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Ii«TRODi;CTORV IVOTICK, Government Office for Emigkants, \ Saint Joktif Ne^v- Brunswick. ^ The matter contained in the following pages, and now given to the public, arose solely from an official circumstance and from no presumptuous motive of the auilior, to herald himself forth as a statistician of the Province, although his duty draws him much into consideration of those important topics and calls upon him to promulgate his enquiries and opinions for the information of persons who may entertain a desire to emigrate from the United Kingdom to New-Brunswick. On the second of April, therefore, a circular communication was received from a Society in Ireland, comoosed of Noblemen and Gentlemen, under the name of the " lAmerick Emigrants' Friend Sociefi/.** requiring snefi information as might be consi- ilered useful to the objects of their solicitude, and i)i whose cause their patriotic insti- tution Imd taken so active and benevolent a participation. In consequence of this official requisition, no time was lost by the Emigrant Agent in adding his humble aid to their philanthropic design ; and, accordingly, on the fifth of the same month, a letter was addressed, as directed, through the Colonial Office, to the Secretaries, the substance of which is detailed in the following queries and re- plies. Hut, to render the subjects treated of more perspicuously obvious to persons interested, and less dry than a mere copy of the correspondence would have proveil to be, the questions propounded in the printed paper have been detached and answer- ed in a catechetical form, under their various heads — as Labour — Land and Agricul- ture — Trade — Roads — Education — Taxation — Miscellaneous, &c. &c. to which has been added some further information, the result of practical acquaintance with emigra- tion .-, with localities and topographical details, which may prove useful to future Emi tjrants, whose embryo designs may stiil require a maturing monitor. G INTRODUCTOnV NOTICE. Ill uiulcrtaking this task, however, many difticultics have presented themselves ; jiiid none, but a resident can be fully aware ot" the deplorable deficiency of accurate statistical records in the country, althou'^h its infancy has attained the age of more than half a century. Whatever subject, nevertheless, is herein treated of, has been with assiduity enquired into, and developcil with fidelity. The paucity of this information is, however, much to be regretted on high public considerations, for it is already cvi- ilent, that the more the resources of the country are examined, the niore are its caj)a- bilities made manifest, and its present and prospective intrinsic value as an integral por- 'ion of the empire made properly known, and must thereby tend tO continue its due ap- preciation in the eyes of the British Government. Wise, generous and protecting as that Government is to her Provincial offspring and their interests, it is no just cause of surprise that, with little better than mere hypothetical data as her guide, she sliould sometimes be led to assume a course of Colonial policy at variance with her constant gooil intentions towards them. But, whenever such results do occur, (and unfortu- nately they will occur in the best regulated governments,) it should be well rememberetl here, that as yet, sufHcient information has not been transmitted to enable her to ba- nish any theoretical princi})les of policy that may exist in her administration of their affairs, and to substitute in its stead a more safe and useful course, founded upon ac- curate information — and the practical application of liberal and enlightened views i^])ringing from that most wholesome fountain. Without recapitulating the Resolutions passed at the general meeting of the soci- ety referred to, their object will be best explained and understood, by inserting their letter and questions, and also will help to elucidate the author's reasons for send- ing fortii the correapondcnco in its present form, and hi« rlosirn to render it as useful as possible to all classes of Emigrants, but particularly to the labouring classes, to per- sons of limited capital or means, who are in general surrounded with small and in-, creasing families. 1. Dial l.alx Smit 'J. 3. ov'or nidi' (Copy.) Sin,- " We have the honour to transmit to you the Resolutions of a Society, which has been formed " in Limerick, for tiie purpose of affording information to persons desirous to emigrate. As the ** Committee are desirous to procure, from competent persons in the Colonies, correct and exact in- " telHgence with eference to particular districts, we are directed to request that you will aid in the •^ philanthropic objects the Society has in view, by answering the following queries ; and at the same " time, that you will be pleased to add any further information which you think may be useful in ad- '• vancing its objects." - , , . . < iNTnonirrTORY NOTirK. iii;kkiei». 7 LAnOTIR 1. What «ro tho usual waRcs of LalinuiTrH ? — Distinguiah particularly the wa^eH of Agricultural l.abourcrrt from tlin iliU'crcnt son of ArtitiuorH, n« Smiths, Oar M-ntcrs, MnHons, &i;. t. What (leocription of LahourcrR iiii most in ra- (JUtMt ? :i. At what nunilmr ilo you rstiinatn the total po- j)ulHtii»n comprised within o circle of ton miles in ovnry dirriction, from tho point ot which you rc- hidi', or within your Township .' ■1. How many Emigrant;! could Imj annually nl>- sorhcd or located with advantage as sfttlers withiu ihi.i dintrict P I-ANn AWD AGRICULTURE. 1. What ill tho usual price per acre of cleared Land i" 2. What i.i tho usual prico per acre of uncleared Land :* .1. What is the cx|)onco, per acre, of clearing Land > +. What is tho ordinary return of produce of ditlercnt ,' Slock, as Agricultural impluinent?, milch ('owH, Slinnp, Horses, Pigs, &.c. f 6. What amount of food, lioyond whft is requir- ed for home consumption is annually produced in your dintrict ? 7. In there much land in your neighbourhood still ungranted and open for sale ? TRADE. 1. Of what articles docs the trado of your dis- trict ])rincipally consist .' 9. Wha, i.4 your nearest Market Town .' 3. What di^scription of shop-Iceeiiers are most wanted in the towns in your neighbourhood r 'I. State the prices of ordinaiy articles of con- sum]»tion, ns bread, beef, mutton, butter, candles, soap, spirits, wine, tobacco, malt liquor, tea, cof- I'ef, ::jugar, Sec. clothing, &,c. r.. .\re there any manufartnrrs in your iieigh- bourhooti ? Ifnny, of what descriptinn ■' ROADS. I. Whfit is the state of Roads in your iirigldiour- liood ? 'J. What facility in the way of water carriage do you enjoy .' a. What is the easiest and chenpr.''t iiuidc of or- riving nt your settlement ? EDUCATION. 1. What is tho state ofeducation in your district!" 2. Are Clerks and Schocdmasters wanted .' 3. Is there much facility fur the purchase of Books } 4. What newspapers circulate in your jieigh- bourhoud ,' TAXATION. L To what local taxation are yoti subject .' MISCELLANEOT^S. 1 . What is the general character of your climatr ;• 2. Are thero any mines or mineral indications in your di.strict .' Is coal foimd in nbundonce.' 3. Are you in want of Medical men or t'lergj- mcn in your di.-strict .' What remuneration would persons of these professions bo likely to receive, in case they should emigrate to yourncighljourhood .' ;irt of the countrv. The whole consist of 18,3K) families, bcino: an average )'" six and a fraction for everv famih . !. (^n.sTioN. — "//ore many Emigrants could he annually absorbed as Lahou7rrs, '• or located -vith advantage within this district ? Answku. — The average standard of labourers annually employed tliroughout the j\ ovinco is estimated at seven thousand ; but from the contingencies attending mcr- STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 11 cantile aft'airs, that number can be only hypothetically stated. Yet, in roi)ly to t'lw latter part of the question, let it be considered, tliat there are many millions of ;icr( s of g;oou land still vacant in the country, upon which an almost infinitude of settler'^ may be located, provided they are possessed of the limited means necessary for th -t purpose at the outset: the amount of which and thi ; result will be hereafter shown. Some, however, estimate the power of the Province for Emigration less Inghly tiiaii others ; and others, again, repudiate altogether the idea of beneficial efl'ccts from ir. The validity of the political creed of such persons, relative to this branch of Colonial economy, is far more than questionable ; for it surely appears, that no more sound cri- terion for forming a due estimate of its value can be fnuid than in the present condi- tion of this country. By comparing its deficiency of agricultural produce and animal food with the demand for them, to supply its commercial and lumbering, or manufactur- ing labourers — the deteriorating eft'ects of foreign importations, and tiie vast consmnp- tion of articles of foreign growth — (a decided premium to the foreign husbandman, merchant and shipowner) — and at the same time compare the disproportionate popuhi- tion to the vast extent of vacant and available soil, and a moral conviction must be in- duced, that numerical physical strength and comparatively trifling pecuniary means are alone wanting, not merely to develope the immensity of this Colony's resources, but to carry them to a high degree of local and national advantage. And was it the ob- ject of the present pages to attempt comparative elucidations of progressive culture, \^o might refer to that of Scotland, which its most excellent agriculturist and statcsmar: avers to have had upwards of 13,000,000 of uncultivated acres as late as 1824, which, lui- der almost any circumstance, is not discouraging to the Emigrant farmer licre to per- severe in bis avocations tu pioducc the requisite supplks tor himself and the demands for market. Under this head, it may be well to acquaint Emigrants, that it is during the winter season, when they cannot farm, that the principal labour of cutting dowi: and squaring timber is carried on in the woods. This, for the preservation of the tim- ber, is considered the best time for felling ; as the sap is then lodged in the root, whicii is generally thought preferable to the season when the trunk is full of sap. But regu- lar lumberers prefer cutting as early after August as possible, and taking advantage oi the first sufficient snow to haul and yard their timber, preparatory to stream and river driving. Emigrants are hired to a limited number, to cook and drive for the lumber- ing parties, before they acquire the use of the axe — m which many soon become expert. Others are employed yarding the timber, as cut, in convenient pHces, preparatory to stream-driving in the spring, when the breaking up of winter, with rains, raises the rivers, and the timber is put into rafts, and floated down to the shipping ports. As a further source of emigrant employment, their attention may be directed to the manu- facture of earthen ware and bricks, as there is abundance of suitable argillous earthf. in convenient situations for both purposes. 12 STATISTICAL ODSBRVATIONS. LAND AND AGRICULTURE. J. Question. — " What are the usual prices qf cleared Land?** Answer. — The quality and situation of all lands naturally regulate their price. In the vicinity of towns or comparatively thickly settled districts or villages, they bear a va- ried value, and which, when compared to that of the whole provincial territory, may be considered high. In the immediate neighbourhood of Saint John there is very little good upland, the greater portion being covered with dense forests of spruce timber and rocks ; but there is a considerable quantity of alluvial marsh lands, which, being reclaimed and limed, produce abundant crops of hay ; and the city being the principal seaport and chief commercial town, every arable patch is of value ; from which the ori- ginal holders from the Crown have acquired great wealth, whilst the purchasers and small tenants under them make very comfortable livings, by keeping dairies and cultl- vating vegetable gardens, for the supply of the City market. It is hardly possible, however, to estimate a valid aggregate price of the land or farms throughout the country, in a similar manner, to properties in the usual districts of the United Kingdom. Very few farms are rented or leased, and the great body of agrarian proprietors occupy and cultivate their own : so that no calculation of a very accurate nature can be made of the interest received, or the capital invested. It may, nevertheless, be nearly correct to average the value of the whob cleared land, on good FarmSy with suitable and suffi- cient buildings and dwelling-houses, throughout the Province, at thirty to forty shillings per acre. Tiiat class of persons, known at home by the name of Gentlemen Farmers, does not vegotate here. I mean, of course, no invidious reflection on the colo- nial husbandmen, many of whom possess a large shore o£ sluewd intelligence, and great integrity in their dealings, although by no means scientific cultivators — but merely state, for the information of those designing to emigrate, that every one who here engages in agricultural pursuits, must apply his own and his family's personal labour and exertions, if he expects to succeed in his undertaking. To facilitate the views of, and accommodate, persons arriving with an intention of procuring cultivated farms, the Emigrant Agent at Saint John has a number of private properties of that description for sale, suitable to the capital of the applicant, from jf 100 to -3^1500 value. 2. Question. — " What is the usual price, per acre, qf uncleared Land ? Answer. — The minimum Government price, per acre, for wilderness or uncleared land, in any situation, is, at the present moment, three shillings and sixpence, payable in four annual instalments of twenty-five per cent, of the purchase money, one of which is made when the application is put in, or the purchaser may pay the whole at once j when a sixpence per acre is deducted from the credit price. In peculiar STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. id situations, the price is considerably advanced ; but, in all cases, the buyer is possest in fee simple of the soil, subject only to a nominal or pepper-corn quit-rent, as a mere acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the Crown. Private proprietors, however, who hold lands by patent or grants issued antecedent to these regulations, put a high- er value on them if for sale — ^but such as are forced into the market by public sale, are generally sacrificed at a low price. It is necessary here to observe, however, that the terms of Crown prices arc ma- terially affected by the advancing circumstances of the Province : four and six shillings have in many instances been the upset prices per acre, and considerable advances given on those prices by competitors at public auction. Speculations in cases of uncleared limber lands are occasionally interrupted by the suspension of sales ; but applications for actual settlement lands continue to be received. 3. Question. — " What is the expence per acre of clearing Land ?** Answer. — If labourers are hired to perform the work, (in which the preliminary steps consist of cutting down the trees, burning the brush and timber, and fencing,) costs (independent of the ulterior process of stumping or clearing the land of the roots of the trees, which is seldom done until they become rotten and less tenacious of their hold in the soil,) from £3 to ^4 per acre, and then the field is considered fit for agricultural purposes. And it is by the settlers employing themselves and families in this manner, without any extraneous aid or expenditure, that their properties acquire their progressive improvement and value. Herein, therefore, consists one of the essen- tial advantages to the labouring agrarian emigrant of locating himself as early as pos- sible after arrival, particularly if he has a rising family. If he should possess any ban- dy craft knowledge, he will always be able to barter its produce for the personal la- bour of his neighbour, in aiding himself to j oceed with his improvements. In this way, although the ssttler may not ostensibly earn so mucJi daily wages, as if he had been engaged by another, yet, unquestionably, he derives a more substantial and far less ephemereal reward for his labour. For, during the whole period of his work upon the land, save only at the very first outset, he is and has been supporting his family from it, and will find, at the termination of a short series of years, that he and they, with con- tinued industry, possess a far more staple means of support than if they had been hired at daily wages in towns, where labour is fluctuating, through casualties of trade and vicis- situdes of seasons ; whilst there are only few days' interruption from the latter, in which he cannot do something on the farm, either to advance its progress or add to the comfort of his family, who, in their turn, are put into early and active industry as working farmers. This opinion is advanced upon no vague or theoretical doctrine of wilderress settle- ment 'y but from observation of the practical results during fifteen years intimacy with the progress of emigrants in their woodland avocations in various sections of the country. i4- STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 4. QuKSTioN. — " }Vhat is the ordiiiarij return of'produce of different descriptions, yitkh'd hi/ an acre ()/^ cultivated Land?'* ' ;, ' i' - Answer. — The average return ol" crops, per acre, from lard in its first state of iinprovcincnt — tiiat is ciioppccl and burnt — are, 100 bushels Potatoes, (Winchester measure,) 25 ditto Oats, ^20 ditto Barley, 10 ditto Wheat, 20 ditto Rye, 30 ditto Utickwheat, ^0 ditto Maize, or Indian Corn, 1 ton Hay. Turnip culture is yet in its infancy, but attracting the well merited attention of farmers, from the success that has attended the cultivation of the harder kinds, such as Iluta Baga and Aber- deenshire yellow — some crops of which have been found to exceed in size and weight those grown in the United Kingdom. Carrots, Beets, Cabbages, Celery, Cucumbers, Asj)aragus, and other culinary vegetables, are raised in abundance ; but orchard hor- (icultuic is very limitedly prosecuted. In the interior there are great quantities of wild fruits, viz. Cherries, Beech-nuts, Raspberries, Cranberries, and in some districts an indigenous grape of diminutive size and flavour. Melons are reared in great j)ertection ; but the dampness of t'le atmosphere on the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Bay of Fundy prevents their attaining the same maturity as in the interior. A comparative view of the prices of the staple crops above numerated and the ex- pence of clearing, seeding, and tilling the land, will shew the actual return to the la- !)ouring settlers — See Table No. 3, page 19 — (Trade.) I'. QUESTION.—" JVhat are the ordinary prices of' Farming Stock ; as Agricultural implements, Milch Cows, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, 3,'c.?" Answer. — The following is an average estimate of the prices required : — Horses, £{^2 : 10s. to £35 each ; Cows, £5 to ^^10 ; Sheep, 10s. to 15s. ; Pigs, according to size — (for value, see prices of Pork ;) Draught Oxen, £14/ to £'iO a pair ; Carts, ^£"8 to ^10 and £l'2 ; Waggons, £7 : lOs. to £15 ; Ploughs, £i to £5 — American ma- nufacture generally in use : they are small, and very convenient for working amongst stumps in the fields that are only partially cleared. Sleds about 40s. and Riding Sleiglis, 51. to 12/. : IOa'. Portable hand Grist Mills have been imported, and found very useful indeed in the remote settlements, where there are no water powers, or ra- tiiei* where the settlers have not means to erect other mills. They cost from 71. to 12/. The first introduced were from London, as far back as 18 IS. Sir John Sinclair highly recommends Doggers ; but they are now had easily from the United States at various prices : from whence also Threshing Machines of different powers have been procured, and found very useful in grain districts, where agricultural labourers arc scarce. The best Fanning machinery has been imported from Scotland, and cost from 4/. to 5/. complete — tiie Irons only should be imported. The implements required by STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1,1 settlers at their outset in the woods arc few — viz. Axes, 10s. each ; a Hoe, (peculiar to the country) 4s. j Grindstone, 3s. to .5s. ; Saw and Hammer, lOs. ; articles of the ehciaj)- cst kind for Cooking, worth from 3/. to 51.^ a pot, frying-pan, kettle, bukc-i)an, kc. Also substantial bedding and clothing. 6. Question. — " What amount of food hcijond what is required for Home con- sumption is annuaUij produced in your district V Axsn'Ku. — The County of Saint John is by no means an agricultural district, and so deficient is this Province of a knowledge of its own statistics, that an accurate an- swer cannot be given to the question propounded. So far, however, from having a general surplus in the country beyond that required for home consumption, largo quantities of provisions are annually imported from the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, Great Britain and Ireland, amounting during the last year to no less than £'l\^^'d^'2 ! after deducting the exports. But, in recording this deficiency of agricultu- ral produce, let it be understood that no niggard quality can be attributed to the land, for if duly tilled, the facts are obviously the reverse ; and from the humble character ol a great body of the thinly scattered population, and the timber-covered nature of the country, the science and practise of rural economy bears no comparative degree of ma- turity with the rapid advance of the commercial and maritime pursuits of the Province. The increase of emigrant and native population will naturally ameliorate this deficiency by admitting an extended division of labour to husbandry without withdrawing the necessary numbers from other avocations ; and in those it must not be overlooked, that a prosecution of in-shore Fishery, now increasingly and benGficially prosecuted by emigrants, is both a source of individual and provincial advantage, in supplying the na- tural deficiency of other food, and at the same time giving sinew and sustenance to the producers of it. During the administration of Sir Howard Douglas, a spirit was given to Agri- culture of a most beneficial tendency, by the general establishment of Agricultural and Emigrant Societies throughout the Province, by which both branches of its internal and ])olitical economy were very materially advanced. Cattle of various descriptions, blood Horses, short horn and Ayreshire Cattle, Leicester and South Down Sheep, Ameri- rican Porkers, Implements, and approved Seeds were imported ; Cattle Shows and agra- rian competitions established, and every wise and proper measur*^ adopted to promote the interest of the country and encourage domestic industry. .... For a length of time the Legislature expended a great deal of money in premiums for Grain, raised on new land j but its effect was found by no means to answer the object intended, and they have wisely abandoned the appropriation ; and it is expected that one of the most sure and radical means of reforming the imperfect system of culti- vation will soon be resorted to— viz. that of enforcing by a Legislative enactment the sale 16 STATISTICAL ODSERVATIONS. of all grain by xvcight instead of by measure — which yields the best possible premi- um to the husbandmen, in the price obtained for his produce. And recently a pub- lic body, under the patronage of the present Governor, Sir Archibald Campbell, has been formed at Fredericton, as a Floral and Horticultural Society, whose views, will, in some degree, facilitate this desirable object, so far as culinary vegetables, with some fruits and flowers, arc concerned — and, if followed up under fostering auspices, will lead to further good results to the country. 