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 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF VICTORIA 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 Monday, ijili Fcbntnry, i8q2. 
 
 LiEUT.-CoLONiii. TiiK HoNOi'KAiii.K J. M. GiifsoN, i3tli Battalion, 
 President, in tlie Chair. 
 
 Lower Canada During 1810-14 
 
 By MK. HENJAMl>f SULTE. 
 
 The History oi the War in Lower Canada (hiring 1812-15 is 
 principally concentrated in the short period comprising the 
 Antunin of 181 3, therefore it cannot be compared to the numerous 
 military actions which took place in the Upper Province from the 
 Summer of 1812 to that of 1815, but a description of the state of the 
 Province of Lower Canada from the year 1810 to 1814 is absolutely 
 necessary in order to understand the whole situation of the Can 
 adas of that time. 
 
 I will proceed after the following order : ist, What took place 
 from iSio to 1813 ; 2nd, The events of the year 1813. 
 
 The wars which had raged m Europe from 1793 '° i^oo caused 
 England to draw largely from Canada for various supplies in the 
 shape of timber, masts, ready-made siiips, hemp, oats, etc. On tiic 
 continuation of the demand from the IVIother Country the popula- 
 tion of Lower Canada had gone earnestly into extensive prepara- 
 tion to enable them to sell large quantities of these products, and 
 it must be said that gold was entering abundantly into the Prov- 
 ince. The country bordering on the river Chambly was then the 
 best wheat land that could be found in the world ; the same with 
 the region from Terrebonne to Three Rivers, on the North Shore 
 of the St. Lawrence ; the same with the localities situated south of 
 the City of Quebec. Hemp was cultivated nearly everywhere, oats 
 
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 Ln:uT.-Coi,oNiii. thk HoNori<Aiu.i5 J. M. Gidson, 13th Battalion, 
 President, in the Chair. 
 
 Lower Canada During 1810-14 
 
 By MK. he: MJ AM IN SUL1E. 
 
 The History of the War in Lower Canada during 1812-15 is 
 principally concentrated in the short period comprising the 
 Autumn of 181 3, therefore it cannot be compared to the numerous 
 military actions which took place in the Upper Province from the 
 Summer of i<Si2 to that of 1815, but a description of the state of the 
 Province of l^ower Canada from the year 1810 to 1814 is absolutely 
 necessary in order to understand the whole situation of the Can 
 adas of that time. 
 
 1 will proceed after the following order : ist, What took place 
 from iSio to 1813 ; 2nd, The events of the year 1813. 
 
 Tile wars which had raged m Kurope from 1793 to 1800 caused 
 England to draw largely from Canada for various supplies in the 
 shape of timl)er, masts, ready-made ships, hemp, oats, etc. On the 
 continuation of the demand from the Alother Country the popula- 
 tion of Lower Canada had gone earnestly into extensive prepara- 
 tion to enable them to sell large quantities of these products, and 
 it must be said that gold was entering abundantly into the Prov- 
 ince. The countrj' bordering on the river Chambly was then the 
 best wheat land that could be found in the world ; the same with 
 the region from Terrebonne to Three Rivers, on the North Shore 
 of the St. Lawrence ; the same with the localities situated south of 
 the City of Quebec. Hemp was cultivated nearly everywhere, oats 
 
also ; the forest contributed the substance to make tar and rosin of 
 all sorts. The ship buiidiuK in Quebec was extensive. 
 
 The short period of I1S01-3, during whicli Europe was appar- 
 ently quiet, did not stop the trade of Canada, because England was 
 fully convinced that Napoleon, " who was then only Bonaparte," 
 would take up arms at the first occasion, and the consequence of 
 that forcsightedness was a greater development of our trade with 
 England, so much so that in 1802 the lumber which, till then had 
 been standing on the shores of the St. Lawrence, was cut down 
 and the lumbermen entered the rivers flowing into the main one, 
 in order to obtain more of that staple article. It was at that time 
 that the valley of the Ottawa was in some respects discovered by 
 us, and in 1806 rafts began to float from the Gatineau to the St. 
 Lawrence en route for Quebec. 
 
 Now that the commercial side of the Province is understood, 
 let us try to explain the feelings and the sentiments of the popula- 
 tion in regard to the political affairs of their Province and the 
 threatening invasion of which rumour was already spreading 
 amongst us. The population of the Upper Province was about 
 70,000 in 1806 when the French-Canadians in Lower Canada num- 
 bered al)out 250,000 and had very few Englishmen intermixed with 
 them. Consequently, the Province was entirely French, and 
 although more Englishmen had been elected to tiie Legislative 
 Assembly than the number of their countrymen would justify, the 
 great majority of that House was necessarily French. Governor- 
 General Sir James Craig, newly arrived, had unfortunately to meet 
 the famous case of John Henry, a spy whom Mr. Dunn, the 
 Administrator of the Province before him, had sent to Massachu- 
 setts with a view to awake the spirit of that large State in favour 
 of England. As 1 have already stated, there were rumours of an 
 invasion of Canada from the United States. Massachusetts was, 
 at that time, the governing power, or the Empire State of the Ameri- 
 can Republic. Her citizens had made up their mind not to join 
 the English nor to aid their sister States, because they had a plan 
 of their own which will be seen afterwards. Henry having failed in 
 his mission came to Governor Craig for his salary, but was refused, 
 and he then delivered up his correspondence to the American Gov- 
 ernment. It created a scandal which put Sir James Craig in a very 
 delicate position, as the cry of war against Canada had been heard in 
 Congress in Vv'ashington, coupled with expressionsof defiance against 
 England on account of the Right of Visit which the English vessels 
 exercised on a large scale for the search of deserters. President 
 Madison contended that this constant stopping of the American 
 Navy by the British Cruisers was an abuse in itself and a humilia- 
 tion to the Americans. 
 
 At the same time a bosom friend of Sir James Craig was elected 
 to the Legislative Assembly, but as the Governor had taken a 
 
severe attitu'le towards a certain proup of the members who owned 
 a paper puhhshed in French ■ f' wliich was the mouth-piece of 
 what 1 may call the Ueformei. of those days, that friend of Sir 
 James, called Ezcchiel Hart, was refused his seat by a majority of 
 the Mouse. This was also the moment when orders from England 
 were received for the re orj^anization of the Militia, which had been 
 for more than 30 years without any knowledge of the handling of 
 fire arms or anything else belonging to Military life. The few corps 
 which were calle<l upon in this manner had to be officered by four 
 or five of tiie men belonging to the group above mentioned, because 
 of their influence in the country. Much against his will Sir James 
 was compelled to appoint them. Then came the second Hart 
 trouble, and as heart disease is very often fatal, this also proved a 
 very dangerous one, for the House again rejected the newly elected 
 member undi.'r flic pretext that he, being a Jew, could not sit in an 
 Assembly of Christians. This was stabbing Sir James in the per- 
 son of his friend, and he felt it so keenly that he dismissed the 
 House. The general elections took place amongst a people who 
 had already begun to suspect the Governor of ill-feeling towards 
 themselves, and consequently the new House was stronger than 
 ever in opposing the return of Mr. Hart. Sir James had paid a 
 visit to Mr. Hart's house, and had resided there during the time of 
 the votation ; this was not calculated to raise the (lovernor in the 
 esteem of the public at large, and Mr. Hart, who was a man of ability, 
 thought they were going too deep into the figlit, so he resigned as 
 a candidate before the polling was over. 
 
 Everyone would think that the Session of the House would 
 then be rendered more pleasant than the year before, but two 
 judges havmg been elected members of the Legislative Assembly, 
 a motion was put before that body to have them resign one of their 
 two functions. Sir James blamed the House openly for domg so 
 and the majority kicked. The situation was worse than ever, and 
 curiously enough in the midst of that firing a bill was passed 
 unanimously granting the Governor power to suspend the Habeas 
 Corpus Act on account of certain communications concerning 
 spies and agitators, who were said to be canvassing the Province in 
 favour of the United Slates. It was also during these debates 
 that the French Canadian group proposed that the finances of the 
 country be left in the hands of the people of Canada, because if 
 England had reason to complain of their persistent deficits from 
 year to year in the Treasury of Lower Canada, it was due to the 
 fact that the expenditures were unreasonable, and members of the 
 House of Assembly pledf,'ed their words that they knew how to 
 curtail these expenses and had the means to do so, but they were 
 not listened to and, furthermore, were looked upon as malcontents 
 or even rebels, whilst they were only reformers. Sir James again 
 dismissed the House on the Judge question. 
 
Amidst these traubles the celebration of the victories of the 
 British Arms raised the soul and hearts of the population. The 
 battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, Talavera, were celebrated by the 
 whole of the Lover Canadian population with the utmost mani- 
 festation of loyalty. Tc Dennis were sungf in the churches, sermons . 
 preached from the pulpits, and the Bishop of Quebec, Mgr. 
 Plessis, issued circulars to encourage his flock in that direction. It 
 must he observed here that some 50 or 60 priests of high educa- 
 tion had found refuge in the province during the years 1795-98, 
 after their exile from France by the Revolution. Tluy were 
 certainly all monarchists, and as tliey found in Lower Canada 
 a people who were already by their antecedents of tnonarchial 
 temperament, they made good use of a soil so well prepared f"r 
 them. All the news coming from France was commented on by 
 them, and the horrors of the Revolution depicted in a vivid 
 manner, all the more impressive if we consider that the orators had 
 been witnesses of most of the facts related in their sermons. 
 Some amongst us might think that on the Consulate coming into 
 power, with Bonaparte at its head, the mind of the French 
 Canadians would be rather changed or rendered shaky. But, we 
 must remember that Bonaparte and his friends were looked upon 
 by the Canadians at large as the continuators of the revolutionary 
 system ; therefore the banquets in honour of Nelson and Wellington 
 were attended with enthusiasm and God Stive the Queen sung in 
 French everywhere. Even songs were composed to commemor- 
 ate the great actions which had taken place on the other side of 
 the ocean. Nelson est inort an sein tie la victoire, became so popular 
 that in a book of sacred songs published in i8if), at Quebec, I find 
 one of the canticles headed this way " Sing to the tune : Nelson 
 est mort au sein de la victoire." 
 
 Now for a bit of contrast, let us see what was going on in the 
 political circles. The newspaper " Lc Canaiiicti," in the absence 
 of any debates in the Legislative Assembly (during recess), attracted 
 the attention of Sir James, because it was advocating all the time 
 the reforms above mentioned, and although its language was ex- 
 tremely moderate compared with that of our press at the end of 
 this century, the Governor took objection to the criticisms which he 
 considered were directed against himself personally, and one day a 
 squad of soldiers invaded the printing office, removed the tj'pe and 
 the press to a place of safety, whilst other detachments of troops 
 proceeded to the arrest of the printer and the editors, who were all 
 put into gaol without any other formality. Thus Mr. Bedard, who 
 liad first voted for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus, was the 
 first to feel the effects of the new measure. His rank of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel in the Militia was taken from him and his colleagues were 
 dealt with in the same manner, with this exception though, that 
 ihe latter on being offered afterwards to rejoin their homes ac- 
 
cepled the invitation, but Hcdard remained in gaol callinjj for hin 
 trial, and he refused absolutely t<i f^o unless he had been con- 
 fronted with a rej,Milar tribunal. This sort of things of course did 
 not increase the majority of the Governor's friends in the Legis- 
 lative Assembly. Stran),'e to say, during the debates of these 
 years, tlierc are very fc»v mentions made of the lixecutive Council, 
 unless sometimes w'.f i we hear an expression of contempt towards 
 it from some of the Mm 'bers of the Lower House. 
 
 One of the main -grievances that the Americans entertainecJ 
 against England was tlie smuggling going on, on the Canadian 
 frontier which scparatco us frcm ihe States of Nev. York, N'ermont, 
 (Connecticut, New ILinipsliiie and Maine. Hardly any settlers 
 had been yet established on that long line cutting thrgiigh tlje 
 primeval forest, and it was comparatively an easy work to carry 
 goods from the ;outh shore of the St. Lawrence to the entrance of 
 any of those States. The English vessels from the ocean sailed 
 up the St. Lawrence to Lake St. Peter, distributing the goods 
 they carried i.ll along the way, or at one determined spot accord- 
 ing to the requirements of the trade. Part of that trade was the 
 smuggling business, and the Americans very soon complained that 
 they were flooded with English articles, when they expected to rtm 
 their market with manufactures of their own. This state of things 
 prevented forcibly the development of the American industry. 
 Mr. Madison then could point out, as he ilid, the Henry negotia- 
 tions, the Right of Search on board of vessels and the smuggling 
 over the Canadian frontier, as three main grievances of his nation 
 against the British Government. 
 
 Don't you think this state of aflairs was pretty annoying to 
 the Americans ? In fact, they had their hands full of complaints, 
 but as they were on friendly terms with the France of Bonaparte, 
 who had sold them Louisiana, they deserved to feel a touch of the 
 British opposition in trade and diplomacy. 
 
 Things were at this particular point, when Sir James was 
 recalled to England He left Quebec on the 19th of June, 181 1, 
 leaving Mr. Dunn as administrator of the Colony, and Lieutenant- 
 General Drummond to command the forces. In the month of 
 .\ugust, iSio, Baron de Rottenburg had replaced Colonel Brock as 
 commandant at Ouebec, Brock being sent to Upper Canada. 
 On the 4th of June, 181 1, the latter was made Major-General. He 
 was at that time busily engaged in putting the Upper Province in 
 a state of defence, with 1,500 regulars. Plis frontier extended 
 on 1,300 miles without any fortress or engineering resources. 
 
 The whole of the regular army was divided as follows: 445 
 • Artillery men, 3,783 Soldiers of the Line, 1,226 Fencible ; all told, 
 5,454 men. 
 
 Napoleon prohibited the entrance of English goods into 
 European territories, even to the neutral nations. The British 
 
Government then passed an order-in-council counteracting the 
 effects of the French decree. The Washington authorities joined 
 the Emperor of the French and took no notice of the Enghsh mani- 
 festo. This was visibly a preparation for war. 
 
 Sir George Prevost arrived at Quebec on the 14th September, 
 
 181 1, and went to Montreal, St. Johns, Chambly, Sorel, without 
 delay, besides taking notes and gathering information on all the 
 points of the defences of Lower Canada. 
 
 A regiment (the 4th) of Incorporated Militia was formed 
 during the autumn season by a draft and the men readily joined, 
 for they thought very little of the Yankee, remembering as they did 
 of the old wars, so easy to them against an inexperienced foe. 
 Songs and speeches solved the question before hand. 
 
 On the gth October, 1811, General Brock succeeded Si»- 
 Francis Gore as President and Administrator of Upper Canada. 
 Next month Mr. Madison, President of the United States, officially 
 called the citizens to arms. This was responded to with alacrity. 
 Congress voted large sums of money for the enrolment of several 
 corps. General Brock who had made application to take military 
 service in Europe now decided to remain in Canada. The winter 
 of 1811-12 was occupied by the United States authorities in getting 
 ready for war. General Brock gathered up all material the army, 
 the volunteers and the militia men of Upper Canada had been 
 provided with from the imperial stores. On the 21st February, 
 
 1812, the Quebec Legislature opened. The public accounts of the 
 preceding Calendor showed a little over ;^75,ooo revenue and 
 ^49,000 expenditure, leaving a surplus— such practice has not, 
 however, been continued in that province. The vessels cleared 
 at the ports of Quebec in 181 1 numbered 532 with a tonnage of 
 116,687; of these 37 had been built that year in Quebec, represent- 
 ing 12,688 tons. This state of prosperity was largely due to the 
 fact that England required the use of all the resources of her 
 colonies, and Canada was paramount in the matters concerning 
 lumber, ship building and wheat growing, the three staple articles 
 required at that time. 
 
 Sir George Prevost, in his address to the Legislature, 'Con- 
 gratulated the nation on the success of the British arms "n Sj)ain 
 and Portugal, from which the French had been chased away. He 
 made the remark that the unfortunate and trying events of the last 
 few years in Europe had not affected the inhabitants of Canada 
 who remained as quiet as ever, and somewhat as foreigners to 
 these strange troubles. He said that England, although enjojing 
 an isolated geographical position, had been dragged into the great 
 movement which carried all the other nations. He seems to have 
 had no notion of the understanding between the United States 
 Government and Emperor Napoleon in regard to Canada. The 
 last agreement between the two powers in question was entered into 
 
just about that date. Sir George, having reminded the Canadians of 
 the happy life they had led heretofore, asked them, through the 
 Legislature, to take imnii Kate steps to resist any possible aggressive 
 action directed against the country. The House, to a man, respond- 
 ed that they were ready, and some of the speakers on that occasion 
 observed that the people of the country were altogether with the 
 new Governor General, making thus a rather ungratifying allusion 
 to poor Sir James Craig. The new Governor answered that the 
 things of the past were forgotten, and the present occurrences were 
 far more serious on account of the threatening war. 
 
 John Henry made his reappearance with his claim of ^500, 
 hoping fully to create some disturbances in the admini3tratie)n, but 
 Prevost with a cold rebuke referred him to England and cleared 
 the province of the responsibility of Sir James Craig's hasty inter- 
 ference in tiie Massachusetts business. Meantime, the I^ower 
 House in Quebec kept up an open fire on the late administration. 
 This was pure diplomacy, good policy also ; because after recording 
 their vote of loyalty to the Crown in view of an approachmg 
 war, the majority of the members desired to express their unwill- 
 ingness to have a repetition of the abuses of the past. This made 
 a good deal of noise, but it seems that both the Executive and the 
 Legislative Assembly understood one another beforehand, and as 
 the members had been elected in most cases to remonstrate against 
 the doings of Sir James, all parties were fully satisfied. 
 
