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 92 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 gach cruadail. Chuir na Laoich o na ghineadh sibb, 
 le taic nam Beann, le misneacbd an Dan, 's le faobbar 
 an claidheimb, na Roimhich o sbean, air ais do'n tlr 
 cbein, ged cheannsaich iad earran nibor dbe 'n Donihain. 
 'S amis na blaraibbcian-iomraideachathugadhanuadb, 
 air feadh na b-Eorpa, 'n uair a bhagair Aintighearna na 
 Frainge, gu ladarna, aon tigh-daorsa a dheanamb de 'n 
 t-saoghal gu leir, sbeas sibhse, mar bu dual, ri gualainn 
 bhur R\gh dhuthchasaich, gu calma, curanta, cunbhall- 
 ach, bhur n-anamaibh bras 's'a chath, le nieamnadh 
 Ghaisgeach na Feinne, agus fhuair sibli, mar iadsan, 
 moladh ann an diinaibh gach Duthcha, nach leigear air 
 diochuinilm gus an sguir na soluis neamhaidh a thomhas 
 bhliadhnaclian agus linntean. 
 
 Gum a fad a mhealas sibh an cliii sin a tha cho 
 dligheach d'ar muinntir, anns gach deadh bheus agus 
 deadh ghniomh. Lionmhor bitheadh *ur sliochd mar 
 Reultaibh neimhe, cruadalach mar an darach nach 
 c\osnich e\an a gheamhraidh ; a's gun robh saorsa, agus 
 sonas, gu brath, ag aiteachadh tir nam Beann, 's nau 
 Gleann, 's nam Breacan !!! 
 
 DO 'N ULSEIG, 
 r'a h-'oran feasgair. 
 
 'Fhilidli eibliinn 
 Sin, a dh'eireas 
 Do na speuraibh, 
 Far nach leur dhomh — 
 'S mi gad' oisdeachd, 
 'S trie mi 'g eigheadh 
 'X ann o sheraph 
 Ghoidthu gleusan6rain sin? 
 
 0, 'eoin mo ruin, 
 'S na ribheid chiuin, — 
 Le d' rann gun smiir, 
 'Sled'phronntachd luth'r, 
 Tha mi 'n leth-dhiiil 
 
 Gur spiorad thu 
 Bha fada 'n dhi. 
 Far nach mill iiine 6igeal- 
 achd. 
 
 An guth 'n chlar 
 Chuir gean air Saul 
 Bard bheag mo ghrMdh? 
 ]N"o 'n Oisein aigh 
 Tha 'd riochd, gu h-ardi 
 0! Rlgh nam Bard! 
 Ma's e, cha nkr 
 Ged tha 'n ce61 tl^th 'toirt 
 dheoire nam. 
 
DO N UrSEIG. 
 
 03 
 
 !■ 
 
 A MhJc nan neiil, 
 Tha gnth do hheil 
 A' cur 'an ceill 
 Gu bheil thii'n gaol : — 
 Gun dol do'n t-saogli'l 
 Os ceann nan reul, 
 Cba-n fhaigliearsgeiil 
 Air dad cho neamhaidb, 
 sholasach ! 
 
 O ! Rm\ thn 'n km\ — 
 Mar nliaidh am taidh 
 Do thir an aigh, — 
 No anam B^ird, 
 'Nuair leaghas gradh 
 A chridhe blath, 
 *S e 'seinn a dhain 
 Do'n ribbinn mhidt is Ce61- 
 raidh dha. 
 
 Feuch mar d' f huair thu 
 Nis a suas ort ! 
 Ne^il mu'n cuairt ort, 
 Ce61 a's suaimbneas ; — 
 *Bheil do smuaintean, 
 
 Air do hiaidb. 'n sin 1 
 No *ni fatb dnain dhuit 
 Kigb nan sluagb a ghloirea- 
 cliadb ? 
 
 Pill, mo leug thu ! 
 Pill mu'n teid thu 
 Far nacb feud mi 
 Tuiilidh d' oisdeachd, 
 '8 mu 'm fag troubban 
 Jjinn nan spouran 
 Air bheag gl^usaidb 
 An clair f^'in, a db-f b6gbluin 
 nait ! 
 