7. Question. — " Is there much Land in your neighbourhood still ungranted and for sale /"' Answer. — There is abundance of both Crown and private Lands for sale through- out the Province ; of which former, several hundred thousand acres have been sur- veyed by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and are open for immediate sale and location to all applicants belonging to His Majesty's dominions. Plans for the same purpose, of about seventy thousand acres are deposited in the office of the Emi- grant Agent at Saint John, who is also authorised to dispose of a number of private Farms of different values, to suit purchasers. Facilities of a like nature are offered to emigrants by the Agents at Miramichi and Saint Andrews. The annexed table will aff(^rd a succinct view of the area of the various counties and Province ; (of which more now than one-seventh is supposed to be granted or other- wise alienated from the Crown, and one-fifth of the whole is estimated as unavailable — that is to say, either covered with water — swamps — and plains unfit for cultivation, rocks and mountains,) tho proportion of population to the area — Militia to population — local or parochial taxes of counties, internal value and improvement, and the pro- jjortion of shipping to males — and general revenue, in proportion to trade and naviga- tion ; and all the relative bearings and results of different industries for the various and useful purposes of political economy and national consideration. The Counties of Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester, and part of Westmorland, are approached from the Gulph of Saint Lawrence and Bay Chaleur, and from Shedi- ac across the isthmus of the latter county the distance is only fourteen miles by land to the navigable waters of the Bay of Fundy. Charlotte County, including its nume- rous islands — Grand Manan, Deer, and Indian Island, &c. and Saint John and west- ern part of Westmorland by the Bay of Fundy. Saint Stephen, from its locality, is the Dover of the Province, and opposite the thriving American Calais, and at the beautiful Falls of the Magaguadavic is situate the rising town of Saint George. All the other inland counties are approached by the harbour of Saint John, whose river of the same name, independent of its magnificent tributaries, washes their banks from the Canadian frontier until it debouches into the Bay of Fundy, a distance of more than three hundred miles. A large tract of land in the interior, and extending from the STATISTICAL OHSRRVAT10NH. 17 Saint John to the Miramichi, and intersected by several streams of considerable mag- nitude, has lately been purchased by a Joint Stock Company in Great-Britain fron\ (rovernment, and its a<>;ents here are founding a town al)out its centre, which, in ho nour of the late Colonial Secretary, they have named *' Stanley," and another call.Hl " (!amj)l)ell," on t!ie Miramichi ; and have also erected saw n/ills, &c, for the acconi- modation of settlers: but in all sections there is abundance for every purpose of trade, agriculture and location. What their terms to emigrant purchasers will be. Is yet un- ktiown, but it is hoped they will bo favourable to both. The emigrant, however, has always the choice from whom he will purchase — the Crown or the (!Ionipany. TRADE. 1. Question. — " Of "d'liat articles docs the Trade of your District principally con sist r' Answer. — Considering this the principal question, and as comprehending in r. great measure the substance of what is required by the live propounded under the ar- ticle "Trade," in the general category, the whole may be best answered by conibin- ing them, and then giving a general and cursory view of the subject, with prices cur- rent of articles enumerated, and others, of material consequence, not referred to. The Trade, then, of the Province generally, and particularly that of this district, is very diversified, being composed of that with Great Britain and Ireland, the British North American Colonies, the West Indies, Belize, the United States, South and Cen- tral America, the Pacific and Oriental Whale Fisheries, those of Labrador and the Banks of Newfoundland, and the African trade. With the local and navigable faci- lities, therefore, and the intrinsic commodities of which the country is in possession, it will naturally be believed its commerce is on the increase, and such is the fact, and to a great extent. The chief sea-port towns, for vessels of large dimensions, are, Saint John, Saint Andrews — including the harbours of the Schoodiac, Magaguadavic, Digdequash, West Isles, and Chamcook, (where a most enterprising and intel- ligent merchant, has established an extensive Wet Dock, for the accommodation of vessels, and the first and only one in the Provinces of North America,) — is capable of containing 200 vessels of 300 tons each, and has, at spring tides, 22 feet of water in its basin. These, with Le Preaux, Quaco, and Shepody, are approached by the Bay of Fun dy. On the Gulf shore, Miramichi, including Newcastle and Chatham, Shediac, Cocagne, Buctouche and Richibucto, and the Restigouche and Nepisiguit, which flow into Bay Chaleur, are the harbours of Bathurst and Dalhousie. In addi- tion to these, there are many creeks and coves, where small cargoes are occasionally IS sTATisrrcA/, onai'.iiVATioNS. procured. Saint Joijn, although not tlie capital of the Province, lias been nppropriati- ly styled the "Commercial Metropolis;" and, after Quebec, is the next injportant port for the anival of Eniif^rants of all His Majesty's C-olonial Possessions, ami more «'asy of access than it. It is admirably situated to maintain its extendin;^ trade, having great resources from the interior, that can find no other chainiel to the ocean but through its harbour, which is open at all seasons of the year, for the arri- val, loiuling and dc|)arture of vessels of any size — of which, at the present moment, I'orty Thousand Tons, engaged in the Foreign trade, arc owned by her resident mcrchanls, and emj)loying from twelve to thirteen hundred British seamen. The port lies in '1'.5 deg. 15 niin. North Latitude, and 60 deg. f) min. 19 sec. West Longitude : the waters of whitli enter the Bay ci' Fundy about one hundred and twenty miles nortii of the Caj)e Sable S^al Islands, and in ruiniing for it vessels must stand well to the westward to open the IJay. — No less than 76»099 tons of ship])ing belong to the Province. As connected with some of the minor questions, it is proper here to remark, that soon after the foundation of the Colony, the town received a Koyal Charter constitut- ing it a City, (in 178'1',) with a Corporate Body of a Mayor, Aldermen, and other Municipal officers, with certain powers, privileges and immunities j and who, in Com- mon Council, regulate the terms upon which certain classes of traders are allowed to deal. Thus, no emigrant nor any other person can vend merchandise, without first, us a preliminary measure, obtaining the freedom of the city, for which a fee of £1 or £5 is charged — when he may deal in any article not exciseable ; but to retail wines or spirits, keep u tavern, or to sell by auction, requires a further fee of «^10 foi a tavern or retail license, and ^W for an auctioneer, with bonds in the latter case of £500, to render a just account of the proceeds of particular imposts to the Provincial Treasu- rer. In the other counties and towns, where business is not so extensive as at Saint John, those licenses cost materially less. The staple products of the country are — Square Timber and Masts, Boards and Plank, Deals and Staves, Fish of various kinds, cured in a wet and dried state, and ex- ported annually from all sections of the country to a large amount, chiefly to the West Indies and South America j and also the important branch of business daily increasing — Ship-building : the first altogether to the United Kingdom. Except i'rom any un- fortunate contingency, such as the failure of water in the rivers, at the time when the timber should be floated to market, the following are the usual average prices of Lum- ber cargoes, &c. taken for a period of five years j and at whicli ratio the prices are all given. STATISTirAL OIISERVATIONS. TABLE -No 1. 19 Squared White Pino 'I'imhcr, (17 inch square,) - - - 20s. Od. })cr Ton. " Red or Norway Pine, (l.st(|ijnlityheconieverysearcc,) 27.s. t)d. •• Sj)riiee Timber, - - '- - -' - Ifis. (id. Birch dillo, ms. Od, Pine Boards, (7-8 a I inch thick,) .... .50s. Od. M. Sup. ft. Spruce Deals, (iJ inchj 5'i8. id. Red Oak Hogshead Staves, (ij^ to the 100.) - - - 90s. Od. per M. it 12.5s. Od. per Ton. 1203. Od. No 2. Vessels, per register ton, witii Hull and Spars, will cost, if Copper fa.stcncil, .... Iron ditto, . , . . . Connected with Ship-building, the following current wholesale prices may be ad- vantageously inserted : — , Iron, flat anil round, 9l. to lOl. per ton ; Copper, in bolt and for sheathing, aboa( Is. Sd. per lb. ; Cordage, from 42s. fid. to 4.'>s. and 523. Cd. for special kinds j Twine, for sail making, of .'3-thread twist, about Is. Cd. to Is. 8d. per ib. Canvas, No. 1 to 7 : if bleached. No. 1, Is. 8d. per yard — a halfpenny down; if half bleached. No. 1, Is. Od. ditto ; brown or grey, Is. 3d. per yard — a halfpenny down, according to the No. ; Oakum, .S5s. per cwt. ; Pitch, 12s. Cd. per barrel; Tar, 12s. Cd. per barrel ; Tallow, 6d. per lb. No. 3. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES— Market Pricks Cuurknt. Wheat Flour, per brl. (196 lb.) 32.s. 6d. to 55s. Rye Flour and Maize, per ditto, 20s. to 22s. Gd. Oat Meal, per cwt. 15s. to 16s. Salt Pork, per barrel (200 lb.) 70s. to 90s. " Beef, ditto, " 50s. to 70s. Codfish, per quintal, (112 1b.) 10s. to 12s. 6d. Scale ditto, •' 8s. to 10s. Mackerel, per brl. 17s. to 20s. ; Salmon, do. 60s. Shad, per brl. 80s.; Alewives, do. 10s. to 12s. Smoked Salmon, each, 3s. to 8s. 6d. Ditto Herrings, per box, 3s. to 3s. 9d. Wheat, per bushel, 6s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. 4s. 3d. to 4s. 6d. 2s. 3d. to 2s. 6d. 4s. to 4s. 3d. Is. 6d. to 2s. Fresh Butter, lb. lOd. to Is. Salt, bush. 7d. to 9d. Candled, per lb. 9d. to Is. Soap, 5d. to 6d. Maize, Oats, « Barley, Potatoes, Rum, per gall. 3s. to 4s. 6d. Brandy, 8s. to 9s. Gill, 7s. 6d. to 8s. Whisky, 8s. to 9s. Wines, 5s. to 15s. — quality. Provincial Porter, Is. ^id. to Is. 6d. Ale, Is. 6d. to 2s. Tobacco, per lb. Is. to Is. 3d. Tobacco, per keg, 40s. Ditto, Leaf, per hhd. 101. Tea, per lb. 2s. 3d. to 4s. 6d. Brown Sugar, per lb. 3d. to 4d. Loaf, 6d. to 8d. Cheese, 6d. to 9d. Eggs, per doz. 9d. to lOd. Ducks, per pair, 3s. Sd. to 2s. 6d. Fowls, " Is. 3d. to 2s. Geese, each, 2s. to 2s. 6d. Turkies, lb. 6d. to 7^d. Bread, 4 lb. loaf, lOd. Beef, per lb. 2d. to 3d. Pork, per lb. 3d. to 4d. Mutton, 3d. to 5d. Veal, 4d. to 5d. Lamb, 4d. to 6d. Fresh Salmon, (14 lb.) 3s. to 3s. 6d. Ditto Cod, 7jd. to Is. Coals, per chaldron, 22s. 6d. to 32s. 6d. *2(^ KTATISTICAL OHSKKVATIONN. No. i. The nutiirul se(|uitur to the procculiiifx \mvvH iMiiri'iit is u slati'incnt ol' the pnnci- pal iluties levied here upon articles oiuinicjiited, whether imposed by the Imperial Par- hament or the Provincial lAT^ishitiire. liy a general art of the Session of IS.Mj., a «h«ly ot'Two and a Half per eenl. was laid oti all articles of manufacture from the Uniteil Kiuijdom, except such as ap])eitain to Ship-hnilding and Uigj^ing ; the Whale, Deep- Hca and Cod Fisheries ; Mineral Salt, and Twines. lirandy j)ays, Imperial duty, Is. sterling, per gallon; Gin, Is.; Molasses, Id.; Wines in wood or British bottles, .5^7 HK j)er tun ; in foreign bottles, jcy extra, with nil additional Is. per ilo/eM on the bottles; Cape Wines only lOs. per tun of Q.O'i gal- lons ; r^s. (id. per cvt. on I'oreign Pork. lor Provincial ilulies reference will bo had to the Revenue Act, appended en- tire; and as parties in the United Kingdom have always access to the laws of the Ini- ])Tiid Parliament, to regulate speculations to the Colonies, it has been deemed super- liuous to introduce them in detail. The Pilotage of vessels, at Saint John, is Five Shillintjs cuircncv for everv foot of draught of water — !)ofh inward and outward bound. At Saint Andrews, it varies, iiccording to boarding ilistanee, from six shillings to fourteen shillings; and at Mira- michi, in a sinular ratio. Those prices are exclusive of the pilot's attendance in shift- ing, and the .small fee, according to tonnage, to which the Harbour Master is entitled for mooring. Light money, in all cases, is 3d. per ton. — fSct; Appendix. ) In the local industry of the country, the manufacture of Pine Lumber has long formed an important item, and emj)loys about four thousand men, the product of whose labour is estimated at full jC'.JOO,000 per annum. But nothing has made a more beneficial change in the timber trade, than the manufacture of dimension deals, simi- lar to those imported from the north of Europe into Great-Britain and Ireland. This article forms not only an advantageous foreign remittance, but has drawn into utility an excellent species of wood, hen^toibre unavailable as square timber, and also given value 10 many a stream, that poured its libations into the ocean, their water power dis- regarded, and their natural capabilities unimproved. At Fredericton, Woodstock, and Oromocto, extensive arrangements are aimually mailc for carrying on the Timber and Lumber business. There are no Woollen, or Cotton, or any other such manufactories in the Pro- vince. Every article of that description being imported cheaper than they could be made here, even if the same material was possessed to work upon. There are, how- ever, a few fulling and carding mills, which answer every pur])0se for the inhabitants of tbe country, who universally wear a dress of common cloth of domestic fabric, call- BTATIHl UAI, IHISKIIVATIONS. tl 'il '• Ilornt* Spun," composed oCtlic lloocos of tlu'ir floclo, ni;\t.d with u cotton wcl), importcti Irom tlic Uiiilcil Slates ready (or use. (Jrist Mills, for tlu! marmliufiirc ol' Wheal, Oats, and Maii!e, (Iiulian Meal,) are spriiip;iii;j; up in various tjiiartors ; hut for a supply of the (lour they arc yet mainly dependent on l''orei^ni markets, That t)f Haml)in;^li has heen considereil the most ulvaiita^^eous. llrewories for Porter and Ale have also heen foi a short time in operation, and havi' answered a ,";oou, moral and speculative pur|)()se. Some Hat works have also heen opened on a unall -^cale ; two very ellieient I'oundries, hy Scotch en.';ineers ; a Paper Mill at C'hamcook, hy the active owner of the Wet Dock; and an extensive ;j;an^()r steam machinery, for wheat ami ileals, is in active operation in I'orlland, ncai' Saint John, ;uid others arc m pro- fXjeHH at Miramichi. IIa\in;^ earn('stly called the attention of Emigrants to tiu' pmsuils of husbandry, it remains incumbent here to direct them to an active pi'C/seculion of tin; Fisheries — an occupation which, with limited means, and so!)riety and industry, muy be conducted in ovory section of the coast, with the utmost ailvaritages to them, and beuetit to the trade of the country. DOMESTIC OR IN-SllOKi: FISH Kill i:s. Amoni; the many available sources of Commerce and Industry in thi^ favoured Co- lony, none comes more sensibly home to the interests of the individual, than this branch of labour. Altiioui^h the various spi-cies of nn^ralory shoals visit the coast at particidar periods, yet ihroug'hout the live loui^ year al)nndanc(^ ot' some kind of merchantable fish can be caught, and in some way pre[»are(l for their ultimate dcstina- tioti. Parties, therelbrc. who are resident in the vicinity of the sea, and who can pro- cure a skirt) the tackle, and a little salt, may always be drawing sustctiance and sihtr from the bosom of the ocean. They caiuiot, in ordinary sized ilunilies, consume, in many days, the haul of one auspicious hoiu", and consequently the surplus must fmd i maikct cither for private family use, or for the pnrjioses of trade. The coast of this Province is about five hundred miles in extent ; and, by national trcatic^, that, and to the extent of three leagues off tlie shore, are set a[)art solely for the employment of IJritish subjects to the exclusion of alien fishers, That those con- ventions arc unhesitatingly violated by foreigners is too true ; but the stipulations are sufficient evidence of value and enough to stimulate domestic application to the in-shorc fishing, and drive the intruders away ; and there i.s not probably any employment more productive to the class of settlers referred to than this — for, whilst their little cro))8 are flourishing in the ground, or housed in their hovel barn, they may be prosecuting this employment beneficially. The nearest estimate that can be depended upon is, that one aJult and tliree lads over sixteen, or say four adults, will in one boat catch and clean C9Cf STATISTIOAI, OnSERVATIONS. twenty oight to thirty quintals in one week, and two hundred and sixty two wet or i^reeii fish, cleaned, (Cod, Haddock, Hake and Pollock,) are equal to the quintal, or 1 12 lb. when salted and dried. White fish according to quality and in proportion to barrels. The following is a list of the coast sea proauce, all around the Province : — Cod, flake, Pollock, Haddock, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, Gaspercaux, Porpoises, Lob- sters, Oysters, Clams, Crabs, Shrimps, and occasionally Seilghs, from which, and also from the Cod and Porpoise, much Oil is drained. This object, and these shores tor its prosecution, will meet consideration from the emigrant, the shipowner and the merchant, as sources ( f productive laboi.r, commercial supj)lics, and freights to the U'est Indies, Mediterranean, South America and elsewhere ; and at no prospective pe- riod are the facilities of making such cstablishmenls likely to be so great as at the pre- sent time. — Indeed, recent circumstances dcvclone an active and scarcelv clandestine endeavour to establish furcigu rivalry on these shores. With a trade, therefore, so diversified, a'ld open to such judicious extension, it may well be luiderstood, that such sho])-kecpers as are contemplated in the question No. 3 of this article, may, with a well assorted stock of no very great value, establish ihemselves profitably. Indeed, there arc now estrtblished in Saint John many decent and respectable individual", as Mercliants and Shipov/ncrs, who lately perambulated the Province in honest frugality, vending tiicir wares and merchandize ; and there is >impie room for others to do so up to this hour, because with the local and manageable facilities, and the intrinsic commoeities of which the Province is possessed, it may na- turally be supposed that Trade is on the increase. Having detailed the main ingredients of which the Provincial Trade is composed, it remains only in conclu- sion of this brief, but important article, to give the aggregate amount to which its iin])orts and exports have attained up to the present period. — (1st January, 183.5.) — viz. Imports, .€S91.,457, Currency; Exports, c€G5 1,149, Currency. ROADS. 1. Question. — "■ What is tlic state of lioads in your neighbourhood ?** 2. QuESTiOM. — " What facilities of Water Carriage do you enjoy /"' .'). Question. — " What is the easiest and cheapest mode of arriving at settlements?" Answer. — The roads of the country, in its present condition, necessarily vary much in their quality, as afiected by soil and other contingencies in the districts through which they pass. They are divided into two classes — Great and By?^ Roads — opened •md repaired by general Legislative Grants, and the statute labour of the inhabitants. STATISTICAL OBSERVATIOKS, ^S every male of whom, from the age of sixteen years and upwards, performs, in per- son, or pays in coin, to the extent of fro.a two to twenty days work annually, accor- ding to his private circumstances or official income. For the present year the Parlia- luentary appropriation for both services is, £l'7,560 ; of which £9,l(jO are devoted to bye roads and special roads of great benefit to the new settlers. The facilities of water communication throughout the whole Province, are truly wonderful, and traversed in summer by sai.'ing craft of all descriptions, sloops, market boats, wood boats, canoes, and steamers; and during winter by sleds and sleighs, drawn by horses and oxen on the ice, and bearing heavy loads of firewood, hay, a; d agricul- tural produce to market ; and on their return, all kinds of merchandise, with large quantities of American flour, Indi:-n meal, rye flour, fish, pork and salt, &c. for the lumbering or tiir' .'r cutting j)arties ; and frequently, at this cold season of the year, parties of ladies and gentlemen are met, well ensconced in furs, travelling on pic nic parties, or those of other matters, business, love, or pleasure. At all periods of the year the rivers form the natural highways of the country, and happily for it i.nd its inhabitants, it is intersected by spacious streams in almost every section, consequently water communication is the cheapest and easiest mode of getting to new settlements. Passage boats ply to different districts from the sea-ports, and the shallow streams are navigable by long flat boats, locally called Durham boats, on board of which the countrymen resident on such rivers transport their farm produce and other supplies to and from market. As an authentic guide to persons emigrating, and to contradict in the most un- qualified manner certain unmeasured impositions practised on others, by interested par- ties, relative to the distances from the main ports of disembarkation to places in the sister Colonies and the United States — a table of distances and expence of travelling is here inserted. The limited nature of the work precludes the enumeration of every stage, the whole, and the expence of performing it being deemed sufficient for econo- mical and other objects of emigrants. From St. John to Fredcricton, by land — 65 miles, fare 20s. by Post. From St. John to Fredcricton, by steam — 85 miles, fare in the cabin, 7s. 6d. to 10s. exclusive of food. Eroni St. John to St. Andrews, by land — Gj miles, fare 20s. From St. John to St. Andrews, by steam — 65 miles, 12s. (5d. From St.. John to Miramichi, by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence shore, 206 miles, £S : 5. From St. John to Miramichi, sia Fredcricton, 173 miles, £3 to £5. From St. John to. Halifax, (N. S.) Ja Annapolis, 273 miles, £3 17s. 6d. From St. John to Halifax, (N. S.) via Windsor, ^1 10s. From St. John to Quebec, by land, according to Col. Bouchette, 439 miles — others, ;,, 445 miles, i^lC to ^12 10s. t 14 STATISTKAL OBSERVATIONS. la As this Jast route is nearly tluit followea by Lord Edward Fitzgerald, many years ago, and, others, at this day, travelling, and desirous of going through the woods to Quebec, where the roads are vastly improved, although still indifferent, the stages are herein quoted: From St. John to Fredericton, . . . . . Fredericton to Woodstock, . . ... Woodstock to Madawaska, . . ... Madawaska, across the Portage, ... Portage, (Perron's) to Quebec, Incidental Expences, — say Fare. Food. lOs. 7s. 6d. ^0 17 f) 25s. 10s. fid. 1 15 6 55s. 15s. Od. 3 10 40s. 10s. Od. 2 10 40s. 15s. Od. 2 15 1 7 6 Total Expence in Winter, .... In Summer, say £2 10 less. £1^2 15 Travellers will do well, whether thev are bound up or down, to make their bar gain to be carried as far as ])ossible, if they have no cattle of their own, as many inci- dents occur otherwise to delay them, and increase their expences. During the past season, passages were obtained from Saint John to Quebec, very low, viz. at 20s. for the Steerage, and 