tain Samuel C. Rcid (whose earlier exploits we liave already noticed), in the liurbor 
 of Fayal, one of the Azores islands of that name belonging to Portugal. It occurred 
 on the 20th of September, 1814. While she lay there at anchor, in a neutral port 
 she was attacked by a large British squadron under the command of Commodore 
 Lloyd. The attacking vessels consisted of the flag-ship Plantayenet, T4 ; the frigate 
 J^o^a, 44, Captai^i Somerville; and the brig Ca»via<iOM, 18, Captain Ijontham, each 
 with a full complement of men. The Armstrong carried only seven guns and ninety 
 men, including her officers. 
 
 In flagrant violation of the laws and usages of neutrality, Lloyd sent in, at eight 
 • September 20, o'clock in the evening," four large and well-armed launches, manned by 
 ^'*^^- about forty men each. At that time Keid, suspecting danger, was 
 
 warping his vessel under the guns of the castle. The moon was shining brightly. 
 These and the privateer opened tire almost simultaneously, and the latniches were 
 driven olFwith hwivy loss. The tirst lieutenant oi t\\G Armstrong was wounded, and 
 one man was killed. 
 
 Another attack was made at midnight with fourteen launches and about five lum- 
 dred men. A terrible conflict ensued, which lasted forty minutes. The enemy wore 
 repulsed with a loss of one hundred and twenty killed, and one hundred and thirty 
 wounded. At daybreak a tiiird attack was made by tlie brig of war Carnation. She 
 opened heavily, but was very soon so cut up by the rapidly-delivered and well-di- 
 rected shots of the Armstrong that she hastily withdrew. The privateer was also 
 much damaged. It was evident that she could not maintain another assault of equal 
 severity, so Captain Reid, who had cool- 
 
 ly given orders from his quarter-deck 
 during the attacks, directed her to be 
 scuttled, to prevent her falling into the 
 liands of the enemy. She was then aban- 
 doned, when the British boarded her and 
 set her on fire. It is a curious fact that, 
 while the British lost over three hundred 
 in killed and wounded during ten hours, 
 the Americans lost but two killed and 
 seven wounded. > 
 
 In addition to the glory won by the 
 bravery of this resistance to the British 
 squadron, Ca})tain Reid and his gallant 
 men deserve the just credit of having 
 thereby saved tlie city of New Orleans 
 from capture. This squadron was part 
 of tise expedition then gathering at Ja- 
 maica for the purpose of seizing New 
 Orleans, and the object of their attack 
 on the Armstrong was to capture her, 
 and make her a useful auxiliary in the 
 work. She so crippled her assailants 
 that they did not reach Jamaica until fidl ten days later than the expedition expected 
 
 ' For a detailed account of this affair, see American Stale Papim, xiv., Navai AffairB, pnge 40.1, and CopKeshnll's Wi'*- 
 tory of the American Privatecm, page 370. The Portnguesc covemmcnt demanded and received from that of Enulnnd 
 an apoingy for this violation of neutrality ; also rpRtltution for the dcstmction oiPortnguepe property at Fayal during 
 the action. That sfovernnient also demanded satiKfaction and Indemnlflcallon for the destruction of the American ves- 
 sel in their neutral port. This England refused, and from that day to this the owners of the privateer and their heirs 
 have never been able to procure iudemnlflcatlon for their losses either from England or Portugal, or from their own 
 government. 
 
 J ^^^vv^^e/rteA:^ 
 
w UrleaoA was saved. 
 
 >cfiition expected 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1005 
 
 Honors to Captain Reid. 
 
 The American Flag. 
 
 Cruise of the Prirue de Xev/chdtel. 
 
 to sail from there. Tliat expedition wa *ecl for Commodore Lloyd ; and when it final- 
 ly api)roached New Orleans," General Jackson was liastcniiig to make • December c, 
 competent arrangements for its defense. Had the fleet arrived ten days ^^''*' 
 
 sooner, that city would have been an easy prey to the British, for it was utterly de- 
 fenseless until that general's arrival with his troops. 
 
 The defense made by the Armstrong, and the circumstances of the attack, pro- 
 duced a great sensation throughout the United States. Captain Keid was justly 
 praised as one of the most daring of American naval commanders, and he received 
 various honors in alnindance. The State of New York gave him thanks and a sword, 
 and he was every where received with the greatest enthusiasm on his return to the 
 United States.' 
 
 The New Yorkers sent out a splendid vessel of seventeen guns and one hundred 
 and fifty men, called the Prince de Keiifchdtel, in command of Captain Ordronaux. 
 Slie was a very fortunate privateer. During a single cruise she was chased by no 
 less than seventeen armed British vessels, and escajx'd them all ; and she brought to 
 the United States goods valued at $300,000, with much specie. On the 11th of Oc- . 
 tobcr, 1814, she encountered tivc armed boats from the British frigate Endymion oft" 
 Nantucket. The Neufchdtdv{^% then very liglit lianded, having, when the fierce bat- 
 tle that ensued commenced, only thirty-six men at quarters. Eai-ly in the forenoon 
 the engagement began. The boats were arranged for the assaidt one on each side, 
 one on each bow, and one under the stern. Witliin the space of twenty minutes the 
 assailants cried for quarter. It was granted. One of the boats had gone to the bot- 
 tom with forty-one out of forty-three of her crew. The wliole number of men in the 
 five boats was one hundi-ed and eleven, a larger portion of whom were kiHed, wound- 
 ed, or made prisoners. The privateer lost seven killed and twenty-foiir Avounded. 
 She returned to Boston on the 15th of October. The NmfchCitel was afterward cap- 
 tui'cd and sent to England. 
 
 At this time the terror inspired by the doings of the American privateers was in- 
 tense. The British began to seriously contemplate the probabilities of the complete 
 destruction of their commerce. Fear magnified the numbers, powers, and exploits of 
 
 ' On his return to the United States Captain Reid landed at Saviinnnh, and made his way north by land. At Rich- 
 mond he was invited to u public dinner by members of the Vi.j,'inla LcfriHlature, at which were seated the governor, 
 members of his c(,uncil, judges of the Supreme Court, and other distinijuished men. It was the tiri-t oppoitiinity the 
 Virginians had enjoyed of liaying their p-^r.^onal respects to a hero of ttie war, and they did it witli cnthusiai-m. The 
 •penker of the Ilonse of Burgesses presided, and William W'irt was vice-president. When Captain lieid retired, the 
 chiiirman gave as a sentiment, " Captain Held— his valor has shed a blaze of renown upon the character of our seamen, 
 and won for himself a laurel of eternal bloom." 
 
 On the 7th of April, ISlft, the Legislature of New York voted the thanks of the state and a sword to Captain Reid. At 
 Tanmtany Hall, in Now York, lie was presented, in the name of the citizens, with a handsome service of plate. 
 
 Sanniel Chester Reid was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on ttie '2.Mh of August, 1783. He went to sea at the age of 
 eleven years, and was captured by a French privateer and taken to Gnadahuiiie. He was a midshipman with Commo- 
 dore 'i'ruxtun. The occasion in his puldic life which gave him most fame wae this defense of the Ueneial Armslronri 
 at Fayal. After the War of 1S12 Captain Reid was appointed a sailing-master in the United Stales Navy, and held that 
 office until liis death. Ho was port-warden at New York for some time, and a weijrlier of customs. He was about be- 
 ing made collector of the customs there, in place of Swarlwnut, by Secretary Duane, when that oflicer was removed by 
 President Jackson. He invented and erected the signal telegraphs at the Battery and the Narrow.-, and is also distin- 
 guished as the designer of the present arrangement of the stripes and stars on onr national standard.* Captain Reid 
 was simple in his habits and manr.ers, upright in condnct, and hoiie.Kt in all his ways. He was the cliosen social com- 
 panion of many of the l)CBt and most distingnished American citizens, and his memory is sweetest to those who knew 
 him best. He died In the cityof New York on the 2Hth of January, 1>*01. His funeral took place at Trinity Clmrch, and 
 w:i» largely attended. His remains were escorted to their last resting-place in Greenwood Cemetery by the mariuea 
 of the navy yard at Brooklyn. 
 
 • Our flag originally bore th'rieen stars and thirteen stripes. As new states came in, the number of the stars and 
 ctrlpes was correspondinzly increased, pursuant to an act of Congress jias'ed in 1704. Tliis was found to he impracti- 
 cable : for, as the states increased, the tvidth of the striiies had to he lessened. Besides, tliere was nothing in the device 
 to recall the original confederacy of thirteen states. To return to the use of only thirteen stars and stripes would be 
 innpprop-inte, because the device would give no hint of the growth of the rcpul)lic. t'aptain Reid proposed to retain 
 the oriirlnal tliirteen stripen as a memento of the original Union, and to add a new alar whenever a new state was ad- 
 mitted, as indicative of the growth of the states. This suggestion was adopted. A flag with this new arrangement was 
 first raised over the Hall of Representatives at Washington on the 4lh of April, ISIS, at two o'clock in the afternoon. 
 M that time the Seimte Chamber and Hall of Kei)rcsentatives of the (Capitol were separated, the centre of the building 
 not being completed. Resiihitions of thanks to Captain Rold "for having designed and formed the present flag of the 
 United States" were oQercd iu Congress. 
 
 ! l! 1 
 
 ; » 
 
 iMil 
 
 11 ' ' 
 
 |-li.:M-^ ^ '1 
 
i 
 
 1006 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Effect of Amcriciin Prlviitcerlng on British Comniei-cc. 
 
 Cruiee of tiie Saucy Jack iiud Knnp, 
 
 tlie privateers. Meetings of merchants were held to remonstnile against their depre- 
 dations. It was asserted that one of these " sea-devils" was rarely captured, and tliat 
 they impudently bid defiance alike to English privateers and stately seventy-foiu-s. 
 Insurance was refused on most vessels, and on some the premium was as high as thir- 
 ty-three per cent. "Thirteen guineas for one hundred pounds," said a London jour- 
 nal, " was paid to insure vessels across the Irish Channel ! Such a thing never hap- 
 pened, we believe, before." The Board of Admiralty and the Prince Regent weie 
 petitioned for aid in checking these depredations ; and the government was com- 
 pelled, because of the state of public feeling, to give assurances (which they had no 
 power to support) that ample measures should be taken for the protection of British 
 commerce. 
 
 We have referred to the impudence, as well as boldness, of tlie American priva- 
 teers. A small one belonging to Charleston, mounting six carriage guns and a Lonir 
 Tom, appropriately named Saucy Jack, affords an illustration. She was every where, 
 and, being clipper-l)uilt and skillfully managed, was too fleet for the English cruisers. 
 On one occasion, when cruising off the west end of St. Domingo, she chased two ves- 
 sels. It was on the 31st of October, 1814, at midnight; and when near enough, at 
 one in the morning, she fired upon them. On coming up, it was ascertained that one 
 of them carried sixteen, and the other eighteen guns. Nothing daunted by this dis- 
 covery, she boarded one of them at seven in the morning, when it was found that she 
 was full of men, and a war vessel. The boarders fled back to the Saucy Jack, ami 
 the little privateer made haste to get away. The two ships chased her, pouriiin; 
 gra)>e and musket-balls upon her, but within an hour she was out of reach of even 
 their great guns. She lost eight men killed and fifteen wounded. Her chief antag- 
 onist was the British bomb-ship Volcano, with the transpoi't Golden Fleece. One of 
 the lieutenants and two of the men of the Volcano were killed and two were wound- 
 ed. On Sunday, the 1st of May, tlie Saucy Jack ca|)tured the fine English ship Pel- 
 liam, carrying ten guns and thirty-eight men. She Avas bound from London for a 
 West India port, and had a cai-go valued at $80,000. 
 
 The schooner Kemp, of Baltimore, was a very successful privateer. She was com- 
 manded by Captain Jacobs. At the close of Novembci-, 1814, she sailed on a cimise 
 in the West Indies from Wilmington, North Carolina. On the 1st of December she 
 chased a squadron of eight merchant ships in the Gulf Stream iinder convoy of a fiig- 
 ate. The frigate, in turn, gave chase, but the Kemjy dodged her in the darkness of 
 the ensuing night, and the next morning again gave chase to the merchantmen. At 
 
 noon the following day'' she found them drawn ui) in battle line, and at 
 ' December 3. ^ j a _ ' 
 
 two o'clock they bore down upon the privateer, each giving her some 
 
 shots as they passed. She reserved her fire until, by a skillful movement, she broke 
 through the line, and discharged her whole armament into the enemy. This pio- 
 duced the gi'eatest confusion, and within an hour and a half four of the eight vessels 
 were the prizes of the Kemp. She would liave taken the Avhole of them, but she iiad 
 not men enough to man them. The other four proceeded on their voyage. The con- 
 voy frigate all this time was absent, vainly looking for the saucy privateer ! These 
 prizes, which gave an aggregate of forty-six cannon and one hundred and thirty-four 
 men, were all sent into Charleston. It was a profitable cruise of only six days. Tae 
 Monmouth privateer, of Baltimore, at about the same time was dealing destruction 
 to British commerce off Newfoundland. She liad a desperate encounter with an En- 
 glish transport ship with over three liundred trooj)s on board. Her superior speed 
 saved her from capture. Another successful Baltimore privateer was the Laicrence. 
 of eighteen guns and one hu?\di"ed and eleven men. During a single cruise, Avhicli 
 terminated at New York on the 25111 of January, 1815, a month before the proclama- 
 tion oi' peace, she captured thirteen vessels. She took one hundred and six pi-isoners. 
 and the aggregate amount of tonnage seized by her was over three thousand tons. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1007 
 
 le l^attcy Jack aud Konp, 
 
 gainst their depre- 
 laptured, and tliat 
 ely sevonty-lburs. 
 as as high as thir- 
 lid a London jour- 
 I thing never bap- 
 ince Regent wore 
 irnment wJis com- 
 k'hich they had no 
 otection of British 
 
 B American priva- 
 3 guns and a Long 
 > was every where, 
 e English cruisers, 
 lie chased two ves- 
 en near enough, at 
 jcertained that one 
 lunted by this dis- 
 was found that she 
 le Smicy Jack, and 
 iiased lier, pouring 
 it of reach of even 
 Her chief antag- 
 en Fleece. One of 
 1 two were wound- 
 e Englisli sliip Pel- 
 from London for a 
 
 icr. She was corn- 
 sailed on a cruise 
 it of December she 
 cr convoy of a frig- 
 in the darkness of 
 merchantmen. At 
 battle line, and at 
 1 sriving her some 
 ovemcnt, she broke 
 enemy. This pro- 
 :)f the eight vessels 
 them, but she had 
 voyage. The con- 
 privateer ! Those 
 red and thirty-four 
 mly six days. T.io 
 t'liling destruction 
 >unter with au En- 
 Her superior speed 
 Avas the iMtorence, 
 iingle cruise, Avhich 
 efore the proclama- 
 1 and six prisoners, 
 iree thousand tons. 
 
 Cruise of the Manlunowjh naA Ainelia. 
 
 Close of the War. 
 
 The American Privateers aud their Uolugg. 
 
 One of the original crew of the Lawrence was a colored man named Henry Van Me- 
 ter, mentioned on page 912, 
 
 The Macdonoufjh, of Rhode Island, had a severe fight with a British ship, whose 
 name is not recorded, on the Slst of January, 1815. The action commenced at mus- 
 ket-shot distance at half past two o'clock in the afternoon. The tremendous musket- 
 lire of the enemy caused the people of the Macdonough to suspect her of being a 
 troop-ship. Such proved to be the case. She had at least three hundred soldiers on 
 hoard besides her crew. The Macdonoiujh suflered terribly in sails, and rigging, and 
 loss of men, for her antagonist, in addition to the overwhelming number of men, car- 
 ried eighteen 9-pounders. She succeeded in escaping from the British vessel, and 
 reached Savannah on the 7th of March. 
 
 The war ended early in 1815, but it was some time after the proclamation of peace 
 had been promulgated before all of the fifty privateers then at sea were apprised oi 
 it, and many captures were made after the joyful event had occurred. One of the 
 latest arrivals of successful privateers was that of the ^?«e^<V/, of Baltimore, in April, 
 1815. Siie had a full cargo of valuable goods. During her cruise she had cajjlured 
 ten British vessels. Some she destroyed, others she sent into port, and one she gave 
 up as a cartel for her prisoners. She carried only six guns and seventy-five men. 
 The vessels she captured amounted in the aggregate to about two thousand three 
 Inindred tons, and her prisoners numbered one hundred ^,nd twelve. Her trophies 
 in arms were thirty-two cannon and many muskets. She was frequently chased by 
 English cruisers, but her fleotness allowed her to escape. 
 
 Li this outline sketch of American privateering* during the Second AVar for Inde- 
 pendence, notice has boon taken of only the most prominent of the vessels which ac- 
 tually sustained a conflict of arras on the ocean of suflicient importance to entitle the 
 act to the name of a naval engagement. The record shows the wonderful boldness 
 and skill of American seamen, mostly untaught in the art of naval Avarfare, and the 
 general character of the privateering service. Nothing more has been attempted. 
 The full history of the service as it lies, much of it ungarnished, in the newspapers 
 of the day and the manuscript log-books of the commanders, exhibits marvelous ac- 
 tions and results. 
 
 After the first six months of the war the bulk of naval conflicts was carried on 
 upon the ocean, on the part of the Americans, by private-armed vessels, which "took, 
 burned, and destroyed" about sixteen hundred British merchantmen, of all classes, in 
 the space of three years and nine months, while the number of American merchant 
 vessels destroyed during the same period did not vary much ^rom five hundred. The 
 American merchant marine was much smaller than that of the British, and, owing 
 to embargo acts and apprehensions of war several months before it was actually de- 
 clared, a large proportion of it was in port. When war was declared many vessels 
 were" taken far up navigable rivers for security against British cruisers and maraud- 
 ing soldiers, while others were dism.antled in safe places. 
 
 The American private-armed vessels which caused such disasters to liritish com- 
 merce number jd two hundred and fifty.^ Of these, forty-six were letters of manpie, 
 and the remainder were privateers. Of the whole number, one hundred and eighty- 
 four were sent out from the four ports of Baltimore, New York, Salem, and Boston 
 alone. The aggregate number sent out from Philadelphia, Portsmouth (N. II.), and 
 Charleston was thirty-five. Large fortunes were secured by many of tlie owners, 
 and some of them are enjoyed by their descendants at the present day. 
 
 ' The materials for this sketch have been (jnthcrcd from official documents, the newspapers of the day, Coggeshall'B 
 Hinlnrii ofAmeriean PrivateerK, and personal and written communications to the author. 
 
 5 This was IIB less than were commUsioned while there were difficulties with France In the years 1708 and 1709. 
 The number of private-armed vesgcls then commissioned was 806, Their tonnage was 00,991, Number of guns, 2728 ; 
 and of men, 0847, 
 
 I , 
 
W- r: 
 
 i. 
 
 { 1 1 
 
 1008 
 
 riCTORIAL l-IKLD-BOOK 
 
 A Peuco Faction. 
 
 Boaton the Centre of Illicit Trade. 
 
 The Qoverameiit a« a Borrower. 
 
 CHAPTER XLH. 
 
 " Bravo sons of the West, the blood In yonr veins 
 At dauRer's ajiproaoh waited not for persuaders; 
 You rnshed from your monntains, ymu hllN, mid yonr plains, 
 And followed yonr streams to repi . i!ic invaders." 
 
 Ol.I> SONO. 
 
 ET US now take a glance at some prominent civil affairs durintr 
 f;he year 1814, before proceeding to consider the great and de- 
 cisive military events in the vicinity of New Orleans with which 
 the war on the land closed. 
 
 From the beginning of the contest, as we have seen, there was 
 an active and influential body in the Federal party known as the Peace Faction, many 
 of whom were selfish and unpatriotic politicians, and who, by their endeavors to 
 thwart the government in its efibrts to provide means for carrying on the war, 
 brought discredit upon the great and patriotic party to which they belonged, and 
 deeply injured their country. These politicians were chiefly confined to New En- 
 gland, whose commercial interests had been ruined by the war, and Boston was their 
 head-quarters. Embargo acts had closed all American ports against the legal admis- 
 sion of goods from abroad, and these could only be obtained through contraband 
 trade. Such trade was carried on extensively at the New England capital, where, as 
 we have seen, the magistrates were not zealous in the maintenance of the restrictive 
 laws. Smuggling became almost respectable in the eyes of many because of its prev- 
 alence,' and foreign goods, shut out from other sea-ports, found their v/ay there. 
 Many valuable British prizes were taken into that port, and upon Boston the mer- 
 chants of other cities became dependent for a supply of foreign goods. For tiieso 
 they paid partly in bills of the banks of the Middle and Southern States, and partly 
 in their own promissory notes. By this means Boston became a financial autocrat, 
 having in its hands despotic power to control the money aft'airs of the country. This 
 fact suggested to the leaders of the Peace Faction in New England a scheme for ciip- 
 pling the government financially, and thereby com])elling it to abandon the struggle 
 with Great Britain with dishonor. They Avcrc quick to act upon the suggestion and 
 to pnt the scheme into operation. 
 
 From the beginning of the war the government was compelled to ask for loans, and 
 thn Peace Faction made such persistent opposition, for the purpose of embarrassing 
 the administration, that in every case a bonus was paid for all sums borrowed. In 
 January, 1813, a loan of $16,000,000 was authorized. It was obtained principally from 
 individuals at the rate of $88 for a certificate of stock for $100, by which lenders re- 
 ceived $2,100,377 as a bonus on that small loan. In August the same year a furtlier 
 loan of $7,500,000 Avas authorized ; and in March, 1814, a loan of $25,000,000 was au- 
 thorized. This was the darkest hour of the war, and then it was that the Peace Fac- 
 tion at political meetings, through the press, and even from the pulpit, cast every 
 obstacle in the way of the government. That opposition now assumed the form of 
 
 ' One of the most eminent members of the Federal party (Harrison Orny Otis) charged the administration and the 
 war with the nuthor!<:iip of that "monstrous depreciation of morals" and "execrable course of smucKlinfC and fraud," 
 and said that a class of citizens, "encouraged by the Just odium n<rainst the war, sneer at the restraints of conscience, 
 I'luch at perjury, mock at leiral restraints, and acquire Ill-gotten wealth at the expense of public morals, and of the more 
 sober, conscientious part of the community." 
 
OF THE WAU OF 1812. 
 
 1009 
 
 vernmeut as u Borrower, 
 
 Tbe pnbllc Credit aBsatled. 
 
 ) SONO. 
 
 civil affairs during 
 tlic great and de- 
 )rleans with wliich 
 
 ave seen, there was 
 3ace Faction, many 
 their endeavors to 
 rying on the war, 
 ,hey belonged, and 
 ifincd to New En- 
 d Boston was tliciv 
 ist the legal adinis- 
 irough contrahaud 
 1 capital, where, as 
 c of the restrictive 
 jecause of its prnv- 
 
 their way tliere. 
 n Boston the mer- 
 goods. For tlicso 
 
 States, and jiartly 
 financial autocrat, 
 the country. Tliis 
 
 a scheme for crip- 
 mdon the struggle 
 
 le suggestion and 
 
 ask for loans, and 
 e of embarrassing 
 ms borrowed. In 
 d principally from 
 which lenders re- 
 ime year a furtluT 
 25,000,000 was au- 
 lat the Peace Fac- 
 pulpit, cast every 
 umed the form of 
 
 e ndminiftrntion niul the 
 of smncglinu and fraud," 
 I restrniiits of conscience, 
 Ic morals, and of the more 
 
 The WeakuesB of the Qoveroment a lieason fur rejoicing. 
 
 1 — — — — — — — — 
 
 virtual treason. The government was weak and in great need, and its internal ene- 
 mies knew it, and in jjroportion to its wants they became bolder and more outspoken. 
 Their denunciations of the government, and those who dared to lend it a helping 
 hand, were violent and effective. By inflammatory and threatening publications and 
 personal menaces, tiiey intimidated many capitalists.' The result was, that only 
 !|ll 1,400,000 of the projjosed loan were raised in the spring of 1814, and tliis by pay- 
 ing a bonus of $2,852,000, terms so disastrous that only one more attempt was made 
 to borrow money during the war, the deficiency being made up by the issue of treas- 
 ury notes to the amount of ^ftl 8,452,000. Over this failure of the government these 
 unpatriotic men rejoiced. One of them, writing from Boston in February, 1815, said, 
 exultingly, "This day !j(20,000 six per cent, stock was put up at auction, $5000 of 
 which only was sold for want of bidders, and that at forty per cent, under par. As 
 for the former war loan, it would be considered little short of an insult to offer it in 
 the market, it being a very serious question who is to father the child in case of na- 
 tional difficulties." The last expression referred to the hopes of the conspirators that 
 a dissolution of the Union would be brouglit about by the body known in history as 
 the Hartford Convention, which had adjourned, to meet again if necessary — a body 
 of men inspired by motives and actions too lofty to be compreliended by the vulgar 
 politicians who were the leaders of the Peace Faction of that day. 
 
 But these machinations failed to produce the full effect desired. Patriotic men in 
 New England of the Opposition party subscribed to the loan ; and in the Middle 
 States they did so openly and liberally, to the disgust of the Peace Faction, who noAv 
 resorted to a more reprehensible scheme for embarrassing the government. We have 
 observed that, for reasons named, Boston became the centre of financial power. These 
 men determined to use that power to embarrass the administration, and they did it 
 in this wise : Tlie banks in the Middle and Southern States were the priticipal sub- 
 scribers to the loan, and measures were adoj)ted to drain them of their specie, and 
 thus produce an utter inability to pay their subscriptions. Some of the Boston banks 
 became parties to the scheme. The notes of those in New York and cities farther 
 south held by these banks were transmitted to them, with demands for specie, and at 
 the same time drafts w.ere drawn on the New York banks for the balances due the 
 
 1 "Will Federa'.ists subscribe to the loan? Will they lend money to onr national rnlcrs?" a leading Boston paper 
 significantly asked. " It is impossible, first, because of the principle, and, secondly, because ot principal and interest. 
 If they lend money now, they make themselves parties to tlie violation of the Constitntlon, the cruelly oppressive 
 measures in relation to commerce, and to ull the crimes which have occurred in the field and in the cabinet. . . . Any 
 Federalist who lends money to the government will be called infavioiis !" The people were then adroitly warned that 
 money loaned to the government would not be safe. " IIow, where, and when," asked this disloyal news|)aper, " are 
 the government to get money to pay interest?" Then, in language almost the same as that of a distinguished leader 
 of a Peace Faction of our day, a threat of future repudiation was thrown out, to create distrust in tlie government se- 
 curities. " Who can tell," said the writer above alluded to, " whcthCT future rulers matj think the debt enntracted umler 
 tiich circttmslattcffi, and by men who lend money to help out measures which they have loudly and constantly cmuiemncd, 
 ought to be jjoid t" 
 
 Another newspaper said of the Boston merchants : " They will lend the government money to retrace their steps, but 
 none to persevere in their present course. Let every highwayman find his own pistols." And a doctor of divinity 
 tliouted from the pulpit at Byfleld: "If the rich men continue to furnish money, war will continue till the mountains 
 are melted with blood— till every field in America is white with the bones of the people;" while another said, "Let 
 uo man who wishes to continue the war by active means, by vote or lending money, dare to prostrate himself at the 
 allar on the fast-day, for such are actually as much partakers in the war as the soldier who thrusts his bayonet, and the 
 judgment of God will await them." 
 
 These extracts give but a faint idea of the violence of the leaders of that faction. Many capitalists were intimidated, 
 and were afraid to negotiate for the loan openly, a fact which brokers at that time have idaced on record. Gilbert and 
 Dean advertised that the "names of all subscribers shall be known only tj the undersigned." Another made it known 
 that " the name of every applicant shall, at his request, be known only to tlie subscriber." Another assured the people 
 that he had made arrangements "for perfect secrecy in the transact* jn of his business." 
 
 These advertisements excited the venom of the Peace party exceedingly, and they poured abuse upon the subscribers 
 and the govcrimient together. " Money," said one of the most prominent nmond them, with great bitterness, " is such 
 a drug (the surest signs of the former prosperity and present insecurity of trade), that men, against tlieir consciences, 
 their honor, their duty, their professions and promises, are willing to lend it secretly to support the very measures which 
 are both intended and calculated for their ruin." Another said, " How degraded must our government be, even in her 
 "wn eyes, when they resort to such tricks to obtain money, which a common Jew broker would be ashamed of. They 
 must he well acquainted with the fabric of the men who are to loan them money when they offer that if they will have 
 the goodness to do it tholr uamea shall not be exposed to the world." 
 
 3S 
 
 jll 
 
I!! 'I 
 
 1010 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Condact of Boaton Bniikerr 
 
 Effect!) of the Conspiracy agaiuat tho public Credit. 
 
 Boston corporations, to the amount, in the course of a few months, of about 18,000,000. 
 The New York bankers were compelled to draw largely on those of Philiulel])hiii, and 
 the latter on those of Baltimore, and so on. A panic was created. No one could 
 predict the result. Confidence was shaken. Wagons were seen, loaded with specie, 
 leaving bank doors with the precious freight, going from city to city, to find its way 
 finally into the vaults of those of Massachusetts.' The banks thus drained were com- 
 pelled to curtail their discounts. Commercial derangement and bankruptcies ensued. 
 Subscribers to the loan were unable to comply with their promises, and, so uncertain 
 was the futui-e to the minds of many who uitended to subscribe, that they hesitated. 
 Tho effect of tho conspiracy against tho public credit was potent and ruinous, and for 
 a while it was thought impossible for tlie government to sustain its army and navy. 
 The banks out of New England were compelled to suspend specie payments, and the 
 effect upon the paper currency of the country was most disastrous. '^ 
 
 Nor was this all. To make the blow against the public credit still more effectual, 
 the conspirators made arrangements with agents of the government authorities of 
 Lower Canada whereby a very large amount of British government bills, drawn on 
 Quebec, were transmitted to New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and offered on 
 such advantageous temis to capitalists as induced them to purchase.' By this means 
 an immense amount of gold was transmitted to Canada, placed beyond the reach of 
 the government of the United States, and put into the hands of tlie enemy, to pive 
 succor to the war they were waging against the independence of the republic. Had 
 the conspirators fully succeeded, the national armies must have been disbanded, and 
 the country reduced to a dependency of Great Britain. 
 
 It was during the despondency incident to the gloomy aspect of financial affairs, 
 the capture of Washington and the destruction of the public buildings and archives, 
 the utter prostration of business, the certainty that a very large British force would 
 be speedily sent to our shores, and the neglect and discourtesy with which the Brit- 
 ish government had treated the American ministers sent to Europe to negotiate a 
 treaty of peace, that a convention of representatives of the Opposition party in New 
 
 ' When, hi deference to public opinion, the Boston bankers attempted to expliitn their movement in this mattpr. tliev 
 made the specious plea of their right to the balances due them from other banks. This was not satisfactory. Mimliew 
 Carey, one of the ablest publicists of the day, says that tho demand was made at a season of the year when frcij:lit on 
 the specie, on account of the bad state of the rnnils, was from twenty to thirty per cent, more than It would h.ive heen 
 had they waited a few weeks. That they cniiid have waited without detriment to any interest is made mnnifc»t b.v 
 the following statement of the condition of the banks In Massachusetts in January, 1814, just before the moveineut was 
 made: 
 
 Specie. Nottii In Clrculntlon. 
 
 Massachusetts Bank $2,114,lf4 $082,708 
 
 Union ftlTiTflS. 
 
 Boston 1,182,S72. 
 
 State BB(t,006. 
 
 New England 284,4Bfl. 
 
 Mechanics' 47,301. 
 
 2S,'),225 
 300,003 
 600,000 
 101,170 
 44.505 
 
 $4,045,444 $2,000,001 
 
 By this statement it appears that they had in their vaults about $250 in specie for every $100 of their notes in circ nla- 
 
 tlon : " a state of things," says Carey, " probably anparallcled in the history of banking from the days of the Lomljard! 
 
 to the present time." 
 » The injurions effects upon the paper currency of tho conntry may be seen by the following price current, published 
 
 on the 7th of February, 1815: 
 
 Below Pv. 
 
 All tho banks in New York State, 
 Hr-lson and Orange excepted. .. 19 to 20 per cent. 
 
 Hudson Bank .,.,. 20 " 
 
 Orange Bank 24 " 
 
 Below Par. 
 
 Philadelphia City Banks 24 per cent. 
 
 Baltimore Banks 30 " 
 
 Treasury Notes 24to25 " 
 
 United States six per cents. 30 
 
 ' These transactions with the public were made so boldly that advertisements like the following appeared iu tlic 
 Boston papers : 
 
 "Ibin for. £800 ) British Government Bills, 
 
 1 do a 260 f Forsaleby 
 
 1 do. 203 f CuAni.KS W. Orrks, 
 
 £1,263 ; No. 14 India Wharf." 
 
 So great was the drain caused by the transmission of gold to Canada, and the demand for specie to pay for smuijiled 
 goods brought from Canada and Nova Scotia, that the specie In the Massachnsetts banks was reduced In the course of 
 six months nearly $3,600,000— the Bmount being $6,468,004 on the Ut of July, 1814, and only $1,989,808 on the 1st of Jau- 
 uary, 1815. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1011 
 
 Cabinet Changes. 
 
 New flnancial Meaauroa proposed. 
 
 Revival of the pabllc Credit. 
 
 England, to conBidor public affairs, was conceived, not by the factious politicians we 
 liavo just noticed, l)ut by thoughtful and eamcst patriots of the Federal party. 
 
 After tlie invasion of Washington there were some changes in President Madison's 
 Cabinet. Mr. Monroe continued in the office of Secretary of State, and was Acting 
 
 Secretary of War after the close of Septem- 
 
 /^. 
 
 ^ y ber, 1814, when Mr. Armstrong had resigned.' 
 
 '^^^^Jr^^^ George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, the Secre- 
 
 tary of the Treasuiy, was succeeded by Alex- 
 ander J. Dallas — a man of courage, energy, and decision — early in Octo- . October o, 
 ber.* The new secretary entered upon his duties with a determination to ***'•*• 
 revive the public credit, if possible, and he did it. The prospect was unpromising, 
 Campbell's report of the condition of the Treasury immediately preceding his resig- 
 nation was a deplorable picture of the national finances. So great was the general 
 distrust that, when an attempt was made to borrow $6,000,000,'' there were b aukmi, 
 not bids for one half the amount ; and so great were the government needs, ^^"• 
 tliat, in order to procure $2,500,000, the secretary liad been compelled to issue 
 stock to the amount of $4,206,000. There were $8,000,000 treasury notes outstand- 
 ing, one half of wliich would fall due the 
 next year. The entire amount to be paid 
 within the fiscal year was not less than 
 |!25,000,000, while the new revenues, al- 
 ready provided for, including new taxes, 
 could not be expected to produce above 
 $8,000,000, owing to the total destruction 
 of commerce. Yet Dallas was not dis- 
 mayed, nor even discouraged. He pro- 
 posed methods which startled Congress 
 and the people. The crisis demanded im- 
 mediate and effective measures, so he pro- 
 posed new and increased taxes ; and, as a 
 means for furnishing a circulating medium 
 and immediate resources in the way of 
 loans, he recommended the establishment 
 of a national bank, the government to be a 
 large and controlling stockholder, and the 
 bank to be compelled to loan to the gov- 
 ernment $30,000,000.2 Congress consider- 
 ed the propositions favorably; and such 
 was the confidence which the character and ■ ^ 
 
 ' Jolin Armstrong was bom at CnrllBle, in Pennsylvania, on tbc 25th of November, 1758. He was a student at Prince- 
 ton CoUetje when tlie old War for Independence broke ont, when he joined the army, and soon became a member of the 
 staff of General Mercer. He was afterward on the utaff of General Gates, and was for a while adjutant general of the 
 Southern Army under that leader. He remained with that officer nntll the close of the war. Young Armstrong was 
 the author of the celebrated ^ewhurg Adilresxes just at the close of hostilities. While their tendency was most danger- 
 ous to the public welfare, Washlni,'ton bore testimony to the patriotic motives of the writer. Armstrong was Secretary 
 of State of Pennsylvania. After marrying the sister of Chancellor Livingston, of New York, he settled on the Hudson, 
 in that State, near Red Hook, where he resided until his death on the 1st of April, 1833. He was United States senator 
 in the year 1800, and in 1804 President Jefferson appointed him minister to France, where he performed his duties with 
 ability. He was appointed brigadier general when the war broke out In 1812, and the following year he was called 
 to the ofiBcc of Secretary of War, which he reluctantly accepted. When he retired from that post he left public life 
 forever. 
 
 ' Dallas's proposition contemplated a national bank with a capital of $50,000,000, one tenth in specie and the remain- 
 der In government stocks ; the government to subscribe two fifths of the capital, and to have the appointment of the 
 president and a third of the directors, and power also to authorize the suspension of specie payments. A bill charter- 
 ing a national bank was passed in 1816, but was vetoed by the President of the United States. Finally, in April, 1816, 
 an act Incorporating a national bank became a law. This was the famous United States Bank, whose existence terml- 
 uated in 183U. 
 
 Alexander J. Dallas was bom in the island of Jama'.ca in 1769. His father was a Scotchman, and an eminent physi- 
 cian there. This eon was educated at Kdlnburg and Weetmiuster. After the death of his father he settled in Fbiladcl- 
 
 ^. J JbikyCUyf 
 
f ' 
 
 1012 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Meiunres for Increiinlng the Army. 
 
 Peace apparently remote. 
 
 DUcunteiUi) in New Kn^lund, 
 
 § 
 
 
 ' :; ■ 
 
 
 .4 - :. 
 
 . :: ■-■)■■ 
 
 . "'1 • 
 
 
 f V ' 
 
 . '- 
 
 
 igU^ 
 
 1 
 
 Ai 
 
 
 immediate acts of Dallas inspired, that the loan vainly attempted to ho made in Au- 
 gust was laviiiiibly nejrotiated in October; and treasury notes, which then "none but 
 nccessitons creditors, or contractors in distress, or conunissaries, quartermasters, and 
 navy agents, a'jting as it were officially, seemed willing to accept," were, early in Jan- 
 nary following, sold at par, with the interest added. 
 
 Mr. Monroe, as iicting Secretary of War, proposed vigorous measures for giving 
 strength to the army. Volunteeriii'4 had ceased, and he proposed to raise, by eon- 
 scription or draft, sufficient men to luako the existing army minilxr nearly sixty-lhroi' 
 thousand, and to provide forty thousand men as a k ^^ular force, to be locally im. 
 ployed in the defense of the frontiers and the sea-coast. 1 Jills for this purpose were 
 • ootoiiorST, introduced in Congress;" and this and other war measures were more fa- 
 1814. vorably received than usual, because of tlu; waning prosjjects of peace 
 with Great liritain excepting on terms humiliating to the United States. Negotia- 
 tions for peace were then in progress at Ghent, in Belgium ; but the unfair deniandH 
 and denials of Great Britain, through her commi sjoners, gave very little promise of 
 satisfactory results. That hanghty power woul . not consent to make peace excejit 
 ing on very humiliating terms for the Americans; and yet there were those who 
 could not value national independence, nor romprehend their duty to posterity, wIki 
 thought that peace would be chea])ly purchased even on such temis. While tlu' 
 Legislature of New York called them "extravagant and disgraceful," and that of 
 Virginia spoke of those terms as " arrogant and insulting," the New England l^'gis- 
 latures had no word of condemnation. 
 
 The ])ropo8ition to raise a large force by conscription brought matters to a crisis 
 in New England. In some of the other states the matter of local defenses had Iicun 
 left almost wholly to the discretion of the respective governors. But the Presidint. 
 made suspicious of the loyalty of New England because of the injurions action oftlic 
 Peace Faction, insisted upon the exclusive control of all military movements tliorc. 
 Because the Massachusetts militia had not been placed under General Dearborn's or- 
 ders, the Secretary of State, in an official letter to (lovernor Strong, refused to jmy 
 the expenses of defending Massachusetts from the common enemy. Similar actimi 
 for similar cause liad occurred in the case of Connecticut, and a clamor was instantly 
 raised that New England was abandoned to the enemy by the National (.iovernniont. 
 A joint committee of the Massachusetts Legislature made a report on the state of 
 public affiiirs, which contained a covert threat of independent action on the part of the 
 people of that section, saying that, in the position in which that state stood, no choice 
 Avas left it between submission to the enemy, M'hich was not to bo thought of, and 
 the appropriation to her own defense of those revenues derived from the people, but 
 which the General Government had hitherto thought proper to expend elsewhere. 
 The committee recommended a conference of sympathizing states to consider the pro- 
 priety of adopting " some mode of defense suited to the circumstances and exigencies 
 of those states," and to consult upon a radical reform in the National Constitution. 
 
 The administration minority protested against this action, and denounced it as a 
 disguised movement to prepare the way for a dissolution of the Union. Their pro- 
 test was of no avail. The report of the committee was .adopted by a vote of throe to 
 one, and the Legislature addressed a circular letter to the governors of the other New 
 England States, inviting the appointment of delegates, to meet in Convention at an 
 early day, it said, "to deliberate upon the dangers to which the states in the east- 
 ern section of the Union are exposed by the course of the war, and which there is 
 too much reason to believe will thicken round them in its progress ; and to devise, 
 if practicable, means of security and defense which may be consistent witii the pres- 
 
 phia in 1T83, and studied law. He wag fond of literary pitrsnits, and at one time edited the Columbian Magazine. In ISOl 
 President Jefferson appointed him United Slates Attorney lor the Eastern Olstrict of Pennsylvania. lu October, 1814, 
 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasnry, and in March, 1S16, assnmcd the additional duties of Secretary of War. In 
 November, 1810, he resigned, and returned to the practice of his profession. He died on the Iflth of January, ISIT. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1013 
 
 jutenta in Now Engluml. 
 
 ,o 1)0 iimdo in Au- 
 •h then " HOIK! but 
 mrtonii;iHtcrs, and 
 were, early in Jan- 
 
 ■asurofl for giving 
 I to raise, by con- 
 nearly sixty-tliree 
 to be locally em- 
 this pur|)(iM(' were 
 treH Avcre more fa- 
 irosjjects of peace 
 StateH. NcuDiia- 
 :ie unfair demands 
 Y little promise of 
 lake peace excc]ii 
 e were those \vli<i 
 ■ to posterity, wlui 
 iemis. Wliile tlu' 
 eful," and tiiat of 
 3W England Legis- 
 
 matters to a crisis 
 
 defenses had bcuii 
 
 But the President. 
 
 irious action of tlic 
 
 movements there. 
 
 [^ral Dearborn's or- 
 
 ng, refused to ]my 
 
 Similar action 
 
 imor was instantly 
 
 ional Ciovermnent. 
 
 t on the state of 
 
 on the part of tlie 
 
 te stood, no choice 
 
 )0 thought of, and 
 
 3m the people, but 
 
 .vpend elsewhere. 
 
 consider the pro- 
 
 CCS and exigencies 
 
 al Constitution. 
 
 denounced it as a 
 
 nion. Tiieir pro- 
 
 ;i vote of three to 
 
 I' the other New 
 
 Convention at an 
 
 states in the east- 
 
 ,nd which there is 
 
 ; and to devise, 
 
 ent witii the pres- 
 
 A Conventtun called at Uartford. 
 
 CumpiMitlon or tbe Convention. 
 
 Iti propoied Work. 
 
 mtr!an^fa(|a:;hw. InlSOl 
 Ivanin. In October, 1814, 
 of fiecrctary of War. In 
 Sthof Jiinaary.lSlT. 
 
 crviition of their resources from total ruin, and adapted to their local situation, mu- 
 tual relations and habits, and not rejiugnant to their obligations as members of the 
 rnion." They also proposed a consideration of some amendments to the Constiiii- 
 tion on the subject of slave representation, that might secure to the New England 
 States equal advantages with others. 
 
 The i)r<»position of the Massachusetts Legislature was acceded to, and on Thursday 
 morning, the 15th of December, I si 4, a Convention, composed of t\\ <iity-six didegates, 
 representing Massachusetts, Ct)nnecticut, llhode Island, New Ilanipshirc, ami Ver- 
 mont, assembled at Hartford, in Connecticut, then a town of four thousand inhabit- 
 ants, and org.'inized by the apj)ointmeiit of Ceorgc Cabot, of Boston, as president of 
 that body, and Theodore Dwight as sei retary.* 
 
 The sessions of the Convention continued three weeks, and wore held Avith closed 
 doors. The movement had created much alarm at the seat of government, especially 
 because at about that time the Legislature of Massachusetts appropriated a million 
 dollars toward the support often thousand men to relieve the militia in service, and 
 to be, like that militia, exclusively under state control. All sorts of wild rumors and 
 suggestions were put afloat, and the 
 government found it convenient to 
 have Major (afterward General) T. S. 
 Jesup at Hartford, with his regiment, 
 at the opening of the Convention, 
 nominally for the purpose of reeruit- 
 hig for the regular army, but really under instructions, no doubt, to watch the move- 
 ments of the supposed traitorous conclave. 
 
 On the second day of the session, a committee, appointed for the purpose, submit- 
 ted a series of topics proper for the consideration of the Convention, which were as 
 follows: "The powers claimed by the Executive of the IFnited States, to determine 
 conclusively in respect to calling out the militia of the states into the service of the 
 United States ; and the dividing of the LTnited States into military districts, with an 
 officer of the iirmy in each thereof, with discretionary authority from the executive 
 of the United States to call for the militia, to be under the command of such officer. 
 The refusal of the executive of the United States to supply or pay the militia of cer- 
 tain states, called out for their defense, on the grounds of their not having been called 
 out under the authority of the United States, or not having been, by the Executive 
 of the state, put under the command of the commander over the military district. 
 The failure of the government of the United States to supply and pay the militia of 
 the states, by them admitted to have been in the United States service. The report 
 of the Secretary of War to Congress on filling the ranks of the army, together with 
 a bill or act on that subject. A bill before Congress providing for classifying and 
 drafting the militia. The expenditure of the revenue of the nation in otfensive oper- 
 ations on the neighboring provinces of the enemy. The failure of the government of 
 the United States to provide for the common defense, and the consequent obligations, 
 necessity, and burdens devolved on the sc] irate states to defend themselves, together 
 with the mode, and the ways and means in their power for accomplishing the object." 
 Such was the work Avhich the Convention^ at the outset, proposed for itself 
 
 On the 20th of December a committee was appointed to " report a general project 
 of such measures" as might be proper for the Convention to adopt ; and, four days 
 afterward, they adopted a report that it would be expedient for the Convention to 
 
 ' The following ore the rmmes of the delegates : George Cabot, Nathan Dane, William Prcscott, Harrison Gray Otis, 
 Timothy Blgelo'v, Joahna Thomas, 8amu<'l Sumner Wlltle, Joseph Lyman, Stephen Longfellow, Jr., Daniel Waldo, Ho- 
 (lijah Baylies, uud George Bliss, from Masmchunettfi ; Chauncey Goodrich, John Treadwell, James Hlllhouse, Zephaniah 
 Swift, Nathaniel Smith, Calvin Goddard, and Roger Minot Sherman, from ConnecHntt; Daniel Lyman, Samuel Ward, 
 Edward Manton, and Benjamin Hazard, from Rhode Mand; Benjamin West, and Mills Olcott, fi-om A'cio HavipsMre; 
 IL ''urn Hall, Jr., from IVnnont. 
 
 
 m 
 
1014 
 
 nCTOBIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 HIgiittnrei of tbc Member* of the lUrtfurd ConTcntlon. 
 
 PropiiMil AmeudmentK tii the ruimtltiitlon. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 / y 
 
 prepare a general statement of 
 the iineonstitutional attempts of 
 tlie executive government of tlic 
 United States to ii fringe upon 
 the rights of tlie iniliv idual states 
 in regard to the military, etc. ; 
 and to recommend to the Legis- 
 latures of the states the adoption 
 of the most effectual and decisive 
 measures to protect the militia 
 and the states from the usurpa- 
 tions contained in those proceed- 
 ings. Also to prepare a state- 
 ment concerning the general sub- 
 ject of state defenses, and a ree- 
 omraendation that an application 
 be made to the national goveni- 
 ment for an arrangement with 
 the states by which they would 
 be allowed to retain a portion of 
 .2yf^^^-iyg__^ the taxes levied by Con- 
 / gress, to be devoted to 
 the expenses of self-de- 
 
 FAO-BIHILE OF TUK BIONATCKF-B TO TUR BEPORT OF THE UAKTFORD OONVSNTION. „ , ^ rm 
 
 fense, et cetera, lliey 
 also proposed amendments to the Constitution.' 
 
 ' They proposed, by umendmentB to the Constitation, to accomplish the following results : 1. The restriction of the 
 power of Congress to declare and make war. 2. A restraint of the exercise of anlimited power by Congress to make 
 new states and admit them into the Union. 8. A restraint of the powers of Congress in laying embargoes and restric- 
 tions on commerce. 4. A stipulation that a President of the United States slinll not be elected ft-om the same state two 
 consecutive terms. 6. That the same person shall not be elected President a second time. C. That alterations be made 
 concerning slave representation and taxation. 
 
 ^^^pc^ 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1112. 
 
 1015 
 
 nm t() the Cunitltutlnn. 
 
 AtUouromint of the Hartrord CuiiTenUoD. 
 
 Himptclnni rMpectluK Ita Wi>rk. 
 
 The Sabetane* of that Work. 
 
 / > y 
 
 ^. 
 
 loral statement of 
 itional attomi)ta of 
 government of tlic 
 \ to ii fringe upon 
 le indiv ulual states 
 le military, etc. ; 
 nend to the Lcgis- 
 states the adoption 
 cctual and decisive 
 n-otect the militia 
 from the usurpa- 
 in those procced- 
 preparo a statc- 
 ng the general siib- 
 lefenses, and a rec- 
 that an application 
 le national govorn- 
 arrangement with 
 which they woiiW 
 retain a portion of 
 ixes levied by Con- 
 , to be devoted to 
 xpenses of sclf-de- 
 et cetera. Tbey 
 
 ; 1. The restriction of the 
 jwer by Congress to make 
 ng embargoes and rcstrk- 
 d from the same state two 
 . That alterations be made 
 
 The laborH of the Hartford Convention ended on the 4th of January, 1810, with a 
 report and reHolutions, Higncd by tlie delegatCB present, to be laid before the LegiMla- 
 tureH of llie rewpective states represented in the Convention. The report and resolu- 
 tions were adopted as expressions of the sentiments of the Convention.' On the fol- 
 lowing morning,* at nine o'clock, after prayer by tlie Kev. Dr. Strong, the •Januarys, 
 Conventi<»n adjourned, but with the impression on the part of the mem- '**"'• 
 
 hers that circumstances might eom])el it to reassemble. For that reason the seal of 
 secrecy was not removed from the proceedings. This gave wide scope for coi lecture 
 concerning them, some declaring tliat they were patriotic, and others that they were 
 treasonable in the extreme. Because the members of that Convention were of the 
 political party to which the Peace Faction belonged, they incurred much odium. 
 They and the party became the target at which the shafts of sharpest wit, as well as 
 bitter denunciations, were hurled; and at the next election in Massachusetts, the ad- 
 ministration, or Democratic ^, 
 party, issued a h,ind-bill, with ~ "vNi^'^V z^^^- 
 a wood-cut indicative of the "" 
 character of the opposing par- 
 ties, a copy of which, on a re- 
 duced scale, is given in the 
 annexed cut. 
 
 lie wiio will take pains to in- 
 quire, witiiout prejudice, will 
 be satisfied that the twenty- 
 six eminent men who com- 
 posed the Hartford Conven- 
 tion were as wise, as loyal, 
 and as patriotic as the aver- 
 age of the legislators and pol- 
 iticians of that day or since. Tliey rejjresented the conservative sentiment of discon- 
 tented New England during a season of great trial.'' 
 