 O ! stad dbe d' dbuan, 
 Tba 'n la 'san naigb ; 
 Tba 'gbrian 'sa' chuan ; 
 Tba 'n druid 'na suain ; 
 Tba 'n rionnag sbuas : — 
 A nuas, a nuas, 
 A's ftiigb do dbuais 
 'An cneas do luaidb — 'so 
 Ghl6muin e. 
 
 DO 'N GHREIN 
 
 ! thusa fein a sbiubblas sbuas 
 
 Cruinn mar lan-sgiatb cbruaidb nan triatb, 
 
 Cia as tba do dbearsa gun gbniaim, 
 
 Do sbolus a ta buan, a ghrian ] 
 
 Tbig tbu ann ad aille tbrein, 
 
 Is foluicbidb reil uainn an triall, 
 
 A* gbealacb 'g a dubbadb san speur 
 
 *G a cleitb fein fo stuaidb 'san iar. 
 
 Tba tbusa ann atl astar a mbain, 
 
 Co tba dkna bbi 'nad cb6ir1 
 
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 94 
 
 OAELTC CLA«S-ROi>K, 
 
 .-.* 
 
 f 
 
 
 Tuitidh damg o'n cbniaich aird, 
 
 Tuitidh cam fo aois a's scorr : 
 
 Traoghaidh agiis lionaidh 'n cuan, 
 
 Foluichcar slmas an reul *san speur 
 
 Tha thnsa (V aon a ohaoidh fo hhuaidli 
 
 All aoibhiieas buan do sholuis f(5in. 
 
 *Xuair dhiibhafi in' an domhan stoirm 
 
 Le torran borb is dealan beitlir', 
 
 8o;illaidh tu 'lia d* aille o'n toirm, 
 
 Fiamli-ghair ort am l)niaillean nan speur. 
 
 Ach dhombsa tha do sholus faoin, 
 
 'S nacli f;}ic mi chnoidh do ghiiui?-^ 
 
 Sgaoileadli ciiil is or-bhuidh ciabh 
 
 Air aghaidh nan iie5il san ear : 
 
 Ko 'nuair a chvitheas anus an iar 
 
 Le do dhearsa ciar air lear. 
 
 *S maith dh' f heudadh gu bheil thu mar mi fiSiii, 
 
 'S an km gu treun, 's gun f heum air am ; 
 
 Ar bliadhnaibh u! teamadh o'n speur 
 
 A' siubhal le ch^ile gu 'n ceann. 
 
 Biodh aoibhueas ort f<$in, a ghrian, 
 
 'S tu neartmhor, a thriath, 'nad 6ige ; 
 
 *S brbnach mi-thaitneach an aoia, 
 
 Mar ghealach f haoin san speur, 
 
 A' ruith fo neul air raon, 
 
 %S an liath-cheo air taobh nan earn, 
 
 An osag o thuath air an r(iith ; 
 
 Fear-siubhail fo bheud 's e mall. 
 
 
 
 IT 
 
 An d*f hag thu gorm-astar nan speur, 
 A mhic gun bheud, a's 5r-bhui cial)h ? 
 Tha doi-san na h-oidhche dhuit r6idh, 
 Agus ptiilliun do chlos 's an iar. 
 Thig na etuaidh mu'n cuairt gu mall, 
 A choimhcad fir a*s gloiiie gruaidh ; 
 
ii^ill, 
 
 SGEVL COMAfr^ 
 
 A togail fo eagal an ctjaiin : 
 
 -Ki d' f haicinn cbo aillidh 'nacl shiiain, 
 
 Iheich ladsaii gun tiuir o d' thaobh. 
 
 trabhsa codal ann do chos, 
 
 A gbrian t is till o d' chlos le li-auibhneaF, 
 
 SGEUL COMAIL. 
 