50s. for the Cabin — the parties being supplied with fuel and water. But no dependence can be placed on receiving frequent opportunities hence to Canada ; and, therefore, those who have Canada in view as their place of destination, ought not to como to the Bay of Fundy, when many direct conveyances are to be found at home. Once here, however, and desirous of proceeding to Upper Canada, they may easily do so by way of the United States : the voyage to Boston being about 300 miles, and to New- York, GOO ; — the latter is the most economical route, having no land car- riage to encounter. The passage money, in the steerage, is 25s. to 35s. ; in the ca- bin, 50s. to SOs. — found with provisions in the latter. The whole expence, therefore, from Saint John, New-Brunswick, to Rochester, on the Gencssc, by New York, Alba- ny and Erie Canal, or to Point Niagara, on Lake Ontario, and nearly opposite to To- ronto, may be j)rovided for at the cost of 30 dollars to 40 dollars, or ^'8 to ^10 cur- rency — the distance being about sixteen hundred miles. Between Montreal and King- ston, Emigrants pay passage money, 10s. for adults ; 7 and 14 years, 5s. ; and 3 and 7 years, Ss. 4'.i. each ; and 2s. 9. per cwt, "or luggage. There are also a variety of local poiiUs of information which Emigrants require on arrival, and although anticipated by the Agent in some degree, would only add to the size without increasing the utility in any materiel degree of the present catechetical essay — he, therefore, requests early in- terviews with, or other communications from, all such persons, upon their arrival at their destined harbours, under his survey. STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS- *> As a source of provincial improvement, and emigrant occupation, the opening of roads are of very eminent, consideration. At the present moment several extensive works are in progress, and in contemplation. Tiie first in importance and in magni- tude, as to extent of work and amount of capital, is the proposed Rail Road from Saint Andrews to Quebec, a distance of about two hundred and seventy-five miles, and at a supposed cost of jC.500,000. This magnificent design is fraught with conse- quences, commercial, political, military and national, beyond any other yet undertaken in these Eastern Provinces — and, in executing it, will require, in conjunction with the other spirited enterprises lately suggested by capitalists, much labour from British and Irish emigrants. — A Road from the Richibucto to the Grand Lake, unitirj the Saint Lawrence and River Saint John. One from the Bend of Peticodiac to Shediac, con- necting the Bay of Fundy with tlie Gulf of Saint Lawroice. One from Fredericton to the Grand Falls, called the Royal Road, now ia progress. One from the same place to Bathurst. One towards Dalhousie and the Upsalguish. One direct from the Peti- codiac to Fredericton. One from Fredericton to Saint Andrews, and one to New- castle; and one from Saint George's to Nerepis. A Tunnel Company, also, to connect the River Saint John, by Marble Cove, with the Harbour, for mill and manufacturing pui-poses, under the name of the " Portland Mills and Tunnel Company ;" — and a very eligible and important undertaking for the country and those concerned with it, it is believed, it will prove to be. When all these works will be entered upon and com- pleted, is yet uncertain : nevertheless they ought to be kept in view, as they evince the enterprise of the country, and bear with them their own proofs of utility. The distances given above are calculated from Saint John, instead of Fredericton, the for- mer being the principal place for the disembarkation of emigrants j and the latter, although th'^ capital, is situated many miles inland ; but in the accompanying map, Fredericton is made the central point, and t.. roads diverge, and the distances are given from it. Persons travelling to Upper Canada, by Fredericton and Quebec, will meet steam-boats at the latter place, that will convey them, by Bytown, the Rideau Canal, and Kingston, to Toronto, (U. C.) EDUCATION. 1. Question. — " fP'hat ts the state of Education in your district?'' Answer. — In all the towns of the Province, Education is in a very respectable degree of advancement. Saint John numbers upwards of thirty Schools, of various de- scriptions, at many of which the branches of liberal education are taught. Both male and female elementary and grammar schools are established whereyei the inhabitants. D ii ■jJG STATISTICAL OIlSKllVATIONS. require lliem. They arc cupportcd conjointly by the people and Logislatiirc, the in- comes appertaining to them averaging' about Forty Pounds per annum. In several de- lightfully situated parts of tlic country, Boarding Schools have been opened, where the usual courses of academic study arc prosecuted, under the guidance of clergymen and other competent teachers. At Saint John, Fredericton, Saint Andrews, Miramichi, Gagetown, Westmorland, and Maugerville, extensive Grammar Schools have been for a length of time in operation ; in all of which seminaries sacred care is paid to the mo- ral and religious culture of the youths who attend them. Beyond the parliamentary allowance made to parochial schoolmasters, further sums of Ten Pounds annually arc granted to Female Teachers, over and above what they may receive from their parish or district scholars. National Schools, conducted on the Madras System, have been in operation since the administration of General Smyth, by whom they were here or- ganized. Those in Saint John have upwards of three hundred Scholars. vSunday Schools, tiiose great moral blessings of society, are rapidly expanding their benign in- fluence, under Providence, amongst the rising generation, to whom amateur preceptors of both sexes, and of tlic first respectability, give the most praiseworthy and pious at- tention, with niiuiifest benefit to the pupils. ■ < ► •, , , At the scat of Government, Fredericton, there is an University, founded by the late intelligent Governor, Sir Howaiid Douglas, who obtained for it a Royal Char- ter. It originally contained similar conservative provisions as the English Universi- ties, relative to Dissenters ; but since, these have l)een modified and extended to the matriculation and certain degrees of students of all denominations. In all other mat- ters, however, the Oxonian system and discipline are studiously observed. It is am- ply endowed, — possesses scliolarships, and confers academic degrees, admitting adeun- dem graduates from other colleges. The nearest of which is that of King's College, Windsor, N. S., whcreunto tlie youth of both provinces resort on equal terms, about £^0 per annum, and the average cost for board, lodging and washing, with the usual tuition in the various branches of the classics, mathematics, belles leltres, &c. may be set forth at £35 per annum ; some increase this charge by entrance and physician's fees, high accomplishments, he. from £50 to ^€70 ; but still the former may be con- sidered the price of an useful male and female education. To the questions — Ulicthcr Clerics or Schoolmasters are xvanted? — the facilily Jor the purchase of Books ? — and the Nexvspapers circulated? — the necessary rr^^lies will be brief. In such a commercial province as this, the former class of persons is gene- rally composed of the family avid connexions of the resident merchants ; but young men of ability have always found reasonable encouragement. But with a population so limited in the interior, and many new settlers of limited means, Schoolmasters can- not be in very great demand ; nevertheless the qualifications for that occupation ena- ble them to apply themselves to the former, and vice versa. A licence to teach is ne- STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 27 cessary before the party can be considered upon ll)c scholastic or parochial establish- ment ; and to enable him to obtain the ^^0 a year from the Legislature, the inhabitants of the district must first subscribe a similar sum. In those places where Grammar Schools have been established, ^€100 per annum has been given to the teachers — but an exten- sion of this appropriation is not likely, from local causes, to occur in future. There is every flicility in procuring books upon all subjects of general or professional literature, and the societies of the different Christian denominations possess libraries, from which eleemosynary issues are made to the poor, of Bibles, Testaments, Prayer Books and Re- ligious Tracts. The private Subscription Libraries contain a respectable collection of standard works, British, foreign, ancient and modern ; and His Majesty's Government has lately added a munificent donation to the Legislative archives, from the valuable stock of the Record Commission. All tlic towns have Libraries, more or less extensivf, and Saint John, Saint Andrews and Frederieton possess Reading Rooms, where British and Foreign newspapers arc received, as also misjellaneous and critical periodicals. — There are eight Printing Establislnnents in the Province, from which eight Newspapers issue weekly — but no literary periodical pamphlets. In the higher branches of scientific education, beyond King's College, Frederic- ton, there are no institutions of university learning ; but great facilities for classical information are afforded, and the contiguity of the College at Windsor, Nova-Scotia, is also a very valuable auxiliary, although now unnecessary to be resorted to by the youth of New-Brunswick. Music, to a certain degree, is cultivated, and Drawing, as far as the opportuni- ties admit of the study, — but as yet there are no authenticated institutions for the pro- motion of either. Occasional desertations on x'istronomy and Chemistry are delivered by transient persons, as also Lectures on Elocution and Belle Lettres j but were any points to be referred to, as most successfully cultivated, it is probable, that, the classics, mathematics, and theology would be selected. Beyond private tuition of professional men, there are neither medi"^l nor law seminaries — but abundance of practitioners in both professions. For the support of Parish Schools — 285 in number — ^6000 is an- nually voted ; nine Grammar Schools receive ^1000 ; and the Madras, e€4(X) j t\e College, #^2200. \ , TAXATION. 1. Question. — *' To "what local or general Taxation are you subject J"' Answer. — Direct taxation is hardly felt in this country, being nearly confined to Statute Labour on the Roads, commuted on a graduated scale of property, trade, or official income j and poor rates, moderate in general throughout the Province. Coun- ^ «8 •»TATI8T1CAL OBSEKVATlONfl. t^ ur parochial rates are occasionally levied for incidental local purposes, such as build- ing or repairing Court or Alms Houses, Gaols, &c. with other trivial imposts, else- where stated, and a Dog Tax. Three days public service is also recpiired of males, from sixteen to forty-five years of age, for tlie Militia of the Province j and in the event of non-attendance, a fine often shillings is exacted for each day *s absence.— Some professional exemptions are made, or rather compounded, for ten shillings annti- ally, but aliens pay thirty shillings to the fund. Twice only has that body been for a time permanently organized. The Poor Rates are levied by assessors, annually ap- pointed in General Sessions of tlie Peace, by the Magistrates, who also nomi-iate other parish officers. Although we bear no Malt, House, or Window Taxes, with others of a domestic nature imposed in the United Kingdom, we, of course, indirectly do those on various articles of commerce, exacted by the Imperial Parliament and Colonial Legis- lature, as noticed under the head "Trade"— but those on necessaries, and even lux- uries of life are so very small, that no portion of His Majesty's subjects have greater cause of self gratulation on tlie lightness of their taxation, or otlier public requisitions, than the inhabitants of New-Brunswick ; and the surplus of all ordinary revenue, after paying the contingencies of collection, &c. is devoted to the internal improvement of the country. And notwithstanding the lightness of those local imposts, &c. still the gross general Revenue of this young Province, collected from all the resources within it, amounted, in 1834, to ^90,794 currency— -a gratifying evidence, along with its tonnage and its trade, of the wholesome, though rapid nature of its progress. As noticed elsewhere, vessels carrying Emigrant passengers pay a tax of five shil. lings currency for every adult on board— -for every two under fourteen, and every three under seven years of age. In cases where an evasion of the law is attempted, the pro- per officer has the power to exact double duty, for both of which the apparel of the vessel is liable ; and forms a very salutary check on persons taking more than the le- gal numbers on board, and also compelling then; to furnish an accurate account— the amount of which in 1834-, was ^2183 1 Is. 8d, The Law imposing this duty is an- nexed at length, at the cud of these pages, for the guidance and information of those connected with embarkation of Emigrants from the United Kingdom, and to which the attention of owners, private agents, brokers and shipmasters, is required, as a salutary provision for the needy and worthy, on arrival. , _ I t '■■ ■ _•■ ,- . • • ; Iti . ■ f *- * .>j 11' -, , ^- •>.«.'..' - • ^... •. 'i ■' ■■ - .r» ,:- . . ■^ .•'' ;T 4 ' \ " >;.; L. ,; ;,.;.».; . .■'>-^- , . J. . ;...;.,.. , livj,- j«. ijj > . » - • ; ■ r ii; /.. '•■«••, ; -! ,j' >■ i ;^-l'-,.- . • i^.v,' I .!l.'^ V-',i> t-''. .•^■*i- t V MISCELLANEOUS. 1. Qi'ESTiON. — ** JVhat is the general character of your Climated' Ansv/er. — Although subject to extremes of both heat and cold, this olimatc is decidedly n generally healthy one. The transitions are more Kcnsibly felt in the in- terior than on the sea board, but at neither more than :i few days to any inconvenient degree : although the thermometer, (B'ahrenheit's,) at those pjHodsof siunmer and wn-. ter, ranges from S.')" to 100' above, to 20" to 35" heliAv zero. [Sec Thermometrical Ca- Icndar in a})i)eiided 'I'ahle.] The Bay of Fiindy and its immediate shores, are proverbial for the frequency and density of their fogs during some of the summer montlis ; but Ihev are far from being unhealthy, and are indeed iiniocuous to most constituticms, an 5 14 to 30 Murcli, 7 3'i 39 55 April, Mny, June, and July, 25 41 45 6'i 32 43 48 55 73 Augu.st, 55 66 71 S4 September, 43 43 .15 55 78 October, 30 46 45 6U November, 21 43 32 Ai December, 1 "... 7 28 1 . > • 19 i 35 ♦ TA* Sror it not txprtutd, thi dtgrtt it undtrttooU to ii mbovt zero. . - From on inj, ami at 2, p. m. between 35 and 40. From the middle to the end of April, a great increase in the temperature is cvi- •Icnt: although it sometimes freezes slightly in tho mornings, yet the Mercury frequently reaches to 55 and C4, ir tho heat of the day. 3d. During May, tho mornings continue cold, (being in fwo cases below freezing, and only two attcniporate,) yet tho change in the tompcraturo at mid-day is remarkable, being often 62 and 72. 4th. June, July, and August, arc very similar in their temperature. The range in the morning is commonly from 55 to 66, and at mid-day, from 71 to 84. In these three months, and until about the I5th September, th( Thermometer is during thirty eight days, at 2 p. m. above summer heat, cchibiting a singular contrast to the ex- treme cold of tho winter, such as is scarcely to bo found in any other part of the world. 5th. After the middle of September is a rapid decrease in the heats of the mornings. The Therniometcr in October at sunrise, on eight or ten (i lys, is below freezing. From the 15th or 20th November to tho same time in December, it freezes regularly, though not severely, in tho mornings. In the Ijitler month indeed, it mostly re- mains below trcczing. Ksi^' ,-';«'"■; ,.'-':• '-"."t ■'' t^ ''^.'i'' ■'■'• t^ ''■■ ■•:-^ . ,• : '': 6th. Tho extreme range of the Thermometer in ordinary years is from 30 ia winter, to 95 in summer ; equal to 125° Farenheit's, or 70'' of tho centigrade Thermometer. Yet this amazing change is very gradual, as the in- spection of either table will show. A writer of some celebrity has ventured to assert, that on this continent if experienced a Norwegian frost and an African sun on the same day ; this statement is so far from being true, thai BO great a variation does not take place, even in tho sane month. These remarks on tho climate of this Country will apply, according to tho best information I have been able to collect, with very little difference, to a great part of tha State of Maine, Lower Canada, at thoupper partof the Chaudiero Rirer, the neighbourhood of the Ottawa River, and the Northern Shores of the Lakes Huron and Michigan, and a great western territory besides. « * $t STATISTICAL OBSEnVATIONS. O QuESTioK. — '* 44rr there am/ Mines or- Mineral indications tn your District .' Is CUml found in abundance ^" * • Asssv'En. — There are docidotl Mineral indications in the different districts of the country, :uid Coal is found in great abundance. Also many specimens of Copper, Iron. Zinc, Manganese, and Antimony: but fVom the thickly wooded state of the into- rior, geological exploration and research are attended with much difficulty and expcnce. ;ind consequently have yet been but limited ; yet in many mountains devoid of limber, indicative nuncral strata arc obvious. Coal is the most extensive subterranean production yet discovered in this Province, and an incorporated association has been formed for the purpose of working the mines, wiiich there is every valid reason to believe will, before long, become a beneficial and extending means for the employment of both capital and labour. The excavations on tiie Grand Lake shores have as yet been most productively worked — the quality varies, but apj)arently improves. That the engineer may arrive at a tolerably accurate con jecturc of the existence of Minerals, &c., it may be stated that at Pictou and Sidney very excellent Mines have been worked for a length of time with encreasing reputa- tion as to quality and demand in the United States for both steam machinery and do- mestic purposes. It was with a supply of those coal that the steamer Rojjal William so successfully crossed the Atlantic, A west by north course from those veins will strike those most known in New-Brunswick, and considered the best districts for both quantity and quality of the coal. Iron works for native use have also been opened in Nova-JScotia, but only to a limited extent, and principally employed in casting hollow ware. The samples of Coppec yet obtained, have not been extensive, but their analiza 1 ion iias been attended with vftrious success— some yielding a satisfactory return of pure ore, others but a very limited one. — It is, however, the opinion of such minerologists as have inquired into the subject, that tlwjre is no deficiency of it in the Province j and in this neighbourhood several gossans are indicated : there is also Plumbago. In Crloiicester County lead has been discovered. In different parts of the interior there are excellent Salt springs j but rock mine- ral not yet discovered. The waters of Sussex Vale and Hampton, in the County of Kings, have been submitted to chemical examinations, and found to possess strong pro-- pcrtics ; but no comparative analysis having been retained, a more minute reply cannot ai. present be obtained. The salt, however, brought to market for table use is equal in purity to any in England, and that used in the butter dairy in the Agricultural dis- tricts where the springs are, is highly approved of for butter making. . ,,* (. On the eastern shores of the country many beautiful specimens of lapideous orna- ments have been found — and throughout every part there is abundance of lime stone^ granite, gypsum, free-stone, sUex, and dubious marble, with some of a purer quality* STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 33 As objects for emigrant absorption in labour, tbese latter may form an essential consideration hercattcr ; ;i( prcsc^tit, liini; and freestone arc only quarried to a limited extent — the former bciii'; seldom applied to a• NTATIIitlCAr UIIAKHV.^TIONS. »a(ue extent ciui posscM a body of men in thuir respective proCesttiuntt more truly fer- vent it) the cause of religion, virtue, and of charity. There are at present in the Province the following number of professional men — of I'he Established Church of Knj^land — The Lord liishin — (resident in Nova-Sco. tia,) — an Archdeacon, and Tiiirty other (Jlergy. Kstablislied Church of Scotland — Twelve. Uoinan Catholic — a HLshop, and two Vicars Apostolic, with tilleen I'ricstH. Wesleyan Methodists — Twenty. Baptists — Twenty-five. LAW. A Chief* Justice and three Justices, eighty-six practising IJarnstcrs, and about eighty Students. MEDICINK AND .smiOKKY. About fifty M. D. and Surgeons. Universilii Professors — Three. . Schoolmasters, Licensed in Parishes, about two hundred. ■t. Question. — '• JVoald j>ersons going out in the rank of Gcnilemim, a'/'M a capi- tal of £300 to £\QQO have a good prospect of obtaining an independence in your neigh- tourfiood ?'* Answer.— -The result of such a person emigrating to New-Brunswick woidd ne- cessaril)' be affected by his own industry and character in any situation. With oue half of the latter sum he may purchase a good and comfortable farm, and tliercby produce a living, having the other moiety at interest or otherwise engaged. Although the legal established interest is six per cent in all money and coanmercial transactions j the Banks allow no interest whatever on deposits, nor open cash credit accounts as the Scotch and other banking institutions at home ; so that any such small capitalist would have to invest the residue, if he intenued to live solely on the farm and interest, in other real or personal security ; not at all times available when the money might be required, and therefore not a very judicious measure when the owner posses- »es health, intelligence, and industry. Some prudent and acute persons with small ca- pitals, have so managed them as to turn to good account by negociating Bills of Ex- chajige, Treasury Warrants, and other good paper ; the terms of accommodation given or received are only known between the parties. In such a business, however, a tho- rough knowledge of the Bill and money markets in the adjoining Colonies, the Uryted States, and Great-Britain is indispensably necessary, as well as of the stability of the parties with whom the lender is dealing. .Mm f; iRV* iiui i»«*t ^\»^! V cent. KTATISTICAf. OBRP.RVATIONH. n^ Persons of thi.i description may be hoarded and lodged, exclusive of wine and wailiing, at twenty to thirty shillings a week, or from forty to fifty pounds a year. Tlie following is a list of incorporated institutions in the Province, intx> which, on market terms, money may he invested and deposited. Jhuik of New-lhunswick, ('apital Stock, all paid in, .f.OOOOO, and dividing noM U per cent. — IVemium '25 j)er cent. IJunk of Saint Andrews, Ciij)ital Stock, X.SO.OCX), all paid. — Premium .*y pei .^.nt. IJank of Frcdoricton, or Central IJank, .fl.'J.OOO — naif paid. — Premium 5 per cent. Commercial IJank, Ca))ital Stock, /i.M.IO.OOO, half paid in — Premi nn 25 per cent. Savings' Hank, at Saint John — 5 per cent, interest on deposits. Fire Insurance Company, Capital Stock, .€30,0(K), one fifth paid — Premium 2,5 per cent. Savings' Banks at Fredericton and St. Andrews, .0 per cent, interest on deposits. Water Company — tiol i/ct in opcralum. Mining Company — ditto ditto. Canal and Mill Company— Capital Stock, .€2.'>,()0() — .