 Of a sudden there came a proposal from the Governor to 
 renew or revive the bill to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, and the 
 House voted unanimously in favour of it, headed by Bedard who 
 had suffered so much from the effect of the first measure in that 
 line. It would seem that the Americans were again sending French 
 emissaries to Lower Canada to move the minds of the people 
 against England, as they had done in 1775, for the House was 
 asked to legisla' ..1 that point, but to no purpose, as the Legis- 
 lative Council uid not agree with the Legislative Assembly. I 
 cannot say why. The Militia Bill passed the Lower House after 
 debate. Finally the Governor was empowered to enroll 2,000 
 men between the ages of 25 and 40 for three months, but in case of 
 invasion or imminent danger he could retain them under arms dur- 
 ing one year, after which half of them were lo be replaced by 
 recruits. Moreover ihe Governor was authorised to make a levy 
 en masse of all the militia men of the province, without acceptance 
 of any substitute, with a proviso that no militia man would be put 
 in the English army without his consent. For '.his purpose the 
 House voted ;f 12,000, one half for drill and training of local nillitia ; 
 the other half for the ordinary expenses resulting therefrom. The 
 sum of ;f 20,000 was appropriated for various services connected 
 with the safety of the Province. ^30,000 were placed at the dis- 
 posal of the Governor General on the day of the declaration of war 
 
8 
 
 between England and the Uniied States. Sir George Prevost 
 signed on the 15th April, 1812, an ordinance to raise a corps of light 
 infantry soon afterwards called the Voltigeurs, which he placed 
 under the command of Major de Salaberry, recently arrived from 
 the West Indies, where he had served under the orders of Sir 
 George himself. 
 
 It is a remarkable feature of Canadian history, that the 
 cadets of the best French families we had two hundred years ago, 
 and who were selected by Louis XIV to receive commissions in 
 the French Army in Europe, mostly all came back to Canada at 
 the first bugle sound, and led the militia of their native land 
 against the Iroquois or against the English troops with such 
 superior prowess and skill. It is useless to say that these militia 
 men of old were officered by French captains ; those captains were 
 of Canadian birth, but they had served their time in the regular 
 army, they understood their own country, their countrymen, and 
 knew much about their neighbours also. The same with the young 
 men who entered the British Army under the auspices of the 
 Duke of Kent, from 1792 to about 1800, and who were recalled to 
 Canada for the war of 1812. These men who had seen so many 
 sieges and battles around the world, during the terrible period of 
 1792 to 181 1, came back home full of experience, having obtained 
 their promotion op active service, and well remembered by every- 
 body in what they could still call their home. Their arrival 
 aroused the population. They had come to defend the sacred soil 
 of Canada. They were received accordingly. Sir George Prevost 
 had styled de Salaberry, " le Marquis de la poudre Ji canon." This 
 was known throughout the Province. On the first appearance of 
 the posters advertising for the enrolment of men of good character 
 to serve under Major de Salaberry, the office was full of applicants, 
 but one of the intended Voltigeurs proved to be rather rough, and 
 de Salaberry soon accommodated him with a pair of black eyes. 
 The next morning some one asked the unfortunate fellow the 
 reason of this, and he answers squarely : " The man who did tiiis 
 to me, is not a mocking bird." In forty hours, the corps was 
 ready. We have now 80 cadets in the British Army from the 
 Royal Military College of Canada ; I hope they will be as useful 
 to our community in case of need, as were the cadets of Louis XIV 
 and the proteges of the Duke of Kent. 
 
 The Legislature of Lower Canada was prorogued on the 19th 
 of May, 1812, with the warm thanks of the Governor-General, who 
 immediately proceeded to Upper Canada, with a view to obtain 
 full information on the defensive resources of the country. He 
 had previously reinstated in their position the officers of the 
 militia, and he felt that on going to the other province, he left 
 behind him a perfect spirit of loyalty and quietness. Security is 
 the word which best expresses the feeling of the population of 
 
JVOSt 
 
 [light 
 laced 
 J from 
 If Sir 
 
 Lower Canada, for they were at home in every sense of the word ; 
 they had defended thai home against the Iroquois and the Enghsh 
 for nearly two centuries, and they were prepared to fight it out 
 against anyone, not because they were soldiers, for they had lost 
 the habits of the camp, but their traditions were there, and they 
 stood by them, knowing that no enemy could touch their land, 
 unless, as in the days of the conquest, they were attacked by 
 masses of good troops. But, as for the Yankees, our people in 
 Lower Canada had made up their mind, these folks are not up to 
 the mark. They even composed a song on that very point, 
 showing that no Yankee need apply for the possession of Canada ; 
 they looked upon the country as their own, and were ready to fight 
 for it. Ready to sing and ready to fight, is the characteristic of 
 the French Canadian. 
 
 On the first of May, 1812, the Washington Government seized 
 some English vessels in their ports, and or the 18th of June, made 
 their declaration of war. That same day Napoleon also declared 
 war against Russia, and immediately marched across Germany for 
 that purpose. The news from Washington arrived in Quebec on 
 the 24th June, and on the 26th, General Brock who was on the 
 Niagara frontier and who had previously arranged with Sir George 
 Prevost that no aggressive hostilities would take place on the part 
 of the British troops, or the Canadian militia, sent orders to Lake 
 Huron to attack Michilimakmac, an American fort at the entrance 
 of Lake Michigan. This was a pretty risky piece of business, but 
 the fort having been carried in a brilliant manner, the Governor 
 General sent his compliments to the General for this first and suc- 
 cessful action of the war. It had been decided that the American 
 citizens who happened to be in Lower Canada, were to leave the 
 province on the first of July, but they were granted an additional 
 fourteen days. On the 5th of July, the regulars having all left 
 Quebec for the front, the local militia replaced them for garrison 
 duty and a few days afterwards the same thing was done in 
 Montreal. An order to raise and equip all the men able to bear 
 arms m the province was issued on the 6th July, and on tlie i6th 
 tiie Legislature met again, one day before the taking oi M'chili- 
 makinac. At the end of July, the bulk of the militia were sent 
 home, and the military authorities kept the incorporated battalions 
 only, together with some small corps of cavalry, the Voltigeurs of 
 Salaberry and a detachment of voyageurs nearly all taken from the 
 men, in the employ of the North West Fur Company. The Legis- 
 lature, having passed several bills in view of the circumstances, 
 was adjourned on the ist August. 
 
 Tlie organization of the American army was not an easy 
 matter, for the lack of good officers, stores and equipment. 
 This accounts partly for their non-interference with Lower Can 
 ada ; they were also under the impression that the Frencli 
 
10 
 
 Canadians would join them as soon as the English had been 
 driven from Upper Canada. 
 
 General Hull, who had been taken prisoner at Detroit, arrived 
 in Montreal on the 6th September and was sent to Quebec with 
 other prisoners from his army. 
 
 By that time it became apparent that large bodies of troops 
 were moving from the State of New York toward the frontier of 
 Chateauguay, Si. Regis, Lacolle, Odelltown or Four Corners. 
 The cavalry from Montreal were sent to patrol in that direction 
 and were soon followed by some infantry of the militia, the Volti- 
 geurs and the voyageurs. By a general order of the ist October, 
 the whole of the militia was again called to arms. A general 
 movement was made by the American troops during that month ; 
 they seem to have tried in earnest to invade the two provinces at 
 once. This I attribute to the news coming from Russia purporting 
 that Napoleon by a successful march had reached the vicuiity of 
 Moscow. This was pretty correct, but no one yet dreamed of the 
 fearful state of the French Army. On the other hand the Ameri- 
 cans, whilst encouraged by the above information, saw that it 
 would be wise, considering the season of the year, to dash into 
 Canada and secure winter quarters before the winter set in ; but 
 they were repulsed along the whole line and had to withdraw. 
 The affairs at St. Regis, 23rd October, Lacolle, i7tli and 20th 
 November have been described by the historians of the period. 
 
 Napoleon was then at Moscow and his prestige at its zenith, 
 but when the Legislature assembled at Quebec on the 29th 
 December the French army was in the act of crossing the Niemen 
 and re-entering Poland. Its frightful state of disorganization must 
 have been known to Europe and Ameri'^a, although Sir George 
 Prevost in his speech from the throne did not allude to the possible 
 downfall of the great disturber of nations. Active preparations for 
 the campaign of 1813 were made during thr ""'nter. To the sur- 
 prise of our people the Americans were very siow at the beginning 
 of the summer. It was evident that they calculated upon the 
 movements of Napoleon in Germany where he was battling against 
 tremendous odds. After the victories of Lutzen and Butzen, which 
 at the first glance looked like a great reverse for the French, the 
 hostilities on our frontiers became serious. It was then near the 
 beginning of fall. The months of September and October, 1813, 
 were full of eventi The wl ole of Up;ier Canada was occupied by 
 the enemy, with the exception of the small tract of country between 
 Kingston and the Cedars, but in a few days several engagements 
 in our favour took place, and the battles of Chrysler's Farm and 
 Chateauguay brought the campaign to an end, inasmuch as the 
 result of the battle of Leipzig in Saxony showed at that moment 
 that the star of Napoleon was decidedly on the decline. 
 
 It lias been said that at that juncture the American Govern- 
 
id been 
 
 arrived 
 )ec with 
 
 f troops 
 
 ntier of 
 
 "orners. 
 
 [direction 
 
 he Volti- 
 
 October, 
 
 general 
 
 month ; 
 
 vinces at 
 
 irporting 
 
 icinity of 
 
 ed of the 
 
 le Ameri- 
 
 that it 
 
 dash into 
 
 in ; but 
 
 vithdraw. 
 
 and 2oth 
 
 :riod. 
 
 ts zenith, 
 
 the 29th 
 
 2 Nienien 
 tion must 
 r George 
 
 3 possible 
 ations for 
 ) the sur- 
 leginning 
 ipon tlie 
 g against 
 ;n, which 
 ench, the 
 
 near the 
 jer, 1813, 
 :upied by 
 
 between 
 agements 
 arm and 
 h as the 
 
 moment 
 
 Govern - 
 
 II 
 
 ment was willing to accept peace but that they were prevented 
 from making any such offer by the politicians of Massachusetts 
 who had large contracts for the supply of the army and did not 
 wish to curtail their chances to make money. 
 
 In the spring of 1814 it was known everywhere that Napoleon 
 was hemmed in between his capital and Champagne ; therefore 
 our neighbours did very little in the way of annoying us. and by 
 the middle of June when they heard that fourteen of the best 
 Peninsular regiments had arrived in Quebec they lost all hope of 
 succeeding in their attempt to wrest Canada from Britain. From 
 that hour it may be said the Lower Province was no more 
 engaged in the war, notwithstanding the expedition of Sir George 
 Prevost against Plattsburg and the keeping afterwards of a contin- 
 gent of the militia under arms until 1815. 
 
 During the whole period of the war. Lower Canada not only 
 stood loyally by the British crown, but being the sole channel of 
 communication with the sea, became really the base of operations 
 from which troops and supplies were constantly sent to the scene 
 of hostilities in the sister province. Thus it appears clearly that 
 each province had a distinct role to play, and that by helping each 
 other they_ contributed very luaterially, with the assistance of 
 England, to the happy termination of a struggle which threatened 
 us with danger and disaster. 
 
Monday, jth March, i8g2. 
 
 Major James Mason, Royal Grenadiers, a Vice-President, in the 
 Chair. 
 
 ra !BI lili CilllGENT IN EGIPT, 
 
 By SURGEON-MAJOR W, NAPIER KEEPER, 
 BENGAL ARMY, RETIRED. 
 
 Just ten years ago to-day, that is on the 7th March, 1882, I 
 was living at a little place called Sanawur, in the Himalayan 
 Mountains, 7,000 feet above the sea, and two miles from the con- 
 valescent depot of Kasauli. 
 
 The traveller on his way from Kalka, at the foot of the hills, 
 to Simla, the summer headquarters of the Viceroy and Government 
 officials, can see far up on his left the red tiled roofs of the barracks 
 of Sanawur, nestling amongst the pines and deodars, with the grey 
 stone gables of the officers' bungalows peeping out here and there 
 from the dark green foliage on the northern slope of one of the 
 Himalayan spurs. 
 
 At Sanawur, is the Lawrence Military Asylum, an institution 
 kept up by the Government of India, for the benefit of the children 
 of British soldiers, serving in Hindustan. This institution was 
 founded by Sir Henry Lawrence, who, during his life, devoted a 
 great deal of his time to this noble object, and at his death, left all 
 his means in trust with the Government for its support, bequeathing 
 the care of the children to them, a charge that they have faithfully 
 attended to ever since. 
 
 You may remember that Sir Henry was killed at the Si jge of 
 Lucknow, during the mutiny, by a shell which crushed his thigh. 
 His remains were buried in the little cemetery close to the Resi- 
 
13 
 
 in the 
 
 dency Gardens, I have seen liis tombstone there, with the modest 
 inscription, which was written on it at his request, 
 
 •' Here lies Henry Lawrence, who tried to do his duty." 
 
 There is a tablet in the little church at Sanawur, with the 
 same mscription. 
 
 Soldiers' children are admitted to Sanawur on the application 
 of officers commanding regiments, preference being given to 
 orphans ; next, to those who have lost their mothers. The idea is 
 to give them a home in the pure, healthy air of the hills, out of the 
 enervating heat of the plains, so destructive to growing European 
 children, and far removed from the pernicious influences of 
 . barrack life. Once admitted, they are housed, fed, clothed and 
 educated, at government expense. 
 
 There are about 500 children at Sanawur, of both sexes, and 
 all ages from five to twt nty. 
 
 There are other Lawrence Asylums in different parts of India, 
 but the Sanawur one is the largest. 
 
 1 held the appointment of Medical Officer to the institution, 
 and a very pleasant appointment it was. The climate was equal 
 to that of Europe — a great boon in the East — the scenery was 
 exquisite amongst the grand old Himalayan mountains, and the 
 work was light and interesting. 
 
 Well, it was when I was there, about this time, or a little later, 
 in the early part of the hot weather of 1882. We do not divide 
 the year in India into Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, as 
 is done in this country and in England, but into three seasons, 
 the Hot Weather, the Rains and the Cold Season. A man says 
 he expects to go home on leave at the beginning of next hot 
 weather, or his wife is coming out at the end of the rains, etc. 
 These seasons vary very much in different parts of India. In 
 the Southern parts, about Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, the hot 
 weather begins about the middle of February, or even earlier, and 
 lasts till the end of June ; then come the rains, lasting till October, 
 and after that a couple of months of cool weather. 
 
 In the northern parts and Punjab, the cold weather is much 
 longer, beginning about the middle of October, and lasting till 
 April or even May ; and during the end of December and January, 
 it is so cold in some of the stations, Peshawur and others, that ice 
 is collected in large quantities for consumption in the hot weather. 
 It is rather interesting the way this ice is made. Several thousands 
 of shallow earthenware saucers or bowls are spread out over the 
 ground in the afternoon, and filled with water. During the night, 
 the water freezes solid, about two inclies thick, and at daybreak 
 men come round and collect these cakes of ice, which are stored iri 
 pits, hence the ice is called pit ice, very good for putting a bottle 
 on, but no use to put into a tumbler. 
 
Well, as I was saying, at the beginning of the hot weather of 
 1882, we began to hear a good deal about Egyjitian afTairs, and 
 Arabi's name was pretty freely mentioned. Later on, there was 
 no one so prominently before the public as this same Arabi. Yon 
 could hardly take up a paper published in any part of the world, 
 that had not some paragraph about him, and all the Illustrateds had 
 pictures of him. He was generally represented in cavalry uniform, 
 with drawn sword, mounted on a prancing Arab charger, his 
 moustache fiercely pointed, and his expression proud and haughty, 
 with that sort of Alexander the Great look of " bring me up some 
 more worlds that I may conquer them." I was so accustomed to 
 these pictures of him, that it was a great disappointment when I 
 saw the real Arabi at Cairo — but I'll tell you about that later on. 
 
 After the news of the bombardment of Alexandria reached 
 India, we heard of an Indian Contingent being detailed for service 
 in Egypt, and one morning early in July, a red coated chupressie, 
 or messenger, brought me an O. H. M. S. telegram, directing mi: to 
 rejoin the headquarters of my regiment, the 13th IBengal Lancers, 
 under orders for Egypt. 
 
 In a few days I was on my way down the mountain side, and 
 after a drive of fifty miles in a mail cart, reached Umballa, where 
 I took the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi R. R, to Meerut, where the 
 13th were stationed. 
 
 I found the regiment in all the bustle and excitement of pre- 
 paration. Telegrams flying backwards and forwards between the 
 Colonel and Army Headquarters, and shoals of orders arriving 
 daily, settling the momentous questions about the amount of 
 baggage we were to be allowed, how many camp followers, and 
 what mess equipment we were to take, how the lances and 
 sabres were to be sharpened, etc., etc. I remember one order that 
 came. It was to have a number of mussucks made, which were to 
 be suspended under the horses, filled with water, in case we had 
 to make any long marches through the desert. 
 
 The mussuck is a skin, in which water is carried in the East. 
 The skins used are those of the goat, sheep, calf or bullock. The 
 hide is tanned on both sides and sewn up, with the exception of 
 the neck, which is used as the mouth, and is guarded by a thong ; 
 the two fore feet are sewn together, and connected with the two 
 hind feet by a strap, which passes over the shoulder of the 
 Bheestie or water-carrier, and he carries it in this way with the 
 weight partially resting on his hip. Almost all the water required 
 for domestic purposes is carried in these mussucks. Bath tubs are 
 filled, kitchen utensils supplied, and streets watered in this way. 
 The Bheesties are amongst the most indefatigable of servants. 
 