 Bha Comal o Alba fein ; 
 Thar cend l^einn bu thriatli an triatli 
 s mbile sruth dh'61adh 'f h^idh ; ' 
 Chhiinnt' a choin air mile sliabh ; 
 Bha 'nghaidh cho scimh ri 6igbe/ 
 -Bu bha8 a lamli mh6r do laoich. 
 Bha 'rim do ainnir, '» bu chorr i, 
 Kighinn Chomhluich nan c6ni 's nam foobh, 
 B IS an gath-greine 'measg bhan -, 
 Bu duibhe na litheach a ciabh ;, 
 Bu luath a caoin sheilg air traigh ; 
 Chluinnt' a bogh' air ghaoith nan sliibh, 
 Bha h-anam air Comal a' tamh ; 
 'S trie thachair 'an gr^h an suil, 
 'S a' mhonadh bha iomairt an lamh, 
 Bu taitneach an sanas air chiib 
 Bu rim do Ghruamal an 6igh ; 
 Triath Ardbheinn nam m6r neoiL 
 Bha 'aire mu h-astar o shloigh, 
 Is^amhaid Chomail nan gorm-sgiath. 
 Aon la 'n t seilg, is iad sgUh, 
 Ceo a cleith na fiith o 'n t-sluagh, 
 Thachair Comal is ainnir gun cTditli 
 *N cos Ronain aig srith nan stuadh, 
 Aite-c6mhnuidh do Chomal o 'n t-seilg, 
 Bha fein is do airm nam buadh. 
 Bha ceud sgiatli urd gun mheirg, 
 Ceud clogad treiin de chniaidli. 
 
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 95 
 
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 96 
 
 GAELIC CLA8S-n00K. 
 
 ' Gabli tuinidh,' 's e thulihairt an t-6g, 
 
 * A Gliealmhln a's aillidh snuaf,'h ; 
 Gho,th-soluis a's ainneamh 'an c6s ; 
 Clii mi cabrach mbv mu' n chruaich ; 
 Falbhaidh, ach tilleam gun tamh.' 
 
 * Tha m' eagal mu namhaid,' thuirt 6igh, 
 Mu Ghruamal nach eirich 'an dan, 
 Dha's annsa Ronan 's a chbs. 
 
 Ach fuiricheam am measg nan arm 
 Gu d' thilleadh o thoirtn na seilg.' 
 Dh'fhalbh e gu Mora an fheidh. 
 Chum feuchainn nach d'thr^ig a ghradh, 
 Chuir ise na h-^irm oirre fein, 
 Is luathaich i 'ceum gu traigh. 
 Shaoil e gur namhaid a bh'ann ; 
 Bhuail a chridh' gu h-ard a chliabh ; 
 Thionndaidh a dhearg-chruth gu ban, 
 Mu 'shuile bha dorchadas ciar ; 
 Tharruing e 'm bogha gu 'chill ; 
 Leum 'thaifeid iuthaidh reidh ; 
 Thuit GhealmMn 'n a fuil, a run. 
 Thainig 's b'fhiadhaich a ghnuis 's a cheum, 
 Ghairm air nighinn Chomluich nan long 
 Gun fhreagradh o th6m no sliabh, 
 
 * C' aite bheil thu, riin nan sonn, 
 Ainnir ghasda nan tr6m-chiabh V 
 V)\m 'cridhe-se 'clisgeadh thall 
 Mu 'n iuthaidh a dh' f hag a lamh, 
 
 * An tus' a nighinn Chomluich a t' ann V 
 'S e 'tuiteam gun dail mu 'braigh. 
 Fhuair sealgair an dithis a b' ur 
 
 *An aros an fheidh ri stuaidh. 
 Eu dorch a laithean mu 'riin, 
 Bu lionmhor a cheum mu 'h-uaigh : 
 Thainig luingeas naimhd' o thuath, 
 Bhuail 'us chuir fo ruaig an daimh. 
 
 '^' 
 
TllANSLATION. 
 
 97 
 
 Ag iarraiilli a' bhais roimli *n t-sluagli, 
 Co a bhriseadh a chvuaidh air traigli .; 
 Thilg e 'airni dhubli-ghorm air reith^ 
 Fhnair iutliaidli a dire gun bhiiigh. 
 Tha 'chodal, a Ghealmhin, ri d' thaobh 
 Mil iomairt n.a gaoith air chuan. 
 Chi maraich' tin iiaigh maraon 
 'S e 'g eiridli air driiiin nan stuadh. 
 
 
 <#» 
 
 EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION. 
 