 > The report, moderate bnt firm, able In constroctlon, and forcible thongh heretical In argnments and concluBlons, 
 was Immediately published, and ey'.enslvcly circulated throughout the country. It was read with the greatest avidity. 
 It disappointed the cxpectnllons of i..v radical BYdcnillats and the Busplclous Di-mocrntB. The few dlsuulonists of New 
 England fouiid In it no promises of a separation, and the administration party jiercelved in It no signs of sedition or 
 treason. It presented a concise view of the current and past policy of the government, and summed up the sentiments 
 of the Convention In the following resolutions, which were recommended for adoption to the slate Legislatures: 
 
 "7ic«i(i'«/, That It be and hereby 's recommended to the Legislatures of the several states represented In this Conven- 
 tion to adopt all such measures as may be necessary effectually to protect the citizens of said states from the oi)eration 
 nnd elTiicts of all acts which have been or may be passed bv the Congress of the United States, which shall contain pro- 
 visions subjecting the mlUtla or other citizens to forcible ^i. i<^s, coDscrlptlons, or Impressments not authorized by the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 " Kmolrfd, That It be and hereby Is recommended to t' •" 'J Leglslatnres to authorize an Immediate tnd earnest ap- 
 plication to be made to the government of the United ' ■ •. loquestlug their consent to some arrangement whereby 
 the said states may, separately or In concert, be etr.no led to assnme upon themselves the defense of their territory 
 ngalnst the enemy; and a reasonable portion c: the ii...e8 collected within said states may be paid Into the respective 
 treasuries thereof, and appropriated to the payment of the balance due said states, and to the fliturc defense of the same. 
 The amount so paid into the said treasuries to be credited, and the disbursements made as aforesaid to be charged, to 
 the United States. 
 
 " Itetohed, That it bo and it hereby is recommended to the Legislatures of the aforesaid states to pass laws (where It 
 has not already been done) authorizing the governors or commanders-in-chief of their militia to make detachments of 
 the same, or to form voluntary corps, as shall be most convenient and conformable to their Constitutions, and to cause 
 the same to be well armed, equipped, and disciplined, and held in readiness for service ; and, upon the request of the 
 i;overnor of either of the other states, to employ the whole of such detachments or corps, as well as the regular force 
 uf the state, or such part thereof as may be required, and can be spared consistently with the safety of (he state. In as- 
 sisting the state making such request, to repel any invasion thereof which shall be made or attempted by the public 
 enemy." 
 
 There were other resolutions, bnt they referred to amendments of the Constitution already alluded to. The most that 
 ran be said against the resolutions just quoted is, that they abandon the doctrine of a consolidated nation formed by 
 ihe ratiflcj^tlon of the Constitution by the people, for which the Washlngtonlan Federalists so strenuously contended, 
 and are deeply tinged with the fatal heresy of state supremacy, or, at least, state Independence, which has produced 
 fearful effects in our day. 
 
 > The author is indebted to the kindness of Messrs. K B. and G. C. Kellogg, of Hartford, Connecticut, for a carelbl 
 copy of the signatures of the members of the Convention, printed on the opposite page, precisely as tbey are attached 
 
 
 :r 
 
 ;! li! l 
 
■y^ «*»-(,..i^ s ^'^^m^mmfwt 
 
 1016 
 
 I'ICTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Sketches of the MemborB of the Hartford Convention. 
 
 i "' 
 
 While the country was agitated by the political events just recorded, and the peo- 
 ple were despondent because of the seeming rcnioteuess of p^ace and the gloomy as- 
 pect of public affairs in general, other events of great importance, and having a most 
 powerful influence in the direction of peace, were occurring on the southwestern bor- 
 ders of the republic. Let us consider them. 
 
 We have seen how the Creek Indians in Alabama were led into war, and tlicrcby 
 to the ruin of their nation, by white enemies of the republic and the nitiuonce ofTe- 
 
 to the address and rssohitlonB. The following brief notices of those members, compiled from sketches made by Mr. 
 Dwight, 'he secretary of the Convention, will give the render some idea of the dignity of that body : 
 
 George Cabot, the president of the Conventii'i, was a dcccendant of one of the discovererH of the Americiin ciuti. 
 nent of that name. He wiis a warm Whig durii.g the Uevolntionary wtruggle, and, soon after the adoption of tlif Sn- 
 tional Constitution, was chosen a senator in Congress by the Legislature of Massacliusetts. lie was a pure-heiirtci] 
 loffy-minded citizen, a sound statesman, and a luau l)olovetl by all who knew liim. 
 
 Nathan Dane was a lawyer of eminence, and was also a Whig in the days of the Revolution. He was a r'-'prcsiiitn- 
 tlve of Ma.«sachu8ett» in Congress during the Confederation, and was specially noticed for his services in proftiriu^. [[,(, 
 Insertion of a provision in the famous Ordinance of 17*7, establishing territorial governments ovt^r the Ti'rritorii's i„,rili- 
 west of the Ohio, which forever excluded slavery from those regions. He was universally esteemed for his wisduiii and 
 integrity. 
 
 William Preecottwas a son of the distinguished Colonel Prescott, of the Ke volution, who was conspicuous in the bat- 
 tle of Bunker Hill. He was an aMe lawyer, first in Salem, and then in Boston. He served with distinction in both 
 branches of the Massachusens Legislature. 
 
 Harrison Gray Otis was a native of Boston, aid member of the family of that name distinguished in tlie Hi vdlmioii. 
 He was a lawyer by profession, and served tl\e public ir the Massachusetts Legislature and in tlie National t DiigrcBs, 
 He was an eloquent speaker, and as a public man, as well as a privsite citizen, he was very popular. 
 
 Timothy Bigelow was a lawyer, and for several years was speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. 
 
 Joshua Thomas was judge of Probate in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, and was a man of unblemished reputation 
 in public and private life. 
 
 Joseph Lyman was a lawyer, and for several years held the office of sheriff of his coimty. 
 
 George bliss was an eminent lawyer, and distinguished for his learning, industry, and integrity. He Wis fevcrtil 
 times a member of the Massachusetts Legislature. 
 
 Daniel Waldo was a resident of Worcester, where ho established himself in early life as a merchant. He was n stale 
 senator, but would seldom consent to an election to office. 
 
 Samuel Sumner Wilde was a lawyer, and was raised to a seat on the bench of the Snpreme Court of MaeBn(lni«elt> 
 
 Hodijah Baylies w.as an officer in the Cimtlnental Army, in «lii(;h position he served with reputation, lie Wiis fur 
 many years juilge of Probate in the county in which he lived, aud was distinguished for sound understanding, tine tal- 
 ents, and unimpeachable integrity. 
 
 Stei)hen Longfellow, Jr. was a lawyer of eraiufuce In Portland, Maine, where he stood at the head of his iirofrsnion 
 He was a representative in Congress. 
 
 Chauncey Goodrich was an eminent lawyer, and was for many years a member of the Legislature of Conncc'icul in 
 both of its branches. lie was also a member of both houMv of (VrngresB, and lieutenant governor of Connecticut. Ili-^ 
 reputation was very exalli'<l as a pure statesman and i.set'i;! '^'izen. 
 
 John Treadwcll was in public stations in Connecticut a greater part of his life, where he was a memuer of both li di- 
 lative branches of the government, was a long time a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and was both liculiiiant 
 governor and governor of the state. He was a Whig in the Revolution, and a politician of the Washington schoi.l. 
 
 Jan es Hilllionse was a inuii of eminent ability, and v.-idf-ly known. He was a lawyer of celebrity, served ae a mem- 
 ber of the Legislature of Connecticut, md was for more than twenty years either a senator or representative in Coii- 
 grecs. He fou|^i bravely for big count'7 in the old War for Independence, and was always active, energetic, anil pub- 
 lic-spirited. 
 
 Zcphaniah Swift was a distinguished lawyer. He served as sneaker of the Connecticut Assembly, and was a member 
 of Congress, a judge, and for a number of years chief justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticnt. 
 
 Nathaniel Smith was an extraordinary man. He was a l,iwy»T by profession, and for many years was considered as- 
 one of the most distinguished member of his profession in Connecticut. He was a member -if Congress, and a judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. His whole life was marked by purity of morals and love of country. 
 
 Calvin G<vidar(i was a native of Massachusetts, but studied and practiced law in Coiinoctitiit, and became a distin 
 ffnighed . Uiy-en of that state. He arose to greiit eminence in his profession, and was in Congress four years. He vm^ 
 repeateilly elected a member nf the General Assembly, and was dppointtd a judge of tie Sui,.>ime Court of that i-tati 
 
 Rii;;i I Miuot Sherman was another distinguished lawjer .)f (.lonnecticnt, and was for a long time connected with tlic 
 government of that state. He was a man of highest repntntlon as the possessor of the quailties of a good i itiieu. 
 
 Daniel Lyman wis a soldier of thi- R,-volutlon, and rose to 'he rank of m^jer In the Continental Army. After ilic 
 peace he settled ii> i lawyer in Rhode Island, where he beca.:ie distlugnlshed for talents and intCT.ity. He was chief 
 JoBtlce of the Supreme Court of that st.ife 
 
 Samuel Ward was a son of < tov?ru,,.r Ward, of Rhode Tslan ', and at the age of ei^r'.itcen years was a captain In fio 
 Continental Array. He was wilh An old in his expedition to Quebec in 1T75. At that city he was made a prisoner. 
 Before the close of the iv:uhc rose t<i fiic rank of colonol. lie was elected a member of the Couventhm held iitAnnap- 
 Jls, in Maryland, in Uhd, which was i ..• inception of the Convention which ft-anied the National Constitution. 
 
 Benjamin Hazard was a native of Rhode Island, end a lawyer, in which profession he was eminent. He served for 
 many years in the Legislature of his state. 
 
 Edward Manton was a native of Rhode Island, aud rarely mingl>'a la ttio political dlgcasslons of his day. He vsa a 
 man of sterling worth in e-ery rchUlon in life. 
 
 Benjamin West was a native of New Hampshire, and a lawyer by profession, in which he had a gord reputiiilon. 
 
 Mill.s Olcott was a nativB of New H:irapBhlrp, and a son of Chief Justice Olcott, cf thai dtate. He was a lawyer by 
 piofessiim. 
 
 William Hall, Jr., wis a natrv.- of Vermont. Hie business was that of a merchant, and he was firequeatly i< meaibcr 
 of the State Legislature. Hs was uaiverutlly cs'-^enied aud respectfld i>y all good m«u. 
 
w 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1017 
 
 cl, and the pco- 
 tlie gloomy as- 
 having a most 
 ith western lioi- 
 
 ar, and thereby 
 influence of re- 
 
 ketches made bv Mr, 
 
 I' the American ronii- 
 c adoption of the Na- 
 e was a pnre-heartcd, 
 
 He wttB a r'.'prcseiita- 
 vices in yrociiriuj: the 
 ■ the Territories unrlh- 
 ed for hifi wiKdom aud 
 
 oufpicnous in tlie l)at- 
 th dletiuction i;i both 
 
 bed In the Kcvolutioii. 
 
 he National (.'oiii.'rc8s. 
 
 lar. 
 
 ; of Keprosentatives. 
 
 nbleniished reputation 
 
 jrlly. lie w<;e several 
 
 chant, no was a state 
 
 mrt of Mas«a('hir>ett(. 
 eptilntlon. llf wun for 
 iinderstunilins:, tine lal- 
 
 head of hie profebnion. 
 
 itiire of Connec'iculiii 
 )r of C'ounecticul. llii^ 
 
 member ofbothlcgle 
 wac both licuteuaiil 
 IViiKliington school, 
 ity, sen-eil as ii mem- 
 prcfcnttttive In ('oli- 
 ve, eDcrKetIc, and puli- 
 
 bly, and wae a member 
 t. 
 ars was considered as 
 
 \)ni»reB!<, and a judge 
 
 f ccnntry. 
 
 and l)ecainB a diBtin 
 Bs four years. He wa.« 
 ae Court of that rtate. 
 me ccmnccted with the 
 of a Rood ritiicn. 
 ntal Army. Aflir llie 
 ity. He was chief 
 
 9 was a captain in the 
 wap raade a prinouer. 
 cntion hi'lii at Annop- 
 CouBtitiitlou. 
 nineut. He served for 
 
 ofhtadfty. Hc»a»a 
 
 a gord rcpntiillon. 
 Ho wsB a lawyer by 
 
 thiunently » mejito 
 
 Cieneral Jackaoo recalled into active Service. 
 
 His TifHIanec 
 
 Hostile Movnaent* at Penaacola, 
 
 cumtha, the Indian al- 
 ly of the British ;' and 
 we left General Jaek- 
 . April, son," who had 
 1814. been the chief 
 instrument in tlie d<- 
 struction of that na- 
 tion, resting at "die 
 Ilerinitagi'," ! is man- 
 sion and cstii •, a fe'w 
 miles from N.ishvillc, 
 in Tennessee. Fro'n 
 that pleasant retreat 
 he was soon recalled 
 to active duty, having 
 been appointf <f & ma- 
 jor general iu the 
 army "^f the Uait«i 
 States,*" and 
 coinmandL'r of 
 
 ' April. 
 
 'rue UKK.MITAOE" IN 1M)1.» 
 
 ' 1814. 
 
 the Seventh Military District, witli his Iread-quarters at Mobile, which post the Amer- 
 icans liad taken posSefsion of as early as April, 1812,^ when the Spaniards retired to 
 Pensacola. Jackson was instructed to stop on his way to Mobile to make sy defini- 
 tive treaty with the remnant of the Creek nation, which he did at Fort Jackson* on 
 the Mill of Aiignst.'^ 
 
 .fackson's vigilance was sleepless. It was in marked contrast with the slum- 
 bering apathy or indifference at the War Department. He was promptly informed 
 of what was occurring not only in his own department, but in the whole region 
 around him, for he had trusty spies, pale and dusky, every where. Jle had observed 
 with indignation and alann that the authorities at Pensacola, with usual Spanish du- 
 plicity, while professing neutrality, were in practical alliance with the Uritish and In- 
 dians. Of this the government was promptly informed ; but .lacksiin received no 
 responses to his warnings. He continued to receive evidences of gathering danger 
 at Pensacola, and finally, late in August, the mask of Spanish neutrality was removed. 
 Nine British ships of war then lay at anchor in tlie harbor there. Marines were land- 
 ed from them and allowed to encamp on the shore. Their commander, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Edward Nichols, was made a welcome guest of the Spanish governor, and 
 the British flag was unfurled over one of the forts. Indian runners were sent on 
 swift errands among the neighboring Creek and Seminole Indians to invite them lo 
 Pensacola, there to be enrolled in the service of the British crown. The response to 
 their call was the speedy gathering of almost a thousand savages at that Spanish post, 
 where they received arms and ammunition in abundance from the British otticers. 
 Tlien went forth a general order from Nicht)ls to liis soldiers, followed soon afterward 
 by a proclamation to the inha^»itants of Louisiana and Kentucky, both of which re- 
 vealed hostile intentions. To his troops Nichols spoke of their being called upon " to 
 perform long and tedious marches through wildernesses, swamps, and water-courses," 
 aud ho exhorted them to conciliate their Indian -iliies, and to "never give them just 
 cause for offense." In hi? proclamations he addressed the most inflammatory appeals 
 to the prejudices of the French and the aiscontents of the Kentuckians, « Inch a seem- 
 ing neglect l»y their government and the arts of politicians had engendered.* In fact, 
 
 ' > See Chapter XXXIIL ^ ~ "^ 
 
 ' Thl« was tlie appeimnce otThf Hern-itagt when the writer vinlted and sketched It In the sprinfi; of 1981. 
 ' See pn^'e 14!i. « See page TS2. 
 
 * The B.'ltliih counted largely npon the paeBlve acqniettence, If uoi actual aselstBoce, of the French and Spanish lu^ 
 
 \4 
 
fw 
 
 1018 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Outlaws at Barataria Hay. 
 
 Their Leader. 
 
 Invitation to Join ttie British Navf . 
 
 Nichols, with a strange impi-udence, seemed to take particular pains to proclaim that 
 the land and naval forces at Pensacola were only the van of far more formidable ones 
 composing an expedition for the seizure of New Orleans and the subjugation of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 There was another revelation of impending danger made to the Americans at this 
 time, and this, with the proceedings at Pensacola, aroused the people of the Soiiili- 
 west, and the civil and military authorities, to the greatest vigilance and speedy prep- 
 arations to meet an invasion. This was an attempt on the part o4' the British to ob- 
 tain the aid of a community of outlaws on the borders of the Gulf Those were pri- 
 vateersmen and smugglers, whose head-quarters were on a low island called Giand 
 Terre, six miles in length and one and a half in breadth, which lies at the entrance to 
 Barataria Lake or Bay, from the Gulf of Mexico, little less than sixty miles southwest 
 from New Orleans in a direct line. From that island there is a water communica- 
 tion for small vessels through lakes and bayous to within a mile of the Mississippi 
 River, just above New Orleans. Toward the Gulf is a fine beach, and to it inhabit- 
 ants of the " Crescent City" resort during the heats of the summer months. The bay 
 forms a sheltered harbor, in which the privateers of the Baratarians (as the smug- 
 glers were called) and those associated with them lay securely f«om the besom of the 
 " Norther" that sweeps occasionally over the Gulf, and also from the cannon of sliips 
 ^ of war, for the bay was inaccessible to such ponderous and bulky crafl as were tlien 
 used. The community of marauders there formed a regularly organized association, 
 at the head of which was Jean Lafitte, a shrewd Frenchman and blacksmith fiom 
 Bordeaux, and late resident of New Orleans. He had caused a battery of heavy guns 
 to be pointed seaward for the protection of his company ; and there might be seen at 
 all times shi'ewd and cautious men from New Orleans, having " honorable mention" 
 in that community, purchasing at cheap rates for profitable sales the rich booty of 
 the sea-robbers, and thereby laying broadly the foundations of the fortunes of many 
 a wealthy family living in the Southwest when the Civil War brok'^ out in 1801. 
 Lafitte became Ijnown in history, romance, and song as the " Pirate of the Gulf," of 
 whom Byron erroneously said he 
 
 " Left a corsair's name to other times, .. ;: 
 
 , ,, , Linked with one Tirtoe and a thonsanU crimes." 
 
 He was not a corsair in the meaning of the law of nations ; and his crimes, such as 
 they were, were not against humanity, but were violations of the revenue and neu- 
 trality laws of the United States. " I may have evaded the payment of duties at the 
 custom-house, but I have nev^r ceased to be a good citizen." said Lafitte, on one oc- 
 casion ; and then, wi^li the usual plea of a culprit, he added, " All the offenses I have 
 ever committed have been forced upon mo by certain vices in the laws." 
 
 The fact that the United States government had, by legal proceedings, made the 
 Baratarians outlaws, and, as a natural consequence, it was supjiosed, the bitter ene- 
 mies of that government, caused the British to seek an alliance with them, not doubt- 
 ing that it would gladly be alforded. Accordingly, on the 1st of Septeinbor," 
 the Brit ish sloop of war Sophia, Captain Lockyer, sailed from Pensacola with 
 dispatches for Jean Lafitte, among which was an invitation from Lieutenant Colonel 
 Nichols, already mentioned, inviting that leader and his band to enter the British 
 Bovvice, and a letter from Captain W. II. Percy, a son of Lord Beverly, the comniaiul- 
 cc of the British squadron nt Pensacola, in which Lafitte's fears were appealed to.' 
 Lafitte took the offered documents, and was assured by Lockyer that his vessels and 
 
 ' 1814. 
 
 ^nm 
 
 #1 P 
 
 habitants of Lonisiana, who iiad l)ecn opposed to the rnle of the ITnited fltatcn gove-nment, and also npon the aid of Itic 
 glaves, whos» freedom was to l)e proclaimed when the British sbonld obtain a sure foothold on the borders of the Mlf- 
 ■issippi River or the fliilf of Mexl''«. 
 
 I The package contained, besides tliese two letters, Nichols's proclamation to the Inhabitants of Lonlslana, nr.d n 
 copy of Captain Percy's orders to Captain Lockyer, in which the latter was directed, if succcssftil in his misalim. la 
 "concert nieasnres for the annoyance of the enemy, havliiR an eyn to the jancture of the small armed vusscla" of the 
 Baraturiuus wllb those of tbti BrUtah "for the ea^ura <i/ Mobik," etc. 
 
 _i.r ..II 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1019 
 
 join the BrltlBh Navy. 
 
 o proclaim tl\ai 
 formidable ones 
 subjugation of 
 
 mericans at this 
 lo of the South- 
 ukI Bjieedy prep- 
 lie British to ob- 
 These were ])ii- 
 iid called Gniiiil 
 , the entrance to 
 miles southwest 
 iter communica- 
 f the Mississippi 
 md to it inhiihit- 
 lonths. The bay 
 ns (as the siniii:;- 
 thc besom of the 
 B cannon of ships 
 raft as were tlieii 
 nized association, 
 blacksmith from 
 ;rv of heavy guns 
 might be seen at 
 Dorable mention" 
 ;he rich booty of 
 fortunes of nuxny 
 ■ok'^ out in isoi. 
 ! of the Gulf," of 
 
 is crimes, such as 
 revenue and iieu- 
 of duties at the 
 ,afitte, on one oc- 
 le offenses I have 
 
 W9." 
 
 lings, made the 
 
 . till' bitter one- 
 them, not doubt- 
 Bt of September," 
 
 Pcnsacoia with 
 eutenant Colonel 
 enter the Britisli 
 
 y, the comniaiul- 
 ere ajipealed to.' 
 it his vessels ami 
 
 A Leader of Smugglers tunis Patriot. 
 
 Jackson perceives Mischief. 
 
 Mobile and its Defences. 
 
 also upon the iildoftho 
 
 I the bord<!r8 of the Mlf- 
 
 ints of Lonlslana, nr.d n 
 •nsfii) In his mission. 10 
 
 II armed vossulb" of tlio 
 
 WILLIAM O. C. CLAIUOBNB, 
 
 men would be received into the honorable 
 service of the Royal Navy. These docu- 
 ments Lafitte sent to William C. C. Clai- 
 borne, then governor of Louisiana, with a 
 letter, saying, " Though proscribed in my 
 adopted country, I will never miss an occa- 
 sion of serving her, or of proving that she 
 has never ceased to be near to me."' 
 
 Before these revelations were made, Jack- 
 son's sagacity and forecast, when consider- 
 ing rumors and positive information that 
 reached him from time to time, had made 
 him suspicious that such hostile movements 
 were in preparation ; and, while a handfijl 
 of men were trampling upon the national 
 capital, he was planning a scheme for crush- 
 ing at one blow the tripie alliance of Brit- 
 ish, Spanish, and Indians at Pensacola, and 
 ending the war in the Southwest. Now, 
 with positive testimony of danger before 
 him (copies of the documents furnished by 
 Lafitte having been sen*;, to iiim), he resolved to act promptly, without the advice or 
 sanction of iiis government.^ He squarely accused Manrequez, the Spanish governor 
 at Pensacola, Avith ba^^ faith, when a spicy correspondence ensued. This Jackson 
 ended by saying to the governor, " In futui-e T beg you to Avithhold your insulting 
 charges against my government for one more inclined to listen to slander than I am ; 
 nor consider me any more a diplomatic character unless so proclaimed from the mouth 
 of my cannon." Then he sent his adjutant general. Colonel Robert Butler, into Ten- 
 nessee to beat up for volunteers, witli a determination to give tangible shape to the 
 threat contained in the last clause of his letter. In a very short time no less than 
 two thousand of the sturdy young men of Tennessee were ready for the field. 
 
 Meanwhile, hostilities had actually commenced in that quarter. When Jackson 
 reached Mobile, late in August, he was satisfied that an attempt would be made to 
 seize that post as soon as tlic great expedition of Avhich he had rumors should be pre- 
 pared to move. Mobile was then only a little village of wooden houses, with not a 
 thousand inhabitants, with no defenses against artillery, and scarcely sufficient to 
 withstand an attack from the rifles of Indians. At the entrance to Mobile Bay, thirty 
 miles from the village,was Fort Bowyer (now Fort Morgan), occupying the extremity 
 of a narrow sand cape on the eastern side of that entrance, and commanding the en- 
 tire channel between it and Dauphin Island. It Avas a small work, semicircular in 
 form toward the channel, and of redan shape on the land side. It was weak, being 
 without bomb-proofs, and mounting only twenty guns, and all but two of these were 
 12-pounders and less. And yet this wr.s the chief defense of Mobile; for, the enemy 
 once inside of the bay, there would be no hope for holding the post with the troops 
 then at hard. So, when Jackson perceived, early in September, that a speedy move- 
 ment against Mobile from Pensacola ^■>•as probable, he threw into Fort Bow yer one 
 hundred and tlnrty of the Second regular infantry, under Major William Lawrence, 
 
 ' Lafltte had amaescd a large fortune l)y his lawless pursuits, and perceived the dancer that menaced his trade, his 
 possessions, and his liberty. Already bis brother, who had been his chief ai;ent In New Orleans, w:is in prison for his 
 offenses, and the authorlllcs of the United Htotes were preparing to strike a withering blow nt Baratarla. Lafitte, will- 
 ing to save himself miil his nossesslons, and preferring to be called a patriot rather than a pirate, asked t^c British mcs- 
 eengers to allow him a few days for consideration. When Lockyer depa.ted LaflUe sent the documenfj up to New Or- 
 leans, as mentioned In the text. 
 
 » An order was actually Issued (Vim* the War Department authorizing Jackson to seize Pensacola, but it did not reacU 
 him until als months afterwiud, when the war had ceased. . , ^ 
 
 \ i 
 
 

 1020 
 
 PICTOEIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 t<M Howfj^ j|S««Mm 
 
 ABritlafa Hqnadruu threnteus it. 
 
 PreparatlouH for Attack. 
 
 one of t^ rri/M i^^bmb ■illiiiiiiii i im the 
 service. At tb« aiiipe -tHne^iie Hunt 
 orders for ' '•■r^' '^ *'- toi«Btt.««t 
 the cni'olK < '.^MMlMMll, 
 
 and have them jted imm<>»/*t^ly to 
 Mobile, 
 
 Major Lawrence made vigorous* 
 preparations to resist the <ii' ny by 
 strengthening the fort as niueli as pos- 
 sible, and providing against attacks 
 upon it from cannon that might bo 
 planted upon sand-hills near, which 
 commanded it. These preparations 
 were not completed when, on the 
 morning of the 12 th of September, 
 Lieutenant Colonel Nichols appeared 
 on the peninsula, in rear of the fort, 
 with one hundred and thirty marines 
 and si.Y hundred Indians, the latter 
 led by Captain Woodbine, who had 
 been attempting to drill them at Pen- 
 sac<^>^a. Toward evening four British 
 vesselx ')f war hove in sight, and an- 
 chored within six miles of Mobile 
 i'tihii. Those were the Hermes, 22 ; 
 Sophia, / H ; / '///'////, «0 1 ftnd Amtcon- 
 </a, 18, the whole undo/ /'/ipliiiii I'or- 
 (sy, the commander of the stiuadron i. 
 of nine vessels in Pensacola Bay, ill- 
 ready mentioned, of which these were 
 a purt. In (he presence of these for- 
 midable forces, the little garrison slept 
 uj)on th.'ir arms that night. 
 
 On tlie following morning Nichols reconnoitred the fort from behind the sand-liills 
 in its rear, and, dragging a liowitzer to a sheltered position within seven Inmdri'd 
 yards of the work, threv.' some shells and a solid shot upon it without much etiect. 
 Responses from Major Lawrence were equally harmless ; but when, later in the day, 
 Percy's men attempted to cast up intrenchmer.ts, LaAvrence's guns quickly dispersyil 
 them. Meanwhile several light boats, engaged in sounding the channel nearest the 
 fort, were dispersed in the same way. 
 
 • September 14, The succeeding day" was similarly employed ; but early on the morn- 
 1^'^- iiig of the 15th it was evident to the garrison that an assault was about 
 
 to be made from land and water. The forenoon wore away, while a stiff brce/^e was 
 blowing, and when it slackened to a slight one from the southeast, toward noon, t lie 
 ships stood out to sea. They tacked at two o'clock and bearing down upon the foil 
 in order of" line ahead," the Hermes (Percy's flag-ship) leading, took position for at- 
 tack. The Hermes and Sophia lay nearly abreast the northwest face of the fort, 
 while the Caron and Aiiaconda were more distant. Lawrence then called a council 
 of oflicers, when it was determined to resist to the last, and not to surrender, if finally 
 compelled to, unless upon the conditions that officers and privates should retain their 
 armc and private property, be protected from the savages, and be treated as prison- 
 
 • This Is from the portrait of General Jackson In the City RiiU, New Ynr!:, which was painted by order of the Com- 
 mon Coiinc'I for the city by .Tnhn Vanderlyn, lu 1819, whi'ji Jackeou waH tifty-two years of age. 
 
 ANIIBEW JACKSON.' 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1021 
 
 repiiratlous for Attiick. 
 
 Attack on Fort Bowyer. 
 
 The British repnlsed. 
 
 Effect of the Repulco. 
 
 Iiind the saiul-liills 
 liu seven InindrcHl 
 hoiit much eftect. 
 , Inter in the day, 
 (juickly (lispersL'il 
 lannel nearest tbe 
 
 ?aily on the morn- 
 
 I assault was about 
 
 1 a stiff breeze was 
 
 toward noon, tlio 
 
 )wn upon the fort 
 
 pk position for at- 
 
 facc of the fort, 
 
 In called a council 
 
 lirrender, if finally 
 
 Ihould retain tlair 
 
 treated as prison- 
 
 k-d by order of the Com- 
 
 ers of war, Tliis being their resolution, the words '■'■ DonUt (jive up the forV Avere 
 adopted as the signal for the day.' 
 
 The Ilemieb drew nearer the fort, and when within range of its guns the two 24- 
 pounders were opened ui)on her without much eftect. She made a faint reply, and 
 anchored within musket range of the work, while the other three vessels formed in 
 battle line under a heavy fire. It was now half past four in the afternoon. The four 
 vessels simultaneously ojiened fire, and the engagement became general and fierce, 
 for broadside after broadside was fired upon tlie fort by the ships, while the circular 
 battery was Avorking fearfully upon the assailants. Meanwhile Captain AVoodbiiie 
 opened fire from a howitzer and a 12-poiinder from behind a sand dune seven hun- 
 dred yards from the opposite side of the fort. The battle raged until half past five, 
 when the fiag of the Hermes Avas shot aAvay, and LaAvrence ceased firing to ascertain 
 Avhether she had surrendered. This humane act Avas followed by a broadside from 
 the Caron, and the fight Avas rencAved Avith redoubled vigor. Very soon the cable of 
 tlif Hermes was severed by a shot, and she floated away Avith the current, her head 
 toward the fort, and her decks SAvept of men and every thing olse by a raking fire. 
 Then the flag-staff" of the fort Avas shot aAvay and the ensign fell, Avhen the ships, con- 
 trary to tlie humane example of the garrison, redoubled their fire. At the same time. 
 Woodbine, sup]»osing the garrison had surrendered, approached Avilh his Indians, 
 when tliey were driven back in great terror by a storm of grape-shot. Both sailors 
 and marines found the garrison in full A'igor, and only a fcAv mimites after the flag 
 fell it was seen floating over the 
 fort at the end of a sponge-st.",ff 
 to whi('li Major Lawrerce had 
 nailed it. 
 
 The attacking vessels, batter- 
 ed and in i>eril, soon AvitlidrcAv, 
 cxfi pting the helpless Jlermes, 
 wtii'l) grounded unon a sand- 
 bank, when Per( 'red and 
 ih/iiidoned her. At almost mid- 
 night the magazine of the Her- 
 mes exploded. So iided, in a 
 repulse of the British, the attack 
 on Fort BoAvyer, upon which 
 ninety-tAvo pieces of artillery 
 iiad been brought to bear, and 
 OA'er thirteen hundred men had 
 been arrayed against a garrison of one hundred and tliirty. The latter lost only 
 eight men, one half of Avhom AATre killed. The assailants lost two liundred and thir- 
 ty-tAvo men, of Avhom the unusual proportion of one hundred and sixty-tAvo Avere 
 killed. 
 
 The result of the strife at Mobile Point Avas very mortifying to the British. It 
 was Avholly unexpected. Percy had declared that he should alloAv the garrison only 
 twenty minutes to capitulate. That garrison — that handful of men — had beaten off 
 his ships and his co-operating land force with ease. Tiie repulse Avas fatal to the 
 l>restige of the British name among the Indiuu". and a large portion of them deserted 
 their allies and sought safety from the Avral'i of Jackson, whom they feared, by con- 
 cealment in the interior of their broad country, Tlie result Avas most gratifying 
 to the Americans, and gave an impetus to volunteering for the defense of Noav Or- 
 
 ' Latour says that the officers of the (rarrtKon took an oath not to recede from this determination In any case, nor on 
 any pretext, and that in the event of the death of one of them all the oihi;re ehouid adhere to it.— fliotorica! Mfnoir 
 u/lhc IPur iu West Florida and LouUiaiu,, by Major A. La Carrlere Lafour. 
 
1022 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 
 lieception of the BritiBh at Pcnsacola. 
 
 Jackson marchcH on that Place. 
 
 Violation of a Flag of Truce. 
 
 leans. Jackson wrote a commendatory letter to Major Lawrence, andthat officer 
 received one also from Edward Livingston, chairman of the Defense Committee of 
 New Orleans, assuring him of the joy and gratitude felt by the inhabitants of that 
 city when they heard of his gallant defense of P'ort Bowycr. At the same time it 
 was resolved to present to Major Lawrence an elegant sword in the name of the cit- 
 izens of New Orleans,' 
 
 When the discomfited British returned to Pensacola they were publicly received 
 as friends and allies. This circumstance, the attack on P^ort Bowyer, and the revela- 
 tions just made concerning an attempt by the British to engage a band of outlaws to 
 assist them in an attempt to capture New Orleans, which we shall consider presently, 
 kindled the hottest indignation in the minds of Jackson and the inhabitants of the 
 • September 21, Soutliwcst. The general issued" a fiery proclamation to the inhabitants 
 ^''"' of Louisiana as a counterblast to that of Nichols, in which he set fortli 
 
 the conduct of the British and the perfidy of the Spaniards, calling them to arouse in 
 defense of their threatened country. He also put forth an address on the same day 
 to the free colored people of Louisiana, inviting them to unite with the rest of their 
 fellow-citizens in defending their common country from invaders. The people were 
 already much excited by the threatening aspect of aflairs. and these appeals aroused 
 them to vigorous action, 
 
 Jackson had determined to march on Pensaccla as soon as the Tennessee Volunteers 
 should arrive, and break up that rendezvous of the enemies of the republic. The 
 time for such movement was looked for with great impatience. It was even weeks 
 remote, for it was the beginning of November before Jackson had his forces on hand 
 for the purpose. These were assembled .at Fort Montgomery, due north from Pensa- 
 cola, four thousand strong,^ and marched for the doomed fort on the 3d,'^ 
 some Mississippi dragoons in advance. The whole army encamped within 
 two miles of Pensacola on the evening of the 6th, when Jackson sent Major Pierre 
 with a flag of truce to the governor, with an assurance that the expedition was not 
 to make war upon a neutral power, nor to injure the town, but to deprive the ene- 
 mies of the republic of a place of refuge. He was instructed, also, to demand tlie 
 surrender of the forts. But when the flag approached it was fired upon by a 12- 
 I)Ounder at Fort St. Michael, which was garrisoned by the British, and over whicli 
 the Spanish and British flags had been conjointly waving until the day before. Wlicii 
 Pierre reported these facts, Jackson sent a Spanish prisoner, whom he had captured 
 on the way, to the governor, with a message demanding an explanation. Manrequcz 
 denied all knowledge of the outrage, and gave an assurance that if another flag should 
 be sent it would be respected. Pierre went again at midnight, and submitted to the 
 governor a proposal from Jackson that American garrisons should be admitted into 
 Forts St. Michael and Barancas imtil the Spanish government could procure a suf- 
 ficient force to enable it to maintain its neutrality against violations of it by the 
 British, who had possessed themselves of the fortresses, notwithstanding the alleircil 
 remonstrances and protests of the Spanish governor ; also that the American trooji^ 
 should be withdrawn as soon as such a respectable force should arrive, 
 
 Jackson's proposition was reinjected by the governor after consultation with liis 
 chief officers. The consequence was, that, before dawn, troops were marching uj)on 
 Pensacola, three thousand in number,^ for Jackson had resolved to have no fartlier 
 
 '' November. 
 
 1 Wllltam Lawrence was a native of Maryland. He entered the service as> second llcntenant of Infantry in June, ISOl. 
 He was adjutant in 1807, captain in 1810, major in April, 1814, and wag breveted lieutenant colonoi for his gallant ecrv- 
 icci at if'ort Bowyer. He was made full llcntenant colouol in 1818, and in 1824 was breveted colonel for ten years' failb- 
 ful services. He was made full colonel in IS'iS, and resigned in Jul; 1S31. 
 
 a These consisted of about one thousand logulars, composed of the Third, Thirty-ninth, and Forty-fourth Infantry, 
 the Tennessee Voliuitners, and a battalion of volunteer dragoons fror-. the Mississippi Territory. 
 
 5 The right of the column consiiicd of Tennessee Volunteers, nndc- General Codec : tho centre, of the Thirty-third 
 and Forty-fourth regulars, .luder Major Woodruff; and f<\e left, of the Tennessee militia and Ohoctaw Indians, unilei 
 Majors Blue and Kennedy, with a battalion of Mistissippi dragions commanded by Major Hinds. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1023 
 
 Hon of a Flag of Truce. 
 
 The Americans In Peusaculn. 
 
 Flight oftho British and Indiana. 
 
 New Orleuna aroancd. 
 
 parley with the authorities. They took a direction, under the mask of some mount- 
 ed men, to avoid the fire of Fort St. Michael and the ships in the harbor. Their 
 course lay along the beach, toward the east part of the town, but the sand was so 
 heavy that they could not drag the cannon through it. Tlien the centre of tlie col- 
 umn was ordered to charge into the town. This was gallantly done, and in the prin- 
 til)al street they were met by a two-gun battery, which opened upon them with balls 
 and grape-shot, while a shower of musketry was poured upon them from the gardens 
 and liouses. Captain Laval and his company charged the battery and captured it, 
 when the frightened governor appeared with a Avliite flag, and made promises to 
 comply with any terms Jackson might propose if he would spare the town. An in- 
 stant surrender of all the forts was demanded and promised, and after some delay 
 this was done. But Fort Barancas, six miles distant, and cominaiuling the harbor, in 
 which the British ships lay (the most important of all the fortifications), was yot in 
 the hands of the enemy. Tliis Jackson determined to march suddenly upon the next 
 morning, and, seizing it, turn its guns on the British sliips, and capture or greatly in- 
 jure them before they could escape. But before morning the fort was abandoned 
 and blown up, and the British squadron had left the port, bearing away Lieutenant 
 Colonel Nichols, Captain Woodbine, and a considerable number of Lidians, with the 
 Spanish commandant of the fort, and its garrison of about four hundred men. 
 
 Jackson suspected that the British, who had so suddenly left Pensacola, had re- 
 turned to make another attempt against Mobile while he was absent, so lie immedi- 
 ately withdrew, and hastened with his troops in the same direction by way of Fort 
 Montgomery, leaving Manrequez indignant because of the flight of liis British friends, 
 and the Indians deeply impressed with a feeling thjit it would be very imprudent to 
 again defy the wrath of Andrew Jackson. That leader had, by this expedition, ac- 
 complished three important results, namely, the expulsion of the British from Pen- 
 sacola ; the scattering of the Lidians through the forests, alarmed and dejected ; 
 and tiH- punishment of the Spaniards for much perfidy. lie was denounced by the 
 Opposition, and was not fully sustained by his government, in thus invading the ter- 
 ritory of a neutral without orders ; but tlie people of the West and South, and the 
 Democratic newspapers, applauded his act, which the circumstances of the case 
 seemed to justify. 
 
 Jackson reached Mobile on the 11th of November,* where he found mes- 
 sages urging him to hasten to the defense of New Orleans. The revelations 
 made by Lalltte had not been accepted as true by the government ofiicials ; but the 
 people believed them, and held a large meeting, in consequence, at tlie St. Louis Ex- 
 change, in New Orleans, on the IGth of September. They were eloquently addressed 
 by the late Edward Livingston, then a leading citizen of Louisiana, who urged the 
 iiiliabitants to make immediate prejjarations to repel the contemplated invasion. 
 They appointed a Committee of Safety,' composed of the most distinguished citizens 
 of New Orleans, with Li^^ingston as chairman, who sent forth a stirring address to 
 the people. Governor Claiborne, who, like Livingston, believed the statements of 
 Lafitte, fixjut copies of the British papers to General Jackson, then at Mobile. Then 
 it was that the latter issued his vigorous counter-proclamation, and proceeded to the 
 prosecution of measures for breaking up the nest of enemies at Pensacola, as just re- 
 corded. 
 
 Jackson departed for NeAV Orleans on the 21st of November, and arrived thei'c on 
 the 2d of December, making his head-quarters at what is now 80 (formerly 104) 
 Royal Street (sec engraving on next page). lie found the city utterly defenseless, 
 and the councils of the people distracted by petty factions. The patriotic Governor 
 Claiborne had called the Legislature together as early as the 5th of October. The 
 
 I Thia committee consisted of Edward Livingston, Pierre Foncher, Dnssnn tic la Croix, Benjamin Morgan, George Og- 
 ilen, Dominique Bouligny, .'/. A. Dcstrehan, John Blauque, und Augustine Macart..'. 
 
1024 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 !!■ 
 
 ^im 
 
 Tlje WcakucBs of New UrlvaiiB. 
 
 Jackson's Arrival hailed with Joy. 
 
 Approach of the Invaders. 
 
 members were divided into several factions, and 
 tliere was neitlier union, nor harmony, nor confi- 
 dence to be found. Tlie people, alarmed and dis- 
 trustful, complained of the Legislature ; that body, 
 in turn, complained of tlie governor ; and Claiborne 
 comj)lained of both the Legislature and the people. 
 Money and credit were equally wanting, and arms 
 and ammunition were very scarce. There was no 
 effective naval force in the adjacent waters ; and 
 only two small militia regiments, and a weak bat- 
 talion of uniformed volunteers, commanded by Ma- 
 jor Plauche, a gallant Creole, constituted the mil- 
 itary force of the 
 city.' The store- 
 houses were tilled 
 with valuable mer- 
 chandise, and it 
 would be natural 
 
 ^fi- ::^-^; -:._ 
 
 JAOKBON 8 I.ITV llKAIP-yUAKTEUS. 
 
 MAJdll IM.AL'OIIK. 
 
 for the owners to prefer the surrender 
 of the city at once to a seemingly in- 
 vincible foe, to incurring the risk of 
 the destruction of their property by a 
 resistance that should invite a fiery 
 bombai'dment. Li every aspect tlie 
 situation was most gloomy when Jack- 
 son arrived, worn down witli sickness, 
 fatigue, and anxiety. Ilis advent Avas 
 hailed with great joy by the citizens, 
 for he was regarded as a host hi him- 
 self; and the cry of " Jackson's come ! 
 Jackson's come !" went like an electric 
 sjiark in eager words from lip to lip, 
 giving hojjc to the desponding, courage 
 to the timid, and confidence to the patriotic. 
 
 Jackson did not rest for a moment. lie organized the feeble military force in tlK 
 city ; took measures for obstructing the large bayous, whose waters formed conveiiioiit 
 communications between the Mississippi near New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and proceeded to inspect and strengthen the fortifications in the vichiity and to erect 
 new ones. Fort St. Pliilip, below the city, was the object of his s]>eeial cai'e, for on 
 that he mainly relied for preventing the passage of the river by the vessels of the 
 invaders. 
 
 The expected enemy soon appeared. The army that captured Washington and 
 was repulsed at Baltimore had left the Chesajieake toward the middle of October, 
 three thousand strong, and sailed away for the West Lidies in the fleets of Admirals 
 Cochrane and Malcolm. These were soon joined by over four thousand troops uinler 
 General Ke.n-ne, a gallant young Irish officei-, who had sailed fr^mi Plymouth in Sep- 
 tember. The combined forces were assembled in Negril Bay, Jamaica, and in over 
 fifty vessels of all sizes more than seven th.ousand land troops were borne across tlu 
 Gulf of Mexico in the direction of New Orleans. They left Negi-il Bay on the 20tli 
 of November, and first saw the northern shore of the Gulf, off the Chandeleur Islaiuls, 
 
 ' This battalion numbered three hnndrcfl and eiirhty-flve moTi, and was composed of the companies named respect- 
 Ively Uvlann, or foot dragoons, under Capialn St. Genre ; Francs, Captain Hudry j Louisiana Bhtes, Captain Maunsf' 
 WLife ; and Chaaseura, Captain Ouibert. 
 
PI) 
 
 roach of the InvurtcrH. 
 
 OF THE WAU OF 1812, 
 
 1025 
 
 nV llKAli-WUAttfKUS. 
 
 )refer the surrender 
 to a seemingly in- 
 ;urring the risk of 
 their property hy a 
 DuUl invite a fiery 
 I every aspect the 
 gloomy when Jack- 
 down with sickness, 
 y. Ilis advent was 
 joy by the citizens, 
 •d as a host in him- 
 )f " Jackson's come ! 
 went like an electric 
 irds from lip to lip, 
 esponding, courage 
 
 military force in tli' 
 
 s formed convciiioiit 
 
 the Gulf of Mexico, 
 
 icinity and to erect 
 
 i51>oei!il care, for on 
 
 y the vessels of the 
 
 ed Washington nml 
 
 middle of Octohcr, 
 
 le fleets of Admirals 
 
 )usand troops mnUr 
 
 in Plymouth in Scj)- 
 
 amaica, and in over 
 
 ere borne across tlie 
 
 ril Bay on the 2(itli 
 
 Chandeleur Islands, 
 
 le companies named rcupect- 
 iana BhM, Captain MauBSf' 
 
 The British deceived. Preparntlons to receive the Invaden. The British prepare for a Fight on Lake Barffne. 
 
 hetwoen the month of the Mississippi and Laho Horgno, in the midst of a furious 
 stoi-m, on the Otli of December. Music, dancing, tlieatrical performances, and liilarity 
 of every kind had been indulged in diiring the i)aHsage of the (iulf, for every man felt 
 confident that an easy coiupiest of Louisiana awaited them. Tlic wives of many ofii- 
 cei's accom])anied tiiein, and were filled with the most delightful anticipations of 
 |)lcasure in the beautifid New World before thom. 
 
 The Hritish supposed the Americans to be pi'ofi)undly ignorant of their expeclition. 
 They anchored the fieet in the deep channel bet\r>'cn Siiip and Cat Islands, near the 
 eiitraTice to Lake Jiorgne, ami ])repared small vessels for the transportation of troops 
 over the shallow waters of that region with gi'cat expedition, hoping to surprise and 
 captui'c New Orleans before their presence siiould be fairly suspected. Tliey were 
 disappointed. The revelations of Lafitte had made ofticers and people vigilant ; and 
 eaily in December, Commander Daniel T. Patterson,' then commanding the naval sta- 
 tion at New Orleaii-, was warned by a letter from Pensacola of the apjjroach of a 
 powerful British land and naval armament. That vigilant officer immediately sent 
 out five gun-boats, a tender, and a dispatcli-boat toward tiie ])!isses of jMiiriana and 
 Ciiristian, as scouts to watch for the enemy. They were commanded by Lieutenant 
 (late Commodore) Tliomas Ap Catesby Jones, who sent two gun-boats, under the re- 
 spective commands of Lieutenant M'Keever and Sailing-master L^lrick, to Dauphin 
 Island, at the entrance to Mob le Bay, to catch the fii it intelligence of the foe. They 
 discovered the great fleet on tlie 10th of December, and hastened to report the fact to 
 Lieutenant Jones. Patterson had ordei'cd tiiat officer to take such position as M'ould 
 enable him, in tlie event of the enemy making their way into Lake Borgne, to cut off 
 their barges and prevent the landing of troops. If Jones should be liard pressed, he 
 was to fallback to the mud fort of Petites Coquilles, near the mouth of the Kigolets, 
 between Lakes Borgne and Pontcliartrain, and shelter his vessels under its guns. 
 
 When, on the arf'ternoon of the 10th, the fog that succeeded the storm had cleared 
 away, and the iJritish fleet were in full view, Jones made for tlie Pass Christian witli 
 liis little flotilla, where he anchored, and waited the ai)i)roach of the invaders. He 
 was discovered by the enemy on the i:3tli, much to their astonishment. It i.'as evi- 
 dent that the Americans were acquainted Avith the intentions of the British, and had 
 made preparations to meet them, Cochrane immediately gave orders for a cliange 
 in the plan of operations. It would not do to attempt the landing of troops while 
 Amei'ican gun-boats were patrolling the waters of Lake Borgne. So he prepared a 
 flotilla of almost sixty barges, the most of them carrying a carronade in the bow and 
 an ample number of armed volunteers from the fleet, and sent them, in command of 
 Captain Lockyer, to capture or destroy tie American vessels. These were observed 
 by Jones at four o'clock in the afternoon, when, in obedience to orders, he proceeded 
 with his flotilla toward the Rigolets. A calm, and adverse Avater currents would not 
 allow liim to pass the channel between Point Clear of the main and Malheureux Isl- 
 and, and there he andiored at two o'clock on the morning of the 14th. Jones's flag- 
 ship was a little sloop of eighty tons, and the other ves- 
 sels of his tiny squadron were commanded respectively 
 by Sailing-masters Ferris and Ulrick, and Lieutenants 
 M'Keever and Speddon. The total number of men was 
 one hundred and eighty-two, and of guns twenty-three. 
 
 1 Daniel T. Patterson was born In the State of New Tork, and entered the 
 navy as a miLlshipmau in ISon, nndcr Commodore Bainljrid^e, and was with 
 that ofllcer as a captive hi Tripoli. He was promoted to lieutenant in ls(i7, 
 and to master commandant in 1813. After his valuable services near New 
 Orleans he was promoted to captain, in February, 1S15. From 1828 to 1SS2 ho 
 scrv»d as navy commissioner, and from 1S;12 to ISiis commanded a squadron 
 In the Mediterranean. lie died while in command of the navy yard at Wash- 
 inglnn on the 16th of August, 1S3!), and was buried in the Coiifrrcssionnl Bury- 
 ing-ground aear that city, where a Bmall, neat monument marks his grave. 
 
 3 T 
 
 pattebson's uondmemt. 
 
 m 
 
1C26 
 
 PICTOKlAi, FIELD-BOOK 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 Lj 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 ■ ! 
 
 liiil&ii ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 Battle uf Hiirgei and Onn-boat«. 
 
 Capture of the Amerlcau Floltlla. 
 
 Prcparatloiu to attack Mew Orlttaot. 
 
