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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaura are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmAs A (les taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul cliche, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut en baa, an pranant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. i 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 REPORT OK THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO THE CITY OF HAMILTON, BY THOS. C. KEEPER, C. E. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON FIRE AND WATER. WM. DAVIDSON, Esq., Chairman. iMontreal: , p PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL. AT HIS STEAM-PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. I |j ST. NICHOLAS STREET. ' "■ 1856. REPORT. c( Hamilton, 28th January ^ 1856. Sir,— I have Iho honour to report that, in obedience to tlie instruc- tions contained in your letler of the 28th of August last, I have com- pletc'l the examinations required with reference to the supply of the City of Hamilton with water. My instructions (as contained in the Resolutions of the Joint Com- mittee, enclosed in your letter,) allowed me " to examine every source of supply oftering any advantages for the purpose designed, whether real or supposed, and to report ihereon ;" and the scale of the work was fixed by the same Resolutions as " an ample supply for, say, fifty thousand inhabitants." In the Report of the Joint Committee, referred to me for my guid- ance, the following questions are proposed as requiring "to be accu- rately and reliably answered before any definite course can be *' recommended :" — 1st. What is the quality of the water from each source ? 2nd. What are the probabilities of preserving its purity for the future ? 3rd. What quantity can be relied on from each source, separately, during the dry season of the year? 4th. What would be the annual cost of keeping dams, &c., in repair, requisite in the gravitating system, as compared with the annual expense of raising the water to a sufficient height by a pumping system ? As the practicability of obtaining an "ample supply for 50,000 inhabitants," by pumping, was undoubted, it became my duty first to ascertain what facilities existed for a similar supply by gravitation ; and as the period when my examination was commenced was at the close of an unusual drought, I was enabled to see the different avail- able sources at what was stated to be iheir lowest stages. Thos. Beasely, Esq., City Clerk, Hamilton, C. W. The distance from which water can be brought in competition with a pumping plan is evidently limited. I did not feel at liberty, there- fore, notwithstanding the liberal scope of my instructions, to extend the examination to the Grand River, or beyond those streams which discharge between Dundas and Burlington Bay Canal, until the nearer sources had been tested and found insufficient. The dividing ridge which separates the waters that flow into the Grand River from those discharging into Lake Ontario is between five and six hundred feet above the latter. This summit, on the line of the Great Western Railway, is in Dumfries, and is 594 feet above Ontario. A supply from the Grand River must be taken from a point on that river at least 600 feet above Ontario ; and this elevation can- not be obtained nearer than Gait, a distance of upwards of thirty miles by any feasible route. The cost of any form of conduit for this length would range from £5,000 to £10,000 per mile ; and this con- sideration would render any expenditure for surveys unwarrantable^ V — at least until nearer sources had been condemned . An ample supply for 50,000 inhabitants calls for a daily average, throughout the year, of 2,500,000 gallons, — or 50 gallons per diem for each inhabitant. In the winter months the average daily consumption will be much less, and in the summer months much greater, than the above ; and as none of the streams, from the Albion Mills on the south, round to the Waterdown Crebkou the north, were, at the time of my visit to them in September, yielding the required supply, it became necessary to test the capabilities of the most promising among them, by a thorough survey, in order to ascertain : 1st. Whether their whole yield during the year would furnish the required supply for the City, together with the other demands for loss by evaporation, leakage, &c., as well as for the mills already erected ; and 2ndly. Whether suitable reservoir room, for storing the surplus waters as a reserve during the summer months, could be found at the required elevation, in the valleys of these streams. As a general rule, the discharge from any stream is in direct pro- portion to its drainage area, or, in other words, the greater number of acres it drains the greater quantity of water it will yield. One of the principal objects,, therefore, of the survey was to ascertain the area drained ; and as no existing maps threw any light upon this question, the labour and expense of the examination have necessarily been increased. The conditions required are : 1st. That the water should be of good quality. 2nd. That the drainage area should be sufficient to yield the required supply from the available rain-fall in the driest years. [For a supply of 2,500,000 gallons per diem, or 278^ cubic feet of water per minute, with an available rain-fall of twelve inches per annum, a drainage area of at least five and a-half square miles (or about 3500 acres,) lying above the points where the water is taken out, would be required.] 3rd. That the storage room be sufficiently large to impound as much of the flood waters as it may be necessary to hold in reserve, — suffi- ciently deep to prevent vegetation, and thus maintain the stored waters cool and sweet, soften them by exposure, and purify them by subsi- dence ; and that the character of the soil be such as will retain the water without too great a loss from filtration. Hess' Spring was first visited, but the quantity of water afforded by it was altogether too insignificant to admit of its being considered in any other light than as an auxiliary ; and as such, the excessive hardness of tiie water, the purchase of the spring, and compensation to those having a right to it, in addition to the cost of conveying so small a proportion of the supply, would probably prevent its use ; — particularly since the quantity afforded by it could be brought from the source of the main supply at scarcely any additional cost. The Creek at Albion Mills was dry in September last, and the indications of the drainage ground oflered no encouragement for more , extended examination. Ancaster and the streams in the same valley to the west of it were then visited, and although the v/ater was then very low there was a fair prospect of a supply from this quarter, and every inducement for a survey, if the other sources as yet unexamined should prove less inviting. , On examining the Dundas Stream, it was found that sufficient' elevation could not be had below the Falls ; and from the quantity ol water then flowing, there was no prospect of obtaining the required supply without depriving the mills, and adopting some extensive system of storage hei/ond the Village of West Flamboro', — there being no adequate facilities for this purpose between that village and the Falls ; and as, from the confined position of the stream between these points, the facilities for taking any conduit out of its valley arci nnfavorable, it would be necessary to go beyond the village, (or as far! off at least as Aneaster,) for the water. 6 Similar objections presented tliemselves on visiting Waterdown, Viz: the extent and value of the investment upon tlie stream, in case '• — as was most probable — the supply could not be obtained without depriving the mills ; and the absence of facilities for storage on the lower part of the streams, or for taking the conduit out of the gorge below the village. An important objection to any supply from the Flamboro' side, 'east of Dundas, is the necessary passago of the Desjardins Canal, he pipe must either be carried under the canal, — at the risk of the upply being cut off in case of accident to an inaccessible part of the ork — or over it, at an elevation similar to that of the Suspension ridge, which, as it musi be protected from frost, would be attended 'Hvith great expense. P Lake Mkdad having been suggested in common with Hess' Spring •and other minor sources, it may be proper that I should explain that 'Mns is a small pond, two or throe miles N. E. of Waterdown, about (twenty feet in depth, and having its outlet through a swam}) into |i Waterdown Creek. The quantity of water flowing from it is insufli- l^ient to maintain an open discharge; it has iherefore no visible Sutlet. It is questionable whether in a dry period the daily supply is 'sufficient to replace the los^ by evaporation. ' In point of distance Waterdown is further from the City than either *Ancaster or Dundas, and the intervening obstacles are much greater. *But as it would be necessary to go beyond the village before the water "could be collected or preserved in