 1. Sleighing is good. Walking is bad. That 
 action was wicked. Where is the hair-brush 1 
 ** Well" (Ma ta), he replied, " I do not believe in get- 
 ting drunk as some folk do (ni), but I like to have a 
 good time, now and then." To-day is fine. Take a 
 chair. Bring your chair up near the fire. Exhausted 
 by fatigue, I lay down to rest. A young man of talent 
 and perseverance may reasonably have hope of success 
 in life. The valiant do not taste of death but once. 
 
 2. He cut the paper with the scissors. He writes 
 a good hand. Ring the bell. Did you hear the news. 
 He is to he intled (Is niairg) who holds out (infinitive, 
 §85, E. 41) the hand of poverty to a hen's heart. 
 Shut the door of the parlor. The snow is well-nigh 
 gone. The students of that college honour their Pro- 
 fessors. He said he would l)e here at seven o'clock. 
 My friend is charitable and kind. 
 
 3. There is a voice from the tomb sw(^oter than 
 song. There is a remembrance of the dead, to which 
 we turn even from the charms of the living. Oh, the 
 grave ! the grave ! — It buri(\s every error, covers every 
 defect, extinguishes every resentment. — Iniiivj. 
 
 4. Your favour of ]\r;u' 11 ill was duly received. 
 The book of anecdotes, for which I am much obla/ed to 
 
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 98 
 
 OAELrC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 j/oM (m6ran 'nad chomuin), arrived a few days IcUer ('na 
 dh^igh). I and all your other friends here ariB well. 
 John has gone (chaidh) to Halifax and will probably 
 call to see you. Nothing of importance has disturbed 
 the usual monotony of our country life. / am (I'^ 
 Bifise) ever (a huile la a chi 'lis iJach fhaic) your faith- 
 ful friend, Evan. 
 
 ■♦»•«- 
 
 GAELIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Note. — Accent all words on the first syllable; 
 except compound words whose parts are separated by a 
 liyphen (-), which are accented on the first syllable of 
 each part. 
 
 z.fPOS8.pron.(^x. XIII) his. 
 See §48. 
 
 ach, conj. but, except, 
 
 ad, after ami, =:do, pers. 
 pron. thy. 
 
 aghaidh, n. 6./. (-nean),face, 
 countenance ; an aghaidh, 
 against; air aghaidh, for- 
 ward. 
 
 Sigh, 71. 2. m., prosperity, 
 delight. 
 
 Mile, n. 6. /,, beauty. 
 
 fflidh, a. 2.y beautifal ex- 
 quisite. 
 
 ainneamh, a. 7., rare, seldom 
 
 iinnir, n, 2. /., (-an, ^.), 
 virgin, maiden. 
 
 aintighearn,?^. 3. m., tyrant. 
 
 aire, n. ^./., heed, attention. 
 
 aireamh, n, 1, /. (-a, or -an, 
 
 n.\ number; v., p. dh' 
 aireamh, fut. kirmheidh, 
 number, reckon, count. 
 
 aii*d, n. 2. /., height, prom- 
 otory, point of the com- 
 pass. 
 
 Mridh, a. £, worthy, ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 ais, n. always used with air; 
 air ais, comp» adv.j back, 
 backwaKls, a redundant 
 pass. pron. is s.-t. pld. 
 betw. air & ais. 
 
 aite, n. 6. ?w.,(-anor-achan, 
 n.) place ; 'an aite, comp^ 
 pi'ep. instead of; kite- 
 c6mhnuidh, dwelling, 
 abode. 
 
 aithne, n. 6. /., knowledge ; 
 is...dhomh, I know(§73) 
 
 .<jft 
 
 V "I -J 
 
 
 ;.V' 
 
 •^i'! 
 
ait 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 bli 
 
 90 
 
 er (nn 
 welL 
 bably 
 kurbed 
 
 faith- 
 
 aitlinich, r. m;. tr., know, 
 recognize. 
 
 aitich i\ reij. tr. ^\ int in- 
 habit, (Jwell. 
 
 Albainn, n. 5.f ^ Alba, O.f., 
 Scotland. 
 
 Albainn Nuadh {a. 2.), 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 amhaire, i;. int.^ look, be- 
 hold, see, observe. 
 