€() 1.5». i)aid in on each share of £'25. Bridge Company, do. do. do. For the information of capitalists, a further list is here inserted of the monied and .loint StockCompanies now in operation, and contemplated to he forthwith established : The City Bank — to he Ioct'a d at Saint John — stock subscribed. The Mechanics' Bank — ditto — in embryo. , , The New- Brunswick East India Company — stock subscribed. The Shediac and Peticodiac Bail Boad Company. The Bichibucto and Grand Lake Rail Boad Company. Tobique Mill Company — to be located at Fredericton. Fredericton Fire In.surance Company. Fredericton Bank. New-Brunswick Mill Company — ^located at Miramichi. Quebec and Saint Andrews* Bail Road Company. Saint Stephen's Bank — at Saint Stephen's. '.■■.., ., Saint Stephen's Whaling Company. Chamcook Mill and Manufacturing Company. Saint Stephen's Rail Road Company. .,' t Saint John and Saint Croix Rivers Canal Company. • ' Saint John Stage Coach Company, c ' 'r:: , i ..'^^. ,,. i-ii The Savings' Bank receives deposits to any amount from parties, but in no case to exceed 200/. The Province Treasury issues Debentures for what is funded with it. SC) STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 5. Question. — " JV/iai articles of Sloc/f, Farming ulemils, Clothing, S^c. xvould you recommend an emigrant to take out ivith him ?*' •■' Answkr. — Unless the Emigrant lias implc t pit?l to jiurchase a Farm, tliere are very few articles to be recommended to him to carry with iiim ; and even if lie lias that capital, he will often find persons ready to sell farm, stock, and implements of lius- handry together ; the latter generally more suitable to the country, and at a cheaper rate tha>i he could provide ihem. In bringing out such things, however, those to be suggested arj of iron work, „uch as ox-chains, harrvow teeth, spades, scythes, sickles, saws, shovels, &c., but no axes as they are made fur better here, being an article in which the edge tool artisans excel in making — Hoes also, for the primitive field work, are of a peculiar kind not used in the old countries. — Culinary utensils may be carried, and by all means a comfortable stock of warm clothing and blankets. If the emigrant be a farmer, lie will always find it advahlageous to have with him some samples of the best seed-grain. It is seldoir. convenient to emb.'i k live stock on board of emigrant v'.^ssels, but when it can be done the party will always reap the benefit of having a good breed with him. Pigs and sheep are easily brought, and both are profitable stock, the latter particularly so here ; such as aLain early proof with a corres])onding fleece of medium qualit'^ of long wool. Tiie writer of these pages was fortunate enough to be the first to introduce the Leicester Dishley sheep, as an improving store, which have j)roved of great benefit in crossing with the native breed. The Legislature subsequently imported others, both Dishley and Southdown, with a number of excellent Durham or Liiiort-horn cattle ; and t(m years' experience has established their value to the country and the individuals possessing them. It may be interesting to the wealthy emigrant to know that the former of those came from the excellent stock of Mr. Chan^pion, of Blyth, the latter from Mr. Wetherall, of Market Yarbourgh. It is evident, however, that in- dulgence in all such importations must be entirely regulated by the means and the views of the emigrant. But it cannot be impressed too emphaiically upon the emigrant farmer, to strive to possess himself of grain seeds of the best possible quality. The fre- quent late seasons, together with early autumnal frosts, stronglv recommend the ne- cessity and in Jiciousness of such a selection at the outset, and all other times. G. Question. — " Are there any legator technical dijjicidties connected irith the sale, transfer^ succession, or testamentary disposition of property in your settlement ?'* Answer. — There are no legal or technical difficulties connected v/ith the honest and just alienation or disposition of property in the Province. No laws of entail exist, and when an individual dies intestate, the Colonial statute interferes, and a gavel kind of division of the estate takes place amongst the children, the oldest receiving two shares^ and the otliers equal proportions. The widow> in all cases, (unless ceded by STA !STICAL OBSERVATIONS. 37 .'uitecedcnt securities voluntary entered into by herself)) enjoys her right of dower, which may be compromised for a given sum, and very frequently occurs, by a com- position on ths amount of the income — ^generally a desirable measure to the parties concerned, as relieving the property from an uncertain and invidious kind of claim when left to yearly valuation or income. Of the original deeds or grants, letters patent froii. the Crown, u record is kept in the Provincial Secretary's Office, and plans of the lands under the grant arc both affixed to the patent itself, and retained in the Surveyor Ge- neral's Department, to designate clearly the boundaries contemplated in the instrnmcnt. U})on any subsequent transfer taking place, or mortgage granted upon the i)roperty, it is necessary to insure the validity of the transaction, that the documents should be re- corded in the offices of the Deputy Registers in the Counties of the Province, wherein one of each is established. For the due administration of justice in cases of post mor- tem inheritance, or of an intestable or intestate nature, there is a Court of Probate of "Wills, and for granting Letters of Administration also in every County to which a Surro- gate and Register is attached — so that strangers or })arties becoming heii-s to property in real estate may easily acquaint themselves with tiie condition r/" it. And this is the more to be considered advantageous to this country as a very marked distinction exists between it and Lower Canada in this matter, where feudal and seignorial terms are in force generally, but not so here. However, by an unaccountable oversight, (at this hour of intelligence, when the schoolmaster is so active,) New-I3runswick and the other Colo- nies hitherward are wrapped uj) in the general name of Canada. The only distinction to be particularly noticed further between the English Law and that of New-Brunswick, is, that the h'.tter is more summary, and less complicated and expensive than the former. Having already in a brief detail given the leading imperial and local revenue provisions there appears little else necessary lor the emigrants to be made acquainted with relative to this country before arrival, save that the principles of the British Laws and Consti- tution flourish here in unsullied purity and vigour ; maintained by a people proud and jealous of their privileges, and sustained by p. Bench and Bar generally eminent for estimable individual virtues, and for professional talent and integrity. In cases of lu- nacy, the Court of Chancery, of which the King's representative is ex officio Chan- cellor, interferes in the admii'>i''tration of a lunatic's affairs. The local Governmenl, under His Most Gracious Majesty, is composed of a Lieu- tenant Governor as his Representative, with five Executive Councillors — the Parliament having three distinct branches, as in England, viz : a House of Assembly, elected by the people — a Legislative Council, appointed by the King, with the title of Honorable to the members — and the Lieutenant Governor; which Provincial Constitution of Legislative polity came into operation in I786. All the Governors are subordinate as military officers to the Governor General, who resides at Quebec, but who cannot, however, interfere in local matters of legislation, nor other internal affairs, unless per- as STATISTICAI OBSERVATIONS. sonaliy present ,*a the Province. The cases of the Earl of Gospord, Sir Fratcis Head, and Sir John Colbokne, however, in the Canadas, being new arrangements of Government. — The Lieutenant Governor may, here, be considered, in his official capa- city, as embodying the dudes of a Home, Foreign, and (so far as one Province is con- cerned) Colonial Secretary — ^but persons transacting business with him, address their communications to the Secretary of the Province. The Courts are — Chancery ; Court for determining Causes relative to Marriage .ind Divcrce ; Supreme Court of Judicature ; Court of Vice Admiralty ; Court for trial of Piracy ; and Probate of Will Court ; with Circuit and Quarter Sessions. The Impe- rial Revenue Laws are enforced by the officers of His Majesty's Customs, and those o( the Provincial Revenue by the Province Treasurer and his Deputies throughout the Province, and who alr,o collect the duty or head money levied upon Emigrants arriving here, which is reserved by the Act solefj/ for the relief of distressed emigrants upon ar- rival, or conveying such to their destination within the Province, — of which the follow- ing is a transcript. ,. ,: , - i ■, ;, ; ^vi;.' .;•• -^ :'"u.1%. .:'. vl '■<■ •,;'. :-• •• ( 'OC AN ACT "IV. i;'. y ' ••■ :'<^ i^ ^>'^^. H r To Regulate Vessel' arriving from the United Kingdom with Passengers and Emigrants. Passed 27th February, 1332. WHr.HEAS the practico of landing Passengers and Emigrants from the United Kingdom, who arc in n desti- tute and disbssed condition, has become extremely burthensonie, and sometimes dangerous to the health of the liihabitauts of this Province : And whereas such disease and distress are often occasioned by taking ou board ships lu the Ports of the United Kingdom more passengers and emigrants than can be comfortably ncconnnodated : And >vhereas it is just and expedient that the inhabitants of the Province should be relieved from some of the heavy burthens thus imposed upon them ; I. Be it therefore enacted by the Lieutenant-Governor, Council, and ^issembly. That *hc master or person ha- ving charge of any ship or vessel which may arrive at any port or place in the Province from any port or place in th? United Kingdom with passengers and emigrants, shall, at the time of reporting such ship or vessel, pay to the Treasurer of thv- province, or any Deputy Treasurer at the port or place where such ship or vessel may arrive, th? Kum of five shiiiiugs for each and every pas&enger and emigrant, when the master or person having charge as nfortfsaid shall nuiko it appear by a Certificate from the officers of the Customs at the port of clearance in the United Kingdom, that such ship or vessel had the sanction of His Majesty's Government to take out passengers a~d emigrants to the North American Colonies ; and when no such certificate is produced to the said Treasurer or Deputy Treasurer, as the ca^o may be, then and in such case the master or person having charge of such ship >!- vessel OS aforesaid, shall pay to the said Treasurer or Deputy Treasurer, the sum often shillings for each and nv ?ry p».ssonger or emigrant on board such ship or vessel, all which sum and sums the sjid Treasurer and Depn- ty Treasurers respectively are hereby authorised and required to demand and receive : Provided always, That twu children each being under fourteen years, or three children each being under the age of seven years, or one ~ child being under the age of twelve months, with the mother of such child, shall in all such cases be computed as one porsou, for the purposes of this Act. II. ^Ind le it further enacted, That the Treasurer of the Province and Deputy Treasurers respectively, eaall kwp a separate account of all monies received under and by virtue of this Act, which sums so received shall ite «j>niiod from time to time, by grants of the Legislature towards relieving dt^ttitute aud diMM«d ps'sengorsand eini- STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS. ;^9 gr.«t«, and in agisting , hem to reach their several plaeea of destinalion within the ProTince. and paid by warrant ol Hia Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Commander-in-Chief for the time being. III. ^nd be it further enacted. That upon the refusal or neglect of the master, or person having chargo ol any ship or vessel, arriving with passengers and emigrants as aforesaicJ, to pay the sum or sums for each nn •'• • ft". ' 1 'L»i ' '.■■IJ^ ,\y.i Mi , /"I i ,•!. — .(.'1 •ill *'i'«;'r5-' u; ' • I ! w, .-./(iVft 'i'u ■:' -n "' ^ ' '»»'' «jt * :♦» i. I ••;. ' •; r':.r V--;. PRACTICAL OBSERTATIOIVS. I To the foregoing replies to the propounded v| estions, the following observations, from seventeen years practical experience, are added, in the hope that they may prove use- ful to persons intending to emigrate from Great Britain and Ireland, particularly to the labouring classes, and those of limited incomes or means, with increasing families. First, then : it is of great advantage to emigrants to arrive here in the early part of the year, which gives l>efore them the most active seasons of business and labour, both in town and country, and tliereby are enabled to provide immediately for the sup- port of their families, and nieans for a partial supply for the approaching winter, which with the incidental labour will carry them through till the activity of Spring time ar- rives. If they previously were possessed of some little funds they may locate them- selves in the Fall beneficially and at little expense, as they will begin to receive returns from their lands the following season. One or two actual illustrations are inserted as a fair estimate cf the results of emigrant frugality and industry in the wilderness, which, it is presumed will be more acceptable and useful to the enquirer than hundreds of those Utopian accounts of emigrants successes, which are so frequently, and it is feared too, for very questionable purposes given to those who are preparing to embark. The cases now quoted will also go in the corroboration of the validity of the answer to the question on labour. The first is that of a Protestant emigrant from the North of Ire- land — he received a Location Ticket for two hundred acres of land, situate about forty miles inland from Saint John, and for which he afterwards received a grant by paying the then official fees, with others included in the same patent, annunting to six pounds each, which, however, according to the system of that period, he was not called upon to pay till he had taken some crops off the land. The provisions and stock of settlers are, of course, regulated by their means and families j those of the one in question were comprised in the following limited schedule : v ♦ ;, . S-- PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 41 2 barrels Flour — 1 wheat, 35s. j 1 rye, 25o. ; 1 barrel biscuit, 15s...£3 15 o 1 barrel mackerel, 20s. 3d. ; tea, 15s. j 5 gallons molasses, 15s.; V 2 bushels meal, 10s ^300 £6 15 Cash paid for carrying stores by land to settlement, 80s. ; Grant > - ^ fees, as above stated, 120s ^ 10 Total expenditure, £i6 15 o When the inventory of his effects was taken, he had been settled nine years, and had raised a family of five children j! consequently, seven souls were supported from the land, (by no means of the best quality, and in a wilderness state when he obtained it,) and his own labour. He possessed— 3 cows, worth 15/. ; a pair of oxen, 20/. ; 2 young- ditto, 51. J 2 calves, 2/. ; 10 sheep, 5/. j 6 pigs, 9/. ; 1 horse, (purchased and paid for in labour and produce of his Jarm,) 16/. j Total stock, 72/. Labour — SO acres cleared for crop, 60s £00 1 house ; 1 barn, 15 Furniture purchased, 10 5^115 Pkoduce — 300 bushels Potatoes, in cellar, £30 n SOdittoOats, 6 ., 15 wheat, rye, barley and buckwheat, 3 10 tons hay, S5s 17 10 £56 10 • ' ' ' Total, . v/r ><;'-. . ^243 10 To the 16/. 155., however, must be added, his own and wife's passage, and stores, and the few primitive implements, which again may be set off by those now on the farm. The other industrious example is a Roman Catholic emigrant, from the South of Ireland, who commenced upon charitable donations, (51. 3s. 6d.) and a gratuity of the lot of land, which proving indifferent, he subsequently abandoned, having however, in the course of five years, and supporting a wife and eight children, acquired by labour, produce, and building on his purchased farm, property worth 130/., by assessed taxa- tion. Those industrious cases might be carried to an equal, and probably to a great- er extent amonst the emigrants in the English, Scotch, and Welch settlements, where, happily, for themselves and the country, similar instances abound j but those quoted are from duly authenticated items of property, and may stand in memorial to the wealthy and benevolent at home, how much good may be done by a judicious system of emi- gration, from the humblest individual in the realm to the highest object of its Colonial system. 4C PRACTICAL OBSEaVATIOMS. An idea is very generally entertained, that emigrants should not settle themselves upon lands until after being some time in the country, and become acquainted with the nature of the work. The observation seems reasonable enough, but by no means of such validity as to deter the party from locating himself as early as possible after his arrival, if he has the means sufficient to secure a lot of land, and such frugal supplies as have already been enumerated. The first great care is, only, that he should not preci- pitately take land until he has satisfied himself that it is of a good quality ; for upon that his future progress will in the main degree depend. The incidental difficulties of bis new mode of life and labour will speedily be surmounted by his judgment and per- severance. He will soon acquire the use of the axe- when urged by necessity to work with it ; and the well known fact of the interchange of personal assistance between the older and newly located settler is probably the best practical and mechanical school- master that can be sent abroad with them into the forest, where they have both the ad- vantages of precept and example. The cases herein quoted are corroborative of the advantage of early striving to settle families in the country, by the industrious labour- ing emigrant — one was a shoemaker, and as ignorant of axe labour, &c. in the country as need be — the other was a distressed cotter, whom misfortune had driven from near the Cove of Cork, and also as unacquainted with the work he was to employ himself about as could be, until he got to his ground ; and the results are manifest, and it must be distinctly understood that the cases are by no means isolated, for they are the common lot of industry and frugality. One other advantage is, also, certain, in their quitting town as early as possible, they avoid temptation to many of those debilitating and demoralising habits which too frequently prevail amongst persons there. In approaching New-Brunswick by the Bay of Fundy, and it and Lower Canada by the Gulph of Saint Lawrence, the spots most unpropitious to emigrant vessels have been i^'Ae Island, Cape Sable, Newfoundland, and St. PauPs Island, in what is vulgar- ly called the chops of the channel, being in Lat. 47 12» N., Long. 60 11, W. It is a very bold precipitous rock, about fifteen miles in circumference ; on the S. E. and op- posite pomt there are houses, erected for the relief of such as are unfortunate enough to be shipwrecked, and light houses are also about to be built. K>able Island shoals have also been fatal to many vessels ; they are between 43 and 44 deg. N. Lat, and 59 and 60 deg. W. Long. At the extremities and middle of the Island there are also vacant houses, and a resident is stationed there for supplying parties in distress. It abounds with water, a lake running along the centre — also with a great number of rabbits and small horses amongst its sandy shores. In the event of shipwreck upon either of those shores, the most salutary admoni- tion that can be given to the survivors, is to manfully go in quest of the houses of re- lief that are established for the shelter of the unfortunate ; and no provident emigrant should embark without some of the prepared food called Pemkan. It is both porta- PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS. ble and nutritious, and, in cases of shipwreck, of infinite advantage; and every vessel em- barking emigrants should be provided with it, to be kept in reserve in case of disaster. Of the advantage of having a supply of Pemican on board of emigrant passage vessels I will hardly venture a remark ; having before me numerous fr.ct8 of privations, when the vessels are abandoned, and the poor crews and passengers comp filed to brave the ocean in the ships' baats — crowded with both sexes and all ages—and unable to bear the load of provision for the sufferers.* Formerly great annoyance used to be experienced from the indifferent quality of the •water supplied at sea, and that too in very insufficient quantities. To this point, there- fore, agents and passengers should be particularly attentive. The time, indeed, may not be far distant when Wells' inestimable discovery may be practically useful to those ■travellers whom necessity carries down unto the sea in ships ; but, until that desirable object is consummated the ordinary means of preservation must be resorted to. In cases oi abandonment of vessels at sea, the article of provision above referred to would be of great benefit, as every individual could carry about his person an abundant sup- ply without overloading the boats, by which the stock saved from the wreck is very often rendered insufficient and useless. In the long catalogue of able and intelligent books published for the benevolent purpose of guiding and informing emigrants, ignorp.at of 1die lands whither they are destined, and of the perils of the deep over which they l)ave to pass ; too little attention appears to have been paid by individuals to the latter con- sideration, and frequently also a merit has been made of an evasion of the statute made and provided for the regulation of emigrant vessels. It therefore becomes abundantly imperative upon those to whom their interests are confided, to caution them on those essential points — an ample supply of provision — ^abundancc of pure water, and scrupu- lous cleanliness at sea. To some this may appear a superfluous admonition, as the ad- vantages of the one system, and disadvantages of the other are self-evident ; but let them be well assured, that, the disadvantages, and the distress, and the disease, and the deaths consequent upon the failure or short allowance of food and water, and want of clean- liness, at sea, are incalculable ; and, it is repeated with the utmost earnestness, that, shipping agents, emigrants, and government agents cannot be too scrupulously careful .upon the subject. * QuEBCO, Jvira 24, 1835. — Two of the unfortunate men who were saved from the Brig Jestie, of Belfut, aAer being eleven days at sea in an open boat, ' < yesterday admitted into the Marine Hospital. Their situa- tion is beyond description: the sailor, AIexanb..r tituart, has nearly lost both his feet and hands; and the emi- grant, Samuel M'Artney, whose wife and two children perished from cold and hunger in the boat, is also is a most deplorable state. It appears that out of twenty-one, only ten survived; and their sole nourishment during the time they were in the boat was « dog and about twenty-eight pounds of soaked biscuit, which they sparing^ divided daily among each other. Uofortunately. many who lost their lives bad drank large quantitiM of wit water.— ^eibon'* OtueU$. m u PRACTICAL 0BSBRVATI0N8. 