 With a cool mornint; Itroczo, tin' ISiitish biii'LCPH, containing twelve Imndrctl men, 
 bore down npon Joih's'h flotilla, wliilu the tender, . \llii/<itoi; was in the distance, vainly 
 endeavoring to join the AnierieanH. The barges, with six oarH on each side, lornied 
 a long, straight line, and in that order swept rapidly forward, whilv .lones reserved his 
 fire until they were within close range. Then M'Keever hurled a t'J-pound ball ovci 
 the water, and a shower of grape-shot, which broke the liritish line ami made great 
 confusion. Hut the invaders pushed forward, and it half i)ast eleven o'clock the en- 
 gagement became general and desperate. At one lime Jiuies's boat was ittackcd by 
 no less tlian fifteen barges. The Alligator was captured early, and, by the force of 
 
 jT •• ffunffaufjiu 
 
 
 IS BARQC 
 ATTAOniN OAPuJONES 
 
 -1 ^_^;-.--' ;... «rTWJKIIWI t 
 
 
 
 O^T or THE REAOH OF !> P *. 
 I 
 
 "jj ite ^ 
 
 ONEMILI 
 
 
 7Vae£,' t.V.V/.V.£^V?'A!iAW««.Wi/^A*A 
 
 ImM^ 
 
 DEC.14TH.iei4. W^ 
 
 overwhelming numbers, the British, after a combat of almost an hour, gained a com- 
 plete victory. It was at the cost of several of their barges, that were shattered and 
 sunk, and about three hundred men killed and wounded. The Americans lost only 
 six men killed and thirty-five wounded. Among the latter were Lieuteuiints Jones, 
 M'Keever, Parker, and Speddon. The British commander (Lockyer) was severely 
 wounded; so also was Lieutenant Pratt, who, under the direction of Cockburn, had 
 fired the national buildings of Washingtoii City a little more than a hundred days 
 before. 
 
 The capture of the American gnn-l)oats gave the British complete control of Lake 
 Borgne, and the lighter transports, filled with troops, immediately entered it. Ship 
 after ship got aground, until at length the troops were all placed in small boats and 
 conveyed about thirty miles to the Isle des Pois (or Pea Island), at the m<nith of the 
 Pearl liiver, and that desert spot was made the place of general rendezvous. Thoiv 
 they landed between the 16th and 20th of December, and there General Keane organ- 
 ized his army for future operations. 
 
 Cochrane had been informed by some former Spanish residents of New Orleans 
 that at the northwestern extremity of Lake Borgne there was a bayou (Bienvenu) 
 navigable for large barges to within a short distance of the Mississippi River, just 
 bck)W New Orleans. He sent a party to explore it. They followed this bayou, and 
 a canal across V^illere's plantation, to a point half a mile from the Mississippi and nine 
 miles below tlu' city, and, hastening back, reported that the transportation of troops 
 through that bayou wan feasible. Vigorous measures were immediately adopted for 
 an advance upon New Orleans, where the British troops were assured that wealth and 
 ease awaited them. They Avere encouraged by ex-ofticials of the old Spanish gove* 
 ment of Louisiana, who went to the British camp from New Orleans and represented 
 Jackson as ^mi ignorant tyrant, letested by the people, and void of any efficient means 
 for defending the city. 
 
 Jack8<Hi was informed of the capture of the American gun-boats early on the 15th, 
 
OF TliK WAU OF 1812. 
 
 1027 
 
 I to stuck New Orl«»ni. 
 
 ve hundred mon, 
 10 distance, v:\iiily 
 caoli Hido, luniii'd 
 I ones reserved liis 
 I'J-poiind ball over 
 and made ;j,n iit 
 en o'clock the cm 
 ,t was ittacked hy 
 id, by tlK' force of 
 
 Jucknun'i Preparatloni for DeteiiM, 
 
 A grnud Review. 
 
 Ulapoiltton of Troopt, 
 
 hour, gained a eom- 
 Iwere shattered ami 
 inericans lost only 
 Liontenantfi Jones, 
 kyor) was severely 
 11 of Cockbuni, liml 
 lan a hundred days 
 
 etc control of Lake 
 
 entered it. Sliiji 
 in small boats and 
 at the mouth of tho 
 
 ndezvous. There 
 iieral Keane organ- 
 its of New Orlenns 
 
 bayou (Hiinvenu) 
 ssissippi River, just 
 ,ved this bayou, ami 
 Mississippi and niiu' 
 ,portation of troojjs 
 diately adopted for 
 red that wealth and 
 old Spanish gove-^ 
 ans and represented 
 
 any efficient means 
 
 8 early on the 15th, 
 
 when returning from a tour of observ.ntion in the direction of the l{iver ("hef Men- 
 leur, iiorllieastward of the city. He at once pcireiveil (lie importance of securing 
 ihe passage of tiie Chef Meiiteur Road, that crosses the plain of (ientilly in that di- 
 rection finm the city to tlie strait between hakes lioigne and I'oiileharl rain, and he 
 ordered Major Lacosie, with his niililia battalion of colored men and the drai;o(ms of 
 Feliciana, to proceed at once with two pieces of artillery, take post at the eontbience 
 of Hayoii Sjuivage and the River ('hef Menteur, guard the road, cast up a redoubt at 
 its terminus, and watch and ojipose the enemy, lie also proceeded to fortify and 
 strengthen every point of approach to the city; sent messengers to Generals C'ott'ee, 
 Ciinoll, and Thomas, urging them to hasten to New Orleans with their commands as 
 (|iiickly as ]iossiltle, and forwarded a dispatch to General Winchester, in command at 
 Mobile, directing liim to bo on the alert. Then he appointed the 18th of December 
 tor a grand review of all the remaining troojis in New Orleans, in front of the old 
 Cathedral of St. Louis, in the Place d'Armes (now Jackson S(piare), one of the yet re- 
 maining relics of the Spanish dominion in Louisiana. It was a memorable day in 
 
 TlIK l)I.l> HI'AMhJI (;ATUi:i>ItAI. AMI UUVh.U.NMKNT IKIIBE.' 
 
 Xcw Orleans. Tlie whole population were out to witness the spectacle. The imjiend- 
 iiig danger was great, while the military force Avas small and weak. Strength and 
 resolution were (iommunicated to it by stirring sentences from the lips of Jackson, 
 :ind a thrilling and eloquent appeal which was read by his aid-de-camj), Edward Liv- 
 inu'ston.^ The enthusiasm of the soldiers and citizens was intense; anrl J.acksoii, tak- 
 ini; advantage of that state of public feeling, silenced the distracting voices of faction 
 liy declaring martial law and tlie suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas 
 corpus. 
 
 AVhcn the review was over. Major Plauche was sent with liis battalion to the 
 
 Bayou St. John, northward of the city; and at its mouth, on Lake Pontcliartrain, 
 
 Major Hughes was in command of Fort St. John. The Baratarians, on the urgent 
 
 ; solicitation of their chief, Lafittc, were accei)ted as volunteers, mustered into the 
 
 ' This is from a sketcli made by the author in April, ISCl, from Jackson Sqnnrc. The Qovernment IIonBe is t>eeu on 
 I llie rljht. 
 
 ' Edward Livingston was born on the Livineston manor, on the Hudson, iu I'M. He was Rrnduated at Princeton 
 [Collcjie in 1781, and was admitted to tho bar in 17S5. He was elerled to a sent in Congress in WM, to which he was re- 
 [ flortcd nntil 1801, when President Jefferson a;)pointed him Unili'd States District Attorney for New York. He made 
 I New Orleans his residence. He was the anthor of the penal codo of Louisiana, adopted in 1824. He was <igain in C'on- 
 LTess in ls23, and iu the National Senate in 1K2(>. He « is appointed American minister to the French Court in 1833. 
 f He died at his residence in Duchess County, New York, on the 23d of May, 1S37. 
 
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 1028 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Temper of the People. 
 
 The British approach the MlBslRstppl. 
 
 They capture a Picket-guard. 
 
 
 FOET BT, JOHN IN ISCl. 
 
 ranks, and drilled to the per- 
 formance of important serv- 
 ices, under the command of 
 Captains Dominique You,Be- 
 luche, Songis, Lagaud, and 
 Co) son, at Forts Petites Co- 
 quillcs, St. Philip, and St. 
 John. The people cheerful- 
 ly submitted to martial law ; 
 and, in the languages of En- 
 gland, France, and Spain, the 
 streets were made to resound 
 Avith "Yankee Doodle," tlie 
 " Marseillaise Hymn," and 
 the" Chant du Depart." The 
 women were as enthusiai-tic 
 as the men, and at windows, 
 on balconies, in the streets, 
 and public squares, they applauded the passing soldiers by waving of scarfs and 
 handkerchiefs and uttering cheering words. Martial music was continually heard, 
 and New Orleans appeared more like a military camp than a quiet mart of commerce, 
 Business was mostly suspended, and the Legislature passed a law for prolonging the 
 term of payment on all contracts until the first of the ensuing May. Military rule 
 was complete. Able-bodied men of every age, color, and nationality, excepting Brit- 
 ish, were pressed into the service ; suspicious persons were sent out of the city, and 
 no one was allowed to pass the chain of sentinels around it without a proper official 
 permission. 
 
 While these preparations for the reception of the invaders were in progress, the 
 Brijtish were making, unceasing eiforts to press forward and take New Orleans by 
 surprise. They had determined to make use of the Bayou Bienvenu and Villcre's 
 Canal for the purpose ; but with all their exertions, and after pressing the captured 
 gun-boats into the cervice, they could not muster vessels enough fitted to navigate 
 that bayou to carry more than one third of the army. Keane felt so confident of 
 success, even with a small part of his forc;>, that he could not brook farther ilrday; 
 and on the morning of the 22d of December — a rainy, chilly, cheerless morning— a 
 flotilla filled with troops set out, the advance, comprising eighteen hundred men, 
 commanded by L'eutenant Colonel Thornton, who had been wounded at Bladensburg. 
 These were accompanied by General Keane and his staif and other important, ofiiccrs, 
 and werp followed by the remainder. Admiral Cochrane was in a schooner, at a prop- 
 er distance to watch and direct the squadron. All day and all night they were out 
 upon the lake in open boats. A clear sky and biting frost came at sunset, and tlu 
 wet clothing of the soldiers was stiffened into icincss by the cold night air. Their 
 discomforts ended in a measure at dawn, when they reached the Fisherman's Village 
 (inhabited by Spaniards and Portuguese, who were spies and traitors), at the moutli 
 of the Bayou Bienvenu. They were only twelve miles from New Orleans, and not a 
 soul in that city suspected their approach. 
 
 Yet there were vigilant eyes, wide open, watching the invaders. At the head of 
 the Bayou Bienvenu was the plantation of General Villere, the commander of the 
 first division of Louisiana militia. Jackson had instructed his son. Major Gabriel 
 Viller6, to watch that bayou with a competent picket-guard. He did so, faithfully; 
 but when the British landed at Fisherman's Village they captured the most of them. 
 It proved to be a fortunate circumstance, for these men so magnified the number of 
 Jackson's troops, and the strength of the defenses around New Orleans, that they 
 
They capture a Picket-guard. 
 
 and drilled to the per- 
 nce of important serv- 
 mder the command of 
 ihi8 Dominique You, He- 
 , Songis, Lagaud, and 
 n, at Foils Petites Co- 
 e's, St. Philip, and St. 
 The people cheerful- 
 bmitted to martial law; 
 in the languages of En- 
 1, France, and Spain, the 
 tB were made to resound 
 
 "Yankee Doodle," the 
 irseillaise Hymn," and 
 ^ Chant du Depart." The 
 len were as enthusiat-tic 
 le men, and at windows, 
 balconies, in the streets, 
 )y waving of scarfs and 
 c -was continually heard, 
 t qniet mart of commerce. 
 
 a law for prolonging tlie 
 uing May. Military rule 
 itionality, excepting Ihit- 
 
 sent out of the city, and 
 b without a proper official 
 
 lers were in progress, the 
 md take New Orleans hy 
 [u Bienver.u and Villere's 
 ter pressing the captured 
 ■nough fitted to navigate 
 :eane felt so confident of 
 not brook farther .blay; 
 ,ly, cheerless mornii. — a 
 t "eighteen hundred men, 
 ■wounded at Bladensburg. 
 k other important. officers. 
 Is in a schooner, at a proi> 
 d all night they were out | 
 t came at sunset, and tlu j 
 Ihe cold night air. Tlieiv ] 
 |d the Fisherman's Village 
 lid traitors), at the moutli 
 In New Orleans, and not a 
 
 avaders. At the head of | 
 fe, the commander of thi 
 Jed his son, Major Gahricl 
 hi. He did so, faithfully; 
 iiptured the most of them, 
 [magnified the number of 
 New Orleans, that they 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1029 
 
 The BrltiBh at Villere's. 
 
 Jackson warned of Danger. 
 
 The Response to his Call for Troops. 
 
 moved cautiously, and failed to surprise the vigilant hero in the city. They moved 
 slowly up the bayou ; but when they reached Viller6'8 Canal the active Thornton 
 pushed forward with a detachment, surrounded the mansion of the plantation, which 
 b in sight of the Mississippi, and succeedec" in capturing Major Villere. He soon es- 
 
 VILLEB^'S MANSION.! 
 
 caped, fled to the house of his neighbor, the gallant Colonel De la Ronde, and in a 
 boat they hastened across the Mississippi. There, at the stables of M. De la Croix, 
 one of the Committee of Public Safety of New Orleans, they procured fleet horses, 
 and with that gentleman rode swiftly up the levee on the right bank of the river, and 
 crossed again at New Orleans to wavn Jackson of the approach of the foe. Augustus 
 Rousseau, an active young Creole, who had been sent by Captain Ducros, was already 
 there. He iiad reached Jackson's head-quarters in Royal Street with the startling 
 intelligence at about one o'clock, and a few minutes afterward Major Villere and his 
 party entered. " Gentlemen," said Jackson to the officers and citizens around him, 
 "the British are below; we must fight them to-night !" He then ordered three dis- 
 charges of cannon to give the alarm, and sent marohing orders to several of the mil- 
 itary commanders. 
 
 Jackso.i's call upon Coffee, Carroll, and others, had been quickly responded to. 
 Coffee came speedily over the long and tedious route from Fort Jackson, on the Ala- 
 bama River, to Baton Rouge, and was now encamped, with his brigade of mounted 
 riflemen, on Avart's plantation, five miles above New Orleans. The active young 
 Carroll, who had left Nashville in November with Tennessee militia, arrived in flat- 
 boats and barges at about the same time, and brought into camp a regiment of young, 
 brave, well-armed, but inexperienced soldiers, expert in the use of the rifle, and eager 
 for battle. They landed on the 22d of December, ami were hailed by Jackson with 
 great joy. A troop of horse, under the dashing young Hinds, raised in Louisiana, 
 came at about the same time. 
 
 When, in the afternoon of the 23d, Jackson issued his marching orders, Coffee's bri- 
 gade was five miles above the city ; Plauch6's battalion was at Bayou St. John, two 
 miles distant ; the Louisiana militia and half of Lacoste's colored battalion were three 
 miles ofl^, on the Gentilly Road ; and the regulars (Forty-fourth) under Colonel Rosf;, 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 ^■1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \\ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 > This is from a sketch made by the author in April, ISO), 
 trees, were the sugiir-works of the plantation. 
 
 The bul'.uiugs seen in the distance, beyond the Avenue of 
 
^S99 
 
 '?; I 
 
 ' ii. 
 
 1030 
 
 PICTORIAL FIEI.D-BOOK 
 
 Jsckaon moves against the Invaders. Tiietr Camp broken up by the CaroUtia. American Troops hasten to the Scene. 
 
 with Colonel M'Rea's artillery, a little more tlian eight hundred strong, were at Fort 
 St. Charles, on the site of the present United States Branch Mint in New Orleans, 
 and in the city barracks. Within an hour after Jackson was informed that the in- 
 vaders were on the direct road to the city, along the river, and only nine miles dis- 
 tant, these troops were all in motion under special orders. Carroll and his Tenrtos- 
 seeans were dispatched to the upper branch of the Bayou Bienvenu ; farthor up tlu' 
 Gentilly Road Governor Claiborne was stationed with the Louisiana milit?a ; an<l 
 Coffee's brigade, Plauche's and D'Aquin's battalions, Hinds's dragoons, the New Or- 
 leans Rifles, under Captain Beale, and a few Choctaw Indians, commanded by Captain 
 Jugeat, were ordered to rendezvous at Montreuil's plantation, and hasten to Canal 
 Rodriguez, six miles below the city, and there prepare to advance upon the foe. 
 Commodore Patterson was directed to proceed down the Mississippi to the flank of 
 the British at Villcre's with such armed vessels as might be in readiness. Such was 
 the scanty force with which Jackson proceeded to fight a foe of unknown numbois 
 and strength. 
 
 While Jackson was assembling his troops, the invaders were making ready to march 
 on New Orleans that night and take it by surpiise. Thoy sent forward a negi'o to 
 distribute a proclamation, signed by General Keano and Admiral Cochrane, printed 
 in French and Spanish, which read thus : 
 
 " IiOtdsianians / remain quietly in your homes; your .•slaves shall be preserved tu 
 you, and your property respected. We make war only against Americans." 
 
 Tl)'; British were bivouacked on the highest part of Villcre's plantation, at the side 
 of the levee and on the plain ; and in the court between Villcre's house (in Avhicli 
 Keane and some of his officers made their head-quarters) and his sugar-works' they 
 had mounted several cannon. They were in fine spirits. Full one half of the invad- 
 ing troops had been brought to the banks of the Mississippi, only nine miles from 
 New Orleans, without firing a gun after capturii,g Jones's flotilla, and they believed 
 their near approach to be wholly unknown, and not even suspected, in the city. They 
 were soon undeceived. 
 
 At seven o'clock in the evening, the schooner Carolina, the only vessel in readiness 
 at New Orleans, commanded by Captain Henley, dropped down the river, and an- 
 chored off Villcre's, within musket-shot 
 distance of the centre of the British 
 camp. At half past seven she opened 
 a tremendous fire from her batteries, 
 and in the course of ten minutes killed 
 or wounded at least a hundred men. 
 The British extinguished their camp- 
 fires, and poured upon the Carolina a 
 shower of bullets and Congrevo rock- 
 etfc, but with no serious effect. In less 
 than half an hour the schoone'; drove 
 the enemy from their camp, and pro- 
 duced great confusion among them. 
 The American troops in the mean time, 
 startled by the concerted signal of the 
 Carolina's cannonade, were moving on, 
 guided by Colonel De la Ronde, who 
 was a volunteer with Beale's riflemen, 
 and Major Viller6, who accompanied 
 the commander in -chief. The right, 
 under Jackson, was composed of the 
 
 TENNIS I>B I.A BONIIK. 
 
 > See note and picture on page 1029. 
 
lean Troops haHten to the Scene, 
 
 eil strong, were at Fort 
 Mint in New Orleans, 
 s informed that the in- 
 ,nd only nine miles dis- 
 CarroU and his Tennos- 
 envenn ; fiirthor up tlio 
 Louisiana militia ; and 
 dragoons, the New Or- 
 commanded by Captain 
 m, and hasten to Canal 
 advance upon the foe. 
 saissippi to the flank of 
 in readiness. Such was 
 le of unknown numbers 
 
 I making i-eady to marcli 
 ;ent forward a negro U 
 miral Cochrane, printed 
 
 3s shall be preserved to 
 ist Americans." 
 's plantation, at the side 
 illere's house (in whicii 
 d his sugar-works' they 
 ill one half of the invad- 
 )i, only nine miles from 
 ptilla, and they believed 
 cted, in the city. They 
 
 only vessel in readiness 
 own the river, and an- 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1031 
 
 The British A'.armed and Cocf^ised. 
 
 A Night Battle. 
 
 regulars, Plauche's and D'Aquin's brigades, M'Rea's artillery, and some marines, and 
 moved down the road alni>g the levee ; while the left, under Coffee, composed of his 
 brigade, Hinds's dragoon.?, and Bealc's rifles, skirted the edge of a cypress swamp for 
 the purpose of endeavoring to cut off" the communications of the invaders with Lake 
 liorgne. Such was the simple plan of the battle, on the part of the Americans, on 
 the night of the 23d of December, 3 81 4. 
 
 The alarm and confusion in the British camp, caused by the attack of the Carolina, 
 had scarcely been checked when they were startled by the crack of musketry in the 
 direction of their outposts. Keane now gave full credence to the tales of his prison* 
 (jrs about the large number of troops — "more tlian twelve thousand" — in New 
 Orleans, and gave the dashing Thornton full liberty to do as he liked. Thornton at 
 once led a detachnw*nt, composed of the Eighty-fifth and Ninety-fitJ.h Regiments, to 
 the support of the pickets, and directed the Fourth, five hundred strong, to take post 
 on Villere's Canal, near head-quarters, to keep open the communication with Lake 
 Borgne. Thornton and his detachment were soon met by a resolute column under 
 the immediate command of Jackson, He had made the Canal Rodriguez, w^lich con- 
 nect ^ ;;» Mississippi with the cypress swamp, his base of operations. He advanced 
 with a» out fifteen hundred men and two pieces of artillery, perfectly covered with 
 the gloom of night. Lieutenant M'Clelland, at the head of a company of tho Seventh, 
 filing through De la Ronde's gate, advanced to the boundary of Lacoste's plantation, 
 where, under the direction of Colonel Piatt, the quartermaster general, he encoun- 
 tered and attacked the British pickets, who were posted in a ditch behind a fence, 
 and drove them back. These were speedily re-enforced, and a brisk engagement en- 
 sued, in which Piatt received a wound, and M'Clelland and a sergeant were killed. 
 
 In the mean time the artillerists advanced up the Levee Road with the marines, 
 when the British made a desperate attempt to seize their guns. There was a fierce 
 struggle. Jackson saw it, and hastening to the spot, in the midst of a shower of bul- 
 lets, he shouted, " Save the guns, my boys, at any sacrifice !" They did so, when the 
 Seventh Regiment, commanded by Major Pierre, advanced, and, being joined by the 
 Forty-fourth, the engagement became general between them and Thornton's detach- 
 ment. Plaucho and D'Aquin soon joined their comrades, and the tide of success 
 turned in favor of the Americans. The British, hard pressed, fell sullenly back to 
 their original line unmolested, for the prudent Ross, commanding the regulars, would 
 not allow a pursuit. Had it been permitted, it would have resulted, as was after- 
 ward discovered, most disastrously for the invaders. This conflict occurred not far 
 from De la Ronde's garden. 
 
 General Coffee in the mean time had advanced to the back of De la Ronde's plan- 
 tation, Avhere his riflemen were dismount- 
 
 ed, and their horses placed in charge of a 
 hundred men at the canal that separated 
 De la Ronde's from Lacoste's farm, the 
 latter now the propei'ty of D. and E. Vil- 
 Icre. The ground was too much cut up 
 with ditches to allow successful cavalry 
 movements, and Major Hinds and his men 
 remained at one of them, near the middle 
 of Lacoste's. Coffee's division ext mded 
 its front <a& much as possible, and n\oved 
 in silence, while Bealo and his rifle nen 
 stole around the enemy's extreme left, on 
 Villere's plantation, and by a sudd^:, move- 
 ment penetrated almost to the ' cry heart 
 of the British camp, killing so- oral, and 
 
 ULUUSTE'b liANSlUN. 
 
 i : I I ': 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
•' .! 
 
 1032 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 iM * ; 
 
 ii; ;iiiiR;i 
 
 The British fall back to shelter. 
 
 Strength of the Combatants. 
 
 Sir De Lucy Evauii. 
 
 making otliers prisoners. By a blunder, made in consequence of the darkness, a . im- 
 ber of Beale's men were captured. In the mean time, Thornton, with the Eighty- 
 fifth, fell heavily on Coffee's line, and for some time a battle raged fiercely, not in 
 regular order, but in detachments, squads, and often duels. In the darkness fricids 
 fought each other, supposing each to be a foe. The Tennesseeans and British jiflc- 
 men were almost equally expert as sharp-shooters ; but the short weapons of tho En- 
 lish were not so efficient as the long ones of tho American backwoodsmen. The Ten- 
 nesseeans also used long knives and tomahawks vigorously. At last the British fell 
 back, ond took shelter behind the levee, more willing to incur the danger of shots 
 from the Carolina than bullets from the rifles of the Tennesseeans.' 
 
 AFFAIR BELOW 
 
 
 > The loBS of the Americans in tbe affair on the night 
 of the 23d of December was tweniy-fonr Itilled, one liun- 
 dred and fifteen wounded, and seventy-fonr prisoners ; 
 in aii, two hundred and thirteen. Among the liilled was 
 the brave Lieutenant Colonel Lauderdale, of Coffee's bri- 
 gade of mounted riflemen. The British loss was about 
 four hundred men. According to the most careftal esti- 
 mates, the number of Americans engaged in the battle 
 vras about eighteen hundred, while that of the invaders, 
 including the re-cnforceraents that came during the en- 
 gagement, was about twenty-five hundred. The Caro- 
 IvM gave the Americans a great advantage, and made 
 the effective power about equal to that of the foe. 
 
 One of the distinguished British ofBcers wounded in 
 this engagement, and who yet (1807) survives, was Sir 
 De Lacy Evans. Ue was also wounded in tlie battie 
 nearer New Orleans, which occurred a little more than 
 a fortnight later. Sir De Lacy was bom in Ireland in 
 1T87. Be entered the British Army in the East Indies 
 as ensign, and served there fl"om 180T to 1810 in the war 
 again. Ameer Khan. He also served with distinction 
 in Spain. In 1814 he became brevet iientenant colonel 
 of a West India regiment, and was with General Ross in 
 the battle of Bladeiisbur)^, where he had two horses shot 
 under him. He led the column into Washington City. 
 He was active also in tllB movement on Baltimore. Aft- 
 er his second wound before New Orleans be was sent 
 home, and was afterward with Wellington at Qnatre 
 Bras. When the Crimean War broke out he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant general, and commanded tbe second 
 division of the British Army. He greatly distinguished 
 himself in that war. For his per\'ices there he received 
 the Grand Cross of the Bath, a"-^ Louis Napoleon made him grand officer of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 
 B IIR I.AOr KVANS. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 18 12. 
 
 1033 
 
 sir De Lttcy EvauB. 
 
 lie darkne88, a: ..m- 
 I, with the Eighty- 
 ged fiercely, not in 
 he darkness friends 
 ns and British ritie- 
 weapons of tho En- 
 jodsraen. Thf Ten- 
 last the British fell 
 the danger of shots 
 
 The Americans Withdraw. 
 
 A Sklrmiiib on JumoDvlUe'n Plautallon, 
 
 A Memeuto of the Buttle. 
 
 During the engagement the second division of the British arrived from Bayou Bien- 
 venu, and were in the thickest of the light with Coflee for a while ; but the fear of 
 being cut ofl'from communication with the lake and their ships made the enemy too 
 cautious and timid to achieve what their superior numbers qualified them to perform. 
 They kci)t within the lines of iheir camj), and by concentration presented a strong 
 front. Jackson perceived that in the darkness, intensified by a fog that suddenly 
 appeared, he could not follow up liis victory with safety, so }ie led the right division 
 back to the main entrance to De la llonde's plantation, while Coffee encamped near 
 De la Ronde's garden.' 
 
 It was about half past nine when the conflict ceased, and at half past eleven, when 
 ill was becoming quiet in the respective camps, musket-firing was heard in tho direc- 
 tion of Jumonville's plantation, below Villcre's. It was caused by the advance of 
 some Louisiana drafted militia, stationed at .i sharp bend of the Mississippi called the 
 English Turn, under General David Morgan, who liad insisted upon being led against 
 the enemy when they heard the guns of the Carolina early in the evening. They 
 met some British pickets at Jumonville's, exchanged shots with *.hera, encamped there 
 for the night,^nd at dawn returned to their post at the English Turn. 
 
 > In the room of the Iliatorical Society of Tennessee, in the Civpltol at Nashville, may he seen an interestinj; memento 
 of the battle on the night of the 23d of Doceml-or, 1S14. It Is a tattered flag that was borne through that battle by a 
 company from Shelbyville, Tennessee, command-id by Captain James M ,orc. It was presented to that com|)any by the 
 women of Bedford County. It is of silk, of the pattern of the nati(.nal flap, on which was painted a gray eagle bearing 
 a national shield, and a ribbon inscribed Liiikrty anh ImEPENUEMCE. Its appearance when the writer made a sketch 
 of It iu the spring of ISOl is indicated iu the picture below. 
 
 mM 
 
 
 ,■ '] 
 
 « ] ' i 
 
 , .l 
 
 ,|! 
 
 fi-il 
 
 ' 
 
riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Jackaou'a Work not yet done. 
 
 lie ciiHtD up a LInu ufBerenBoa, 
 
 TUo Lcvcc cut. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 "America's glory, which dnzzled the world 
 
 When the toils of our sires had achieved independence, 
 Was brightened when Jackson her banners nnfnrled 
 To protect the dear Ijoon for their yrateful descendants— 
 When the conqueiors of Spain 
 Crossed the boisterous main. 
 Boldly threat'ning to rivet onr fetters agalu ; 
 But a happy new year for Columbia begun 
 When our Jackson secured what our Washington won." 
 
 Saucil Woodwobtb. 
 
 " Whlte-wInged Peace, the dove from heaven's portal, 
 '' Brought with its olive-branch a song immortul, 
 
 That filled all hearts with melody supernal. 
 While yet was heard the battle din infernal." 
 
 ROMPTNESS and vigor marked tlie whole conduct of General 
 JackHon at the critical moment we are considering. By liis ad- 
 vance to meet the invaders he had saved New Orleans from cap- 
 ture, and Louisiana and the Mississippi Valley from conquest. 
 The whole country blessed him for the act. But his full task 
 Avas not accomplished, and he knew it. A host of veteran sol- 
 diers, fresh from the battle-fields of Continental Europe, were be- 
 fore him, and they were not likely to relinquish the footing they 
 had gained on Amer- , 
 
 ican soil without a Vv^i^I^.^ v, 
 
 desperate struggle, so " 
 
 he prepared for it. 
 Leaving the regulars 
 and some dragoons 
 at De la Ronde's to 
 watch the enemy, he 
 fell back with the re- 
 mainder of his armji^ 
 to Rodriguez's Canal, 
 and sot his soldiers to 
 work casting up in- 
 trenchments along its 
 line from the river to 
 the cypress swamp. 
 All day they plied the 
 implements of labor 
 with the greatest vig- 
 or. At sunset a breast- 
 work three feet in height appeared along the entire line of Jackson's army; and the 
 soldiers spent that Christmas eve in much hilarity, for the events of the previous 
 evening had given them the confidence of veterans. Li the mean time, Latour, the 
 chief engineer, had cut the levee in front of Chalmette's plantation, so as to flood the 
 plain between the two armies, and two 6-pounder8 were placed in battery at tlio 
 I This is ft-om a sketch made by the author in April, 1801. 
 
 DE 1.A BONDK'b mansion.' 
 
Tho Lcvec cut. 
 
 L WOOBWOETU. 
 
 conduct of General 
 (idering. By his ad- 
 !w Orlonns from cap- 
 nUey from conquest, 
 t. But his full task 
 
 host of veteran sol- 
 iital Europe, were be- 
 uish the footing they 
 
 ison's army ; and the 
 'ents of the previous 
 lean time, Latour, the 
 ion, 80 as to flood the 
 !ed in battery at the 
 
 OF THE WAlt OF 18 12. 
 
 1035 
 
 Effect of cutting tlip Levee. A gloomy Day. 
 
 Arrival nf General Pakenham. 
 
 Deatrnctlon of the CoMilina. 
 
 
 levee to command the road. The river was so low that the overflow was of little 
 account. Behind these intrenehmeiits, of which each worker was j)r()ud, Jackson's 
 little army spent the Christnuis day of 1814 in preparations for a determined defense 
 of New Orleans and their common country.^ On tiie same day General ^lorgan re- 
 ceived orders to evacuate the post at English Turn, ])hu'{i his cannon and a hundred 
 men in Fort St. Leon, and take position with the remainder on Flood's jjlnntation, 
 opposite Jackson's camp, on the right bank of the Mississi])))!. The cutting of the 
 levee at Chalmettc's and Jumonville's helped the enemy more than it did the Amer- 
 icans, for it caused the almost dry canals and bayous to be filled with sutticient Avater 
 to allow the British to bring up their heavy artillery. Had the jNIissisMppi been full, 
 the invaders would have been placed on an island. 
 
 Tliat Christmas day dawned gloomily for the invaders. The events of • December, 
 the sad" had greatly depressed their spirits, and the soldiers ha<l lost con- ***"• 
 fidence in Keane, their commander. The sky was clouded, the ground was Avet, and 
 the atmosphere was chilly, and shadowing disappointment Avas seen in e.ery face. 
 The gloom AA'as suddenly dispelled by an event Avhich gave great joy to the Avhole 
 army. It was the arrival at camp on that gloomy morning of Lieutenant General 
 Sir Edward Pakeidiam, the "Hero of Salamanca," then only thirty-eight years of 
 age, Avho came to assume the chief command of the invading army. He Avas a true 
 soldier and an honorable man ; and the charge (which might be justly brought against 
 some of the subordinate commanders in that army) that he ottered his soldiers, as a 
 rcAvurd for their services, in the cAcnt of their capturing New Orleans, "the beauty 
 and booty" of the city, is doubtless AvhoUy untrue, for his character Avas the very op- 
 posite of the infamous Cockburn's. There is proof on record that some of the officers 
 made calculations of personal profit from the spoils that Ncav Orleans Avould aftbrd. 
 Pakenham came fresh from Europe, Avith the prestige of eminent success as a com- 
 mander, and his advent at Villere's mansion^ Avas hailed with delight liy officers and 
 soldiers. He, too, Avas delighted Avhen he perused the list of the regiments Avhich he 
 was to command, for those troops, excepting the Ninety-third and the colored regi- 
 ments, had fought all through the Avar on the Spanish Peninsula. 
 
 "While Jackson Avas intrenching, the British were not idle. Thoy Avere employed, 
 day and night, in preparing a heavy b'ttery that should command the Carolina. It 
 was completed on the morning of the 27th, and at seven o'clock a heavy fire Avas 
 opened from it upon the little schooner from several twelve and eighteen pounders, 
 and a hoAvitzer. They hurled hot shot, which fired the Carolina, when her crcAV aban- 
 doned her, and she blew up with a tremendous explosion. The t^chooiicr Z/Ouisiana, 
 commanded by Lieutenant Thompson, had come doAvn to aid her, and Avas in great 
 peril. She was the only armed vessel in the river remaining to the Americans. By 
 great exertions she was towed beyond the sphere of danger, and Avas saved to play 
 a gallant part in events the folloAving day. She was on the opposite side of the riv- 
 er, anchored nearly abreast of the American camp. 
 
 The destruction of the Carolina gave fresh confidence to the invaders, and Paken- 
 ham issued orders for his whole army, then eight thousand strong, to move forAvard 
 and carry the American intrenchments by storm. He had arranged that army into 
 two columns. One Avas commanded by General Keane, and the other by General 
 Gibbs, a good and experienced soldier, who came with Pakenham as his second in 
 command. Toward evening the entire force moved forAvard, driving in the American 
 pickets and outposts, and at twilight they halted on the plantations of Bienvenu and 
 Chalmette, Avithin a fcAV hundred yards of the American lines. There a part sought 
 repose, while others commenced the construction of batteries near rhe river. Sleep 
 was denied them, for all night long Hinds's troopers and other active Americans an- 
 
 ■ The common Impression that Jnckson'fi breastworks wore conetrncted chiefly of cotton biiles Is an erroneons one. 
 A few were used at tbo end next the river, but they were not usefU), and were rejected. a See page 1029. 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 ;■ ■ f 
 
 
 
A J J. .3 
 
 1036 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 B'i t| 
 
 Boat of War iu Loulaluua and Florida. 
 
 \^ tr^'-^ — »"«»'«ijC-^,|==^ 
 
 noyed thoir flanks and rear with quick, sharp attacks, which the British denounced 
 " barbarian warfare." 
 
 as 
 
OF THE WAK OP 1812. 
 
 1037 
 
 Jni-kiinn prepared to receive the Rrltlah, 
 
 Thoy advance to an Attack. 
 
 A nevere nattle. 
 
 \ 
 
 ■X 
 
 Jritish denounced as 
 
 MAOAHT^'h, JAOKHON'h IIKAIl-gHAltTKlCH.' 
 
 •MiV*,.. 
 
 Jackson, in the moan time, had been preparing to receive them. He was aware 
 of tile arrival of Pa- 
 Itoiiliam, and oxpoctod 
 vijjorous warfiiro from 
 liim. His head-(niar- 
 ters were at tho spa- 
 cious cliatcan of M. 
 Macart<i, a wealthy 
 Creole, and from its 
 wide gnliery and a 
 dormer window, seen 
 in the accompanying 
 picture, aided by a tel- 
 escope, ho had a full 
 vievr of the whole field 
 of operations. From 
 thiit chateau, which is 
 yet standing, he sent 
 forth his orders. They 
 were numerous and 
 prompt ; for that night 
 of the 27th of December, when a flushed foe in his immediate front was ready to 
 pounce with tiger-like fierceness upon liim at dawn, was an exceedingly busy one for 
 the commander-in-chief He had caused Chalmette's buildings to be blown up when 
 the enemy a<lvanccd, that the sweep of his artillery might not be obstructed, and he 
 had called to the line sonie Louisiana militia from the rear. He also planted heavy 
 guns; and by the time that the couchant foe was ready for his murderous leap, Jack- 
 son had four thousand men and twenty i)iece8 of artillery to receive him, while the 
 Louisiana was in position to use her cannon m ith signal eflSect in co-operation with 
 the great guns on land. 
 
 The 28th dawned brightly, and as soon as the light fog of early morning had passed 
 away a battle began. The enemy approached in two columns. Gibbs led the right, 
 Avhich kept near the great swamp, throwing out a skirmish line to meet those of the 
 left column, commanded by Keaiie, who kept close to the river, Avith artillery in his 
 front. There was also a party oi skirmishers and light infantry detailed from Gibbs's 
 command, under Colonel Robert Keniiie, a very active ofticer, who was ordered to turn 
 the American left flank and gain the rear of their camp. Pakenham and his staif 
 rode nearly in the centre of the line. At this moment Jackson saw, with great satis- 
 faction, I band of rough-looking armed men coming down the road from the direction 
 of the city. They were Baratarians, under You and Beluche, who had run all the 
 way from Fort St. John. They were immediately placed in charge of one of the 24- 
 pounders, and performed excellent service. They were folloAved by the escaped crew 
 of the Carolina, under Lieutenants Norris and Crawley, who were placed in the line 
 as managers of a howitzer on the right. 
 
 The British under Keane advanced in solid column, in the face of a galling fire of 
 musketry, when they were suddenly checked by the opening of some of Jackson's 
 heavy guns and the batteries of the Louisiana, Avhich swept their line obliquely with 
 terrible effect. More than eight hundred shots were hurled from her guns with dead- 
 ly power. One of them killed and wounded fifteen men. At the same time the Brit- 
 ish rocketeers were busy, but their missiles did very little damage, and tl e Americans 
 soon became too familiar with their harmless noise to be much affected by them. 
 
 For a short time Keane's men endured the terrible storm that was thinning their 
 > This la from a sketcb made by the author in April, 1S61. 
 
 
h ( 
 
 1088 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELU-BOOK 
 
 TiM BrttUb vauquUbed aud repulwd. 
 
 Tbejr bold a (Jouudl of War. 
 
 The American Llnea of Defeime. 
 
 :i:i 
 
 ' ' • 1 
 
 ■ *. 
 
 H ;i 
 
 T <i 
 
 ranks, wlu'ii tlic nmiiiti'imiice of tlit'ir position lii'Ciuno men; fool-liiinlincHs, tiiid Ihi-y 
 wore ordcrod to Hoeit HJu'ltcr iit t'.e littlo faimlK. Away tiit-y ran, ja'il-inoll, to thcHe 
 pljifUH of refuge, and in mud and watiM- ahnost waist-deep tliey "leaned forward," as 
 one of their eomj/anions wrote, "eoncialing tlieinselves in the rushes wliieh grew on 
 tlie hanks of the canal." It was a humiliating position for " Wellingtoirs veterans" 
 ill the faeo of a few rough hackwoodsiiien, as they regarded Jackson's troojjs. Their 
 hatteries were half destroyed, and were ahandoned, and the shattered colun.n, thor- 
 oughly repulu'd, fell hack to a Hheltcr behind tho ruins of Chulmettc's buildings and 
 the perfect ones of IJienvcnu, 
 
 (iil>bs in the mean time wns actively engaged on tlie British riglit. Tlie gallant 
 Ilennie dashed into the t'dge of tlie swainj) to flank the American left, and, driving in 
 tho pickets, approached, within a hundred yards of tho lino behind which, lay Car- 
 roll and his Tennessceaus. Tho movement was obser\(d by Carroll, who sent Colo- 
 nel Henderson, with two hundred Tennessoeans, to gain Reniiie's rear and cut him 
 off from the main body. Advancing too fiir, Henderson encountered a large IJritish 
 lorce, and ho and five of Iiis men wore killed, and several were wounded. The re- 
 mainder retraced their steps. Itennio was then pressing Carroll's left very severely, 
 when Gibbs, observing tho ficrconoss of tho fight on the part of Keanc's column, or- 
 dered the dashing colonel to I'all back on tho main line. Uennio reluctantly obeyed, 
 and was coinpoUed to be an idle spectator of Keano's disaster. At length Pakeii- 
 ham ordered a general retrograde movement, and he retired to his head-<|uarters at Vil- 
 lere's deeply mortified by the failure of his plans, of whose success ho had not allowed 
 liimself to doubt. In this repulse the Louisiana, Avhich was stationed near tho right 
 bank of the Mississippi, played the most efficient part, and lost but one man killed. 
 Tho loss of tho Americans was nine kiliod and eight wounded. The British loss was 
 about one hundred and fifty. 
 
 Pakonhtim called a coinicil of war, when it was resolved to bring forward heavy 
 siege-guns from the navy before making anotlier serious attempt to carry .Jackson's 
 linos. The British established their hospital on Jumonville's plantation, next below 
 Villero's, and prej)ared for heavy work. The experience of tho 28th had given Pa- 
 konham a tost of the spirit of his opposers, and ho was convinced that the task before 
 Jiim was not only difficult, but dajigorous, and that the very salvation of his army de- 
 pended upon cautious movoments, courage, and perseverance. 
 
 J,ack8on was busy at tho same time strengt) ening his position at Rodriguez's Ca- 
 .nal, over which not a single British soldier had passed except as a prisoner. He 
 placed two 12-pounder8 on his extreme loft, near the swamp, in charge of General 
 Garrigue Flauzac, a veteran French soldier who had volunteered ; and also a six and 
 an eighteen pounder under Colonel Perry. His lino of intrenchments was extended 
 into tho swamj), so as to prevent a flank movement. Ho ordered a lino of similar 
 structure to bo established on the opposite side of the Mississippi ; and Commander 
 Patterson, pleased with the effects of the guns of the Louisiana from the same side, 
 established a battery behind the levee on Jourdan's plantation, which he armed with 
 heavy guns from the schooner, and manned with sailors enlisted or pressed into the 
 service in New Orleans. It commanded tho front of Jackson's lines, and soon com- 
 pelled the British to abandon Chalmette's plantation and fall back to the line be- 
 tween Bienvenu's and De la Rondo's. A brick '.;iln on the bank opposite New Or- 
 leans was converted into a square battery, avIucm was armed with two heavy guns 
 that commanded the city and the river road, and ) laced in charge of Captain Henley, 
 of the Carolina. At Jackson's head-quarters, at Macarte's, was a company of young 
 men from the best families in the city, under Captain Ogden, who constituted his 
 body-guard, and were subservient to his immediate orders alone. These were posted 
 in Macarte's garden. There was incessant activity every where among all his troops, 
 for his own spirit was infused into them. The Tennessee riflemen, in particular, de- 
 
OF TlIK WAK OF 1813. 
 
 1030 
 
 rlcao Llnea of Uercims, 
 
 Itedoubu tecretly conitructed bj the BritUb. A heavy Fire ftam them. J«ckwn driven from bli Ue»d-<iuart -in. 
 
 nlincsH, and llit-y 
 
 (I'll-IlloU, to lllCHC 
 
 lied forward," an 
 H wliirh grow on 
 igton'H vet oralis" 
 i'h troops. Tlieir 
 red eoluu.ii, tlior- 
 e's buildings and 
 
 ;ht. Tlie gallant 
 ft, and, driving in 
 I whicli lay Car- 
 11, who sent Colo- 
 i-ear and cut liim 
 ,'d a large Hritish 
 juiuled. The re- 
 eft very severely, 
 .'aiic's column, or- 
 liictantly ol)eyed. 
 At length P.iken- 
 id-<iuarter8at Vil- 
 e had not allowed 
 led near the right 
 t cue :uan killed, 
 e British loss was 
 
 iig forward heavy 
 [o (larry .Jackson's 
 ation, next below 
 !th had given IV 
 at the task before 
 )n of his army de- 
 
 t Rodriguez's Ca- 
 
 1 a prisoner. He 
 
 harge of General 
 
 md also a six and 
 
 nts was extended 
 
 a line of similar 
 
 and Commander 
 
 im the same side, 
 
 ;h he armed with 
 
 pressed into the 
 
 's, and soon com- 
 
 c to the line be- 
 
 pposite New Or- 
 
 two heavy guns 
 
 Captain Henley, 
 
 irapany of young 
 
 constituted his 
 
 'hese were posted 
 
 ng all his troops, 
 
 in particular, de- 
 
 OUALMKTTK'h rLAMTATlON.I 
 
 lighted in going on "hunts," .is they called them — that is to say, expeditions alone, 
 to i»ick oif sentinels and annoy the enemy. This was carried to such an extent on 
 Jackson's extreme left that the British dared not post sentinels very .lear the swamp. 
 They contented themselves with throwing up a strong redoubt in that direction, 
 which Captain You and Lieutenant Crawley continually battered with hea\y shot 
 from their cannon. The enemy persevered, and at the close of the month had several 
 iiivat guns mounted on the redoubt. 
 
 On the 31st the guns of the new redoubt opened vigorously on Jackson's left ; and 
 that night the whole Hritish army moved rai)idly forward, took position within a few 
 hundred yards of the American lines, and in the gloom commenced vigorous work 
 with pickaxe and spade. They had brought up heavy sioge-guns from the lake, and 
 all night long that army labored in the construction of redoubts for them, under the 
 superintendence of Colonel Sir John Burgoyne, with the intention " nuikipg an im- 
 mediate eftbrt to break the American line. Before dawn they had completed three sol- 
 id demi-lunettes, or half-moon battel ies, right, centre, and left, six hundred yards from 
 the American lines, at nearly equal distances apart. They were constructed of earth, 
 hogsheads of sugar, and every thing that might produce resistance; and u]joii them 
 were placed thirty pieces of heavy ordnance, manned by picked gunners of the fleet, 
 who had served under Nelson, Collingwood, and St. Vincent. 
 
 These works were hidden by " ?avy fog on the morning of the 1st of January, which 
 hung thickly over the belligerei, armies until after eight o'clock. When it was lifted 
 by a gentle breeze the British opened a brisk fire, not doubting that in a few minutos 
 the contemptible intrenchments of the Americans Avould be scattered to the winds, 
 and that the army, placed in battle order for the purpose, would find it an easy mat- 
 ter to rush forward and take them. Every moment their cannonade and bombard- 
 ment became heavier, and the rocketeers sent an incessant shower of their fiery mis- 
 siles into the American lines. Jackson's head-quarters at Macarte's was a special tar- 
 get. In the course of ten minutes more than a hundred balls, shells, and rockets 
 struck the building, and compelled the commander-in-chief and liis staff to evacuate 
 it. The marks of that furious assault may be seen in all parts of the house to 
 this day." 
 
 > This l8 from a sketch made by the author in April, 1S60, from tho foot of the shaft of the unfinished monnment, 
 aear Jackson's head-quarters and line of totrenchments. This shows the principal field on which the batt'.es in De- 
 cember and January, 1S16, were foaght. The plain Is a dead level. In the distance !a seen the Hue of the swamp 
 which flanked both armies. 
 
 M ti 
 
 '1867. 
 
Jackson, in the mean time, had opened Ins heavy guns on the assailants. The can- 
 nonade was led oft' by the gallant and imperturbable Humphrey on the left, followed 
 by tho fierce You and his Baratarians — Crawley, Norris, Spotts, and the veteran Gar- 
 rigue. The American artillery thundered along their whole line, to the amazement 
 of the British, who wondered how they got their guns and gunners. Pakenhara soon 
 saw that lie had underrated the strength and skill of his adversary; and Cochrane, 
 whose gallant tars were at the guns, did every thing in his power to encourage them. 
 The conflict became terrible. Batteries on the Levee fought t\ '^h Patterson on the 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1041 
 
 ns to the Britieh Attnik. 
 
 ry ; and Cochrane. 
 
 Tbe British again vanquished and repulsed. 
 
 New Arrangements for Attack. 
 
 The British re-enforced. 
 
 opposite side ; and iu them were kept in readines.t red-hot shot for the destruction of 
 the Louisiana, if she should come within i-ange of the guns. Pakenham also sent a 
 detachment of infantiy to attempt the turning of the American left, in the swamp ; 
 hut they were driven back in terror by Coffee's Tennesseeans ; so only the battle of 
 the batteries went on. 
 
 Toward noon the fire of the British visibly slackened, while that of the Americans 
 was unceasing. The demi-lunes of the foe were crushed and broken. The sugar 
 hogsheads had been converted into splinters, and their contents, mingling with the 
 moist earth, soon lost their volume. The guns not dismounted ■« ere careened, and 
 were worked with great difficulty ; and by the time their voices ceased altogether 
 the batteries on the Levee were nearly demolished. The invaders abandoned their 
 works at meridian, and fled in inglorious haste, helter-skelter, to the ditches, in search 
 of safety ; and, under cover of the ensuing night, they crawled sullenly back to their 
 camp, dragging with them over the spongy ground a part of their heavy cannon, and 
 leaving five of them a spoil for the Americans. Their disappointment and chagrin 
 were intense, and it was equally shared by officers and men. Their New- Year's Day 
 was a far gloomier one than that of Christmas. They had been without food or sleep 
 for nearly sixty hours. They al) cast themselves down on the damp ground, too 
 wearied for thought, and their tnmbles were soon ended for the time by deep slum- 
 ber. Pakenham was in his old quarters at Villerd's, which he had left in the morn- 
 ing with ihe confident expectation of sleeping in New Orleans that night as a con- 
 queror.' In the American camp there was great joy that night. It was intensified 
 in the morning by the arrival of Brigadier General John Adair with intelligence of 
 the near approach of more than two thousaad drafted militia from Kentucky, under 
 Major General John Thomas. They arrive! in the city on the 4th of January, and 
 seven hundred of them were sent to the front under Adair. 
 
 Pakenham was disheartened, but he by no means despaired of success. He conceived 
 the bold and hazardous plan of carrying Jackson's lines on both sides of the river by 
 storm. Those on the right bank had been strengthened, but were feebly manned, 
 and were under the chief command of General Morgan. Pakenham resolved to send 
 over fifteen hundred infantry, with some artillery, and, under tho cover of night, at- 
 tack Morgan, carry the works, occupy them, and, from batteries there, enfilade Jack- 
 son's line, while the main army should be engaged in stonning it. The transportation 
 of these men to the other side of the river was confided to Admiral Cochrane, who, 
 in opposition to the opinions and wishes of the army officers, set the wearied soldiers 
 and sailors to work widening, and deepening, and prolonging to the Mississippi, Vi)- 
 lero's Canal, for the purpose of bringing over boats from the Bayou Bienvenu, instead 
 of dragging them on rollers as they had heavier cannon. The labor was completed 
 on the 7th, when the army was in fine spirits because of the arrival, the day before, 
 of a considerable body of re-enforcements under Major General John Lambert, a 
 young officer of Wellington's army, who liad sailed from England toward the close 
 of October. Pakenham's own regiment (Seventh Fusileers) was among them ; and 
 the army that confronted Jackson jow consisted of ten thousand of the finest sol- 
 diers in the world. These were divided into three brigades, and placed under the 
 respective commands of Generals Lambert, Gibbs, and Keane. 
 