 'an contr, for ann an, in. 
 
 anam, n. 3. m. (-an, n.), 
 soul, mind, life. 
 
 anns,^?'e/?., in, into. 
 
 annsa irreg. compar. dearer, 
 more beloved (§38). 
 
 anuadb, adv. anew, again. 
 
 aogas, n. 1. tw., countenance, 
 likeness, appearance. 
 
 aoibhneas, n. 1. m.^ joy, 
 gladness. 
 
 aois, n. 2, ^ 3. f.^ age 
 
 i^rd, a. 1. high, tall, great. 
 
 f Ard-bheinn, n. 2.f. Ard ven, 
 a lofty hill or mountain. 
 
 ^rm, n. 1, 7w., weapon ; pi. 
 armour. 
 
 ^rmailt, n. 2,f. (-an, {/.), an 
 army. 
 
 ^ros, n. 1. m. ^/., (an, ??.), 
 mansion, palace, abode. 
 
 a's, contr. 3.4. used for 'us 
 =agus 
 
 as, 2yi'eP' out, out of. 
 
 astar, «. /. m., path, jour- 
 ney, voyage. 
 
 Ragair v. inter, threaten 
 (////'. bagradh or bagairt). 
 
 baigh, n. L\/., love, kind- 
 ness. 
 
 bkn, a. 1., white, pale, light, 
 wan. 
 
 b^s, n. 1. m., death {g. bkis). 
 
 bi\ta, n. 6. m. <J*/., a boat 
 (-ichean). 
 
 banoglach, n. 1. /., a maid- 
 servant. 
 
 beag, a. 1., little, small. 
 
 beagan, 71. 1. »w., a little, a 
 few. 
 
 bean, see page 25, woman, 
 wife. 
 
 beartas, n. 1. m., riches, 
 wealth. 
 
 beinn,w. 2.f.y\i\\\',j)lur. nom. 
 beanntan, gen. beann. 
 
 beithir, n. If. f., (-ichean to 
 contr. n.) a thunder-bolt. 
 
 beud. n. 6. m. (-an), mis- 
 chief, hurt. 
 
 beus, n. 3. m. (-an, ??.), 
 habit, custom, manners, 
 morals, virtue. 
 
 binn, a. £, melodious, 
 sweet, true. 
 
 bli\th, n. 3, m., a blossom ; 
 a. l.j warm. 
 
 bh\r, n. 1. m. (-an, n.) field, 
 a battle. 
 
 bliadhna, n. 6. f. (pliir. 
 bliadhn-a, -an, -achan, 
 -aichean), a year. 
 
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 OAELIC CLASS-nOOK. 
 
 ce? 
 
 l)Of,'lia, ??. C. 'iiKy (-(^]i.T,i),) a 
 
 1)0W. 
 
 Loirioimacli, n. 1. ?/«., iv 
 
 female, a woman. 
 Iiorb, «. i., brave, strung ; 
 
 haiif^'lity ; lierce, .savage, 
 
 cruel, 
 "braigh, see pnge 25. 
 bras, a. 1., l)nsk, active, 
 
 daring ; quick, liasty, 
 
 wanton. 
 br<\th, n. S. m,^ conflagra- 
 tion ; gii brath, comp, 
 
 adv.f for ever, 
 brathair, ii. 5. m. (pJar. 
 
 braitbrean), brotlier. 
 breacan, n. 1. m. (-an, n.) 
 
 a plaid, tartan, 
 briathar, rt. 1. m. (-an, ??.), 
 
 ^vord, oath. 
 Lrigli, n. 0. /., essence, 
 
 virtue, energy ; do bbrigli, 
 
 comp. 2Wip., in vii'tue of, 
 
 because of. 
 bron, n. 1. m., sorrow, grief 
 bronach, a. E, sorrowful, 
 
 pitiable, contemptible, 
 briiaillean, n. 1. m., tumult; 
 
 troubled, boding gloom, 
 buadh, n. 1. f. (-an, n.), 
 
 virtue ; (quality, 
 buaidh, ii. 4-f- (plur. nom. 
 
 biiaidhean, (jen. buadh), 
 
 victory, 
 buail, V. tr. strike. 
 
 durable. 
 
 ^c>> 
 
 })ui]le,??. 6./. (-an), astroko- 
 
 buils<4('an, V. G, m. (-an)V 
 
 centre, midillo ; 'am buil- 
 
 Rgean, (uniip. pnp., in the 
 
 mid«t of. 
 
 cabrach, n. 1. ???., a stag. 
 