 The larger skins are carried on a pony's or mule's back, one 
 on each side. 
 
 We took out a supply of these mussucks to Egypt, specially 
 
15 
 
 ather of 
 irs, and 
 lere was 
 Yo.i 
 e world, 
 teds had 
 uniform, 
 ger, his 
 aughty, 
 up some 
 Dmed to 
 when I 
 ater on. 
 reached 
 r service 
 upressie, 
 me to 
 Lancers, 
 
 iide, and 
 where 
 here tlie 
 
 t of pre- 
 veen the 
 arriving 
 ount of 
 ers, and 
 ;es and 
 der that 
 were to 
 we had 
 
 le East, 
 c. The 
 ption of 
 
 thong J 
 the two 
 
 of the 
 :ith the 
 squired 
 ubs are 
 is way. 
 ts. 
 :k, one 
 
 lecially 
 
 made to fit under our horses, but I may add here, that we brouglit 
 them back again unused. I fancy we would have found it very 
 difficult to use them, for a horse would have had pretty hard work 
 to get along, up to his fetlocks in sand, with a rider and all his 
 accoutrements on his back, and a bulky skin of water dangling 
 between his legs. 
 
 By the end of July the details of the Indian contingent were 
 complete, and the different batteries and regiments fet out from 
 their respective stations, and converged on Bombay, the port of 
 embarkation. 
 
 The officer chosen to command the force was Major General 
 Sir Herbert Macpherson, K.C.B., V.C., with Brigadier Gen. 
 Tanner, commandmg Infantry Brigade; and Gen. Wilkinson, of 
 the nth Hussars, the Cherubims, commanding Cavalry Brigade, 
 and its composition was a mixture of European and Native troops 
 as under : 
 
 Royal Horse Artillery — i battery of 9 pounders, 6 officers and 
 
 150 men. 
 
 Mountain Guns- 
 
 -I battery of 7 pounders, 5 officers and 150 
 
 men. 
 
 These guns are called screw guns. Each gun separates into 
 two pieces, the breech carried on one mule, the muzzle on another, 
 the carnage on a third, the wheels on a fourth, the axle on a fifth, 
 while six other mules carry the ammunition, the gun is mounted 
 with the greatest rapidity and carries a long distance with great 
 accuracy. 
 
 2nd and 6th Bengal Cavalry and 13th Bengal Lancers, 8 
 officers and 400 men each. 
 
 4 companies Madras Sappers and Miners, 12 officers and 400 
 men. 
 
 2 regiments British Infantry — The ist Seaforth Highlanders 
 and the ist Manchester Regiment, 21 officers and 730 men each. 
 
 3 regiments, native Infantry — 
 
 The 7th Bengal Infantry"! 
 " 20th Punjab " - 
 " 29th Bombay " ) 
 
 Each 8 officers and 5o>: men. 
 
 In all — 2 batteries of Artillery ; 
 
 3 regiments of Cavalry ; 
 
 4 companie of Sappers ; 
 and 5 regiments of Infantry. 
 
 Givmg a total of 114 officers and 5,000 men, with 3,500 fol- 
 lowers, 1,700 horses, 840 ponies, and about 5,000 mules, most of 
 the latter being for transport. 
 
 In addition to the above, 2 regiments of Madras Native Infantry 
 were sent to Aden as a reserve. 
 
i6 
 
 Our regiment left Meerut on the night of the 31st July in three 
 troop trains, numbering 8 officers, 12 native officers, 400 non-com- 
 missioned officers and men, and 120 followers with 430 horses and 
 230 ponies. 
 
 Each officer was allowed three servants, each native officer 
 one, and every two native troopers had a groom with his pony be- 
 tween them. 
 
 It may interest you to hear something if the composition of 
 a Native Cavalry regiment. The system .s quite different from 
 that adopted in British regiments, and different again from that in 
 force with Native Infantry regiments. 
 
 Each regiment of Indian Cavalry (Bengal, Madras and Bom- 
 bay) consists of SIX troops with the following establishment : 
 
 I Commandant, 
 
 3 Squadron Commanders, 
 
 3 " Officers, 
 
 I Medical " 
 
 3 Ressalders, 
 
 3 Ressaiders, 
 
 I Woordie Major, 
 
 6 Jemedars. 
 
 6 Kote DufTedars, 
 
 48 DufTedars, 
 
 •Total European Officers 8. 
 
 Total Native Officers 13. 
 
 Total Non-Commissioned Officers 
 
 I —54- 
 
 384 Sowars — 2 troops added since '82. 
 
 In the Native Army enlistment is voluntary, and recruits from 
 the fighting classes are encouraged to enlist by recruiting sergeants, 
 who visit the parts of the country where the best material is to be 
 found. Generally speaking it may be said that the not them parts 
 of India supplj' the best men. Southern India has been engaged 
 in peace pursuits so long that its people have no taste for a soldier's 
 life. Puthans, Sikhs, Punjabis, Goorkhas, Dogras and Jats fill most 
 of the Bengal regiments, of these Puthans, Sikhs and Punjabis are 
 fine large men, with a physique equal to that of a British soldier. 
 Goorkhas are very small built men, but they make most excellent 
 soldiers, cheerful in cantonments, and very plucky and undaunted 
 on active service. Their home is Nepaul beyond the frontier, and 
 our recruiting ground is consequently limited. There are only fivp 
 regiments of Goorkhas in India, but latterly a second battalion of 
 900 men each has been added to each regiment. Goorkhas are not 
 riders so they do not ealist in the cavalry. 
 
 The pay of an infantry soldier or Sepoy is 7 rs. or 3^ dollars a 
 month, and out of this he has to feed himself and pay something 
 towards his uniform, ai d even on this pittance many of them save 
 money to send to their families. 
 
 A cavalry soldier or Sowar gets 30 rs., 15 dollars a month, but 
 in addition to the expenditure for food and uniform incurred by a 
 
in three 
 lon-com- 
 )rses and 
 
 ■e officer 
 lony be- 
 
 sition of 
 ent from 
 m that in 
 
 nd Bom- 
 
 54- 
 
 ruits from 
 sergeants, 
 il is to be 
 lern parts 
 1 engaged 
 a soldier's 
 ts fill most 
 njabis are 
 h soldier, 
 excellent 
 iidaunted 
 ntier, and 
 ; only fiv^ 
 ttalion of 
 as are not 
 
 dollars a 
 omething 
 hem save 
 
 onth, but 
 rred by a 
 
 17 
 
 Sepoy, he has to pay for the keep of his horse and half wages of a 
 grasscutter, one of these men being engaged for two troopers. 
 
 Moreover no cavalry soldier is enlisted unless he can bring 
 with him a horse approved of by the C, O., or can furnish 200 rs. 
 for the Chuiida fund kept up for purchasing remounts. A native 
 infantry recruit on the other hand is gladly taken if he iiasn't a rag 
 on his back, provided he is physically fit. It will be seen from 
 this that cavalry recruits come of a better class than those for the 
 infantry. 
 
 The pay of the native army is very inadequate, and there has 
 long been an outcry about it. While wages generally have advanced 
 throughout India the pay of the army has remained the same. 
 
 What tempts recruits, however, is not so much the pay as the 
 pension, a miserable pittance at best, but of great value ni tiie eyes 
 of the native. He also recognizes the advantages of wearing the 
 Sircars uniform, whicii in tlie East are numerous, enabling iiim to 
 purchase everything clieaper than others, and entitling him to great 
 respect from his fellow countrymen. 
 
 The European officers of native regiments belong to the staff ' 
 corps, which was formed after the mutiny and embraces the large 
 body of officers wiio existed without regiments, their men having 
 mutinied. 
 
 The staff corps is recruited now from British regiments serving 
 in India. Subalterns from these regunents are admitted as proba- 
 tioners for the stalT cor[)s according to vacancies when they have 
 passed the higher standard in Hindostani. Probationers are 
 attached to native regiments for a j'ear, at the end of which time 
 they are required to pass an examination in the interior economy 
 of the native army and other subjects, and if successful are gazetted 
 to appointments in the infantry or cavalry, and are also eligible for 
 political and other staff appointments. Once in tlie staff corps 
 their pay and pension are improved, and their promotion is guided 
 by time and not by vacancies. 
 
 The native officers occupy an intermediate position between 
 the European officers and the non-commissioned officers; in most 
 cases they are promoted from the N. C. O.'s, but a few are native 
 gentlemen who get direct commissions. 
 
 They take the place of captains and subalterns of companies 
 and take a great deal of detail work off the European officers' 
 shoulders ; they are raieces, that is, entitled to a chair when they 
 come to see you and are most polite. The non-commissioned 
 officers of the native army correspond to those of the English army. 
 
 On our arrival at Bombay, which port we reached in five days 
 after leaving Meerut, having travelled by night only, halting each 
 day to allow the men to cook, etc., we here embarked without 
 delay on board ship, and you will perhaps be surprised to learn 
 that it took six steamships to carry us ; it is true the ships were not 
 
i8 
 
 I ' 
 
 as large as Atlantic liners, still they were all ocean goinj,' steamers 
 chartered as transports. I think tiie Indian Government chartered 
 42 ships altogether for the continf,'ent and transport mules. 'I'he 
 reason we required so many ships was hecause the horses and 
 ponies took up so mucii room in the hold. Ot course any anioimt 
 of cargo could have been carried m each ship with us, hut lliere 
 was none to take. I wish to goodness there had been in our ship, 
 for it would have steadied her and prevented her from rolling as 
 she did. 
 
 Our ship was the liitnddra of the liritisli Indian line, 2,000 
 tons ; she carried the headquarters of the regiment with three offi- 
 cers, C. O., adjutant and myself, also two comj)anies of Madras 
 Sappers, with four officers. We had besides Capt. Davidson, of 
 the 8th Hussars, who was going home on six months' leave, and 
 persuaded Col. McNaughton, the C. O., to take lum with us as he 
 might have a chance ot seeing something of the campaign. 
 
 We finally steamed out of the Bombay harbour on the morn- 
 ing of the 7th August, and the old Biiiid'ini plunged into the teeth 
 of the monsoon. Hoio she did roll ! I'o: the first four days we 
 were all completely bowled over by seasicki ess, and even the cap- 
 tain was very anxious. The natives couldn't make out what was 
 the matter with them, they had never been on the />l>u:i in'titer, as 
 they call the ocean, before, and they were utterly miserable. One 
 afternoon after we had been three days out, my Khitmudgar, or 
 table servant, crawled into my cabin on all fours; his long black 
 hair was hanging in tangled locks over his shoulders, his clothes, 
 usually very neat and clean, were crumpled and dirty, and his eyes 
 glaring and bloodshot. He stared at me for some time, as 1 lay 
 reading in my berth, but said nothing. 
 
 " What do you want ? " I said. " I didn't send for you." 
 ■" Murjata," he replied in a sepulchral voice. " Go away," I 
 said, turning to my book and hold-ng it up so as to shut him out 
 from view ; then after some minutes 1 looked up and saw him still 
 in the same place on the floor. I was feeling pretty bad myself 
 and the dejected appearance of my faithful henchmen, witii the 
 altogether unusual expression in his eye, was not reassuring, so I 
 said: "Didn't I tell you to go away, Knnceni Biix ; I don't want 
 you here." He only replied: "Murjata — sub log murjata," i.e , 
 " I am dying Everyone is dying." " You brought me from my 
 home to slay me with sea-sickness on the Black Water." I told 
 him to go and lie down and he'd be all right soon, and he finally 
 went awaj'. To give you an idea of how the Bundara rolled. One 
 day the water bottle and tumblers in my cabin fell out of their rack 
 on to the floor. She was almost over that day and all the crocker)' 
 in the pantry got loose. The horses suffered terribly ; they all had 
 their tails worn to rat tails and the hair rubbed off their chests and 
 quarters. We found Soluble Phenyle did them more good than 
 
 diffc 
 
«9 
 
 anytliiuf^. Some of ihem got down ami couliln't be got up again. 
 We lost 60 altoKetlier in our ro;,'iuieiit alone, 
 
 A word iiere about the horses of India may not come amiss, if 
 you will allow me to detain you for a lew minutes from the blood 
 and carnaf^e, which )'ou no doubt expect to hear of later on. 
 
 The horse.-, met with in India then are eitluT cnif.lry breds or 
 iiiipiirled. The former are divided into cuiiiilry hret/s, pure, i.e., 
 both sire and dam bemg native Indian horses, and stud bnds, out 
 of country bred mares by imported stallions. 
 
 The imported horses are Arabs and Walers with a small per- 
 centa^^e of ('ape horses and a very few En<,dish horses. 
 
 Roii^dily speak'in;,' the Indian country bred horse is not a very 
 superior or valuable animal, thonj^h excellent ones are occasionally 
 met with. A native's taste in horseflesh dillers greatly from a 
 European's. He likes a pink-nosed prancer and has no objection 
 to a wall-eyed pie-bald nag witii a narrow cliest and a ewe neck. 
 
 The best blood in horseflesh in India is to be found in the 
 ponies. An Indian tdt is one of the hardiest little animals in the 
 world. One reason why the country bred horses are not good in 
 Iniiia arises from tlie want of care in breeding. It is contrary to a 
 native's religious belief to castrate hor.-.es, so the country is flooded 
 with inferior stallions, which go on propagating poor stock. Then 
 again the colts are generally kept tied up in some back yard and 
 never get a chance to stretch tlieir legs by running about in 
 meadows as in other countries. As, strange to say, there are no 
 meadows or enclosed fields in India ; the land is too valuable to be 
 wasted for pasture fields, and wherever water can be got for 
 irrigation every part of it is ploughed up by the small tenants who 
 hold it, and the horses and cattle have to be content with the grass 
 cut from the little strips along the water courses and on the ridges 
 between the fields. 
 
 Some years ago the Government of India instituted large horse 
 breeding establishments, called Studs, throughout the country 
 wherever grass was plentiful. 
 
 They bought up likely country mares and imported thorough- 
 bred English and Arab stallions. Good stables were built and 
 plenty of good padilocks and pasture fields enclosed, and with every- 
 thing well arranged, set to work to breed a good class of horses for 
 remounts. This went on for years, but like a great many govern- 
 ment undertakings, the expense was found to be too great for the 
 return, so they have been abandoned. 
 
 It is true an immense number of most excellent horses were 
 raised in the studs, but an almost larger number had to be rejected 
 every j'ear and sold by auction for next to nothing. 
 
 A different system is adopted now. • 
 
 Thoroughbred stallions belonging to government are kept in 
 differeni districts, and any native owning a mare approved of can 
 
m 
 
 have her covered free. The colt is broufjht for inspection when a 
 year old, and, if satisfactory, is branded, and at the end of three 
 years government can purchase it at a fixed rate. If not approved 
 oi at either inspection the owner can sell privately. This arrange- 
 ment suits the native and is much more corvenient and economical 
 for government. 
 
 Of the imported horses Arabs are too small for Britisli cavalry 
 or artillery remounts and too expensive as a rule for native cavalr}' 
 regiments, though some Central India regiments have them. They 
 are generally used for officers' charges and for private individuals. 
 
 Walers supply now almost all the artillery batteries and the 
 cavalry remounts. Walers or Australian horses are really English 
 horses bred in Australia and New South Wales. Ship loads of 
 them come regularly to Calcutta where a Government agent 
 inspects them, and he can select any he likes at a uniform rate of 
 500 rs. They are tben taken in hand and trained. 
 
 It took us nine days to go from Bombay to Aden, a journey 
 which in ordinary weather takes six days. y\s we neared the 
 African coast the force of the monsoon was decreased, the rolling 
 became less and the men began to pick up a little. They had a 
 very vague idea of where we were going ; they knew it was to Misser 
 as they call Egj'pt, but where Misser was, except that it was across 
 the Black Water, they were quite in the dark. So the following 
 incident is not to wondered at, though it caused soiae amusement 
 at the time. 
 
 As we were passing a point of land off the Arabian co;)':t — it 
 was the first glimpse of land the men had seen since leaving 
 Bombay — a fine old Sikh native officer was noticed putting on his 
 uniform and belts and buckling on his sword. The Adjutant said to 
 him, " What is the matter, Urbel Sing ? What are you doing ? " 
 " Why that is land, Sahib," he replied ; " that's where the enemy 
 are, I am getting ready to fight them." 
 
 At y\den the usual fleet of little dugout canoes with an Arab 
 boy in each surrounded our ship, the boys calling osit in the only 
 English they have picked up, " Hah it dive," " / dive,'" " / dive,'" 
 " Oh yes ! I dive," turning up their little black faces with a grin to 
 the ship, showing a double row of pearly teeth and a great deal of 
 ^\hiteofeye. " Ho Engleese, give me rupee, I dive under ship." 
 They are quite naked with the exception of a narrow strip of cloth 
 round the loins and perfectly at home in tlie water. If you throw 
 a silver coin into the sea as far as you can from the ship, five or 
 six of them immediately plunge into the water like frogs and dive 
 down, showing the yellow soles of their feet. Presently they come 
 up again one by one shaking their heads and grinning, and yoU' 
 notice that one of them has the coin between his teeth. These 
 boys spend their days paddling about every ship that comes in and 
 tiiey pick up a good many coins from the passengers. They 
 
21 
 
 lien a 
 J three 
 Iroved 
 jange- 
 Miiical 
 
 t he- 
 
 plaster their heads with hme wliich bleaches their wool a bright 
 yellow and gives them a very weird appearance. They arc a 
 regular feature of tlie Aden harbour. 
 