 Pakenham's plan of operations fc* the new attack was simple. Colonel Thornton 
 was to cross the Mississippi on the night of the 7th with the Eighty-fifth and one 
 
 > The forlorn condition of these troops, as a body, was such that Jackson was at a loss \o determine whether their 
 presence shoald be considered fortnnato or uufoi tnnate for the canse. They had come with the erroneous belief that an 
 smple supply of arms and clothing would be fumlB.. d fhem lX New Orleans, and alarge number of thorn were sadly defi- 
 cient In these. Of the seven hundred sent to the fk-onl only five hundred had weapons of any kind. The commisera- 
 tion of the citizens was excited, and by ai.' appmprlation by the Leglslatare and the liberal gifts of the citizens the mm 
 of sixteen thousand dollars was speedily raised, with which goods were purchased and placed in the willing hands of 
 the women of New Orleans. Within a week these were converted by them Into blankets, garments, and bedding. The 
 mea ''onstitated exceUont raw material for soldiers, and they were very soon prepared for efficient service. 
 
 8U 
 
 
 If iff 
 
'J'! 
 
 mk 
 
 '! 
 
 1042 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 The British Plan of Attack. 
 
 The Americr i Line of Intrenchmente. 
 
 Olepositton of Forces on it. 
 
 West India regiment, marines and sailors, and a corps of rocketeers, and fall upon the 
 Americans before the dawn. The sound of his guns was to be the signal for General 
 Gibbs, with the Forty-fourth, Twenty-first, and Fourth regiments, to storm the Amer- 
 ican left ; while General Keane, with the Ninety-third, Ninety-fifth, and two light 
 companies of the Seventh and Forty-third, with some West India troops, should 
 threaten the American right suffic'ent to draw their fire, and then rush upon them 
 with the bayonet. Meanwhile the two British batteries nem the Levee, which tho 
 Americans destroyed on the 1st, were to be rebuilt, well mounted, and employed in 
 assailing the American ri^fht during Keane's operations. Keane's advance corps 
 were furnished with fascines to fill the ditches, and scaling ladders to mount the em- 
 bankments. Such was the substance of Pakenham's General Order issued on the Vth 
 of January, 1815. 
 Jackson penetrated Pakenham's design on the 6th, and prepared to meet and frus- 
 trate it. H» s line of de- 
 fense, extending, as we 
 have observed, from 
 the Mississippi to an 
 impassable cypress 
 swamp, a mile and a 
 half in length, along 
 the line of tlie half- 
 choked Rodriguez's 
 Canal, was very irreg- 
 ular. In some places 
 it was thin, in others 
 thick; in some places 
 the banks were high, in 
 others very low. They 
 had been cast up, not by 
 the soldiery alone, nor 
 by the slaves, b>;t by 
 the hands of civilians 
 
 KKMAIN8 OF RODBIOUKZ'S OANAI.' from thc Clty, iuclud- 
 
 ing merchants and their clerks, lawyers and physicians and their students, and many 
 young men who never before had turned a spadeful of earth. Along this line artil- 
 lery was judiciousljr placed. On the edge of the river a redoubt was thrown up and 
 mounted with cannon, so as to enfilade the ditch in front of the American lines. Be- 
 sides this there were eigi't batteries, placed at pi-oper distances from each other, com- 
 posed of thirteen guns carrying from six to thirty-two pound balls, a howitzer, and 
 a carronade. Across the river was Patterson's marine battery for auxiliary service 
 in the defense of this line, mounting nine guns ; and the Louisiana was prepared to 
 perform a part, if possible, in the drama about to open. 
 
 Jackson's infantry wee disposed as follows: Lieutenant Ross, with a company of 
 Pierre's Seventh Regiment, guarded the redoubt on the extreme right, in M'hich tents 
 were pitched. Between Humphrey's battery and the river, on the right, Beale's 
 New Orleans riflemen were stationed. P^-om their left the Seventh Regiment ex- 
 tended so as to cover another battery, and connected with a part of Plauche's* bat- 
 talion and the colored corps under Colonel Lacoste, which filled the interval between 
 
 « This is a view of the cholced canal at the wood that sltirtB the levee, sketched by the author in April, 18(11. There 
 i« a lane, near the end of which stands the unfinished monument to be erected in commemoration of the battles here 
 fought and the victory won by tho Americans. The iiartly-Hnlshed i>hBft is seen on the left. It is made entirely cf 
 marble from Westchester County, New York, and is to be one hundred and flfty feet in height. It Is erected by the 
 State of Louisiana. 
 
 » Jean B. Plauch6 was a native of New Orleans, and wafc bom there when it was a Spanisii colony. He was a French 
 Creole, and tbrongb life bore the character of one of tho most esteemed citizens of New Orleans. After the war be rt- 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1043 
 
 lupoeition of Forces on It. 
 
 I, and fall upon the 
 signal for General 
 o storm the Amcr- 
 fth, and two light 
 iia troops, should 
 n rush upon them 
 3 Levee, which tlio 
 i, and employed in 
 o's advance corps 
 3 to mount the em- 
 ir issued on the 7th 
 
 i to meet and frus- 
 eit. Hi=i line of de- 
 le, extending, as we 
 e observed, from 
 Mississippi to an 
 passable cypress 
 imp, a mile and a 
 f in length, along 
 line of the half- 
 oked Rodriguez's 
 iial, was very irreg- 
 ,r. In some places 
 was thin, in others 
 ck; in some places 
 ! banks were high, in 
 lers very low. They 
 been cast up,not by 
 soldiery alone, nor 
 the slaves, b';t by 
 hands of civilians 
 the city, includ- 
 students, and many 
 long this line artil- 
 was thrown up and 
 merican lines. Be- 
 )m each other, coni- 
 ,ll8, a howitzer, and 
 [or auxiliary service 
 hia was prepared to 
 
 I with a company of 
 ^ght, in M'hich tents 
 the right, Beale's 
 lenth Regiment ex- 
 It ofPlauche's^'bat- 
 le interval between 
 
 tthor in April, 1881. There 
 knratiot) of the battles liore 
 tft. It Is made entirely cf 
 ]elght. It Is orestefl by the 
 
 \ colony. Ho was a French 
 eauR. After the war he re- 
 
 Character of the American Troops. 
 
 Interior Lines of Defense. 
 
 The Tombs of Plauchi and You. 
 
 Batteries Nos. 3 and 4 (see map on page 1040), the guns of the latter being covered by 
 D'Aquin's free men of color. Next to D'Aquin was the Forty-fourth Regiment, which 
 extended to the rear of Battery No. 5. The remainder of the line (full two thirds of 
 its entire length) was covered by the commands of Carroll' and Coffee.^ The former 
 had been re-enforced that day (7th) by a thou'jand Kentuckians under General Adair, 
 and with him, on the right of Battery No. 7, were fifty marines under Lieutenant 
 Bellevue. Coffee, with five hundred men, held the extreme left of the line, on the 
 edge of the swamp, where his men were compelled to stand in the water, and to sleep 
 on floating logs which they lashed to the trees. Captain Ogden, with cavalry (Jack- 
 son's body-guard,, was at head-quarters, yet at Macarte's chateau ; and on De Lerey's 
 plantation, ui the rear of it, Hinds was stationed with one hundred and fifty mounted 
 men. Near Pierna's Canal a regiment of Louisiana militia, under Colonel Young, 
 were encamped as reserves. 
 
 Jackson's whole force on the New Orleans side of the river on the 7th was about 
 five thousand in number, and of these only two thousand two hundred were at his 
 line. Only eight hundred of the latter were regulars, and mosiu of them were new 
 recruits commanded by young oflicers. His army was formed in two divisions, the 
 right commanded by Colonel Ross, acting as brigadier, and the left by Gcerals Car- 
 roll and Coffee, the former as major general and the latter as brigadier general. A 
 mile and a half in the rear of his main line another intrenchment had been thrown 
 up, behind which the weaker members of his army were stationed with pickaxes and 
 spades. Tliis line was prepared for a rallying-point in the event of disaster following 
 the impending conflict. Jackson also established a third line at the lower edge of 
 the city. General Morgan, on the opposite side of the river, prepared *o defend his 
 lines with only eight hundred men, all militia, and indifferently armed. On his left 
 were two 6-pounders, in charge of Adjutant Nixon, of the Louisiana militia, and a 12- 
 pounder under Lieutenant Philibert, of the navy. Patterson's battery, in Morgan's 
 
 romed his vocation ae merchant. He generally declined public 
 offlcee, yet he was induced to take that of Lieutenant Governor 
 of Louisinna. He died in Janaary, I860: "nd in an elegant tem- 
 ple - shaped tomb in 8t. Louis Cemetery in New Orleans his 
 remains rest The annexed picture of the tomb is from a sicetch 
 made by the author in April, IbOl. It is built of white marble, 
 with black inscription tablets in fl"ont. On one of these is the 
 following : " G^nt'ral J. B. PLAConi;, n6 h la Nouvelle Orleans le 
 28 Janvier, 1785, di cedo le 2 Janvier, 1800. En 1814-'16 mi\)or com- 
 mandant le batnillon d'OrWans. En 1860 lieutenant gouvcmeur 
 ("iB l'(5tflt de Louisinnc. Homme vertneux, bon pire ct bon ci- 
 toyen, il a bien miTitd de sa patrie et legue it aa famille an nom 
 
 honorable." 
 ' • In the same ceme- 
 
 tery, and not farfrom 
 the tomb of the Plau- 
 chd family, was that 
 of Dominique You, 
 mentioned in these 
 pages as a noble de- 
 fender of New Or- 
 leans. On bin tomb, 
 made of brick and 
 stuccoed, the writer 
 found the following 
 inscription written j,, 
 
 , J J _ 1 1 PLAUOUt S TOMll. 
 
 on a clouded marble 
 
 slab : " DoMiMQUB Yon. Intr^plde guerrler snr la terre et snr I'onde, il sut 
 dans cent combats signaler sa valeur j et ce nouvcan Bayard, sans reprocbe 
 et sans peur, aurait pn, sans trembler, voir s'l^cronler le monde." 
 > Wil'iam Carroll was bom in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1778. In 181B ho 
 became ii.spectnr get ;ral of the Tennessee Militia and Volunteers niider Jackson. He v-as commissioned a colonel, 
 nnd served with distinction m the war with the Creek Indians. He left the service at the close of the war. He was 
 Qovernor of Tennessee A'ora 1821 to 1827, and from 1330 to ISSfi. He iMed on the 22d of March, 1844, 
 
 > John Coffee was a native of Nottaway County, Virginia, and entered 'he military service under Jackson in 1812. He 
 was active with him in the Creek War, and in the attack on Pensacola in ;he autumn of 1814. Ho was distinguished in 
 the battles near New Orleans. In March, 1817, he was appointed surveyor of public lauds. Hi died near Flurencc, In 
 Alabama, on the 7tb of July, 1844 
 
 l)OMINig"B TOC'S TOMB. 
 
 ii.; rinl 
 
 I ' \ I i. 
 
s 
 
 1044 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 m 
 
 >^m\ 
 
 f !■ 
 
 i. I 
 
 HI' 
 
 t 't r, 
 
 Position of the Anny on the Tth of January. 
 
 A Moseage ft-om Patterson. 
 
 Jackson calls his Staff to Action. 
 
 rear, could render him no service, for its guns were turned so as to command the 
 plain of Chalmette, in front of Jackson's line. 
 
 Such was the strength and position of the two armies on the night of the memora- 
 ble 7th of January, 1815, preparatory to the great conflict on the following day. 
 
 It was not until the afternoon of the lih that Jackson could determine with any 
 cfirtainty whether the enemy would first attack his own or Morgan's line. Then, 
 from the gallery of head-quarters, with his telescope, he could see such preparations 
 by the foe as convinced him that his own line would first feel the shock of battle ; 
 and when the darkness of uight fell he could distinctly hear the sounds of labor in 
 reconstructing the British batteries which the Americans had destroyed. His pick- 
 ets and sentinels were strengthened, and sleepless vigilance marked a large portion 
 of the troops behind his intrenchments that night. The Chief lay down to rest on a 
 sofa, after a day of great fatigue, surrounded by his aids, and was slumbering sweet- 
 ly when, at a little past midnight, he was awakened by an aid of Commander Pat- 
 terson (Mr. R. D. Shepherd), who had been sent to inform the general that there 
 seemed tc be positive indications in the British camp that Morgan was to be first at- 
 tacked, and that he needod more troops to maintain his position. " Hurry back," said 
 Jackson, " and tell General Morgan that he is mistaken. The main attack will be on 
 this side. He must maintain his position at all hazards." Then, looking at his watch, 
 he spoke aloud to his aids, " Gentlemen, we have slept long enough. Arise ! for the 
 enemy will be upon us in a few minutes. I must go and see Gcreral Coffee." One 
 
 '' .-r 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 1045 
 
 1 calls big Staff to Action. 
 
 } to command the 
 
 ;l)t of the memora- 
 following day. 
 
 '^•*Hi 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 letermine with any 
 rgan's line. Then, 
 3 such preparations 
 he shock of hattle ; 
 sounds of labor in 
 stroyed. His pick- 
 led a large portion 
 y down to rest on a 
 slumbering sweet- 
 )f Commander Pat- 
 general that there 
 1 was to be first at- 
 " Hurry back," said 
 in attack will be on 
 loking at his watch, 
 •h. Arise! for the 
 ^eral Coffee." One 
 
 Thornton crosues the River to attack Morgan. 
 
 Advance of the British Line. 
 
 Opening of Battle. 
 
 of his first orders was for General Adair' to send over five hundred Kentuckians to 
 re-enforce Morgan. 
 
 Let us observe the movements in the British camp on that memorable night. 
 
 According to the plan already me itioned, Colonel Thornton proceeded to cross the 
 Mississippi for the purpose of attacking Morgan. He marched to the levee, at the 
 end of the newly-cut canal in extension of Villcr6's, and there waited with the great- 
 est impatience the arrival of the boats that were to carry him and his troops ov^r. 
 The banks of the ditch had caved in in some places, and the falling of the water in 
 the river had made that of the canal so shallow that the sailors were compelled to 
 drag the boats through thick mud in many places. It was three o'clock in the morn- 
 ing before even a sufficient number of vessels to convey one half of the detachment 
 had arrived. Farther delay would be fatal to the enterprise ; so, with Pakenham's 
 sanction, Thornton dismissed half of his force, embarked the remainder, and crossed 
 the river in a flotilla commanded by Captain Roberts, of the Royal Navy. Ignorant 
 of the fact that the Mississippi was flowing with a quiet, powerful current, at the rate 
 of five miles an hour, and making no provisions for this obstacle to a quick and direct 
 passage, they were landed, aftnr great fatigue, at least a mile and a half below their 
 intended point of debarkation. Before they had all left the boats the day dawned, 
 and the roar of cannon was heard on the plain of Chalmette. 
 
 Pakenham and his officers had passed an almost sleepless night, and at the time 
 when Jackson aroused his slumbering staff the divisions of Gibbs and Keane were 
 called up, formed into line, and advanced to within four hundred and fifty yards of 
 the American intrenchments. Lambert's division was left behind as a reserve. There 
 stood the British soldiers in the darkness and the cliiiiy morning air, enveloped in a 
 thick fog, and anxiously listening for the booming of Thornton's guns in his attack 
 on Morgan. He was yet battling with the ctsirent of the Mi8si^ i>pl Tediously the 
 minutes and the hours passed, and yet that signal-gun remained silent. 
 
 Day dawned and tlie mist began to disperse, and as the dull red line of the British 
 host was dimly seen in the early morning light through the veil of moisture, Lieuten- 
 ant Spotts, of Battery No. 7, opened one of his heavy guns upon it. It was the sifj- 
 nal for battle. As the fog rolled away the British line was seen stretching two thirds 
 ucross the plain of Chalmette. From its extreme left and right rockets shot high in 
 air, and, like a dissolving view, that red line almost disappeared as it was broken into 
 columns by companies. 
 
 Gibbs now advanced obliquely toward the wooded swamp, with the Forty-fourth 
 in front, followed by the Twenty-first and Fourth, terribly pelted by the storm that 
 came from Batteries Nos. 6, 7, and 8, and vainly sought shelter behind a bulging pro- 
 jection of the swamp into the plain. These batteries poured round and grape shot 
 incessantly into Gibbs's line, making lanes through it, and producing some confusion. 
 Tins was heightened by the fact that the Forty-fourth, with whom had been intrust- 
 ed fascines and scaling-ladders, had advanced without them. To wait for these to be 
 brought up was impossible in the focus of that cannonade. So Gibbs ordered them 
 forward, the Twenty-first and Fourth in solid and compact column, covered in front 
 by blazing rockets and cheered by their own loud huzzas. Whole platoons were 
 prostrated, when their places were instantly filled by others, and the column pressed 
 on, without pause or recoil, toward the batteries on the left, and the long and weaker 
 line covered by the Tennesseeans and Kentuckians. 
 
 By this time all the American batteries, including Patterson's on the right bank 
 
 > John Adair was bom In Sonth Carolina In ITBT, and entered the military service nnder General St. Clalr. He served 
 nnder Wilkinson in the Northwest, and was lieutenant colonel in Scott's division in 1TD3. He was for two years United 
 Stateu Senator ttom Kentucky, where he had made his home. He was volunteer aid to Governor Shelby in the battle 
 of the Thames, and in 1814 was brigadier generrl of Kentucky militia. He left the service at the close of the war. He 
 was Governor of Kentucky (h)m 1820 to 18S4, and representative In Congress fl-om 1S31 to 1838. He died at HarrodB- 
 bnrg, Kentucky, on the 19tb of Hay, 1S40. 
 
 if i 
 
 !■ !ii 
 
 \ l ' 
 
 ' .1 
 
 i 
 
1046 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle of New Orleans. 
 
 -I 
 
 of the river, were in full play. Yet steadily on marched Wellington's veterans, step- 
 ping firmly over the dead bodies of their slain comrades until they had reached a 
 point within two hundred yards of the American line, behind which, concealed from 
 the vie\v^ of the invaders, lay the Tcnnesseeans and Kentuckians four ranks deep. 
 Suddenly the clear voice of General Carroll rang out. Fire I His Tennesseeans arose 
 from cover, and, each man taking sur» aim, delivered a most destructive volley on 
 the foe, their bullets cutting down scores of the gallant British soldiery. The storm 
 ceased not for a moment ; for when the Tennesseeans had fired they fjjll back, and the 
 Kentuckians took their places, and so the four ranks, one after another, participated 
 in the conflict. At the same time round, grape, aiid chuin shot went crashing through 
 the ranks of the British, making awful gaps, and appalling the stoutest hearts. The 
 line began to waver, and would have broken but for the cool courage and untiring 
 energy of the officers, and the inspiriting cry, " Here comes the Forty-fourth with the 
 fascines and laddera !" 
 
 A detachment of the Forty-fourth had indeed come with scaling implements, and 
 Pakenham at their head, who encouraged them by stirring words and bold deeds for 
 a few minutes, when his bridle-arm was made powerless by a bullet, and his horse was 
 shot under him. He at once mounted the black Creole pony of his favorite aid, the 
 now (1867) venerable Sir Duncan M'Dougall, of London.' Other officers fell, until there 
 were not enough to command, and the column began to break up into detachments, 
 a greater part of them falling back to the shelter of the projecting swamp. There 
 they were rallied, and, throwing away their knapsacks, they rushed forward to scale 
 and carry the works in front of Carroll and his sharp-shooters. At the same time, 
 Keane, contrary to instructions, but with zealous concern for the cause, wheeled his 
 column into line and led a portion of it to the assistance of the right wing. Tht^ 
 were terribly scourged by the enfilading fire of the American batteries as they strode 
 across the plain. Among them was the Ninety-third Regiment, composed of nine 
 hundred sinewy Highlanders, who had won victories on many a field in Continental 
 Europe, and were now unmoved by the storm that poured in such fury upon them. 
 Their presence and example encouraged the broker, column of the right, which, with 
 these Highlanders, rushed into the very heart of the tempest from Carroll's rifles, 
 having Gibbs on their right and Pakenham on their left. In a few minutes the right 
 arm of the latter was disabled by a bullet, and as he was riding to the rear on the 
 led pony, shouting huzzas to the troops, there came a terrible crashing of round and 
 grape sliot through the ranks, that scattered dead men all around him. One of the 
 balls passed through the general's thigh, killed his horse, and brought both to the 
 ground. Pakenham was caught in the arms of his faithful aid, Captain M'Dougall, 
 Avho had performed a similar service for General Ross when he fell, mortally wound- 
 ed, near Baltimore a few months before.'^ The commander was conveyed to the rear 
 in a dying condition, and placed under a venerable live-oak tree, which disappeared 
 only a few years ago. There he soon expired in the arms of M'Dougall. 
 
 General Gibbs was also mortally wounded, and died the next day ; and Keane was 
 80 severely shot through the neck that he was compelled to leave the field. Tlie 
 command was then assumed by Major Wilkinson, the officer of highest grade left in 
 the saddle. Under his leadership the broken battalions endeavored to scale the 
 breastworks. They were repulsed, and Wilkinson fell on the parapet mortally 
 wounded. His discomfited men fell back, and all of the assailants withdrew in wild 
 confusion. Of the gallant nine hundred Highlanders, with twenty-five oflicers, of the 
 Ifinety-third Regiment who went into the fight, only one hundred and thirty men 
 and nine officers could be mustered at its close. The Twenty-first Regiment lost five 
 hundred men, and every company came out of the terrible conflict a mere skeleton in 
 numbers. 
 
 > See page 962. 
 
 > See page 9B1. 
 
)n'8 veterans, step- 
 ley had reached a 
 ch, concealed from 
 four ranks deep, 
 rennessecans arose 
 tractive volley on 
 diery. The storm 
 Y f«ill back, and the 
 other, participated 
 t crashing through 
 utest hearts. The 
 irage and untiring 
 fty-fourth with the 
 
 ig implements, and 
 
 and bold deeds for 
 
 ,, and his horse was 
 
 lis favorite aid, the 
 
 cers fell, until there 
 
 into detachments, 
 
 ng swamp. There 
 
 ;d forward to scale 
 
 At the same time, 
 
 cause, wheeled his 
 
 right wing. Thc^ 
 
 iries as they strode 
 
 composed of nine 
 
 ield in Continental 
 
 h fury upon them. 
 
 right, which, with 
 
 )m Carroll's rifles, 
 
 minutes the right 
 
 to the rear on the 
 
 shing of round and 
 
 him. One of the 
 
 ought both to the 
 
 aptain M'Dougall, 
 
 , mortally wound- 
 
 nveyed to the rear 
 
 which disappeared 
 
 )ugall. 
 
 ; and Keane was 
 ve the field. Tlie 
 ghest grade left in 
 ored to scale the 
 parapet mortally 
 withdrew in wild 
 five officers, of the 
 id and thirty men 
 Regiment lost five 
 a mere skeleton in 
 
 Bl. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1 8 i 2. 
 
 1047 
 
 Battie of New Orleang. 
 
 I wl 
 
 L( 
 
 While this sanguinary work was in progress on the British right, a more snccessftil 
 movement, for a time, was made by them on their left. Keane's whole division moved 
 when he led the Highlanders to the right. Nearly a thousand men, under the active 
 
 h, 
 
1048 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Battle of New Orleana. 
 
 i r\ 
 
 s 
 
 Colonel Rennie, composed of the Ninety-fifth Rifles, companies of the Seventh, Nine- 
 ty-third, and Forty-third Infantry, and some West India troops, had pushed rapidly 
 forward near tho river in two columns, one on the road, and the other nearer the 
 water, under shelter of the leve?, and, driving in the American pickets, succeeded in 
 taking possession of the unfinished redoubt on Jackson's extreme right. Tliey drove 
 out the Americans, but they did not hold it long. The invaders on the road were 
 terribly smitten by Humphrey's batteries and the Seventh Regiment, and were kept 
 in check. At the same time Rennie led the column along the water's edge, where 
 they were greatly annoyed by Patterson's battery, and, with several other oflicers, 
 scaled the parapet of the American redoubt. The New Orleans Rifles, under Bcalc, 
 now poured upon these officers and the inmates of the redoubt such a terrible fire that 
 nearly every man was killed or mortally wounded. Rennie had just exclaimed 
 "Hurrah, boys, the day is ours !" when he fell to rise no more. 
 
 This attacking column also fell back in great disorder under cover of the levee, 
 and, like those on the British right, sought shelter in the plantation ditches from the 
 terrible storm that came from Jackson's lines. General Lambert, with his reserves, 
 had come forward on hearing of the disasters to Pakenhara, Gibbs, and Keane ; but 
 he was in time only to cover the retreat of the battered and flying columns, and not 
 
 to retrieve the fortunes of the day. The fire of the mus- 
 ketry had ceased by half after eight in the morning, but 
 the artillery kept up their fire until about two o'clock in 
 the aftemoon. It is worthy of note that, from the fliglit 
 of the first signal rocket of the British to the close of the 
 contest, the New Orleans Band (stationed near the centre 
 of the line, and not far from the spot where the monument 
 now stands, and where the American standard was kept 
 flying during the struggle), played incessantly, cheering 
 the troops with national and military airs. The British, 
 on the contrary, had no other musical instrument than a 
 bugle, and as their columns advanced no drum was heard 
 in their lines, nor even the stirring tones of the trumpet. 
 From their first landing at the Fisherman's Village, the 
 experience of that army had been almost unbroken drear- 
 iness.' 
 
 Let us now turn our attention to the movements on the 
 right, bank of the Mississipp:. 
 
 We left Colonel Thornton and his men just debarked, 
 after battling with the current of the Mississippi for some 
 time. Morgan had sent forward his advance of less than 
 three hundred men (one third of whom were Arnaud's 
 Louisiana militia) under Major Tessier, and the remain- 
 der, fatigued and poorly-armed Kentuckians under Colonel Davis, chosen from those 
 sent over on the 7th by General Adair, were directed to take po8iti<)n on Mahew's 
 Canal, about a mile in advance of Morgan's line, near which it was supposed the Brit- 
 ish would land. The line which this small force was expected to hold extended from 
 the river to the swamp, a distance of a mile, and required at least a thousand men 
 and severai pieces of artillery to give it respectable strength. Davib's troops were 
 placed on the left, resting on the levee, and Tessier's were on their right, extending 
 
 > Latonr oays tt wbs reported tbat there were diriBions in the conncils of the Brttteh officers concerning the point of 
 attack, and that Admiral Cochrane, with a feeling o> contempt for the American militia, ueclared be wonld undertiike 
 to storm Jackson's lines with two thoasand sailors, armed only with swords and pistols. This confldeuce in the iuviu- 
 cibllity of the British on this occasion contributed largely to their disaster. 
 
 ' This monument, between the site of Jackson's lines and bis head-quarters (Macart^'s), was nnflntshed when the 
 writer visited the spot in April, 1861. Work upon it bad then ceased. The stones bad been laid to tlie height of about 
 seventy feet See note 1, page 1012. 
 
 HONUUENT.' 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 1040 
 
 he Seventh, Nine- 
 id pushed rapidly 
 other nearer the 
 kets, succeeded in 
 ight. Tliey drove 
 on the road were 
 jnt, and were kept 
 ater's edge, where 
 eral ctlier officers, 
 titles, under Beulc, 
 I a terrible fire that 
 ad just exclaimed 
 
 cover of the levee, 
 m ditches from the 
 ,, with his reserves, 
 as, and Keane ; but 
 ig columns, and not 
 rhe fire of the mus- 
 in the morning, but 
 bout two oVlock in 
 ;hat, from the flight 
 1 to the close of the 
 )ned near the centre 
 rhere the monumt ..t 
 
 standard was kept 
 icessantly, cheering 
 r airs. The British, 
 il instrument than a 
 
 no drum was heard 
 ines of the trumpet, 
 erman's Village, the 
 lost unbroken drear- 
 
 e movements on the 
 
 men just debarked, 
 Mississippi for some 
 advance of less than 
 hom were ArnancVs 
 lier, and the remain- 
 is, chosen from those 
 )08iti<>n on Mahew's 
 IS supposed the Brit- 
 hold extended from 
 jast a thousand men 
 Davib's troops were 
 leir right, extending 
 
 cere concerning the point of 
 lieclared he would undertake 
 This confidence In the Invln- 
 
 '»), was unflnlehed when the 
 Btt laid to the height of about 
 
 Battle of New Orleant. 
 
 lu ReiulU. 
 
 to the Bwamp. Both watched vigilantly for signs of the coming of the invaders. 
 Their vigilance was vain, for Thornton landed a mile below them under cover of 
 three gun-boats under the command of Captain Roberts. 
 
 Pushing rapidly up the road, Thornton encountered Morgan's advance, when he 
 divided his superior force, sending a part to attack Tessier, while with the remainder, 
 and aided by Roberts's carronades, he assailed Davis. Both commands were soon 
 put to flight, and fell back in confusion on Morgan's line. Tessier's men could not 
 gain the road, and many of them took refuge in the swamps, where they suflored 
 much for several hours. 
 
 When Thornton gained the open fields in front of Morgan's line he extended his 
 force, and with the sailors in column on the road, and the marines placed as a reserve, 
 he advanced upon the American works under cover of a flight of rockets, and with 
 the aid of Captain Roberts's carronades. As the sailors rushed forward they were 
 met by volleys of grape-shot ^'om Philibert which made them recoil. Seeing this, 
 Thorn jn dp ?d forward with the Eighty-fifth, and, handling the men with great 
 skill and celerity, soon put the Kentuckians to flight, who ran in wild confusion, and 
 could not be rallied. Following up this advantage, Thornton soon drove the Louisi- 
 anians from the intrenchraents, and gained possession of Morgan's line after that gen- 
 eral had spiked his cannon and cast them into the river. He next made for Patter- 
 son's battery, three hundred yards in the rear. Its guns, which had been playing ef- 
 fectually on the British in front of Jackson's lines, were now trailed on the nearer foo 
 en the river road. But Patterson, threatened by a flank movement, was compelled 
 to give way ; so he spiked his guns, and fled on board the Louisiana, while his sail- 
 ors assisted in getting her into the stream, out of the reach of the enemy. 
 
 A largo number of the troops were rallied and formed on the bank of the Boisger- 
 vais Canal, and prepared to make a stand there. But the British did not advance 
 beyond Patterson's battery. There Thornton was informed of the terrible disasters 
 on the opposite side of the river, and soon afterward received orders from General 
 Lambert to rejoin the main army. Jackson, in the mean time having heard of Mor- 
 gan's disaster, sent over General Humbert (a gallant Frenchman who was acting as 
 a volunteer) with four hundred men to re-enforce him. Their services were not 
 needed. Thornton had withdrawn, and at twilight re-embarked his troops. That 
 night the Americans repossessed their works, and before morning Patterson had re- 
 stored his battery in a better position, and announced the fact to Jackson at dawn 
 by discharges of heavy cannon at the British outposts at Bien Venn's.' 
 
 After the conflict had ceased, Jackson, accompanied by his staff", passed slowly 
 alo ig his whole line, addressing words of congratulation and praise to the oflicers 
 and men every where. Then the band struck up " Hail, Columbia," and cheer after 
 cheer for the hero went up from every part of the line. These were echoed from the 
 lips of excited citizens who had been watching the battle at a distance with the 
 greatest anxiety. Then the soldiers, after partaking of some refreshments, tunied to 
 the performance of the sad duty of caring for the wounded and the bodies of the 
 dead, which thickly strewed the plain of Chalmette for a quarter of a mile back from 
 the front of Jackson's lines. These were the maimed and slain of the British army. 
 No less than twenty-six hundred were lost to the enemy in that terrible battle, of 
 whom seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred were woundeo. and five hundred 
 were made prisoners. The Americans lost only eight killed and thirteen wounded ! 
 The history of human warfare presents no parallel to this disparity in loss. The 
 Americans were thoroughly protected by their breastworks, while the British fought 
 in front of them on an open level plain. 
 
 1 The loss of the British on this occasion, In killed and wonnded, was a little more than one hundred. The Ameri- 
 can" lost one man killed and five wounded. On that side of the Mississippi the British acquired their sole trophy dar- 
 ing their efforts to capture New Orleans. It was a small flag, and now [IStT] hangs conspicuously among other war 
 trophies In Whitehall, London, with the Inscription, " Taken at the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 181B." 
 
\ i 
 
 1060 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 I 
 
 
 t 
 
 !. 
 
 \\ 
 
 Tho Burial of the Dead. 
 
 UlnpusltloD uf tliu UiHllea uf the •lulu iirltlab Offlcen. 
 
 After the battle General Lambert sent a flag of truce aHking for an armistice in 
 order to bury his deiul. Jackson f^ranted it on the condition that it should not bo 
 extended to openitionH on the right bunk of the river. The result of this exception 
 was, as we have observed, the immediate withdrawal of Thornton from Morgan's 
 line. On the following morning detachments from both armies were drawn up three 
 hundred yards in front of the American lines, when the dead bodies between that 
 ]toint and the intrenchments were carried and delivered to the IJritish by the Ken- 
 tuckians and Tennesseeans on the very scaling-ladders left by the enemy when driv- 
 en back. The British then carried their dead to a designated spot on IJienvenu's 
 plantation which had been marked out as the cemetery of "the Army of Louisiana." 
 There tliey were buried, and to this day that consecrated " God's Acre" has never 
 been disturbed. It is distinguislied ir. the landscape by a grove of small cypress- 
 trees, and is a spot regarded with superstitious awe by the negroes in that neighbor- 
 hood. The wc uided, who were 
 
 ^^r^m^:M 
 
 l-KUAN-TBKEB. 
 
 made prisoners, were carefully con- 
 veyed to New Orleans, where they 
 were placed in the barracks, and 
 tenderly cared for by the citizens. 
 
 The bodies of tho dead British 
 officers were carried to Villere's, 
 the licad-quarters, in whose garden 
 some of tlicm were buried by torch- 
 light that night with solemn core- 
 monies. Those of Pakenham,Gibb9, 
 Rennie. and one or two other offi- 
 cers, were disemboweled, placed in 
 casks of rum, and sent to their 
 friends in England. Their viscera 
 Averc buried beneath a stately pe- 
 can-tree, which, with another quite 
 as stately, seen in the annexed 
 sketch, was yet standing in vigor- 
 ous health on the lawn a few yards 
 from Villere's house when the writ- 
 er sketched the two in April, 1861. 
 It is said to be a notable fact that 
 this tree, fruitful before its branches 
 were made to overshadow the re- 
 
 The tree nearest the figure of the 
 
 mains of the invaders, has been barren ever since, 
 man is the historic one. 
 
 While the armies were burying their dead on the field of strife, a portion of the 
 British were seeking to secure the free navigation of the Mississippi below New Or- 
 leans for themselves by capturing Fort St. Philip, at a bend of tho stream seventy or 
 eighty miles below the city in a direct line, and which was considered by botli par- 
 ties as the key of Louisiana. It contained at that time a garrison of three hundred 
 and sixty-six men, under Major Overton,' of the Rifle corps, and the crew of a gun- 
 boat which had been warped into the bayou at its side. On the morning of the 9th, 
 at about the time when disposition was being made of the British dead in front of 
 Jackson's lines, a little squadron of five hostile vessels appeared near the fort. Tliey 
 consisted of a sloop of war, a gun-brig, and a schooner {Herald, Sophia, and Tender), 
 
 I Walter H, Overton, orTennesBee, entered the army In 1808, and was commissioned a major in Febmary, 1814. For 
 hla gallantry in defending Fort St. Philip he was breveted lieutenant colonel. He resigned in ISIO. He was a member 
 of Congress from Lonisiana from 1829 to 1831. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1051 
 
 he ilaln Brltiih Ofllcen. 
 
 ir an ariiiistico in 
 it hIiouUI nut bo 
 of this exception 
 111 from Morgan's 
 e drawn up three 
 iea between that 
 itish by the Ken- 
 .Miemy when driv- 
 )ot on IJienvenu's 
 my of Louisiana." 
 I Acre" has never 
 of small cypress- 
 in that ncighbor- 
 mded, who were 
 rere carefully con- 
 rleans, where they 
 the barrpcks, and 
 r by the citizens, 
 the dead British 
 rried to Villere's, 
 i, in whoso garden 
 re buried by torch- 
 with solemn cere- 
 rPakenham,Gibb9, 
 or two other offi- 
 boweled, placed in 
 mCL sent to their 
 id. Their viscera 
 eath a stately pe- 
 4'ith another quite 
 in the annexed 
 standing in vigor- 
 awn a few yards 
 ISO when the writ- 
 wo in April, 1801. 
 notable fact that 
 )cforo its branches 
 rershadow the re- 
 the figure of the 
 
 a portion of the 
 n below New Or- 
 Btream seventy or 
 ered by both par- 
 
 of three hundred 
 le crew of a gun- 
 orning of the 9th, 
 
 dead in front of 
 iv the fort. Tliey 
 
 >hia, and Tender), 
 
 ' In Febnmry, 1814. For 
 1816. He was a member 
 
 Atlitck on Kurt St. Philip. 
 
 Capture of Fort B4>w]rer. 
 
 Jackion's Army eutera New Orleani. 
 
 and two bomb vessels. They anchored out of range of the heavy guns of the fort, 
 the bomb vessels with tlieir broadsides toward St. I'liilip. At three o'clock in tlie 
 afternoon they opened fire, ami, fin<liiig the^ had the range of the fort, eontiniu-d tho 
 bombardment, with little interruption, until daybreak of the IHth, easting more than 
 a thousand shells, with the expenditure of twenty thousand jiounds of powder, besides 
 many round and grape shot. For nine days the Americans were in their battery (five 
 days without shelter), exposed to cold rain part of the time. The proceeds of this 
 expenditure secured by tho British consisted of two Americans killed and seven 
 wounded. The assailants withdrew on the 18th without gaining either the fort, 
 spoils, or glory.' 
 
 On the 18th of January, in accordance with an arrangement made the previous 
 diiy, a general exchange of prisoners took place; and on the lOtli the British, under 
 Lambert, were wholly withdrawn from the Mississippi, having stolen noiselessly away 
 under cover of darkness the previous night. They .C'^hed Lake Borgne at dawn on 
 tho 19th, but they were yet sixty milos from their fleet, exponod to quite keen wintry 
 air, and considerably annoyed by mounted men under Colonel De la Hondo, who hung 
 upon their rear. There they remained until the 27th, when they embarked, and two 
 days afterward reached the fleet in tho deep water between Cat aiki Ship Islands. 
 The vigilant Jackson, in the mean time, had made sucli disposition of his forces as to 
 guard every approach to the city, for ho thought the foiled enemy, enraged by disap- 
 pointment, might attempt to strike a sudden blow at some other quarter. 
 
 When the British departed from tho vicinity of Now Orleans they proceeded to 
 invest Fort Bowyer,* yot in command of Major Lawrence.'^ TJiey be- •Febmaryo, 
 sieged it for nearly two days, when the gallant Lawrence was compelled ^*"*" 
 to surrender'' to a superior force. IVIobilo was then at tho mercy of the ^ February 12. 
 foe ; but their farther conquests were arrested by news of peace, brought directly to 
 General Lambert by a ship sent from England for the purpose. 
 
 On the 21st of January, Jackson, with tho main body of his army, entered I~ew Or- 
 leans. They were met in tho suburbs by almost the entire population of all ages and 
 80X08, who greeted the victors as their saviors ; and they entered the town in tri- 
 umphal procession, with far more honest pride than ever swelled the bosoms of vic- 
 torious conquerors or emperors of other centuries of time.^ 
 
 1 The chief sources from which the materials for the account of the battles near New Orleans were drawn were the of- 
 flcial reports of the officers engaged In them ; Latonr's Memoir of the War in West Florida and iMuiaiaita; Judge Walk- 
 erV Jaekmn and New Orleans; the several histories of the War of 1812 ; and numerous statements to the author, oral 
 aud written, by actors In the scenes. > Bee page 1021. 
 
 9 Two days afterward' New Orleans was the theatre of a most Imposing spectacle. At the request of ^^ nnrvM 
 Jackson, the Abb6 Du Bonrg, Apostolic Prefect for loulslana, appointed that a day for the public offer- «'*D'""7 • 
 lug of thanks to Almighty Qod for bis iuterpositlon in behalf of the American people and nationalitr. The dawn was 
 
 iKi 
 
ml 
 
 
 1052 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELDi-BOOK 
 
 Ilonori aoritrded to Jickaon knd bli Troop*. 
 
 Tho nowB of tho Riillant dofenso of Now Orleans produced Ji thrill of intense joy 
 throughout tlie land. State LegiHlaturoH and other public bodies tiiankcd the hero 
 who commanded tho victoriouH little army. A small medal was struck and exten- 
 sively circtilated among tho people. Congress voted him tho thanks of tho nation, 
 and ordered a ooinmemorativo gold medal to bo given him. 
 
 OOLD MCnAL PEUBKNTUn TO JAOKRON.' 
 
 greeted by tho boomlnf; of cannon. 
 It was a bright and boautinU winter 
 morning on tho vorge of tho tropics. 
 The religious ceremonies wore to bo 
 held in tho old Spanish Cathedral, 
 which was decorated with evergreens 
 for the occasion. 
 
 In tho centre of the pnblic sqnare, 
 in front of the Cathedral, where the 
 equestrian statue of Jackson now 
 stands, was erected a temporary tri- 
 umphal arch, supported by six Corin- 
 thian columns, and festooned with 
 flowers and evergreens. Beneath the 
 arch stood two beautlAil little girls, 
 each upon a pedestal, an 1 holding in 
 her hand a civic crown of laurel. Near 
 them stood two dimsels, one person- 
 ifying Liberty ai.J the other Jiutiee. 
 From the arch to the church, arranged 
 in two rows, stood beautiful girls, all 
 dressed In white, and each covered 
 with a blue gauze veil and bearing a 
 silver star on her brow. These per- 
 sonified the several States and Terri- 
 tories of the Union. Kach carried a 
 flag with the name of the state which 
 she represented, upon it. Each also 
 carried a small basket trimmed with 
 blue ribbon and filled with flowers ; 
 and behind each was a lance stuck in 
 the ground bearing a shield on which 
 was Inscribed the naici and legend 
 of the state or territory which she 
 represented. These were linked by 
 
 ^»!»w^'":;j^s^»^3?«»^^« 
 
 BTATDK or JAUK80N IN FBOMT Or TUB OATUEDBAL. 
 
 evergreen festoons that extended ft"om the arch to the door of tho Cathedral. 
 
 At the appointed time, Qeneral Jackson, accompanied by the ofllcers of his staff, passed through the gate of the Grand 
 Sqnare fronting the river, amid the roar of artillery, and was conducted between lines of Planchi's New Orleans battal- 
 ion of Creoles (which extended ttom the gate to the church) to the raised floor of the arch. As he stepped upon It the 
 
 1 On one side of the medal Is a profile of the bust of Jackson, and on the other a flgure of Victory seated, supporting 
 a tablet before her with her left hand, in which Is also a lanrel wreath. She is making a record of the triumph on the 
 8th of January. She has written the word " Orleans," when she Is Interrupted by another flgnre, personating Peace, 
 who holds an olive-branch in her right hand. With her left she points to the tablet, as if directing Victory to record 
 the peace which had already been agreed upon by the belligerents. Victory is in the act of listening. The inscriptions 
 on tho medal are simple—" majob qknxbal andbxw jaossom. battli or new obleakb, jahdabt 8, 1815. besoldtioh 
 
 or OOHOBBSB, TIBBDABT 2T, 1815." 
 
OF THE WAH OF 1812. 
 
 1063 
 
 Runora uf i'oaca dtareiiiirilcd. 
 
 MRrtliil I.nw am) mllllary Diirlplliin c<ii)tltuii>d. 
 
 11 of intense joy 
 lianki'd tlic hero 
 TUck niul extcn- 
 {g of the nation, 
 
 Wm 
 
 WiO 
 
 Iatueubal. 
 
 Ingh the gute of the Grand 
 jicWs New Orlettns battal- 
 B he stepped upon it the 
 
 pTctory seated, supporting 
 ord of the triumph on the 
 ignre, personating Peace, 
 ilreotlng Victory to record 
 Itenlng. The InscripUone 
 
 |rABY8,1816. BESOtOnOH 
 
 Although no one bu|)- 
 poscd the Hritish would 
 return, JackHoii, like a 
 true soldier, did not re- 
 lax his vigilance and dis- 
 cii)line. Martial law waH 
 rigorously maintained 
 after rumors of peace 
 reached New Orleans 
 through seemingly relia- 
 ble sources. lie did not 
 feel bound to bo govern- 
 ed by rumors. lie retain- 
 ed all the troops; kept up 
 the regular discipline of 
 the camp; made drafts 
 and bills of exchange on 
 his government as usual 
 for funds to prosecute 
 hostilities (a fac-simile of 
 one of which is given in 
 the annexed engraving), 
 and in every way acted 
 as if war was in full ca- 
 reer. Finally a messen- 
 ger arrived from Wash- 
 • March 0, ington* with 
 
 ^^^'^ an official an- 
 nouncement of peace. 
 Jackson was then in- 
 volved in a contention 
 with the civil authori- 
 ties. Tliis culminated in 
 great public excitement.^ 
 It soon ended, and on the 
 30th of March the "Hero 
 of New Orleans," as Jack 
 son was ever afterward 
 called, departed from 
 that city for his humble 
 home in Tennessee, a log 
 house in the forest. 
 
 I visited the theatre 
 of war around New Or- 
 leans, with a young kins- 
 two little girls leaned gently forward and placed the laurel crown upon his head. At the same moment a charming 
 Creole girl (Miss Kerr), as the representative of Louisiana, stepped forward, and with modesty supreme in voice and 
 manner addressed a few congratulatory words to the chief, eloquent with expressions of the most profound gratitude. 
 To these words Jackson made a brief i«ply, and then passed ou toward the church, his pathway strewn with flowers by 
 the sweet representatives of the states. 
 
 At the Cathedral entrance the honored hero was met by the Abb4 Du Boarg In his pontlflcal robes, and supported by 
 a college of priests In their sacerdotal garments. The abbi addressed the general with eloquent and patriotic discourse, 
 after which the chief was conducted to a conspicuous seat near tV.u great altar, when the Te Deum Laudamua was chant- 
 ed by the choir and people. When the Imposing pageant was over, the general retired to his quarters to resume the 
 stem duties of a soldier; and that night the city of New Orleans blazed with a general illumination. 
 
 > The story of Jackson's difflcnlties with the civil authorities may be told in a few words. In the lieglslatnre of Lon- 
 
 
 If'' 
 
1054 
 
 PICTOItlAL FIELD. BOOK 
 
 'i-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 inmttfl 
 
 
 
 ■' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i : 
 
 
 '(I 
 
 ll 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 JocIuod'r Obedieuce io Civil Law. 
 
 Scene tu tlie old Conrt-bouse. 
 
 Biographical SketcU ofjacluon. 
 
 woman as a traveling compjinion, in tho month of April, 1861, We left New York 
 on the 28th of March for Baltimore, from which city we passed over the Baltimore 
 arc! Ohio Railway to Parkersburg, in Virginia, on the Ohio River, stopping over 
 night at Harper's Ferry, where, tliree weeks later, the torch of civil war, then just 
 lighted, made sad devastation. We crossed the Chio River at Parkersburg, and 
 
 There we again crossed that stream to Cov- 
 
 journeyed by railway to Cincinnati 
 
 ^9'^^^^^ 
 
 Iflana wos a powerful raction pereonnlly opposed to Jackson— eo powe-''aI tliat, when the offlcert and troops were 
 thanked by that body on the 2d of February, the name of their chief leader was omitted. This conduct highly Incensed 
 the people. Thei.' Indignation was inii iisifled by a seditious publication, pnt forth by one of tho members of the Leg- 
 islature, which was -alculated to products d'eaffection in the army. This was a nubile matter, and Jackson felt bound to 
 notice it. He ordere'J tlie 
 arrest of the anthr-.', and 
 bis trial by martial law. 
 Judge Dominic A. Hall, 
 
 of the Supreme Cov.rt of ^^ w- ».^ — — ^ • x.,^ — >,^^ f_^ €^^l^<7 £^» 
 
 the United States, Issued 
 a writ of habeas corpus 
 in favor of the offender. 
 Jackson considered this 
 aviolation of martial law, 
 and ordered tae arrest of 
 the Judge an 1 bis expul- 
 sion beyond the limits of 
 the city. The judge, in 
 turn, when the military 
 law was revoked on tho 
 
 13th of March, in consequence of the official proclamation of peace, required Jackson to appear before him and show 
 
 cause why he should not be 
 punished for contempt of court. 
 He cheerfully obeyed the sum- 
 mons, »nd entered the crowded 
 court-room In the old Spanlsb- 
 bullt court - house, 209 Roynl 
 Street, in citizen's dress. He 
 had almost reacaed the bar bo- 
 fore he was recognized, when 
 hj was greeted with huzzas by 
 a thousand voices. The judge 
 was alarmed, and hesitated. 
 Jackson stepped upon a beuch, 
 procured silence, and then, 
 turning to the trembling judge, 
 said, " There Is no danger hei e 
 — there shall be none. The 
 same hand that protected this 
 city ft'om outrage against the 
 luviders of the country will 
 shield and protect this court, 
 or perish In the effort. Proceed 
 with your sentence." With 
 quivering lips the judge pro- 
 u(mnced him guilty of con- 
 tempt of court, and fined him a 
 thousand dollars. The act was 
 greeted by a storm of hisses. 
 Jackson Inimediutcly drew a 
 check for the amount, handed 
 It to the marshal, and then made his way for the coort-house door. The excitement of the people was intense. Tlicy 
 lifted Jackson upon their shoulders, bore him to the street, and then the immense crowd sent up a shout that blanched 
 the cheeks of Judge Hall, and gave evidence of the unbouuaed popularity of the heroic soldier who was so prompt In 
 his obedience to the mandates of the civil law. He was placed in a carriage, from whlcii the people released the horses 
 and draggea it themselves to Maspero's house, where ho addressed the populace, urging them to show their apprecia- 
 tion of the blessings of liberty and free government by a willing submission to the authorities of their country. In the 
 mean time a thousand dollars had been collected by voluntary subscriptions and placed to his credit in a bank. Jack- 
 son oolltely refused to accept it, and begged his ft-icnds to distribute It among the relatives of those who had fallen In 
 • 1843. "'^ '"'^ battles. Nearly thirty years afterwaid Congrnss refunded* the sum, i j interest, amounting in all to 
 , ' two thousand seven hundred dollart. 
 Andrew Jackson was bom in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, on the IBth of March, 1T«T. He was designed by 
 his mother for the Christian ministry, but his studies were interrupted by the old War for Independence, whfie tumults 
 were loud in the region wh'sre the boy resided, his home then being in the northern part of South Carolina. He went 
 into the service a mere !<td, and was made a prisoner in ITOl. His mother, his only surviving parent, died at that time, 
 and he was left alone. He studied law, and was admitted to tho bar In 1780. He settled in Tennessee, and at Nash- 
 ville, which he made his home in 1700, he was married to an eT<'elle"t woman. In 1795 he assisted in forming a Stale 
 Constitution for Tenneusee. He was the flrst-elected Congressman fVom that state, and represented it in the Senate of 
 the United States in 17C7. He was soon appointed judgs of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, and for many years he 
 
 TUK OLI> OOCET-UOCSE. 
 