 Cailean, ;/. 1. m., Colin. 
 
 caiimt, n, 2. f. (-an </. ) speech. 
 
 calma, a. i?;, strong, resolute,, 
 brave. 
 
 caoin, a. 2.f delightful, 
 pleasing, genial, smooth, 
 
 caoidh, v. int.^ lament,, 
 mourn, bewail ; n. 2. f.y 
 lamentation, weeping. 
 
 caraid, n. 2. in. (plur. caird- 
 ean) a relation; a friend. 
 
 cam, n. 1. in., a heap of 
 sUnir.i vdii^i'd (H'cr fho 
 tomb of a hero ; a licap^, 
 a pile ; v. tr., heap, pilo 
 together. 
 
 cas, n. 1. m. (-an, ?2,), emer- 
 gency, difiiculty, hard- 
 ship ; situation, case. 
 
 catli, n. 3. m. (-an, ??-.) battle, 
 fight. 
 
 ceann, n. 1. m., head ; end,, 
 extremity. 
 
 ceannsaich, v. fr., quell, 
 tame, subdue, conquer. 
 
 ceart, cl i., just, fair, right ; 
 precise. 
 
 ceil, ?;. tt\, conceal, hide^ 
 (see l\ 70). 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
CCl 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 com 
 
 101 
 
 ceile, n. 6. f. tf m.., equal ;|cinno<ir]i, v. 1. /??., a nation. 
 Ic cliuile, t().L(otlier. cinnteacli, a, ',J., certain, 
 
 ceill (fat. of ciall ; cur an 
 
 ccill, set forth. 
 ce6, 71. 3. QH., vapour, mist, 
 
 smoke. 
 ce61,7L 1. ?/?,, music, melody. 
 ceMradli, ;/. 1. f. (can, 7.), 
 
 muse, the muses. 
 ceum, n. 1. m. (-an, ??.), 
 
 stej), footstep, degree 
 
 sure, exact, 
 cladhaicli, v. rcj. dig (ittf, 
 
 cladhach.) 
 chiiuiheninli, n. 1. m. (plnv. 
 
 claimliuean Sc claidh- 
 
 mliean), a sword, 
 clar, V. 1. 7))., a harp, ((jen. 
 
 clair). 
 cliahli, }/. 1. w, a })asket 
 
 cha, ado., not; v. see paj^'cl vMeilfdrran'f/ ijtfjhunkms ; 
 
 7G. the cliest. 
 
 cho, adv., as, so. clist;-, y. rc/j. inf., start, leap 
 
 ch unn aic, r. pad uhI. of fa ic. I i or fear.*- 
 cia, adi\ how, what; cia chth, «. i. left, vile; n.2.f., 
 
 as? whence? 
 ciabh, ??. 8.f. (-an, n.) lock 
 of hair, hair. 
 
 ciall, n. 2. f., reason, sense, elo^Ljad, n. 1. m., a helmet. 
 
 strength, vigour, 
 eliu, 7?. 0. Sf 3. m., praise, 
 renown, fame. 
 
 meaning, opinion, 
 cian, a. 1., long, vast, far, 
 distant ; v. 2. in. ((faf. 
 iiiiKj. coin), length, dis- 
 tance in time or pfaa 
 
 cian-iomraideach, a. 1. ^- 2. cneas, /?.o. ?>/.. (-an,M.)brcast 
 
 clos, ?/. 6. y/^., rest, stillness, 
 sleep; v. tr. ^' lid., hush, 
 still, be still. 
 
 cluinn, ?\, hear; chluinnt' 
 for chluinnteadh. 
 
 distant, far away. 
 
 lx)som. 
 
 cianalas, 71. 1. m., melan- codal, n. 1. m., sleep. 
 
 choly, dulness, sadness, jcoindiead, v. lid., look, be- 
 ciar, a. 1., dark, dusky, | liold, see. 
 
 dark brov/n, dark grey, jcoir, ^/.i., just, riglit, honest, 
 ciatach, a. ;?,, elegant, beau-! virtuous; v. 4- f-i I'ig^^^j 
 
 tiful, lovely, beeomiug. | juctiee, probity ; vicinity, 
 ciosnaich, 0. yvj_7., overpower, mm »ireaeh,/<. ;:'., guilty, faulty. 
 
 conquer, subdue, weary 
 out. 
 
 c6m, 71. 1. III., the abdomen, 
 the region of the viscera, 
 
■i 
 
 I 
 I ■ 
 
 102 
 
 Com GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 diir 
 
 
 
 
 
 the chest ; tho trunk of 
 the bod3^ 
 
 Comal, n. 1. m.y Comiil, a 
 man' a name. 
 