 From Aden to Suez took us six days, but we were no longer 
 troubled with head winds and tiie "oyage was more pleasant. 
 
 Not far from Aden in the Straits of Bab el Mandeb is tlie little 
 island of Perini wliich commands the entrance to the Red Sea. I 
 have no doubt many of j'ou have heard the story of Perim, but as 
 it is on the wa}- I may as well take it in. 
 
 Pcrim is only a little flat sandj' island about three miles long 
 and was not thought worthy of notice, but one day a great many 
 years ago a French man-of-war steamed into the Aden harbour and 
 was received with all the honours. The officers were invited to 
 dinner the same evening at the garrison mess and accepted. As 
 the dinner progressed and the influence of the good cheer began to 
 make itself felt, the French Captain became communicative and 
 confided to the officer commanding at Aden on whose right he was 
 sitting that he had been dispatched by Iiis Government to take 
 possession of Perim. The officer commanding said nothing at the 
 time, but before the evening was over quietly gave orders for the 
 immediate dispatch of an officer with a detachment of troops to 
 Perim, and ne.Kt morning when the French man-of-war came in 
 sight of Perim he found the Union Jack flying on what he had 
 been informed was a desert island. Of course there was nothing 
 for him to do but retrace his steps. So much for dining out. 
 
 Perim is garrisoned by a detachment of troops ironi Aden 
 under a British officer. This unfortimate officer has a very lonely 
 time of it. His duty is necessaril)- verj- light, antl his spare time, 
 which is nearly all his time, can only be spent in wandering round 
 the sandy beach and watching the ships pass. They used to tell 
 a stor}', that the officer detailed for duty there was in the habit of 
 going straight* to England and spending his toui of ser\ ice there, 
 sending his reports from London. I don't think tliis was very 
 likely. 
 
 The following story is, however, true. A certain captain, 
 whom we will call Smith, had been detailed from Aden to Perim, 
 and the dreary life there had driven him to drink, and after a couple 
 of months, what with the climate and the eititiii and last of all the 
 drink, lie became very ill anct the apothecary in charge sent a 
 report to Aden asking to have iiim relieved. In due course another 
 officer, whom we will call Jones, arrived, and the captain when the 
 time came seemed loath to go. However he managed to get up 
 and shew Jones over the Island, and finally said good-bye, addmg, 
 " you'll see me back again here before long." 
 
 In a few days after this Jones was walking round the Island 
 when lie saw something unusual on the beach. Going up to it he 
 was horrified to see Smith's face stiff and rigid staring* up at him. 
 
22 
 
 It came about in this way. Smith, on his arrival at Aden, 
 passed a medical board, and beinj^^ ordered home was put on board 
 a ship just leaving. A day or two out he died and was buried at 
 sea. In some way or other the body got out of the sack in which 
 it was dropped overboard and came to the surface, drifting on to 
 the beach at Perim, so that poor Smith's prediction that he would 
 return came true after all. 
 
 The great trouble at Aden and Perim is the want of water. It 
 rains there about once in three years, and water at Aden is collected 
 in enormous tanks; a great deal is also obtained by condensation. 
 
 There are some fresh water springs which come up under the 
 sea near the African coast. The natives know of these and dive 
 down with jars and skins which they hold with their mouths over 
 the springs till they are filled and then ascend to the surface. 
 
 On our arrival at Suez we were very glad to find tliat we were 
 in plenty of time for tlie operations, as Sir Garnet Wolseley had 
 just changed the base of his operations and was bringing the bulk 
 of his forces round by the canal to Ismailia to make a flank attack 
 in that direction. We were ordered to proceed in our transports 
 up the canal to Lake Timsali, and here we found a grand display 
 of ships of all the prominent English and vVmerican lines : P. & O., 
 Orient, Cunard, White Star, Allan, Inman, etc. 
 
 We were disembarked on the 25th August without delay and 
 encamped on the sandy plain adjoining Ismailia. The liorses were 
 swung out of the; hold and put on lighters, but they kicked about so 
 much that it was found better to drop them into the water and let 
 them swim ashore ; such a hubbub and confusion as tliere was to 
 be sure. One of the first things I noticed was the great size of the 
 horses of the troops that had come from England compared with 
 ours. Sir Owen Lanyon Tanner told our C. O. that we would 
 be in great request to take the day picket duty, as the Life 
 Guardsmen and Dragoon Guards were suffering very much from 
 the heat. 
 
 We heard some particulars of a figlit that had taken place a 
 few days before our arrival at a place called Chalouf on the canal. 
 Some of Arab' troops were trying to dam the Sweet Water Canal 
 and cut off tiiv. water supply. Thev had got under shelter there 
 and couldn't be dislodged. A forc^ consisting of some of the 72nd 
 Highlanders and some of the Marines under Col. Jones were pep- 
 pering away at them fro.n the opposite side of the canal, and 
 the Seagull and Mosquito came up tlie canal from Suez and 
 punished them pretty well witli gatlings. Lieut Lang of the 
 Highlanders won great kudos by swimming across the canal and get- 
 ting a boat over in which he took across some of liis men and the 
 Egyptians were driven off, leaving several woiuidcd men on the 
 ground. They were taken on board the Sedgiill and attended 
 to. One o'f them had his lower jaw very badly smashed by a 
 
^3 
 
 Aden, 
 board 
 Iried at 
 which 
 on to 
 would 
 
 ter. It 
 
 )llected 
 
 hsation. 
 
 (der the 
 
 pd dive 
 
 IS over 
 
 gatling shot, and the surgeons managed to piece it prettj' wel 
 together and bandage him up; then as he seemed low they tried to 
 get him to take some tiourishment. Beef tea was poured down his 
 mouth, but he spit it out. Brandy was tried, but he spluttered and 
 nearly clioked over it. Then someone suggested that the Egyp- 
 tians were great smokers and perhaps he'd like a cigarette, so one 
 was rolled for him, lit and put between his teeth — he had only two 
 left in the lower jaw, the others had been blown away. He viewed 
 the preparations with satisfaction, and when he felt the cigarette 
 in his teeth puffed away merrily. It did him little good though, 
 poor fellow, for lie died next day. 
 
 On 28th August the fight at Kassassin took place, and Arabi's 
 soldiers' were driven off with very little difficulty, leaving a great 
 number of tents standing and several carloads of provisions. They 
 returned however in the night in force, when Sir Baker Russell 
 made his celebrated charge with tlie Household Cavalry and 7th 
 Dragoon Guards, capturing the Egyptian guns. This was the first 
 time the Household Cavalry had been in action since Waterloo. 
 Lieut. Gribble, 3rd D. G., was reported missing after this action. 
 His horse bolted witli him into the midst of the enemy. The 
 boom of the cannon was heard at Ismailia, and about midnight 
 orders came for our advance. I remember Col. McNaughton 
 coming into camp at a gallop and giving orders for us to go 
 on at once. We had to get up and move off in short order. 
 We left our tents and baggage behind and rode off with onlv 
 a blanket rolled up in front of the saddles. The sand was very 
 heavy, our horses sinking into it over their fetlocks, so our pro- 
 gress was ver}' slow and it was just daybreak as we arrived at 
 Mahsamah. I'll never forget the appearance of that camp as we 
 rode through it in the chilly grey dawn. There wasn't a tent, a 
 tree, a baggage waggon or a particle of shelter of any kind, just a 
 bare bleak open expanse of sand on which, stretched out in rows, 
 were the sleeping forms of hundreds of British sokliers, absolutely 
 without covering of any sort, just lying th"re in their scarlet tunics 
 and blue overalls, with their heads resting on their helmets for a 
 pillow and their rifles at their sides. 
 
 The air at night on the desert is very crisp and chilly, and 
 exposure to it, after the great heat of the day, without covering, 
 is one of the most prolific causes of dysentery. 
 
 After a short halt, we rode on to Kassassin, ami joineil the 
 camp there. We were there for more than two weeks, and 
 managed to make ourselves fairly comfortable, by utilizing some of 
 the deserted tents of the Egyptians. I got three poles, and a strip 
 of canvas about 6 feet wide, and 20 feet long, torn from one of 
 Arabi's tents, and by tying one pole horizontally to the two 
 uprights stuck in the sand, and stretching the canvas across it, 
 managed to shelter myself from the fierce midday sun. 
 
24 
 
 Kassassin was our advanced post, and was only nine miles 
 from Tel-el-Kebir. We were there for two weeks, and during 
 that time were kept pretty busy with picket and escort duty. I 
 am speaking of the 13th Regiment. Meanwhile, troops and sup- 
 plies were being steadily moved up to us from Ismailia. There 
 was a good deal of trouble about transport. Arabi h.ad carried off ^ 
 all the engmes and destroyed the rails where he could, but we got 
 some engines round from Alexandria, and had some scratch 
 baggage trams soon in use. 
 
 We suffered a great deal of inconvenience from want of good 
 water at Kassassin. We were encamped in the Sweet Water canal, 
 but Arabi had defiled it above by throwing a number of dead Arabs 
 into it, and several carcases of horses. We employed men to clean 
 out the canal as well as we could, but the water was foul and 
 muddy. The troops coming from home were supplied with pocket 
 filters, but these filters didn't seem to be of much use, as the 
 water that came from them was anything but clear. I found a 
 very simple way was to use the sand and gravel of the desert, 
 filling half a tin box with them, and allowing the water to filter 
 through, and trickle out at a hole in the bottom of the tin. It 
 came out clear as crystal. Nile water when filtered is excellent. 
 
 Tliey?/V5 at Kassassin were an awful nuisance. Everyone has 
 heard of the flies of Egypt. In appearance, they are just like the 
 house flies of any other country, but it is their manners that are 
 so abominable. Perhaps, however, it is all in the brmging up. 
 Most Englishmen have a peculiar aversion to flies, and won't 
 allow any of their familiarities. Directly one attempts to become 
 friendly, and with a sociable buzz lights on his face, he brushes 
 him oft, whereas an Egyptian allows him to remain. It may be, 
 that in this way, they have grown to be so persistent in their atten- 
 tions. They won't be frightened off by a whisk of your hand; you 
 must either actually knock them off, or take them by the hind legs 
 and pull th^m off. 
 
 It is no uncommon sight to see an Egyptian with half a 
 dozen flies reposing calmly on Ins face, two or tiiree in tlie corner 
 of each eye. It is in this manner, no doubt, that ophthalmia is 
 propagated in the land of the Pharaohs, and one sees so many 
 blind men there. 
 
 It was while we were halted at Kassassin, that we heard 
 rumours of the massacre of the members o^tiie Palmer expedition. 
 This expedition was despatched from Egypt to Sj'ria, for the 
 purpose of purchasing darnel for transport purposes for tlie Indian 
 Contingent. The members of it were Professor Palmer, Capt. 
 Gill and Lieutenant Charrington. Professor Edward Palmer was 
 a distinguished Oriental scholar, and proficient in the Arabic, 
 Persian and Hindostani languages. He was Professor of Arabic 
 at Cambridge University. 
 
25 
 
 ine miles 
 id during 
 duty. I 
 and sup- 
 There 
 :arried off, 
 ut we got 
 scratch 
 
 t of good 
 ter canal, 
 ad Arabs 
 to clean 
 foul and 
 til pocket 
 
 >e, as the 
 
 I found a 
 
 he desert, 
 
 ;r to filter 
 tin. It 
 
 ccellent. 
 
 ryone has 
 
 ;t like the 
 
 s that are 
 
 nging up. 
 
 md won't 
 
 o become 
 
 e brushes 
 
 t may be, 
 
 eir atten- 
 
 aiul; you 
 
 hind legs i 
 
 h half a 
 le corner 
 halmia is 
 so many 
 
 ve heard ; 
 pedition. ] 
 , for tiie ; 
 e Indian 
 :r, Capt. 
 mer was 
 Arabic, 
 F Arabic 
 
 Captain Gill, R. E., was a traveller of note, and was attached 
 to the Intelligence Department of the War Office. 
 
 Lieutenant Charrington, R.N., was Flag Lieutenant to Sir 
 William Hewett, Commander in Chief on the Hast India station. 
 These three gentlemen set out on the Sth August from the Wells of 
 Moses, near Suez, said by tradition to be the place where Moses and 
 Miriam and tlie children of Israel sang their song of triumph after 
 the passage of the Red Sea. 
 
 Their object, as I said before, was the purchase of camels, and 
 they had with them £3,000 in gold. Moreover they had no escort 
 or guard of any kind. 
 
 Their c estination was Nakhl, in the Syrian Desert, but 
 Captain Gill had orders to branch off northwards and cut the 
 telegraph wires between Egypt and Turkey, to prevent Arabi 
 carrying on conversation with our old allj', tlie Sultan. 
 
 It was said also that Professor Palmer had some instructions 
 about negotiations to be carried on with the Bedouins of the desert, 
 in order to prevent them from falling on Sir Garnet Wolsely's 
 rear, after his arrival at Ismailia, and this gold was to be used as 
 a bribe for this purpose. 
 
 They were never seen again, and rumours came in, afterwards 
 fully confirmed, that all three had been enticed towards a narrow 
 neck of land surrounded by a precipice, and that the Arabs 
 suddenly cut off their retreat and gave them the alternative of 
 jumping over the precipice or being shot. It was said that Pro- 
 fessor Palmer selected to jump and was dashed to pieces, while the 
 other two boldly faced their cruel and treacherous assassins and 
 met their death. 
 
 Tiiere was a story told of Captain Gill, vouched for by a 
 friend of his. Some years before this, when he was a struggling 
 subaltern in the Sappers, he was walking down 'Fleet Street one 
 windy morning when an old gentleman m front of him lost his hat. 
 Mr. Gill ran after tlie topper, and picking it up, bruslied it off and 
 returned it to its owner. The old gentleman tlianked him very 
 cordially, spoke of the pleasure it was to find younjj gentlemen 
 })utting themselves out for old gentlemen, a politeness that was 
 becoming rare nowadays and asked our young friend his name. 
 
 When he heard it, he said: " W'iiy, bless my soul, that's very 
 strange, my name is Gill too ; " then after some further conversation 
 and renewed thanks from the old gentleman he departed, adding 
 as lie left, " never neglect to be polite, young man." Some years 
 after this, Gill, who had meantime got his promotion to a captaincy, 
 received a letter from a firm of lawyers informing him that lie had 
 been left a iiandsome legacy by the old gentleman — his namesake. 
 Captain Gill was enabled in consequence to leave the service and 
 follow his favourite pursuit of travelling. 
 
36 
 
 m 
 
 Action at Kassassin on gTH September, 
 
 On gth September, we had our first action ; it came about in 
 this way: Tlie cavalr}/ in camp, in the performance of their regular 
 duty of being the ej'es and ears of tlie army, were posted as pickets 
 all round our position. In the day time the line of vedettes ex- 
 tendei.1 round the camp at a distance of two miles, and the duty was 
 taken by the native cavalry as being better able to stand the heat, 
 while the night pickets were supplied by the British cavalry and 
 the line was drawn in to half a mile from camp. 
 
 Now there was a standing order in our regiment at Kassassin 
 for the men to have their horses saddled and be all ready to mount 
 half an hour before day-break and to remain at their horses' heads 
 in readiness till half an hour after day-break, when they off- 
 saddled and were dismissd. This had gone on morning after 
 morning and was felt to be irksome by the men, considering that 
 their work was pretty well cut out for them all day, but on the 
 morning of the gth September the utility of the order was realized. 
 
 On this morning Colonel Pennington, of the 13th B.L., was 
 cavalry field officer of the day and he was out an hour before day- 
 break posting his pickets and relieving the British troopers. As he 
 was moving out some two miles from camp with thirty Sowars, he sud- 
 denly came on three squadrons of the enemy's cavalrj' witli some 
 infantry advancing in regular fighting order. Instead of retiring 
 before this force, so superior in numbers to his own, he promptly 
 despatched one of his troopers back to camp to give the alarm, and 
 dismounting the others poured a volley into the Egyptians and 
 kept up a brisk fire from his carbines. Seeing, however, that the 
 enemy was spreading out and endeavouring to surround him, he 
 mounted his men again and charged them, and so furious was his 
 onslaught that he succeeded in killing 10 of them and made the 
 rest retire to their main body. 
 