OF THE WAll OF 18 12. 
 
 1055 
 
 phlcal Sketcii of Jackson. 
 
 Ve left New York 
 ver the baltimore 
 er, stopping over 
 ivil war, then just 
 Parkersburg, and 
 at stream to Cov- 
 
 ofBcerc and troops were 
 Is conduct highly incensed 
 r the members of the Leg- 
 aud Jackson felt bound to 
 
 Jonmey f^om Baltimore to Lexington, in Kentucky. 
 
 'Ashland.' 
 
 Clay's Monument. 
 
 Jackson's Tomb. 
 
 pear before him and show 
 le why he should not be 
 Ished for contempt of court. 
 :heerfully obeyed the sum- 
 is, and entered the crowded 
 rt-room in the old Spanish- 
 t court -house, 209 Roynl 
 let, in citizen's dress. He 
 almost rcacoed the bar bc- 
 he was recognized, when 
 •as greeted with huzzas by 
 ousand voices. The judge 
 alarmed, and hesitated. 
 [SOU stepped upon a bench, 
 urcd silence, and then, 
 ing to the trembling judge, 
 There is no danger hei e 
 iere shall be none. The 
 _ nand that protected this 
 from outrage against the 
 (IcTs of the country will 
 Id and protect this court, 
 irlsh in the effort. Proceed 
 your sentence." With 
 ering lips the judge pro- 
 iced him guilty of con- 
 it of court, and fined him a 
 sand dollars. The act was 
 ted by a storm of hisses, 
 son immedlutcly drew a 
 for the amount, handed 
 leople was intense. They 
 up a shout that blanched 
 ler who was so prompt in 
 leople released the horses 
 I to show their apprecia- 
 of their country. In the 
 8 credit in a bank. Jack- 
 ^f those who had fallen in 
 erest, amounting in all to 
 
 T67. He was designed by 
 spendeiice, whf ie tumults 
 South Carolina. He went 
 parent, died at that time, 
 Tennessee, and at Nash- 
 isisted Id forming a State 
 eented It In the Senate of 
 le, aud for many years be 
 
 ington, and traveled southward through 
 a beautiful region of Kentucky to Lexing- 
 ton, where we tarried a day and a night. 
 We rode out to Ashland, the residence of 
 Henry Clay, a short distance from the 
 town, for the purpose of seeing the dwell- 
 ing-place of that eminent man for many 
 years before his death, and tendering our 
 respects to his venerable widow, then re- 
 siding there. We were met by disap- 
 pointment. The venerated mansion had 
 been demolished by a son of the states- 
 man (James B. Clay), and upon its site 
 stood a pretentious brick dwelling — so 
 pretentious that persons living long dis- 
 tances from it went to see it. Mrs. Clay 
 was too feeble to receive strangers,' and after a brief interview with the proprietor 
 ■S;. of the estate we turned with sadness from the shadows 
 
 of the grand old trees under which the former master 
 delighted to loiter in his retirement from public life. It 
 is to be regretted that his son did not conif ly with the 
 desires of the people of Kentucky that the mansion at 
 Ashland should belong to that state, and be preserved 
 as a perpetual memorial of her honored son. 
 
 We returned to Lexington, and rode out to the pub- 
 lic cemetery wherein lie the remains of Henry Clay and 
 his family, and where, on the verge of a plain, stands a 
 beuutiful monument (a sketch of which is given on the 
 next page) erected to the memory of the statesman. 
 
 -«SS 
 
 llOIll.F.V'S onAvn.' 
 
 JAgikSON B TOSIU. 
 
 was chief military commauderln that 
 section. His services in the War of 
 1312 are recorded in this volume. Ho 
 rep'alned in the service some time 
 after the war. In 1S21 he was ap- 
 pointed Governor of the Territory of 
 Florida, and in U24 he was an unsuc- 
 cessful candidate for president of the 
 Republic. He was elected to that of- 
 fice in 1828, and served two consecu- 
 tive terms. In 1S3T ht retired from 
 public life forever, and passed the re- 
 mainder of his days at the " Ilcrmlt- 
 Bgc" (see page 1016), where he died 
 on the Sth of June, 1846. Beneath the 
 roof of a little temple-like structure 
 in the garden of the "Hermitage" 
 rested the remains of Genera! Jack- 
 son, by the side of those of his wife, 
 when the author visited the place In 
 the spring of 1801. 
 
 ' Mrs. Lncrctia Hart Clay was the 
 daughter of Colonel Hart, of Lexing- 
 ton, and sister of Captain Hart, who 
 was killed at Frenchtown (s,-o page 
 380), on the Raisin River. Mrs. Clay 
 had eleven children, of whom only 
 three now (180T) survive. She died 
 at the residence of her son, John M., 
 near Lexington, on the evening of 
 the Cth of April, 1864, at the age of 
 eighty-three years. 
 
 » Tlie slab bears these few words : 
 " General Thomas Boih.kt. Born 4tli 
 July, nT2. Died Uth June, 1883." 
 
 ■,:k\' 
 
 liii 
 
 :*fi 
 
 :! m 
 
1056 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Fraukfort and Its Cemetery. 
 
 Oraves of Daniel Boone and hie Wife. 
 
 clay's monument.' 
 
 His body was laid by the 
 side of the remains of his 
 mother, in the western p, "t 
 of the cemetery; and not far 
 from them were the grave 
 and modest little monument 
 of General Thomas Bodley 
 (see preceding page), who 
 was the deputy quartermas- 
 ter general to the Kentucky 
 Volunteers under General 
 Harrison in 1813, with the 
 rank of major. 
 
 From Lexington we jour- 
 neyed by railway through 
 the rich " blue-grass region" 
 to Frankfort, the capital of 
 the state. It is on the Ken- 
 tucky River, and is the cen- 
 tre of a theatre of romantic 
 events in the early history 
 of Kentucky, in which Dan- 
 iel Boone and his compan- 
 ions were so corspicuous. 
 
 There we were favored with the company and kind offices of General Leslie Combs, 
 
 whose gallant services in the War of 1812 are recorded in this volume. With him 
 
 we visited the Frankfort Cemetery, on the high right bank of the Kentucky River, a 
 
 short distance from 
 
 the city, where, side 
 
 by side, under the 
 
 shadows of magnifi- 
 cent sycamore - trees 
 
 that stood there when 
 
 the pioneers were 
 
 fighting the Indians, 
 
 were the graves of 
 
 Daniel Boone and his 
 
 wife, with nothing to 
 
 mark their place of 
 
 sepulchre but little 
 
 mounds covered with 
 
 green grass and wild 
 
 flowers of the woods.^ 
 
 Not far from these 
 
 humble graves we 
 
 found the fine monu- 
 ment erected to the 
 
 memory of Colonel Richard M. Johnson, delineated on page 496 ; and in its vicinity 
 
 1 Tills monnment Is of white marble. It is composed of an Egyptian cenotaph, upon which stands a Cor{ntb<an cap- 
 ital bearing a statue of the statesman. 
 
 • These graves were near the steep bank of the river, which the Indians in Boone's time called Kain-tnck-ee. The 
 bank was here aboat one hundred and fifty feet in height. Near the grnves and covering a slope were stumps, stones, 
 shmbliery, and vines, purposely left with nide aspect as appropriate to the resting-place of the remains of the pioneer. 
 The tall shaft seen beyond the trees In the picture is that of the Soldiers' Monument given on the next page. 
 
 8BAVES or nANIKL UOONS AMI) niS WIFK. 
 
niel Boone and hU Wife. 
 
 was laid by the 
 le remains of his 
 I the western p. n 
 letery; and not far 
 n were the grave 
 St little monument 
 il Thomas Bodley 
 seding page), who 
 Leputy quartei-mas- 
 al to the Kentucky 
 irs under General 
 
 in 1813, with the 
 najor. 
 
 Lexington we jour- 
 y railway through 
 "blue-grass region" 
 ifort, the capital of 
 ;. It is on the Ken- 
 iver, and is the cen- 
 thoatre of romantic 
 n the early history 
 ttcky, in which Dan- 
 le and his compan- 
 ire so corspicuous. 
 moral Leslie Combs, 
 volume. With him 
 Q Kentucky River, a 
 
 W 
 
 Ich Btands a Corinth'an cap- 
 
 le called Kaln-tnck-ee. The 
 fk slope were Btumps, stones, 
 fthe remains of the pioneer. 
 I on the next page. 
 
 OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1061 
 
 LoaisTllle and Nashville. 
 
 A Visit to the Hermitage. 
 
 Dr. Felix Robertson. 
 
 stands a lofly and elegant wliite 
 marble shaft, upon a rich pedes- 
 tal, and with more elaborated sur- 
 mountings, that was erected by the 
 State of Kentucky in commemora- 
 tion of its deceased soldiers who 
 had served in any war.* We spent 
 much of the day in that "city of 
 the dead," and on the following 
 morning went by railway to Louis- 
 ville, at the " Falls of the Ohio," so 
 often spoken of by the early voya- 
 gers on that stream. Thence we. 
 traveled by the same means to 
 Nashville, on the Cumberlsi ' Riv- 
 er, where we spent the liubbath, 
 and on Monday rode out to the 
 " Hermitage," the home of Andrew 
 Jackson,'' about twelve miles from 
 the city. It was a spacious brick 
 mansion, built in 1835, after the 
 earlier one was burned. There we 
 were hospitably entertained by 
 Mrs. Jackson, wife of the adopt- 
 ed son of the President, who per- 
 mitted me to copy from the origi- 
 nal the portrait of General CoiFee 
 seen on page 759. Tliere we saw 
 two of the general's old house-serv- 
 ants — Aaron and Hannah — the for- 
 mer nearly eighty, and the latter 
 
 almost seventy years of age. Hannah went with us to the tomb of the patriot in 
 the garden, where I raade the sketch seen on page 1056. She gave us many inter- 
 esting incidents of tlie latter days of her old master, and pointed to two thrifty wil- 
 lows near the tomb which she saw him plant with his own hand a few evenings after 
 Ids wife was buried there. 
 
 On our return to Nashville toward evening,! passed an hour with the late venera- 
 ble Dr. Felix Robertson, a portrait of whom is given on the next page, whose resem- 
 blance to Jackson was very re^iarkable. He was the son of General James Robert- 
 son (see page 747), and was the first white child bom on the site of Nashville, his 
 mother then being in the little log fort there. On the following morning we departed 
 by railroad for New Orleans, going by way of Decatur, in Northern Alabama, then 
 westward to Grand Junction, and then southward to the " Crescent City." We ar- 
 rived in New Orleans at noon on the 11th of April, took rooms at the St. Charles, 
 and remained there nearly a week, visiting places of historic interest in and around 
 the city, and gathering materials, by the use of pen and pencil, for the narrative of 
 the events of the war there, given in this and the preceding chapter. For much in- 
 I; and in its vicinity ■ formation, and for facilities for acquiring more, I am greatly indebted to the kindness 
 
 KPHTUOKT BOLDIXBS' HOMUMXIIT. 
 
 > This mouoment stands npon a monnd. Upon the bands which are seen embracing the sqnare shaft are the names 
 of battles, and beneath each are the names of soldics who foil in those- battles. The shaft is a single piece of marble. 
 Upon a tablet on the south front of the pedestal is a gronp in relief, composed of two feminine flgnre?, one on each side 
 of an altar. One. with an open book in her hand, represents Hlntory ; the other, with a short Roman sword and olive 
 wreath, represents Victory. The other hands of the two flgnres arc employed in holding a wreath over the altar. Al 
 each comer of the top of the pedestal Is an eagle. The shaft Is sarmounted with a figure of Fame, with anne extended, 
 nu4 holding a wreath in each band. ' See page iniT. 
 
 3X 
 
 11'^ 
 
 Ih: 
 
 
 !i i 
 
1058 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 ?=■ m 
 
 HUtorlcal Places in New Orleans. 
 
 One of Jackson's UTe-gnardsmen. 
 
 A Visit to the Batlle-ground, 
 
 i -f - 
 
 V!i i 
 
 M i 'I 
 
 est' f, -T 
 
 of Judge Walker, author of Jackson and 
 New Orleans / the late General H. W. 
 Palfrey, who was a participant in the 
 battle ; and especially to Alfred Hen- 
 ner, Esq. (a leading lawyer in New Or- 
 leans), who was one of Jackson's mount- 
 ed life-guard, and was engaged in active 
 and perilous duty on the memorable 8th 
 of January, 1815,* It was chiefly under 
 the direction of Mr. Henner that we 
 found the various localities of interest 
 in the city and its suburbs. 
 • April 12, On the morning after our ar- 
 1861. rival* we rode down to the 
 battle-ground in a pleasant barouche. 
 General Palfrey had made arrangements 
 to accompany us, but on that morning 
 news had arrived of the attack of insur- 
 gents on Fort Sumter, in Charleston 
 Harbor, and he was too busy 
 
 with public matters to go J^V^ ^' y^ ^-V' ~ ~?*— » ^ 
 
 with us. That outbreak of y^ ^^A? //y W/k/^^ yC^y'f'2^ ^ 
 the Great Rebellion ab- /V^^^^^ (/ C^ C^^^^d^^M^^^^ 
 sorbed all minds. Our driver had been over the battle-ground often, and was a com- 
 petent guide, so we rode down alone 
 along the Levee, the water in the brim- 
 ful Mississippi being quite four feet 
 higher than our roadway, with only 
 twenty-five feet thickness of earth be- 
 tween us and the flood. It was a 
 clear and very warm day. The gar- 
 dens were full of blooming roses, and 
 the orange hedges around them were 
 bright with the golden fruit. Wo 
 were kindly entertained by Madame 
 ]\[acart6, at Jackson's head-quarters,- 
 and we found a cordial welcome at 
 the Villero mansion by the family of 
 the gra.nd8on of Governor Villero, 
 where we were regaled Avith orange 
 sherbet and the delicious elfe^ or Japan 
 plum, trees of which, full of the fruit, 
 formed a grove near the house.^ Aft- 
 er making drawingH of that mansion, 
 the pecan-trees,* and the dwellings of 
 Lacoste* and De la Ronde,^ we returned to Macarte's, and while seated on the base 
 
 » Captain Ogdcn was the cnmmander of the Ufe-gnard. The officers alone were nnlformed. Mr. Henner was one of 
 only three snrvivora of '.aat guard at the time nf my visit, the other two being Ex-Qoremor nenry Johnson and JniiiM 
 Hopkins. Tie becs'je a resident of New Orleans In 1809, when the city contained abont 14,000 Inhabitants. He wac 
 there in 1801, hav).ig been sent by his father on a flat-boat with the first bales of cotton ever taken to that city. He 
 placed them in the Jesnits' warehouse, on the site of the St. Charles Hotel, above Canal Street, It was in the fields ont- 
 sidc of the palisades, which then occnpled the line of the present broad Canal Street. ' See page 103T. 
 
 ' See page 1029. This fi'nit grows In clusters like cherries, on trees about the size of cherry-trees, and overages the 
 site given In the engraving at the head of the opposite page. Some are larger. When ripe it U of a yellow color, ami 
 it filled with a boontifttl supply of dellcioiu acid juice. 
 
 * e«e page lOfiO. • S«e page lOSl. * See page lOU. 
 
 itrBED UENNBB. 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1050 
 
 Bit to the Battle-ground. 
 
 Port Sd'"*''' taken by Insurgents. 
 
 tTprising of the People. 
 
 ten, and was a cora- 
 ?e rode down alone 
 le water in the brim- 
 [ing quite four feet 
 roadway, with only 
 lickness of earth be- 
 flood. It was a 
 irra day. The gar- 
 looming roses, and 
 around them were 
 golden fruit. We 
 •tained by Madame 
 on's head-quarters,- 
 jordial welcome at 
 m by the family of 
 Governor Villerc, 
 galed with orange 
 licioua elfe, or Japan 
 ich, full of the fruit, 
 lar the house. ^ Aft- 
 igs of that mansion, 
 nd the dwellings of 
 seated on the base 
 
 id. 
 
 u. Mr. Henner wai one of 
 Hcnrv Johnson and Jnniw 
 14,000 inhabitants. He was 
 pver taken to that city. He 
 et. It was in the fields out- 
 
 3 See page 103T. 
 irry-trees, and averages the 
 1 it U of a yeilow color, anti 
 
 • See page 1084. 
 
 Negotiations for Peace proposed. 
 
 of the monument there,' at a little past two 
 o'clock, sketching the plain of Chalmette,* we 
 heard some discharges of cannon at the city. 
 " Fort Sumter is doubtless gone," I said to my 
 companion. So it was. The news had reached 
 the city at that hour, and these cannon were 
 expressing the joy of the secessionists of New 
 Orleans. On our return we found the city alive 
 with excitement ; and during our stay there, a 
 few days longer, and on our journey northward 
 to the Ohio River, we saw the uprising of the 
 insurgents in the slave-labor states at the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War. After crossing the 
 Ohio River and journeying eastward through 
 Ohio State, over the Alleghany Mountains, and 
 through Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New 
 York,» we saw the more marvelous uprising of the loyal people, with a de- .Mayi, 
 termination to suppress the rebellion. The whole country, whether on the ***'• ' 
 mountain tops or in the valleys, seemed iridescent, for the national flag, with its 
 " red, white, and blue," was every where seen.^ 
 
 We have observed that, very soon after the battle of the 8th of January, 1815, near 
 New Orleans, rumors reached that city that peace had been concluded between the 
 United States and Great Britain, and that an official notification of such action was 
 speedily given to General Jackson. It was a consummation ardently desired by the 
 
 Americans. Tlicy had taken up arms 
 
 JAPAH PLim. 
 
 JOHN QUINOY ADAMS. 
 
 most reluctantly, after the gravest prov- 
 ocations, and only in defense of the in- 
 dependence of the nation. From the be- 
 pinning of the war they were anxious 
 jr a reconciliation with Great Britain 
 on honorable terms; and we have ob- 
 served (page 470) with what eagerness 
 the President, at an early period of the 
 war, acted upon a proposition for the 
 mediation of the Emperor of Russia to 
 that end, by appointing James A. Bay- 
 ard and Albert Gallatin commissioners 
 to act with John Quincy Adams,* then 
 American embassador at StPetersburg, 
 in negotiating a treaty of peace. The 
 British government refused to treat un- 
 der the mediation of Russia, but offered 
 to open negotiations in London, or in 
 Gottenburg, in Sweden. The President 
 accepted the proposition, and chose the 
 
 ' See page 1048. » See page 1089. ' Sec Losslng's PMoritU Field-book of the Civtt War, Chapter XIV., volOinc i. 
 
 ' Jolin Qnlncy Adams was bom it the homestead of his family at Qnincy, MBSsachusetts, on the 11th of July, 176T. 
 When only eleven years of aj^e he accompanied his father to Europe, and was much in the society of diplomatists and 
 other distinguished men. He received much of his education abroad, and when only fourteen years of age he was the 
 private secretary of Mr. Dana, United States minister at St. Petersburg. He was graduated at Harvard University in 
 July, 1T8T, ana studied law and entered upon its practice In Boston. He took an active part in politics. In 1704 Wash- 
 ington appointed him resident minister in the Netherlands. He afterw.ird held the same olflce in Portugal and Pms- 
 Kla. He returned to Boston in 1801, and was elected to a seat in the Massachusetts Senate. He was sent to the Na- 
 tional Senate in 180i). In 1809 he was sent as minister to the Russian court, where he was a great favorite with the 
 Emperor Alexander. He was at the head of the American commissioners in the negotiation of the treaty of pence 
 at Ghent In 1814, and in 1815 be wae appointed minister vo the British conrt He was appointed Secretary of State In 
 
 J I 
 
1060 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Peace Commlnlonerg. 
 
 Ncgotlatloiu opened at Ghent. 
 
 Adams, Bayard, Clay, and Oallatlu. 
 
 r 
 
 li- i 
 
 > iS 
 
 , f 
 
 Ih: 
 
 i i 
 
 JAMES A. BATABD. 
 
 latter place for the meeting. The ancient 
 city of Ghent, in Southern Netherlands 
 (now in Belgium), was afterward substi- 
 tuted.' There the American commission- 
 ers assembled in the summer of 1814. 
 These consisted of John Quincy Adams, 
 James A. Bayard,* Henry Clay,' Jonathan 
 Russell, and Albert Gallatin.* There they 
 were joined* by the British com- . Angnsto, 
 missioners, Lord Gambler, Henry **"• 
 Goulburn, and William Adams ; and Chris- 
 topher Hughes, Jr., one of the most at- 
 tractive of men in social life, and a diplo- 
 mat without a rival, who was then our 
 charge d'affaires at Stockholm, was ap- 
 pointed secretary to the American com- 
 missioners. 
 
 Negotiations were speedily opened, when 
 a wide difference in the views of the com- 
 missioners of the respective nations threat- 
 
 181T, in which office he remained nntll he took the chair of President of the United States In 1926. In 1831 he was elect- 
 ed a member of the National Honee of Representatives, which position be held by re-election until his death, which oc- 
 curred ki the Speaker's Boom at the Capitol on the 22d of February, 1848, in the elghty-flrst year of his age. His last 
 
 words were, " This Is the end of earth." His remains were buried on the family estate at Quincy. In the accompany- 
 ing picture are representations of the blrthplnci-, the later residence, and the tomb of John Quincy Aclams. 
 
 » Qber-.i IB tne capital of the province of Bast Flanders, in Belgium ; Is situated at the confluence of the Scheldt and 
 Lv!, and is one of the most interesting localities in the ancient Netherlands. 
 
 » James A. Bayard was born in Philadelphia on the 2flth of July, 1T6T. He was graduated at Princeton in 1T84, be- 
 came a lawyer of eminence, and took a scat in Congress in 1T9T, to which he had been elected by the Federalists. He 
 held that position until 1804, when he was elected to the National Senate, in which he became a leader. He was op- 
 posed to the War of 1813, but cheerfully acquiesced in the action of the majority. After assisting in the negotiation of 
 the treaty of peace he went to Paris, where he became seriously ill. When he arrived in England, on his way home, he 
 was met with the commission of minister to Bnssia. He declined the honor, hastened home, and five days after his ar- 
 rival (August e, 1816) he died. 
 
 » Henry Clay (see page 211) was bom near Hanover Court-house, in Virginia, on the 18th of April, 1T7T. He was edu- 
 cated In inferior district schools. He began the study of the law at the age of nineteen years, and at the age of twenty 
 he was admitted to its practice. He went over the mountains into Kentucky, and settled at Lexington in 1799. With 
 a display of remarkable talents, he entered upon the practice of his profession, and as a politician, with vigor. At that 
 early period he worked for measures for the emancipation of the slaves, and through life was an advocate of the abolition 
 of slavery in some form. He was chosen a member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1803, and was sent to the National 
 Senate in 1806. He entered the House of Representatives as a member in 1811, and almost immediately afterward was 
 elected its speaker. He remained In Cofigress, as a member of one branch or the other of that body (with the excep- 
 tion of four years, when he was John Quincy Adams's Secretary of State, and a brief retirement thereafter), until his 
 death, which occurred at Washington City on the 29th of June, 1862. 
 
 * Alberi Gallatin was bom on the 29th of January, 1T61, in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. He was graduated at the 
 University of Geneva in 1TT9, came to America In 1T80, and entered the r -.llitary service in Maine. After the Revolu- 
 tion he was a tutor In Harvard College for a while, and finally settled In Western Pennsylvania. He was a member of 
 the Convention to revise the Constitution of that state in ITSn, and was elected to the State I.«giBlature. He was chosen 
 a member of the National Senate in 1T93, bat, being ineligible, he was elected a member of the other house, and became 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 1061 
 
 rd, CUy, and Oallatlu. 
 
 g. The ancient 
 ra Netherlands 
 Tterward substi- 
 3an commiBsion- 
 immer of 1814. 
 Quincy Adams, 
 Clay,^ Jonathan 
 in.* There they 
 h com- •Angttste, 
 Henry *^**- 
 lams ; and Chris- 
 of the most at- 
 Ufe, and a diplo- 
 
 was then our 
 ckholm, was ap- 
 
 1 American corn- 
 lily opened, when 
 fiewB of the com- 
 ve nations threat- 
 
 26. In 1831 he was elect- 
 intll his death, which oc- 
 ear of his age. His last 
 
 
 
 r^jtflS^ 
 
 incy. In the accompany- 
 
 flncy AtlaniB. 
 
 faence of the Scheldt and 
 
 1 at Princeton In 1T84, be- 
 
 i by the Fcderallsta. He 
 
 jie a leader. He was op- 
 
 flng In the negotiation of 
 
 ind, on his way home, he 
 
 id five days after his ar- 
 
 April,im. Hewasedn- 
 [and at the age of twenty 
 cxlngton In 1799. With 
 ttan, with vigor. At that 
 ladvocate of the abolition 
 I was sent tr the National 
 Imedlately afterward wai> 
 Iftt body (with the excep- 
 lient thereafter), nntU his 
 
 I He was gradoatttd at the 
 lalne. After the Heroln- 
 la. He was a member of 
 llslature. He was chosen 
 I other house, and became 
 
 Delay in the Negotlationa. 
 
 Sympathies of the People of Ghent with the Americans. 
 
 The Treaty concladed. 
 
 ened the most formidable obstructions to agreement. At times it seemed as if the 
 effort to negotiate a treaty would be fruitless. The discussions continued several 
 
 VIEW OF TUE CITY Or QUENT, rKOli TUE SOUELDT. 
 
 months. The leading citizens of Ghent (whose sympathies were with the Ameri- 
 cans') took great interest in the matter, and mingled their rejoicings with the com- 
 missioners when their work was ended.^ That result was reached on the 24th of 
 December, 1814, when a treaty was signed by the respective commissioners.' It was 
 immediately transmitted to London by the hands of Mr. Baker, secretary to Lord 
 
 the Republican leader of It. Jefferson appointed him Secretary of the Treasury In 1801, which ofllce he held until 1813, 
 when he was sent to St. Petersburg aa a commissioner to treat for peace. His communications from Europe on public 
 affairs at that time were mostly written in cipher, composed of numbers, of which (copied f^om one of them in the State 
 Department at Waahbigton) a fac-simile is here given from a letter dated at London, June 13, 1814. Each number rep- 
 
 IS 44- IZp. S0(^J33S: 3o8. 8^^- af/^ f(^0. ///3o. 327. SI 6 o-^^^ 
 ^. /5^ /o4^. /07S. 7o^.'ZCg'./42/,.22o- /4Z3.JS76. ^il8. /3/ o.^ 
 I3SS: /o4j^./o33. ^^i./433JS76. id^. 6s6'$i. looU- lloZ. 1^18. ^oo. 
 
 resents a word or sentence, perfectly Intelligible to a person with a key. Mr. Oallatin assisted in negotiating the treaty 
 at Ghent He remained in Europe, and ftom 1816 until 1823 he was our resident minister at the French court, and was 
 employed in other diplomatic services. He declined offices of high honor at home, and remained abroad until 1828, 
 when he returned to the United States, and fixed his residence In the city of New York, where he engaged in the busi- 
 ness of banking. He took an active part in literary pursuits, and at the time of his death, which occurred at Astoria, 
 Long Island, on the 12th of August, 1849, he was President of the New York Historical Society. 
 
 ' On the 2Tth of October, 1814, the Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts at Ghent Invited the American commissioners 
 to attend their exercises, when they were all elected honorary members of the Academy. A sumptuous dinner was giv- 
 en, at which the Intendant, or chief magistrate of Ghent, offered the following sentiment : 
 
 "Owr disKn^vfsAcd ^ueste and /elhnc-memben, th* Amerlean ministers— may they succeed In making an honorable 
 peace to secure the liberty and independence of their country." The band then played " Hail, Columbia." The British 
 commissioners were not present. 
 
 ' After the treaty was concluded the American commissioners gave a dinner to the British commissioners, at which 
 C3onnt H. Von Steinhnyse, the Intendant of the Department, was a guest Sentiments of mutual friendship were offered. 
 A few days afterward the Intendant gave an entertainment to the commissioners of both nations. 
 
 ' On the next two pages is a fac-simile of the last paragraph of the treaty, with the signatures of the respective com- 
 missioners, and representations of the seals set opposite their names. These were careftilly copied by the writer fhim 
 the original in the Department of State at Washington City. The Impresaiona of all the seals od the red wax were im- 
 perfect, as the engravbigs represent them. 
 
 ^ ; 
 
 ;|, { 
 
 
 !^ i i 
 
1062 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 (• :i 
 
 f I 
 
 BIgnatures and 8eali to the Treaty of Peace. 
 
 Gambler, and Mr. Can-oil, ouo of tbu Hccretarios of tho American coiuniissionerB. 
 
 c^y^t-^ . 
 
 .Cftyf^ Oy'y^Ot 
 
 -»5<i»-ZX 
 
 
 i^^?-^*-^ 
 
 a^-^^f^^t^ 
 
 u crn/n dui/ytctf JicLu/yyU 
 
 
OF THE WAR OP 1818. 
 
 1068 
 
 in comraissionerB. 
 
 Ratlflcatlon of the Treat; of Peace. 
 
 ArrlTuI of the News In New York >nd WaahliiKtoii, 
 
 ., t 
 
 ill 
 
 I!!| 
 
 Cy^^e^ ^aJU;z:> 
 
 
 There it was ratified on the 28th of the same month by the Prince Regent, and then 
 sent to America by the same messen- 
 gers. They sailed in the British sloop 
 of war Favorite on the 2d of January, 
 1815. She arrived at New York on 
 the evening of Saturday, the 11th of 
 February. Mr. Hughes left Ghent with 
 a copy of the treaty at the same time 
 the other messengers did, proceeded to 
 the Texel, and there embarked for the 
 Chesapeake in the schooner Transit. 
 She arrived at Annapolis two days aft- 
 er the Favorite reached New York, 
 and Mr. Hughes' was at Washington 
 City with his copy of the treaty before 
 the ratified copy arrived there. 
 
 News of the arrival of the Favorite 
 soon spread over the city. The glad 
 tidings of peace which she brought 
 were wholly unexpected, and produced 
 the most intense satisfaction. No one 
 inquired what were the terms of the 
 treaty; it was enough to know that 
 peace had been secured. The streets 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 cy^y^ /^, 
 
 > Hr. Hagbei U represented as a man of very attractive personal appearance, exceedingly active In body and mind, 
 and more widely known personally daring his long residence in Europe than almost any other man. A writer, in speak. 
 
1M4 
 
 PICTORIAL flELD-BOOK 
 
 imolelDg* becaOM of Peace. 
 
 now the New* wm ipread oTer the Cunnlry. 
 
 lUJotcingt Id OrMt Britain. 
 
 ( , 
 
 were soon filled with people, and a placard issued from one of the newspaper offiecB> 
 and thrown out of the window, was eagerly caught up and read by the multitude, 
 who made the night air vocal with huzzas. Cannon thundered, bells rang, and bon- 
 fires and illuminations lighted up the city until ailcr midnight. Expresses were sent 
 in various directions with the glad news.* The newspaperH were filled on Monday 
 'Febrnaryia, morning* with shipping advertisements and commercial announcements 
 1815. Qf every kind. Government stocks advanced,^ and coin and merchan- 
 
 dise rapidly declined.* There was joy all over the land, and especially along the 
 whole maritime frontier. Banquets and illuminations marked the public satisfaction 
 in towns and cities.* There were also great rejoicings in the Canadas because of the 
 deliverance of the provinces from the terrors of invasion by which they had been dis- 
 turbed for almost three years ; and the British government, appreciating the loyalty 
 of the inhabitants of those provinces, as manifested in their gallant defense of their 
 territory during the war, caused a medal to be struck in testimony of its gratitude.* 
 There was rejoicing also in Great Britain because of peace, especially among the 
 manufacturing and mercantile classes, for it promised returning prosperity ; and a 
 medal was struck in commemoration of the great event, which bore upon one side 
 the words, "trkaty of peace and amity between gueat Britain and the united 
 
 STATES OF AMERICA, SIGNED AT GHENT DECEMBER 24, 1814," and Upon thc Other a feiU- 
 
 Ing of bim said, " He li the beat known man in the world, ft'om New York to Knmtschatka," and woa remiirkablo for 
 "Mying more wise things, strange things, droll things, than ever tongne uttered or mind conceived." Ills pcrsonnl 
 popalarlty made him a most skillAil diplomat. Ue obtained a knowledge of the most profound state secrets, .Tohn 
 <}uincy Ad.'^ras said, "by no improper acts, and at no cost of secret service money, but by the art of making friends by 
 his goclul qualities wherever hi goes."— Adams's speech in Congress, September 4, 1841. Mr. Hughes was a native of 
 Baltimore, and was a brother-in-law of Colonel Armistead, the gallant defender of Fort M'Uenry. He died in Baltimore 
 on the IStb of September, 1849. 
 
 > It was Issued from the ofBce of the Mereantil: Adverttter, on a slip of paper Ave by six inches in size, and was posted 
 and scattered all over the city. The following la a copy of one of these placards, in the possession of John B. Morean, 
 Baq., of New Torlc City : 
 
 " New York, Satorday Evening, 9 o'clock, February 11, 181B. 
 
 "PEACE. 
 
 "The great and joyftal news of PEACE between the United States and Great Britain reached this city tbia evening by 
 the British sloop of war Favorite, the Hon. J. U. Mowatt, Esq., commander, In forty-two days f^om Plymouth. 
 
 "Henry Carroll, Esq., Secretary of the American I.egation at Ghent, Is the welcome bearer of the treaty, which was 
 signed at Ghent on the 24th December by the respective commissioners, and ratified by the British government on the 
 SSth December. Mr, Baker, late Secretary to the British Legation at Washington, has also arrived In the sloop of war 
 with a copy of the treaty ratified by the British government." 
 
 * Mr. Goodhue, an eminent merchant, sent an express at his own expense ($225) to Boston In thirty-six hours, which 
 scattered the glad tidings along the way, Jacob Barker (see page 986) sent an express in like manner to Governor 
 Tompkins at Albany in twenty-foar hours. Mr. Carroll, on bis way to Washington with a copy of the treaty, gave the 
 first news of peace to Philadelphia, Hngbes bad already gladdened Baltimore with the tidings. 
 
 * Six per cents rose IVom TO to 86, and treasury notes from 92 to 98, 
 
 * Coin, which was twenty-two per cent, premium, fell to two per cent, in the conrse of forty-eight hours. Within the 
 same time sugar fell firom $20 per cwt to $12.fi0 ; tea f^om $2.20 per lb. to $1 ; tin horn $80 n box to $2S. These are 
 mentioned, among scores of articles, as specimens of the sudden effect of the news on commercial values, 
 
 * Philadelphia was the first to illuminate. It took place on Wednesday evening, the 16th of February, Robert Whar- 
 ton, the mayor, in bis proclamation concerning It, suggested t>>at, as the religious principles of the Quakers would not 
 permit them to Illuminate, the police should see to It that ibey should be protected " in their peaceful rights," Thc 
 mayor directed all the lights to be extinguished at ten o'clock. On that occasion brilliant !!ghts were exhibited bam 
 the top of a shot-tower one hundred and sixty feet in height. The Illumination in New York took place ou the 22d of 
 February, On the evening of the Iflth of March a " superb ball," as the newspapers of the day said, was given at Wash- 
 ington Hall, the dancing-room of which was sixty by eighty feet In size. The "number of ladles and gentlemen was 
 six biudred." The room was so arranged as to present the appearance of a beautiful pavilion, or temple, with eighteen 
 pillars, on each of which was the name of a state. It was called the Temple of Concord, On one side of the room, un- 
 der a canopy composed of flags, was the Bower of Peace, surrounded with orange and lemon trees covered with fhilt. 
 The Evening Pott of the 21st of March said of the scene In the hall, " It was a picture of female beauty, fashion, and ele- 
 gance not to be surpassed in any city in the Union," Among the most active women at this entertainment were those 
 who composed the managers of the Association for the Relief of the Soldiers 'n the Field, formed in 1814. These con- 
 sisted of Mrs, General Lewis, Mrs, William Few, Mrs, David Gelston, Mrs. Philip Livingston, Mrs, Colonel Lalght, Mrs. 
 Thomas Morris, Mrs. Marlnus Willet, Mrs, Williiim Ross, Mrs, Nathan Sanford, Mrs, Daniel Smith, Mrs. L. Bradlsh, Miss 
 M. Bleecker, Miss H, Lewis, and Miss H, E. G. Bradlsh. 
 
 * The device on one side of the medal is emblematic of the United States and Canada. On one side of a river and 
 lake (l^t. Lawrence and the Lakes) is the eagle, representing the sovereignty of the republic, threatening to fly over into 
 Canada, whose emblem is the beaver. There the British lion conchant Is seen, emblematic of the protecting sovereignty 
 of Great Britain, The device on the other side explains itself. The medal was made by Thomas Wyon, Jr,, a young 
 engraver, then only twenty-three years of age. He died In 181T, at the age of twenty-flve years, when he was at the head 
 of his pToftssion. Copies of the three medals here mentioned are in the rare numismatic collection of Chas, I, Bushnell, 
 Esq., of New York, to whose courtesy I am Indeuted for the privilege of having two of them engraved for this worlc 
 
lolcingt In Ureal Britain. 
 
 nowttpaper offices' 
 by tho multitude, 
 ills rung, and bon- 
 icprcsscs were sent 
 filled on Monday 
 al announceinentH 
 oin and morchan- 
 |)e«!ially along tho 
 public Batisfuction 
 lias because of the 
 they had been dis- 
 nating the loyalty 
 it defense of their 
 J of its gratitude." 
 ecially among tho 
 prosperity; and a 
 tore upon one side 
 
 N AND TUB UNITED 
 
 on the other a fem- 
 
 " and wa» remarkable for 
 H)iicelve(I." Hl» i)er«<)iml 
 >roun<l ntatc secrets, Juhii 
 e art of making flrienda by 
 r. na(?heB was a native of 
 nry. He died iu Baltimore 
 
 les In size, and was posted 
 lesslon of John B. Korean, 
 
 clock, February 11, 181U, 
 
 ■A this city this evening by 
 
 ■om Plymouth. 
 
 of the treaty, which was 
 
 Iritlsb government on the 
 
 ■rived in the sloop of war 
 
 jin thirty-six honrs, which 
 lliko manner to Governor 
 ]py of the treaty, gave the 
 Sl- 
 eight honrs. Within the 
 I box to $26. These arc 
 
 1 values. 
 
 pebruary. Robert Whar- 
 
 r the Quakers would not 
 
 • peacefkil rights." The 
 
 Lhts were exhibited f^om 
 
 ftook place ou the 22d of 
 
 |sald, was given at Wasli- 
 
 dies and gentlemen woe 
 
 or temple, with eighteen 
 
 \me side of the room, nn- 
 
 Itrees covered with fhiit. 
 
 I beanty, fashion, and ele- 
 
 ntertalnment were those 
 
 tied in 1814. These cor.- 
 
 Irs. Colonel Lalght, Mrs. 
 
 Itb, Mrs. L. Bradlsb, Hiss 
 
 I one ride of a river and 
 leatenlng to fly over into 
 \ protecting sovereignty 
 [mas Wyon, Jr., a young 
 irhen he was at the head 
 Hon of Chas. I. Bnahnel), 
 graved for tbia work. 
 
 OF THE WAR OP 1812. 
 
 1065 
 
 Uadalt and Pictn^'ea In Commemoration of Peace. 
 
 RatlfletUoii of the Treaty by the Dnitnd States Senate. 
 
 UKKAI. Iir (illAIIiniiR. 
 
 inine figure standing on the segment of a globe, bearing the cornucopia of plenty, 
 and holding in on.j hand tho olive-branch of peace. Partly encircling the figure were 
 the words, " on the earth peace, good-will to men." Another medal commemo- 
 rative of the treaty was struck, on one side of which was a feminine figure standing 
 upon a shell in tho midst of tho ocean, with the olive-branch in one hand and rays 
 of light emanating from the other. Partly inclosing the figure were tho words, 
 
 " PEACE HPREAD8 HEB INFLUENCE o'eR THE ATLANTIC SHORE." On the Other sidc WaS 
 
 a dove surrounded with light, and desccndint,' toward a wreath of palm leaves in- 
 
 JUKDAL COMMEMUUATIVK OF TUE TREATY Of I'EAOK. 
 
 closing the words " concord between great britain and America." A fine alle- 
 gorical picture was painted and engraved in this country commemorative of the war 
 and the treaty of peace, a copy of which is given on the next page.' 
 
 The treaty of peace was ratified by the unanimous vote of the Senate of the United 
 States on the 17th of February, 1815, and it was promulgated the nt^j day by proc- 
 lamation of President Madison. It did not, as the text of the treaty given in the 
 Appendix shows, secure to the Americans that immunity from Search and Impress- 
 ment for which they went to war, and for this reason it was pointed to exultingly by 
 the Opposition as a proof of the wisd'om of their prophecies, the patriotism of their 
 
 > This picture, entitled The Ptare of Ghent, 1814, and Triumph of Amtriea,y/M drawn by William Planton and en- 
 graved by Chataiguler. It was published by P. Price, .Ir., Philadelphia. The design is thus described : "Minerea rep- 
 resents the wisdom of the United States, Mercury their commerce, HerevUa their force. Minerea dictates their condi- 
 tions of peace, which Mcrrunj presents to Britannia, and Hereules forces her to accept them. On the shield of Minerva 
 are the names of those who signed the treaty ; on tho obelisk, those of the braves. On the other side America passes in 
 triumph through the arch on her way to the Temple of Peace. She Is attended by Victory, and followed by a numerous 
 train. Several trophies are seen, and in the bactigronnd are the ruins of the Capitol." Below the picture, in a circle 
 composed of links, on each of which is the name of a state, ie the following luspriptioii : "Under the presidency of Had- 
 ison. Monroe, Secretary of State." 
 
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 riCTOUIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Allegoric*! I'lctnre of the Treatjr of Peace and Triumph of flmiflw 
 
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 course, and the truth of their declarations that the war was a failure — " waged to no 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1813. 
 
 1067 
 
 HbeU of the Treat;. 
 
 PiulUon of tlM Republic tt the Cloae of the Ww. 
 
 Rexljaitmeut of National Aflklre. 
 
 lure — 
 
 waged to uo 
 
 end."' It by no moanH Rocurcd all that tho Adminintratio'' hoj^d for ; yot, in addi- 
 tion to the boon of pnaco, it gave to the AnicricanH advantiigus to be derived from u 
 final Htftthini'nt ofboundarinB and the excluMivo riglit to the niivigation of tho MIwhIb- 
 sipld l{ivur, wliilo it took from them the important privilege, whieh the marinerH of 
 New Kngland had always enjoyed, of catching and curing iiHh on tho shores of tho 
 Gulf of tSt. Lawrence.* It also Hccured, iu the interoHt of our common humanity, tlie 
 co-operation of the two uatious iu efibrta to ouppross the iuhumau aud ua-Christian 
 trailiG in slavoH. 
 
 But fur more Important to this country and the world than tho Boourity of inci- 
 dental advant.;^08 was the cHtablishment, by th<' v. ar, of the positive and permanent 
 iudependenco of tho United States, and with it a guarantee to tho postorities, of the 
 perpetuation and growth of free institutions. (4reat Britain had been taught, by the 
 lessons of tho war, that tho young republic, tho offspring of her oppressions,^ growing 
 more lusty every hour, would no longer tolerate an insult, or sufler its sovereignty to 
 bo questioned without resenting tho offense; and she was corajHjlled to sign a bond, 
 as it wei-o, to keep tho peace, in the form of an acknowledgment that she had, in that 
 republic, a formidable rival for tho supremacy of the seas, which she was bound to 
 respect. Her aristocracy, as a rule, and tho public writers in their interest, remained, 
 as before, the bitter enemies of the Kopublic. They condemned the treaty because it 
 yielded too much to what they were pleased to call tho " insolent Yankees,"* and 
 omitted no opportunity to disparage and libel the American people and tho American 
 Republic. It was, perhaps, a natural exhibition of tho weakness and selfishness of hu- 
 man nature. That Republic, with its free iustitutions and equality in acknowledged 
 citizenship, was and is a perpetual menace against tho oxistcnco of privileged classes, 
 and a silent but potential champion of the rights of man enunciated in its j)rime po- 
 litical creed, that " all men are created equal." Hence it is that tho privileged class- 
 es of the Old World are its natural enemies, and are willing to disparage its institu- 
 tions and people in the estimation of the toiling millions who are struggling for the 
 light and air of a better human existence. 
 
 When the treaty of peace was ratified, tho government of tho United States took 
 measures immediately for tho adjustment of national affairs in accordance with the 
 new order of things. An appropriation was made for rebuilding tho public edifices.* 
 Plai J were considered for the maintenance of tho public credit and the extinguish- 
 ment of the national debt, then amounting, in round numbers, to |1 20,000,000. The 
 
 > The OppoB'Mon newnpapers contaiuod gome well-pointed epigrams, keen satires, and genalne wit, aimed at the 
 friends of the wi r, and iu illnfitration of the shortcomings of the treaty ; and there waa also an abundance of coarre 
 abuse ponred out, through the same channels, upon the Administration. The usually diguifled Evening Pout bad some 
 severe critlclsmai and Jostifled the following stanza in its Sew Year'» Aiidreu, printed a few weeks before : 
 
 " Your commerce Is wantonly lost, 
 
 Your treasures arc wasted and gone ; 
 You've fought to no end, but with millions of cost, 
 And for rivers of blood you've nothing to boast 
 
 But credit and nation undone." 
 
 > The treaty provided for the appointment of commissioners, and such were tho final results of their labors. 
 
 ' Half a century before (1705), when Charles Townshend, in an eloquent speech In the British House of Commons, 
 spoke of fhe "ungrateftil Americans" as "children planted by our care," Colonel Barri-, in an indignant reply, exclaim- 
 ed, "They planted by your care I No I your oppression planted them in America ; they fled from your tyranny to a 
 then uncultivated and inhospitable wildemesf, exposed to all the hardships to which hnman nature is liable." 
 
 * The Luadon Publie Advertiser, at that period, fursished many Ulustratlona of the feclhig against the treaty. The 
 following will enfflce: 
 
 "Advxbtibkhents ExTKAosniHAaT. 
 
 "Wanttd.— The spirit which animated the conduct of Elizabeth, Oliver, and William. 
 
 " />o«t.— All idea of national dignity and honor. 
 
 " fotind.— That every iuslgnlflcant state may insult Tray which tuied to call herself HisTana or tdb Beab." 
 
 » The value of the public buildings destroyed was estimated as follows : The Capitol, original cost, alterations, etc., 
 $78T,1«8.«8 i President's house, including all cosU, $.184.834 ; public offices. Treasury, State, War, and Navy, $it,613.8i ; 
 making a total of $1,216,111. The walla of the Capitol and of the President's bouse (see pages 933 and 934) remained 
 strong* and only needed repairs. It was estimated that $440,000 wonid restore them to their condition before the fire. 
 No estimate was made of the value of the pnblic library that was barned. The estimated cost of rebuilding the navy 
 yard was $62,370. The value of property destroyed at that establishment was estimated at $669,174.04, of which $417,746. 
 61 waa movable property. See page 934. 
 
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 II 
 
 =fifi-^' 
 
 1068 
 
 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK 
 
 Redaction a> the Armj. 
 
 The Nav". 
 
 Privateer*. 
 
 CapUves released. 
 
 Dartmoor Prisoners. 
 
 army was placed on a peace footing, and was reduced to 10,000 men, by which reduc- 
 tion about 1800 officers were compelled to leave the service. The navy was left 
 where it stood, with an additional appropriation, for its gradual increase, of $200,000 
 annually for three years. The national vessels and prtvateers were drawn from the 
 ocean as speedily as possible,^ and prisoners in the hands of both parties were released 
 as quickly as proper arrangements could be made for their enlargement. 
 
 In connection with the release of captives, a circumstance occurred at a ddpfit for 
 prisoners in England which caused great exasperation on the part of the American 
 people. That d6p6t was situated on Dartmoor, a desolate region in Devonshire, 
 where it was constructed in 1809 for the confinement of French prisoners of war. It 
 comprised thirty acres, inclosed within double walls, with seven distinct prison- 
 houses, with inclosures. At the time of the ratification of the treaty of peace, there 
 were about six thousand American prisoners there, iiicluding twenty-five hundred 
 impressed American seamen, who had refused to fight in the British Navy against 
 their countrymen, and were there when the war broke out in 1812. Some had been 
 there ten or eleven yearo. "rn-.- place was in charge of Captain T. G, Shortland, with 
 a military guard. That officer was charged with much unfeeling conduct toward 
 the prisoners, accounts of which reached America, from time to time, and produced 
 great irritation in the public mind. 
 
 There was much delay in the ralease of the Dartmoor prisoners. It was nearly 
 three months after the treaty of peace had been signed before they were permitted 
 •March 20, to know the fact. From that time* they were in daily expectation of re- 
 
 1816. lease. Delay caused uneasiness and impatience, and there was evidently 
 
 a disposition to attempt an escape. Symptoms of insubordination appeared on the 
 
 4th of April, when the prisoners demanded b-ead instead of hard biscuit, and refused 
 
 » A riL *° receive the latter. On the evening of the eth,** so reluctantly did the pris- 
 
 onera obey orders to retire to their quarters, that, when some of them, with 
 
 DABTMOOB PBISON IN ISlOw' 
 
 > The whole namber of Britlrh vesf els of every class captured by Americans dnring the war was estimated at i 780. 
 An ofllclal British retnm stated that, daring the same time, British ships bad captnred and destroyed 168S American 
 vessels of every clasn, manned by npw;ird of 18,(i<)0 eenmen. See puffe lOOT. 
 
 ' This is a carefhl copy of an engraviUK attached to a Journal nf a Yountf Kan <t/ Ma»»aehumtt», late a Surgeon on 
 board an Amerioan Privateer, who was a prisoner there at the time of the massacre, and an eye-wltnesi of macb of 
 
OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1069 
 
 Dartmoor Prl»oner«. 
 
 Sad Event at the Dartmoor Prisons, 
 
 Prosperity of tbe Repabllc. 
 
 Its Kelations to the Nations. 
 
 the appearance of mutinous intentions, not only refused to retire, but passed beyond 
 the prescribed limits of their confinement, they were fired upon, by orders of Captain 
 Shortland, for the purpose of intimidating all. This firing was followed up by the 
 soldiers without the shadow of an excuse, according to an impartial report made by 
 a commission appointed to investigate the matter. ' Five prisoners were killed and 
 thirty- three were wounded. The act of the soldiers was regarded by the Americans 
 as a wanton massac/e ; and when the British authorities pronounced the act "justifi- 
 able homicide," the hottest indignation was excited. But Time, the great healer, has 
 interposed its balm, and the event appears in history as one of the inevitable cruel- 
 ties of ever-cruel war. 
 
 At the close of the Second Wae fob Independence, the events of which are re- 
 corded in this volume, our Republic had achieved, as we have observed, the most im- 
 portant of all its triumphs, and was still wealthy with the fruits of a wonderful prog- 
 ress in the space of twenty-five years since its nativity.' It then started afresh upon 
 a grand career of prosperity, with marvelous resources developed and undeveloped — 
 known and unknown. The rulers and privileged classes in other lands persisted in 
 calling it an experiment, and were ever prophesying the failure of the republican prin- 
 ciple in government, of which it was a notable example. Recent events have silenced 
 all cavil, and dispelled all doubts on that point. 
 