1..;! i:i f*t Notwithstanding the unspeakable importance, and necessity of paying due atten- tion to this serious consideration, it is truly surprising how frequently its urgency is overlooked or disregarded amongst emigrants. It becomes, therefore, an imperative duty on their friends and agents at home and abroad, to counsel them on the subject. Beyond the mere requirements of the voyage ; an ample supply of provisions is more concerned in their further progress than persons unacquainted with that may suppose. IJut, be that as it may; it may be confidently stated that they have always benefited, and never have been losers by having a surplus of such articles as are necessary for decent people to provide ; as they are, (if required by necessity,) able to sell them at an advance on their first cost upon arrival. If they do not wish to sellj they still possess a supply of food for their families upon cheaper terms than they can purchase here j besides, to the labouring emigrant, who, during the throngest influx, may, for a time, find it diffi- cult to get employment, this is, therefore, deeply important. At no period of the year is a good stock of provisions and water more necessary, than when vessels sail about midsummer ; for the winds, when any there arc, generally blow from the westward, and passages of nine, ten, and even twelve weeks have been experienced, so that in additi- on to the advantages already pointed out, of sailing early in the season, may be added t!iat of economy and comfort, by a short passage, and saving of provision. In addition loo, let landsmen be made aware that to the unpleasantness of a scarcity, calms and light variable winds give a tedium of an almost unbearable nature to the existence of an emigrant in a heated, crowded, and not over-clean haggard, rendered still more dreary by regrets of home and the cheerless, to many, view of the waste of waters and expanse of sky. Short allowance, even among the more respectable and better ac- commodated passengers, induces sensations by no means pleasant, nor beneficial, men- tally or physically, and of which, probably, the writer may say, with no small degree of truth — - " queeque ipse niiserinm vidi, " Et quorum pars magna fui." i , t But in another class of passengers who do not possess any self resources to pas» the tedious time, the circumstance has a most deteriorating, if not demoralizing effect. A morbid insensibility to personal comfort and cleanliness occurs ; example adds to practice, practice to numbers from one end of the vessel to the other, and discontent, squalid uncleanness, and disease too often become the shipmates of the unprovided emi- grant. Therefore, without taking into account the many untoward contingencies to which maritime journies are heirs to, in all parts of the world, at no time should a fa- mily or individual have less than sixty days provisions on board. And in taking ac- cidents into consideration, probably still more ought to form the minimum. With tliose brief precautions preparatory to undertaking the voyage, other consi- derations force tliemsclves upon the minds of the emigrant's friend — and, first, that of PKACTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 4^ their conduct on their arrival in the colonies ; when all eyes arc upon them, and their behaviour marked ; is to be seriously attended to. The numbers who idle and loiter about the streets, addicting themselves to tlie pernicious practices of drinking and dissipation, draw down unfavourable reflections upon the whole body of the more worthy emigrants who happen to accompany them. On the arrival of pas- senger vessels off the harbours of the Province, they are subject, under many circum- stances, to a short period of quarantine, to enable them to get tlioroughly cleansed, and all clothes washed previous to admission into the towns. This sanitary restriction is very salutary in various ways, and in times when any epidemic or cholera exists, the ])eriod of quarantine is extended as the cases may require. A medical officer then vi- sits the vessels, and parties labouring under disease are removed to the quarantine hospital or lazaretto, and the healthy accommodated otherwise. — A commodious building is now in progress of erection on Partridge Island, at the entrance of the Harbour of Saint John, for the reception of the healthy, who are occasionally, and liom necessary precautions, detained some days on the Island for cleansing and otlier sanitary purposes. As soon as pormitted, the Emigrant Agents visit the vessels and passengers, and, on their liberation, are prepared to direct them towards obtaining employment — rendering them all necessary information concerning the country and the terms upon which the vacant Crown lands are disposed of; and at Mr. Wedder- burn's office at Saint John, a number of private farms are recorded for sale, and vary- ing in price from ^^150 to £1500 currency, or from COO to 6000 dollars ; some of which have saw and grist mills and suitable farm buildings. Immediately, therefore, on arrival, emigrants ought to address themselves to the resident Government Agent for directions in their various exigencies. One observation further only is required to conclude the present work. That observation is, that all plausibly delusive statements to induce ])ersons to emigrate, should be most scrupulously and religiously avoided. Such delusive practices are reprehensible in principle, and injurious in eflect to the emigrant and the provinces. When prospects, too fallacious ever to be realised, are held out to the emigrant, a more than corresponding disappointmsnt succeeds his too sanguine hopes, and he becomes discontented with his fate and the country of his adoption. Emigration is not always and necessarily the offspring of necessity or compulsion, but, generally, voluntary — and it may be relied upon, that, however much incentives to it may gratify the cupi- dity of some few interested parties — it is the spontaneous flow of emigration to any country that will combine the most permanent benefit to the individual — advantageous consequences to the Colonies, and general formation of commercial, maritime, territo- rial, and colonial policy and national interest of the Government. It is enougji to acquaint the capitalist and men of limited income, with the trade, the agriculture, and other branches of industry in the country whither he would go — and w 46 PRACTICAL OBBERVATIOna. their own prudence, intelligence, and interest will then be their best monitor and guide. It is enough to inform the labouring classes that with industry and sobriety they will obtain a comfortable livelihood for their families and selves ; and it has yet been invariably found, tiiat, with such plain statements and information, thousands upon thou- sands of the most deserving have been found ready to embark for any climate and any colony of His Majesty's dominions ; and, therefore, it is most desirable and most benefi- cial to all concerned, that the exaggerated statements of those obnoxious adventurers should be repudiated to the utmost degree, and received with caution, and with very qualified allowance. . It will further appear evident to every reflecting mind, that, in a young country where the demand for common labour in commerce and manufacture is limited, and where, as far as possible, the husbandry is conducted by domestic strength, (the true and profitable auxiliary to it,) the emigrant's best dependence will be and is upon his own individual ability to settle himself upon his own land, whether wilderness or other- wise, and applying his own industry and the labour of his own family in improving and cultivating it for their own support and comfort. It may be, and indeed has been said, that persons who looked only to common labour for daily support at home, have no right to become landholders upon emigrating — granted, wo/ grattiitoits landholders. But reasonable and valid as such reasoning may appear to those accustomed to dwell on the condition of matured countries, where labour, and the remuneration for labour of all kinds are duly divided, and where tlic possession of means beyond the labourer's sus- tenance is hard to be obtained, and the difliculty of receiving ground sufficient to main- tain his family, still more difficult to be acquired in fee. The circumstances of young countries like these colonies, do not admit of its application. For, in them, whenever the influx of physical power may exceed that required by the condition of its capital and com- merce ; the easiest and only available recourse, is the soil ; and it must still be borne in niiud, that unless the surplus of that very physical power be absorbed by ability to settle upon land and made productive by the industry of the parties to support the surplus; that surplus to whatever extent its numbers may amount, becomes as much a redundant and dependant population in a new country as in an old one ; and it must, therefore, carry ample testimony along with it, that the great body of persons who emigrate from tlie United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland will best and most effectually con- sult the amelioration of their own condition, by frugality, industry and ability to settle upon lands of their own. And in the hope and most unfeigned wish that prosperity in every department of honest industry may attend the progress of all who seek an asylum here, the present pages are transmitted as an earnest. Did the limits of the present observations permit, matter of much interest on the political and historical character and position of the Province might be introduced. PRACTICAL 0BSKRVATI0N8. *7 The progress of the settlement of the early settlers, aua the arrival of emigrants from the revolted Provinces and the mother country in 1783-5, to their and other emigrants arrival and progress to the year 1835. In computation of time, the period is not very extensive ; yet, from the circumstances which have occurred during it, much interest- ing matter might be collected, could tiie autiientic documents relative thereto, be found and duly arranged ; but, it is to be feared, tiiat, save only those that may be officially preserved in the archives of the Colonial Office, many very valuable papers on the pas- ting occurences of those days arc lost, or mouldering in the bureaus of the departed worthies who were themselves witnesses of, and actors in, scenes by many forgotten, but by few unknown. It is devoutly to be hoped, that the still immediate and talented descendants of those patriot parties will lay before the world, ere they themselves are doomed to leave it, a combined series of provincial occurrences, and thereby add fur- ther utility to their former useful lives, and honor to their country — and perpetuate the same noble and patriotic sympathies and principles which animated their ibrefathcrs. But, beyond the description of persons referred to in the above observations, there are other classes of emigrants turning their courses towards His Majesty's Colonies, who cannot for a moment be supposed to immigrate into them, with their families, for the mere purpose of reconciling themselves to aim at nothing beyond sheer sustenance- nothing beyond woodland locations — nothing beyond the humble aspirations of settling down as mere hewers of wood and drawers of water in the wilderness. A due conside- ration for the feelings and condition of such emigrants ; a proper estimate of the capacity of the country for their reception ; and, a just sense of the Identity of all the interests of that country and its people with those of the Metropolitan portion of the empire, for- bid, most unreservedly, all such contracted ideas ; and the right hand of welcome and fellowship is cheerfully extended to meet them as they reach the shores of this liberal minded land. Circumstances of an unfortunate nature, may have, indeed, impaired their former fortunes ; darkened their earlier prospects; and sent them, (in the vale of passing years,) to retrieve their means and close their troubled days far from the homes, where their forefathers lived and closed their lives. There is something truly affecting in contemplating the circumstances of such venerable emigrants, as well as the migration of others, less advanced in life ; and few, probably, none indeed, can tell that such scenes are by no means unfrequently presented to their confidential agents and advisers here. To all such, therefore, of this respectable class, who medi- tate emigration, let the same words be addressed j ere they quit their homes; which have been spoken here — and to many, happily, with some effect; when far distant from them ; and to many others like them in circumstances and former station. Unfortunate and un- foreseen occurrences may render their prospects inauspicious upon arrival, and entering on a new mode of life in this new and woody world ; but, let them not succumb to un- availing regrets for the past, nor yield to despondency for the present. Remote, they f li 4S PRACTICAL ODIBRVATIONS. will, no doubt, live, from tlic early acquaintances of other days and of other lands — l)ul, still, they will meet here, numbers of persons, native and emigrant, of much intclli- ufcncc, Jiospifality, and genuine old country feeling, in loyalty and patriotism, of attach- ment to the institutions and establishments of Great-Britian and Ireland, in Church ami State. Let, then, the emigrants hold fast their moral courage j call into acti'^n their natural abilities, education, intelligence, and industry; and strive to employ them use- fully for themselves and their country; remembering, always, that, they and their fami- lies arc becoming an important integral in the colonial community of the realm, in all their various relations; and, that, while thus acting their manful parts, the disappoint- ments that may be pressing so poignantly upon their minds, will, under the goodness of the Almighty, prove but of ephemeral duration ; and, that, in due time, they, and their offspring, muy look forward to a participation in those honorable civic employ- ments and emoluments which arc open to, and attainable by all the worthy, intelligent, and virtuous, under the free and patriotic institutions of the British empire. Let them banish, then, all weak and worthless fears, and fight the good fight required of them by their families, their country, and their God ! -J----i u* -«» : «r OErVERASi TIEW8. An initr.ictive writer, "who, though dead, yet Iketh," was pleased, in the range of Ills many works, to narrate some of the leading features, and delineate some of the living characters, who held conspicuous stations in the aftliirs and condition of Great Bi'itain " Sixty Years since." A similar retrospective period might be referred to in tracing the origin and pro- gress of this country, with such biographical memoirs, geography, and history, as might alike afford entertainment to the more aged, and instruction to the young, in matters relating to men, measures, and circumstances, which characterised the national drama of that epoch. To another branch of Statistics, however, those recitals more properly belong. But this designation of works concerning countries, is so recently introduced into the general vocabulary of the English language, that modern lexicographers, assign its production to the late admirable Sir John Sinclair in treating of the trade, population, &c. of his native country; and by some of the present day, the extent of its application is frequently misapprehended j and, although in its general features nothing appears very engaging in the prosecution of its study, few subjects of lay employment possess greater attractions, Hor are attended with more beneficial results, and, therefore fully warrants this introduction to the Tabular portion of the present essay. The man of reflection, the moralist, the merchant, and the statesman, well know the research and thought it demands, and to them it possesses commendations of an intrinsic order, em- bracing views of the past without the dross and alloy of prejudice or perverted political bias or party opinions ; and enables them, with calmness, and almost precision, to an- ticipate the future condition of Provinces or of Nations. Facts, thus recorded, are sustained by their verity alone, and challenge investigation by the minutest inquiries into all the objects of which it treats j with the nature, properties, and eflfects of their relative influences on their country's interests and those of Foreign States. It is for G 50 GLNEHAL VIEVS. the high purposes, thei eforc, of prospective legislation, philosophy, and patriotism, ag well as sources of authentic information to a people, that all statistical researches are profitable, and the records valuable to a country ; and probably to no country ; cer- tainly to no country so young, and people so flourishing as this, c?.^ ♦H^ statistical de- velopcment of their progress be of more interest than to those of New-Brunswick noxv upon the arrival of the semi-centcnary jubilee of their Constitutional existence as a Represented and Representative Body. I'he first meeting of the Provincial Parliament having begun at Saint John on Mo.iday the 9th day of January, 1786, since which pe- riod, of only fifty years, owing to a series of wise domestic measures of internal legis- lation, with the co-operating Acts of the Imperial Parliament on all important ques- tions of national interest, this Province has attained a comparative integral consideration to mete with any other portion of the empire, and whose interests now may not inno- cuously and tacitly be yielded up to rear the fallen fortunes of continental rivals, nor to gratify the restless policy of wayward politicians. And before these pages are clo- sed they may feel satisfied, that the condition of prosperity is proceeding so gradually and so beneficially to all concerned at home and here; that, it would be an act, too se- rious to name by the mildest word, to sacrifice those interests so dear to tne Colonies and so essential to the United Kingdom at the feet of the Swede, the Pruss, or the Norwegian trade. By reference to the annexed Table, will be seen tne comparative tonnage owned here, and that belonging to Great-Britain employed in those trades a few years ago. — The progressive entrances and clearances for a series of years ; the tonnage j and the men employed : — the comparative view of the progress of tonnage in one of the most flourishing ports and towns of Britain with that of Saint John, during a period of forty years — and ending on the 1st of January, 1836, and then may be compared the disad- vantages under wh'ch Saint John laboured, with the far more fortunate circumstances of such a place as that referred to. And to all those acquainted with the flourishing condition of that enterprising town, and who have a voice in t^ij nationnl councils, She case of Saint John, (and with it the whole Province,) has a most powerful claim to Par- liamentary protection to its enterprise and value. It has an individual claim as the commercial emporium of this important Colony, and it has a common claim with the rest of that Colony, to urge an adherence to the line of metropolitan poliiy which has so happily accelerated the interests of the King's Revenues — the value ot His territory- and its timber j and proved of such advantage to British manufactures, shipowner's, seamen and emigrants — and it has a vast national claim from the great political posi- tion it holds, with others, in the Western Hemisphere of the British Possessions — tiie non-recognition of which claims may prove seriously injurious to the common interests of both countries. But in pressing them and the maratime and j >mmercial aflairs of the Colony forward to public consideration, it indicates no vain or arrogant boast of nor GENERAL VIEWS SI, Provincial prosperity. — No. But it does indicate, that, under the blessing of Heavtri, and long continued and excellent Laws in England, relative to trade and navigation, she and we and all her Colonies have benefited by' them. — It' sfie hath gathered the brood under her extended wings, the^ have m armed and enriched her, and will continue to do so, if not thrust away to other markets, like drooping chickens in a wet and needy day. Such it is hoped will not however be the case, for unquestionably the people and mini- sters of Great-Britain set a higlier and more just value on these Colonies than their predecessors of the eighteenth century did to others. A century, indeed, replete witii occurrences of as deep and interesting a character as ever agitated the world ; the in- strumentality and effects of which must remain imperishably registered in the annals of the British Empire j some of which, might, with great propriety, be here narrated, did the occasion permit, as among the causes which led to the formation of New- Brunswick. The early part of that period was i.shered in by a series of military achievements and vic- tories,, which fully vindicated the power and influence of Eni^^'"ind among the nations and the cabinets of Europe. The final exclusion of an ancient dynasty of Kings forever from her throne was consummated, amid insurrection and civil war, which terminated in the firm and legitimate establishment of the Hanoverian family as Sovereigns of the King- dom. Notwithstanding the intestine broils and abortive conspiracies with which that accession was accomplished — commerce, education, wealth, and intelligence, were bursting tlie barriers of political factions and religious inveteracies, and were diffusing their powerful and beneficial influence amongst the people, and calling into accumula- ted action the energies and resources of the country ; whilst merchants and armies were establishing her supremacy, and founding another British Empire in the Oriental World. H?ppy, indeed, might it have been for her, if similar wisdom had dictated and succesr attended her administration in other quarters — ^but rival interests and adverse political principles, swayed with rancorous virulence and asperity the councils of the nation at home with regard to the affairs of the North American Provinces at this time, and antecedent to it. Ill digested legislative enactments were hurried on in confusion on one side of the Atlantic, and enforced with rigour on the other. The Provincials considered themselves aggrieved, and remonstrated, believing, as was likely to be the case in those days, that neither their circumstances, situation nor morale were understood. Theii representations failing to have effect in the proper quarter, produced feelings of discontent, and unhappily prepared mens minds for ulterior objects. Such alternations of policy and perversity of legislation in jarring cabinets were nearly brought to issue by as questionable and abominabled coalition of party as ever blurred the records or de- graded the course of political machinations. But other measures had before-hand been adopted by the other party, which marred the manoeuvre, and ended, after a sanguina TV conflict, and drenching the earth with the human and kindred blood of fortv thou 52 GENERAL VIEWS. I sand SGuls in the irrevocable dismemberment of the United Colonies from the sway and sceptre of the English Crown, and ultimately made New-Brunswick a margin and a boundary of the Empire. ' ■ ,« ,, . , i, ,.