 Meanwhile the Sowar iiad arrived in camp and given the 
 alarm, and our regiment and the 2nd B. C. being all ready galloped 
 out at once. We drew up about half a mile from the enemy, and 
 it was just light enough for me to make out a long red, wliite and 
 blue line in the distance. Looking through a field glass I saw that 
 it, was a brigade of artillery facing us; the red line was the fezzes 
 on their heads, while tlie white and blue were from the white jack- 
 ets and blue overalls. I could make out a number of men gallop- 
 ping about up and down the line, and I said to Atkinson of our regi- 
 ment, " What are they doing." " Oh they're only swaggering about," 
 he said ; and almost before the words were out of his mouth there 
 was a white puflf of smoke from the middle of the line, followed by 
 a flash of light, and then came one of the most unpleasant sounds 
 anyone ever listened to, namely the angry whur-r-r of a shell 
 coming towards us, fortunately it was high over our heads, and 
 
 striking t 
 fragment 
 than 10 s 
 alizing w 
 front of 
 regiment 
 seated, b 
 It said, a 
 that arti 
 troops to 
 is aryth 
 the shell 
 to strike 
 The 
 no place 
 through 
 advance 
 and for i 
 The Eg3 
 tain gun 
 got neai 
 cavalry 
 we pass 
 action < 
 bodies ■' 
 or vultu 
 when w 
 artillery 
 over to 
 and fou 
 the kne 
 had tim 
 leather 
 fellow ' 
 down o 
 him as 
 pital. 
 just as 
 niticr \ 
 have li; 
 be left 
 with a 
 Tl 
 in cam 
 dier ca 
 nition 1 
 he had 
 
about m 
 eir regular 
 as pickets 
 sdettes ex- 
 e duty was 
 i tlie heat, 
 ivalry and 
 
 A assassin 
 to mount 
 rses' heads 
 1 they off- 
 ning after 
 lering that 
 nit on the 
 IS reahzed. 
 B.L., was 
 jefore day- 
 Jrs. As he 
 ars.hesud- 
 witli some 
 of retiring 
 e promptly 
 alarm, and 
 otians and 
 jr, that the 
 id him, he 
 us was his 
 made the 
 
 given the 
 y galloped 
 nemy, and 
 white and 
 I saw that 
 the fezzes 
 ^hite jack- 
 en gallop, 
 f our regi- 
 ig about," 
 autli there 
 llowed by 
 nt sounds 
 )f a shell 
 eads, and 
 
 27 
 
 striking the sand 100 yards behind us it burst into a thousand 
 fragments, throwing up the sand with a loud explosion. In less 
 than 10 seconds came another pufi of smoke with the same demor- 
 alizing whur, and this time the shell struck the sand 50 yards in 
 front of us, then another crash into the space between the two 
 regiments. Horses reared and plunged and many riders were un- 
 seated, but strange to say no one was struck. I have often heard 
 It said, and my own limited experience agrees with the statement, 
 that artillery fire is the most demoralizing thing you can subject 
 troops to, and yet it is less destructive than any other. It certainly 
 is anything but pleasant to hear the horrible, hissing whur-r-r of 
 the shell as it tears through the air, not knowing where it is going 
 to strike you. 
 
 The shells began to fly thick around us now, and it was clearly 
 no place for cavalry ; so we were extended and withdrawn, retiring 
 through our advancing glins, which had been sent after us. They 
 advanced, unlimbered, and poured their shells into the Eg3'ptians ; 
 and for an hour or more a sharp artillery engagement went on. 
 The Egyptians then began to retire, our men pursuing them, moun- 
 tain guns and infantry after them, on and on till some of the force 
 got nearly up to the entrenchments of Tel-el-Kebir. We of the 
 cavalry kept advancing, but were not sent in pursuit. At one place 
 we passed through a number of dead bodies of Arabs slain in the 
 action of the 28th, still unburied. The stench was awful ; the 
 bodies were swollen to a tremendous size ; there were no crows 
 or vultures, strange to say, in the desert to devour them. Once, 
 when we were halted after a short advance, I saw a small group of 
 artillerymen with an ammunition waggon, and a sergeant camt 
 over to say he had a wounded man there, so I took over a stretcher, 
 and found a gunner sitting on a limber with one of his legs below 
 the knee smashed by a shell. The surgeon of his battery had only 
 had time to bandage the fractured leg to the sound one with a wide 
 leather bandage, and then had to go on with his batter}'. The poor 
 fellow was sitting up on the carriage, with the blood dropping 
 down on the sand below. I got him off into the stretcher, madi 
 him as comfortable as I could, and sent him back to the field hos- 
 pital. It was fortunate I was able to give him the stretcher, for 
 just as he got into it an orderly came up with orders for the amniu- 
 niticr waggon to go on, and the poor wounded gunner would eitlier 
 have had to go on with it, jolted up and down suffering agony, or 
 be left on the sand on the chance of some of our people coming up 
 with a stretcher. 
 
 The whole action lasted about three houI^, and we were back 
 in camp before eleven o'clock. On our way back an Egyptian sol- 
 dier came drifting towards us. He had lost his rifle and ammuni- 
 nition and also his fez. He pointed to his head, and I found that 
 he had been struck by a shell, which had torn the scalp and carried 
 
off a piece of l)is skull about an inch square, laying bare the brain, 
 the bloodvessels of wliich could be seen pjainlj' pulsatinj^. The 
 strange part of the wound was that there was hardly any blood 
 from it, and it seemed to have ko little effect upon him. He was 
 jabbering away in Arabic, and walked perfectly well without assist- 
 ance. I brought hmi into camp, and handed him over to the Head- 
 quarters Staff, who wanted to get some information out of him about 
 the disposition of Arabi's forces. At the battle of Kassassin it was 
 estimated that Arabi's forces numbered 16,000; he had come so 
 close to our camp at one point that Jiis shells actually came in 
 amongst the tents, and this reconnaisance in force of his showed 
 that they were prepared to act on the offensive. The body of 
 Lieut. Gribble, 3rd Dragoon Guards, who was missing smce the 
 night-charge of the 28th, was found on this occasion. 
 
 On the loth September, all of Sir Garnet's troops had arrived 
 at Kassassin, and the nth and 12th were spent in preparations for 
 the great struggle, giving the men a rest, and a few reconnaissances 
 were made. 
 
 Tf.l-el-Kkbir. 
 
 On the evening of the 12th, Sir Garnet Wolsely ordered the 
 whole force to be in readiness to march that night for an attack 
 next mbrning on the enemy at Tel-el- Kebir. 
 
 The distance between Kassassm a. id Tel-el Kebir is nine 
 miles, the ground a flat expanse of desert covered with sand which 
 had a sort of gravelly crust on the top, readily breaking up by foot- 
 steps. There was a slight rise from Kassassin to Tel-el- Kebir. 
 
 The entrenchments at Tel-el-Kebir extended from the canal 
 and railway, which run parallel and close together here, for three 
 and a-Iialf miles in a northerly direction. They consisted of a 
 strong line of earthworks with a deep trench in front, and with 
 bastions at intervals, armed with Krupp guns, jutting out so as to 
 enable the artillery to enfilade any attacking force. Behind was a 
 second line of earthworks, manned in the same way with guns, 
 while in rear were innumerable shelter trenches and small redoubts 
 mounting two and four guns eacli. Shortly after sunset tlie infan- 
 try division began their forward march, and bivouacked in the 
 open about four miles out. 
 
 About half past one on the morning of the 13th, the men were 
 silently aroused and advanced in order of battle. The distribution 
 of the force was as follows : On the extreme right were 2 batteries 
 of Royal Horse Artillery, and the bulk of the cavalry under Driiry 
 Lowe. My regiment was in this division, and our orders were to 
 sweep round to the rear of the enemy's entrenchments. 
 
 Next came the Irish Brigade and the Royal Marines under 
 General Graham, supported by the Guards' Brigade under the 
 
the brain, 
 in{(. The 
 any blood 
 He was 
 out assist- 
 the Heaci- 
 liin about 
 5sin it was 
 come so 
 came in 
 is showed 
 body of 
 since the 
 
 ad arrived 
 rations for 
 naissances 
 
 rdered the 
 an attack 
 
 ir is nine 
 and which 
 ip by foot- 
 Kebir. 
 the canal 
 for three 
 sted of a 
 and with 
 : so as to 
 ind was a 
 ith guns, 
 redoubts 
 :he infan- 
 d in the 
 
 nen were 
 tribution 
 batteries 
 jr Driiry 
 ! were to 
 
 Js under 
 ider the 
 
 29 , 
 
 Duke of Connaught, then in the centre of the force the artillery 
 massed under Col. Goodenough with 42 guns, then Alison's High- 
 land Brigade supported by the 4th Brigade under Colonel Ash- 
 burnham in rear, and finally on the extreme left and across the 
 canal the Indian Contingent under Sir Herbert Macpherson. 
 The total force comprised : 
 
 12,277 Infantry, 
 2,785 Cavalry, 
 
 61 Guns, 
 * 214 Naval Brigade with 6 gatlings. 
 
 It will be seen that the extreme right and left of this force were 
 composed of cavalry, tiie right and left wings proper were formed 
 of infantry, while the centre consisted of a powerful brigade of 
 artillery. 
 
 The enemy's strength was estimated at 20,000 regulars with 
 6,000 Bedouins and 70 guns. 
 
 Our troops silently advanced without being noticed till 
 Graham's brigade was within 500 yards of the entrenchment, when, 
 at three minutes before 5 o'clock, the booming of a gun showed that 
 they had been seen ; they were then ordered to charge, and with 
 a loud cheer they rushed forward lying down at intervals to fire. 
 On reaching the entrenchments tliey leaped into the midst of the 
 Egyptians and a hand-to-hand conflict ensued, but not for long, as 
 the enemy were quickly overcome by the furious dash and fled. 
 Behind the first line lay a second strongly defended by guns, and 
 the men pressed on, driving the enemy from the parapets, and gain- 
 ing shelter-trench after shelter-trench till the whole position was 
 taken. 
 
 Further to the left the Highlanders had advanced to within 
 300 yards of the enemy before the alarm was given, and then to 
 the inspiriting sound of the bagpipes, they carried the first line of 
 entrenchments without firing a shot, literally at tlie bayonets 
 point, and tlion advancing more carefully and firing steadil}' made 
 a rush into the second line of entrenchments. This was the finish- 
 ing stroke to tlie battle, and the whole Egyptian army fled in the 
 utmost disorder. 
 
 Arabi galloped back to Belbeis where he found an engine and 
 got into Cairo the same evening, saying that he had won the battle 
 and that Garnet Wols^ely and Beauchamp Seymour were coming 
 after him in chains ; he also said " This is tlie time now to give up 
 Cairo to the soldiers to be looted and burnt," but the Cairenes 
 didn't quite believe liim and preferred to wait for further news. 
 
 As I said before, my regiment, the 13th, with the 2nd B. C, 
 formed part of Drury-Lowe's cavalry division. We left Kassassin 
 at one o'clock, and rode silently across the desert far off to our 
 right, the only sounds being the occasional clatter of a sabre 
 
30 
 
 against the spurs, and the crunch, crunch of the crust of gravel 
 under the horses' feet. After about two hours' ricHng we were 
 halted and dismounted. 
 
 Before leaving camp the orders had been very strict tliat no 
 foot soldier or follower r^f any kind was lo accompanj' the cavalry, 
 so I called my three servants and explained matters to them : 
 " there is going to be a great Lnraie," 1 said, " and the hookiini is 
 that no one on foot is to come with us," "so you'd better stick to 
 the \u'i:\r,\xy fcge and catch hold of a mule's tail or anything handy 
 to help you along, and remember that after the first meal eaten 
 there will be scores of baggage mules empty and j'ou can mount 
 them and ride," and I told them to look out for me the next day, 
 and try to get up to me. They all said "Bahut Acha," "God is 
 good and will help us. " 
 
 Well, when we halted I lay flat on my back in the sand, holding 
 my horse's bridle and looked up at the stars for an hour or so. It 
 was a lovely, clear, starlight night— and then just as the eastern 
 hemisphere seemed to lighten a l^ittle came a quiet order down the 
 line to mount. As we were getting into our places I saw far off to 
 the left -djhisli in the sky like sheet lightning. It was the first gun 
 from tile enemy's ramparts, and then came another ever so far 
 from the first. Major Kyves who was next me said " they're at it 
 already;'' we then moved off and soon got the order to trot, and now 
 there was a constant succession of flashes followed by the boom of 
 the guns. We seemed to be two or three miles from the left of 
 the entrenchments, and soon we were tearing along at a furious 
 gallop. As tlaj'light crept on we could make out figures luurymg 
 away to the rear of the entrenchments. One of tiie first things I 
 noticed was a huge camel looming up against the sky line and 
 rapidly trotting off, then came 7C'/(Hn--crash and a shell burst in 
 front of us. We were seen and the enemy's guns were upon us, 
 tearing up the sand in front and on either side of us, but fortunately 
 without touching us ; and on and on we went at a headlong ciiarge 
 nearing those dark fieeing objects, and presently the horse artillery 
 guns witli us halted and taking up position began to throw shells over 
 our heai ^ into the midst of tlie fiynig enemy. I never like tlie guns 
 firing over my head. I once saw six of our own men bowled over 
 by our guns throwing shells in this way, and sure enougii as we 
 rode along crash came one of our own shells from behind tlu'owing 
 its death-dealing splinters all around us. " Only a time fuse burst 
 short," they say, but what havoc those defective time fuses can 
 wreak ! Soon we were in the midst of them. Such a scene ? I'll 
 never forget it ; hundreds and thousands of Soudanese, Nubians, 
 Arabs and Egyptians huTying along helter-skelter with rifles in their 
 hands and ammunition in their pouches — poor ignorant fools, if they 
 had only thrown them aside. With a yell the fierce-looking Sikhs 
 and Punjabies with lance upraised were upon them, spearing them 
 
>f gravel 
 we were 
 
 tliat no 
 cavalry, 
 to tJiein : 
 "okinn is 
 stick to 
 k' iiaiuly 
 ■al eaten 
 11 mount 
 lex I (lay, 
 'God is 
 
 liolding 
 r so. It 
 
 eastern 
 lown the 
 far off to 
 fust gun 
 :r so far 
 y're at it 
 and now 
 boom of 
 
 left of 
 
 1 furious 
 liiirrynig 
 
 tilings I 
 ine and 
 burst in 
 ipon us, 
 tunately 
 ;; cliarge 
 artillery 
 elJs over 
 lie guns 
 leti over 
 h as we 
 irowing 
 >e burst 
 ses can 
 lie? I'll 
 ubians, 
 in their 
 , if they 
 ? Sikhs 
 g them 
 
 31 
 
 riglit and left. Many a poor Aral) soldier I saw with hands uplifted 
 supplicating for his life — tc" late — the lance was in his heart, and 
 with a groan he sank on the sands, writhing in aj^ony as his life- 
 blood poured out in great gushes. Artillery waggons tore past, 
 camels laden with baggage hurried along, riderless horses gallope(' 
 wildl}' hither and thither, and everywhere the ground was strewn 
 and littereil with rifles, ammunition boxes, carpets, tent poles, 
 cross belts, everything you could think of beloiighig to a camp. 
 We never jiaused, but rode on through their midst full gallop. I 
 had my revolver levelled in my right hand ready to defend myself, 
 but fortunately had no occasion to use it, while I directed my 
 foaming horse with the reins in my left. 
 
 Soon the order went forth to stay the slaughter. The Arabs 
 were told by signals to lay down their arms and were then spared. 
 This was necessary as in man)' cases they tired on our men after we 
 had passed them. As we tore along through that disorderly rabble 
 of flying soldiers, I saw some sad sights. One in particular I re- 
 member : two men were seated on the sand and as I passed them 
 they looked up, their sott brown eyes staring at me with that 
 peculiar hunted expression which I dare say many of you have 
 noticed when taking up a wounded partridge or rabbit that you 
 have shot — and mixed with that expression it seemed to me there 
 was one of relief, that it was all over. No more weary forced 
 marches at night, no more tiresome parades and no more toiling in 
 the trenches. Still again it must have seemed hard to them on that 
 beautiful clear fresh autumn morning, the crisp cool air sweeping 
 over the desert in invigorating draughts and the glorious morning 
 sun just peeping above the horizon — thus in the full vigour oi their 
 youth to lay down their lives, for full well they knew their wounds 
 were mortal, the destructive shell fragment had torn into their 
 vitals, and their life-blood was welling out, showing through their 
 tunics in great spreading scarlet stains. Soon, very soon, I 
 knew those clear eyes would be covered with a filin, that laboured 
 breathing would end in a choking oppression and they would fall 
 back on the sand, to be left till huddled together in some pit grave 
 with the nameless dead. 
 
 Still mi (iiu! on we went till we drew near to the railway line 
 in rear of the entrenchments, and then I saw three trains with 
 engines puffing up their white smoke in their effort to get up steam 
 and glide off with their cargo of flying soldiers, for crowds of the 
 enemy had huddled into these trains as fast as they could, hoping 
 thus to get rapitll)' away. Then came an order to head the train, and 
 off our men tore, shouting as they took up the order, " Hulla, Hiilla, 
 Hitlla, Train pukkero." We galloped along by the side of the train 
 trying to get to the engine and shoot down the engine driver. There 
 was a long line of first and second class carriages, and no one was 
 visible in them, but as we got abreast of them a verv brisk fire 
 
32 
 
 came pouring from all the windows; tliey had been hiding on the 
 floor. Ping— Ping — ^'"'A'> Whizz — Whizz — Ping — Whizz, went 
 the bullets above and below me, under my horse and over my 
 head. " N(>7a it's coming," I thought, but no ! providentially nothing 
 hit me, though 1 saw men drop on all sidts and horses shu< i as 
 the bullets struck them, then stumble and fall. It was only a few 
 minutes and then the speed of the engine incn.'ased and the train 
 got away. Those three trains got off, 'rut thc^e was still another 
 nearer to their camp which hail been stopped by a camel and a 
 shell ; tiie train was trying to back out, when a shell struck the rear 
 carriage and smashed the axle, then a large yellow camel crossing 
 the track was knocked down by this broken last car, which ran 
 up on its legs and effectually blocked the train. The camel was 
 roaring with pain, and some excited Sepoy was trying to get it out, 
 shouting out " this is my loot." 
 