 Fifty years after the close of its last struggle for independence, our Republic 
 emerged* from the fiery furnace of a Civil War unparalleled in proportions 
 and operations hitherto, purified and strengthened by the ordeal. The most 
 skeptical observer of that trial and its results can no longer consider our Govern- 
 ment an experiment. It is a demonstration. Its history is an affirmative answer 
 to the question whether republican institutions have elements of vitality and power 
 sufiicient for the demands of every exigency of national life. Henceforth it will 
 stand before the nations a trusted oracle for the guidance and encouragement of all 
 aspirants in other lands for the privileges of free thought and action. 
 
 what he recorded. The following is a description wf the picture : A. Surgeon's House ; B. Captain Shortland'a Quar- 
 ters ; C. Uospital ; D. Barracks ; E. Cachot, or Black-hole ; F, F, F. Ouard-houses ; O, G. Store-houses. The Arabic 
 numerals refer to the numbers of the prisons as they were alluded to in narratives and official documents. The out- 
 ward of the two encircling walls of stone (of which the prisons were built) was amlle in circumference. The inner wall 
 wag used as a military walk for the sentinel*. Within this wall were iron palisades, ten feet In height. The guard was 
 composed of a little more than two thousand well-dlsciplliied militia, and two companies of Royal Artillery. The pic- 
 ture not opiy gives a blrd's-«ye view of the post, but the position of tbe guards at the time they fired, and of the killed 
 where they feU. 
 
 ' The American commisMoners to negotiate the treaty of peace, then in London, appointed the late Charles King, 
 president of Columbia College (then a young man, who was on a visit to England), a commissioner on the part of the 
 Americans, and the British authorities appointed Francis Seymour Larpent to act with him. 
 
 • John Bristed, in his admirable work on The RemxirctA of the. United Staten, published in ISIS, gives the following sum- 
 mary of the real and personal capital, and the income of the people of the Repabllc, at abon^ the time of the close of the 
 war: 
 
 Real Prnpertii.—VuhMc lands, 600,000,000 acres, a( $2 an acre, $1,000,000,000 ; cultivated lands, 800,000,000 acres, at $10 
 :.ii acre, $3,000,000,000 ; dwelling-hon.ie8 of all kinds, $1,000,000,000. Total of real property, $6,000,000,000. 
 
 Personal Property. — Capital to the holders of government storks, who were American citizens, $100,000,000; banking 
 stocks, $100,000,000; slaves, 1,600,000, at $160 tach, $2'26,000,000 ; shipping of all kinds, $226,000,000; money, farming 
 stock and ntensils, manufactures, household fiimiture and plate, carriages, and every other siwcles of p»r8onal proper- 
 ty not above cnnmemted, ,v1,660,000,ooo. Total of personal property, $2,200,000,000. Qrand total of American capital, 
 in real and personal property, $7,200,000,000. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE AND AMITY 
 
 BETWEEN HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY AND THE TJNITBD STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Hie Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, desirons of terminating the war which has unhappily snb- 
 slsted between the two cuantriee, and of rectorlng, upon principles of perfect reciprocity, peace, (Hendship, and good 
 anderstanding between them, have for that purpose appointed their respective Plenipctcnthries — that is to say : His 
 Britannic Majesty, on his part, has appointd the Right Honorable James Lord Qambier, Inte Admirai of the White, 
 now Admiral of the K«d squadron of His Majesty's Fleet, Henry Goulburn, Esq., a member of the Imperial Parliament, 
 and Under Secretary of State, and William Adams, Esq., Doctor of Civil Laws ; and the President of the Uuited States, 
 by a^d with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, has appointed John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry 
 Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin, citizens of the United States— who, after a reciprocal communicatlou of 
 their respective fktll powers, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Articli thx Fibst. 
 
 There shall be a firm and nnirersal peace between His Britannic Majesty and the United States, and between their 
 respective coantries, territories, cities, towns, and people, of every degree, without exception of places or persons. All 
 hostilities, both by sea and land, shall cease as soon as this treaty shall have been ratified by both parties, as hereinafter 
 mentioned. All territory, places, and possessions whatsoever, taken by either party from the other during the war, or 
 which may be taken after the signing of this treaty, excepting only the islands hereinafter mentioned, shall be restored 
 without delay, and without causing any destruction or carrying away any of the artillery or other public property orig- 
 inally captnred in said forts or places, and which shall remain therein upon the exchange of the ratifications of this 
 treaty, or any slaves or other private property. And all archives, records, deeds, and papers, ei'her of a pnblic nature or 
 belonging to private persons, which in the course of the war mny have fallen into the hands of the ofBcers of either 
 party, shall be, as far as may be practicable, forthwith restored and delivered to the proper authorities and persons to 
 whom they respectively belong. Such of the islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy as are claimed by both parties shall 
 remain in the possession of the party in whose occupation they may be at the time of the exchange of the ratifications 
 of this treaty until the decision respecting the title to the said islands shall have been made In conformity with the fourth 
 article of this treaty. No disposition made by this treaty as to such possession of the islands and territories claimed by 
 both parties shall In any manner whatever be constmed to affect the right of either. 
 
 Abtiolx thb Skookd. 
 
 Immediately after the ratiflcations of this treaty by both parties, as hereinafter mentioned, ordem shall be sent to the 
 armies, squadrons, officers, subjects, and citizens of tlie two powers to cease trom all hostilities. And to prevent all 
 ctuses of complaint which might Hrise on account of the prizes which may be taken at sea after the said ratifications 
 of this treaty, it is reciprocally agreed that all vessels and effects which may be taken after the space of twelve days 
 Irom the said ratifications, upon all parts of the coast of North America, trom the latitude of twenty-three degrees north 
 to the latitude of fifty degrees north, and as far eastward in the Atlantic Ocean as the thirty-sixth degree of west longitude 
 from the meridian of Oreenwlch, shall be restored on each side; that the time shall be thirty days in all other parts of 
 the Atlantic Ocean north of the equinoctial line or equator, and the same time for the British and Irish Channels, for 
 the Qulf of Mexico, .;nd all parts of the West Indies ; forty days for the North Seas, for the Baltic, and for all parts of the 
 Meditenanean ; sixty days for the Atlantic Ocean south of the equator as far us the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope ; 
 ninety days for every part of the world south of the equator ; and one hundred and twenty days for all other parts of 
 the world, without exception. 
 
 ABTIOI.S THE Tntan. 
 
 All prisoners of war taken on either side, as well by land as by sea, shall be restored as soon as practicable after the 
 rntifications of this treaty, as hereinafter mentioned, on their paying the debts which they may have contracted during 
 their captivity. The two contracting parties respectively engage to discharge, in specie, the advances wUch may have 
 been made by the other for the sustenance and maintenance of snch prisoners. 
 
 AitTioi.1 mi FomtTB. 
 Wliercas It was stlpnlated by the second art'.cJe In the treaty of peace of one thonsand seven hundred and eighty-throe, 
 between His Britannic Majesty and the Uuited States of America, that the boundary if the Uuited States should compre- 
 hend all Islands within twen( ■ leagues of any part of the shores of the Cnlled Staces, and lying between lines to be 
 drawn due east IKim the points where the aforesaid boundaries, between Nova Scotia on the one part and East Florida 
 on the other, shall respectively touch the Bay of Fnndy and the AtlanMc Ocean, excepting such islands as now are or 
 heretofore have been within the limits of Nova Scotia i and whereas the several Islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy, 
 which Is part of the Bay of Fnndy, and the Island of Grand Menan, in the said Bay of Fundy, are claimed by the United 
 States as oeing comprehended vrithin their aforesaid boundaries, which said islands are claimed as belonging to His 
 Britannic Majesty, as having been at the time of and previcms to the aforesaid treaty of dne thonsand seven hundred 
 and eighty-three within the limits of the province of Nova Scotia ; In order, therefore, finally to decide upon these claims, 
 it is agreed that they shall be referred to two CommlwioDers, to be appointed In the following manner, vti. : One 
 
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 V r 
 
 'h 
 
 loii 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Commissioner shall be appointed by His Britannic HiOesty, and one by the President of the United States, by and witli 
 the advice and consent of the Senate thereof; and the said two Commlsstonera so appointed shall be sworn impartially 
 to examine and decide upon the said claims according to snch evidence as shall be laid before them on the part of His 
 Britannic M^esty and of the United States respectively. The said Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrew's, In the 
 Province of New Brunswick, and shall have power to adjonm to such other place or places as they shall think lit. The 
 said Commissioners shall, by a declaration or repoi . under their hands and seals, decide to v/hlch of the two contracting 
 parties the several islands aforesaid do respectively belong, in conformity with the trr-. intent of the said treaty of 
 peace of one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three. And if the said Commissir .srs shall agree in their decision, 
 both parties shall consider such decision as final and conclusive. It is farther agreed, that in the event of the two Com- 
 missioners differing upon all or any of the matters so referred to them, or in the event of both or either of the said 
 Commissioners refusing or declining, or willfully omitting to act as such, they shall make. Jointly or separately, a report 
 or reports, as well to the government vfUls Britannic Majesty as to that of the United States, stating In detail the points 
 on which they differ, and the grounds upon which their reapcctive opinions have been formed, or the grounds ni«)n 
 which they, or either of them, have so refused, declined, or omitted to act. And His Britannic Mii)esty and the Oovem- 
 meut of the United States hereby agree to refer the report or reports of the said Commissioners to some fHcndly sover- 
 eign or state, to be then named for that purpose, and who shall be requested to decide on the differences which may be 
 stated in the said report or reports, or upon the report of one Commissioner, together with the grounds upon which the 
 other Commissioner shall have refhsed, declined, or omitted to act, as the case may be. And If the Commissioner so 
 refusing, declining, or omitting to act shall also willfully omit to state the grounds upon which he has so done, in snch 
 manner that the said statement may be referred to such friendly sovereign or state, together with the report of such 
 other Commissioner, then such sovereign or state shall Aeciie ex parte upon the said report alone. And His Britannic 
 Majesty and the Qovernment of the United States engage to consider the decision of such ft'iendly sovereign or state 
 to be final and conclusive on all the matters so referred. 
 
 Abtic:.e thx Firm. 
 
 Whereas neither that point of the highlands lying due north from the source of the River St Croix, and designated 
 In the former treaty of peace between the two powers as the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, nor the northwestern- 
 most bead of Connecticut liivcr has yet been ascertained ; and whereas that part of the boundary-line between the 
 dominions of the two powers which extends from the source of the River St. Croix directly north to the almve-men- 
 tloned northwest angle of Nova Scotia, thence along the said highlands which divide those rivers that empty themselves 
 into the River St. Lawrence from those which fall Into the Atlantic Ocean to the northwesterumost head of Connecticut 
 River, thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-flfth degree of north latitude, thence by a line due west 
 on said latitude until It strikes the River Iroquois or Cataraguy, has not yet been surveyed, it Is agreed that for these 
 several purposes two Commissioners shall be appointed, sworn, and authorized to act exactly in the manner directed 
 with respect to those mentioned in the next preceding article, unless otherwise specified in the present article. The 
 said Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrew's, In the Province of New Brunswick, and shall have power to adjourn 
 to such other place or places as they shall think fit. The said Commissioners shall have power to ascertain and deter- 
 mine the points above mentioned, in conformity with the provisions of the said treaty of peace of one thousand seven 
 hundred and eighty-three, and shall cause the boundary aforesaid, from the source of the River St. Croix to the River 
 Iroquois or Cataraguy, to be surveyed and marked, according to the said provisions. The said Commissioners shall 
 malie a map of the said boundary, and annex to it a declaration, under their hands and seals, certifying it to be the true 
 map of the said boundary, and particularizing the latitude and longitude of the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, of the 
 northwesterumost head of Connecticut River, and of snch other points of the said boundary as they may deem proper. 
 And both parties agree to consider such map and declaration as finally and conclusively fixing the said boundary. And 
 In the event of the said two Commissioners differing, or both or either of them refusing, declining, or willfully omitting 
 to act, such reports, declarations, or statements shall be made by them, or either of them, and such reference to a fi-lendly 
 sovereign or state shall be made, in all respects, as in the latter part of the fourth article is contained, and in as full a 
 manner as if the same was herein repeated. 
 
 Abtiolx tue Sixth. 
 
 Whereas by the former treaty of peace that portion of the boundary of the United States ttora the point where the 
 forty-fifth degree of north latitude strikes the River Iroqnois or Cataraguy to Lake Superior was declared to be " along 
 the middle of said river into Lake Ontario, through the middle of said lake until it strikes the communication by water 
 between that lake and Iiake Krie, thence along the middle of said commiuication Into Lake Erie, through the middle of 
 said lake until . arrives at the water communication into Lake Huron, thence through the middle of said lake to the 
 water communication between that lake and Lake Superior ;" and whereas doubts have arisen what was the middle of 
 the said river, lakes, and water communications, and whether certain islands lying in the same were within the domin- 
 ions of His Britannic Majesty or of the United States: In order, therefore, finally to decide these doubts, they shall be 
 referred to two Commissioners, to be appointed, sworn, and authorized to act exactly in the manner directed with re- 
 spect to those mentioned in the next preceding article, unless otherwise specified in this present article. The said 
 Commissioners shall meet, in the first instance, at Albany, in the State of New York, and shall have power to adjonm 
 to such other place or places as they shall think fit. The said Commissioners shall, by a report or declaration under 
 their hands and seals, designate the boundary through the said river, lakes, and water communications, and decide to 
 which of the two contracting parties the several Islands lying within the said river, lakes, and water commnnlcations 
 do respectively belong, in conformity with the true intent of the said treaty of one thousand seven bnndred and eighty- 
 three. And both parties agree to consider such designation and decision as final and conclusive. And in the event of 
 the said two Commissioners differing, or both or either of them refusing, declining, or willfully omitting to act, such 
 reports, declarations, or statements shall be made by them, or either of them, and such reference to a fMendly sovereign 
 or state shall be made. In all respects, as in the latter port of the fourth article Is contained, nn'd in as full a manner as 
 if the same was herein repeated. 
 
 AbTIOIK TBI SXTXHTB. 
 
 It Is fhrther agreed that the said two last-mentioned Commissioners, after they shall .we cvecnted the duties as- 
 signed to them in the preceding article, shall be, and they are hereby authorized, upon their oaths, impartially to fix and 
 determine, according to the true intent of the said treaty of peace of one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three, that 
 part of the boundary between the dominions of the two powers which extends from the water communication between 
 Lake Huron and Lake Snjierior to the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, to decide to which of the two 
 parties the several Islands lying In the lakes, water commimications, and rivers forming the said boundary do respect- 
 ively l>elong, in conformity with the true Intent of the said treaty of peace of one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
 three, and to cause such parts of the said boundary as require It to be surveyed and marked. The snlil Commissioners 
 ihall, by a report or declaration nnder their hands and seals, designate the boundary aforesaid, state their decision on the 
 
•«M 
 
 npppp 
 
 wmamm:-- 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 10T8 
 
 I United SUteB, ty and with 
 1 shall be Bwora Impartially 
 ore them on the part of His 
 tieet at St. AndreWe, In the 
 as they shall think flU The 
 yhlch of the two contracting 
 Intent of the said tteoty of 
 hall agree in their decision, 
 In the event of the two Com- 
 )f both or either of the said 
 olntly or separately, a report 
 8, stating In detail the polnU 
 'ormed, or the grounds ni>on 
 inlc Miilesty and the Govem- 
 jners to some frtendly sover- 
 the differences which may be 
 the grounds upon which the 
 And If the Commissioner so 
 rhlch he has so done, In snch 
 ether with the report of such 
 rt alone. And Uls Britannic 
 i» flrlendly sovereign or state 
 
 Iver 8t Croix, and designated 
 Scotia, nor the northwestem- 
 .e bonndary-llne between the 
 ictly north to the above-men- 
 I rivers that empty themselves 
 itemmost head of Connecticut 
 adc, thence by a line due west 
 yod, It Is agreed that for these 
 xactly In the manner directed 
 :d In the present article. The 
 d shall have power to adjourn 
 power to ascertain and detcr- 
 if iieace of one tho\i8and seven 
 le Klver St. Croix to the Klver 
 The said Commissioners shall 
 eals, certifying It to be the true 
 sst angle of Nova Scotia, of the 
 lary as they may deem proper, 
 ixlng the said boundary. And 
 declining, or willfully omitting 
 and such reference to a ft-lendly 
 e U contained, and in as full a 
 
 ates ttom the point whero the 
 rlor was declared to be " along 
 !B the communication by water 
 ke Krle, through the middle of 
 the middle of said lake to the 
 arisen what was the middle of 
 ! same were within the domln- 
 ide these doubts, they shall be 
 1 the manner directed with re- 
 thls present article. The said 
 id shall have power to adjourn 
 a report or declaration under 
 communications, and decide to 
 :eB, and water communications 
 and seven hundred and eighty- 
 uclusive. And in the event of 
 willfully omitting to act, such 
 •ference to a fHendly sovereign 
 aed, an'd in as full a manner as 
 
 1 liave evecnted the duties as- 
 eir oaths, impartially to «x and 
 hundred and eighty-three, that 
 water communication between 
 , to decide to which of the two 
 , the said boundary do respect- 
 and seven hnndred and eighty- 
 ked. The said Commlfsloners 
 isald, state their decision on the 
 
 points thus referred to them, and particularize the latitude and longitude of the most northf-estem point of the hake of 
 the Woods, and of such other parts of the said boundary as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to consider 
 such designation and decision as final and conclusive. And in the event of the said two Commissioners differing, or 
 both or either of them refusing, declining, or willfully omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or statements shall 
 be made by them, or either of them, and snch r'-ference to a frtendly sovereign or state shall be made. In all respects, 
 OS In the latter part of the fourth article is contained, and in as fUU a manner as If the same was herein repeated. 
 
 Abtioli thi Eiqiitb. 
 
 The several boards of two Commissioners mentioned In the four preceding articles shall respectively have power to 
 appoint a secretary, and to employ such surveyors, or other persons, as they shall jndgo necessary, '^nplicates of all 
 their respective reports, declarations, statements, and decisions, and of their accounts, and of the Journr.i of their pro- 
 ceedings, shall be delivered by them to the agents of His Britannic Majesty and to the agents of the United States, who 
 may be respectively appointed and authorized to manage the business on behalf of their respective governments. The 
 said Commissioners shall be respectively paid in such manner as shall be agreed between the two contracting parties, 
 such agreement being to be settled at the time of the exchange of the ratification of this treaty. And all other ex- 
 penses attending the said Commissioners shall be defrayed equally by the two parties. And In the case nf death, sick- 
 ness, resignation, or necessary absence, the place of every such Commissioner respectively shall be supplied in the same 
 manner as such Commissioner was first appointed, and the new Commissioner shall take the same oath or affirmation, 
 and do the same duties. It is farther agreed between the two contracting parties that in case any of tin islands men- 
 tioned in ,iny of the preceding articles which were In the possession of one ol the parties prior to the coniiiiencement of 
 the present ^^^ar between the two countries should, by the decision of any of the boards of Commlsslonore aforesaid, or of 
 the sovereign or state so referred to, as in the four next preceding articles contained, fall within the dominions of the 
 other party, all grants of land made previous to the commencement of the war by the party having had such possession 
 shall be as valid as if such island or Islands had by such decision or decisions been adjudged to l>e within the domin- 
 ions of the party having had such possession. 
 
 Article tue Nintd. 
 
 The United States of America engage to put an end, immediately after the ratification of the present treaty, to hostili- 
 ties with all the tribes or nations of Indians with whom they may be at war at the time of snch ratification, and forth- 
 with to restore to such tribes or nations respectively all the possessions, rights, and privileges which they may have 
 enjoyed or been entitled to In 1811, previous to such hostilities : Provided (Uteaya, that such tribes or nations shall agree 
 to desist from all hostilities against the United States of America, their citizens and subjects, upon the ratification of 
 the present treaty being notified to snch tribes or nations, and shall so desist accordingly. And His Britannic MfOesty 
 engages, on his part, to put an end. Immediately after the ratification of the present treaty, to hostilities with all the 
 tribes or nations of Indians with whom he may be at war at the time of snch ratification, and forthwith to restore to 
 such tribes or nations respectively all the possessions, rights, and privileges which they may have enjoyed or been en- 
 titled to In 1811, previous to such hostilities: Provided always, that such tribes or nations shall agree to desist ft^im all 
 hostilities against His Britannic Majesty and his subjects upon the ratification of the present treaty being notified to 
 such tribes or nations, and shall so desist accordingly. 
 
 Abtiole toe Tenth. 
 
 Whereas tae t^^rafflc in slaves is irreconcilable with the principles of hnmanity and Justice, and whereas both His 
 M^esty and the United States are desirous of continuing their efforts to promote its entire abolition. It Is hereby agreed 
 that both the contracting parties shall use their best endeavors to accomplish so desirable an object. 
 
 Abtiole the Eleventh. 
 
 This treaty, when the same shall have been ratified on both sides, without alteration by either of the contracting 
 parties, and the ratifications mutually exchanged, shall be binding on both parties, and the ratifications shall be ex- 
 changed at Washington in the space of four months from this day, or sooner if practicable. 
 
 In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty, and have hereunto affixed our seals. 
 
 Done In triplicate, at Ghent, the twenty-fourth (24tb) day of December, one thousand eight hnndred and fourteen. 
 
 [LS.] 
 
 Oambieb. 
 
 [L.8.] 
 
 HenBV GOCLBtTBN. 
 
 CL.S.] 
 
 William Adams. 
 
 tUS.] 
 
 John Quimcy Adajis. 
 
 [L.S.] 
 
 J. A. Batabd. 
 
 tUS.] 
 
 H. Clay. 
 
 [L.8.] 
 
 JONATBAN RtrSSELL. 
 
 [L.a] 
 
 Aluibt Oallatih. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aeademy, MIlttHry, Weat Point, 4KB. 
 
 Ai>AiR, John, lilli ; nketch of, 844, 1((41, l(k45. 
 
 .IrfclJiid ami hibrrtu, or1(;iii of, i)7. 
 
 AiiAMS, John, Minister I'leiilpoteiitiary to England, 19, 24 ; 
 elected Vice-President, 8H ; difl'erH from .Iftferaon, tis ; liis 
 opinions on ('overnment, 70; propoeed ua second Presi- 
 dent, !l'i ; elccied President, Oi! ; Ilia flrat ineasnge, 116 1 up- 
 fiolnt8W«8hiu(fton coinnmuder-ln-chief,»8; (ippointsWil- 
 lam Vane Murray iniulsler to France, (Hi ; opposed l)v his 
 own party, liM); traits of character of, loil; diamlssea dick- 
 ering and M'Henry from his cabinet, UKS. 
 
 Adams, John (Ju iNcy, hecomes a Uemocrat, 101 ; votes for 
 the embnreo, \m, T83, 7S0; aketcb of, 10D9; peace com- 
 missioner, 1«M». 
 
 AiiAMH, William E., 776. 
 
 AAena, visit to, fMW ; description of, 609. 
 
 AdminUtralinn, war against, IM. 
 
 Africa, Northern, march across, 125. 
 
 A fairs, Civil, In 1818, 7S3. 
 
 Akin, Lemuel, Captain, 913. 
 
 Alahima, Oeneral Coffee in, 759. 
 
 Alba»]i, reception of the first captured flag there, 376. 
 . Aliikkt, PniLir, 701. 
 ' Alexandria, plundering of, 940. 
 
 Alijierii, Dey (if, tribute to, 91 ; he Is humbled, lis. 
 
 .l(]7J«r», diraculties with, 89; lets corsairs loose (m Unite ti 
 States commerce, 89 ; pride and avarice of the dey, 'M ; 
 captives, release of, 91. 
 
 AUeijiatue, attempt to seduce the soldiers from their, OSS. 
 
 Allkn, William IIknkv, commander of the Argus, 714; 
 death of, 71(1; monument to, "10; sketch of, 710, 
 
 Allen, Horatio, engineer, 218. 
 
 Aijuv, Thomas C, sketch of, B20. 
 
 ,4jn<'iia, privateer, cruise of, 1007. 
 
 Aitieriean Seamen, British Impressment of, SK, 142, 144, 247. 
 
 American Cmimiw-p, effects of difflculties with Algiers, 89 ; 
 elTect of Milan decree on, 154. 
 
 Americnns, their indignation against the French Directory, 
 9(i; tlieir prowess respected, 099. 
 
 Amifican Shipn, seizure of, IftH. 
 
 Aiiurican Walem, British cruisers in, 164; British vessels 
 ordered to leave, 159. 
 
 American Harbnrs, preparations to defend, 159. 
 
 American l^cateerinij, effects of, 994 ; effect on British com- 
 merce, IWHl. 
 
 .Imericrt, the prosperity of her commerce, 130; the only 
 neutral power, 152. 
 
 AmhcrHlbiini, vicinity of, 299 ; Ilarrison'a army at, 647. 
 
 Andkrson, Alkxanokb, engraver, 786. 
 
 Aniikrson, Robkrt, flSO. 
 
 Anuits, Samuel, Lieutenant, 428. 
 
 Annapolis, Convention at, 20 ; naval monument at, 124. 
 
 Api'lino, Danieu sketch of, 800. 
 
 AEruKB, Sami'el B., sketch of, 002. 
 
 .4ri;tM goes to France, 715; her destruction of projierty 
 tiiore, 715; her combat with the I'elicau, 715; surrender 
 of, 710. 
 
 Ariel, the pilot of the, MS. 
 
 Abmihteao, QeoBUE, General, 956; honors to, 060; sketch 
 of, 900. 
 
 Armistice, 1812, 247 ; effects of, 3.83. 
 
 Armstrong, John, American minister to Prance, 102 ; 8ec- 
 retarv of War, 472 ; interferes with Ilarrlson'B plans, 476; 
 his treatment of Harrison, 503 ; his Interview with Wil- 
 kinson, fl.W; visits the frontier, 032; at Sackctt'a Harbor, 
 0;iS; sketch of, 1111 1. 
 
 Ab.mstuoso, Roiiebt, Lieutenant, death of, 776. 
 
 Ami II (British) in Canada, 234: Indicatio'is of advance c' 
 80<t. 
 
 -4nHi/ (United States), augmentation of, 217 ; volunteers for, 
 821; difllcultles of transportation of, 3i?9; divisions in 
 Northwest, 340; on the Niagara frontier, 3s3; ofllcers 
 killed and wounded of, 395; measures for strengthening 
 the, 407 ; character of the chief leaders of, 066; provislou 
 for the increase of, T87; reductiou of, 1068. 
 
 Arbdale, John Van, 17. 
 
 Abtoib, Count i>', 00. 
 
 Asp, capture of, 714. 
 
 Assembly, Sational, of France, CO. 
 
 ArsTiLL, Jeremiah, 701; llgbta with Dale, 770; sketch of, 
 771. 
 
 .4ti((o«e,battteof,708. 
 
 Babik, Fsanoib, Colonel, 862. 
 
 Baokw*, Elki'Tdh, sketch of, Oil. 
 
 liaain IVw, 911. 
 
 Bailkv, Dixon, 765. 
 
 Bainihuixik, W., Commodore, goes to Algiers, 117; com- 
 mands the squadron, 45S ; sketch of, 469 ; honors to, 402 ; 
 medal to, 403 ; a search for, 722. 
 
 Ball, Colonel, his light with Indians, 60O. 
 
 Ilaltimare, riot In, 2411 ; menaced by the British, 944 ; prep- 
 arations for the defense of, 948; fortiflcatlous at, 949; 
 Battle Monument In, 901 ; a visit to, 901. 
 
 BAN(!itoKT, Oeoroe, oratlon by, 540. 
 
 Baiuiur, British march on, 900; destructlou of vessels, 901 • 
 plundering at, 9()1 ; journey to, 911. 
 
 Dankinri Cnpilal of United Slates, 05. 
 
 Barataria Hay, outlaws at, 1018. 
 
 Barbary CiMist, abandonment of, 119. 
 
 Barlnnj rowers, tribute to the, 110 ; they are humbled, 128. 
 
 Barino, Alexander, 104 ; his Iiiquirij, and its effect, 109. 
 
 Barker, .Ia<:oii, sketch of, 938. 
 
 Barlow, Joel, 94; sent niinister to France, 226; action on 
 Milan and Berlin decrees, 245; residence of, 942. 
 
 Barney, JosHPA, Commodore, flotilla of, 920; destruction 
 of, 921; gallant defense of Washington, 930; wounded 
 and taken prisoner, 931 ; sketch of, 931 ; In the Chesa- 
 peake, 982. 
 
 Barbie, Hoiiert, commander of the Harmony, 898. 
 
 Barron, Jamfs, Commodore, In Mediterranean, 124; com- 
 mands the Chcsajieakc, 1,W, 167; sketch of, 159; his pun- 
 i»liment, 159 ; daughler of, 088 ; duel of, 942. 
 
 Barron, Josepu, misf ion of, 191. 
 
 Babbv, John, commander of frigate ITnitni Statea,V)\. 
 
 Hatama, Veterans of the Wai on812 there, 670. 
 
 Ilatterij, proposed revolving, J74. 
 
 IlatfU-i flrst of the war, 204. 
 
 Ilatmi Rmiye, 7.18. 
 
 Hastile, destruction of, 01. « 
 
 Bayard, James A., 7S3, 780; peace commissioner, 1060; 
 sketch of, KKJII. 
 
 Baylies, Hoiiijaii, 1010. 
 
 Hayonne Decree, Vii. 
 
 Beall, Reazin, sketch of, 343. 
 
 Bkasley, Daniel, Major, 7.%2. 
 
 Heaver Dams, flight of the British to, 600; expedition 
 against, 020; battle of, 020; a visit to the battle-ground 
 of, 083. 
 
 Beckw iTn, Oknebal Sib Sidney, 070 ; head-quarters of, 083. 
 
 Ileeknianluvii, skirmish at, 801 , 802 ; ride tlirough, 881. 
 
 Belknap, William Goldsmith, Major, sketch of, 838. 
 
 BELfOlIK, 1037. 
 
 Ileleitlere, chase of the, 436. 
 
 Benkihot, J. B., Colonel, ordered to guard the frontier, 307. 
 
 Benton, Thomas H., 742. 
 
 Hkbesfobd, .T. p., captain of the Poictiers, 461. 
 
 Bebkeley, Bishop, 34. 
 
 Bmlin Decree, Issue of, 160, 162 ; revocation of, 179 ; nnre- 
 l)ealed, 228. 
 
 BiDDi.K, James S,, U. 8. N., 463 ; captain nt Hornet, 990 ; hon- 
 ors to, 991 ; sketch of, 991 ; medal to, 991. 
 
 BiDDi.E, Thomas, Captain, wounded, 828. 
 
 BiGELon', Thomas, lulO. 
 
 Hit) Sandy CVrvX;, Wools cv at, 799; British in pursuit, 7»9; 
 battle at, 800 ; the British defeated, 800. 
 
 BiNcaiAM, A. B., commander of the LiUle Belt, 184. 
 
 Bird, James, cxecullon of, 543. 
 
 BissELL, D., appointed l)ri.i;adler general, 792 ; victory at 
 Lyon's Creek, 846, 857. 
 
 Bissiiopp, Ceiii., 428 ; death of, 028. 
 
 Blauk Hoof, Shawuoesc chief, 548. 
 
 Black Rock, residence of Peter B. Porter, 420: attacked by 
 the British, 420; expedition against, 027: repulse of the 
 British, 027 ; the British at. 036 ; bad conduct of the mili- 
 tia at, 030 ; battle near, 030 ; Americans repulsed, 037 ; 
 destruction of, 667 ; British attack, 830. 
 
 Bladenslmrg, battle-line formed near, 924; the field of ac- 
 tion, 926; arrangeniciits for battle near, 927; dueling- 
 ground of, 92S ; battle of, 930 ; defeat of, 937 ; visit to bat- 
 tle-ground of, 941. 
 
 Blake, General, much censured, 902. 
 
 Blakeley, Johnston, Captain, commander of the Watp, 
 979 ; sketch of, 980. 
 
 Bi.KNKERuAiisETT, ILa&man, his bome, 136. 
 
1076 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I . ; 
 
 Hi: i; 
 
 Bi.iBH, OriiROi, 1016. ' 
 
 Bli-rkail,- of the European cuiut, 161 ; paper, 161 ; proclamn- 
 tloll oi', lOIKI. 
 
 Blurk-huuKt erected in 1R12, 69T. 
 
 Bi.oNiiiN nt Niagara, 8W. 
 
 Wondy Itun, tlKht of, SOI ; origin of the name, SOI. 
 
 Bi.ooMKiKi.K, •loHF.i-ii, Hrlniulier Gfiionil, 6;il». 
 
 Bi.iiK .Iaiikkt, chief of tlie HhawiiiM'se, Mi, 47. 
 
 Bi.YTiiK, Hahuki., commander of ttie llt/xer, TIT ; death and 
 fiini^ral of, TIH. 
 
 BiKHhri.Kii,CnABLKii O., «kotch of, fl'iO; his command cap- 
 tured, Oal 
 
 BoNAi-ARTK, Nai-oi.ron, victories in Italy, 08 ; vIctorleH of, 
 on the Danube, 96; made flrnt consul, KK); maken friend 
 of Oeorjfe III., 113; hla achievcnientu, 112; hin Influence 
 In Europe, 112; hiu insolence toward the Ku);llah, I'ifl; 
 declared consul for life, \'20; proclaimed emperor, 128; 
 Berlin Decree, 120; giveH England a naval rival, lUit; «ellH 
 Louisiann, lii3; 8ei«e» Hanover, 151; adheres to Conti- 
 nental System, 162; Milan Decree, 164; In Hpain, 170 ; 
 Armstrong letter, ITS; seizes American vessels, ITU; his 
 marcli toward Moscow, 2!lil ; '•\ 8paln, 446; Invades Kus- 
 Ria, 4T0; disasters in liussia, 4Tl ; hnmbled, 78G; abdi- 
 cates the throne, 864; retires to Elba, 866. 
 
 BnoHK, Daniki,, grave of, 1060. 
 
 Jl'irgne, Lake, Ilrltish prepare to flght at, 1025. 
 
 Jliirodvw, batllo of, 4(16. 
 
 /(I'Kfon, reception uf Hull, 416; expected attack, 801 ; alarm 
 in, 802; prciiarations lor ('efcnse, 8'.i2; journey to, 008; 
 privateers from, 007 ; the centre of illicit trade, 1008 ; 
 bankers of, 1010. 
 
 BoswKi.L, William E., Colonel, in command of the boats, 
 487. 
 
 Bourn r.TTE, Jobki-ii, his account of Sackett's Harbor, 614. 
 
 Iliiwyer, Purt.attack on, 1021. 
 
 Bovii, .John P., Colonel, 104. 
 
 BovLK, •Jamp.b a., Cai)tain, T06. 
 
 BKAnv, Hi'uu, Colonel, sketch of, 823. 
 
 /lrntit/(ir(l, town of, 420 ; departure for, 026. 
 
 Brant, John, sketch of, 401 ; tomb of the fhmily of,424 
 
 Brrksk, Samuel L., Commodore, statement of, 8UT. 
 
 liritiah a^cialit, interference of, 61 ; hostile intentions of, 
 62; alliance with Indians, 62; bumbled, 65; holding pos- 
 session of Western military posts, 60 ; goveniment, dis- 
 courtesy of, 03 ; Orders in Council, 84; armed neutrality, 
 84; interference of, 80; outrages of, on American flag, 
 102; merchants, their Jealousy, 138; their pertldy defend- 
 ed by English writers, 130 ; cruisers, depredations of, 140, 
 141; refune to listen to remonstrance, 146; ministry, 
 change of, 140; cruisers in American waters, 164; ships, 
 deserters from, 166 ; their surrender reftised, 160-16S ; ves- 
 sels ordered to leave American waters, 169 ; government, 
 reparation demanded of, ICO ; provinces, eulistraents in, 
 246; government, liaughty assumption of, 24T; letters of 
 marque and reprii-iil, 248; officers In Canada, 260; their 
 employment or Indians, 2ii ; force of, 2T9; defeat of, 
 nt Ain'guaga, 280; commanders purchase scalps, 310; 
 ashamed to call Indians their allies, 860; vessels, seizure 
 of, on Lake Ontario, SOT; their violation of neutrality, 
 870; squadron at Halifa.x, 430; Indians cross the Mau- 
 mee, 483 ; eflect.s of the battle of Lake Erie on the, 530 ; 
 they fly to Beaver Dams and Burlington Heights, OoO ; 
 they destroy their own property, 601 ; at La Colte, repulse 
 of, 040 ; number and position of, 080 ; they resolve on vig- 
 orous war, flOT ; strengthen their blockading force, (1T6 ; 
 at La Coile, TOO ; battle of the Chippewa, 810 ; at Lundy's 
 Lane, 810; their line of battle, S18; repulsed at Otter 
 Creek, 866; at Champlain, S69 ; Beekmantown, their loss 
 at, 803 ; lose comniand of Lake Champlain, 8T4 ; officers, 
 graves of, 8T9 ; CJipture Eastport, 890 ; leave Penobscot 
 Bay, 903, 904; move on Washington, 923; advance on 
 Bladensburg, 926; thoy want an excuse to burn Wash- 
 ington, 932 ; enter Washington and destroy public build- 
 lugs, 933; their barbarities condemned by their country- 
 men, 934; invasion, original object of, 0.S6; retreat from 
 Washington, n3T : appear before Fort Washington, 939 ; 
 in Chesapeake Bay, 944, 940 ; repulse of, at Baltimore, 
 940; land at North Point, 060; fleet of, approaches Balti- 
 more, 964, 968, 969 ; repulsed at Fort Bowver, 1021 ; arrive 
 at New Orleans, 1026 ; defeated there, 1049. 
 
 BnOADNAX, JoHM, TT6. 
 
 BiiooK, General, energy and vigilance of, 273, 274; before 
 the Canadian Legislature, 2T6 ; iuflurnce of, 2T6; procla- 
 mation of, 2T6 ; proceeds tr) Fort Maiden, 2as ; pecuniary 
 aid for, 283; knighted, 202; offers amnesty to Indians, 
 284 ; at Fort George, SWT ; hostens toward Quecnstoii, 
 S'.>8; attacks Wool, .390; death of, 398; funeral nonors to, 
 406, 400 ; his monument, 414 ; the place where be fell, 410. 
 
 BruckoiUe and its vicinity, 6Tfl. 
 
 BiioKR, Pmi.ir Bowks VenK, captain of the Shannon, Tor> : 
 gallantry of, TOT ; sketch of, 700 ; honors to, TIO. 
 
 Bbon8o:«, Alvin, his captivity and release, 797. 
 
 Bbooks, .loiiN, Lieutenant, sketch of, 626. 
 
 Bbououam, Hknbv, M.P., 109. 
 
 Dbousk, Pctkb, survivor of tho battle of Chrysler's Farm, 
 006. 
 
 Urouni, Fort, Ruins of, 876. 
 
 BsowN, Jaoob, Cteueral, 60T; hla pos'tlon, 608 ; assumes 
 
 command at Sackett's Harbor, 60S ; a visit to the widow 
 of, 017; his residence at Brownsville, Ols; carries flotilla 
 past Prescott in the night, 060; invaues Canada, 061 ; be- 
 comes generai-ln-chieJ, 792; moves toward Niagara, 798; 
 expects the co-operation of Chauncey, 813 ; advances to 
 Fort George, 814 ; faiisback to Chippewa, 816; wounded, 
 823; Indignation of, 829; orders the army to Lake Erie, 
 820 ; resumes command of the army, 8.H0 ; determines to 
 make a sortie, 837; honors awarded to, 841 ; the freedom 
 of tlie city of New York conferred on, 841 ; medal award- 
 ed by Congress, 841. 
 
 Bbown, Kiuhaki), Captain, 702. 
 
 BiiowN, Samukl li., 632. 
 
 Bkownk, Benjamin F., survivor of Dartmoor Prison, 908. 
 
 Hbusu, Captain, ei-cort sent for, 286. 
 
 Bryant, Williau Cullen, writes on the Embargo, 164 : his 
 ode, 282. 
 
 BnoK-oNo-A-BKLAS, chtcf of the Datawares, 46, 4T. 
 
 Buiin.GKOROK, 711. 
 
 Buffalo In 1812, 379 ; heavy force there, 427 ; New York mi- 
 litia at, 636; destruction of, 637 ; survivors of 1812 there, 
 847. 
 
 Bunker Hill Uonument, visit to, 804. 
 
 BuRiiECK, U., Colonel, sketch of, 694. 
 
 Bubooynk, Sir John, 1039. 
 
 BuRKK, Edhdnii, reflections of, on the French ReTolntioD, 
 09. 
 
 Burlmijhin UeiqhU, flight of the British to, 600 ; expedition 
 to, 028. 
 
 Burnt Corn Crfk, battle of, 749. 
 
 Burr, Aaron, Vice-President, 108 ; hi" duel with Hamilton, 
 l;t6 ; his scheme for his own profit, 130 ; deceives .lackson 
 and Adair, 130 ; is suspected of treason, 137 ; his arrest 
 and trial, 137; his exile, 137 ; acquittal of, 162. 
 
 Burrows, William, commander of the Enlervrinr, TIT ; 
 sketch of, TIS ; funeral of, T19 ; medal awarded to, T19. 
 
 Byron, 8ib Hiciiard, captain of the Belciilera, 435. 
 
 Cabinet, changes in, 472, 1011. 
 
 Cahot, Gkokok, 1010. 
 
 Cadet'n (Iraij, origin of, 800. 
 
 Caiioon, Rkuuen, survivor of 1812, 006. 
 
 Calabee Jiiver, battle at the, 770. 
 
 Caldwkll, SamdKi, sketch of, 662. 
 
 Cakdunia, the affair of, 386, 887. 
 
 Calhoun, John C, sketch of, 216; his reply to .Undolpb, 
 210; bis report on tlie ciusea of the war, 220; ill Com- 
 mittee on Foreign Relations, 408. 
 
 Cavipaign, tlie plan of, 261. 
 
 Campukll, Gkorok W., of Tennessee, 1011. 
 
 Caupukll, Huou O., Commodore, 740. 
 
 Camimiell, James, 004. 
 
 Cami-iiei.l, John B., his expedition to the Missisaiuiwn, 
 .340 ; attack ou his c^unp, 347 ; distressing retreat to 
 Greenville, 347. 
 
 Cauaila, people very unhappy about war, 244 ; address to 
 the Legislature of, 244 ; British oftlcers in, 269 ; impa- 
 tience of United States army to invade, 200; first iuva- 
 si(m of, 262; symptoms of disloyalty in, 276; boundary- 
 line of, 3V9 ; second attempt to invade, 393 ; opposition 
 to invaders, 396 ; third invasion, 427, 429 ; invasion aban- 
 doned, 431; arrangement for fonrth invasion of, 644; re- 
 belliim in, 682 ; an American steamer seized for the benefit 
 of the rebels, 683 ; siege of a garrisoned wind-mill, 683 ; 
 fate of captured patriots, 684 ; plans for a fifth invasion 
 of, 685, 803, 804: abandoned by the Americans, 840; ex- 
 pedition of Captain Holmes into, 849, 867, 876. 
 
 Canning, Geoboe, 161 ; British minister of Foreign Afittirs, 
 168 ; his offensive letter to the Americas minister, 171. 
 
 Canoe Fight, the, 709, 770, 771. 
 
 Cabamalli, IIamrt, alliance with, 126. 
 
 Carden, JonN 8., captain of the Macedonian, sketch of, 466, 
 466. 
 
 Carleton Tularut, a visit to, remains of fortiflcatious, 650 ; In- 
 teresting relics, 000. 
 
 Canniujiiule sung iu New York, 81. 
 
 Carolim, Xiirthweatfrn, revolt of, 24. 
 
 Carolina, destruction of the, 1086. 
 
 Caroline, destruction of the, 880. 
 
 Cabr, Robert, sketch of, 040. 
 
 Cascade Creek, block-house near, 611. 
 
 Cass, Lewis, Colonel, 202, 208, 264; writes energetic letter 
 to the government, 282; crosses the Rimge, 2§*; goes to 
 Washington, 292; his statement of the surrender of De- 
 troit, 293; sketch of, 293; apiwlntcd military governor 
 of Michigan, 669. 
 
 Casbin, Stephen, commander of the Tieonderoga, 886; re- 
 ceives medal, 808; sketch of, 809. 
 
 Castalian Springs, a ride to, 606 ; appearance of, 506. 
 
 Castiiu, filght of Americans from, 898 ; during the Revolu- 
 tion, 902 ; new military works at, 903 ; Vfiyage to, 908 : 
 mementoes of war at, IKIO ; remains of fortiflcatious near, 
 910. 
 
 Castlxreagu, Lord, Secretaiy of Foreign Affairs, iiSS. 
 
 Chalnutte, plantation of; battle near, 1037 ; British repulsed, 
 1038. 
 
 CuAMrAOHT, H. DE, Ft«Dch minister of Foreign Affoira, ?'3, 
 178, 179. 
 
 ' Mrii 
 
d. 
 
 .|m^^^ 
 
 (A 
 
 'f^U^M'XAkA^ 
 
 U/o 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 1077 
 
 8 : a vlBlt to the widow 
 Ulc, 01'*: carries flolUla 
 ivttdCB Canadii, tlM ; "»- 
 en toward Niagara, TO3 ; 
 ancev, S18 ; advaucca to 
 iiliipcwa, 81B ; wounded, 
 llie army ti> Lake Erie, 
 rniy, «!« : dctermlneH to 
 Jed to, Ml; till- freedom 
 idon,s41; medal award- 
 
 r Dartmoor Prison, 909. 
 
 im the Embargo, 164 ; hl» 
 
 slawarcB, 40, 4T. 
 
 here, 42T ; New York ml- 
 ; aurvivora of 18W there, 
 
 M. 
 104. 
 
 n the French Revolntlon, 
 aritl8hto,600; expcdiUon 
 
 I • hi', dnel with Hamilton, 
 o'm.liiO: decelveHJackBon 
 Df treason, 187; his arrest 
 icqulttal of, 162. . 
 r of the k>iterpmf,ni : 
 ■ medal awarded to, 719. 
 the Beimdera, 436. 
 
 12, 900. 
 »2. 
 
 15; his reply to .landolph, 
 !S of the war, 220 ; In Com- 
 ,408. 
 
 lessee, 1011. 
 ire, 740. 
 
 Utlon to the MisslBslnlwn, 
 47; distressing retreat to 
 
 about war, 244; address to 
 \\*h officers In, 269 ; Impa- 
 r, to invade, 200; flrst luva- 
 |sloyaltyin,275; boundary- 
 ' to Invade, UOS ; opposition 
 m 427, 429 ; Invasion abau- 
 fourth invasion of, 644 ; re- 
 teamer seized for the beiient 
 earrlKoned wind-mlM, o»» . 
 • plans for a fifth invasion 
 ^'ty the Americans, 846 ; ex- 
 ito, 849, 867, 876. 
 iluister of Foreign Affaire, 
 American minister, 171. 
 
 Ih, 126. . ^ ^ . . .„ 
 1 MacetUmian, sketch of, 486, 
 
 1 of fortifications, 688; In- 
 L24. 
 
 V4 • writes energetic letter 
 
 £9 "the Ronge, 2§S : goes to 
 
 Kit of the surrender of De- 
 
 olnted milltBry governor 
 
 r the Tieonderoga, 886; re- 
 
 1O9 
 
 I appearance of, 60«. 
 
 Ii, 8M : during the Hevo In- 
 
 L at, 90a ; vovage to, W8 ; 
 
 lalns of fortifications near, 
 
 I Foreign AlTalrs, 888. 
 lar,10O7; BriUsh repulaed. 
 
 Iter of Foreign AflWr*. ? "8, 
 
 Chttmplain, iMkf, preparations on, 789 ; strngglo for the 
 control of, swi ; batlle of, sim, H(;7, STO; American victory 
 complete, 871 ; end of the buttle of, 878. 
 
 CiiAMiM.iN, Htki-iikk, ComnioUore, sketch of, 623, 840, .8ftl. 
 
 Chanulrk, ■IniiN, General, sketch of, 008 ; capture of, 004. 
 
 CiiiNNiNM, Wii.i.iAM Bi,i.Eav, dlscourse of, 282. 
 
 CuiiPMAN, John, survivor of the batlle of Lake Krle, 627. 
 
 CharUttown, navy yard at, IHI6. 
 
 ChoMOtr privateer, cruise of the, 909. 
 
 Chalhavi, American troopc at, 649; visit to, 601. 
 
 CuAiiNiiKY, Ihaai-, created commander-in-chief of the navy 
 on Iho lakes, 870 ; his first cruise, 871 ; captures three 
 merchant vessels, 872 ; and Perry, relations of, 614 ; on 
 lake Outarlo, 686: sails for Hackett's Harbor, 001; tries 
 to eni;a);e HIr James Yeo, 048; the British commander 
 avoids a conflict, 048; sickness of, 816: kept fl-om active 
 service, 884; his squadron leaves Sackott's Harbor, 886: 
 tries to draw out ¥00, 886 ; sketch of, 880 ; calls for mili- 
 tia, 887. 
 
 Chesapeake, United States friitato, watched by the British 
 squadron, 180 : she is boarded, 1.^7 ; fired into by the />o- 
 pard, 167 ; surrender of the, 168 ; cruise of the, 701 ; Law- 
 rence in command of the, 701 ; condition of the, 704 ; fight 
 with the A'Aaniwn, 706; capture of the, 707. 
 
 Chempeake Bay, blockade of, 007; British appear In, 920; 
 blockade of, 982 ; stirring scenes in, 714. 
 
 Chicago, Journey ft-om, 297 ; Its name, settlement, and posi- 
 tion, 802 ; ijarrlson at, 303 ; order for the evacuation of, 
 806; massacre at, survivors, SU; block-house at, 312; 
 great growth of, 812, 313. 
 
 Cnirka»aw», 747. 
 
 Chillimthe, destruction of, 41 ; description of, BOT. 
 
 Chif>peiea, Fori, doomea to destruction, 001. 
 
 Chippewa, hattie of the, 809; charge of the Eleventh Reel- 
 ment at, 8IO; British position at, 811 ; the Americans fiill 
 back, 811 ; sketches ofsubordinate officers at the, 812, 818, 
 814, 828. 
 
 Choetaies, 747 ; pacification of the, 762 ; the allies of the, 762, 
 777. 
 
 Chbistv, William, sketch of, 483. 
 
 Chritrtera Farm, preparations for battle at, 061 ; position 
 of the British at, 062 ; battle of, 063 ; visit to the battle- 
 ground of, 000. 
 
 CHnvsTiB, John, Colonel, 892 ; he takes Wool's place, 401. 
 
 CncBou, Danikl VV., Adjutant, encounters the enemy near 
 Toussalnt Island, 873 ; sketch of, 678. 
 
 Cincinnati in 1312, 470; a visit to, 809. 
 
 Cinlevilk, 607. 
 
 C'laiuor.ne, F, L., Major, In the Creek country, 760; his 
 anxiety about the settlers, 762 ; sends Kennedy to Port 
 Mims, 767; ordered to the C, !ek country, 709; deter- 
 mines to penetrate it, 771 ; traverses Creek country, 772. 
 
 Claiborne, Fort, construction of, 771. 
 
 Claek, Isaac, 790. 
 
 Clay, Gbkfn, General, brigade of, 470 ; moves down the 
 Maumee, 486 ; his encounter with the Indians, 487. 
 
 Clay, Henry, appointed to fill the vniaut sent of fJeneral 
 John Adair, lot ; chosen speaker, 210; advucates.war, 
 223 ; opposition to J. Qiiiucy, 4<10 ; second time chosen 
 speaker, 733, 780; tomb of, 1066; monument to, 1080; 
 peace commissioner, 10«IO: sketch of, 1060. 
 