a proper state, or conducted out of \\\e valley, and as there was, from the appearance of the stream, every reason to suppose that the required supply could not be had without indemnifying the mills, I considered no further explorations or Purveys were warranted in that quarter. * As it would likewise be necessary to go beyond West Flamboro', and as it was probable the whole flow would be required, the higher \ip the stream tlie heavier would be the compensation and the longer 'the conduit. Until the practicability of obtaining a supply from Ancaster had been tested, I did not feel at liberty to make any Isurvey beyond Flamboro', because, not only was there a prospect of *more water and better gathering and storage ground at the former Iplace, but there was also the consideration that if all the flow of the Streams were required, nearly the whole of the mill investment upon Hhe Ancaster streams was above the point where the water would be Abstracted. Again, the route of the conduit from Flamboro' to Hamilton (under the railway, through thn streets, and over the creeks at Dundas,) must be more circuitous and expensive than the direc route from Ancaster. The most superficial examination of the Ancaster district reveals conditions very difl'erent from those upon the Flamboro' side. Instead of tlie deep and narrow rocky gorges out of which the Dundas and Waterdown streams emerge, those from Ancaster Township, after fal- ling oiF the table land, flow through well-defined valleys of consider able width, nnd with clay banks. From the mountain range to theii outlets the streams descend an inclined plane of several miles ir extent, having a succession of terraces in its upper portion, and aflbrd* ing opportunity for the construction of capacious reservoirs on a reten- tive soil ; whereas, upon the Flamboro' side there is a total absence oi those features of distance and expansion (at the required elevation) in the embouchure of these streams. Again, the Ancaster streams fulling over open terraces instead of through the confined gorges of the opposite side, are not shut in, and admit of the easy introduction o; auxiliary streams from the west, as well as the facile abstraction of the water from each, in order to conduct it toward the east, — a mos important feature where, as in the present case, none of the stream: flowing into the bay are capable of affording, singly, and at suflicien elevation, the supply required. Below the point where the water can be abstracted with sufllicien elevation for the supply of Hamilton, (240 feet above the Bay,) then are but three occupied water-powers : two upon Ancaster, and on« upon Coldspring Creek, at none of which has any important invest ment been made ; and ebove that elevation only three or four estab lishments have been erected on each stream, all within about one fourth of a mile. The remainder of the streams is unoccupied, am scarcely at all exposed to impurities. , Lastly, the profile and directness of the route from Ancaster to thi' City ensures a better delivery with the same sized conduit. For the foregoing reasons, it was evident that, of all the point: examined, the Ancaster district offered the greatest inducements for i detailed survey, in order to test the practicability of a supply by gra vitation, and compare the cost and relative merits of the same with » pumping plan ; and although the scope of my instructions would havt' warranted — and may seem to have required — surveys at other points I trust the reasons I have advanced will be a sufficient vindication c the course pursued. 8 After an inspection of all the sources mentioned, I came to the con- tusion, that if the result of the Ancaster survey were unfavorable, it Iwould become my duty to advise the City to pump, because I was i'convinced that if we could not get a gravitation supply from Ancaster, Iwe could not get it elsewhere — at a cost that could be entertained. ' I entered on the Ancaster survey with some doubts as to the issue, and with the feeling that the expenditure might have no more useful r satisfactory result than that of proving the impracticability of a ravitation supply, and thus setting this question at rest; — and such a onsideration would undoubtedly have been sufficient justification for \he outlay. From the ofTicial maps, I was led to fear that the drainage ■area was too limited to yield the supply required from the available Vain-fall of thij region ; but the survey has shown very different results, and it is with unfeigned satisfaction that I am enabled to report the Existence of an abundant supply of good water at a commanding .^elevation and within a reasonable distance of the City. Pumping,therefore,becomesa matter of choice, — of comparative cost f Tind quality, — advantage or disadvantage, instead of one of necessity. ? DESCRIPTION OF THE ANCASTER STREAMS. * The Ancaster Creek, which crosses the Macadam Road and enters he marsh a little below Dundas, is formed by two streams which fall over the mountain at a distance of about two miles from each other, and ^t an elevation of upwards of 300 feet above the Bay, and thence flow °;hrough separate valleys until they descend within fifteen feet eleva- ion of the Bay, where they unite opposite and near to Dundas. The "jastern stream, which flows by Ancaster Village, is properly called "\neaster Creek, and is nearly straight in its run above the mountain, ^'laving its sources about three and a-half milesabove "the Red Mill," — he point where its water would be abstracted. The western stream ^s called Coldspring Creek, and is composed of two main branches of i learly equal volume, which, coming from east and west, unite above he mountain, and have numerous tributaries. Of these two main eeders of the Coldspring stream the Eastern branch, called Haslop's Creek, is the most important, its sources being about two and six- ! "tenths miles above " the Sulphur Spring," the point where these waters ' ^vould be taken out. Between the Sulphur Spring and the Red Mill ® wo smaller streams fall over the mountain, and, uniting below the i ionduitline, for i the Hermitage Creek, — the principal and only tribu- tary received by the Coldspring (below the mountain,) before it joins with Ancaster f)rcek. That portion of the walevs of Ilormitnge Crook which is higher than a level of 240 foot above the Bay, can bo turned into the conduit line, which line follows this level from tho Sulphur Spring to the Red Mill. The area drained by tho above described streams, above the conduit line, is about nine square miles, or over 5700 acres. All of these streams arc fed by springs which are declared 1o bo perennial in their flow, and yield a ttlear, bright, and agreeable water, aomewhat hard, but not more so than many city supplies. The comparative magnitude of these streams is shewn by tho following guagings, which were taken in November last, above all the mill-dams. The autumnal rains having set in in October, the discharge here shewn is considerably greater than the minimum flow of the driest seasons : — Ancaster Creek, 99*54 cubic feet per minute. Ilaslop's do 84-29 Western branch Coldspring, (above Aikman's),. . . . 7472 Hermitage (east branch,). ...22*45 Do (west branch,) .... 16.42 (( ({ (C (( (( « i( (( u u (( (( Total, 297-42 The minimum flow observed since the sixth of October last (the date when the guaging commenced) is about forty per cent, below the above, or about 178| cubic feet per minute, while the maximum flow in the same time has been about 669 cubic feet per minute. The annual discharge can only be correctly ascertained by constant guag- ing throughout the year ; and as there is a great dift'erence between wet and dry years, this guaging must either extend over a dry year, or long enough to establish the proportions between the discharge of the stream and the rain-fall of the district — by which means the yield of the streams for any given rain-fall may be estimated. The dry year measure must be the basis of any calculations for a water supply. The guaging above recorded, which has been very carefully made, is valuable, however, as indicating the comparatively slight fluctuation in these streams during a rainy season. Large streams have been known to vary in their discharge from a minimum of 1,902 to a maxi- mum of 59,681 cubic feet per minute, or thirty times, and smaller ones more than one hundred times — while these streams, during more than three months' observation, in a season of alternate wet and dry 10 ( < weather, have not varied more than four times between their maxi- mum and minimum flow. These observations correspond with the popular reputation which these streams have a^jquired, viz : that of being remarkably constant in their flow, and but slightly influenced by either wel or dry weather. From the shortness of the run which the water has, as well as from the absorbent character of the drainage ground, the streams soon resume their uniform flow after the rain has ceased. .1 o k h P t C u m AVAILABLE WATER. In the absence of long continued guagings, the amount of available Water which any stream will yield can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from