 The battle was over now, the whole thing hadn't lasted more 
 than half an hour before the retreat began, and in another half 
 hour we were round tin; rear of the entrenchment and the firing 
 had ceased. 1 remember talking to an artillery officer, near the 
 blocked train ; he said he had got separated from his battery and 
 wanted to know if I had seen anything of it. As we were talking, 
 I saw a revolver pouch lying on the sand, so, saying that was what 
 I wanted, I got olf my horse and picked it up. He said, " and 
 there's a water bottle, just what I want," and secured it, and then 
 he told me that in riding along he had felt a sharp blow on his 
 stomach, producing a sickish sensation and was sure he had been 
 hit, especially as he felt his thiglis getting wet, which he put down 
 to blood flowing from his wound, but not feeling worse he ex- 
 amined and found that his water bottle had swung round in front 
 .ind been struck by a bullet which had entered it and let the water 
 out. it was as he said, "a pretty narrow squeak," and he meant 
 to keep the bottle with the bullet rattling in it. 
 
 A few minutes after this the regiment was dismounted and the 
 2nd B.C. came up in our direction and dismounted also ; and as the 
 two regiments were chatting and comj)aring notes, suddenly one of 
 the troopers called out "BoKslinieii A fa," i. e., " (lie enemy is cowing," 
 and looking towards the entrenchments, sure enough a squadron of 
 Arabi's cavalry came charging down upon us. In some way or 
 other they had remained behind the general stampede, and finding 
 themselves hemmed in had put a bold front on it, and, some with 
 drawn swords, others with carbines levelled, spread out like a fan, 
 they came down upon us, hoping to get past us before we could be 
 mounted and after them. The 2nd and Lancers quickly mounted 
 and galloped off in pursuit, and it became a very exciting race, a 
 veritable death struggle. I saw two of the poor Egyptians bite the 
 dust ; in both instances the Lancer riding rapidly after the enemy in 
 hot pursuit, with lance lowered and body leaning well forward on 
 
n 
 
 more 
 
 his Iiorsc, the E),'yptian well forward also with carbine ready, 
 eaj,'erly vvaitiiij,' the most favourable moment to swing round and 
 lodge its contents* in his pursuer. Nearer and nearer presses the 
 Lancer till with a forward lunge lie thrusts his lance well into his 
 victnn's boily between the siioulder blades, and strange to say in 
 both instances, pursued and pursuer both toppled over into the 
 sand, while both horses stumbled and fell. The Lancer was soon on 
 his feet, while botli horses struggled up and looked around them 
 dazed, but the poor Egyptian lay writhing on the ground v/ith 
 the point oi the lance coming out through his chest, the bamboo 
 handle having broken off at his back. 
 
 The total loss on our side at Tel-el-Kebir was 9 officers, 4^^ 
 men, killed; 27 officers, 355 men, wounded; missing, 30; while 
 the Egyptian loss was about 1,500. 
 
 Shortly after this we were summoned by bugle call for the 
 advance, and without any rest or the slightest refreshment for man or 
 beast we set out for Belbeis in pursuit of Arabi. As we rode along 
 the canal the heat became intense, and the men were constantly 
 falling out to run down the bank and sip the putrid water. The 
 whole way from Tel-el-Kebir to Belbeis was strewn with cartridge 
 boxes, carbines. Remington rifles, cross belts, Persian rugs, gun 
 carriages and various articles of camp equipage. They did tell a 
 story of some soldier giving what he took to be a cartridge box, 
 a kick with his ammupition boot, when a lot of gold coins rolled 
 out, but I never heard the story corroborated. 
 
 As we rode along the sandy path, or rather no path, to Belbeis, 
 at one of our temporary halts my three servants joined me, and 
 each of them had a present for me that they had picked up. One 
 gave me three greasy cakes, which I was very glad to eat ; another 
 gave me a silver watch, which he said he had found on the battle- 
 field. I strongly suspect he had taken it from some poor fellow's 
 body. I kept it as a memento. 
 
 At Belbeis we very nearly caught Arabi, but under cover of 
 some skirmishers' fire he got off to the railway and found an engine 
 which look him in to Cairo. We halted at Belbeis till three 
 o'clock next morning, and then rode on to Cairo, doing the 66 miles 
 in two days without food or shelter, and when Drury-Lowe arrived 
 at the outskirts of Cairo on the afternoon of the 14th, he had with 
 him just 1,000 cavalry and mounted infantry, but he spread his 
 men out in a single line and we advanced, presenting a very ex- 
 tended front to the Abbassieh ramparts. There were 50 Armstrong 
 and Krupp guns there in position, and Arabi had io."!no men under 
 arms in the city, so it was pretty plucky of 1,000 tued-out horse- 
 men to threaten this formidable host. 
 
34 
 
 Occupation of Cairo. 
 
 The Governor of Cairo sent us a flag of truce immediately we 
 arrived, however, and Drury-Lowe sent in detachments to occupy 
 the citadel, the fort and the railway station and then felt that the 
 cit)' was in his hands. The remainder of us bivouacked out on the 
 sands that night. Next morning I saw Arabi for the first time. He 
 was a prisoner in the 7th Dragoon quarter guard, having surren- 
 dered to Drury-Lowe tlie night before. He was in his stocking feet, 
 white stockings at that, his beard was of a week's growth and pre- 
 sented a very untid}', stubbly appearance, his shoulders were round 
 and stooping, Iiis dark green double-breasted tunic was unbuttoned, 
 and his whole attitude was one of cringing submission and humil- 
 ity. Well he had played his cards and lost. 
 
 That same day, 15th September, we moved into the Abbassieh 
 Barracks and settled down in quarters there for a fortnight. The 
 inhabitants of Cairo had been having a very hard time of it, and 
 they were very thankful we had come. Dr. Sonsino, an Italian, 
 who had been in Cairo throughout, called on me one day and 
 drove me all over the citj' and took mc to call on the Governor and 
 many ot the leading people. Everywiiere there were sad stories 
 of suffering and distress, and everywiiere there was satisfaction that 
 we had arrived and order promised to be restored. Tlie Egyptians 
 are great smokers and cofiee drinkers ; at every house, we went to 
 we were hardly seated before a blear-eyed attendant brouglit in a 
 tray with tinj' little cups of coffee and cigarettes. Dr. Sonsino 
 took me one day to the Kasr-el-Nil Hospital where most of the 
 wounded Egyptian soldiers had been brought from the battlefield. 
 One very peculiar case I saw. A man was seated on a bed and the 
 Egyptian surgeons were putting stitches in what was left of his 
 face. A shell had carried away his eyes, nose, mouth, chin and 
 forehead, and looking at him, one couldn't tell whether it was the 
 front or the back of his head that you saw ; it was one mass of raw 
 ulcerated bleeding flesh, in the centre of which was a small hole, 
 into which they poured some fluid nourishment, then bandaged 
 him up, and helping him to rise he actually walked to his cot. 
 
 It was a Wednesday when I e'*w him, and Tel-el-Kebir was 
 fought on a Tuesday, so that he had been alive for a week and 
 a day after receiving this awful wound. Moreover, ho had only 
 been found on the Friday after the action, hiding in some cane 
 brake, his wound covered with a mass of flies. Some Eastern 
 people have a most wonderful tenacity of life. 
 
 On the ist October, the whole of Sir Garnet's army passed in 
 review before the Khedive, at the Abdin Palace, and a few days 
 after that, we set out on our return voyage to India. 
 
 Before this, however, the Queen had expressed a wish to see 
 one of her Indian Regiments. To have selected one would have 
 
35 
 
 caused too much jealousy, so it was decided to pick out men from 
 all the regiments. Accordingly two native officers and two non- 
 commisioned officers from each regiment were chosen and sent 
 home in charge of Colonel Pennington of the 13th, and Captain 
 McKay of the 29th Bombay regiment. They were a party of 
 thirty, and on their arrival in England, were treated with great 
 kindness. 
 
 The two officers of my regiment told me lots of wonderful 
 stories of their visit on their return. They were greatly pleased 
 with the arsenal at Woolwich, the armour in the Tower of ' 
 London and the dockyards at Liverpool, but did not care much 
 for the pictures in the National Gallery, or the Alhambra. They 
 were all provided with overcoats and warm underclothing and 
 were each given a guinea a day pocket money. They were taken 
 to see a great many sights and several receptions were given them, 
 one at Lord Hartington's. It was a puzzling thing for the enter- 
 tainers to provide suitable refreshments for them, as natives of 
 India are so particular about their food and all have different cus- 
 toms. A Sikh will drink anj'thing from gin to maraschino, but 
 feels insulted by your offering him a cigar or tobacco in any shape. 
 Whereas a Mahomedan will smoke anything you choose to give 
 him, but would be greatly offended by your suggesting his taking a 
 glass of wine or spirits. The Koran forbids all that. 
 
 Fruit was generally found a pretty safe thing, they had no 
 caste prejudices about eating it. 
 
 Col. Pennington told me he was pestered by polite notes 
 from ladies in good position in London wanting to know if he 
 would allow some of those delightful Indian warriors to come to 
 their houses, and asking what form of entertainment would be 
 most acceptable to them ; a dinner, a musical party, a reception or 
 a dance. To all he returned the same reply, that it was not the 
 wish of Government to have them go to any entertainment except 
 those they provided for them. 
 
 Orders were very strict, too, that no callers were to be ad- 
 mitted, but in spite of this he found a bevy of ladies one afternoon 
 at .Sutherland House, where the contingent were quartered, having . 
 afternoon tea with the I'icssalders and jeniedars, and listening 
 with open-mouthed astonishment to the wonderful tales of the East 
 related to them by an Englisii-speaking native officer. 
 
 The Queen was much interested in her native warriors, and 
 pinned their medals on with her own hand. She gave each of them 
 a little present and an engraving of herself to take back with them. 
 
 We had a vcrj^ pleasant return voyage to India. The Red 
 Sea and Indian Ocean were like the proverbial slieets of glass, and 
 after a short lialt at Bombay we returned by tro' train to Meerut, 
 arriving there on the 31st October exactly three months from the 
 day we left. 
 
36 
 
 So ended our share in the campaign. On our return the Gov- 
 ernment of India issued a notification expressing their pleasure at 
 the fact " that the Indian Contingent had taken an honourable 
 and important part in the operations," and the Viceroy congratu- 
 lated the troops on having added fresh lustre to the reputation of 
 the Indian Army. 
 
 When it is borne in mind that the Indian troops do not enlist 
 for foreign service, it reflects the greatest credit upon them that, 
 , when called upon to ^^ke part in this can paign, waving aside the 
 traditions of their race, and their rf 1' do •'"ejudices against cross- 
 ing the Black Water, they willingly, i- ; and eagerly responded 
 to the call. Their behaviour on this occasion shows that in any 
 great European struggle, they who would compute the military 
 strength of Great Britain must include the possibility of vast addi- 
 tions being made to it from the fighting races of Hmdustan who 
 have thus manifested their readiness to serve their Queen, and to 
 uphold the dignity of her Empire. 
 
Wednesday, 24th March, i8q2. 
 Major James Mason, Vice-President, in the Chair. 
 
 A 
 
 By LIEUT.-COL. W. E. O'BRIEN, M.P., 
 35TH BATTALION. 
 
 The two races which mainly contribute to the making of the 
 Canadian people possess a birthright of military spirit derived from 
 long lines of warlike ancestry. With this spirit none were more 
 fully possessed than the pioneers of New France, whose leaders 
 were soldiers of distinction, and of whom many were veterans 
 trained in the wars in which internal discord and foreign aggression 
 had involved their native country during the two centuries which 
 preceded the conquest of Quebec. Others were scions of that 
 noblesse which had little but a name and a sword to offer to its 
 younger members ; and all alike were compelled by necessity, from 
 the beginning of the French occupation of Canada to its close, to 
 be constantly in arms for the protection of their lives and proper- 
 ties. But the spirit thus brought into the infant colony, and fos- 
 tered by circumstances during its growth, was characteristic of the 
 race from which it was derived. The French are essentially a 
 military people. For them military glory has always had a fatal 
 attraction. In the days of the Grand Monarque, as in the turmoil 
 of the Revolution, and the dazzhng period of the First Empire, the 
 national pride exhausted the life of the people in the vain attempt 
 to establish a military supremacy in Europe. And so, in later 
 times, the indulgence in a similar spirit led to the disastrous 
 results of the German war. And it is mainly to this spirit of mili- 
 tary adventure that we owe the existence of that colony on the 
 banks of the St. Lawrence, which now forms so important an ele- 
 ment in the Confederation of Canada. 
 
 The men of British birth, from whom we in this Province 
 proudly claim descent, must be judged by a different standard. Of 
 the English people it has been said that they are a warlike, rather 
 than a military people — always ready to figlit, but caring little for 
 the pomp aijd circumstance of war. No people, in time of war. 
 
3« 
 
 sympathize more keenly with their soldiers in the sufferings and 
 hardships incidental to their work, or feel more pride in the vic- 
 tories they gain. Yet, in time of peace, the red coat is no passport 
 to respect or consideration. Too often, indeed, we have seen it 
 regarded rather as a sign of social inferiority than of honourable 
 distinction. Despite the Queen's regulations, the officer doffs his 
 uniform as an encumbrance to be got rid of as soon as possible 
 when parade is over. He votes the service a bore, and his profes- 
 sion one to be ignored as much as possible. Fortunately for his 
 country, he is, notwithstandmg this affectation, at heart every inch 
 a soldier, and he will lead, and his men will follow, whatever the 
 odds to be encountered, or the hardships to be endured. To this 
 absence of the military, as distinguished from the warlike, spirit, 
 may perhaps be due the fact that, while always ready to fight, 
 England is never ready for war, and not till they are actually 
 wanted does the nation bestir itself to provide the necessary means. 
 But from this warlike stock we inherit, witli all its imperfections, 
 a spirit which has made the British race produce such fighting 
 men on land and sea as no other race can boast, either for desper- 
 ate valour or enduring fortitude, and whose history, from Crecy to 
 Waterloo, and from Waterloo to the last conflict in a remote 
 corner of India, is one of almost unbroken victory. 
 
 The qualities thus inherited were not permitted to be lost for 
 want of opportunity to exercise them, on the part of either British 
 or French colonists. The life of the latter was one of continual 
 watchfulness and peril. The crafty and merciless Iroquois, whose 
 natural ferocity was whetted by a desire for vengeance upon the 
 French for their ill-advised attack upon their tribe by Champlain 
 in 1609, gave them no peace night or day. They literally had to 
 toil in the field or the workshop with their nii'.skets by their sides, 
 while some member of the family was on watch for the foe. Their 
 houses were forts, and they were glad when they could say of their 
 dwelling " it had not been burned this year or more " ; and besides 
 this constant Indian warfare, the French colonist was generally at 
 feud with his English neighbour, and was frequently summoned to 
 join in those expeditions to the frontier, which periodically occur 
 in the history oi that period. Though peace might prevail along 
 the English channel, the hatchet was seldom buried in the debat- 
 able grounds between Lake Champlain and the Hudson, and in 
 the valley of the Ohio, while on the Atlantic coast and shores of 
 the Gulf of the St. Lawrence hostilities were of general prevalence. 
 Between the ancestors of our present peaceful habitants and their 
 New England rivals there was not only the old antipathy of race, 
 but the deep-seated hostility between the Puritan and the Catho- 
 lic. Tiiere was fierce competition in the Indian trade. There was 
 the suspicion and mistrust engendered by mutual aggression and 
 national jealousy — in short, there were between these two popula- 
 
39 
 
 s and 
 
 tions all the elements of thorough hatred and ill-will, and no 
 opportunity was lost of inflicting every species of injury by the one 
 upon the other. With toler-ibly even fortune this warfare con- 
 tinued, Braddock's defeat giving the advantage rather to the arms 
 of France, till the elder Pitt began to rule, and his imperious will, 
 diffusing itself into all the affairs of state, energy and capacity in 
 every department, directed and supported the valour of soldiers and 
 sailors. Every blow then struck liome. France and Spain were 
 successfully humbled, and shorn of many of their choicest posses- 
 sions. And, tliough the master-hand was withdrawn before the 
 work was finally accomplished, the Treaty of Paris set the seal to 
 the charter of the great colonial Empire of Britain. The conquest 
 of Canada, the most important event of this period, put an end to 
 the long confl'ct between the rival colonists, and, for a time, peace 
 prevailed in the North American continent, and no doubt the 
 return to France of many of the chief inhabitants of Canada and 
 of the regular troops largely reduced the fighting population, while 
 the change of allegiance naturally checked the military spirit of 
 those who remained, and who were free to pursue their industrial 
 avocations in peace. 
 
 Yet one cannot pass from this period without paying a tribute 
 of respect to the gallantry of a people who, left entirely to their 
 own resources, so long defended their country against the formid- 
 able armaments which threatened them. Cut ofif by a hostile fleet 
 from all chance of succour from France, attacked by three powerful 
 armies supported by all the resources of their old New England 
 foes, resistance was hopeless. Thej' nevertheless persevered, 
 though the number of their assailants has been computed as nearly 
 equal to that of the whole population of the Province. The defeat 
 of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, by Montcalm, his subsequent 
 defence of Quebec, and the hard-fought action at Sillery were 
 military achievements of the highest order, which cast a halo of 
 glory over the closing scenes of the French regime in North Amer- 
 ica worthy of its most heroic days. 
 
 Such, prior to the conquest, had been the military training of 
 the French Canadians, and it would indeed be strange if, springing 
 from such a source, developed and disciplined in so severe a school, 
 with such a glorious reputation to maintain, the warlike spirit of 
 the race had failed in after years to bring forth fruits worthy of its 
 name and honourable to its lineage. 
 