•,'>• • Those dark days are, however, passed away, and brighter ones have dawned on the remaining Colonies of England in America — the prosperity of one of which will here be endeavoured to be elicited. True, indeed, apprehensions, and great appre- hensions have been and are entertained, of the introduction into Parliament of mea. sures relative to the duties on timber from the North of Europe, which would, if pas- sed into a Law, militate most grievously against the; interests now, rnd ultimately against those of the old country itself. But surely no British ministry — call them by what party name you choose — ^would sanction the introduction of such measures into Parliament — no British House of Com- mons would entertain them. For although they might cramp and embarrass the trade of the Colonists, and drive them to seek other markets, and interrupt the intercourse with the home merchant and manufacturer, they will not be able to effect tlie general annihilation of that Trade, though they may, indeed, deeply depress it for a time. But once part the cable by which it rides so happily on the anchorage ground of England, and who can tell into what port the vessel must run when the link is snapt. Once divert the current of Colonial commerce from its home channel, and it must find another course — once divest it of those associations and itrterests which have so long existed, and which habitude and mutual benefit have cemented, and it will naturally, nay must of necessity, cultivate other associations and interests, however uncongenial or repulsive to the principles of the Colonial people at pre- sent, or however equivocal the results may prove to be hereafter. But, should Ihe attempt unhappily be made, it is firmly believed, the British King would never give it his assent — nor sanction the interruption of His Colonial Trade — the destruction of its commercial fleet j the loss of employment to the seamen ; the downfall of the prosperity of the merchants j the suppression of the labour of emigrant and native workmen and mechanics ; and the improvement of this Possession. He will not tole- rate, it is hoped, the Woods of that possession to remain unfelled, and unproductive to His subjects; whilst the vessels of alien Europe are crowding to the ports of the United Kingdom, with similar cargoes from foreign forests, upon terms with which His Ma- jesty's own people cannot compete ; and thus cut thera off from mutally advantageous intercourse with England, Scotland, and Ireland. If the Colonial freights are exclu- ded from the Ports of the narrow seas, by favouring Continental timber in a manner tantamount to the exclusion of Colonial — the Colonists will be left at the mercy of other powers ; and how will the case then stand ? By the very nature of their Con- stitutions, if they may be so called, they, the Colonies, can neither legislate nor nego- ciate with Foreign States on matters of Trade — that the Imperial Parliament and Go- GENERAL VIEWS. 53 vernment have reserved to themselves. Those powers, therefore, will carefully watch the measures of the Mother Country, and will admit Colonial ships and produce into their ports, upon just such terms only as will best answer their own purpose, with a mere shadow of inducement for the Colonies to trade with them ; and in all probabili- ty with similar reciprocity of advantage as has been hitherto conceded. The United States markets are the nearest for the lumber and scantling and timber of this Province ; and even if they could consume every foot that can be cut and carried thither by the tonjiage belonging here, is it to be supposed that they would allow those cargoes to be carried solely in British vessels, when so many of their own are in want of freights ? They would do no such thing ; but would regulate their admission and equalize it in such a manner as, no doubt, to leave the equality, like the institutions of their country, all on their own side ; and, if they could, might not scruple to make the exigencies of the Provinces subservient to other purposes. Thus would this Province, at least, now flourishing under existing laws, be left to combat European claims on Great-Britain on the one hand, and United States reciprocity on the other. Before referring to other authentic documents, a few instances of advancing pro- sperity may be inserted, as illustrative of the beneficial effects of the existing laws. In 1833, returns were required of Saw Mills, &c. in the Province : there were then 229 Saw Mills, valued at a€230,000 — on the 1st January, 1836, the number was 320, valued at ^^420,000, cutting upwards of 170,000,000 feet of lumber— and early in the year, contracts were entered into by the New-Brunswick Mill Company, to the extent of ^28,750, for the erection of other mills, which, when in operation, are esti- mated to cut from 100,000,000 to 1 '50,000,000 feet of lumber, &c. in addition to the above. And the Aristook upper a lower Mills, Rapid de Fcmmo, Tobique, Lan- caster, Grand Falls, and numerous other establishments, are ni .cive preparation foi similar purposes. In 1834, the capital invested by charter or incorj .oration, in Banking, was 5^30,000 — in 1836, it is ^^445,000, by the same enactments, an 1 with private foreign capital in circulation here, may be set down at ^500,000. In 18.i4-5, the amount invested in Joint Stock Associations was, including the Land Company, ^^120,000 ; in 1836, the amount incorporated by Lf^gislative Acts, is Two Millions currency. In 1831, the imports into St. John amounted to £51"), 00* ' currency, and, with the exception of ^^50,000 sterling of foreign produce, one li of which was carried in British bottoms, and ^^15,000 paid in Colonial produce ; the whole was British anc! Bri- tish Colonial manufacture and produce, from Britain and British Colonies, in vessels manned by British sailors. In 1835, the imports to the same place amounted to 5^1,040,000 currency, of which e€88,026 sterling, was foreign produce j only about one third of which, say 54, GENERAL VIEWS. 1^24,896 was brought in foreign vessels, and £63,lQ0in British — and i^20,094 stg. ol the amount paid in Fish and Colonial produce. Reference has been made to one of the most flourishing towns of the United Kingdom, and a comparison offered between it and Saint John, during a period of 40 years progress. The account ciurent will stand thus — in shipping : In lyy.'J, Dundee had S,550 Tons. In 1821., " 17,91-5 In 1836, " 39,531 Being a balance of 20,132 Tons in favor of Saint John. Saint John, at utmost, 4,000 Tons, « registered, 16,000 " " owned, 59,663 " Another comparative view may be advanced in proof that, young as the Colony may appear, it exists in no unproductive state of adolescence, even when compared V ith the navigation owned by the other great ports of Scotland. Thus, only as far back as September, 1817, the whole Clyde only owned 65,358 tons of shipping, and employed 4051 man and boys — viz. Greenock, registered 41,601 Tons — employing 2511 Men. Port Glasgow, „ 19,132 „ „ 1133 „ Glasgow, „ 5,624 „ „ 407 >, Totals 65,358 Tons, 4051 Men. And a very considerable share of the above tonnage was actually owned in Ne\ Brunswick. In 1835, after deducting the sales, tranfers and losses during that yeai the increase in tonnage owned in New-Brunswick is 4177 tons — making, in aL 80,876 ! — of which, 63,876 tons are registered at the Port of Saint John. With regard to Population—the increase stands thus:— 1782, 12,000—1803, 27,000 — 1824, 74,176 — 1834, 119,457 — exclusive of Indians, supposed by the Commissioners to be about I7OO, and decreasing. From 1831 to 1835 inclusive, 30,000 Emigrants arrived at Saint John. Again, with regard to Provincial Revenue. — The first collected for 1786-7» was in gross amount ^^42 currency — that for 1835, (being the fiftieth report, 1836,) nearly 5^0,000, or net ^60,7l6, exclusive of Light House, Hospital, and Emigrant duties — but, of the gross amount, about ^4000 were returned for prompt payment. The following progressive state of the Provincial Revenue, and part of the King's Casual Revenue for six years was brought before the House of Assembly on Tuesday the 23d Februarv, 1836 : . „ Hmv Revenitb of the Provimce. 1830... .=^49,670 1831... 1832... 1833... 1834... 1835... 28,196 87,518 35,661 45,220 60,316 GENERAL VIEWS. King's C •ksvsL Revenue, bt Sale [>F Chown ] ^erea. ralue. Purehaatrt 1830 38,000 £ 5,600 205 1831 62,000 8,100 310 1832 63,000 12,000 315 1833 90,000 15,000 370 1834 42,000 7,000 246 1835 169,000 46,000 383 65 License, Slumpage, and Lease amounts not included. A considerable number of acres (to the extent of 80,000,) beyond the return above, was sold, but the purchasers not complying with the terms of sale, the land re- verted to the Crown, and was offered by the King's Commissioner, under directions of the Governor, for public sale at Fredericton — the established mode of disposing of lands — but subject to occasional variations as expediency may require, and very frequently thought necessaiy of late. From nine to ten millions of acres of Crown lands, beyond the disputed territory, are still at the disposal of Government. What the advanced and Ivancing revenues of the Crown must be, may indepen- dent of the sale of lands be estimated with some conjecture at the present time, though the value of land and ♦imber lands cannot be so prospectively estimated. Nevertheless that it must be great is unquestionable, and with the timber, lumber, and shipbuilding trades, the King's interest must increase in amount, and if duly applied, as doubtless it will be, and as it is said, in improving the Province — it must tend essentially to amelio- rate its condition, and to inert ise the happiness and prosperity of its people now here, and those who emigrate to it hereafter. That interests so sacred and so cherished will be overlooked, cannot be supposed for a moment, or that they should be hazarded by a phantom of foreign policy, doubt- ful indeed in its nature, and prejudicial should it be practised, even should that prac- tice be but of ephemeral duration. But should any plea of national policy seem in the eyes of some men to require the oblation, and that the Colonies must, innocent and Isaac-like, be the victims, it is not the people's fault — they have done all that faithful men could do to stay the sacrifice by fair, candid, and manly reasoning. They disdain the artful clamour of domestic agita- tion, and approach their subject undegraded by a factious spirit. If the affairs of trade demand attention, they assemble from one end of the Province to the other, interchange their sentiments like honest men and good subjects, and transmit the result of their de- liberations to the highest powers in the realm. If in any department of Executive administration they believe that beneficial changes may be made, they enter upon the subject with similar public candour — abjuring all personal considerations and reflec- :'t" 56 GENERAL VIEWS. i' tions on good and able public officers — but praying attention only to such means as may tend to benefit the country. On the Timber question, they have, by thcmsclvti and their Parliament, and their Governor, approached the Tiirone and Parliament at home, and dutifully and firmly expressed the painful apprehensions they fully entertain of the disadvantages that will attend the King's interests and their own, if an alteration be made in the duty on Baltic wood, which must necessarily, from the distance and ex- pence of carrying this to markets beyond what that of Northern Europe can be brought, tend to destroy the trade. Equalization of duty has something very agreeable in name, but it "..J feared that if it is tried between the Continent and Colonies, it will not be unlike equity in Chancery. It is long ere found and when found costs more than it is worth. Such will be the effect of disturbing the pr^ -/^nt beneficial laws in their course, and substituting equalization trade, and voyages ana auties in their stead. Indeed, when the whole subject is taken up in detail it may be found more diffi- cult to render it applicable to equalised practical purposes than may appear when it is merely viewed as the abstract principle. Simple even as the system of levying duty now appears to be on Deals in England from this Colony, — merchants have to their cost found out, that it amounts in reality to much more than appeared to be the absolute du- ty from distinctions of portions of the deal according to the Law. If complication be added to the present system and duties levied by relative values or prices of the arti- cle — the system may soon be found vexatious and unprofitable to the merchant and shipper. Amongst other important discussions a short time ago, the affairs of Holland occu- pied a conspicuous place in Parliament, and every proper topic was brought forward as illustrative of the consequences of a partition upon the manufactures of Great Britain ; as through that country the great influx was made to Central Europe, a circumstance long viewed with hostility by the Belgian manufacturers. The amount stated by one party, and conceded by the other was ^€2,000,000. , . , In summing up the Dutch claims, as an old and faithful ally of England, it was aver- red, "that the export to France was inconsiderable; that to Flanders, trifling ; but that to Holland immense. It took off ^£2,000,000 worth of exports, and employed 350,000 tons of shipping." A trade well and truly worth protection ; — but, if Holland, with its 2,500,000 inhabitants, and the centre of Europe consumers at their backs, took only ^62,000,000 — how much more comparatively immense are the imports from Great- Britain, by natural customers, of only 140,000 inhabitants in this Province, who are keeping 322,000 tons of shipping constantly employed by British subjects and British interest, unfettered and uninterrupted by the discordant influences of foreign politics. In the comparison, it is true, Holland is not a timber growing and manufacturing country, nor is she referred to as such — neither does it matter whether a trade be made up of woods or woollens, or both together, so long as that trade is beneficial to the parties CENEflAL VIEWS. rq concerned ; and, therefore, the mere case of amount (apart from all otlier considera- tions) is here advanced as a most vaUd and lei^itimate claim on the j)art of the trade of this Province for protection by the Im})erial Government, over that which will super- sede it under other laws than those now in force, and must consequently deeply influ- ence the prospects and progress of emigration in the North American colonics, as well as the established interests and inhabitants, and their mercantile relations at home. What the Canadas, Nova-Scotia, and the other possessions may import and remii for, we stop not here to dwell upon — but it is nevertheless certain, that the fate of o'lc and all is involved in the common course of commercial policy now contemplated to- wards the nations of the Northern Continent. The tonnage of foreign vessels employed in the trade here is trifling in amount as appears by the imports of foreign produce in foreign bottoms, according to the official returns of His Majesty's Customs — and leaves, as already advanced, a powerful proof of the rapid, yet safe and healthful progress of New-Brunswick in assimilating its condition with and emulating the commercial station now possessed by the wealthy allies of Eng- land in their navigation, their industry and trade ;— and experimental politicians may believe that the day on which they resort to the Continent for the supi)ly of Timber foi- home consumption to the injury of the Provinces, that very day will they usher in most serious alienation of Colonial commerce ; the loss of natural and valuable dealers, and probably the political weakening of the British Possessions in North America. Persons yet unacquainted with the morale of those loyal and spirited people, may now willingly learn, that they have never yet been subjected to, far less habituated to, any species of destructive policy, — and, therefore, ill know how to palliate its exercise on the plea of ©xpedience, and far less too, to tacitly admit an attempted justification of such policy because of any apparent weakness in the object which it assails. To avert then the apprehended calamities to the Colonies is worthy of the best exertions of every good subject in the Kingdom ; and a sense of national magnanimity, policy, and interest foi- cibly forbid the risk of placing their trade in such a state of instability and uncertainty as the continued agitation of the timber duty question naturally produces in the country. The detailed export of which article for 1835, is as follows : STAPLE EXPORT, &c. 1835. WOOD. • Rickeri. i:94 Square Timber. Boardf. Deals. Sia*ef. ShingleR. Hand- ipikei. £62 Oar«. Lithwood. Tree- nailf. AMOUNT. 1 SUrling. £480,428 Cumney. £496.648 £291,817 £13.437 £104,150 £12,967 £1,905 £478 £4.966 £167 tl 58 GENERAL VIEWS. FISH. OIL. Dried. , Pickled. Smoked.: Amount. 1 Cod Liver. 1 Seal. WhBlo Orlontal Fishing. Amount. jfeia,891 ^2I,26J) :fiA9U -^^.^yjl^ f /''''""• iLe849 .£1088 ' '1 'll,60o Currency. 1 .£10,988 .£12,922 Sterling. 14,010 Currency. m Tiie amount of this local iiuliistiy, export, and enterprise, for the past year, and increasing for tiie present, being .i,\5.3'i/21() currency, exclusive of coadjutive business, and the tonnage atniually built and consigned direct to the United Kingdom, or, as rcq lired, through the West luilics, to the sanio destination, which thus carries double freights. IJut, interru))t tiie Timber Trade, and no such tonnage could be constructed with any advantage, or so emjjloyeJ. For, even now, the utmost circumspection is required of merchants, to maintain it in a state of creditable solvency; and, whilst these pages are in progress, vessels of large dimensions are daily arriving for cargoes of Wood of this Colony, after having in vain taken the circuitous voyage from Britain to tiic Carolinas, in quest of return freiglits of Cotton. If, then, the main spring and vital artery of the present intercourse is to be impeded, the whole collateral and depen- dant !uachinery must inevitably fail in its vvliolesome action with England, and drive the Colonists to essay some new course of connucrce, foreign to that which has hitherto proved most conducive to national interests — tested by the severest principle — proved by continued j)ractice, and consummated to the passing time by the happiest results. But come what will, however, belter far that the Colonists should know the full intentions of Ministers with regard to them, than be doomed to suspense from one ses- sion of Parliament to another — consequently either paralysed in their enterprise or act- ing upon the vast responsibility of their ])roperties, and their fortunes, and their credits. There is something peculiarly sensitive in the genuis of British Liberty, which, while repudiating all sordid views, beholds with intense jealousy every measure that may abridge in the slightest degree her commercial, and manufacturing and maritime interests, and more especially is that feeling excited when foreign interference to a pre- judicial degree is manifested in the form of fiscal legislation. And if that principle be a prominent and Constitutional feature, as it is, in its general character, it is no less and properly visible in those of the Colonists, whose individual stake, from their posi- tion and avocations, are more dcc])ly identified with tliose three great pillars of national prosperity than any other class of individuals whatever under the Crown. In the old country, one man prosecutes one individual business, and may, if he possesses a little disposable capital, appropriate a part in some other way. But here all are interested in general business. The merchant, carpenter, mechanic, underwriter, sailmaker, gro- cer, and saddler — all are engaged in it ; all are identified with those great interests. OENTERAL VIEWS. 59 over which Great Britain exercises the controui, and kee))s their industry and enterprise and ca])acities at command. What wonder, tlicn, that those Colonists, feeUng how deeply the state is connected with them, and honestly feeling the henefit they are to the State — and feeling too, that they have other opening means to henefit it still more ! Wiiat wonder that they view with alarm, continued agitation on a (iuestic!i fraught with such important consequences as the timher duty is. Colonists, native and emi- grant, arc no obtrusive meddlers in state affairs, beyond their proj)er province ; and whenever thoy feel called upon to come forward, it is with sentiments most ])u rely loyal, dutiful, and patriotic, to plead, however feebly, the Colonial cause, and vindicate, upon principle, the Colonial claims, and due protection to Colonial commerce. The resumption of direct Colonial taxation, by the Imperal Parliament, might in- deed be more obnoxious, upon Constitutional principles, to the people, but not one whit more injurious to their interest, than passing a code of maritime laws, by which their trade would suffer most severely, if not almost totally annihilated h\Jbreig?i com- petition. The sensitiveness of Colonists to undue preferences in matters of trade even between people of the same nation, was sadly experienced on this Continent, about siivijj years sincet by a train of untoward circumstances connected with duties^ arising on the one hand to exact the payment of a debt, incurred to Government by one class of Merchants from the pockets of another who owed them nothing j and, on the other, by attempting the enforcement of a political system, now justly derided, and long ago wisely abandoned. But as these pages are not set apart to record what was before the foi-mation of the Province — ^but to elicit by Tabular Statistics what it is after a period of fifty years ; — historical details and poUtics of antecedent days are willingly passed over for the present. But the author avails himself of this opportunity to lay before his readers two admirable documents addressed to the Throne in the year 1782, which may, in conjunction with other reasons, account for the establishment of this district into a dis- tinct colony, and pave the way for the results which have followed that establishment. This conclusion may readily be inferred from a knowledge of what was passing in the Cabinet at home at the time ; and, as if to consummate the King's earnest desire for peace, and an asylum for his faithful subjects — a person was appointed to prepare the way J and in the London Gazette of the 13th July, 1782, John Parr, Esquire, was ap- pointed to be Lieutenant Governor of Nova-Scotia, and confirmed by Letters Patent, dated l6th August, 1782, in the room of Francis Legge, Esquire — and preliminary steps soon after began for this purpose — Lieutenant-General Sir Guy Carleton, K. B., having been previously (on the 2Sd February, 1782,) appointed Commander-in-Chief, with powers to treat for peace with General Washington. The surrender of Lord Cornwallis at YorktowU; on the 17th October, 1781, and its evacuation on the 19th, .seemed to close the blighted prospects of the faithful loyalists, who, under all vicissi- i 1 60 GENERAL VIEWS. tudes, had borne a part ns noble and devoted in duty to their King and Constitution as ever was engraven on the altars of public fidelity and virtue. At this mournful mo- ment of national misfortune, they addressed the following Declaration to the King and both Houses of Parliament : THE HUMHLK AND DUTH'UL DIXLARATION AND ADDRESS OE HIS MAJESTY'S AMERICAN LOYALISTS. TO THE KINd's MOST EXCELLENT 5IA.IBSTY, TO IIOTII HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, AND TUB PIOPLB OP CHEAT BUITAIN. We, IIi,< Majesty's most iliililul nnd taidiFul stibjccts, llic loyal iiihnbitants ot America who havft liappily f;;ot witliiii tlic proti'i'tion of tlio Hrilish forces, ns well as those who, though too wise not to liavc foreicon tlie fatal teudeiicy of the present most wanton and cnineiess rebellion, yet from nmn- beriesa obstacles, aiv\ unexiiiiiplctl severities, have hitherto been compelled to remain under the ty- riuuiy of the lebels, nnil submit to the measures of Congressional usurpation ; animated with the j)urft.t principles of duty and allej^iance to I lis Miijesty nr.d the British Parliament, beg leave, with the deep- est luniiillty anil revcrLMico, on the present calamitous occasion of public and national misfortune, in llio sunvniler of Lord Corinvallis, and tlie army under his Lorilship's command, nt York Town, humbly to introat, that your Majesty and the Piirli;nnent, wouKI be graciously pleased to permit us to ofler this renewed tesiiuiony of loyalty and attachment to our most gracious Sovereign, and the Pritiih nation and government; and thus publicly to repeat our most heart-felt acknowledgements, for the infinite obligations wc feel ourselves uniler for the heavy cxpences that have been incurred, ami ihc ''reat national excrlioiu that have been made, to save and rescue us, and your American Co- lonie-, from impending ruin, and the accumulated distresses and calamities of civil war. For such distinguished prool's of national care anil regard, wo confess ourselves utterly unable to make that aJL'fjiate rclurn wliich our heart-^, replete with the most dutiful and grateful sensations, most willing- ly oiler, but which wc have not words suflicicnt to express. Our sufferings as men, and our duty a** loyal subjects, point out to us at once the propriety, in our present situation, of thus publicly repeat- ing our assurances, tliat we revere, with n kind of holy enthusiasm, the ancient constitution of the American Colonies; anil that we cannot but lament every event, and be anxiously solicitous to re- move every cause or susi);cion, that might have the most distant tendency to separate the two coun- tries, or in any remote degree to lessen the claim we have to the present aid and continued exertions of Great Britain, ejjjcciaily if it should arise from any misrepresentation or distrust, either of our (Ide- lily or our numbers, to entitle us to the future coitntenance and protection of that Sovereign and na- tion, vvlioso government and laws, we call God to witness, that, in the integrity of our souls, we pre- fer to ail odici;-:. The local prejudices of birth and education, and the weight of past and happy rxpor'oncc, conspire together to render in our breast-;, most sacred and inestimable, our relation to Iki'i'jh subjects and British laws. We deem it more valuable than life itself, and under die most try- ing circumstances, have invariably resolved, in defiance of every hazard, to assert our rights; and, as far as in our power, in opposition to every other state and kingdom in the worlil, to adhere to the nation and country from which we sprung; and to which, with honest pride and gratitude, we ac- knowledge that wc owe both our natural and political existence. Unhappily, indeed, fir ourselves, and we cannot but think unfortunately, too, for Great Britain, the number of 'iVel!