a knowledge of the drainage area, and the annual rain-fall due to the district. The record of the rain-fall kept at the Magnetic Observatory in Toronto affords the only means we have of estimating that for Ancaster ; and I am indebted to the obliging Director, G. T. Kingston, Esquire, for an abstract, which is appended to this Report. The driest year (since 1840 when the record was commericed) was 1848, in which only 26*80 inches of rain, and snow reduced to rain, fell ; the next was 1853, in which 28-87 inches fell ; all the others exceed tiiirly inches, and the mean of the whole period exceeds three feet. When rain falls upon a flat surface and an impervious soil, a much greater portion of it is evaporated than when it is precipitated upon a hilly district and a porous soil. In the latter case it is either thrown rapidly into the stream, or at once penetrates the porous surface (which then protects it from the rays of the sun and the healed atmosphere,) and it finds its way more slowly to the stream. The best " gathering grounds " or " catchment basins '' are those which absorb the rain most rapidly and give it out most slowly, because then every acre of ground is a reservoir, storing up the floods to sustain the stream during droughts. The Ancaster district pof^sesses in a superior degree both these advantages of a catchment basin; it has an undulating surface and a large proportion of sandy soil, above the mountain, which drinks in the rain as soon as it falls. If the drainage ground were granite hills, the streams would be torrents at one period, and dry the greater part of the year ; and although there might be abundance of supply /or the year, the storage room required would be more extensive than could be obtained, and the want of a living stream might give rise to stagnation in the M impounded waters, unless the reservoirs were large, deep, and well exposed to the wind. The stream would then yield soft water nearly as pure and as vapid as rain, but made turbid by the wash from every shower. On the other hand, with a porous surface, the carbonic acid in the soil purifies the percolating water in its slow passage, and imparts that briskness observable in spring waters. The water is filtered and enlivened at the same time that, by absorbing some of the salts, it may become hardened. On emerging at the springs, by running and exposure, evaporation and precipitation, it in a greater or less degree loses a portion of the hardness acquired. The annual fall of rain as observed at Toronto ranges from about twenty-seven inches at the driest to about fifty inches in the wettest years. Of this quantity a certain portion is evaporated from the sur- face on which it falls, another is absorbed by the vegetation thereon, and a third may bo supposed to infiltrate to deep-seated springs, and be discharged beyond the limits of the catchment basin on which it fell. The remainder finds its way to the streams with greater or less rapidity, according to the character of the gathering ground. The sum of tiiese losses is generally a constant quantity for the same district, and is irrespective of the rain that falls : that is, there is about the same amount of loss in dry as in wet years, so that with a very low rain-fall the loss may amount to two-thirds of the whole quantity, while with a very high one it would not exceed one-third. The amount of this deduction, however, varies with the character of the drainage area. In England fourteen inches is the average deduc- tion from the rain-fall, by the best authorities, the loss ranging from ten to sixteen inches annually ; the remainder is considered as avail- able water. From careful measurements made in 1835 and 1836 by John B. Jervis, Esq., for the reservoirs of the Chenango Canal, the available waterfromarain-fallof thirty-five inches was found in one catchment basin to amount to neaily fifty per cent., and in the other to sixty-six per cent. ; or in other words about twelve inches would have been a Bufficient deduction from the rain-fall upon the most favorable basin, while nearly eighteen inches should have been deducted from the other. 12 The following table gives the actual discharge for certain districlp, in which a great variation will be seen in the available supply from different water-sheds : TABLE OF ACTUAL DISCHARGE FROM LARGE DISTRICTS, DISTSICT. Hclfrht above sua. Ft. Ft. 73 1 to Kion sr 500 to 1300 .S g Q Sciuare mile.s. o rt -^ en -t-a Cubic ffet per mill. 5-15 7'«8 7'80 (i-OO 2-81 ir.-25 318 lOitST) lUC.T. HlOMt fiOO-0 f)30'4 412-8 511-2 411-3 1752-0 57ti-7 548-2 40-7 m OS. ill ■5=8 Re t (yubic feet per min. 210-2 197-7 lOJ-0 1000 224-3 lMS-4 181-9 14<>-3 107-8 181-3 172-3 C5-5 Ins. 48-0 410 23-9 22-3 50-7 3;j-3 41-2 33-2 24-25 41-0 3'.V0 15-5 ^ '^ a .•:e:S saa m |g| ^2| ^^^ lus. Cub. ft. in millions. 72-0 (->»|-0 38-0 45-4 37-0 7-fiO (i.r4 26-8 50-0 65-0 4it-8 5.-)-5 29-6 4(i-2 31-13 48-2 40-0 21-0 i t li 't ii 111 l« f In estimating the amount of available water which maybe counted on in the driest year, I have taken twelve inches — or forty-five per cent as the yield of the lowest registered rain-fall, that of 1848, which was 26*80 inches. The required supply for 60,000 inhabitants, including the loss by evaporation from the surface of the reservoirs, the leakage and waste, would not call for more than ten inches of available water per annum, so that no fears of any deficiency for this number can reasonably be entertained. The favorable features of the gathering ground would warrant a larger estimate of available water, but as in such cases the worst possible state of affairs should be anticipated, it would not be prudent to count upon a greater quantity than twelve inches in the driest years, until the result of careful and long continued guagings has established the proportion which the streams actually give out. EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS. In Storing the suplus waters of the wet periods of the year, there is an important deduction to be made from the available rain-fall, for evaporation from the surface of the reservoirs, and a minor provision for leakage and waste. With respect to the former (evaporation from water surfaces,) there is much discrepancy in the experiments which have been made and the opinions which are given. The depth and * Glencorse discharge is only the amount exclusive of floods. 13 consequent temperature of the reservoirs would evidently influence the evaporation. The n^ean of evaporation for both Great Britain and the United Stales is stated at thirty-two to thirty-three inches annually. From some observations made by Dr. Smallwood at St. Martin, rear Montreal, the mean of five years, ending in 1854, gave nineteen inches for six months, the frost interfering with correct observations for the remainder of the year. The highest observation recorded in America was by Mr. Coffin, at Ogdensburgh, in 1838, who made the annual evaporation 49*36 inches. Mr. Neville, in his " Hydraulic Formula;," states that the evapora- tion in Ireland exceeds the annual rain-fall by one-third. On the other hand it is asserted that there is little loss from this cause where there is a considerable depth, and that this is in a great measure compen- sated for by the precipitation of dew. There is evidently great difficulty in instituting any set of experiments for practical application, or which would give a rule for deep reservoirs. The estimated annual loss from reservoirs is taken at twenty-three inches for England by good authorities. For the present investigation I have assumed a loss of forty-eight inches annually, which, while I consider it an over- estimate, will at least be an error upon the safe side. STORAGE. Next in importance to a knowledge of the existence of a sufficiency of available water is that of the facilities presented by the natural features of the district for the storage of that water, or so much of it as may be required. In order to find the required dimensions of the storage reservoirs, it is necessary to ascertain the excess or deficiency of the available rain-fall for each month, after the demands for con- sumption, evaporation, &c., have been deducted. By referring to the following tables it will be seen that in the driest year there will be a deficiency during the summer and autumnal months, and an excess for the remainder of the year. This is due in the present case more to the difference in the consumption than to that of the supply at the respective periods. The average consumption of the summer months is about double that of the winter ones, while the amount of evapora- tion for the same season is several times greater. 14 The following tables shew the principal features of the two impor- tant questions — Supply and Storage. 