 Clay, Lcorktia Hart, sketch of, 106S. 
 
 CUii/Um, visit to, 004. 
 
 Cfetiefand, Ohio troops welcomed to, 842 ; journey to, 8*0. 
 
 Clinch, Udnoan L., sketch of, 917. 
 
 Clinton, De Witt, 220 ; mayor of New York, 842. 
 
 Clinton, Georuk, Vice-President, 109 ; nominated for Vice- 
 President, 226 ; his death and tomb, 220. 
 
 Coohrane, Sir Alexanueb, commander of the British 
 squadron, 920. 
 
 CooKuuBN, Sir Geoboe, Admiral, made second in command, 
 607 ; operations of, 009, 070 ; assails Havi'e de Grace, 071 ; 
 ascends the Sassafras River, 074 ; head-quarters of, 083 ; 
 Jn the Potomac and on the coast of North Carolina, 089 ; 
 anchors off Ocracoke Inlet, 089 ; on the coast of Georgia, 
 691 ; lights the fires at Washington with his own hands, 
 9.')S ; infamous conduct of, 946 ; lands near Baltimore, 060. 
 
 Cooke, John, General, 769 : separate action of, 700 ; liills on 
 Hlllabee town, 707 ; massacre of its people, 707. 
 
 Coffee, John, In Northe^a Alabama, 769 ; sketch of, 1043. 
 
 Coles, J. A., 063. 
 
 CohniHbi, British, snppoeed republican procllvltleB of, 214. 
 
 Columbrm, city of, 600. 
 
 Couiis, Leslie, sufferings of, 360 ; commissioned captain of 
 spies, 480: sketch of, 480 ; his voyage down the Manmee, 
 481 ; is attacked by Indians, iSl. 
 
 C&iMt, privateer, cruW of, 9!i.n, 999. 
 
 Cominerce, cotton king of, 178k 
 
 Commimioners, Peace, list of, 4T1. 
 
 Committee, report of, on Foreign Relations, 212, 213, 468. 
 
 Con/ederation, Articles of, 19, 28; ratified by the several 
 status, 83. 
 
 Conjianee, capture of the, 809. 
 
 Congrem, United States, endeavors to oblige England to 
 open trade, 23 ; dissolution of, 34 ; authorizes the raising 
 or troops, 40; authorizes Increase of regular army, 60; 
 arranges the executive departments, 69 ; reflises to con- 
 firm uominatluns, 99 ; actluu tm the death of Washing- 
 
 ton, 110; Non-lmportatton Act passed, 148; enlarges 
 army and navy, 107 : endeavors to find supplies for the 
 war, 28(1; awards vote of thanks to Elliott, il88; author- 
 ises retullatlon, 409 : awards gold medal to Hull, 440; 
 awards Kold medal to Captain Jones, 462 ; to Decatur, 
 468 ; to Balnbriilge, 108 ; silver medals to his ofltcers, 408 ; 
 plan proposed fur Increasing the army, •UI6: awards gold 
 medal to Croghaii, 804 : to Elliott, 6;t5 ; to Perry, 636 : to 
 Harrison, 667 : to Lawrence, 7(K) ; silver mediils to his ofil- 
 cers, 71MI; to Burrows and M'C'all, 719 ; political position 
 of, 1H13, 7S8 ; finds means to prosecute the war, 784, 787 ; 
 gold medal awarded to James Miller, 820; toHcott, 820: 
 to Gaines, 886 ; to Brown, 841 ; to Piirtcr and KIplcy, 842 : 
 to Henley and Casslu, 808 ; to Macomb, 878 ; to Macdon- 
 oiigli, 878; authorizes a floating huttcrv, 970; gold medal 
 to BIddle, 991 ; to Stewart, 988 ; to Jackson, 1062. 
 
 Congreiuiiiiuil llurtjing^ground, 948. 
 
 Com>e>-tievt, governor of, refhses to comply with the call for 
 trmips, 243 ; charter of, 840 ; blockade of the coast of, 
 094; local militia of, 094. 
 
 Coiuttellation captures Vliunirgejitf, 103. 
 
 ConxtHMion, United States, ratification of, 38 ; amendments 
 of, 69 ; proposed amendments of, I014. 
 
 Conntitutiiin, a, granted to the French people, 67. 
 
 Cmutitulinn, frigate, 101 ; named "OUI /rOTWridtw," 487; cruise 
 of, 437 ; escape from the (luerriere, 488 ; second cruise 
 of, 44it ; fight with the Overriere, 44!1 ; cruise on the coast 
 of Brazil, 467; battle with the Jam, 4tKi; arrival at Bos- 
 ton, 401; rtgure-bend of the, 906; chased Into Marble- 
 head Bay, 983 ; battle with Cgatie and X/<!i)an<— she cap- 
 tures both, 984. 
 
 Conventiiiu, Hartford, 1018-1016; jketchea of members of 
 the, 101(1. 
 
 Cmiventinn to propose making Maine into a state, 24; con- 
 stitutional, and members of, 27-33. 
 
 Coom Rirer, cries for help from the banks of, 700; Jackson 
 at, 703. 
 
 Council, Orders in. United States vessels excluded firom 
 West Indian ports, 28 • modlficatlini of the, 170 ; main- 
 tained, 17U ; unrepealed, 226 ; conditional revocation of 
 the, 240. 
 
 Cimnril, Grand, of Indians, 61. 
 
 CoviNOTON, Leonard, General, death and burial of, 060. 
 
 Coviiuitnn, Fort, visit to, 004 ; veteran soldiers at, 006 ; at- 
 tempt to seize, 960. 
 
 Craio, Sir Jauks, governor general of Canada, 220. 
 
 r 'VNE, William nu>NTuoMERv, commander of the /*tit<', 886 ; 
 monument to, 8S0. 
 
 Craney Mand, landing of the British, 073 ; a sharp conflict, 
 079; British driven hack, 080; visit to, i'86 ; foruflcatlons 
 on, 080. 
 
 CRAttKORi), W. H., minister to France, 714. 
 
 Craie/onlmiillf,, 198. 
 
 Cbeauii, Gerrarii W., 769. 
 
 Credit, public, efforts for the establishment of, 64 ; It la as- 
 sailed, 1009. 
 
 Creeks, their position, T47 ; civil war, 748 ; bravery of the, 
 774-777 ; defeated at the battle of the Horseshoe, 780 ; 
 mined, 782. 
 
 Owi Countrji, settlers in, 760 ; distress In, 788 ■ affairs in, 
 701 ; invaded from Georgia, 708-773. 
 
 Crittenden, Joun J., sketch of, 614. 
 
 Croouan, G., Major, his Instructions, 409 ; disobeys orders, 
 600 ; his report to Harrlso'i, 604 ; medal presented to, 
 806; reaches Detroit, 867. 
 
 CRDToiiriELii, Stapleton, Major, 080, 681, 082 ; sends die- 
 patch to Governor Barbour, 683; takes possoslon of 
 Hampton, 088. 
 
 Cuhvr'n mil, engagement at, 802 ; ride over, 881 ; battle- 
 ground of, 882. 
 
 Ctimbertand Head, light-house at, 870; visit to, 882. 
 
 Cdmmimos, James, Colimel, 827. 
 
 Owrrenej/, paper, 20; decimal, adopted, 66; paper, In France, 
 74. 
 
 Ccyler, W. Howe, sketch of, 887. 
 
 Daores, James Rk.habi), surrenders to Hull, 444. 
 
 Dale, Riohard, Commodore, In the Mediterranean, 118 ; 
 monument to, 1 19. 
 
 Dale, Samuel, courage and honor of, 761 ; prcparcH for act- 
 ive operations, 767 ; wins a victory, 770 ; sketch of, 771. 
 
 Dallas, A. J., sketch of, 1011. 
 
 Dana, Samuel W., 162. 
 
 Dane, Nathan, 1016. 
 
 Danish fleet destroyed at Copenhagen, 113. 
 
 Dartinoor, prison of, 1008 ; outrages on prisoners there, 1060. 
 
 />at>trf I'orter, privateer, cruise of, 1003. 
 
 Datiubon, John, 928. 
 
 Davioson. Lcobetia Maria, child poet, grave of, SS4. 
 
 Daviess, Major, gallantry of, 204; death of, 206; life aud 
 character of, 207. 
 
 Davis, General, mortally wounded, 888. 
 
 Davis, S. B.. Colonel. 609. 
 
 Dacbhan, 'Jj'ptaln, 270. 
 
 Dai/ton and Sandttakt/, country between, 264. 
 
 Deabborn, Hknby, General, appointed commRDder-ln-chief, 
 249; residence of, 260 : slgni^ arinittice, 293; instructodto 
 make demonstration? on the frontier, 381 ; on ]jake Qa* 
 
 -•^^ i: 
 
1078 
 
 I N I) K X. 
 
 |i 
 
 I' A 
 
 I, ' » 
 
 tnrlo, BRfl; nt Furt NliiRiirR, WiT ; expedition ; iniit the 
 BritUh lit Heaver Uiiiiim, iWO; U mvnvi\«t\ hy S\ ilkliimiii, 
 0!!»; moves lull) <'iiiiiiilii, tUIT; end oroxiwdliUiu, IMI. 
 
 Debt of Unilnl SlaU'*, 17s|, w ; isift, KHII. 
 
 iKailtir, privateer, criilrie of, UKW. 
 
 DsrATirn, 8TK1MIKN, C'oniiiiodore, cnntiirea U Crojiable, 101 ; 
 Ktillnntry of, 121 ; i-oiiinmiuler or the Vnitnl Slateii, Vtft, 
 4B«!; vliaory of, -WT ; nolil medal ijlven to, ■«>(< ; iiltenilitn 
 to run the nlockiido of New York, iWI ; tlndn ii |)lure of 
 Rafety, tWi; cndeavorn to ^et to xea, litift: i{oc« to sen In 
 the rrenlilenl, UST ; iikctch of, UMi ; duel umfdcalh of, W'^. 
 
 Dk t'irti, fuiiH of, ar.t. 
 
 Vtrreen, Kreneh, proponed reviHtttlon of, ITS. 
 
 Dk i.a ItoNnK, Colonel, UKIII. 
 
 Delaware llan, pnlrhitiHm on the shorex of, 008; blockade 
 of, iH)7. 
 
 Iv(nuxirc«, expedition ajfaliiet the, "M. 
 
 Devwcrali, their tactlcH, 1(17; their cunfldcuce In Jefferson, 
 101 J chief leader." of, 102. 
 
 Dknihon, Krkukkick, wonndcd, S96. 
 
 I)k Hott«niiijr(i, .Major (ioneral,BOO. 
 
 Uk Salaiikrhy, a., 0:iI). 
 
 Dkhiia, JoHKPii, Kketch of, nn2. 
 
 Uelroit In 1S12, 200; Bites of fortlflcatlons In, 201 : British 
 before, 2S2 ; breparatlons for af.aikln^;, 2,s4 ; demand for 
 mirrcnder of, 2Sfi: homhardmeut of, '.NT, 2S8 ; Kurrender 
 of, 2.>«» ; elTeelR of the snrrender, 2(ili, 2111 ; disposal of the 
 nrlsoncrs, 2!i1; Hrltish occnimtion of, 202; a .Sunday in, 
 297 ; hesloKCd by Pontlac, .'101 ; cltlicns of, 8(12 ; siiireu- 
 der of, 746; expedition leaves, Sfto. 
 
 DiTTEiOK, James, veteran of 1S12, (124. 
 
 DoMiiiNs, Danik.i., sketch of, BO!'. 
 
 DonoK, KionAKo, UrlKitdier UenernI, arrives at Watertown, 
 New York, ;t7it. 
 
 JMphm, privateer, cruise of, 1000. 
 
 D0NK1.S0N, A., Colonel, 77B. 
 
 Dorothea, Danish brijj, destruction of, 240. 
 
 DotsKT, Duke of, 111. 
 
 I)ouoi.A»H, Davii> B , Lieutenant, 8211, 881. 
 
 I)owNi!8, .John, sketch of, T2B ; at Valparaiso, 720. 
 
 Drcumond, Okokok (Jokdo.n, Lieutenant Ueueral, 810, SIS, 
 810, 830. 
 
 Dom.iiY, William, 480. 
 
 DiijMiil, Ccmp, 907. 
 
 DvBON, Caplalu, blows up Fort Washtngtoo, 989. 
 
 Kaoi.e, Hknrv, 707. 
 
 EoMtport caiilured by the British, 1814, 890. 
 
 BnKKitmi, IIknbv, slielch of, <t1B. 
 
 Hroiux'hai-a in ashes, 77:t. 
 
 KiiLK, Hakmon, survivor of 1312,801. 
 
 Ei.iiRindK, .losKiMi C, 020. 
 
 Ulrctiim, Presidential, 404. 
 
 HlmlorH, method of choosini;, 108. 
 
 KHzabethtnwn, 577. 
 
 Ei.KBWATAWA, liidiaii propliet, ISS; his vision, 189; his 
 treachery, 20H ; disgrace of, 200. 
 
 Ei.uoTT, J'kssk I)., Captain, sent to Lake Erie, 871, !)8B; co- 
 operation of military \vltl|, .1S,%; sketch of, 8S7 ; re-en- 
 forcements under, 6IS ; strautfe conduct of, 026 ; meeting 
 with I'crry, 628 ; medal nwaraed to, 536. 
 
 El.LSU DUTII, Ol.lVKtt, 58. 
 
 Kim Orove, cemetery of, 914. 
 
 Kbmrmil, cemetery of, 801. 
 
 Ely, ALyuKo, Doctor, 800. 
 
 Embargo, the, passed in Congress, 102 ; effects of, 10.1 ; par- 
 ty spirit aroused by, 108; vlobitlons of, 104, 108; de- 
 nounced, 100 ; iufractlous of 172 ; war proclaimed as the 
 alternative to, 174; repealed, 176; pro|)Osed, 222; pa-s- 
 sage of, 228; supplementary, 224; opposition to, 224; a 
 new act of, 786 ; repealed, 780, 787. 
 
 Emott, .Ta.mkb, 21T. 
 
 Kii' "./at/, liatlle of, 774. 
 
 iiii. iH<i refuses to be just, 180; a regency in, 283; displays 
 al 1 her energy, 575. 
 
 Bnct'chovcn Creek, battle on, 776. 
 
 £iik: in, British, pulled down, 17. 
 
 Ent' iprlm', the, i;rulse of, 717 ; her conflict with the Boxer— 
 death of the two commanders, 717; last cruise of, 720. 
 
 Brii\ Fort, doomed to de.strnction, 001 ; captured by Amer- 
 icans, 805 ; armv ordered to, Sii) ; an attack on, ^U'2, 888 ; 
 battle of, 884, a8.'>, S80, S:i7, S40 ; blown up, 840 ; visit to, S47. 
 
 Eri<; iMke, Perry ordered to, 509; battle of, 522 ; tlrst shot 
 fired l)y Americans, 623 : dose of the battle of, 525, 520, 
 627, 52!) ; sad eftect of the battle of, 5:12 : exultation of the 
 Americans, t>M ; chief veBSols on, 542, (AH,. 
 
 Erie, village of, 510, 512 ; menaced, 514, 615; historic places 
 at, 687. 
 
 Ebskink, David Montaoiik, British minister, 175, 170 ; his 
 arrangements repudiated l)y his ghvernmcnt, 177 : makes 
 arrangements for renewed trade, 177; recalled, 177 ; bio- 
 graphical sketch of, 177. 
 
 K»»ex, cruise of the, she captures the Mfrt, 4.89, 440; cap- 
 tures the Nncloii, 721, 722 ; sails for the Pacific, 723 ; ar- 
 rives at Valparaiso, 728, 724 ; captures the Georgiana and 
 other whalers, 726; captures iho .'frn/iya/Mrfa™, 720 ; she 
 is crippled, 782 ; surrender of the, 733. 
 
 Europe agaiuiil France, 72. 
 
 Evans, Sir Dk Laov, sketch of, 1082. 
 
 l-'air llnern, «'<« : fort at. 01.1. 
 
 h'uHfn '/'i>iiljrri>, OHttle of, 64. 
 
 h'anlmm; i\H)i-A\\\>, 0711. 
 
 Fiifl-iliiii, proclnniatiiui of, 281, 282. 
 
 Kaui.k.nkr, .Ta.mfs, sketch of, 078. 
 
 thlrraliatH and Kepubli^all^ 72; tmuldn among the, 100; 
 policy of the, 210; patriotism of the, 217. 
 
 h'liuh, capture of the, 808. 
 
 h'in; Greek, 018. 
 
 Kihk,.Jaiik/, survivor of the battle of Niagara, 84S, 
 
 h'lan, ttrnl British, taken, 370. 
 
 Kl.ujkao, (lAUKiiieK, Oeiieral, 1088. 
 I /•'livt, .lamaica merchant, cliase of, 480; British, ships of, 
 007; first ajipearance of, 007: eiiti'is Hampton Ibiads, 
 070; alxiiit New York, UV1 ; surrender of, on l.ake Cham- 
 plain, 870. 
 
 Kl.KMINII, Bknjamin, KI8. 
 
 Floriila, East, liimrrectlou In, 740, 741 ; West, claimed by 
 the r!':ted Htatcs, 739. 
 
 Flotilla, American, cai)ture of, 1020. 
 
 Ki.ocRNOV, n*n(fMAH, sketch of, 748. 
 
 Kuivo, John, Bilgadlcr (ieiieral, at the battle of Auttose, 
 108 ; at Fort Sirother, 777. 
 
 Fdrmt Lairn, 1 ciiielery of, 847 ; soldiers' monuments, 848. 
 
 I'ViiinnKT, Dri.ANKV, 520; sketch of, 5;il. 
 
 I''oiisvTii, BKN.IAMIN, Mijor, 870 ; cxiiedltloii of, 872 ;*open» 
 jails in Elir.aliethlowii, 577, 7IM); (feath of, 857. 
 
 Forlifieatimut, British frontier, 284. 
 
 Fort», Bowyer, loill ; caiiliire of, 1051 ; Brown. 806, 882 ; Cas- 
 tlne, 908; Cllntcui, |I|3 ; (Covington, 950 ; Dearborn, :^(I3, 
 811; Defiance, .828 ; remains of, 832, 33Si Erie, 8(18; Pish, 
 974; fieorgc, 1109 ; (Jratlot, 849; (Jriswold, 898 ; Jackson, 
 1029; Lee, 900; Mackinaw, 2(18, 209; M'lleury, 070, 947, 
 II.M, 906; Madison, 701; Moiean, S0», 882 ; Necessity, 257; 
 PhfEUix, 913; Pickirln.', 906; Pierce, 756; Pike. 017; 
 Plattsbnrg, 801 ; St. Philip, attack on, 1051 ; Scwail, 907; 
 8<;olt, 8,82; Stephenson, 497 ; Stone Mill, Ml8; Strong, M12 ; 
 Tompkins, 007 : Toronto, 6S7, 588 ; Trnmlinll, 090; Wash- 
 ington, 088, 925, 939 ; Warbiirtou, 088 ; Wayne, 60 ; Wel- 
 lington, 684. 
 
 FosTKB, AcmiBms J., envoy extraordinary to the United 
 Slates, 180. 
 
 Fell oiiKT, M., French minister, 88. 
 
 Fox, CnAiii.Ks Jamkk. premier of Kugland, 128, 149. 
 
 Fiance, friendship of, 59; revolutionary movements In, 00; 
 i.narchy In, 78 ; paper currency in, "4 ; National Conveii- 
 1 Ion established, 75; overthrow (f the monarchy, 75: re- 
 action, 88; the Directory offended, 91 ; difflcullics with 
 the United States, !I2; her aci|Uisiiion of Spain, 98; her 
 arms successfnl, !i5 ; prepaniiloiis for war with, 90; a 
 minister appointed to, ll» ; three envoys sent, 100; secret 
 designs of, 182, 138; her change ol policy, 16.8, 103, 180. 
 
 Franiis, .losiAii, 7M. 
 
 Franklin, Bknjamin, 19, 2T. 
 
 FuASKii, William, 004. 
 
 /■Vrtiioii^ journey to, 500. 
 
 Frnirli Creek, American camp at, 049. 
 
 FreiH'h Hilln, American army at, 068; snfferlugs at, 057; 
 visit to, OM. 
 
 Freiuhtown threatened, .861 ; its suffering Inhabitants, 862 ; 
 battle and massacre of, 352; nnlval of re-eoforcomouts, 
 it5,f ; fearful night at, 857 ; In 1800, 300; cajiturod, 070. 
 
 Fiiiiaten, building of, 91. 
 
 Frolic, surrender of the, 450. 
 
 Frontier, Northern, dose of hostlUticB on the, 1814, 88T. 
 
 Fruit Hill, visit to, 608. 
 
 Fii.TON, KoiiKKT, sr.ggcsts a new system of uaval warfare, 
 280 : sketch of, 242. 
 
 Fnltim the Fiml, floating battery, 977. 
 
 Gainks, EiiMDNi) P., Qeneral, 540 : demands the surrender 
 ofMobile, 74i1; appointed brigiidier general, 7!12; at Sack - 
 etfs Harbor, 816; takes command of tlic army, 831; 
 sketch ('1,881; made major general, ^.85; gold medal 
 awarded to, 8.85; calls the baltlc of Lake Erie n "hand- 
 some victory," 836. 
 
 Ou.LATiN, Aliikut, Scccctary of tlie Treasury, 221, 7S3, 780 ; 
 peace commissioner, 1000; sketch of, inOO. 
 
 (xAr.i SUA, Jonas, governor of Vermont, 030. 
 
 (Jaiiaii<Hi<ii, siiolls taken at, 373. 
 
 (Urdinieb, Bauent, 102 : duel of, 104. 
 
 (Jaiidner, CiiARLKB Ic, Miijor, sketch oi; S04. 
 
 (ivRDNER, J. M.,075. 
 
 Ij-iural A nn»triinij, privateer, cruise and career of, 1001, 1004. 
 
 Gknet, Citizen, arrival in Charleston, 77; recet>tlon, 79; 
 iirivateers commissioned by, 79; interview with Wash- 
 ington, 80; rebuked by .loffersrui, 81 ; attempts to create 
 a iobellion, 82 : recalled to France, 88 ; sketch of, S3. 
 
 (iKoiKiR III., friendly with Bonaparte, 118. 
 
 Oeokoe IV., Pilnce Regent, 283. 
 
 Heorije, Fort, (ieneral Brock at, 897 ; a visit to, 418 ; expedi- 
 tion against, 590 ; cannonade between Fort Niagara and, 
 597; capture of, 599; invested by the British, 022; it Is 
 abandoned, 082, 815. 
 
 (l.'oritid, Cockburn on the coast of, 091 ; her trooiM return 
 to their frontier, 770. 
 
I N D K X. 
 
 1079 
 
 rouble Rmoni? the, WO ; 
 ilif, 'ilT. 
 
 ■ 4;iO: BrItUh, "Mm of, 
 siitiirn llaiii|it<>ii Kiiiidi', 
 Mider of, oil Luko Cliiim- 
 
 , T41 ; We»t, clntrocd by 
 
 It ilio battle of Aiittoie, 
 dlors' moiiumi'iiti), S48. 
 
 r, Kii. 
 
 ixpeilUlim of, an ;«oi)eiiB 
 dcalh of, ^T. 
 
 f>l ; Blown, S(», S82 ; Cnii- 
 'toii, \M ; beiirboni, WIS, 
 HM, «:llt| KHc, WIS; Kinh, 
 
 (lrli>wi)lil, S1I3 : ■liicksoii, 
 , mi; M'llciiry, iITIi, 1147, 
 1, mil, sS'2 : NoiewHity, iiftl ; 
 
 I'lcrcc, IIW; Tike, (IIT: 
 ick on, liiM : Scwall, HOT; 
 >iicMill, >-ii;i; HlroiiL'.Mta; 
 iH- Tnimlmll, O'.IB ; W'nBh- 
 .u, 088; Wnyiic, 60; Wcl- 
 
 rnordliiary to the Uultod 
 
 Eiitilnntl, V2S, 149. 
 tioimiy inovcmeiitn In, «•; 
 I in, T4; NalionnM'oiiven- 
 ,v « f llip nuinnvchy, i5; re- 
 ikUmI, 111 : diffl<-iiltlc!< with 
 nnisillon of Kimin, 113; hoc 
 liiiiK for war with, ««; ft 
 ■0 I'livoyt'Pcnt, U«i; cecret 
 i! ol policy, 1B3, m, ISO. 
 
 (566; enfferhigB at, (16T; 
 
 frnrhig lnhal)!tniit», BB2 ; 
 -.jlviil of rtM'iirorcpmouts, 
 mi, aOO ; cnptuicd, 010. 
 
 UtloB on the, 1S14, 88T. 
 eystem of uaval warfare, 
 97T. 
 
 . demands the imrrcnder 
 dier |.'«n(^ral, VM : at Sack- 
 iiiand of the ariny, N31 ; 
 -'nnernl, ^'M: K"''' """'','' 
 lo of Lako Erie n "hand- 
 
 ...Trcamuy, 221,783,786; 
 ,ch of, HKK). 
 moiil, 039. 
 
 , liVl. 
 
 jtch oC, S04. 
 
 oeftud career of, 1001,1004. 
 CBton, 77 ; rece|)liou, 79 ; 
 9; interview with Wiwn- 
 in, 81 ; attem|:tH to create 
 itc, 8a ; nketch of, 88. 
 arte, 113. 
 
 I7 ; a viclt to, 418 ; expedi- 
 
 letwccn Fort Niagara and. 
 
 by the British, 022 ; it U 
 
 kf, iV.)l ; her trooiis return 
 
 Ofurffiann, prlxe-nhlp, 'if>. 
 
 Uekkv, Ki.iiKiixiK, noinlinitpd for Vlce-l're«ldcnt,4(U; birth- 
 place of, IM17 ; nioniiini'iit to, IMJt. 
 ()errj/-nuiiulrr, hlntory of the, ill. 
 nhfnl, treaty of, lOt'iO. 
 UiHiiH, (leniTal, 1037 ; death of, 1047. 
 
 ()lllHON,.l.,40a. 
 
 OiiiHo.y, Colonel, morlnlly wounded, 1^18. 
 Oi.KUo, .1. H., aid to (liMiiTil Brock, 2H8. 
 
 (ll.KIO, (tKOROK l{., Hkl'tch nf, tl!l7. 
 
 GUilie, privateer, crulfc of the, 996, 1008. 
 Uoiin,viin, Cai.vin, 1010. 
 
 OoOItlllOll, C'l AI'NOKV, 1010. 
 
 (iraiul «iwr, departnre lor, 419; miKBloii-honte at, 421. 
 
 (iBATiiir, I'., cnnliieer, 474. 
 
 Great llrilaiii refn^cB to wild niinlBler to the I'niled Staten, 
 24; atleiniit to Kalii JUHilce from, Oi! ; Btroiit? fei-liiiif 
 auainnl, INI; triiiinphaiil, U.'l; ilt'clareH war au'iiiOMt 
 France, 120; cffectB of tho declaration, I'W ; niiikcH lu- 
 ■illtliiK propoHltlon fin- trilinte, liir>; lier einldaarleis nt 
 work, IHM ; acknowli!ili,'ed naval diiprcinacy of, 4JI8. 
 
 OicKooKV, Franoih II., sketch of, sM; exploits of, SSfl. 
 
 (iBirKiTii, KiiwAiio, Hear Admiral, 807. 
 
 (ionnoN, ('aptnln, 169. 
 
 floKBKi.iN, Okuauo, (UMieral, 902 ; popularity of, 908. 
 
 UoMTnment <if the Vuilml Slalm, newly ordanizcd.Rs : Ita pol- 
 icy Indicated, ^'< ; putB forth vlgoronM efTurlH for "iijirem- 
 acy on the Lakes, IITO ; sirance apathy of, !)10; 1 alia for 
 troops from dKTcrenl states, 918. 
 
 Oiurrd, SaHmml, formation of, til ; demorallzntloii of, 07. 
 
 irtirrrlrre, llic, Impresses residents of .Maine, 181, 137; light 
 with the ( iiiiHliiHlioii, 443 ; destruction of, 448. 
 
 Gun-boat, Iron-clad, 1814, 970. 
 
 Hall Cnlunibia, souk, history of, 97. 
 
 Ilttli/iix, British squadron at, 430; British expedition leaves, 
 897. 
 
 IIai.i., a., Major (Jeneral, «il6. 
 
 IIai.i., William, Colonel, 74'.'. 
 
 Hall, William, Jr., in Hartford Convention, lOKi. 
 
 Uamilton, Alf.xam'Kii, 2ft, 29; Hecrolary of the Treasury, 
 69; protests aifnlnst teinporiziuK wiih the national hon- 
 or, 04 ; his tinanclal scheme assa!' m1, O.'k; considers the 
 Eiiu'lish «i)vernineiit a model of ex.,.:lleiice. Oft ; his feud 
 with. Jefferson, 71 ; actln;; iiencrai-in-ehief, 98 ; coudeinus 
 eecession, 134; his death, 13."*. 
 
 IIamiitom, I'vei., Secretary of the Navy, sends cipher al- 
 phabet to (.'hauncev, 370. 
 
 Hamilton, vlliaite of, 4i0 ; visit to, 026. 
 
 Hamlin, Hannuiai., Vice-President of United States, Oil. 
 
 IIamitom, W., Oeiieral, haiiirhllness of, 030; inuiorious re- 
 treat of, (W ; bad conduct of, 0,M ; censured, (166 ; disobe- 
 dience of orders, 050 ; the army Is relieved of his pres- 
 ence, 067. 
 
 Hampinn HiiaiiK, defenses at, (108; skirmish in, 070; Amer- 
 icans at, 070; landiii}' of the Ilritish near, 081 ; a severe 
 skirmish, ()8'J; Americans driven from, (Vs3; a visit to, 
 687 ; destruction diirinu the Civil War, 088 ; preparations 
 to oppose the British, 8ii<»; the./o/m.4(/ai«s at, S'.KI; Brit- 
 ish arrive at, 900 j outrages at, 901 ; loss of property at, 
 902; visit to, 911. 
 
 IlAMTaAMOK, Major, 40, 60. 
 
 Hanoks, Ueulenant, 270. 
 
 Uardv, 81U Thomas M., commander of the British squad- 
 ron, flol ; allows no vessels to pass, 093; appears on the 
 New Enitlaiid coast, 890 ; leaves Eastport, 892. 
 
 IIarmah, .Ioseimi, aeneral,41 ; his defeat, 43. 
 
 Ilarpii, privateer, cruise of the, 1(H)3. 
 
 llammm, Furl, buildiug of, 196 ; siege of, 317 ; Indians driv- 
 en from, 318. 
 
 HAiittiBON, Mas. Anna, wife of (Jen. Harrison, a visit to, 670. 
 
 U.VKKIHON, William IIkniiy, (Jeneral, Joins the army, 60; 
 governor of Indiana Territory— liis wise admiiilstralion, 
 187 ; denounces the Indian Prophet, 190 ; concludes treaty 
 with the Indian tribes, I'.IO; speech of, 192; calls for vol- 
 untary aid, 194; march to the Wabash, 196, 200 ; his en- 
 campment on the Tippecanoe battle-ground, 202 ; Itis 
 camp furiously attacked 204 ; victor at Tippecanoe, 206, 
 208 ; active in building Iilock-hoiises, 321 ; goes to Ken- 
 tucky, 321 ; made brigadier general, 322, ,323 • marches to- 
 want Piqiia, 323 ; his intiuehce, 324 ; his army In the vil- 
 dernesg, 326; calls a council of oflii'ers, 326, 320; orders 
 •Tennings to escort duty, 328; his campaign arrai.iied, 
 329; makes urgent appeals for supplies, !12ii; expedltiim 
 aiwinst the Indians, XVi ; in Central Ohio, 332 ; sutt'crlngs 
 and difflculties of, :t48 ; his arinv, 349 ; at Upper Sandii?- 
 ky, 361 ; unjustly censured, 3(i;i ; his army nt Maumee 
 Rapids, 304, 473; at Cincinnati, 476 ; inecaiitions of, 478 ; 
 his note to General Clay, 479 ; his aiiiircsses, 482 ; his de- 
 fense of Fort MeiL's, 484; his plans developed, 486; or- 
 ders a sortie, 4.87 ; Ills head-quarters, 494 ; council of war, 
 499; his character assailed and vindicated, 608 ; visits 
 Perry's ship, 610, MJ), 544; at Amiierstburg, 647; his ar- 
 rangements for the battle of t lie Thames, 6,V2 ; gold medal 
 awarded to, ttft'i • appoints Cass (rovernor of Mlchiiran, 
 689; effects of the victories of. ft,Mi; brief outline of his 
 career,«662 ; leaves the army, 603 ; sketch of, 872 ; tomb 
 of, 673. 
 
 IlARUownY, Ear! of Lord President of the Council, 288. 
 
 Il4in, Natiianiicl O. T., death and sketch of, 869 
 
 llarl/iiril, Ciuiventiou at, 1MI8, 1016, 1010. 
 
 Hartlrii'H hiiiil, 640. 
 
 Iliivrf lie liriiif, threatened by Ihe British, 070; prepara- 
 tions at, 071 ; assailed bv Cockbiirn, 071 ; landing of the 
 Ilritish ul, 072 ; visit to— historical lisallties there, 073. 
 
 IIkalk, Mrs. Captain, great braverv of, 309, UlQk 
 
 Hki'KKWKliikk, Joiianka Maria, ii'l. 
 
 IlKoKK»'KLi,|rn, Hkv. JollN, iiloiu'er, 30. 
 
 IIknlkv, ItouKHT, coiiiinamler of the Kaiilr, 675 ; sketch of, 
 807 ; ri^ceives medal fi-om Congress, Hlis. 
 
 IIknnkii, Al»kki>, 1(168. 
 
 Hknhy, iIoiin, his mission to New England, 220 ; his corre- 
 spinidence, 221 ; his disclo.-iirc«, 222; skelcli of, 222. 
 
 Iliilhlliirr, privateer, capture < if the, 736 ; crulec or the, Wfl. 
 
 Ilillubiv Tiiirn, massacre at, 707. 
 
 IIilliiocsk,,Iami's, 1010. 
 
 HiNiiMAN, .Iai'oh, 81)2, 804, 8:i6. 
 
 HoLine, Thomas, sketch of " '8. 
 
 lliillaiul issues a decree likt: ,lie Milan Decree, 164. 
 
 lloLLiNS, Okokiik N., sketch of, 019. 
 
 lliiLMKH, Anna B., 914. 
 
 Uoi.Mr.s, Jf.rkmiaii, rajitahi, his expedition Into Canadi, 
 849; returns to St.,lo^epli,8.W; nails his flag to the inaMt, 
 894; reopens tire on tlie Ilritish, 896; the hero of Ntou- 
 IngKm, 914. 
 
 HopK, .Iank a., daughter of Commodore Barron. 008. 
 
 Iloi'KiNS, Hamiikl (V., his expedliion au'ain»t llie Indians, 
 338; his expedlthm to the VVahash, .'i30 ; close of the snll- 
 Itary career of, 337. 
 
 Ilnruoit, the, American ship, stranded on the French coast, 
 16!l. 
 
 Unmet, the, challenges a British vcsel, 169 ; her contest 
 Willi the /Vnn«*, 098 ; her light with the /'e»»</t(/(i, !I90 ; 
 cruise of, 992. 
 
 Uirriuhiu; battle of the, 779. 
 
 Hoi sTON, Hami'KL, wounded, 779 ; sketch of, 709. 
 
 IIo» AKo, >Ikiia/.iki., 801. 
 
 Hull, Aiiraiiam K., Cantain, grave of, 827. 
 
 Hl'LL, IsAAo, coninuiiider of the ('muitituHou, 441 ; sketch 
 of, 442; bis coolne>s, 443; his reception ill Boston, 444; 
 gives np the coinuiaml of the ('(iimtilutioii, 448 ; presented 
 with a gold medal, 440. 
 
 IIin.L, William, his iuvasiou of Canada, 261 ; made briia- 
 dier general, 252; takes coniniHiid of Ohio troops, •>lt!>; 
 inarcnes toward lletroit,267; hears of declaral ion of war, 
 268; capture of his bairgau'c, 268 ; his army at Detroit, 
 269 ; determines to invade C'anada, 2(Ki ; heao-tiiiarters of, 
 202; a reconuoi^sallclMoward Maiden, 203 ; fall of Mack- 
 inaw, 272; nuitlnons spirit of his army, 272; lond com- 
 plaints ULtainst, 277; disposilion to deprive iilin of his 
 command, 282; siirrenders Detroit -a laiMUier, and tak- 
 en to Fort George, 291 ; his arrival at Montreal, 298 ; cap- 
 tivity of, 2ii4 ; pard ined l)y the President, 296. 
 
 IIcNTKR, Gkorok H., Major, '(109, 
 
 HuNTKii, .Iamks, sketch of, 602, 
 
 Itijmn, KcV(dutioiiary, 090. 
 
 lmpremiti<'i)ti>, arguments against, 146. 
 
 //i'/ijjmk/chcc, Declaral ion of, 20; engrossed copy of, saved 
 by .Mrs. Madison, 930. 
 
 Imliana Titritorii, the, 187. 
 
 ImiiaiiH, councils of, 39 ; beset with British emissaries, 46 ; 
 confederacy, efforts to form one, 40; alliance with the 
 British, 62, treaty with, 57 ; encroaciimeiitsun. IsS; their 
 sui>erstltion excited, 189; signs of hortilily, 101, 192; 
 friendly deputation from, 196; defcm i.i, 20(i"; alarming 
 reports coiiceruln;;, 267; their einijlMynient by the Brit- 
 ish, 271; scouts, 279; cimfe^ence witii Brock, 2Sii; signs 
 of tnmble with, .304 ; treaty with, 3ii0; Intention to mas- 
 sacre the whites, .307; treachery ul, 308; massacre in 
 Scott C(mnty, 314 ; nt .Miami Viliag,', :;10, 318, 819 ; towns, 
 deslrnction of, 325; they are generally hostile, 334, 348; 
 chief of the Six Nations, 410; cosiunies and weapons of, 
 421, 422, 426; Wc'^lern, massacre by, 020; murders liy, 
 037; hostilities of, 762; leaders of, 754 ; rewarded for innV- 
 der by the British, 767; destruction of, al Talladega, 706- 
 tliey sue for peace, 700, 781. 
 
 Itiimrijente, the, captured by the OinnteUation, 103. 
 
 fiiiurtecti(»t In the Wyoming Valley, 24. 
 
 IiiiitirrectiDii, Whisky, quelled, SS. 
 
 Iiur,-piil, the, 122; tier destruction, 123. 
 
 /iivanwn, elTecIs of, 937. 
 
 IiiviNo, Wabiiinuton his prediction, 630 ; rebuke by, S8T. 
 
 UARp, Gkohok, .Major General, 792, 843; sends tr(M)ps to 
 the Niagara tnuitier, 844; lakes command, 846, 864, 886, 
 868 ; leaves his camp at Cliamplain, 859. 
 
 Jaokbon, Antibew, commander of tlie Tennessee militia, 
 I'iti, 742, 74:1; at Natchez, 742 ; returns to Nashville, 7-i*; 
 pecuniary troubles of, 744 ; nft'ers his services to the gov- 
 ernineut,' 7.'i8; in the Held, 759; marches to the CiMwsa, 
 700 ; his army thvealeued with famine, 701, 702, 703; 
 adopts an Indian orphan, 703; goes to the relief of Tal- 
 ladega, 704, 700; ciuitiminlly in mot\on, 773, TT4 ; aston- 
 ished at the bravery of the I'leeks, 7V6 ; at Firt Strothcr, 
 776, 770, 777 ; nt the Horseshoe, 779, 781 ; releases Wea^'' 
 
1080 
 
 INDEX 
 
 .i 
 
 eraford, T81 ; recalled tn utlrs irrrlce, 101T s gntm to Mo- 
 bile, lOlV; marcheii to PennacolH, Um- iiooii tii New Or- 
 leann, IW8, KIM; preimrea rnrdcronm, KMT, I1I8O; at work 
 below Now Urieana, HIM, I'MT; driven rrom hlR beail- 
 quartem, WM; battle of NewOrleiinn, Um-, cullii hia atuir 
 Into action, 1040; entorit Ni^w (IrlcunH with liU nrniy, 
 lOftl ; racelvea iroUl medal, KIOJ ; skotch uf, KiM: tomb 
 of, IflU 
 Jaokbon, Ca*TaN, TTB. 
 Jaiikion, PaANoia J., BngUih mlnlater, ITT; bli mlacon- 
 
 duct, ITH. 
 jAnaaoN, WiLMAM, mcretnry of the Couventloa, M. 
 Jueohin Club, rormiuloii of, 6T. 
 JaaMnt, Prenrh, rail of, N«. 
 Java, wreck and capture of, 440. 
 Jay, .loiiN, Hiwclal mlnlater to England, 8S; treaty with 
 
 Great Hrltiiln, S(l. 
 JtrncamiN TnouAK, Hecretary uf Foreign AflTalr*, DO ; re- 
 ception In Now York, 0*1, IW ; dla);uHt and alarm of, TO; 
 feud with l(Hmllton,Tl ; rt^oiikea Oenet, SI, n2 ; elected 
 Prealdeut, 1(M, 114; foreahadowH bla policy, IIS; hIa pup- 
 nlarlty, US; hia viewa on the retroceaalon ofLoulalann, 
 IBl; minora Burr, IM: dlaantlaDictlon at the acquittal of 
 Burr, Ui ; algna the embargo, im ; makea provlaion for 
 streuKthiMiini; the army and navy, lOT ; compared with 
 New Rnulaiid dlaunionlHtH, ITS. 
 Juarr/rniivAH Hidniy, Colimel, aketch of, HIK, lOlB. 
 .T«TT, TniiMAS, 770. 
 
 Juhn Adnnu, friirate, capture of, 880; aacenda the Penob- 
 scot, ttOH; at Hampden, HttO; mns tlie blockade, 1)7H ; de- 
 ■tructlon of. l)7U. 
 JoiiMNON, O. H. M., Indian chief, 42n, 421 ; aketch of. 4'i2. 
 JuiixHON, KuiiiAai) M., 1""' laauea addreaa calibii; for 
 mounted volunteera, B'JS, 320; bla proposed campaign, 
 494, 406 ; aketch of, 406 ; at Kort Strnhenaon, 49T ; at Mo- 
 ravlau Town, 681: croasen Detroit Itlver, ftiS; gvcnt ga\- 
 lautry at the battle of the Thiimca, CM ; wounded and 
 conveyed homeward, 0B7. 
 JouNHoN, William, hlH exploit* among the Thonaaud lal- 
 
 anda,U02; bin heroic daugbte., 008. 
 JouNBTOH, JouN, u vUlt to. 268, 810, 824. 
 JoNCK, Jaooii, captain of the Waup, aketch of, 440 ; honors 
 to— recelvea gold medal, 462. 
 
 JoNKH, TllOMAH AP CATK8BT, 102fi, 
 JOMKH, KoOKU,812. 
 
 Jvdiciary of Uulted States, arrangement of, 00. 
 JcMONviLLK, plantation of, sklrmisb on, 1038. 
 
 Kalnrama. 912. 
 
 K'mp, urivateer, crnise of, 1000. 
 
 K»ntiuilc!i frontier threatened, 46 ; her wealth and patriot- 
 iam, .186 ; aullerluge of her anldlera, 88T, ir 
 
 Kentuekiaiig, war cry of, 300; vengeance o' 
 
 Kaaa, William John, 020. 
 
 K«T, Franiiih 8., author of "Star -apaugi r," 986. 
 
 Key, Philip Babton, 102. 
 
 Kino, KuKim, American minintcr to GnKlauo, 148. 
 
 Kingtton, operations near, !l"2 ; the Brltiab return to, TBS. 
 . KiNKiK, Jou.N, attacked l>y Indians, 8U4, 806, 306 ; leaves the 
 fbrt, 806 ; allowed to return to his bouse, 810 ; sketch of, 
 811. 
 I KiNziE, JoBN IL, Mrs., 312. 
 IKnauoh, .rAMKa,302, 308. 
 I Knox, UxMBY, Secretary of War, 89. 
 
 la Colte MiU», repulse ' if the British at, 040, 068 ; British at, 
 TOO : baltle-ground a% TUl ; British troops at, 860. 
 
 La Co»U, plantation of, Little at, 1031. 
 
 Lapayrttk, Marquis de,0o, 01; atMaubenge,T3; before the 
 National Assembly, T4 ; Imprisoned, 76. 
 
 Lapittk, Jean, 1018, 1010. 
 
 Laket, Upper, proposed expedition to, TSO, 860. 
 
 La Salle, Marquis de, 00, 
 
 Lauguton, John B., 298. 
 
 Latalrtte, K. A. F., skotch of, 872. 
 
 lawrenct, flag-ship, 818; scenes onboard of, 825, C2(I; sur- 
 render of, 628. 
 
 Lawrknor, James, captain of J/ocn*;, 698 ; hrnors to, 700; 
 gold medal to, TOO ; in command of the Ch mpeala; 701 ; 
 last oBIcIbI letter of, T02 ; chulleni^ed by Broke, 703 ; ac- 
 cepts, 704; mortally wounded, TOiP; bis last words, TOO; 
 sketch of,T08; respect to the remains of, Til; monument 
 to, T13. 
 
 Lawbenoe, William, 1019 ; sketch of, 1022. 
 
 lMtr», alien and sedition, lOT. 
 
 Leaijue, contemplated dissolntion of, 24. 
 
 Lkavbnwobtu, Henry, Colonel, SOB ; sketch of, 816. 
 
 Z« CroyabU, capture of, 101 
 
 gra/e of, SIC, 
 I riirk, expedition agalual, 6H6. 
 
 L», MtSm hospitality of, 418. 
 
 LiUATI, TUOMAS C, Ll< 
 
 , Lieutenant, T96. 
 Lb Rradx, Benjamin, tiS9. 
 IdtSTEB^OHN, Captain, 063. 
 Mwia, Blkba, veteran of 1813, 6T4 
 Lbwis, Moboan, OTO. 
 LBWia, WuuAM, sketch of, 880 ; in Long Island Sonnd, 888, 
 
 - ttvU t o n Heights, Lorett at, 40T; view fh>m Heights, 413; 
 Tlllagt' ot, tin ; railway at, 888 ; savage atrocities near, 048. 
 
 . Din.B, Chief of the Mlainis, 40, 4T ; counsels peace, 
 
 l>H; I " - ' "■" 
 LitlU j 
 
 LiVEaPfMiL, Li>«i>, int. 
 Livin4ihtiin, RiiwAai), appoinled to sap«ribt«nd the par- 
 
 •haae of Ixminlana, 182 ; aketch of, 102T. 
 /xMifM, Uovenimeiit, IOOn. 
 
 UHiAN, John, Captain, services and death of, 845. 
 I.ONI1PELI.OW, Samuel, Jr., lOlO. 
 Ijimii lnUttul, NM8. 
 hmti WikkU, battle at the, 849. 
 Uiek'h I'kavkh written in Indian, 42S. 
 ImUmtv, privateer, cruise of, liNNI. 
 lAMinana, purchase of, 182, 188 ■ tranafer or 184; luiurrec- 
 
 ttonary movement In, T8H ; admission of, 140. 
 LimMaiui, man-of-war, 108T. 
 LiiiiiH XVI., Ml ; execution of, Tt. 
 liovsTT, JouN, sketch of, 4<lT. 
 
 LuiiLow, AuuusTiis C, respect for the remain* of, Til. 
 huntly't iMtte, N28. 
 Lyman, Daniel, 1016. 
 Lyman, Josepu, 1016. 
 Lipm Haven, bay of, 660. 
 Lyon't Crttk, victory at, 845. 
 
 MAGABTt, M., lOST. 
 
 Maalmwwih, privateer, cruise of, IftOT. 
 
 HAnmiNDUiiii, TllOMAH, l,ieuteiiuiit,041 ; commander of the 
 Sarataya, WMl ; his announcement of victory, 8T1 ; his re- 
 ception of British captives, 872; medal to, MT8; sketch i>f, 
 
 Maeetlnnian, capture of, 466 ; at New York, 486. 
 
 Mofkinack, expedition against, 2T0. 
 
 Mackinaw, Americans determine to capture, 840. 
 
 Mackiiuiw Itttand, battle at, 860; blockade of, 861 ; rarrender 
 of, 271. 
 
 Maudmii, Alexaniieb, 790; appointed brigadier general, 
 792, 8011; medal awarded to, 8X8; sword presented to, 8TT 
 sketch of, 871. 
 
 Ma(m>n, Natiianiei., T84. 
 
 Matlinun Ikirraehi, 010. 
 
 Mndimm, F'rrt, uttacli on, 819. 
 
 Madison, Oeorhe, sent to Quebec, sketch of, 880. 
 
 Madison, James, 20 ; leader of the House of Kepresenta- 
 tlves, 88; Secretary of State, 181 ; elected President, 100; 
 as a politlclau, 173; takes presidential chair, 176; pro- 
 claims that trade can he renewed, 170; proclaims the 
 revocatiim of the French Decrees, 1711; feeble war trump 
 of, 211; anxious to avoid war, 212; recommends an em- 
 bargo, 210 ; his message, 221 ; renominated for the Presi- 
 dency, 226 ; his accusatory message, 220 ; proclaims war, 
 228; instructs Mr. Monroe to try and make peace, 246; 
 listens to Hull's advice, 261 ; re-elected, 408 ; reviews the 
 troops, 924 ; flight of, 986. 
 
 Maihson, Mrs. James, patriotism of, 930. 
 
 Mamuuja, battle of, 280 ; battle-ground of, 281. ^ 
 
 Maiilen, expedition against, 4T8. /v . ^ \ » t.<,i 
 
 iVdfotw, Journey to, OM. r.> ■' ' _ I 
 
 MaNTON, KOWARII, 1016. »-- «« •«•...•-<' I 
 
 Marblehtad, 006. 
 
 Marctu Hook, camp at, 90T. 
 
 Maboy, William L., takes flrst British flag, 8T6, 
 
 Maeie Antoinkttk, Uneen of France, ST. 
 
 Marque and repriml, letters of, 248. 
 
 ifararut»as Inland*, arrival of the Eaex at, T2T ; civil war Id, 
 
 Mabsuall, Secretary, writes to Ruftis King, 144. 
 
 Mason, J. , Ueneral, 788. 
 
 Maiuachuselts, Qovernor of, refuses to comply with requisi- 
 tion for trooiifl, 248. 
 
 Matmere, Indian, 268 ; of whites, 804 ; at Fort Mlms, T8T. 
 
 Maumer. Rapidn, light with Indians at, 848 ; fortlfled camp 
 at, 474; British and Indians cross the, 483,490, 491. 
 
 Macrv, John, T2T. 
 
 M'Artuub, Ddnoan, 266, 266, 267; goes to relieve Miller, 
 281; crosses the Rouge, 286; fulls to communicate with 
 Hull, 290 ; his raid into Canada, 852 ; bravery and gener- 
 osity of, 863. 
 
 M'Call, Euwabd RtTTLiDox, gallantry of, T18; medal 
 awarded to. Tie. 
 
 M'DouALi, Ltentenant Colonel, 840. 
 
 M'DouoALL, Sib Dunoan, sketch of, 081. 
 
 M'Farlanh mortally wounded, 828. 
 