-alK:cted inhabitants In Airericato the parent country cannot, for obvious reason?. OENFOAL VIKWS. 61 be exactly Ascertained. Dut tlierc arc facts fium wliicU the most undoubted and undeniable con- elusions may be inferred, and to which, for want of other evidence, vc must recur, resting our ap- peal upon Huch proofs to tlic unvrring and unbiassed decision of truth and candour. Tiie penalty under which any Anierican sulycct enlists into His Mnjesty's .service, is no less than the inimcdiutc forfeiture of all Ids goods and chattels, lands and tenements; and if apprehended, and convicletl by the rebels, of having enlisted or prevailed on any other person to enlist into His Majes- ty's service, it is considered ns treason, and punished \vit!> death : whereas no forfeiture is incinred, or penally annexed, to his entering into the service of Congress; but, on the contrary, his property is secured ur.d himself reworded. In the former case, he withdraw.* himself from his family and relation*, without any possibility i<( receiving ony assistance from, or alfording any relief to either. In tlio latter, ho is subject to no such peculiar self denials, antl real distresses. The embodying provincial corps in New Yorii, and send- ing them on service to Savannah ; — or i:i Philadelphia, ami orderin/,' them to l\ usacola, when ihey might be more usefully employed in the I'rovinco wher(j they were raiseil ; — the diMl'iing troops IVoiii the corps, and from uniost rebellioits coiinlics in that country, that there must be a vaU majorittj of Loijalists in that part of America, as well as elsewhere. The presumption becomes stronger, frouj a consideration of the well known seduction and compulsion which were made U5c of by the rebel-militia generals, and other officers, in order to embody the miiitia, as well as from (he manner in which the militia are there mentioned by General Greene, in his public dispatches, in the course of one month. In that of March 10, he says, "Our militia have been upon such a loose and uncertain footing ever since wc crossed the Dan, that I coidd attempt nothing with confidence." In his next, of the IGth, in giving his account of two brigades of militia, consisting of three captains, ten subalterns, and 361 rank and file, ho returns two captains, nine subalterns, and 5.^2 rank and file missing, besides one regiment of whieh he could get no returti, and adds, '< those missing are sup- posed to have gone home." According to the reports of the generals and field officers, very few were killed or taken; most of them having thrown away their arms, and abandoned the " field early in the action." lu that of the 30th, he writes, that '• nothing but blood ami .-/augiitcr have prevailed r>2 OENERAL VIKW8. nmongthe Whigs and Torici; and llicir inveteracy against each otlier must, if It continues, depopu- late tliis part of the country." Surely, whole brigades throwing away thfir anus, and returning liomc, and all that sort of conduct, nuist carry with it the most prcsuntptive evidence, not only of iheir disallection to the measures of Congress, hut of tlieir h)yalty and attachment to liis Majesty and the British nation and government ; especially if you take into the account this well known fact, that the rebels ha\i' recruited the continental army, and in all instances assembled the militia, by deceiving some, terrifying many, and driving nu)re, to assist in their military operations. On the contrary, the service of the Loyalists has in all cases been ready and voluntary ; and in njany imsolicited, and in soma unnoticed, if not rejected. If it should be said, if such is the number and disposition of the Loyalists in America, how comes it to pass that they have not been of more importance to liis Majesty's service? We answer, might it not with equal propriety be enquired, why his Majesty's forces have not more fully answered the just expectations of the nation ? And might not the (|uestion with greater propriety be put to his Majesty's couunandcrs in America ? a due deference to whom, we trust, will be thouglit the most decent apo- logy for our waving the mention of many more true and undeniable causes which we have it in our ])owcr to assign. And permit ns to add, that it is only from modesty, and a wish to avoid both the appearance and imputation of selfish ostentation, that we decline entering into a particular enumera- tion of such proofs of allegiance and fidelity, from the conduct and suflerings of American Loyalists, as have never been ecjualled by any people, in any age, or in any country. We cannot, however, refrain from lunting at some incontestible advantages the Loyalists have been of, in aftbrding supplies to the Royal army, — by acting as guides and jiilots, and (independent of those employed in the Pro- vincial line) as militia and partizan troops. As corps of Refugees, they have been too often distin- guished by the zeal and gallantry of their behaviour, to need the mention of any particular instance; if they did, we might refer to the affair of the block-liouse, opposite Fort Knyplmusen, where Captain Ward, with about seventy refugees, withstood and repulsed th« attack of General Wayne, at the head of three chosen brigades of continentals. Asa militia, acting by themselves, (for wc take no notice of the many thousands that at different times, particularly in Georgia and South Carolina, have at- tached themselves to the royal army,) a small paity, some time ago, under the command of one Bun- nion, went from Long Island to Connecticut, and there surprised and took prisoner a rebel Major (ieneral, named Syllaman, and several other officers. A ^oarty of militia also, not long ago, went from Wilmington, in North Carolina, sixty or seventy miles into the country, and took Major General Ashe, with two or three field officers, and some other persons, and brought them prisoners to his Majesty's garrison at Wilmington. Another par- ty of militia lately went near 200 miles up into the country from Wdmington to a place called Hills- borough, and with a body of 600 or 700 militia, attacked a party of rebel troops, who were there as a guard to the rebel legislature, then sitting at that place, and took the rebel Governor, Mr. Burke, .-everal of his Council, eleven continental officers, and about 120 of the troops, prisoners, whom the militia delivered over into the hands of Major Craig, who commanded the King's troops at Wilming- ton. Other more voluntary alerts, performed by the Loyalists in South Carolina, and elsewhere, might be mentioned without number. Surely such are not timid friends. We defy the most incre- dulous opposer of American loyalty, as well as the most determined advocate for congressional usur- pation, to point out a single instance wherein the like has been done or attempted by the rebel militia ; or that they have in any instance voluntarily assembled in such numbers, or attempted any military achievements whatever, without the express orders and coeroion of their tyrannical rulers. ORKERAL VIKWg. (!;( Tlie eiituhlisliing civil government, nnil furniitiK n niililin in n colony as soon us llic rebel nnny is drove out of it, is the best nicasuru that can be nduplod to make tliu loyal itdinbitants importantly use- i'ld to tlio King's interest. It is the highest political absurdity that ever was thought of, to iinaginc that a colony is to be retained, and the peace and good order ofgovornnient restored, by mere force ol arms and martial law, and that Im) without the partial aid and concuiruncu of itK iidiabitants ; and it is equally preposterous to expect that nid and concurrence, without some regard is paid to the pre- judices and inclinations of the people. They slioulil be treated with confidence, and honored with notice, by being appointed to allolfu' ^ of civil government; the protecting uutliority and persua.sive induencc of which is the only measure that can extend to, and connect the people of a Ibitish province ill one connnon interest and voluntary subuiiinsio!). A province, thus restored to the iniliionce ot ci- vil government, and the exertions of the militia, the natural force of the country, the royal army might proceed to the next, ever keeping the rebel forces in front. 'I'luis, piovincc ;illcr province, might and woulil be speedily reclaimcil to their former happy and most eligible situation of IJritisIi iul/iects. '1 lie policy of prosecuting the American war is strictly obvious for many reasons, but particularly OS it nllbrds the most encouraging hope that can possibly be held out to his ,^liljl.■^lty^s Loyalists to ))ersevere in their principles and exertions, at the same time that it allbrds n number of safe ports lo the royal navy during the war. It is also political, in order to prevent vast numbers of distressed people trom going to England, and throwing themselves and liunilies, helpless and ruineil, upon nation;il bounty for maintenance and support. It is humane and just, from a consiiluration of the repeated dt cla- rations that have been made, that " it was the gracious and firm resolution of his Majesty and the j>ri- tish nation to [)ersevere in every just and necessary measure for the redemption of his Majesty's faithfi!! American subjects from the tyranny and oppression of Congress, and restoring them to the protection and benefit of 13ritish laws." The importance the possession of sonie part, il'not the whole of the re- volted Colonics must be of, as an .Asylum for Loyalists, as well a*" the weight it would be of in fixing the preliminary articles, and in inlluencing the definitive treaty; whenever .sucii an evetit should take place, strongly enforces the political proj;riety and necessity of the American war. It also appears to be u political and necessary measure, in order to detain the rebel forces in the revolted Colonies: for there can be no doubt, if his Majesty's troops were drawn from thence, but their views and oj)cration«; would be immediately turned towards the province of Quebec to the northward, and the IJritish Wtist India Islands, to the southward ; and when the contiguity of the one, and the proximity of the others, to the revolted colonies, is considered, it is not improbable to suppose, from the connection now sub- sisting been America and France, Spain and Holland, but that by the United forces of those pow- ers, in those adjacent islands, co-operating with the Americans, that the British islaiulj nmst be im- mediately taken ; and that all the continental possessions of Great Britain woukl soon after be irreco- verably lost. If we take into our view the ellcct the abdication of America must have upon the minds of people, »nd the unavoidable intercourse tliere has been, and must continue to be, from the mutual wants and supplies of each other, it would be folly to imagine, but that many of the inhabitants of Quebec, and the islands, would, from various motives, and with diU'erenl views, under such circum- stances, contribute in some measure towards facilitating their own reduction, and hastening the sur- render to some other power. If Great-Britain can maintain n naval superiority in the American seas, the continent, with proper conduct, is undoubtedly retainable. If she cannot, her insular pos- sessions in America are still less tenable than her continental ; for this plain reason, that the former are far more assailable by naval force than the latter. Consequently the prosecution of the Amc- .'■I . m at GENEUAL VIEWS. i; li ricaii war with magnnoiiriily and vigour appears to us tlic best, if not the only measure for re-anima- ting his Majesty's Loyalists in America, to a strenuous exertion of their most distinguished endeavours for discouraging the cilbrts of t'^e rcbeis, — for dispiriting the hostile powers of Europe, and for main- taining die dignity, and preserving the exterior territory of the British nation and empire. Relying, wuh the fullest confidence, upon national justice and compassion to our fiilelity and distresses, we can entertain no doubts but that Great-Britain will prevent the ruin of her American iriends, at every Jtsk short of certain destruction to herself. But if compelled by adversity or mis- iortune, from the wicked and perfidious combinations and designs of numerous r.nu powerful enemies abroad, and more cri'ninal and dangerous nemies at home, an idea should be formed by Great Bri- tain, of rclin(ji'ishing her American Colonies to the usurpation of Congress, we thus solemnly call God to witness, that we think the Colonies can never be so happy or so free as in a Constitutional connection with, and dependence on Great-Britain ; convinced as we are, that to be a British subject, with all its consequences, is to be the ha))piest and freest member of any civil society in the known world ; we therefore, in justice to our members^ in duty to ourselves, and in fidelity to posterity, must not, cannot refrain from making this public declaration and appeal to the faithful subjects of every government, and the compassionate Sovereign of every People, in every nation and kingdom of the world : That our principles are the jninciples of the virtuous and free ; that our sufferings arc the sufferings of unprotected loyalty and persecuted fidelity ; that our cause is the causc f legal and con- stitutional Government throughout the world ; that, opposed by principle to republicanism, and con- vinced from recent observation that brutal violence, merciless severity, relentless cruelty, and discre- tionary outi'age, are the distinguishing traits and ruling principles of the present system of coi:grcs- sional republicanism, our aversion to it is unconquerable, irreconcilable ; that we are attached to monarchial government from past and happy experience, — by duty, and by choice; that to oppose insurrections, and to listen to the requests of people so circumstanced as we are, is the common in- terest of all mankind in civil society ; that to support our rights is to support the rights of ev^ry sub- ject of legal government ; and that to afford us relief, is at once the duty and security of every prince and sovereign on earth. Our appeal tlierefbre, is just ; and our claim to aid and assistance is exten- sive and universi'.l. To our lawful Sovereign, his Parliament, and People, it is first and most in future. I also submit, that to render more effectual the benefits I anticipate from the Floating Light, a Light House bo erected on the Eastern Bird Island, to cxhililt a stationary light to distinguish it from the present light on tho South W est point of Anticosti. The expense of the Floating Light would not be found to exceed £2000 in the outfit, and the annual disburse- ment would not nnionut to one half-penny per ton on the tonnage trading to the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, on the average of the last three years, as also that of the pro- posed light on Bird Island. Tho authorities of Halifax might be entrusted with the management of the Floating Light, and in placing the vessel at her proper moorings in Ajiril, and removing her again in October in each year, and the Government of New-Brunswick would be the most proper to take charge of the Bird Island Light. The soundings round the Bird Islands being very regular, from -25 fathoms four leagues off, to two fathoms within a cable's length of the rocks, added to the whitish appearance of the w ater, rendering the ajiproach thereto, with proper attention, unattended with any serious risk. The great neglect of Mariners is, a want of due attention to lead and line. Many fatal ac- cidents might have been avoided had the lead been cast every two hours when approaching the land, and having the ship under snug sail. Submitting the whole to your Lordship's consideration, and soliciting the honor of your transmitting this Letter and the accompanying Chart to His Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, I have the honor to be. My Lord, Your Lordship's most obedient humble Servant, A. C. BUCHANAN, H. M's. Chief Agent for Emigration in Upper and Low er Canada. To His Excellency Lord Avlmer, Governor-in-Chief, &c. &.c. Sic. 72 NAUTICAL INFORMATION. 11 Saint John, ( New-BrumveiekJ Nov. 12, 1935. Gentlembw, — My rasidoncfl at Sable Island hna afTor- rit*ri and olhtr$ inttrntid in SHip Eaolb and Cargo loit at SabU Uland. Commissioners of Light Houses for the > Province of New-Brunswick, at St. John. ) Latitude 43 Long. 60 5« 13 4-1 4. GO 3. 41 <;_ 60 31. "When vessels go ashore in moderate weather, an im- mediate attem|)t should be made to get out an anchor, for, as the sand is soft and moveable, it will often happen that a vessel can bo got off at once, which in a fow hours, would be totally lost. — When tho surf is so smooth as to permit landing, it is generally smooth onough to carry out an anchor. It is represented that there is on error in Biunt's and all the Charts in ordinary use. The East End of tho Island is in Latitude 43 59 5 N.— And Blunt, Long. 59 48 17W. Blunt, The West End is in 42 N.— And Blunt, 34 W. Blunt, The entrance to the Salt Water Lake is laid down in Blunt'd Chart a.« on the North side — it is, and has been for 25 years on the South side. A ship master, using Blunt's Ciiart, in coming from the Eastward, would find this Island — miles nearer than he expected. The Legislature of Nova-Scotia appropriates $iilC0O |>er annum, for the su|)port of an establishment on the Island, to preserve lives and property. Three families reside upon tho Island through the year. In case of sa- ving property, tho establishment is entitled to salvage ac- cording to the service rendered, and the amount is deter- mined by three Justices of the Peace at Halifax. There are several very good locations for Light Houses — mnny of tlie hills being tVom 130 to 150 feet above the sea. . . Tlie Cominissioriers of Liglit Houses of New- Brunswick are very instrumental in protection of ;nai-ilime interests smd liumanity bv their attention to Lights, &c. RKIiATlVE AIVD COmPARATlVE I^TATISTICAL TABLES, or LAND, I'OPULATION, AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, EDUCATION. TRADE AND NAVIGATION, INTERNAL CAPITAL OR IMPROVEMENT, TAXATION, REVENUE, AND EXCHANGE, IN THE PROVINCE OF NEW-BRUNSWICK, JAMTARY, 1830. Submitted to the Honorable the Lcifislalure, during the Fiftieth Anniversary of iln Parliamentary Meeting. TERRITORY. COUNTIES. York, Carleton, . •Saint John, King's, (Queen's, . Siinbury, . Westmorland, . Northumberland Kent, Gloucester, Charlotte, . . Elciwn. No. of Parishes. Eight. Nine. Five. Seven. Six. Four. Ten. Nine. Six. Six. Ten. Eighty. PROVINCIAL AIIEA. Square .Acres i, 842,073 2,816,000 427,648 834,035 1,046,246 650,956 1,476,992 2,336,224 1,123,584 2,236,889 907,904 Square Miles. 16,598,553 2878 4400 668 1303 1634 1017 2307 5056 1756 3495 1418 25,935 Principal Towns, Parishes},^''''^^ J^""^ fi^r^ ■':::"/:',:{ Harbours, and ItihabiianisJ'^J^it "' "'"""' """'"'"' to offhial rUwnii. } Fredcricton, Woodstock, Saint John, City, Portland, P. Kingston, P. Gagetown, P. Oromocto, P. Dorchester, }I*Jewcastle, Chatham, Richibucto, Pathurst, '\ Saint Andrews, > Saint Stephen, J Saint George, 2970 1947 12,885 5077 1927 1004 3124^ 2185 2355| 2775 1626 3487 2677i 2321 Jlcres, 78,000 148,000 32,000 66,000 24,000 86,000 57,000 12,000 170,000 16,000 235,000 Total open far sale and set- \ q,. nr^f^ ttement, Ist January, 183C, | •^**»""" 4,000,000 REMARKS. The quantity of surveyed Crown Lnnd will necessarily vary, accorrlinc to the nmount disposed of at the pe- riodical salorf : !)ut active measures are in progress to open up the country, by actual survey, for settlement, lum- bering, &.C. rijo Land Company has opened irs territory for sale, in lots, at ten shillings sterling, or twelve shil- lings currency, per acre, payable by annual instalments of twenty per cent, or fifteen per cent, discount on [)rompt jmymcnt. The Counties of York and Northumberland were divided subsequent to the census of 1824, so that the in- crease in 1834, applies to the population of the area now composing the five Counties — York, Carleton, Northum- lierland, Kent, and Gloucester. At the ])resent time, a further division of Gloucester, King's, and Westmorland is under Parliamentary discussion. The necessary divisions in progress throughout the Province, indaced the omission of the area and population of existing Parishes, both of which are in the writer's possession. Through- out this territory, the direct lines of communication, by Great Roads, extend to 1350 miles. Another of much internal convenience, is suggested between the new towns of Woodstock and Boies Town, a distance of 70 miles, and connecting the Miramiclii Settlements with Huulton, Bangor, &c. \.9 flTATI8TICAL TABLES. POPULATION. COINTIKS. Population in 18Sii, Population ! in 183i. York, . . ) ( 'arletoii, . .1 ) Saint .John, Klno\s, Qii'.'eii's, . .j Suiibiiry, . .' VVostiTiorlaiu!, Nortiiuinbcihuid "i Kcnf, . .' > (iloucc'stcr, ,3 C'hailollc, . .1 10,972 7,!)''30' 4,7M !),303 I !),^07 10,178 <),493 2(),r)()8 !'[«le« »l>"vn 1«. 32,4(7 6,IMI — /(If BLACKS. ;!;is 309 =ji« C-l Total, Gi,l.'j(i <)fiOt o o c I v/'^'u'fc |. ^ 3 ,|'«malr!.Hl.nve Hi, 27.7!)7 r^ ^ L'mler lt>, 28,031 7J7 372 St>(J I'rovin- rial Mi- litia. 3.0.'5H 'i913 IIH'2 !2173 lf)!24 880 1198 !J0G3 I \tol(iiac.\ 4, 170. 