1. , TABLE SHEWING THE ESTIMATED AVAILABLE WATER FROM THE DRAINAGE AREA OP THE ANCASTBR STREAMS, THE CONSUMPTION FOR 50,000 INHABITANTS, TUB LOSS BY EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS, AND THE MONTHLY EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY IN THE DRIEST YEAR, 1818. Month. i s s 1 •a In. 5*1 45 per cent, available. * s i Estimated avcraRfeva- poration from surface of resen-oirs. §3 i KstiTuated monthly Consumption, beinjrai daily averajte of 2i| millions imjx-rial gal-| Ions for the whole vear.i Consumption and Evaporation. i 3 1 •B 1 t § — ■■ ■ ' ^ P 1 II It Cubic ft. In. Cubic ft. Cubic ft. Cubic ft. 1 Cubic ft. Cubic ft. Cubic ft. Jan Feb March... April May June 2'».55 1-8.55 2-li)0 1-505 2-520 1-810 1-890 •850 3-115 1-5.50 2-lCO 4-tOO 36-800 l-.3;}0 •8.35 •98(i •677 1-l.U •811 •851 -382 1'402 •697 •972 1^980 27,808,700 17,15«,S.-)0 20,616,100 ll,15.j,2,>0 23,710,550 17,019,750 17,793, too 7,987,100 29,31t,150 1 1,573, ».)0 20,323,350 11,399,450 r5 I'O 2-0 2-5 5-0 6-0 7-0 7-0 7-0 4-0 4-0 1-0 816,750 541,500 1,089,000 1,361,250 3,722,500 3,267,000 3,81 1,500 ;},8 11,500 3,8ll,5IK) 2,178,000 2,17k,(»00 541,500 9,000,(HM) 8,0IK),(HKI 10,000,000 10,000,060 12,00(1,000 15,000,(100 l(i,O00,000 16,000,(KI0 15,000,(MIO 14,(HIO,000 12,0(K),000 9,5(Mt,0lHt 9,816,7.50 8,.541,.5(M) 11,089,00(1 ll,.-16l,!J50 14,722,500 18,267,0011 19,811,5011 19,8U,.5O0 18,S11„5(M1 16,178,000 14,178,000 10,04 l,.')(Hi 17,991,9.50 8,914,350 9,527,100 2,791.000 8,988,050 1,247,250 2,()18,1(NI 11,821,400 July August.. Sept 10,502,650 Oct., 1,004,650 Nov Dec 6,1 15,;W0 31,35 l,9.-)(t Total,.. 12-060 262,1 C^.lOO 4S-0 26,136,000 U!,500,O0O 172,636,00(1 96,218,400 16,09'1,:)00 70,524,100 J} TABLE SHEWING THE ESTIMATED AVAIL.VBLE W.VTER, THE CONSUMPTION FOR A POPUL.\TI()N OF •2.-.,000 INHAIUT.VNTS,THE LOSS BY EVAPOR.VTION FROM BESER* t VOIRS, THE MONTHLY EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY IN THE DRIEST YEAR, 1848,— FROM , ANCASTER CREEK PROPER,— DRAINAGE AREA. 2310 ACRES, t i Month, « Jan jf Feb March.. April... May June.,.. July August. Sept Oct Nov , Dec o In. 2-955 1-855 2-190 1^505 2-520 1-810 1-890 •850 .3-115 1-5.50 2-160 4-400 1 I 0.0 In. I Cubic ft. In. 11,152,000 7,001,000 8,267,000 5,670,000 9,.508,00O 6.825,000 7,l.-!5,00(l 3,203, a * .5 2 i? '-^ ^ allll ■2§ Si -I Cubic ft. Cubic ft. Cubic ft. 4,500,000 4,000,000 5,000,0110 5,000,000 6,000,(K)0 7,500,000 8,0(KM>(MI 8,0(HI,000 7,.50(t,000 7,(NK),000 6,000,000 4,750,0(HI 73,250,000 M « o 5,04t,500 4.3(»,000 5,726,0(MI 5,i»07,.5(K( 7,81.5,000 9,()78,0(M) 10,51.1,000 10,.541,(IOO 10,041,000 8,452,000 7,4.52,000 5,ii;i,ooo 90,074,000 6,107,.500 2,638,000 2,541,000 1,69.3,000 a s o u Cubic ft. 231,500 1,715,000 698,000 11,489,000 2,8.53,000 3,4O(),000 7,338,000 2,Vw8^0O0 Cubic ft. 26,881,500 16,436,500 10,446,000 15 3. TABLE OP DRAINAGE AREA AND AVAILABLE STORAGE OP ANCASTER STREAMS, PSOFOBED RESSBVOIBS. Ancabteb Cbeek. l8t. At R4'dMill 2iul. Below Molntosh'sMill, 3r(l. In rear of Ancastcr Vil law*). South Branch of IIehmi- TAOK Cbeek. Ist. Ravine west of Red Mill, 2nd. Helow falls 3rd. Above falls Hebmitaoe Creek. 1st. Near Watson's 2nd. Above Sulphur 8])ring Road, Coi.Dsi'RiRO Creek. Ist. Near S\ilph. Spring Road 2nd. Above Aikman's Mills... IlASLor's Creek, Above Aikman's cl Acres. [sssio 626 422 [1203 130fi 6700 ^•\ MS III Cubifi ft. Above Bay, 100,«2;},0(K) 22,800,000 18,.382,32() 52,402,080 .50,889,300 :.'51,10fl,9fi0 s 1 230 375 610 2M) 210 385 240 360 210 300 300 a o .a .\cre8, 6-44 20'2» 08.05 2'08 2*80 12-10 12'35 6-01 llTil O'OO 16'13 170-I10 I. Acres, 3*14 17'30 20-22 0-77 2-10 7*83 8-37 2-40 5-81 5-00 8-92 87-86 ■a « M « Ft. Cubic ft. 1,001,227 3,011,352 4.508,673 107,700 011,700 2,0kl,44U 2,552,180 418,170 2,277,752 053,100 3,108,441 20,810,010 I "g 1,808,721 0,403,002 21,511,017 Cubic ft. In. Cu. ft. 32m«43 3-020 ~*"02i»;7.'i0 1,(M!7,220 4,310,75-1 fU»2S^0l'3-103 ~4r5T2,8io 1,613,808 0,l|fi,7ll 3-099 ~3,77«,8;}0 3,010,200 0,838.0301-503 75,2;Is7){h) 1'104 57,005,181 14,231 ii,«a 14,618 5,676 4,010 I ' I 000 WATER-POWER. A consideration of the natural features of the Ancasler district leads to the conclusion that it will yield more available water from the annual rain-fall, and call for less storage than the average of streams. Although it is estimated that the lowest proportion of the driest year will exceed the required supply, yet as this would not leave sufficient for mills below the conduit line, it will either be necessary to purchase the water-power below this line, or give compensation by storing the surplus of wet years against the deficiency of dry ones. Should any excessive demand for the water-right be maintained, the City would be protected from extortion by the power to construct com- pensatingreservoirs,in case the proposed storage were found insufficient, as soon as the yield of the streams and the miller's proportion have been established ; but looking to the real value of this property as exemplified by the use hitherto made of it, and estimating it by the highest value of existing occupied water-power on the same streams, I see nothing to deter the Corporation, on the failure of 16 i ft] 1 (t l» II- I':): negociations, to assume possession (on being empowered to do so,) at the risk of paying whatever awards disinterested parties might make in the premises. Under any circumstances the proper course would be to purchase the right to the water below the conduit line, as the investment already made is no barrier to such a course ; but as the maximum consumption would not be reached for some years, such a step is not imperative ; and should the result of the guaging in the meantime shew an available rain-fall of two-thirds (instead of less than one-half, as taken for the estimates,) it may be unnecessary. Until, however, the miller's proportion of available water is established, no specula- tions can be made on this head ; but if no more water can be claimed than the amount now used, I am of opinion — from a consideration of the low proportion of the rain-fall, and the liberal provision for loss assumed in Table 1 (page 14) and in Appendix C, — that there will be water enough for all parties. THE GRAVITATION PLAN. The maximum supply of 2,500,000 gallons, as a daily average throughout the year, will not be reached until the population is doubled, and the highest rate of consumption (fifty gallons per head) attained. Consumption. — Jersey City, with a population of 22,000 has lately been supplied with water at a cost of £180,000. Provision has been made for upwards of 2,000,000 gallons per diem ; but the consump- tion, as measured in September last, one year after the works had been in operation, was only 650,000 gallons, or about thirty gallons per head, at the season of the greatest draught on the mains. It may be assumed therefore that the full average of fifty gallons per head will not be attained until some years enjoyment of the water leads to its liberal use, and until the erection of large manufacturing establish- ments brings the consumption up to the standard of those cities from whose experience the provision of fifty gallons is made. For present wants, Ancaster Creek proper, with suitable storage, would furnish a sufficient supply, and the more distant auxiliaries may be brought in as they are needed ; but as the estimate is based upon the maximum supply, the following works will be required when that is reached : — Supply and Conduit. — It is proposed to throw a dam across Cold- spring Creek, a short distance above the Sulphur Spring, and raise the water to a level of 240 feet above Ontario, being three feet under the Irom iries ised ^hen iold- the the 17 wheel which drives Egliston's factory. The height of this dam wil be forty feet, and the water will be taken out of the reservoir at 8 level of ten feet below its surface, and be conducted in a pipe dowr. , the stream as far as Mr. Leith's barns, where it will be transferred tc i the valley of Hermitage Creek, and thence follow a terrace of nearly uniform elevation to the Red Mill. This terrace aflbrds opportunity for the construction of a storage reservoir, wliere the water from Cold-t spring Creek will be allowed to subside before being taken to the service reservoir at the Red Mill, — and into which the supply from the different branches of Hermitage Creek will also be turned. Pure Water Basin. — At the Red Mill on Ancaster Creek, a pure- water basin, or service reservoir, will be formed, from which the waters of that stream, (when the storage reservoirs are full,) can be excluded, during freshets, or only be admitted after subsidence or filtration. It is not expected that this latter process will be required, inasmuch as^ storage reservoirs will be placed upon all the contributing streams above the conduit line, the elFect of which will be to regulate the How ; and us their capacity will be such that their levels will only be affected a few inches during the heaviest rains, they can be but slightly agi- tated or discolored. The dimensions of the pure water basin will be sufficient to maintain the supply until any discoloration in the storage reservoirs has disappeared. Storage. — The storage capacity of the streams is in excess of the amount required to maintain the supply, as it is determined by con- siderations of locality, economy, and convenience, and especially as in many cases it is adopted more with reference to the regulation of the stream, and the improvement of the water, than to its reservation. In these upper reservoirs the water may be somewhat softened by expo- sure, and by admixture with a larger proportion of rain water, — and would be purified by subsidence, — and from thence it would be decanted into the lower ones. The storage reservoirs would be formed by removing all trees, stumps, &c., and all objectionable vegetable matter, where there would be less than five feet depth of water. A puddle wall would be carried up the centre of a strong embankment, to form the dams, the slopes of which would be flat, and proportioned to the material and the height of the work. The water faces of the dams would be protected by stone, and the remainder of the exposed surfaces covered with grass. Each reservoir would be provided with discharge and drain- age pipes, and with an over-fall. 18 '?