 The position of the English colonist in America was, for a long 
 period, very similar to that which I have described as the lot of 
 the French-Canadian. In one respect the populations were very 
 dissimilar. The French were homogeneous. French and French 
 Catholics only were permitted to live on that sacred soil when the 
 conversion of the heathen Indians was one of the chief motives of 
 colonization. There the Church reigned supreme, defying even the 
 
4° 
 
 edicts of the most resolute of the Royal Governors, and exercising^ 
 all the tyranny incidental to a spiritual oligarchy. In the English 
 colonies, on the other hand, we have a variety of races, and still 
 greater variety of creeds and political sentiments. In the New 
 England States the Puritan exiles had liberty to carry out to the 
 fullest extent their peculiar doctrines in Church and State, and the 
 spiritual despotism then established differed only in dogma from 
 that which prevailed on the banks of the St. Lawrence. In New 
 York the Dutch settlers formed a community of their own. Penn- 
 sylvania was the home of the Quakers, the most tolciant in matters 
 of religion, and, on principle, opposed to the use of arms.' Mary- 
 land was settled by Roman Catholic refugees. Virginia and the 
 Carolinas were as strongly cavalier as New England was Puritan. 
 A large emigration of Ulster Presbyterians added another element 
 to the population, which made itself felt at a later period. Thus 
 every type of English political and religious thought was repre- 
 sented, and the virtues and failings of each were brought into 
 striking contrast. Between the different Provinces there was but 
 little community of interest, and still less community of feeling or 
 harmony of action. This was remarkably the case in all matters 
 relating to military affairs. The Virginians would not aid the New 
 Englanders in their contests with the French and Indians on the 
 northern border! The New Englanders would do nothing for the 
 defence of Virginia wlien the attack came from the west. And in 
 all the expeditions that were organized for the reduction of the 
 French power in Canada, the British Government found great 
 difficulty in bringing about unity of action or combination of forces. 
 But, with the difference thus pointed out, the life of the English 
 colonist was very much like that of his French neighbour. Though 
 he had not the Iroquois to contend with, he had a pretty constant 
 Indian warfare on hand, chiefly brought about by his own grasping 
 disposition and unfair dealing with the red man. Both in the north 
 and west he was constantly at war with the French, and in all the 
 great expeditions against them he took a leading part. Towards 
 the close of the war he was especially active. The Provincial 
 forces formed a large part ot the army which reduced Louisburgh. 
 Ten thousand of them were with Abercrombie in the fatal attack 
 upon Ticonderoga, and took part in the subsequent operations 
 under Amherst. They formed the force which, under Prideaux 
 and Johnson, made its way to Niagara, where they captured the 
 French stronghold and cut off all communication between Quebec 
 and the western posts. Thus, during the administration of Mr. 
 Pitt, they saw war upon a large scale, and took part in its most 
 important operations. With the expulsion of the French from 
 Canada these operations came to a close, and the warlike energies 
 of the British colonist found well-earned repose. 
 
 With the causes which led to the disruption of the Empire by 
 the Revolutionary War in America, I am not here called upon to 
 
41 
 
 lish 
 still 
 Jew 
 the 
 the 
 from 
 ew 
 emi- 
 tters 
 
 deal. That there were errors and misunderstandings on both sides 
 must be admitted. There were many acts of the Administration 
 which were ill-advised. There was much in the action of the 
 Americans for which there was no excuse. The chapter in our 
 history is a painful one, and it is not likely — hardly, mdeed, possi- 
 ble — that similar events can again occur. One bright page in the 
 chapter I may allude to, and that is the courage and fortitude 
 which carried England through that calamitous period, the most 
 critical in her history, when, besides the revolt in America, which, 
 humanly speaking, she would have crushed but for foreign inter- 
 vention, she had to contend single-handed against the combined 
 forces of France, Spain and Holland, and the hostility, thinly dis- 
 guised under the name of neutrality, of the Northern Powers. 
 Yet all their efforts failed, and England emerged from the contest, 
 weakened indeed by the loss of America, but, in other respects, in 
 a better condition than the powers which had so wantonly assailed 
 her. 
 
 But, in its results, the struggle had a most important bearing 
 upon the future of Canada. Of the attack made upon this country 
 by the revolted Americans and its failure, little need be said. The 
 French-Canadians wisely refused to listen to the republican emis- 
 saries, but in the actual conflict they took but little part. In 
 England they had found a generous foe. The Americans had 
 always been their bitterest enemies. Yet, under the existing con- 
 ditions, it was not likely that they would feel that keen interest in 
 the strife between the two countries, which, at a later period, they 
 abundantly manifested under somewhat similar circumstances. 
 The close of the war left the American loyalists in a deplorable 
 plight. Not only had they, by their adherence to the Crown, 
 incurred the bitterest enmity of the successful faction, which mani- 
 fested itself in every form of insult and mjury, but such of their 
 property as had escaped destruction was confiscated, and they and 
 their families were left in the utmost destitution. Every effort was 
 made by the British Government to induce Congress to treat them 
 with something like justice and lenity, but that body, acting on the 
 same plea which, on recent occasions, has enabled it to evade its 
 national responsibility, declared its inability to control the action 
 of the several States, and the faint recommendation which it did 
 agree to make to the State Governments was, by all but one, 
 treated with contempt. The British Government finally dealt 
 with the matter in no illiberal spirit, but the immediate result of 
 the action of the States was to drive from the country a large pro- 
 portion of its best inhabitants, to stamp the character of the 
 American people in their dealings with foreign States with that 
 combination of arrogance and meanness from which they have 
 never been able to emancipate themselves, and to transfer to Cana- 
 dian soil a body of men wlose name of U. E. Loyalists has ever 
 
42 
 
 been regarded throughout the Empire as a title of the highest dis- 
 tinction. Besides all other claims to our respect, these men 
 brought to Canada a military spirit of the greatest value, the influ- 
 ence of which has never been lost. Most of them had served in 
 the war. All were animated with a feeling of hostility towards the 
 land from which they were driven, which neither time nor change 
 has caused to be forgotten. 
 
 The advent of the U. E. Loyalists, with the warlike instincts 
 of their race fully developed by actual conflict, and sharpened by 
 the touchstone of persecution, established in the country a decid- 
 edly military spirit and aptitude for war, besides destroying the 
 germs of any desire that might have arisen for association with the 
 Americans. Combined with this, there was a constant influx of 
 military immigrants of all ranks, to whom every encouragement 
 was given to settle in the country, and whose descendants in vari- 
 ous parts of the Dominion have never lost the military instinct. 
 The consequence of all this was, that when, in 1812, the Americans, 
 anticipating an easy victory over the scattered population of Can- 
 ada, entered the country, preceded by an issue of bombastic pro- 
 clamations, they found themselves confronted by a warlike people, 
 whose militia sprang to arms at the first call of danger, and proved 
 themselves, in every conflict, worthy of their name and race. Men 
 of British and French descent, and especially the sons of the U. E. 
 Loyalists, vied with each other in noble emulation, and, during 
 the whole period of the war, nevar relaxed in the determination to 
 maintain intact the heritage of their fathers. Into the details of 
 the war of 1812 it is needless here to enter. They are, or they 
 ought to be, familiar to all present. But they proved conclusively 
 two things — first, that previous events, combined with the other 
 causes referred to, had imbued the people of Canada with a thor- 
 oughly warhke spirit ; secondly, that, with such a spirit existing 
 amongst us, Canada, as an integral portion of the Empire, need 
 not fear any foreign foe. The spirit with which the Canadians 
 carried on the contest proves the first. The result of the contest 
 proves the second. When it began, England was in the critical 
 period of her strife with Napoleon. Almost alone she had under- 
 taken to beat down that colossal power which dominated Europe. 
 And it was in alliance with the most ruthless tyrant that modern 
 times have known that the Democracy of America took occasion 
 to attack her. And yet they failed, and signally failed. Under 
 the most favourable circumstances for themselves, they failed. It 
 is needless to draw the moral. 
 
 In 1837 there was again a call to arms. With the political 
 events of that time I have nothing to do, but the spirit and alac- 
 rity with which the call was responded to, or rather the spontane- 
 ous rising of the whole population at the first note of danger,, 
 proved the spirit which pervaded every breast. 
 
m> 
 
 |dis- 
 
 in 
 the 
 knge 
 
 Incts 
 
 pcid- 
 the 
 the 
 
 ix of 
 
 43 
 
 In 1855 began the formation of the force which has grown to 
 be a truly national one — the Active Militia — Her Majesty's Army 
 in Canada. No country has any right to claim the attribute of 
 nationality which is not prepared, out of its own resources, to main- 
 tain order within its borders, and to resist aggression from without. 
 In 1855 the then Province of Canada took the first step in that 
 direction, and the movement, being the voluntary action of the 
 people, was proof of the steady growth of the military spirit. Then 
 came the Trent affair, when the people with one voice declared 
 that, though the quarrel was an Imperial one, and for which they 
 were in no sense responsible, they were willing, as part of the 
 Empire, to assume their share of Imperial defence. The Fenian 
 raids followed, directed against Canada, not because the Canadians 
 had done any wrong to Ireland, but because Canada, a portion of 
 the British Empire, was most vulnerable to attack. This was an 
 important epoch in our history. For the first time a purely Can- 
 adian force, equipped with Canadian money, drilled and com- 
 manded by Canadian officer ;, took the field, for self-defence it is 
 true, but in an Imperial quarrel. The Trent affair and the Fenian 
 raids made two things clear : first, the alacrity with which, in case 
 of need, Canada would spring to arms ; secondly, the promptitude 
 with which Great Britain both could and would send forces to her 
 aid. Shortly after the Fenian raid the active force was organized 
 nearly upon its present footing, and with Confederation it was 
 extended over the whole Dominion. But before the Dominion had 
 arrived at the years of manhood the North-West rebellion gave a 
 practical test of the spirit of the people, and of the capacity of 
 its force. The events of that period are too fresh in our recollection 
 to require any special notice at m}' hands. That it was from first 
 to last a military achievement of which neither the Government, the 
 people, nor those engaged need be ashamed, is, I think, generally 
 admitted. It gave proof, at any rate, if proof were needed, that 
 the war-like spirit of the Canadians had kept pace with their pro- 
 gress in other respects — that the shades of Wolfe and Montcalm, 
 of Brock and De Salabcrry, of our U. E. Loyalist ancestors, and 
 of all the unnamed heroes of our earlier days, might look down 
 with pride upon the Canada of 1885, and rejoice to think that it 
 was worthy of its sires. 
 
 But it seems to me that the most satisfactory evidence of the 
 existence and steady growth of the military spirit of Canada is to 
 be found in the fact that such a force as we have now in this coun- 
 try is, under existing conditions, maintained at all. Neither to 
 the officers nor men who compose it does it afford anything of 
 profit or advantage, either social, political or pecuniary. In every 
 kind of business or industrial pursuit membership in it is a draw- 
 back. To officers in particular it involves a loss of time and 
 money, as well as a considerable amount of labour. The Govern- 
 
44 
 
 ment recognize the force as a necessary element in our political 
 existence, but grudge it the starvation allowance which Parliament 
 willingly votes. Employers of labour give it no encouragement — 
 too often do their best to hinder it. Yet, under such conditions it 
 exists, and it flourishes. Why ? Simply because in the hearts of 
 the people there is an ingrained military spirit which will find means 
 of development. Because there is in them the spirit of their 
 forefathers — the spirit whose growth in the foregoing remarks I 
 have endeavoured to trace, whose manifestations at various periods 
 in our history I have tried to point out — the spirit which first led 
 to the settlement of America, and which was fed and nourished by 
 the very conditions of the existence of the early pioneers. We see 
 it displayed in the fierce contests for the sovereignty of North 
 America. It animated the captors of Louisburg, and it raged 
 in the breasts of those engaged in the death struggle on the Plains 
 of Abraham. It nerved the U. E. Loyalists in the heroic sacrifice 
 which drove them from every enjoyment of life to exile, hardship 
 and penury. It led the militia of 1812 to victory at Queenston, 
 Lundy's Lane and Chateauguay. It caused them to rise in fury 
 in 1866 to repel the insensate Fenian invasion, and to struggle for 
 places in the ranks of those who were sent to face the probable 
 danger of the North- West rising. And, more than all, its steady 
 glow keeps alive, despite the drawbacks I have mentioned, the 
 force to which we are all proud to belong. 
 
 From the existence of the Active Force under present con- 
 ditions I draw another conclusion of great practical moment. 
 I believe that as at present constituted it is eminently suited to the 
 country. It is so inexpensive, the whole cost being less than 25 
 cents per annum upon each of the population, that the most severe 
 economist cannot find fault on that score. Being a purely volun- 
 tary force, and chiefly supported by the independent yeomanry of 
 the country, it involves no serious burden upon our industrial 
 resources, and affects only those who willingly assume the task. 
 The headquarters of each corps being local, it enlists in its support 
 a variety of local interests, and the people of the locality take a 
 pride and interest in the efficiency of the corps, and willingly aid 
 in its support. By simply increasing the number of men per com- 
 pany its numerical strength can be doubled without any additional 
 cost for officers or staff, and that strength could be kept up by 
 regular recruiting at the various company and regimental head- 
 quarters. To increase its efficiency in drill all that is necessary is 
 to call it out, for it has its own instructors always ready for use, 
 and of the aptitude of the men for learning all the duties of a soldier 
 I need say nothing. Experience has shown that it can be rapidly 
 assembled, and rapidly mobilized. While democratic in theory, 
 as regards the social status of its officers, the men have a whole- 
 some sense of discipline which checks too much familiarity between 
 
45 
 
 them and their officers, even when the latter may be socially on 
 the same level with themselves ; and, as far as my observation 
 goes, they most respect those officers who most respect themselves, 
 and have a proper idea of what is due, if not to themselves, at least 
 to the commission which they hold. But, say our critics, the force 
 is composed of such shifting material that the men drilled one year 
 are gone the next, and th< refore the money spent upon them is 
 wasted. To some extent this may be true, but, on the other hand, 
 the very weak point of the system has its advantages. It keeps the 
 military spirit constantly fermenting. It diffuses a knowledge of 
 soldiering, however slight, througli a large part of the adult popu- 
 lation, and there is always a nucleus of drilled men existing in 
 every corps who clmg to it from pure love of it, who set an example, 
 and given a pattern to the recruit, teach him his duties, instil into 
 him a proper sense oi esprit dii corps, and impart an air of soldierly 
 bearing. In every regiment there are enough of such men compe- 
 tent for the position of non-commissioned officers, and frequently for 
 that of commissioned officers ; enough also to take up and discharge 
 all duties when the regiment is called out, while the recruits 
 are being instructed. And tlie result is, taking the rural corps as 
 a whole, that the regiment can be moved from one place to another, 
 can be put into a train and taken out of it, marched into camp, mount 
 its guards and pickets, pitch its tents, issue and cook its rations, 
 maintain the strictest discipline, and all the time go on with its 
 instuction in drill in a purpose-like and business fashion, and mak- 
 ing progress in every military duty in a manner that astonishes the 
 officer of the regular army. Now, can anyone suggest a system 
 better suited to the habits and ideas of the people, or one that will 
 bring about as good results from the same expenditure either of 
 money or industry ? What possible system of a small regular 
 force, such as is suggested by some, could equal it for effective 
 results in case of any serious difficulty ? Having read the endless 
 suggestions and criticisms wiiich are from time to time poured 
 forth through tlie press, and having, what few of the critics have, a 
 prett}' thorough knowledge of the p. sent system, its weak as well 
 as its strong points, of its very apparent deficiences, and of its real 
 capacity the former much more plain to the eye than the latter — 
 I have no hesitation in saying that the present force, mainly created 
 and developed by the militarj^ spirit of the country, and mainly 
 dependent upon it for support, has, by the very fact of its existence 
 at the present, proved itself well suited to the country, and to the 
 resources at its command. And I am conservative enough to believe 
 that we shall do better to improve and develop a system which has 
 served us well in the past, and is serving us better in the present, 
 than in troubling ourselves with the speculations of those who are 
 too proud to enter the present force, and who spend their military 
 spirit in pointing out the deficiencies which we in the ranks are 
 steadily trying to overcome. 
 
 'A 
 
46 
 
 I have spoken of the difficulties uiuler which this force is main- 
 tained, which bear so hardly upon those engaged in it. Cerlainlj' 
 the country, which has such a force upon such easy terms, has no 
 right to complain. We, however, who have so long borne the 
 burden, have the right to ask that it be made less severe, as easily 
 it might be. The best methods of accomplishing this could not 
 properly be discussed in connection with the subject now under 
 consideration, but thus much may be said, that the military spirit 
 of which we have been speaking would sustain the Government in 
 any reasonable expenditure required to meet existing deficiencies, 
 especially when that expenditure v/ould go directly to the improve- 
 ment of the rank and file, and not to those accessories which, how- 
 ever useful, are not of absolute necessity. 
 