119,4^7 41-,7'2'^ ■ r 1 I I , the average nunihcr of eini,i:;rnnt arrivals was COOO annually : preceding years, oOOO per annum was the average. The departures, during the same periods, nnnnm. Ksrimated nnmlier of inhaliitants in New-Brunswick, in 1733, . . U,457 Annual I'rovincial increase, 2160, 108,000 during the five wen; ijOO per ll!),4i7 Till) Provincial Militia is composed of one Battalioti of Sea Fenci'oles, three troops of Cavalry, nnd 29 Line Battalion.s, having Artillery and IliiieH attached ; with 1 1,">7 Start', Field, and other Commissioned' OtKccrs ; viz. one M ijor-Gancrtil, Coinni inder-in-Chief, two Inspecting Field Ollicers, one Adjutant General, one Quar- ter Master General, two Provincial Aidos-de Camp; two Colonels, twenty-si\ Lieutenant Colonels, twenty-one Majors, with 1 ID.) Captains and Subalterns ; one Judge Advocate General. Average cost, £1080 per annum. This force was put into actual service in consequence of the agitation relative to the non-intercourse ques- tion— was disbanded on the liitli A[)ril, 130-<, and again embodied, by Gonoral Order, on the declaration of War with the United States, and disbanded at the peace. But, beyond it, there are always Garrisms of the King's Troops, of Artillery ond the Lino. During the last ten years, the following distinguished corps have served in New-Brunswick — viz. 74th, 52i\, 81st, Rilles, 34th, and at present the 43d Light Infantry. Two Regiments of Fencibles have been raised in the Province r the first, for its gallantry in Canada, received the number of 104th ; the other was not called from the Province, and was disbanded lit the peace of 1915. STATISTICAL TAHLKS. V> PARLIAMENTARY POLITY AND REPRESENTATION. o cr. o -n < re • ^,i «■ I =^^ § ii« "1 '■" tj I '^ S. O r» O T 2 P-« 3 On llio I61I1 ul' AiMiKl, 17.HI, 'riiorium Ciirliiloii, Iviiiiiro, wiia a|ip'iiiirt'vM8 tiiniiniiiifil, iiikI 'iii llin niiilli day nl' Jiiiiuiiry, l7Mi— iiiul Uliili of llie H. 11110 M'liiarcli — ilin llisl (iriiiTiil Aimoiiilily hrgaii IIII'I wan linliltii III llin Cily iif Haiiil Julni ; llinri-liy rindiiiin;; lliii prencnl |iii>l HrKKhm, llic l''il'ili'ili, oi Jiiliili'n nl l.i'|{ip|iillvn cxinlcace of llin i'laviiier. 'I'ho I'lilUnt in;; urn lliu iiiiiiIji'IH and daled ul llio fiUUCCL'.liiig Anaiiiililii'i) and Si.'iiiiiis, KinsT ASSKMl'.I.V. lat Scmioii— bcg'wi *9ih Jiiiin.iiy, 17HH-liulJaii ul Saint John. 2d dn. „ ISili I'Vli'iy, I7M7 „ ^ iliil-), lid d(i, ,, I'lili July, I7HH ,, at Frrilrriclnn. •Uli rii). ,, Bill (»ci(.lii>r, I7H<) ,, (liiio. 5ili do, ,, Im I'lli'ry, 17!M ,, diiio. <)ili ijii, ,, Mill reli'iy, 17!>2 „ diilo. SKCONK ASliK.MIII.Y. l^t Sn-jjon—ljcgan I2ili I'cli'iy, 17!):! — Iioldcn al Frnlfiirum. 2j3;£^s'>raj-> ls-> u 3 1 2 3^0 ?• cro "t o Q ? K- ~. 3^ _. t/> ^.^-^^ ^ • c .^ -) o 2. -1 73 '^ re ^ —' zr "■ ■J n o * ■ E?i s ^ ?« CD "^ o -• C^ re ^^ f: » T o I-. ^ 05 :r - B re re :::, ?. rt "^ ~ ^ o -^ "" ^ Si B r n - -c re 2 ?ik"^ ^=1 5. ot 2 p = c S' ^ — * *"^ re ^" o O ^Z u. •— re' 3 3" 3 re a 11: 2d 3d d». do. Ihi Hi'^iion — Ik's 111 I'll I'ili'iy, I7.'M ,, diiiu. :J.| I'nli'i'y, 17i>5 ,, ililln. TMi ID a!)si;mi;i,v. (Iili Fili'rv, l7.'J(i— liiildi'ii nl rirdiriclon. 21 d... •III) d... Sill do. D 3- n 1^ 03 ^ to O) 2il (In. ,, I7ili .liniiaiy, 17.*>7 „ diilo. ;M d.i. „ lliili Kcii'iv. I7M ,, 'liilD. Iili (in. „ l.'jili Janiiiin, 17!).') ,, ilillo, 5ili (1.1. ,, 2l)ili .l.inii.iry, iMUl ,, diili>. (iili ilu. ,, 2inli ,1. Hillary, l.'-'02 ,, diilo. f()ui;tii Assf;Mi)i.v. Isl SiiFsion— Ijogaii ftlli rilninry, IM)."}— Inddon at I'rfilci iclnn. ■2 1 do. „ 2!>ili JaiiiMiN', l.'''l)3 ,, diilii. M (111. „ 27ili Jaiuii'.r'y, 1H()7 „ diim. llli (111. „ .l.li July, IH08 „ (liili). KII-'TII ASSl'.MIir.Y — 'lOth Ceo. ['.(/. Isl Sp.««ion— licj-an 27lli J iiiiiarv, KSIO— Indden nl l''r«ili riolon. ,, 111 IMi'iy', I8I: „ diilo. ,, 12ili Jai.uiiy, lHi:5 ,, dil n. „ IMi J.imiai'y, 181 I ,, dilio. ,, 1 llli January, I'lC ,, diilo. SINTII AShKMlil.V. l«l Sp'^ion — lirgan -111 FdiriiAry, 1SI7— linldun nl rrrdmiclon. 2il do. ,, 2O1I1 January', iSlH „ .liUo. 31 do. „ 2d r.-ljii!ary, ISlS) ,, dmo. sev;;nth AsSEMr.i.T. lat Scsi-ion— l)0],'an 21 I'diriiary, l,S20— linldrn at Frcdci icion. . IHiiolecd Oij the Oiiith of deon^t tUe. Third. EiaiiTii ASsK.MiH.v — id Ci'mri^e 4th. lslSeii!>ion — began SOili January, 1821 — liolili.n al r'rtilprirloo. 2d do. „ «ili Fcb'ry,' 1S22 ,, dlno. 3d do. ., 5ili lM:li'ry, 182:1 ,, diilo. ■till do. ,, 21«t January, 1821 ,, (iiim. 5ili do. ,, 1st F(!li'iy, 1H25 „ dmo. 61I1 do. ,, I'Jih January, 1820 „ diilo. 7lli do. „ Kill Kclj'ry, 1827 „ diilo. NINTH AssK.Mr.r.y. lat Session— began 14lli Fcli'ry, 182S_lii)lilen nt Frod(;riolon. 2d do. ,, 9ib Dec. 18i9 ,, diito. Diisoloid by the Death of (ieorne the Fourth. TK.N'Tll ASSF.MBI.V — \st iVni. 4lh. lat Scsaion— began 7lli February, 18.SI— Iioldcn at Frederirton. 2d do. „ I'Jili January, 18:!2 „ diilo. Sd do. „ .3d May, 18:52 „ ditto. 4lb do, „ 2S>ili Jiiniiury, 18.33 „ diilo. 5lll do. „ 3d February, 1831 „ dilto. Kt^EVENTH ASSEMnr.T. lal SeFsion began 20ili January, 13o5— bolden at Fredericlon. 2d do. ,, 15ih June, 18.35 „ diilo. 3d do. „ 20il( January, 1836— I'lorogaed, MaiiU 16. 'It n^« - a 3 js =i' ■ a * - 2 ■ 1. ^ > • 3 « 3 ^ ■ ^ 3 ^ Ji ?.• ^ 3 5. 5 .1 s 5 ' 2 =?■ 9 o i. 32 3 3^ 3 " a « 323 Si O 5 5'- i'3 S i S" •" S" Oj t 'If r 'I Si a. « t*. ■ o t? B - = 3 = a r 23 X u a .*■ — IT" - =••<=■ 2. n 'I i 5 a:^2s ii-'^ 3 If? 1^5 71 r B •o u s , n a •a M n i : a c s 3 5. s: = -a 3 3 = 5 > § H 1 1) :^ ■ 2 ' 5' £:o »' 5 r.' o n o K-i ' C3 H ma O e .. ?3 •>; > '- > i- ^ > > >- > .7. > t3 2 "^ - — -^ -"• - 10 JO = < "2 ^ r5 .-. c- =■ IX 'X X -r X ■'■ I-/, ■/) «) CO 'X X' ^'> •'• iE 2? X' 'J -. to — i. Ji M 35 A. W lO — •- '.3 * J- /J is 05 *• ! " hi IC Ii y hS -< — —I I-. IJ — M >- 14 _,(ro-ito--i5.u cjii^coOMSivS ij •?* 3 5-=-ir=-5- — 3" s- 5- 5- ir =■ =■ — 5- -=■ 3 Y, •> > T •; i- ^H > > i- -^ .-/J > — V "^ CO -- % '3 =: ^ .? s "3 "i ? .< -2 3. ? .;; ^ lo ? Ce QD X X X X CC CO CC X CB (X X 'JO 2 /. t* - 1 C4 r>9 rci (>:/ 1-.- — — — .- — . i— — ■., , o o c r» ii (5 lU a-_W •iJ_SL'':^.«!UJJ-' "T .'- x tZ cc m o> pip: i; O i ' o i e "1 D n 75 PC 2? c 3 - ♦ Tlipre appeiir^ a dilTcreiire of dain beliveen ihe JournaU of the C.'oiineil and llic Law Hooks, aa lo iIib preciao day; llie forniei' rccoiding llic iYi'iitA — ilie latter, liie 7'hird ul January. In 1833, llie llonae of Aspenibly nppointsd two Delegaira lo ropres^cnl siibjecls of inleiest lo His Majesty's Govern- ment— ((7liarlea feinionds, and Edward B. (Jliandler, F.a- i|uii'e!<,)— niid on llio 7ib day of .Marcli, 1836. ihu IIoiibg (ieenieii it expedient to nominate nnoilier Delegation — (VVii- liain Crane, and L. A. Wilniot, Esquirea) — for the eanje purpose . r; 76 i STATISTICAL TAIILES. EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL DEPARTMENTS. HF.I-!(iIOUS ESTADLISHMRNTS, Sic. DClfOMtNATIorr. NUMBER or CIIORCHCI, AlC. Efttabli«heil Church of KugU>iul,25 Coiisocrutod*— 7 Uiiiltling— thirty-two. Quo liishop, ono Archdeacon, and thirty Clorgynion l''nlal»lijri lilt lllli Aufiuit, 1'S87, ilifl Kini; oiocled NovR.Scotia into ■ BiiliepriCi and op ilia 11 ill Auguil, 1788, Ihe lint Uialiop win coiiaccialed. A nninbor of Sunday Schools. COURTS or LAW, Ol'FICKIlS. coruT or cmakcrrv. HiH Excelieiiry the Li«nnRATE or wilm. Surrogates and Uegistrur.>t. Quarter Sessions and Inferior Courts of Common Pleus in every County. Eighty-six practising liarristersand Attorniei; Shorilt's, Coroners, &,c. Hero the author foots called upon to repudiate, in the most nnrcscrvod niannor, any bias in the ubo\o nume- rical statement of rcli;;ioiis denominations ; and, ns in the case of bills of mortality, &c. has to regret the indefi- nite nature of various iclunis. SEMINAIIIES. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, &.c. LIBRAUIES. 1 T'nivorsity, (King's College, Frcdc- rictoii,) receiving a |icrmanoiit ► r c O n c c -1 XT r Legislative Grant of £1000 ster- a n 'I n ? ling, per annum, and u ftimiliir suni, annually, from the King's S o O n C 1-^ 2, 5' n 1 Ciisuid lloveniie— in currency, £3200 Three Professors, — Ckissics, )cr annum. 3 »< 3 C o g Theology, Belles Lcttres, nnd c" t Matheniutjcs. c E. a. 1 3. s Grammar School:^, - - • 8.;0 S Madras do. - - - 500 )) cr o a. r/i c c 21 1 ST 1 i ■IK, ?imA\ )flr •r Men ernplojea £ IVfl. £ flnini Juhn, 35 AT.nso 40,.|5(»,n0() 70,12.5 025 KillR'.. 4(t 2i,as» fl.iio.'t.ono lll,ni2 10 470 Wmlmorlnnd, M 23.i(ia 11,22)000 2.M,0l(j 17 412 KriH, 29 SH.IM 8,(100.000 2I,S'!i 255 Simliury, 11 22,000 9,700.000 21,'.'50 247 York anii Cnrloton, . On AND Totals- 82 43,IK0 12,H0O,00O 32,000 320 8156 314 £110,703 170,217,800 X403,:!93 2 6 STATISTICAL VALUE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. City, Sea Port aiul Inland Towns, Villages, &c. — Agricultural Produce, Iniplementi. and Live Stock, - jCS,000,000 Marine anil Inland Navigation, ---------- 575,000 Saw, Griit, and Fulling Mills, 425,000 Total ^£4,000,000 AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. T Saint John and Outports. Beef, Pork, I'lour, Meat, Vegetable.y tlie naturally wooded etute of the country, and the vast increase of Population, Trade, and Na- vigation. 78 STATISTICAL TABLES. ESTIMATED AGRICULTURAL PKCDUCE AND STOCK. Wheat. Other Meal, &c. Potatoes. Horses. Neat Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Bushels. 150,00« Bushels. 300,000 Bushels. 2,100,000 No. 11,000 No. 91,000 No. 143,000 No. 59,000 REI ATIVE PROPORTION OF STOCK TO POPULATION. Oiie-tenth of a Horse. Half a Swine. Two-thirds of a Neat Beast. One Sheep, 1 To each individual. '$ THERMOMETRICAL CALENDAR. Januarys February, March, April, May, - June, - EXTREME COLD. EXTREME HEAT. July, - August, September, - October, November, December, EXTREME COLD. EXTREME HEA'I. Before Sunrise. At 2 P. M. Before Sunrise. At 2 P. M. 1 20 19 7 32 25 41 1 32 4S \ 14 30 39 55 45 62 1 55 73 32 48 55 66 43 55 30 46 21 43 7 28 55 71 55 45 32 19 73 84 73 60 52 35 REMARKS. In afldition t(. .in; Core.i^n'm^ returns of Saw Mill estnblishmcnts, mnilo to the Chntiiher of Commerce at Saint John, several very extensive ones arc iii jironcess. Already tlic Ncw-lirunswiek Mill Company, lately incorpora- ted by an Act of tlic Legislature, have entered into contracts to the amount of Ji30,00i>, anil proixisi; jjuikling one hundroii Mi!id on the Miramiilii and its trihutarie.s. The Saint John Mills and Canal Company, and tho Lancas- ter Mill Company, are extendin"; tiieir works. At Rapid do renime, also, lar{,'e works are in c;ontemplation ; — so that one year's operation!^ i luLour vvDi must materially change the features of thid branch of luechanicul aud productive ytatibtics. By an 'nupectinn of the increase of Population, ^nippinf,', General Trade, and Stajile Mnniifactmc, and ir- ferenco to the primitive forest vurfaeo of the I'roviiice, Ntrangers will not be surprised at the existing delicienry of A;^ruclicubl found, nor ; und coniequ can be state 593,719 577,212 *783,474 1,040,926 ords of amount ars are to bo ]rior to 1822, ently ng value (1. 417,143 402,211 545,075 643,457 49 16 « ..: 99 60 48 82 82 3,390 1,181 1,621 14,005 16,488 7,649 23,088 21,408 1824 1 1834 1835 No return of amount of Imports for tliuveiir 1824. The Collector catinintes tlio exports at the am't given. 128,055 100,000 122,892 29 10 5,142 IjO,-;! Total amount of Imports in 1831 ^911,529 Ditto ditto Exports, „ ... 667,467 DiJJerence .€2 14,062 Of Iho 23,088 tons of shipping regislerecl at Siiint John in 183-1, 2172 ions wore built at Alirumithi, &c. — Tlio returns from Saint An- tlruws fur i836, were not received when these pages went to press. — The above diiforenco xt ii.tii8fictorily mads up in Kreiglil?, &c. to the United Kiiisdum. PROGRESSIVE VIEW OF VESSELS, MEN, &r. EMPLOYED IN GF.NF.RAL TRADE. ENTERED. CLEAUEU. ' Years. Vessels Tons. 1 Men. \'essols 1 Tons. Men. Saint John and Oiit-Ports... 18«4 1830 1831 1834 1835 1821. 1 SM.^ 914 1835 1708 201.6 2467 219,567 9,961 243,.07O 12,006 203,907 11,127 246,7(i^^ 12, 151 298,99vi 14,1.67 79,426 4503 29,657 ' 1406 898 1781 1710 1!)6S 2261 1373 ; 175 ; 1 227,7 '20 239, 133 212,734 2.56,225 .322,2(J() 98,1.80 33,993 10,014 11,427 10,3 1'< I2,.S{6 M.,.0.06 Excess of 183 1 over 1824.. Sutul Andrews l.WS 156 4.542 15 f2 ''Vhin iiiiMHiiil iif ({r,-*(tt<^ lolnl iniHiiiiit (In ii Ixiiig i:il37,!l;l4 ; iinri ovi-r iha miinn tn I7t3— £il'.i!M)H(i. *■ iu iVJ.t, tliv linporu hI SutiK Juiiii uiiiMuu'.itU (•( K\)Oi,M'i SlurliiiK ; ii>i of Shipping. REMARKS. Among tlic itcBis of Export, may liero bo noticed, the produce of the Orirntal Wludc Fishery, lining n new ffntiiio in trade. In 1B3J, 47, '144 Gallons of Oil were exported ; and in 1833, 140,404 Gallons of Sperm and other Whale Oil. No account of the Home or In-sliorc Fishery could be obtained, .so as to warrant numerical state- ments. — iG'i clean iccl fish — Cod, Hake, Pollock, Haddock — are ocinivaleiit to a quintal of 112 lbs. of sailed dry fish of the same kind. — :;00i) lbs. dried Cod — one tun or 280 gallons — commonly called, nt Newftvuiidland, Cod I.iver Oil. — 30 Seals also uverayc one tun, or 2b0 gallons of Oil. — Oysters, l.s. per bushel from the beds. It was not until the year 1787, that a separate cstablisliment and registration of Vessf Is were made nt the now Custom House for the newly-crcctcd Province. At this period, the vessels built in New-York, Nova-Scotin, Slc. ttc. as far back as 177(), were registered de novo, ainountiu" to forty-nino, find admeasuring ?.>90 tons — ol' which eighteen — lltltons — wore jirizes. The earliest Custom House record extant hero, is a book of entries and clearances, kept by the late James White, Esquire, then Deputy Collector of the " Port of Saint .F(din, Nova-S'MUia ;" by which it appears that th'? largest vessel built in I7s4 was 100 tons ; and about that lime the trade was carried on to Bermuda, New- York, tlie West Indies, fcc. in craft of -,'0, 30, and ,00 tons — two vessels of 100 and one of 1,'>0 tons entereil and cleared. In the jicriod of fifty years, 'i")00 nearly, entered ; (see tonnan^e rolumn nlmva) ; and the amount owned, (7(j,t)!1i) l.-ms in 183+,) exceeds that of Great-Britain eng:iged in the trades of Siveden, Dcminark, Norway, and Prussia, in 1814. And it apjienrs still further, that in 18.'M, not one solitary Biitisli vessel entered at the Port of London A\ith a cargo of wood from Norway, whilst no less than ."{.'{, h2+ tons of -Norwegian entered with tiiniier. Tlint during the wliide six preceding years, only 11,487 tons of F.nglidii iiad entered the Umtf-o Kikgoom from Norway, whilst .')3--',51'2 ol' their own (Norway) had arrived. — Sucli stuliborn (acl.-; elicit the inqim'tance ol" Colonial Commerce to the nation. — fSee Simnon, lilis^, and I'urtcr. I The vessels built in New-Briiiisxvick aie from 100 to .''1)0, and kOO tt.ns. To the in(iuirer into comjtai'ative national statistics, it mny be ohserv>''l, that the Import.- at Saint Aiidi-('ws in 1P31 l.').)4 ; the latter 1 little short of those itrqiorted into )eing only ,^^i;7.()00 si(;rling.— -HI" t!ie vessels rigi>tered at Saint Andrew*, Eigiil Steam ISoats ply on the Vinyti ol' Fniidy iind Passamaqiinddy, and ail F.iigland ■it>l5 tons arc oNvned at Saint Slepllrii. th" liiver Saint .John. It is emiiicnlly to be boriic in mind, tilso, that at the Inst time of faking the census, towards tlie end of lf>34, I lie adult or productive male population was only J2,447 whites, and 3i'9 bbuks — /. c. from cixtcen upwanls. The fiijlntving extinct fiofn Riltv.irilK* woik on ihn Weft liiiiicf and Trade nnd IleKoiirreii nf Rr'iiih America, afTurd:! fiin;<> (if fiiir y«;ir», end- •• in^ Hilh I7s(i, The (iiily pioviHiipriH expiii'led I(j .liiniairn, from OmikkI.i, i\ii\a-Srolla, anil .Si. Jnlm'*. (i. «. Ne«f niiidl.iiid,) lienurn 3H •• A|.nl, IT-S."!, and -I! II <)cicili J iniaiea Ikjir ('in.iili, i\..>a Scnci.i, hiiiI \e» iMiiadlaiid, "en- wnly .'13 I. iri<:l» .il' (l.)Ur, 7 lilaif. if li..|i, h harrcl* of oil, 3 li.iiU'l •■ o: la' , I'lUh. aii.l arpeiiliiie ; :l(i,000 n'lin'jlei. and mate-, aiirf 27.23.J frel iii'lmnliei. ■• KriMii llie Ciij-loiii ll'inne reliiiiH, ii it|ipe,ii> ili.n 'if I'i'tS eaiii'if" "' I'lld'er iiii'l pioviriiiM,< iniporleil frmn Nnrili Annriia In llie Pri. " o»h .Siijj ir (."iiliinien III 1772. »iily m'Xi'i: nf iImki' i iiU'M'» i\eiiiririiii ('anaila iind \ ivi-Smli i ; and lli.il uf 701 to|>r,i il vrrKnU and I6HI *■ iil li'iin Vorih .^inrrira li> llie liiili'h and I'lrr.'iin VVr.i lii.lie?, nnly 'J nf llie liilwail vci-i in anH ilnen •• af ihe <|,Hi|i> werr friim llle^e l'ri»nnee. ; nnrl ii li.i>, lii< n prii\e(), lliai I lie ye,|iii 177V, IJWI. 17^1. and I7S2. ihe ►ctiiily m ( 'anudn " Ivid lieiia ■imh, :■« Id oee i.i'Hi ilieeii|iui| of all lite iil, xlinil, and llinir I .<• |>r>ilii|i leil l.y niiillni il < ; and in I7S4, >«hen K I'.i Iniliiriiliiry ' Hii.ciuy |,iiil« ||I ler. ennreniim nhal niipplie' lie \\ i-m ImlirK iinglil expect fr.iiii ('araila iiii I ^'lm Sei>i|a, a •lii|i Ml llie nver VUnmin W4« •• arliialiy liixdinji Willi Kliui lur Umliee."— 'I'trnpirn mutanUir; mid ii will lie well ii kic |i in iiiiinl ilir ei in! n «if lln- ulinle .%o.||i Ane - r>r»n f liMiliienl iii ri'<»>' and iillen i.inre, nt ill* lai ml ii-aiid uf. 'I'lie Aaieiieun tvrilH . Si< rut, tile- •«iiliiu||ly rrlerf In blwnidy, in dv- prM'Mli' n «.Ki; ni.i wimiI' t"-, (MraiUeetiiie. I* liiif*, tliil, IH • • .li'iti a I :>Me, Ihn wlieil fliair iif r.i,ii«i|i« wii. •u|ier»«ilinK ilMlufllie I nll.tt^Nle« in ili|> inarkrl, and itial wIiimI Aunr ifiai" %r«4, ai ti • f I .' um,,, in pri.ijreo uf •lii|aiteni |,i.in llie I lianien iiiij iiili. • pur la Ml liuMl I'.iii.iin U> lli.idt nl llm whfal nmwti'J t'liiird lB'»i< • ilM>iB»«i»»» - .ithi <|iiiiii( wi, li.e, Uf^lhnul " fiirrying main to Srwratllf." Il nii>', lleiflnri-, >« rniiifl«.r(fi ami n ngtmi' ii'»i, I* y I -cnxil N. •omNIMNM im4 l' l-\ ,, land, J „ ,, Boston, Nevv- "V'«)rk, or Pliiladel- }' } 3 to 1^ Iron-fastened, „ 100s. in lS3i, £480,423 Sterling— £49G,6'i:i Currency. do. 36,107 „ 41,6(53 do. 12,92-2 „ 14,910 „ £473,452 i:553,'2I(5 F-XCHANGC BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND NEW-BRUNSWICK. J^Hh) StcrliiijT is equal to :Cl]\ 2s. 2tl, Coniiiiercial Currency, or 444. Dollars niid 44 Cents ill Spauisli or Aiiifricau Dollars — 400 of wliich arc i(|ual to .£100 New-Hrunswick Currcii.'y. Ii/ipcrial Duties, Crown Ucvoiiucs, (lovcrnniciit (Joiitr'xcts ami Salaries are cclculnted at is. id. to the DoJiar; tlicrutorc, in those ca.si;s, jL'IOO .Sterling' are e«|unl to J:ll!i 7s. 8d. Currency. In all other awes, the Dolliir i-. valucil at live .Shillin<(s Currency. The only variation, therclorc, in money alliiirs, ari.ses I'roni the state of the London and New- York Mmkcti, by which the rote o( Kxchange beiwuen the countries is f^overncil. Avernji^f Premium of Exchange, ul CO days, on Londcm, Ditto „ „ 10 „ on Ncw-Vork, £1 10», per cent. 1 n CloverniiMMit Pur, JJWi 7», K.J. Currency. — Coumhi. ,iil Par. iilU 2s. 2d. Curreiuy. ITS 82 STATISTICAL TABLES. TAXATION. STATUTE LABOUR AND COUNTY RATES. 5|i Statute Labour varies according to income, property, or capitation ; at 5s. a 50s. per cap. — In the Country, other Taxes nominal ; and in Saint John and Portland, the maximum on all assessed is 31s. per annum. . To the lightness of this important item of individual consideration and Provincial polity, the attention of all classes is particularly directed; whilst the Trade, Navigation and Revenue indicate the prosperity of the I'roviuce. EMIGRANT TAX. Collected in 1834. Collected in 1835. Saint John, ^1660 7 Bathurst, - 60 7 Miramichi, - 17 5 Ilichibucto, - 16 15 Dalhousie, - 5 15 St. Andrews, 428 1 6 6 8 Saint John, ^644 2 Saint Andrews, 18 3 West Isles, - 38 6 Miramichi, - 25 15 Richibucto, - 10 15 Dalhousie, - 5 15 Bathurst, - 7 lO 6 4 8 8 » Total... ^2 183 11 8 Total... ^€750 14 2 The proceeds of this Tax are applied solely lor the relief of sick and distressed Emigrants, and proves most salutary in its eil'ccts. During 1835, the amount was reduced, according to the accounts, to ,s£750 14 2. CROWN DUTY OR STUMPAGE ON FOREST WOOD. On White Pine 1'imbcr, per Ton, 2s. ,, Red ditto, ditto, 2s. 6d. ,, Round Logs, lor Boards, Plank, or Deals, per M. sup. feet, 3s. (id. Thi* local Crown claim on Forest Timber was first exacted only so late as 1H18. An cvitlent in^f.mcp how iU,p\y the f«**erniii€nt cotisuhcd the ability of the Colonies to bear an impost on their Wmxl Trade, evcti under nil tlic prutcctiri^ Acts from Foreign competition. STATISTICAL TABLES. REVENUE. 88 PllOGRRSSIVR ADVANCE OF ORDINARY REVENUE, SINCE FIRST COLLECTED IN THE PROVINCE. a Amount collected in I786 ^42 1789 962 1794 1,569 180S 3,731 1814 25,878 1824 44,670 ff „ 1834 51,653 M » 1835 66,^65 II AMOUNT OF REVENUE COLLECTED THE TWO LAST YEARS. Under Acts of the Imperial Parliament, ^12,086 Sterling, } Under Acts of the Provincial Legislature: Ordinary Revenue , Sick and Disabled Seamens' Fund Light House Emigrant It Mfiiic Post Office — (no Official returns) — estimated at... } King's Casual and Territorial Revenue, ^^23,29'2 Sterling, 1834. Currency. £U,M5 45,220 IS 1,759 13 2 2.4.90 1 9 2,183 11 8 2,000 27,87G 1835. Currency. a^ll,820 16 9 60,716 1.5 31 2,041 11 I 2,756 15 5 750 14 2 2,000 46,217 The difference in the Revenue collected in 1834 and 1835, under Acts of the Imperial Parliament, arises alike from the construction of Mills in the Province for the manufacture of Wheat Flour, and the great increase in the importations of that article from Canada ; thereby causing a conset^ucnt decrease in the importations from the United States. - ff.l 84. STATISTICAL TABLES. BANKS AND JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. BANKS. Bank of New-Brunswick, Charlotte County Bank, - Commercial Bank, - - Central Bank,- - - - City Bank, - - - - - St. Stcplien's Bank, - - CAPITAL. Amount of Notes in circulation Jlinount of Specie on hand. £ 100,000 15,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 25,000 83,823 }iV«f -id in 24,493 Total Capital invested—! 440,000 JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. N. B. — In further elucidation of the eminent enter- • prise of New-Brunswick, a comparative relerence may justly be made to the original amount of Banking hi- vestments in other countries, with which the Province is intimately connected, some of whose foundations are nearly coeval with the establishment of the Colony. In 178 J a 1803, there were 35 Banks in the Uni- ted States, with capitals of ^2(5,707,000.— (The first. Bank of North America, i&SOO.OOO.) 1783. — The Bank of Ireland founded; capital, ^'600,000. 1744.- -Thf Bank of Scotland increased its Stock to ^200,000— the original, in l(ii)5, iK'ing „€ 100,000. KiUl. — Hank ol' England, first consideration to Go- vurnmeut, .£1,200,000. 1701.— Capital increased to .£2,801,000. New-Brunswick and Nova-Scotia Land Company, « - - j6200,000 New-Brunswick Fire insurance Company, 30,000 Do. Mining Company, - - - - 20,000 St. John Mills and Canal Company, 37,000 Do. Water Company, - - 20,000 Do. li ridge Company, - - 20,000 Do. Mechanics' Whaling do. 50,000 Avon Bridge, Nova-Scotia, (one half) 4,000 St. Andrews and Quebec Rail Road Company, 750,000 Chamcook ^lill and Factory Co. 50,000 East India Companv, - - - - 50,000 Portland Mill and Tunnel Company, 75,000 St. Stephen's Whale Fishing do. 50,000 New-Brunswick Mill Company, - Central Fire Insurance Company, Saint John and Cumberland Stage Coach Company, - - - - Frcdericton Hotel and Stage Co. Saint John do. do. Lancaster Mill Company, - - - Saint John & Saint Lawrence Rail Road Company, (via Riciiibucto) 100,000 Bay Verte Canal Company, - - 100,000 Shediac and St. .John RailRoad do. 20,000 Woodstock and Frcdericton Stage Company, ------ Restook Upper Falls Company, - Restock Lower Fails Company, - Tobiniie Mill Company, - - - Fiedericton Mill and Manuiiictn- ring Company, 100,000 50,000 2,500 15,000 25,000 100,000 1,000 50,000 48,000 75,000 - - - 50,000 N. B. — The Acts of Incorporation of those Companies vary according to their character — some paying in a ccrtiiiu auu>\Mll of capital iiistanter : others receiving time. — They have power to in- crease stock to given amounts. — And it must be borne in view also, that, to insure the validity of the Corporations, large amoinits, according to the capital incorporated and the object undertaken, arc reijuircd to be actually paid in before they can go into operation. MARINE DISTANCES. From Livor|MX)l to Saint John 2717 Miles. „ Do. Miramichi.. 2G30 do. ^ 1^. Saint Andrews 2667 do. 'I'lii' distiuir," from Livcr|Minl to Qiichoo, l>y tlit; proposed Stratn Vcs.selM route on the \tlantic, and Colonial Ituil Kuiid^. will Uc coiisi(l