• If h. From an examination of the tables of supply, &c., calculated from J* he rain-fall, it is not probable that in ordinary years much fluctuation vould be required in the levels of the reservoirs, to maintain the sup- )ly during the summer months. The draught on the storage reser- /oirs may therefore generally be confined to the deeper ones, most mited, from their natural features, or easiest prepared, for such a pur- pose, — and it will seldom be necessary to expose large surfaces to the action of the sun, by drawing down the water in hot weather. Filtration. — If any system of filtration or straining should prove desirable, the difierenl elevations of the reservoirs will aflbrd every facility for such a purpose. Pipe. — From the Red Mill the water would be conducted in an iron pipe, twenty inches interior diameter, following a very direct course, and enter the City near the head of Queen Street. Distributing Reservoir. — A small reservoir can be obtained with- if out undue cost opposite the Race Course, at an elevation of 180 feet above the Bay. The construction of this reservoir is not necessary until the hourly draught upon the pipe exceeds its capacity, or occa- ^sions too great a loss of head, in which case a reservoir, by filling up ,at night, would maintain the head on the town — the pipe being able to deliver the ^^ hole consumption for the 24 hours, but not that called ]for during the hours of greatest draught. The only argument in favour i jof a distributing reservoir in the City, for tho present, is the protection £ I it would afford in case of accident to the country main ; but after this t jis tested the contingency is remote. On the other hand there would H J be a positive disadvantage in now constructing it, as it must be placed []f J about fifty feet below the service reservoir at Ancaster, in order to J afford the head required for a delivery of the maximum consumption J of 50,000 inhabitants, and would therefore, for some time to come, give J an inferior pressure. ^ The foregoing are the general features of the works which would be required. In carrying them out, many modifications of the plan ^ proposed may be expected as the result of the more elaborate surveys J which would be made before putting the project in execution, and , also as arising out of negociations with proprietors of land and water- I power. I have endeavoured, however, to embrace the most expensive system which raa,y be called for ; so that any changes in the plan may g not involve an increase in the expenditure. 19 THE PUMPING PLAN. In considering the features of a supply by pumping, the most impoti tant questions are : the point where the water is to oe taken up, and the elevation and position of the distributing re'-.jtvoirs : for upon these ! will depend in a great measure, the purity of the supply, and the effi-i ciency of the delivery. The water must either be obtained from the Bay or from the Lake.i It would be a work of much greater difficulty and expense to obtain' at all times a supply of clear water directly from the Lake than from the Bay. The effect of the sea raised by every storm is to disturb thei water at a great distance from the shore, and (from the action of the undertow or rolling surf on an exposed beach) to a considerable depth. Suction pipes, which might be laid in bays and harbours, would be inapplicable at the beach. If not choked by the sand, the portion i drawn in would not only render the water unfit for immediate con- i sumption, but would rapidly wear out the pump valves, and silt up : ; the mains. A suction pipe at the beach must be laid beyond the line of the discoloured water, the extent and continuance of which can ; best be estimated by those who have passed out of the Burlington Bay i Canal, after a blow from the eastward. Tli.^ protection of a pipe in such an exposed situation, if not altogether impracticable, would be at least a work of much expense and difficulty, and be attended with great risk. It would be necessary, therefore, to form an artificial basin, from which the waters of the Lake could be excluded when in an unfit state for consumption. Great difficulty would be experienced in keeping this communication open, as there would be a constant tendency towards the formation of a " bar " or beach in front of the inlet ; and from the frequency and long continuance of disturbed water at certain seasons of the year, the artificial basin must be either of very large I dimensions, or subject at times to be fed with impure water. As the Beach is formed of sand and gravel, I am of opinion that open communication would be unnecessary, and that a barrier might be left between the pumping reservoir and the Lake, which would be a natural filter, through which a supply of pure water could at all times be obtained. In order to shorten the pumping main, and obtain a cheaper and more extended site for a reservoir, it would be preferable to pump to the high ground, at the point of the mountain near " Slabtown," and thence lead the water in, as directly as possible, to the City. The 20 vholc distance by this route to the head of John Street would be ' jibout half a mile longer than by one entering the City on the line of ' |3arton Street ; but it would be scarcely more expensive, ina.>smuch as 'iiihc additional length of pipe would be con)penHated for by reduced ' ;i»k on the shorter pumping main, and a larger reservoir at Slabtown pould be substituted for a smaller and more expensive one in the City. '^ rUMPINO FROM THE BAY. In the Bay the best water would be found at all times in what may pc called its heart, where there is the greatest depth. The nearest jbractica])le approach to this would be off the point on which are placed 1 Brown's and Faulkner's wharves. If the supply is taken from this Ipoint, the pumping main must be carried over the (Ireat Western Jlailway by a structure which will protect it from the frost. Another point which seems highly favorable is at the head of the (Bay, opposite the fortification line, and nearly midway between the ^'•railway wharves and the draw-bridge over the canal. Here there is a ^bold shore, unoccupied by wharves, open to the whole sweep of the •Bay, and removed from the drainage of the City, There is a good ' .depth of water at a short distance from Ihe shore, — but I have ascer- ' itained that this portion of the Bay has a large admixture of the dis- • jchar'^e from the marsh. On comparing samples of the water taken f ,in this part of the Bay. from under the ice, at a distance from the shore, i with similar ones taken abreast of John Street, the former was found ^ to be much more strongly and disagreeably imj)regnated with vegeta- k ble matter. The site for the engine house would be very confined and fe difificult of access, and the route of the pumping main unfavorable, i^ Without the possession of large reservoirs, (which would render it •^ unnecessary to pump, when the water in the Bay was unfit for con- 1 sumption,) a basin would be needed enclosing a sufficient area to '< insure a supply of the proper quality, within reach of the pumps. A ^ portion of the enclosure of this basin could be used as a wharf for the ^' discharge of the coal required by the engines. 