 M 'Feely, Geobue, Commander, 420, 
 
 H'GiLLivBAr, Alexandib, slcetch of, T84. • 
 
 M'Gi.a8sin, Captain, brave exploit of, 866w 
 
 M'Gowan'H I'axH, works at, 0T4. 
 
 M'Orajnr'i) Mill, skirmish at, 880. 
 
 M'Hmnj, Fort, a visit to, 964. 
 
 M'Intosh, William, sketch of, T6i 
 
 M'Kek, Colonel, punishment of, 54. 
 
 M'Kbnxib, William Lton, 504. 
 
 M'Laitb, Allan, revolutionary veteran, 668. 
 
 M'NAia,MATTUEw, death of, TOT. 
 
 M'Neil, .John, Mn)or, 800; flank movement of, 810, 81T, 818, 
 819 ; sketch of, 821. 
 
 M'NiTT, Sahdel, gallantry of, 611 ; sketch ot, 611. 
 
 M'NuiT, Jonathan, revolutionary veteran, 668. 
 
 c- 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1081 
 
 1111(10 urlaoii- 
 reniuln* u(, Wi; vInU 
 
 'or the ramatiM of, Tl 1. 
 
 Vatex at, T2T ; civil war Id, 
 
 [uftii King, 144. 
 
 to comply with requlal- 
 
 ^04 ; at Fort Mlras, 76T. 
 PS at, 843 : fortilled camp 
 Ibs the, 483, 400, 4111. 
 
 I; goes to relieve Miller, 
 \IU to communicate wltli 
 , 852 ; braver; and gener- 
 
 illantry of, T18; medal 
 
 kran, 006. 
 
 kvement of, 810, 817, 818, 
 
 M'QuraH, marrh of, 740. 
 
 MlliK, chief Kiiglne^r, okHch of, SOB, «(M, SSft. 
 
 Mkih", (iovoriiDr of Ohio, Itil; pollrotn iriwipn, .'IKI. 
 
 SIrtil', l''i>rl, 477; exi«'illlliin iiKiiliiiit, 47'<, i^'i; ii«w battery 
 opened on, In4: Aiui-rlciiiiK (li'fuati-il iiml niado 
 em, IHU ; Hurtle from, 4H»t, 4Utt, 41>8 
 to, 41)3. 
 
 Mki.vin, nnoauii W., ikotch nf, ma, 
 
 Mkikitt, W. H., (.'aptain, at Htony Creek, 003; italemont 
 of, «•.'«. 
 
 Miami, A'orf, dHvantatlnnii nround, M: built, 810; manaacro 
 <>r prlHonerx iit, 4j<II : rcinulnn or, 401, 
 
 MiaviiH, rxjiPdllloii ii);iiliii<t, 114(1. 
 
 Mirhioan, Hrltiiih oocnputluu of, iWi. 
 
 MifhiUiiiDUkiiutck, ?«7. 
 
 Milan Drrrrf, 1(M ; revocation of, 170. 
 
 Mililanj l^failem men to be clionen an, 219. 
 
 Militia of NfW York, bad fonduct of, 4<W. 
 
 Mii.i.iea, Jahrii, Lieutenant (.'oloiicl, vnO; hla men, 278; 
 dketvo of, HtM); gold medal awarded to, 820 ; triumph of, 
 830. 
 
 MImii, Fort, K\ ; crowded with rcfu)fpen, 7li.'l ; fiiUe conft- 
 denci! of tlin comniitnder o', 7M; Budden iippoiiranco of 
 IndiiuiH, 7nn; maamirre In, 7M1; number uf the HJaln, 757. 
 
 MiMH, Nahiiki., house of, 700. 
 
 Mi'tiixuia, t'urt, 410. 
 
 JUixMiimipjH Riwr, event* near, 834 ; Britiah approach, 1028 ; 
 till! levee cut, 1(W4; effect of, loilS. 
 
 JlfoWld, 74<l ; expedition tt({«l""t, 741 ; aurrendor of, by the 
 HiinniardH, 74l!; threatened, 750 ; lt« defuiiaoa, 1010. 
 
 Miihairk, village of 41!3. 
 
 MoNHoi!, Jamkh, Mlniater to Franco, Wl; recalled, OS; as- 
 slatH In the purchnvo of U>uialana, 13'i, 155 ; demnnda rep- 
 aration from EnRland, IfiO; at the hiMid of the War De- 
 partment, 340 ; Secretary of Htate, ns, 020, 1012. 
 
 Mo.sTOOMKKY, ■IiiiiN, Oeneral, aketch of, 801. 
 
 MoNTooMaav, L. P., 770 ; aketch of, 7''0. 
 
 MnoKRH, Bknjamin, MnJor Ueneral, 860; In command at 
 Beckmantown, 801 ; sketch of, 870 ; grave of, 870; resi- 
 dence of, HS3. 
 
 MnoKK, TiioM.iN, poet, 601. 
 
 Miiranian Vku'ii, 501. 
 
 MoHOAM, Daniki., OonernI, 1088, 
 
 MoaoAN, Lom>wii)K, aketch of, 848, 
 
 Miirifco, xettletnout of difllcultli'a with, 120. 
 
 itoRHiH, CuABLEH, Commodore, aketch of, 000; monument 
 to, 001. , 
 
 MoKHiB, GoDVKRNEnR, gocB to Loudoo— Intorview with the 
 I )iike of Leeda, 82 ; recalled, H5. 
 .iiaa, Sahvki. F. B., Inventor, 218, 
 •lorNTKORT, Jons, akclch of, S'i4. 
 
 .MUI.<lA8TRB,W.U.,fllO. 
 
 MdRAT, JoAOHiu, occupies MsdHd, 170, 
 
 Mfrray, J., (^)lonel, 034 ; raid of, <M2. 
 
 Mykr«, MoHiiKOAi, Captain, gallantry of, 048; aketch of, 864. 
 
 Xathvllle, return of Tennesace troops to, 744. 
 
 Xautilitt, capture of, 4it6. 
 
 J^^avaf eiufa^enwnta, io3. 
 
 Xaval Heri'uv, reor;fanlzatlon of, 156. 
 
 Aai'o/ irar/aie, between Kraiice and the United States, 100. 
 
 Navaiire, Pktkb, aketch of, 41M). 
 
 yavii, British, very cautious In approaching the coast, 698 ; 
 Hent at Halifax, 234, 4!S0. 
 
 Audi/, United States, Urat steps towards Its creation, 00 ; 
 powerftil opposition to, 90 ; Secretary of, Inatrnctloiis to, 
 102; Increase of, 103 : reduced, 110, 168; gunboats ridi- 
 culed, 108; Huaucceaafiil attempt to liicreaac, 218; repulse 
 Britiah arjuadron on l.nkc tliitarlo, ;i(10 ; commanders of 
 871; mcaaures for atreiigthBiilny the, 407; stations cf 
 men-of-war of, 4.14, 436 ; Briti.sh contempt for, 4.')3; weali- 
 neas of, 721 : ships of, 721 ; n%'lected, 7h7 ; on Lake On- 
 tario, 704 : list of ships, 794 ; new vessels for, 978 ; a', the 
 close of the war, 092, 1(KJ8. 
 
 A'oej/ yard, Charlestown, Hosa,, 906 ; at Wagbington, de- 
 « stniction of, 034. 
 
 Nralr, B. J., Lieutenant, 878. 
 
 A>rf, privateer, cruise of, 1001. 
 
 Nki.bon, Loan, victor of Trafalgar, 152. 
 
 Seutral itatiiniA, tribute exacted from, 188. 
 
 Xeutrality violated by the Britiah, 375. 
 
 Sewark, Ohio, ancient relics at, 604; Canada, bnmlng of, 
 632; snirerlnKS of the Inhabitants of, 633. 
 
 jVew Bedford, 880 ; visit to, 912. 
 
 Sew Ennland, politicians of, propose secesaion, 134 ; dis- 
 unionfsts In, 172 ; state sovereignty proposed in, 173 ; In 
 1814, 888; warfare on the coast of, 880; sen-port towns 
 blockaded, S!M) ; visit to, 004 ; discontents ii<, 1012. 
 
 Nao JIampsliire, armed mob snrround Legislature of, 24 
 
 Xfxo Jertey, Lecislature of, 243. 
 
 New London, blockade of, 601 ; torpedo off of, 693 ; ceme- 
 tery at, 090; harbor of, 696; old conrt-house of, 607; 
 blockade of, 888. 
 
 Sew Orteans, United States flrigate, 616. 
 
 Sew Orleans, 1004 ; defenseless, 1023 ; preparations to at- 
 tack, 1026; battleofijun-boiits near, 1026; American lines 
 of defense at, 1038; battle of, 1040, i049 ; battle-ground of, 
 visit to, 1008. 
 
 .V«u>atia)iera. war nf the, 71. 
 
 Xtw York, Hiaie LfKlaialure of, anpport national gnvam- 
 nient,241l; enforcCB revenue lawa, .166; City, reception of 
 Hull, 446; blockaded, 075 ; funiTnl i olcniiiUies to Law- 
 rence In. 713; relieved, 946; great excitement In, 960; 
 aaaUied by lla n«lKhlM>ra, 9TU; furtlllcatlout round, 074. 
 
 .V,U(/(ini, battle of, 824, 826. 
 
 Siiiiiaru, Fort, account of, 4<I8 ; bombardment of, 426, 427, 
 507 ; surrender of, 633 ; maaaacre at, 034. 
 
 Siatiara /■'n.iifiiT.itNl, 301,512, «19; raids ou, 026, 031; deso- 
 lation of, «VA, HtH; u visit to, ml. 
 
 Suuiara lilmr, eventa at the mouth of, 408, 428 ; tha Amer- 
 ican squadron off of, 697, 608, 804. 
 
 Siagttni, aettlnmeut of, 880 ; arrival at, 412 : lusueuilon 
 bridge at, 413, 828. 
 
 Niciioi.As, Koiixrt CAaTRR, sketch of, 820, 
 
 .Vm^i/iifiuA, capital of the Maniuesas, 728. 
 
 Noon, Darby, Captain, ride of. 202. 
 
 Sor/olk, defenses of, «W, 1177; attempt to Mlie the n«VT 
 yard at, 6H0 ; a visit to, Oh4 ; British consul at, 686. 
 
 Snrlh Itriul. settlement at, 571. 
 
 Sorth Carolina, nm»l of, t!ockl urn on, 680. 
 
 .Vor/A fuiiit, battle of, 962, 953 . battle-ground of, visit to, 
 963. 
 
 Oak Hill Cemftfr;i,H\. 
 
 O'Connor, .John Mu'Uarl, hrn-' cry of, 811, 
 
 Ocraevke Inlet, Cockburu off of, 0n9. 
 
 t*<;rf«wifttir(/, attack on, 374, 677, 578; sarrender of Amerl- 
 cana at, 570, 5f>l ; a visit to, 6S2, 684. 
 
 OAm, aettlement of, 87 ; adopts a State Conatltntlon, 130; 
 niUllary preparatlona In, 137; organiiatlon of troops of, 
 252; a Journey to, 563; an early settler In, 573. 
 
 Ol.dOTT, Mll.KS, 1010. 
 
 Oi.ivKB, W., Mi^jor, carries news of re-eufurcemonts to Fort 
 
 Wavne, 314. 
 (huiifu, 307. 
 
 O'Nkil, JouN, 071 ! his sword and dwelling, 678. 
 (hunulatfa, village of, 423. 
 Ontario, Furl, attack on, 798. 
 t)ii/(iri», /,<iA.r, 305 ; active operations on, 879, 413; passage 
 
 across, 595, 042 ; capture of Aim^rlcan vessels on, 644 ; the 
 
 navy on, 704. 
 OsHoaNE, Hrllkok, sketch of, 889. 
 UsoKoi.A, grave of, 000. 
 Osuooii, Sahiiei., I'oatniaster General, 69. 
 OsuAWAUNAii, Indian Chief, 662. 
 Onwefialehie, Fori, 373. 
 UKweijo, British fleet at, 600 ; the de.'ensc and defender! of, 
 
 796; capture of, 7iMl ; survivors of the war at, 797. 
 Otia, Harhibon Ouay, 1008, 1016. 
 Otib, John, 8(K). 
 Otter Creek, skirmish at, 866, 
 OvKBTOM, Waltku U., rketch of, 1060. 
 
 Paokit, John H., sketch of, 828. 
 
 Pahr, Jamkb, Captain, 906. 
 
 Painr, Tuomas, 60; "Rights of Man," effects of, 71 ; vis- 
 its France, 76 ; writes abusive letter to Waehlugton, 
 02, SI 
 
 Pakknbah, Sir Edward, arrival at New Orleans, 1086; calls 
 Council of War, 1088, 1041 ; death of, 1046. 
 
 /"arts, excitement in, 60. 
 
 Paris, town of, 420. 
 
 Pabker, Sir Pktrr, exploits of, 046; sketch of, 046. 
 
 J'arliavient, British, passes ret In fa^or of neutrals, 1(0, 
 Canadian, house of, adorned with scalps, 601. 
 
 Parsons, Uhiier, sketch of, 617 ; address by, 040, 
 
 /"artieii, war and anti-war, 148. 
 
 Patterson, Uaniei. T., sketch of, 1026. 
 
 I'atterwn Park, a visit to, 002. 
 
 Pacldino, Hiram, sketch of, 860. 
 
 y'wicc. Treaty of, 18 ; neglect to comply with conditions of, 
 19; negotiated with Indian tribes, 36; secured, 67; Party, 
 organization of, 230 ; negotiations, 248 ; commissioners 
 to "treat for, 471,783; part V for, 784; rumors of, 780 ; pro- 
 claimed in the United Stales, 988 ; Faction, 1008 ; Treaty 
 of, 1059; commissioners of, 1060; Treaty of, concluded, 
 1(M!1 : rejoicings for, 1064, 1006 ; ratlflcatiou of, 1068. 
 
 Peacork (EngllBh), 090. 
 
 Peacock (U. S.), her flght with Jiper'ier, 9S1 ; cruise of, 092, 
 
 Pearck, Cbomu'Ei.l, M. 
 
 Peel lalami, 061. 
 
 Penn»ylvania, Legislature ol sapports national govern- 
 ment, 243 ; votes sword to Com. Stewart, 980. 
 
 Petwbumt, voyage up the, 910. 
 
 Peiutaeola, march of M 'Queen fl'om,749; hostile movements 
 at, 1017 : reception of British at, 1022 ; Americans In, 
 1023. 
 
 PeopU, exhanstion of the, 24. 
 
 Pebkins, ('onstantink, 778, 
 
 Perkins, Maria T., keeper of Fort Sewall, 907, 
 
 Pebkins, Simon, General, sketch of, 330, 349. 
 
 Pbbby, O. H., aiTival at Erie, 809. 611 ; hastens to Channcey, 
 812; lack of mei: 513; relotions toChauncey,B14; recon- 
 noiasance by, 617 ; prepares for battle, 618 ; his final in- 
 structions, 610 ; sketch of, 521 : relative position of the 
 two squadrons, 022 ; abaudous the Lawrefict, 626 ; meel- 
 
1082 
 
 INDEX. • 
 
 Ins with Elllntt, 528 ; brenkn BritlRh lino, 821) ; "I'j victory 
 
 complete, 52U, 5ii(i ; fiiirreiKler of Hriliiih offlcerx to, ftSl ; 
 
 Importnmi! of liis victory, Nta ; hoiiorH iiwardtul to, 6!t6 ; 
 
 mcilal to, 5:in: i>tHtue to, Mill; hlH prioonerH, M'i ; with 
 
 Hiirrimiii nt Erie, 643 ; hU Bquaciroii In the Thuracg, 64i>i 
 
 effect of the victories of, BOS ; gallantry of, 698. 
 Philmlflph-M, frltfiitc, captnre of,l2fl ; demtruction of, 121. 
 Philadelphia, reception of llull, 440; preventa O'Nell with 
 
 (!wor<l,073; relieved, U(j6; public meeting In, 1)03 ; fortill- 
 
 cntlons at, »0S. 
 PioKKKiNo, Timothy, Secretary of State, 143, 784. 
 l*i(^gi)KT, P>*N0I8, sketch of, 670. 
 PiKK, Zkhulon Montoomkrv, pioneer, sketch of, 686, 68T; 
 
 death of, 689 ; la»t moments of, 6i)l ; monument to, ijlti. 
 PiNnKNKV, CiiABLEH CoTKHwoHTii, appointed minister to 
 
 France, 92; ntters the memorable sentence, "MllliouE 
 
 for defense, not one cent for tribnte," 98. 
 PiNoKNEv, Thomas, British mi,)ibter, 04; appointed second 
 
 in command, 240. \ 
 
 PiNKNKv, Wii.i.iAM, Minister to England, 147, 149,106; de- 
 mands reparation from England, l(i(i, 171. 
 Pitt, Wii.i.iAM, 21, 22. 
 
 Pi.ATT, C'liARi.KS T., Commodore, sketch of, 807. 
 Pi.ATT, Isaac C, residence of, 80!) ; visit to, SS3. 
 I'lalliiburii, position of the American works at, sdfl; British 
 
 advance on, SOI, 803, 804, 875 ; victory at, 8i(i, Mil, SSO. 
 PLADnHfe,jRAN B., MiiloT, 1024 ; sketch of, 1(>42. 
 PuMitm, frigate, J. B. Beresford captain of, 451. 
 Polieii, gnn-boat, 166. 
 
 Poi.i.v, John, Captain, veteran of 1612, 379. 
 Po.NTiAo, Ottawa chief, 20S, 801. 
 PoRTEB, David, commander of Ksnex, T21 ; scnrches for 
 
 Balnbridge, 722, 720: in command of a squadron, 7J6, 720; 
 
 sails for Marquesas, 727, 728; battle with the natives, 720 ; 
 
 at Valparaiso, 730, 731 ; hauls down his Hag, 733 ; honors 
 
 to, 734 ; death and inonHincnt, 7."4. 
 PoiiTKii, Petkb B., residence of, 426 ; commands New York 
 
 Volnntcers, 427 ; harmless duel with Smyth, 432 ; Imrrles 
 
 to Black Hock, 027, 807, 808; sketch of, S3S; receives gold 
 
 medal, 842. 
 Portitiiumlh, British squadron off, 891. 
 
 \<A<fy^ 
 
 Post, .Ioiin Fbkiierick, Ukv., pioneer, 80. 
 Piitotiuic /I'l'rpc, Cockburn in, ()S9. 
 
 ^imler Millx, Duponts', 900. 
 
 1 KKDi.K, Eiiu'ARi), C\>inmodore, appointed to the command 
 of the Mediterranean Squadron, 120; medal to, 123; 
 sketch of, 123. 
 
 Pkksikitt, Wii.i.iAM II., 1016. 
 
 J'renaitt, visit to, 5"i2. 
 
 /'rfniilent, frigate, 181 ; on a cruise, 182; conflict with lAttU 
 Bell, 184; cVuiso of, 464; runs the blockade, 737 ; captnre 
 of, OSS. 
 
 Piviiiiite hir, 401 ; the harbor of, 610. 
 
 I'nK.V(viT, Siii Okiihof:, Governor (iencral of Canada, 216, 
 273; arrives at Prescott, 877 ; dlsgracefni retreat of, 012, 
 013 ; allows iirlsoucrs to return on parole, 780 : orders 
 trooiis to Plattsbur!", 804 ; arrives at Isle aux Noix, S6S ; 
 cost of the expedition of, 879. 
 
 Pbioe, Kiimi\hi>, 09. 
 
 Prinat de .\eii/ch(Uel, privntcer, cniieo of, 1006. 
 
 PiiiNOE Hkoent, Manifesto of, 469. 
 
 Piiinilr llMute, 074. 
 
 Prirakvring at the close of the war, 099. 
 
 /'lie :teerH ordered to leave American waters, 81; Injury of, 
 to British commerce, 214; comn.i88ioned,993, lOOS. 
 
 ProclanuUion concerning British seamen, 100 ; of renewed 
 trade, 176. 
 
 Pb<h)t.0r, Henry, Colonel, jirepares to Invade the Mnnmee 
 Valley, 477; calls savages to Maiden, 478; dlr-heartencd, 
 488 : flight of British and Indians, 489, 40R ; before Fort 
 Stephenson, 601 ; fears of, 540; flight of, 56it; a disgrace 
 to the B.itish army, it65; escape of, 566 ; rebuked nuddr- 
 splscd, 61)7; his punishment considered too mild, 568; 
 remnant of his arm/, 658 ; death of, 56S. 
 
 Protest, signers of, 229. 
 
 Pi;hhamataiia, Choctaw chief, 712. 
 
 Put-in-lhiu, islands around, 510. 
 
 PiTTNAU, Hiici 8, founds Marietta, SO. , 
 
 Qiieeimtdn, appearaiice of the country, 147, 890 ; skirmish 
 near, 30.5; Inndiug of Americans nt, 395; battle of, 404, 
 412; vlllaae of, 413. 
 
 QtuvH^tim HeifihtH, lauding at the fort of, 304 ; cai)ture of, 
 399 ; battle of, 403 ; Brock's monument at, 414, 416. 
 
 QuiN<v,.Jo8iAH, 162; prophecy of, 103; denounces the who'c 
 policy of Great Britain as fallachnis, 100; denounces tlie 
 War Pa:ty, 174; reasons for his course, 217; opiiosltlon 
 of, 228; called "Josiah the First," 228; denounces the 
 policy of the War Party, 466, 406. 
 
 Haiti a;/, the first traveler on a, 218. 
 
 U,iitiii Kivrr, rc-pufor aments and supplies at, 270; march 
 
 toward, 279 ; distrt ss on, 342. 
 Raniioi.hi, EiiMnNi>, 27; Buggcsts n national government, 
 
 2S; attorney general, 6I>. 
 Ha>')Oi.pii, JoHN.one of the six secessionists, 148; on slav- 
 
 iir),214; s( >ld» the Democrats, 215 ; ; itch of 216; Im- 
 . ii^ore«4ib« ItJtise to net with cnntton, V. ,., 03'~ 
 
 Remoerji, FnrL battle of, 62. 
 
 Heii Jaokkt, Indian chief, sketch of, 802. 
 
 Keonier, French minister of Jnstice, 163. 
 
 llKiii, Samuei. C, captain of the Uinieral Armatrung, 1004 
 
 sketch of, 1005. 
 Rennib, Koiikrt, Colonel, 1037 ; death of, 1048. 
 JiejireneiUaliveii, Uoiue o/— Imports oud exports, 68 ; secret 
 
 sessien, 227. 
 Republic, an attempt to destroy the, 220 ; prospe.-' , y of, 1009. 
 Heimlulii'tui, French and American contrastca, 81. 
 ItKY.Noi.iit, RoiiEBT, veteran British officer, 300. 
 .';n«ii\ iMiiul, Governor of, refuses to comply with requisi- 
 tions for troops, 243. 
 BiAi.i., I'.,bu6; re-enforced, 814; c&pture of, 819; wonoded, 
 
 825. 
 RioiiARDviLi.E, Indian chief— birthplace of, 44. 
 Kii^HiK, John, 828. 
 Kichnumd, scene of Bnrr's trial, 13T. 
 HiLKV, Bennet, 84S. 
 Ripi.^v, Ei.EAZEB W., appointed brigadier general, T02, 804; 
 
 tardiness of, 813, 823 ; attempts to abatidcm Canada, 820; 
 
 highly spoken of, 836, S37 ; received gold medal and other 
 
 to>tiinonialB, S42 ; sketch of, 842. 
 RoiiERTS, C'autalu, 270. 
 KiuiERTSoN, Fei.ix, Dr., 10,57. 
 HoiiERTsoN, James, General, sketch of, 747. 
 HoHiNsoN, John Bkveri.v, Canadian chief Justice, 604. 
 Jtiic': Maiul, n visit to, 001. 
 
 RoiioKRS, Georgr W., Commodore, burial-place of, 090. 
 RonoEiis, J., Commodore, sketch of, 185; takes command 
 
 ofllic/Y««iiMif, 181 he is assailed, 180; squadron of, 4.16; 
 
 services to his country, 730; hiuiors to, 737; unsuccessnil 
 
 cruise of, 735; captures the Hiiihiti/tr, 735. 
 Rose, II. O., special envoy to the I'nited States, 101. m 
 
 Ross, General, death of, 052 ; monument where he fell, 904. n'^ 
 Ross, James, survivor of War of 1812, 502. * 
 
 Iloimie, privateer, cruise of, 094. 
 H(iiuie'i) Point, journey to, 005. 
 RutsKi.L, Jo,.ATiiAN, minister ta England, 224, T80; peace 
 
 commissioner, 1000. 
 RrssELi,, William, Colonel— expedition against the In- 
 dians, 330. 
 fiiiHMin Invaded by Napoleon, 470 ; proposes to mediate, 470; 
 
 Emperor of, enters Paris, 864. 
 
 Sackelt'ii Harbor, SK; British designs upon, 607; Brown as- 
 snmes command, flOS ; an alami, 009 ; chase and rapture 
 of American vessels at, OlO; destruction of public slorcs, 
 Oil; militia assembled, 012; its defenses, 614; a visit to, 
 015; blockade of, 708; the cable at, hoI. 
 
 Salem, fnnerai solemnities of Lawrence at, 712 ; Its harbor, 
 000; privateers from, 097. 
 
 Saniikrs, J., captain titjiinnn, 070. 
 
 Naiul-.i^ki/, a visit to, 6ii6, 5fl0. 
 
 Saiuly Creek, a visit to survivors of the war there, SOI. 
 
 Naranae River, British troops at, 873. 
 
 SaratiKja, flap-ship— lialtle of Lake Champh lU, SOU. 
 
 tSaratofja, privateer, cruise of, 1000. 
 
 SaROENT, WlNTIIROP, i!8. 
 
 .Srt'i'i/ Jacic, privateer, cruise of, 100<J. 
 
 Stt'ili St. Marie, m). 
 
 Si-lihsner, Fort, remains of, 380. 
 
 SiatoValleji o/,6m. 
 
 Si o1-r,Wl^FlEI.ll. Lieutenant General, 46; arrives ct Fort 
 Schlosser, 303 ; ot Lewiston, 894 ; at (^ueenston, 400 ; 
 his harangue to his troops, 4<I2 ; at Niagara, 404, 406 ; his 
 bold protection of fellow-prlsouers, 409 ; maiehes to Sack- 
 ett's Harbor, 031; appointed brigadier general, 792; 
 moves down the Niagara River, SOO; rc-cnforred, 807; 
 advances to nicet the lirltlsh, SOS ; ordered to Fort (jeorge, 
 817,818,819; woHiirtcd, 823 ; goes to Washington, 8:6; 
 medal awarded to, 820, appoir.ted lieutenant general, 820. 
 
 fieoarge, privateer, cruise of, loot. 
 
 8oi;i>i>ER, John, 692. 
 
 Search, the right of, assorted, 143. 
 
 Sroobii, LaI'Ha, saves British troops, G'A. % 
 
 Shadow, |)rlvateer, cruise of, 900. 
 
 Shannon, 438, 703 ; flght with Chrmi-eake, 706. 
 
 811AV8, Daniel, rebellion ol' ^'4. 
 
 SiiEAFKE, R. H., approach of British under, 401.402; sketch 
 of, 406 ; escape of, 500. 
 
 SiiKFi'iELii, LoBi>, pamphlet of, 23. 
 
 BiiKL'iiinNK, Earl of, 21. 
 
 SiiELiiv, IsAAi, Governor n' '.lentncky, 322; his appeal to 
 Kentucky, 384; at *' .rtvlan Town, 644, 561 ; he Is pre- 
 sented with a sw'.i, 646. 
 
 HllKRIIROOKE, 81. . :>nN CoPE, 807. 
 
 HllEttMAN, R<"'.iB MiNOT, 1010. 
 
 Suipp, Edmund, Jr., sketch of, 601. 
 
 8iioi.Es, Stanton, sketch of, 641. 
 
 SiioRTLAMi, Ckptain, comm" dant of Dartmoor Prison 
 
 1009. 
 SiiiiRRioK, W11.1.IAM Branfokii, sketch of, 676. 
 Sidmouth, liOBii, Serrntttry of State, 283 
 SignaU metliod of, 182, 183. 
 Sims, Lieutenant, treachery and cowardice of, 892. 
 Skipwitii, Pui.» All, 7441. 
 Slave, a, his freedom purchased 6y his wife, 687. 
 
 iCAj^OVxJ C. ■ ^ 
 
INDKX 
 
 1088 
 
 ch of, 802. 
 Btice, 163. 
 e Uinieral Armstrung, 1004 
 
 ; death of, 1048. 
 
 >rt8 aud exports, &S ; secret 
 
 the, 220; proBpc.-'.yoClOflJ. 
 
 Clin cDiitrnstcd, 81. 
 
 ItlsU officer, 3(Ki. 
 
 loeg to comply with requlsi- 
 
 : cf>ptttreof, 819; wounded, 
 
 irtbplace of, 44. 
 
 ,187. 
 
 1 brigadier general, T02, 804; 
 >t.« to nhniiaiin Ciiuntin, Siift; 
 ceived gold medal and other 
 
 S4'2. 
 
 etch of. 747. 
 
 adian chief Justice, 604. 
 
 lore, burial-plncc of, 096. 
 ch of, 186; takes commaiul 
 ^niU-d, ISO; pqiiadron of, 4.16; 
 honors to, 737; unsiiccci^iiriil 
 7('(/irfv'»', 736. 
 
 he I'nitod State?, 161. M 
 
 loiinmeiit where he full, U04. /r ^ 
 >f lSli>, 602. ' 
 
 ta EaglRDd, 224, 786 ; peace 
 expedition against the In- 
 rO; proposes to mediate, 470: 
 
 Iceigns npon,C07; Brown as- 
 arni, flOO: chape and ciiptnrc 
 destruction of public stores, 
 its defenses, 014; a visit to, 
 ible at, KOI. 
 ■awrtMice at, 712 ; its harbor, 
 
 076. 
 
 s of the war there, sni. 
 
 il, S73. 
 
 iilve Chaniph lU, $U0. 
 
 (HHI. 
 
 7,1000. 
 
 rV4t 
 
 ieneral, 46; arrives pt Fort 
 I, 394 ; at t^uecuston, 400 ; 
 1)2; at Niagara, 4<M, 4116; his 
 liners, 401' ; niaiches to Sack- 
 ed bripadier jrciicral, 702 ■. 
 |iver, SOO; re-ciifiirced, 807; 
 
 ?0S; ordered lorml (icorse, 
 );oc» to Washiniriiiii, ^-^x 
 
 ,ted lienteuant general, 820. 
 
 II. 
 
 i). 
 
 loops, ewi. « 
 
 p<'<<nj.'«nif, 106. 
 
 kish under, 401.402; sketch 
 
 Intucky, 822; his appeal to 
 Ifown", 644, 661 ; he is prc- 
 
 hl. 
 
 nut of Dartmoor Prison 
 
 Iketch of, 670. 
 ]llc, 23S 
 
 cowardice of, 892. 
 
 U his wife, 687. 
 
 Slaves, secret organization among, 090. 
 
 Sloan, James, survivor of 1H12, 847. 
 
 .Smith, Uerard D., sketch of, 812. 
 
 Smith, Johkpii, sketch of, 872. 
 
 Smith, Melanotiion, sketch of, 801. ^.^ 
 
 Smith, Natiiamki., 1010. 
 
 Smith, Samvkl, sketch of, 947. 
 
 Smith, Thomas A., Brigadier Oeneral, 799, 886. 
 
 Smoot, Hknjamin, Colonel, 772. 
 
 Smyth, .Vlexanhku, fJeneral, bad conuuc* of, 389, 390; snc- 
 rccds Van Rensselaer, 410 ; he is ridicn;ed, 411,427; in- 
 competency and treachery of, 430; his couicll of officers, 
 431 ; harmless duel with Porter, 432. 
 
 Soeietien, Democratic, 80, 88 ; VVasiiington Benevolent, 864. 
 
 Sodiu Day, the British at, 006, («i6. 
 
 South Carolina — no battle fought on her soil, 689 ; secession 
 of, 941. 
 
 flpain, 62 ; dislikes purchase of Lonisiaiin, 134 ; Issues de- 
 cree like Milan Decree, 164; resists Joseph Bonaparte. 
 170. 
 
 SpAKKS, Jakei), LL.D., 072. 
 
 SvKNOEK, Ambkosk, inortally wounded, 826. 
 
 STANSiiRnnv, ToniAB B., Oeneral, 921. 
 
 Statea, League of, 20 ; tlieir ((uotus of troops, 91S. 
 
 "atar-Himiuilnl llanrur," when and where composed, 960. 
 
 St. Catheniu'K, 420 ; a vIbU to, 023. 
 
 St. Ci.ask, AiiTHiTU, 47; battle with Indians, 48; defeat of, 
 49; rcsigniition of, 50, 861. 
 
 St. Daviil'ti ViUaiif, burning of, 815. 
 
 St Jimi'ph'ii, Americans determine to capture, 349. 
 
 St Lawrence (British), 880. 
 
 St. iMvrencf, tight on the, 370; British expedition on, 374, 
 670; a day on the, 682; the American Hotilla dofcends 
 the, 064; perilous voyage on, 660; Rapids, passage of the, 
 665 ; storm on the, COO. 
 
 St. Mnr;'i>, 328. 
 
 .SY. MiciiaeVn, defense of, 946. 
 
 St Iteijin captured by Americans, 374, 876; avlslt to, 877, 37S. 
 
 Stephomm, Fint, to be attacked, 499 ; summoned to surren- 
 der, 601 ; besieged, 602 ; storming of, 503 ; site of, 607. 
 
 Stebiies, Bauon, gold box of, 916. 
 
 Stevens, Ehenkzek, 970. 
 
 Stewa rt, t 'haui.ijb, captain of Cniutitiitinn, 983 ; honors to, 
 986 ; sword and medal to, '.ISO ; sketch of, 980. 
 
 Stoortin, Thomas, sketch of, 5nii. 
 
 Stone, Colonel, di: missed from the service, SIB. 
 
 Stoninqtim, lionibnrdment of, K91 ; British siiuadron off, 803 ; 
 bom^iartiinent of, 894, 896, 896 ; ancient name of, 916. 
 
 Stonii Creak, Americans at, 002, 008 ; battle of, 603, 604, 606 ; 
 a visit to, 026. 
 
 Story, .Toskph, 176. 
 
 StreeV» Cretk, preparations for bottle at, 806. 
 
 Strong, Oovernor of Massachu!<ctts, denounces the war, 
 783. 
 
 Strnther, Fnrt, peril of, 704, 767 ; Jackson at, 770. 
 
 Swift, J. «., sketch of, 033. 
 
 8wi f-T, (Sencral, his report of New York fortifications, 971. 
 
 SwifT, Zki'iianiah, 1010. 
 
 Symmeb, John C'i.eveb, 36; sketch of, 678. 
 
 Symme»'it City, 671. 
 
 Tallfidfua, battle of, 706, 
 
 TnUiijiiKiM, raid to the, 777. 
 
 T(iU(whatche, battle of, 703. 
 
 Tai.i.kvrani) thinks of concillition, 99. 
 
 Tarhei.i., Josei'h, 675. 
 
 Tarontee, the affiiir of, 264. 
 
 Tattnall, Johiah, t'ommodore, sketch of, 615; gallantry 
 of, 0.S0. 
 
 Taylor, Boiiert Beh.nard, sketch of, 077. 
 
 Tavlou, William Vigkron, sketch of, 520. 
 
 Taylor, ZAiiHABv,ciminiander at Fort Harrison, 317; char- 
 acter aud servf 'es of, 318 ; sketch of, 319. 
 ■:. \Tea»er, privateer, destrnolioii of, 1002. 
 
 Teoumtii A, Indian chief, 188; his craft, 189; his project for 
 a confederation, 190; goes to Viucennes, 192; alarm of, 
 193; his influence against Americans, 267 ; his conference 
 with Brock, 283; liis intention to reduce Fort Wagner, 
 813; on the Mississiniwa, iM"; at Fort Maiden, 477: ills re- 
 bukeofProctor,489;,hisplanfcircaptnr'r , 'cMelgs,498; 
 his chief lieutenant, 651; death of, 666; ills ,/i, tol, l"!.',. 
 
 Teleyram, first, 2 US. 
 
 Tmhe*»,c—it» tr(M)pB prepare for war, 742 ; its troops on 
 the Ml.sBissippi, 74i), 768, 777. 
 
 T.'rre fluute, 19i. 
 
 'I'ehrv, Samuel, 862. 
 
 IVxt of the Treaty of Pejcc, 1071. 
 
 Thame» River. British and Indians fly toward, 64i ; Perry's 
 squadron on the, 648, M9 ; hiitllc of the, B6S, 664 ; a Jour- 
 ney t(; th«, 669 ; a visit to the battle-field, 600, 661. 
 
 Tiieobalu, SaMIT.l, sketch of, 550. 
 
 Tiidmab, .1oh:<, Major Gcucral, 10.11. 
 
 TuoMAB, Joshua, 10!<!. 
 
 TiUit, the Peace of, 163. 
 
 TmaRY, Tiiom/.b, commander of navy yard, Washlncton, 
 !).(.;., 93 V. 
 
 Typpecnnoc, battle-ground of, 200, 202; battle of, 205; bat- 
 tle-grouud of, in 1860, 209. 
 
 Tonn, Charles Scott, aid-de-camp to Harrison, sketch of 
 
 547, 666, 862. 
 T<ile<lo, description of, 498 ; Jonrney to, 608. 
 Tompkins, Daniel D., Oovernor of New York, 639, 970. 
 Too-Tn.»iA-BTiii!iiLK, ludiau chief, 747. 
 Tortmto, a journey to — veteran of 1812, 692 ; old fort, remains 
 
 of, 693. 
 Turimlo, its use, 228, 289 ; in New York harbor, 241 ; alarm 
 
 of the British at, 693 ; in the Potomac, 940. 
 ToiTEN, Joseph G., 403. 
 TowaoN, Natuan, sketch of, 809. 
 Tra/altiar, battle of, 562. 
 TraJHc, illicit, considered, 784. 
 Traimjiorts, British, capture of, 016. 
 Tkant, iTameb, 044. 
 
 TrEADWELL, JllIlN, 1016. 
 
 Treamiry, t'nitcd StatcB, 114. 
 
 Treait, Joseph, Captain, sketch of, 807. 
 
 IVeaty, Jay's, with Great Britain, violent opposition to, 
 
 87; between Great Britain and the riiiled States in 1«14 
 
 agreed to, 160: sigustnres of signers of, l(Ki3. 
 Tripoli blockaded, 119, 121, 122; floating mine in the harbor 
 
 of, 122; its explosion, 122; peace wl.h, r.:6. 
 Tkollope, Mrs., at Cincinnati, 41. 
 TriMifiH, want of, 917. 
 
 '1'rotter, GRoKciK, Lienteiiant Colonel, 662. . 
 
 TRiixrijN, cimimunder of ('(inntellaliim, 103; his flght wtih 
 
 the French frigate ha Vnijicaiiei; 104; welcomed at l-oine 
 
 —honored by Congress, 105. , 
 
 Ti'Nis, Bey of, 118. 
 
 'I'l ITER, Colonel, C(mduct of, 332, 343. 
 TiKKEY Foot, Indian Chief, death of, 65. 
 
 ITiiited Staten, 19, 24 ; difilcnItleB with Oveat Britain, 24 ; hit- 
 ter feeling of, S4 ; diffitiilties with Krance, ii2 ; prepares 
 for war with France, 98; goveriiuiont of tlio, 102; hi 
 thrift, 188; her foreign relallims, 140; merchants present 
 memorials to Congress, 140, 141, 146; her frlei;dly proiwi- 
 sltions unheeded, ISO; indignation of the people, 185; 
 coast defenses of, 236, 230, 237 ; at peace with the world, 
 m-. power broken, 913 ; the people aroused, 320; char?ei« 
 against the government of the, 409; prepares for a vigor- 
 ous prosecution of the war, 670 ; Peace Party hails down- 
 full of Napoleon with delight, 864; flag of the, 1006. 
 
 t'nitfd Stat**, frigate, 464, 466 ; imprisoned in the Tliamos, 
 095. 
 
 Upham, Lieutenant Colonel, triumph of, 839. 
 
 ValiHirnim, the Kuva arrives there, 723 ; friendliness of the 
 Chilians, 724; incidents In tlie harbor of, T31. 
 
 Van i>e Venter, Chribtopher, sketch of, 0O4, 788. 
 
 Van Hohne, Ti.oMAB U., defeat of, 270. 
 
 Van Meter, Hrsrv, 912. 
 
 Van Nebs, John P., General, 920. 
 
 Van Renhbklaer, Solomon, General, transferred fnmi 
 yueenston to Albiiny, 407 ; ►ketch of, 408; letter of, 942. 
 
 Van liENBBELAKR, STEPHEN, General, appointed command- 
 er-in-chief, 381 ; diplomacy of, !N3 ; skelch of, 383; calls 
 for re-enforcements, 384: proposal to Invade Canada, .'184; 
 preparec to attack (;ueen6town,3!'0; renews the attempt 
 to invade Canada, 392 ; wounded, 890 ; rcsiguution of, 
 410. 
 
 Vansittart, Chancellor of the Excheiner, 233. 
 
 Varntm, Jobeph B., Speaker of the Hoise, 210. 
 
 VAtrciiiAN, William, Captain, sketch of, 868; fights with the 
 Koyal Georye. 308, 369. 
 
 Vkazy, Colonel, 674. 
 
 Vietoria, medal of, 600. 
 
 VIL..ERE, Gaiiriel, Miijor, 1028 ; British at mansion cf,ll2l. 
 
 Viiuxtivfii, return of the army to, 20(5. 
 
 Vincent, General, 001 ; narrow escape of, 004. 
 
 Virijinia, Fort, 017. 
 
 V'iryiniit, Southwestern, sympathizes with revolt, 24 ; West- 
 ern fr<nitiei- of, threatened, 46 ; secession of, proposed, 
 87 ; Capes of, 609. 
 
 I'iryiniarm, h<nior Burr for his duel with namilton. 135. 
 
 Vol/uiiteerH, call for, response to, 252 ; a call for, 475. 
 
 VnooMAM, Solomon, 41 1. 
 
 WAiis-yoRTH, Di.LiiB, Colonelj 938. 
 
 Waiibwobth, Elijah, General, sketch of, 840; energy 
 
 342,400. ,/ . -, / ,. -^ 
 
 Waliiai'h, Adjutant General, 663. „.<..■■■■ ;■ 
 
 Waliio, Daniel, 1010. 
 
 Wales, I'binoe or, visit of, 417. 
 
 Walk-in-the-Wateh, Indian Chief, 279. 
 
 Walworth, Reibbn H., sketch of, 873. 
 
 Wa-pifjli-hi-iu'lta, Indian village, 346. 
 
 Wari"', Aaron, 040. 
 
 Wabo, Samcel, 1010. 
 
 Waii.;kn,Joun B., Admiral, 607,679; thanks Captain Broke, 
 
 70'.i. 
 Warrinoton, Lewis, sketch of, 980; commander of the 
 
 I'mnxk. 980. 
 W<{iihtniil<iii, city of, in great peril, 910 ; great want of troops, 
 
 91": preoiiratlons to defend, 918; General Winder in 
 
 ccmimann at, 918; removal of the public records of, 928. 
 
 British retreat from, 937. 
 
 of.W.V 
 
'I 
 
 1084 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Wtuhington, Fort, a visit to, 048. 
 
 Wasuinoton, Gkorok, propoeed a confederation of a com- 
 merciiil nature, !i8; choHcn iireslrtent of llic CJimvciiltou, 
 26 ; elected Prcnideut, 33 ; expression of indlgimtlon of, 
 49; kiudiiosa to St. Clair, BOj appointB his cabinet, 6'J: 
 approves Hamilton's financial scheme, 65; wisdom and 
 prudence of, 73; difficulties with France, 77; his procla- 
 mation of neutrality, 78 ; his Interview with Genet, 80 ; 
 attempt to intimidate, 87 ; calm and falthfiil, 88 ; Issues 
 proclamation, 88; recommends a navy, 90; attacks on 
 character of, 92, close of administration of, 92; appoint- 
 ed commander-in-chief, 98 ; death of, 109 ; action of Con- 
 Kjess on death of, 110; medal lu honor of. 111; sketch 
 of person and character of, 111 ; picture of, saved by Mrs. 
 Madison, 936. 
 
 War, preparations for, 216, 231 ; predicted, 223 ; declaration 
 of, 228; action against, 243; officers of, 2B0; first blood 
 shed in the, 267 ; survivors of the, 361,416, 589; prisoners 
 of, 403; first shot fired afloat, 43S ; vigorous prosecution 
 of, 876; British resolve on, (167 ; Department of, 793; Sec- 
 retary of, 919 ; end of, 992, 1007. 
 
 Wait]), cruise of the, 449; fight with the Frolic, 480; captures 
 the AVimicer, 979; combat with the ^1 son, 080; loss of the, 
 with all ou board, 980. 
 
 Watawamu, ancient name of Stoniugton, 916. 
 
 iratertotcn, X Y., arsenal established there, 866; visit to. 
 
 Watts, Oeobok, 812. 
 
 Wayme, Anthoict, General, appointed commsnder, 60; 
 visits the Indian country, 51 ; battle of Fort Recovery, 62; 
 expedition down the Mauinee, 53; makes ofler of peace, 
 63; baKJcof Fallen Timbers, 64, 198. 
 
 ./oi'/w, Fort batt.'e nesr, 42 ; designs against, 313 ; attack 
 on, 814; siege of, .^16; built, 310; relief, 326. 
 
 Weatherhfobd, WiLi lAH, 784 ; deserted by his warriors, 
 f 772; visits Jackson, 7^, 782 ; sketch of, 782. 
 • Webstee, Daniel, 232. 
 
 Wellinoton, Duke of, head of the English army, 283 ; en- 
 ters Paris, 884. 
 
 Wells, Captain, death of. 309. 
 
 Wells, Samcel, Colonel, sent to Elk Ilart Ri*!r, 826; 
 marchch for Frcuchtown, 353. 
 
 Wells, Lestkb, 772. 
 
 West, Benjamin, 1016. 
 
 White, Roiiebt, survivor of the battle of Niagara, 8*3. 
 
 Wjiitlook, A.MI1B08E, Major, 199. 
 
 WuiTTLESEY, Elisiia, skctcli of, 341, 943. 
 
 Wilde, Samckl Sumnee, 1016. 
 
 Wilderness, the army in the, 266 ; transportation in, 349. 
 
 WiLKTHBON, James, General, 638 : succeeds General 
 born, 029; his interview with Armstrong, 630; at Sac) 
 Harbor, 630 ; concentrates his forces, 0& ; his exped 
 leaves Sackett's Harbor, 646 ; ou the St. Lawrence, 
 649 : holds councU of officers, 660, 661 ; leaves Nev 
 leauB, 741: conBldered Incompetent, 789; crosses the 
 ada border, 790 ; attacks British garrison, 791 ; en 
 military career of, 792. 
 
 Williams, Elxazab, the I^ost Prince, 8T7, 876. 
 
 Williams, Jonathan, sketch of, 236. 
 Wiliiiinijbm, powder-mills at, 906. 
 
 WiNoiiraTEB, James, General, arrival of at Fort Wa 
 326 ; march of through the wilderness, 326 ; at Fort 
 ancc, 328 ; his troops In a deplorable condition, 880 ; : 
 understandings with brother officers, 831; re-enfc 
 ments for, ;i45; attempts to relieve Topper, 844; si 
 troops to Fienchtown, 881 ; arrival of relief party for, 
 head -quarters of, 888; lack of vigilance of, 864; ta 
 prisoner, 366 ; sent to Quebec, 869. 
 \f iju-hej)ter, Fort, remains ot, 333. 
 
 Winder, William H., General, capture of, 604, 854; pn 
 command in Washington, 918 ; sketch of, 91R, 919; c 
 for troops, 920; the forces at his command, 921; Inv 
 the government to a council, 928. 
 
 Wood, Lieutenant Colonel, mortally wounded, 838. 
 
 Wool, John E., General, wounded, 896 ; takes comma 
 896 ; sketch of, 397; sent to meet the British, 862. 
 
 WooLBEY, commander of the Oneida, 367 ; prepares for fl 
 on Lake Ontario, 867 ; purchases vessels for the no 
 871 ; expedition of, 798, 799. 
 
 WoETii, William .Tenkinb, General, 812. 
 
 WoBTiiiNOToN, TuoHAB, skctch of, 668. 
 
 Wvllvb, Major, 42. 
 
 Wymniiuj I'dZity, refiigees tcom, 62& 
 
 Yankee, privateer, cmise of,1000; takes valuable prizes, IC 
 "Fa?i*e« Doodle," when played in derision, 869. 
 Yabnall, John J., sketch of, 824. 
 Yeo, Sir ,Tames, challenges Captain Porter, 440 ; commai 
 
 British squadron, 009; sails from Kingston, 793 ; cond 
 
 of; 796; sends troops to Quebec, 368; does not venture 
 
 attack Chauucey, S86. 
 York, descent on, 628; battle at, 689; surrender of, 6( 
 
 abandoned bv the Americans, 691. 
 York, Joseph, bravery of, 880 ; sketch of, 880. 
 York, Mrs. Joseph, bravery and patriotism of, 680. 
 YoD, Dominique, 1037 ; tomb of, 1048. j 
 
 Yocno, Gitilfobu DnuLKY, gallant exploit of, 874, 87 
 
 sketch of, 376. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 A' 
 
 •■St 
 
, General, B3S : sncceeds General Dear- 
 jrview with ArmBtroUK, 030; at Sacketf g 
 centrales hl8 forces, 0& ; his expedition 
 ^},"^,"'^'J*^' "" "'« St. Lawrefice, 048. 
 ilof officers, «60, m ; leaves New Or- 
 [B^ed incompetent, T89j crosses theCan- 
 , attacks Bt^tlsh garrison, TBI; end of 
 
 I, the Lost Prince, 877, 876. 
 iN, sketch of, 286. 
 •-mills at, 966. 
 
 i. General, arrival of at Fort Wayne 
 ongh the wilderuess, 328 ; at Fort Defi; 
 Tu"!," "l^P'orable condition, .-JSO ; mis- 
 dth brother officers, 831 ; re-enforce- 
 ttemi)t8 to relieve Tapper, 844 ; sends 
 Tko' ^^ ! ""'v"! of relfef pirty for, 882 ; 
 863; lack of vigilance of, 864; taken 
 t to Quebec, 869. 
 nalns of, 833. 
 
 [., General, capture of, 604, 864; pnt in 
 llnKton,918; sketch of, 918, 919; calls 
 le forces at his command, 931: invites 
 1 a council, 926. 
 
 olouel, mortally wounded, 838. 
 leral, wonnded, 390 ; takes command. 
 ; sent to meet the British, S«2. 
 ■L^^'-^^ Oueidn, 367 ; prepares for fight 
 SO' : purchases vessels for the navy, 
 
 NKiNS, General, 812, 
 AS, sketch of, 668. 
 
 gees from, 626. 
 
 lise of.lOOO ; takes valuable prlzes,1001 
 
 ;n played in derision, 869. 
 
 ;etch of, 524. 
 
 enges Captain Porter, 440; commands 
 
 TO; sails from Kingston, 793; conduct 
 
 18 to Quebec, 368 ; does not venture to 
 
 j; battle at, 689; surrender of, 690- 
 \merlcan8, B91. 
 y of, 680 ; sketch of, 680. 
 ravery and ijatriotism of, 680. 
 ; 'omb of, 1048. 
 DULitY, gallant exploit of, 874, 876;