 But it will be asked, and the question is a pertinent one, and 
 must be answered — admitting j'our r ;ntion to be correct, and 
 the existence and growth of this w - spirit to be proved, of 
 
 what value is it — what are you goir^ inake of it ? A political 
 necessity, the conditions of which may change at any time, com- 
 pels us now to spend a certain sum upon military preparations, 
 and in the spending of that money a few enthusiastic persons like 
 to employ themselves in playing at soldiering. It amuses them, 
 and it does not hurt the country ; but, after all, what is it but mere 
 pastime ? The only possibility of war is one in which we should 
 be powerless. Any attempt at resistance would be useless. We 
 should be as a child in the hands of a giant, and immediate sub- 
 mission would be our inevitable lot. Now, 1 will not attempt to 
 answer this question from a military point of view, though seventy- 
 five thousand of such men as in forty-eight hours the Minister of 
 Militia could put in the field simply by doubling the strength of 
 existing companies, would, backed by the sea and land forces 
 which ten days would bring to our assistance, be no despicable 
 force. But as upon the answer largely depends the future of this 
 country, I will answer it in the spirit in which it was answered by 
 Sir Isaac Brock just eighty years ago, when, with as heavy odds 
 against him as we could have to meet to-day, he undertook the 
 defence of the Canadian frontier — .i defence which but for his un- 
 timely death would have been more successful and glorious than it 
 was. He did not sit down to consider whether with ten thousand 
 men he could meet him that came against him with twenty thou- 
 sand. He simply told the people of Canada that the country was 
 theirs, and that it was their plain duty, when wrongfully attacked, 
 to take up arms in its defence. And in a similar spirit should we 
 answer the question to-day. If we are not prepared to defend our 
 country and keep it ours, we should not have undertaken to make 
 it. We should not assume national responsibilities unless we are 
 prepared to accept the conditions with which they are connected, 
 and by which alone they can be maintained. And till human 
 
luii- 
 iily 
 no 
 I the 
 Isil)' 
 J not 
 filer 
 firit 
 It in 
 pies, 
 )ve- 
 low- 
 
 47 
 
 nature is reformed, and Cliristianity really governs the world, pre- 
 paration for self-defence, and the readiness to endure all that it 
 may impose, is the first of national necessities. We have gone too 
 far upon the path of national progress now to draw back from the 
 fidfilment of this obvious duty. We cannot shrink from it unless 
 we are prepared to abandon the work in which we have been en- 
 gaged — to show ourselves false to every sentiment of manhood and 
 patriotism— unworthy of our name and race, and of alkthe glorious 
 traditions of the past. There is, then, a legitimate field for the 
 exercise of the warlike spirit of our people, and an absolute neces- 
 sity for its careful development ; and while the work is one in which 
 all should bear a part, yet mainly upon those who, in no idle spirit 
 of display, but with an earnest desire to fit themselves for the stern 
 duties of the field, have undertaken the task of forming our Militia 
 into an efficient militai force, will rest the burden of showing that 
 the growth of a military spirit in Canada is no idle dream — that it 
 is a real, living element in our national life and our national pro- 
 gress, and as essential to its complete development as any of those 
 which it is the duty of Government to foster and encourage. Act- 
 ing upon such a conviction we should go manfully and steadfastly 
 on with our work, satisfied that while engaged in a task suited to 
 our tastes and capacities, we are also fulfilling a duty second to 
 none in its importance and value to the country — as much of 
 benefit to it as of credit to ourselves. 
 
 '»: 
 
 X 
 
 m 
 
SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 SECOND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETIN& 
 
 OF THE MEMBERS OF 
 
 The Canadian Military Institute. 
 
 Monday, 2jth jfaiiuary, i::g2. 
 
 LiEUT-CoLONF.L THE HONOURABLE J. M. GiBsoN, President, in the 
 Chair. . 
 
 The minutes of the last Annual Meeting having been published 
 and distributed amongst the members, it was moved by Mr. 
 Casimir Dickson and duly carried, that the leading of the minutes 
 be dispensed with and that they be taken as read. 
 
 The Annual Report of the Committee of Management was 
 then presented together with the Treasurer's Statement, duly 
 audited. 
 
 The Report was as follows : — 
 
 On the 1st January, i8gi, the membership consisted of 284 
 resident and non-resident members. Since that time 41 have been 
 elected during the year ; other changes i)eing a loss of ten gentle- 
 men by resignation, and four having failed to pay the fees their 
 names were struck off b}' the Committee. Four deaths amongst 
 members have also occurred, viz: W. T. O'Rielly- Inspector of 
 Prisons and Public Charities of Ontario, York Militia ; Lieutenant 
 G. A. Badgerow, of the Queen's Own Rifles, killed by being thrown 
 from his horse ; James Foster, formerly Major in the same corps, 
 and Colonel Henry Leigh, 93rd Highlanders, of Plymouth, Eng. 
 Allowing for additions to and losses in the membership, the actual 
 membership is now 307. 
 
 The Institute has been liberally used by the members as well 
 as by 164 officers of the Militia who have been granted the privi- 
 lejies of the Institute at various times. 
 
 
 Adji 
 
49 
 
 I& 
 
 The Treasurer's Statement, which showed a ca^h balance at 
 the last General Meeting,', will l)e laiil before you. The receipts 
 from all sources diirinp the past year amount to $2,618.23, the 
 expenditure $2,496.20, leaving' a balance to the credit of the Insti- 
 tute of $122.02. 
 
 The valual)le and interesting lectures delivered by Lieut- 
 Colonel R. Z. Rogers, 40tli B., and Capt. E. A. Cruikshank, 44th 
 B., upon ■' Incidents in the Early Military History of Canada," and 
 " The Battlefields of the Niagara Peninsula " respectively, have 
 been pruited and distributed to the members. Numerous applica- 
 tions from the outside public, interested in these subjects, have 
 been received for copies of the pamphlets. For the coming season 
 tlie committee has much pleasure in stating that Colonel Walker 
 Powell, Lieut-Colonels W. E. O'Brien, M.P. ; F. C. Denison, 
 C.AI.G , M.P. ; Mr. Benjamin Suite, Surgeon-Major W. Napier 
 Keefer late Bengal Army, and Lieut-Colonel T. J. Duchesnay, 
 D.A.G., have kindly consented to read papers upon subjects of 
 Canadian and military interest. 
 
 About 400 volumes have been added to the Library during 
 the past year. Tlie members, through His Excellency Lord 
 Stanley of Preston, owe the War Department more than a debt of 
 gratitude, it having presented all the recent publications and maps 
 issued from the Intelligence Branch, and expressed its pleasure 
 in continuing to forward other books as issued from time to 
 time. The Institute is also indebted amongst others to Sir 
 Adolphe Caron, Minister of Militia, and to Colonel Walker Powell, 
 Adjutant General, in enabling the Library to acquire a set of 
 Militia Reports irom Confederation to date. Accessions to the 
 Librar}' through private generositj- have been numerous, including 
 many valuable works. .\s the formation and extension of a 
 Military Library cannot n adily be accomplished by the voluntary 
 contribution of books, a special fund and special work is needed 
 for this purpose, the 1 reasurer finding many outlets for the funds 
 in his hands. How t^'us fund should be raised is a subject for the 
 members to deal with 
 
 Mr. Myles, tli Honorary Treasurer, has again shown the 
 active interest he lakes in the Institute in presenting the members 
 with the War Game and maps complete. 
 
 There has been a want of any clear understanding between 
 the Institute and the Military Institute Coinpau)' as to payment of 
 an amount additional to the rent of the rooms, so as to enable the 
 Company to create a reserve fund for refurnishing. The Company 
 claim that the original understanding was that in addition to the 
 rent ten per centum should be paid on the amount of the paid-up 
 stock of the Company, said to be 1^1,200, while there does not 
 appear to be any agreement on the part of the. Institute to assume 
 tills additional obligation. The Committee having considered the 
 
 * 'riSn mST '"'^ ■ ^^^^T'b^??^ 
 
50 
 
 matter, have made a proposal to tlic Directors of the Committee to 
 the effect that for the past year the Institute shall pay interest, or 
 its equivalent, at the rate of six par centum on $1,200, in addition 
 to the actual amount paid as rent. 
 
 In conclusion the Committee recommends for the favourable 
 consideration of the meeting the proposed changes and alterations 
 in the Constitution, wiiicli it is anticipated will advance the 
 progress of, and facilitate the working of the Institute. 
 
 The Treasurer's Statement for i8gi, of which the following is 
 a synopsis, together with a statement of the assets and liabilities, 
 was then presented : — 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 Cash Balance from 1890 $173 29 
 
 Members' Subscriptions 1033 3° 
 
 Newspapers, Lectures sold 24 00 
 
 Revenue from other sources 395 21 
 
 Interest 5 36 
 
 $1631 16 
 
 EXI'KNSES. 
 
 Rent ^496 00 
 
 Wages 585 00 
 
 Washing 9 24 
 
 Livery for boy 17 00 
 
 Newspapers and magazines 78 25 
 
 Insurance 11 25 
 
 Gas 62 37 
 
 Postage, express char^jes, etc 18 98 
 
 Books, binding, etc 71 30 
 
 Printing 99 90 
 
 Piano, rent of 10 50 
 
 General expenses 40 05 
 
 Bank charges 30 
 
 fi509 14 
 Balance cash to credu 122 02 
 
 IM631 16 
 
 l'\amined an! found correct 
 
 C. C. Bk.nnktt, Capt., g.O.H, 
 
 Hon. Auditor. .. 
 
 Toronto, ist Jan , 1^9.;. 
 
 ASSETS .VNI) LIABILniES. 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Cash on hand #122 02 
 
 Value of library, house-furnishings, etc 455 00 
 
 Outstanding fees, say 60 00 
 
 Periodicals, unexpired portion 15 00 
 
 Rent paid in advance 83 33 
 
 »735,35 
 
5* 
 
 |to 
 )r 
 )i) 
 
 |le 
 pis 
 lie 
 
 [is 
 
 BS, 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Gas fti2 05 
 
 Outstanding accounts 7° 40 83 35 
 
 Excess of assets over liabilities 8652 00 
 
 C. C. 
 
 Bennett, Capt., Q.O.K. 
 
 Hon. Auditor. 
 
 Toronto, ist Jan., 1892. 
 
 It was moved by Col. Denison, seconded by Major Delamere, — 
 " That the reports as read be received and adopted. "' 
 Carried. 
 
 Col. F. C. Denison moved, seconded by Col. Dawson, — 
 " That the Secretary write His Excellency the Governor 
 General, expressing the sincere thanks of the members of the 
 Institute to His Excellency and tiie War Office for supplying the 
 various publications of the Intelligence Branch. ' 
 
 The proposed changes in the Constitution were then taken up. 
 It was moved by Majii Delamere, seconded by Major Mason, — 
 " That Clause IV. b( .imended so as to read : 'An entrance 
 fee of ^5 and .$2.50 shall be paid by earh resident and non-resident 
 member respecti\ on joining the Institute, which sum shall be 
 in lieu of the dueh , . the first year of membership, and on the first 
 day of each calendai year a sum of not less than 85 for resident 
 and $2.50 for non-resident members shall be paid as annual dues. 
 Annual dues commence on ic ist January of eat h year. Mem- 
 bership dates from the first day >f the calendar year in which the 
 application for membership is made. 
 
 It was moved by Mr Irving, seconded by Major Delamere, — 
 " That Clause VII. be amended so as to rea '. : ' The officers 
 shall be a President, six Vice-Presideni (four ui tin lattt i to be 
 non-resident members), a Secretary an .1 Treasurer who, together 
 with six other ordinary members elected for that purpose at the 
 annual generdl meeting, shall form a Committee charged with the 
 entire management of the Institute. Five to firm a quorum.'" 
 It was moved by Mr. Irving, seconded l)\ Major Mead, — 
 " That Clause XVI. be amended b\ erting the words ' the 
 Constitution or By-laws may be altered lor ' the Rules may be 
 altered.' " 
 
 It was moved by Mr. Irving, seconded by Col. Dawson, — 
 " That Clause XIV. be amended by the addition of the follow- 
 ing sentence : ' Fifteen members shall form a quorum at any 
 general meeting of members, either special or annual.' " 
 
 It was moved by Mr. Irving, seconded by Capt. Hewanl, — 
 " In order to permit the Committee to appoint corresponding 
 members and any other officials as m.ay be considered necessary, 
 
52 
 
 that the following be added to Clause IX. : ' The Committee shall 
 also have power to appoint such official or officials as may be con- 
 sidered necessary to nnprove the working of the Institute.' " 
 
 The following changes in the By-laws were also adopted : — 
 
 It was moved by Col. Denison, seconded by Major Mason, — 
 
 " That Section 31 be amended by the addition of a new sub- 
 section, to be numbered 3. All questions except the election of 
 Officers and Honorary Members shall be decided by a show of 
 hands, unless a ballot be demanded." 
 
 It was moved by Mr. Irving, seconded by Capt. Tidswell, — 
 
 " That Section 6 be amended so as to read : ' In the absence of 
 tlie President, the senior Vice-President present (i.e. by military 
 rank) shall perform the duties of the President.' " 
 
 It was moved by Mr. Irving, seconded by Mr. Matheson, — 
 
 " That Section 9 become Section 10, and that the following be 
 Section 9 : ' Any member who is in arrear with his subscription 
 shall be disqualified from holding office, or speaking or voting at 
 any general meeting, or at any special general meeting, and no 
 new member shall have the privileges of the Institute until pay- 
 ment of his entrance fee.' " 
 
 The meeting having appointed Lieut. -Col. Otter, D.A.G., 
 and Capt. C. C. Bennett to be Scrutineers at the election of. 
 officers, they declare the following to luive been duly elected : — 
 
 As President — Lieut. -Colonel the Honourable J. M. Gibson, 
 13th Battalion, Hamilton. 
 
 As VicePresiilents — Lieut. -Col. W. E. O'Brien, Lieut. -Col. 
 F. C. Denison, Lieut. -Col. W. H. Lindsay, Major Frank King, 
 Major G. R. Starke, Major James Mason. 
 
 \s Members of Coiiiiiiittee of Mdiuigeiiient — Major J. M. Dela- 
 mei. , Major J. H. Mead, Capt. W. G. Mutton, Capt. J. T. 
 Syn.uns. Capt. F. \. FK^ming, Capt. S. A. Heward. 
 
 As Treasurer — Mr. Robert Myles, T. F. B. 
 
 As Secretary — Mr. L. H. Irving, R. L. 
 
 Capt. C. C. Bennett and Mr. G. B. Behan were elected 
 Auditors for the year 1892. * 
 
 A vote of thanks was accorded to the Canadian Militia Gazette 
 and the Press of Toronto for their kindness in assisting the Insti- 
 tute by publishing lectures and reports of meetings. 
 
 Upon the Preside nt enquiring whether there was any further 
 business, Captai Mutton stated that at the last general meeting of 
 the members thi: question of enlarging the premises was referred to 
 the then incoming Committee. The Committee had discussed this 
 suggestion, as ell as that of liaving a billiard table. He would 
 now ask for u expression of opinion from the members. Major 
 Mason, Capi. Pcllatt, Major Delamere, Major Mead and others 
 having made various suggestions, it was moved by Col. Otter, 
 seconded by Capt. Pellait, and carried, — 
 
 "Tl 
 remainir 
 procure 
 take th( 
 Directoi 
 take act 
 Th 
 
53 ,, 
 
 • desirable to rent tne 
 
 .. That in ,he opinion '^:^tX^\X'^^ « 
 ,ema,nins f°ST,l,S and .ha...he p°"',?i;'Sa.ion'«ith 'Ije 
 
 Directors of.the MUi ury 
 
 ssss.- 
 
■XV'^ 
 
 < ^: 
 
 . BY^LAW$, 
 
 * J (iX t!%jO»is«M aad CqminittM, togetildr with tlr«^Aaditon, ebail be 
 «|l9ctM by b^t 4t the Awtual Geaeoil Meeting o^ the roemben, lield in 
 
 - '. (4) Nbn'TMident members shall be eoititled to vote by proxy for the 
 :^ erection of Gfflc<5M,per8oq8 holding proxies, to be raembef 8. 
 
 (sc) 
 
 FC226 
 
 C34 
 
 
 '' \ 
 
 ^ ItJ»cpnfideot|ya|«icipated that the IttsUtute^ by fiikishing inform^ 
 tioh upoh-m#aiy Hubjoctf, in the form of Lectures, a Library. Reading 
 Sloo«i,«tc., and praviding afi well many of the conveniences of aClub. 
 will bie the means «tfmat9lri4llym^^ the efficiency of the Militia 
 
 force of Capaida. '■'''■'''' ^ ■■"■/[' ''-y '' 
 
 The Committee lookik for a liberal support from th6se who now are, 
 or have been, connected as officer? with any of the military bodies of the 
 Empire,>nd would ask for an ewrly applipatioa for membership, which 
 may b9 nude to the Secretary, or any of the Qommittee. 
 
 TBe Institute is accOTiulafing a library of works Cana- 
 
 dian MJUt«ry ftwtoiy, and to: military subjecta generally. As it i« desir- 
 able to make ibe' library as nearly complete as possible, donations of 
 single works or of collections are solicited All books received will be 
 acknowledged. 
 
 loformatton as to the aims and objects of th^ Institute may be 
 dl>t»iued from the folfowing torresponding members :~ 
 
 L^UT-CoL. T. C. ScoBLE, R.L.i Winnipeg. , 
 Major C. B, Mayne, R.E., Klingston. 
 Captain E. F. WuhEtelb, R.L., Quebec. 
 CAtTAlN W. O, TibswBLt, jjth Battalidtt, Hamilton. 
 CAMAm A. L. jARVts, G.G.F.O., Ottawa. 
 lNSP«cTok A. C, MACDONEfct, NAV.M.P,, Regina. 
 
 '' - * OR . ' , , _ 
 
 Major F. F. MAXt&y« Royal GrenatHers> Toronto, 
 
 " , Honorary Citrrtspondin^ Secretary, 
 
 

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 M*,0«.CaM^L |yo« j: C. H8IU«,t. C B 
 C«nwtt«dUig th, j|,i„^»"T, C.B.. 
 
 COWN.1 Wauw» Pow«Lt, 
 
 M^Wf-CoL. Tub HoNooiujBiai t if ^ 
 * MA^ §^l,f "i^* ^""*"*- Vtetorm Riftift 
 
 l-APTAW W. G. MoTTOS, QuasB'a 0»-T>fi