9 Delivery. — The next question in point of importance is the height ^ to which the water should be pumped, or the site of the distributing \' reservoirs. In point of economy and convenience, the most eligible j" site for the formation of capacious reservoirs, at moderate cost of con- ^- struction, is the elevated ground between Lock and Dundurn Streets. Il It is the largest unoccupied area at the same elevation, and its prox- * imity to a site where the engines could be placed is a great argument J 21 ling ble |on- 3tS. lox- Lent in its favour. If this fito is too low there is no liighor one nearer thai the foot of the mountain, where favorable ground is limited in extent J and where the cost of construction will be incrc^ased. That portion of the Cily lying between the Sns|)ension Bridge am the head of Wellington Street, whieh is more than 100 feel above lh< level of the Bay, exceeds one s(]uare mile in extent. Allowing fo the usual " loss of head" in the distributing pipes, the greater portioi , of this district eould not derive the full advanlagc of a water supply for domestic purposes from a reservoir at Dundnrn. The water woul< seldom rise above the first floor, and in many instances be confined t« the basement. The higher portions of the eastern part of the City,— being most distant from the reservoirs, — would be subject to lh< greatest loss of head, and be likewise inadecjualely supplied. In the City of New York the distance from llie Dislributing Reser i voirs to the Battery is about three miles, and the head about ninet2 feet. Although New York has the largest description of distributing pipes, there being a direct line of thirty-six inch pipe leading dowi i Broadway, yet the draught is so great that the water seldom risei more than thirty feet (during the hours of greatest consumption,) at th« Battery,— about two-thirds of the whole available head being consumet in overcoming the friction due to the distance and the draught. When it is considered how large a proportion of the ultimatij expenditure will be represented by the distributing pipes, at the engint house and in the reservoirs, it would always be a source of regret if — for the consideration of a limited sum in the original outlay, and j slightly increased annual cost for coal, — an elevation of reservoir were adopted which would give but a partial supply to a very con siderable portion of the City, while upon no part of the eommercia portion of it could the advantages of a fire pressure be obtained. Thi eastern part of the City being the most distant from Dundurn woal< have no more than an efficient hend for distribution. Prkssure. — The advantages of pressure are next only to those o quantity and quality. In all cities where by accident or design ai! efficient pressure exists, fire engines have been superseded. In deal ing with a fire, early action is most important, for no amount o Water will extinguish a fire after the wood commences to produci; gas. Where the pressure exists the water can be applied and th< fire extinguished before the engines could arrive on the ground. Tht interest of the additional cost required to secure a fire pressure, wher< such is practicable, would be more than repaid by the reduction in th< rates of insurance. 22 t r h ^ ' Again, where there is suflTicicnl hend the pipes ore always full; , fwhere thii* in not the case, the water lluctuates in the upper stories, *tho moist pipes are corroded and destroyed, and when filled again , llimpart deleterious properties to the water. ', Lastly, lor street purposes, the greater the pressure the more rapidly •Sand elliciently the gutters and pavements ean be seoured, and the dust •laid. ' In pumping, the cost of coal consumed will be in proportion to the height to which a given quantity of water is raised, but the charge for I'^labour, stores, &c., does not increase in the same proportion. In fact, With the exception of the coal, there would be but little increase in 'the annual cost for high lifts compared with low ones. R I am convinced that a reservoir at Dundurn will be too low, except ffor storage ; and as there is not suflicient dillerence of elevation in the high and low districts to warrant two systems of distribution, I am of 4opinion that the head must be taken from a reservoir under the moun- ■lain. The absence of any favorable area of considerable extent at the 'proper elevation, coupled with the high value of such ground, and the •uost of constructing large reservoirs in such situations, may make it •^advisable to use the highly favourable site of Dundurn as a storage ^ reservoir, (where a month's supply could be retained in case of acci- ^tient) and as a substitute for increased or duplicate engine power, or •for other more expensive precautions which may be recpiired to guard lagainst such accident. J The most suitable position for the distributing reservoir would be ^at the head of John Street, at an elevation of 180 feet above the Hay; 'and the best position for the pumps, taking all the circumstances ol ' the case into consideration, would be at the foot of this street. QUALITY OF THE WATER. This is a question of the first importance, and one which should be JU a leading consideration in the choice between dillerent plans. It is very desirable that the quality should not only be unobjection- able in a sanitary point of view, but also, as far as practicable, in a commercial one; that the water should not only be sufficiently pure for drinking purposes, but that it should be sufficiently soft for domes- tic and manufacturing use. Next to the supply itself, nothing will ryi tend more to the health, comfort, and prosperity of the citizens, than |i the possession of superior quality in that supply ; and the satisfaction that would undoubtedly be felt from the reflection that the best had 9m 83 f boon obtained would not only oasc the bnrdcn of its cost, but would prove (1 primary consideration in the minds of immigrants of capital whether as residents or manufacturers, in chousing iliis City for thoii hotne. A pure and a soft water is therefore required ; but a water may be both pure and soft, »ration, may be expected to diminish the hardness. It is' impossible to say to what extent this may take place, but as Professor CiioFT found very little ditlcrence between the hardness of the water of Ancast(«r Creek and that of the Grand River, the result being slightly in favour of the former, I cannot consider the hardness of this water, although an objection, by any means a serious one. A certain amount of hardness is fully established to be a benefit in a town supply. A very pure (and therefore soft) water is found to dissolve lead, imparting poisorjous properties to the supply, while water in which there is at least g^/^^ part of solid matter, in the form of sul- 24 jiphates and carbonates, will not act injuriously upon lead. The use i-of lead for house services is so essential that even an excess of hard- *!.iness may be preferable to a deficiency. .; Professor Croft, who has kindly and promntly supplied me with all ^}| information with reference to his analysis, says that the specimens flfurnished him were not selected or put up in a manner proper for l^chemical analysis. He writes : I " The Burlington Bay water is decidedly the best, but the Ancastef i Creek and Grand River are far below the average hardness oftlie Avaters Isupplied to most towns, and I do not consider there could be the • slightest objection to either of them as far as their chemical constitution is concerned." He also srys : " If water could be obtained from the Ancaster Creek in sufficient quantity, it would be preferable to obtaining it from the Bay, although the latter is undoubtedly purer. Ut must be remembered that, as the town increases, more filth will jtpass into the Bay, and a deterioration must gradually take place." A The celebrated physician Haller says : " Mountain water, as it is 1 pure and cold to the taste, is also beneficial to the health for drinking. I x If it cannot be obtained, river water may be resorted to. Well water r il put in the last place, although everywhere it is agreeable for its I 1 coldness. It is almost always hard, unsuitable for dissolving soap, f' ( and for cooking vegetables. The water of lakes, even although they f I may contain the purest waters, and apjjear pellucid, nevertheless f I become tepid frcm their isolation, and are flat and vapid. I know ;^ therefore of no water more fit for the use of man than that from rain? '•jl I which, distilling by percolation, flows crystalline and of iIk; lightest i I quality through (juartose sandy soil or pure rock, even though it be' :' I somewhat heavier than rainwater; cold, but not ca^^ily frozen in !^ winter, and ever pertinaciously flowing in the midst of a rigid frost; ' not changeable by rain ; making a lalher easily with soap; boiling I* vegetables to softness; not easily becoming putrid; neither coUeci- J ing greenness nor retaining it ; easily allaying thirst." With respect to the probability of maintaining the Ancaster water I* |l in a pure state, the natural features of the district, as developed by the I: ' survey, are generally favorable ; and as the effect of the upper reser- *' 1 voirs will be to retain the floods, the water will be delivered into the I ^ lower ones without scouring the bed and banks of the stream as is ! now done during a freshet. } The run bemg short, and the bottom of the streams generally sand, ^ gravel, stones, or rock, a very little expenditure will make the natural stream unobjectionable as an open conduit. Wf 25 The mills and mill-dams must be placed under certain conditions, in order to maintain the greatest possible purity in the streams. Water is not a substantial right, which any man can appropriate and use as he pleases. This right is always subject to those which others may acquire with respect to the same water ; and no proprietor can use it upon his own land in such a way as would render it unserviceable to other parties below him. The millers are therefore bound to deliver the water in as good a condition as lliey receive it, unless they have acquired the right to defile it by twenty years practice without protest. The use of the water to turn a wheel improves instead of injuring its quality ; the above remarks therefore refer to the right of the proprietors to cast rubbish, &c., into the stream. If, however, the water in the reservoirs should at any time become disturbed, the pure water basin would maintain the supply until that in the former had subsided ; and if found necessary, the water can be strained through a bed of gravel before entering the pure water basin. Stagnation. — The most important consideration is the probability of the water in the reservoirs becoming impure, in hot weather, from the action of vegetable or organic matter, or from more subtle causes. Within the last two or three years, the water supplies of both Albany and Boston have been tainted in a remarkable manner during the hot weather, concerning the causes of which there has been much differ- ence of opinion, and as yet the question has not been satisfactorily solved. At Albany the contamination first took place in the storage reservoir, and was ascribed to the vegetable matter, which was the accumnlatioii of ages, and which had not been removed when the reservoir was formed. By drawing down the water, and removing the peaty soil, its purity was restored. In a subsequent year tlie iclnt^ again appisiring in the storage reservoir, it was supposed to be traced to a particular vegetation, for on withdrawing the water below lhat,| it again became sweet. The last dillicnlty occurred in the city reser- voir, and was remedied by cutting off" this supply, and feeding directly from the storage reservoir. At Boston, the taint appeared after many years use, in a lake of remarkable purity and great depth, from which the city derives its ' upply, and has been ascribed, by the Commissioners appointed to inquire into it, to " minute aquatic organisms," and to the drainage of swampy lands. These occurrences may be adduced as arguments against a gravi- tation supply ; but when the number and importance of these supplies, 26 i! f f ^ j 1 P 4 I- p fi M '] a In ) 1 a • a iP Ifi a I C f( tj i t< :^ where no such difficulties have been experienced, are considered, this reasoning cannot be admitted. The City of New York is supplied by gravitation on a larger scale than that of Boston, and no complaint of the quality of the water has be»^n made ; while one of the most extensive and important supplies in Britain, that of the City of Man" Chester, is upon the same principle as the Ancasler scheme, viz : a collection of water from gathering grounds. Edinburgh, Greenock, and Paisley, the Gorbals Gravitation Company of Glasgow, and many other towns in Britain are similarly supplied, viz : by storing the flood waters and feeding them out in dry weather. Large sheets of water of twenty acres and upwards, when exposed to agitation from the wind, will be kept in good condition during the summer months even wiiliout the aid of a living stream. In ihe present case, all the information I have received proves that none of the streams on which reservoirs will be placed have been known to dry up ; and a very small accession is sufficient to keep large masses of water in good condition. Perhaps the best evidence both of the purity and permanence of the streams is that several of them are known lo contain trout. The drought of September last was said to be most severe ; and although every brook between Ancaster and Hamilton was dry, and many of the larger streams, such as at Albion Mills, none of the Ancaster ones were without running water. The severest droughts may take place in a wet year, and as these are generally preceded as well as followed by heavy rains, the recollection of an unusual drought need excite no apprehensions of a failure of the supply, where an efficient storage system exists. Quality of Pumping Supply, The only question affecting the salubrity of the Bay water, is the probability of its deep open portion having imparted to it any im- portant admixture of the vegetable and organic matter which abound in the marsh and inlets. After a heavy rain, when the marsh and inlets are pouring in their contributions, the effect of wind and the action of the paddles of steamers would tend to disseminate the impurities more or less over the surface. The soil around the Bay is a peculiarly soluble one ; during a continued rain the gutters in the graded streets run a sort of liquid paint, and it has been stated that after the rain-storm of last summer the surface of the Bay was dis- coloured for days. It would be necessary to have reservoir capacity 3 27 ^i I sufficient to render any supply from the Bay unnecessary while it was in this state. The suspended impurities would be quickly precipitated, and the water would resume its usual state ; but whet proportion of the floating impurities might be dissolved^ and enter into the consumption, is a question too subtle to be determined. Chemical analysis of a water subject to so many changes of condition must be repeated to be relied upon. In winter, when protected by ice, or when at rest in summer, the water of the Bay appears unobjectionable in point of condition, and when disturbed such water can be purified rapidly, elliciently, and economically, by subsidence. Neither filtration nor subsidence, however, will remove chemical combinations, and if there bo any inherent objectionable quality derived from the putrid masses in the marsh and inlets, in the water of the Bay, this will remain. The chief dilliculty 1 apprehend will be to obtain it always in good condition. If let into a subsiding reservoir, I fear it will be as much injured as benefitted by isolation ; in short, that while deposit- ing the suspended sediment, it might become deteriorated in quality. The effect produced by any water upon the population drinking it is generally conceded to be the best test of its salubrity. I am not aware whether any considerable portion of the population are in the habit of drinking the water from the Bay. The exhalations from the marsh or stagnant inlets are sufficient to account for the unhealthiness of certain localities, without the aid of other influences ; but next to the air that is breathed, the human constitution is soonest affected by the water that is drunk. The superior softness of the Bay water makes it preferable for manufacturing purposes, washing, and cooking; but for drinking, I consider it inferior to that from Ancaster. The one may be considered preferable in a commercial, the otlier in a sanitary point of view ; but as it does not appear that the Ancaster water, though harder, is excessively so, or unfit for domestic and manufacturing purposes, in point of general fitness for a town supply, I think it cannot be ranked inferior to that of the Bay. There is a slight peculiarity of odour and flavour even in fresh sam- ples from ihe Bay, which increase to disagreeableness if the water is allowed to stand, from which I would fear that it will more easily become putrid than other waters. Its tendency to collect and retain greenness is evinced by the condition of the inlets. Although there may not appear to be anything in the water itself, when first taken from the open bay, to warrant its rejection, yet its iP^HHI 28 i free communication with such vast masses of objectionable matter will, I fear, give rise to prejudice which no reasoning can remove ; and this, I consider, would be a sufficient reason for giving a preference, other things being equal, to sources to which such objections cannot be raised. Prejudices where the error is upon the safe side may sometimes rise to the dignity of principles ; and in a matter where it is so important to satisfy the public, it would not be prudent to run counter to the honest convictions of any considerable portion of the community, however unfounded these may be considered by another portion— except under the plea of a strong necessity. Lake Water. — With respect to the water from Lake Ontario, I am of opinion that it could be obtained in the same condition at all sea- sons, and that it would be of superior quality, neither soft enough to act injuriously upon lead, or hard enough to be objectionable for com- mercial purposes, and that it would at all times be equal to the best quality of filtered water. ( J 1 ( 12 i It if- W ' t i 1 1 -I , THE ESTIMATE. Both the gravitation and the pumping systems will admit of progres- sive construction, as it will not be necessary to collect the full amount of water under the former, or to provide the whole of the engine power under the latter, until the population of the City is doubled. Distribution. — The costofthepipeswithintheCity limits, with their necessary valves, hydrants, &c., is an item common to each plan of sap- ply, and, when the j)opulation has reached 50,000, will not vary much from £1 5s. per head, or £62,500. It will of course be much influencea by the manner in which the population may be distributed, and whether it is scattered or condensed. In comparing the different plans for the full supplyfor 50,000 inhab- itants the above r.um should be taken ; but it is not probable that the immediate outlay would exceed £25,000 or £30,000,because, although in all the main features of the different plans it may be necessary to construct the works with reference to a supply for 50,000 inhabitants, it is evident that the pipes need only be laid as they are called for annually by the increasing growth of the City. Two estimates are given, one for the full supply of 2,500,000 gallons daily average, and the other for one half this amount; the former (for gravitation plan) embracing all the available water of Ancaster and Coldspring Creeks, the latter that of Ancaster Creek only. 29 ^P! ESTIMATE FOR THE GRAVITATION SUPPLY. Although it would not be necessary to go beyond Ancaster Creek for present wants, it would be prudent to purchase all the land required for the full supply, to guard against increased demands, and improvements which might be made. This is a disadvantage of the gravitation scheme as compared with pumping ones. In estimating the cost of a gravitation supply, the amount which it may be necessary to pay for water cannot be now arrived at, nor would it be prudent here to set down a specific sum for such a pur- pose. As already stated, the miller's proportion cannot be ascertained until the streams have been guaged throughout the year, nor can the necessity for the purchase of water be determined until that is done. It is assumed, however, that the water-power below the conduit line will be purchaf^ed, and in order that its value may be approxi- mated, the following es^timate is submitted : — The ordinary How of Ihe streams, as uninfluenced by floods, may be taken at two hundred cubic feet per minute, and I do not think the millers either use or would claim more than this amount. From the conduit line to the Bay the fall is 240 feet, a large portion of which may not be available, as the cost of the water-power might exceed its value. The streams being light, a fall exceeding ten feet is j j required to give any ellicient power, and the want of, or the cost of ji obtaining this full, is probably the reason why only one water power has been occupied on each of the streams below the Sulphur Spring and the Red Mill. It will be conceded, however, for the purposes of this estimate, that two hundred feet of this fall is available, which would give about seventy-five nominal horse power. It is probable that the dams and land purchase necessary to make use of this power would reduce its value, if not destroy it ahogether; but if the highest price is paid for it, it cannot be considered a very serious charge. ESTIMATE FOR THE PUMPING SUPPLY. I, Pumping from the Bay. The greatest consumption for the summer months is estimated at 16,000,000 cubic feet, or 100,000,000 gallons, per month=370 cubic feet per minute. The distance of the pumps from the reservoirs would be nearly two milesi and the elevation of the water-surface in 1 I 30 the latter would be 180 feet above the Bay. The pumping main Would be tweniy-four inches in diameter, capable of passing (when sufficient power is provided) the whole supply in twelve hours with a velocity of not exceeding four feet per second. The head required to overcome the friction in a main of this length and size, for the maximum supply, if raised in twelve hours, would be about thirty feet ; so that the pumps would in that case have a lift equal to a column of 210 feet high at the engine. If raised in twenty-four hours, only about one-fourth this head would be required. For convenience of extension and security, engines of 100 horse-power each would be employed, three of which would be required (one as a reserve) when the maximum supply is reached. For some years to come two engines of this size woald be sufTicient, one of which would be in reserve in case of accident to the other. ^ I li ! It t J I! i D t II. Pumping from the Lake. The elevation of the reservoir under the mountain opposite " Slab- town" would be placed thirty feet higher than that of a reservoir in the City at the head of John Street, as proposed in the plan of pumping from the Bay. The pumping main from the Lake to the Mountain would be twenty-four inches in diameter, and the supply-pipe from Slablown to the City twenty inches. A reservoir in the City would not be necessary until the twenty inch pipe required more than thirty feet head to send on the supply; in which case, a small city reservoir would store, at night, a surplus for the excess of draught during the day. The distance from the Beach to the Mountain is about equal to that from Slabtovvn to the central part of the City, each being a little over three miles. The proposed site for the pumps and reservoir, as well as the route of the mains, are marked approximately on the plan. These will be subject to revision on a fullercxaminationof the ground at the proper season. It may prove advisable to bring in the supply pipe upon the line of the Dover Railway, if that road is constructed. COST. In order to establish a fair comparison between the cost of the gravitation and pumping plans, the annual cost of maintaining each system is capitalized and added to the cost of works. The detail of the estimates will be found in the Appendix. 31 The relative cost of the several plana, including the capital repre- sented by the annual cost of each^ at 6 per cent.^ would be as follows : — SUrPLY FOR 60,000 INHABITANTS. From Ancaster (exclusive of water-power purchase or com- pensation,) £220,000 From Burlington Bay, 243,000 From Lake Ontario, 285,500 SUPPLY FOR 25,000 INIIAlilTANTS. From Ancaster (exclusive of water-power purchase or com- pensation,) £125,000 From Burlington Bay, 166,500 From Lake Ontario, 187,500 Deducting the capital represented by the annual cost, the outlay required for each would be : — SUPPLY FOR 60,000 INITABITANTS. From Ancaster (exclusive of water-power purchase or com- pensation,) £205,000 From Burlington Bay, 180,500 From Lake Ontario, 215,500 SUPPLY FOR 25,000 INHABITANTS. From Ancaster (exclusive of water-power purchase or com- pensation,) £115,000 From Burlington Bay, 129,000 From Lake Ontario, 147,500 CONCLUSION. The gravitation scheme does not appear to offer any important advantages on the score of economy ; in the matter of quality I con- sider it superior to that of a supply from the Bay, but inferior to one from the Lake. In point of delivery it has great advantages over any pumping plan, as any required elevation can be obtained at nearly the same cost. It is, however, complicated in its arrangements, and so much connected with individual interests, that it may be tedious as well as expensive to put in operation. The storage is expensive in proportion to the capacity of the reservoirs, — the quality of the water would be variable with the condition of the streams, and is harder than is desirable. There would also be some risk in the 3fi i 2 I 11, t fc . If: m w maintenance of works extending over several square miles of country ; and — unlftss private rights can be extinguished by purchase in the outset — there would be the contingency of exposure to frequent and repealed chiims for damages. In coming to a decision as to the relative merits of the gravitation or the pumping system, — both of which are practicable, — it is important to looV forward to the time when the population of Hamilton may exceed 50,000 inhabitants. The examinations made have been based upon this maximum as fixed by my instructions, — but when this population is attained, the probabilities of its being doubled will be as great as they now are of its being reached. Looking at the com- manding position of Hamilton, as the head of the larger navigation • of the River St. Lawrence, and as the junction of the main railway 1 routes from the Canadian and tiie American sea-boards, — and there- fore the natural depOt for the rich peninsula to tiie west of it, — I see no good reason for limiting its population to 50,000 inhabitants. Before the population reaches one hundred thousand, a larger sup- ply of water will be required than can be alForded by the Ancastcr streams, or by any otlier gravitation sources nearer than the waters which How into the Grand Kivcr. In this case it would be necessary to obtain the required increase of supj)ly either by going to a greater distance or by pumping. The winter had set in before the plan of obtaining water from the Lake could be examined. The practicability of oblaining a supply through the gravel has not therefore been tested, although I consider there can be no doubt as to the result. Under any circumstances I see nodilFicully in obtaining a supply from the lake by previously slraininp; the water through gravel. Although the ultimate cost of this plan might prove the most expensive of the three, the outlay now required will be but little more than for any other scheme ; and with reference to the future I believe that a supply from this quarter would be worth more, and that the cost of it — at the highest estimate — would not be considered a burden. Taking all the questions of cost, quality, simplicity, and efliciency, into consideration, I would give the preference first to the supply from jj Lake Ontario, and secondly to that from Ancaster. t( C th b< to nc he w» da fro thi as Thi pip gra' syst T TIIOS. C. KEEFER. APPENDIX TO REI>0 JRT ON SUPPLY OF WATER TO TBE CITY OF HAMILTON. ^__^^i^iirfi6ft~ |] ;■ . 1 ^99 8- •§ S- t». 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