 Comhluch, n. 1. m., Conloch 
 or Coloch, a man's name. 
 
 companach, n, 1. in., a com- 
 panion. 
 
 c6rn, n. 1. m., adrinkingcup. 
 
 craobh, n. 2. /"., a tree; foam. 
 
 ere, n. 6. f. , clay ; dust; being. 
 
 cridhe, n. 6. m. (-achan), 
 heart ; middle, centre. 
 
 cridheil, a. 1., hearty, cheer- 
 ful. 
 
 crith, n. 2. f. , trembling. 
 
 cruach, n, 1. f. ( an, v<), a 
 pile, heap, stack, hill. 
 
 cruadal, n. 1. m., difficulty, 
 hardship, danger. 
 
 cruadalach, a. ;?., dangerous, 
 hazardous ; coumgeous, 
 energetic. 
 
 cruaidh, a. 2.., hard, firm; 
 difficult, painful. 
 
 cruaidh, n. Jf. /"., steel; a 
 declivity, a hillside. 
 
 cruinn, a. 1. round ; gath- 
 ered, assembled, collected 
 
 cuan, n. l.m, (-tan, w.), sea, 
 ocean. 
 
 cuairt, n. 2. f. (-an, g.^ circle, 
 circumference, circula- 
 tion ; expedition, jour- 
 ney, sojourn. 
 
 cuid, \i. 4. /*. (</e«. codach, 
 
 dat. cuid ; lilnr. n. cod- 
 aichean), part, share ; 
 victuals, food ; effects, 
 pnjperty; a. indef., some, 
 certain (followed by de.) 
 
 cuimhne, 71. 6. /., memory, 
 remembrance. 
 
 cuir, i\ retj. tr., put, place ; 
 sow. 
 
 cul, 7f. 1. m., the back, back 
 of anijihing. 
 
 cumhachd, n. 6. m., (-an), 
 power, might, authority. 
 
 cunbhallach, a. 2., constant, 
 steady. 
 
 curanta, a. 2., heroic, valor- 
 ous. 
 
 d'a, cotifr. for do a, to his 
 or her. 
 
 dad, n. G. m., a little, a little 
 of amjthing, anything. 
 
 dc\il, n. 4- /. (fff^fi' d^lach, 
 2)hir. dMaichean,) delay, 
 procrastination ; nearness, 
 proximity, contact. 
 
 dall, a. i., blind; dim, ob- 
 scure ; opaque ; v. tr, 
 make blind. 
 
 dkn, a. 2., bold, daring, im- 
 pudent. 
 
 dt\naclid, n. 6, /., poetry ; 
 boldness, security, con- 
 fidence. 
 
 darach, n. 1. m.j an oak • 
 oak (timber.) 
 
 i 
 
 
I 
 
 . 
 
 (lar 
 
 VOCz\BULAUY. 
 
 car 
 
 103 
 
 darag, n. 1. /..=:(lara(:li. 
 
 do, prep, of, oil". 
 
 dea<fli, a, ,?.,go(>(l, fxccllcnt, 
 alirai/f^ />hi<'<''l before Us 
 1I0UII, (§f^3, Jl. 21.) 
 
 loiiiliaii. II. I. III., tlic world, 
 tli(! uiiiv^TSL'; till) ocean. 
 
 lor(;h, '/. L, l)lack, daik, 
 (luiky. 
 
 (lorcliadas,//. 1. ///., darkness. 
 
 dean, v. irrcr/. (§71), do/druini, //.,;.//?., (-n. f/.)back, 
 
 make, perform, act. I ritl^,^', roof. 
 
 dearbh, v. rey. tr., prove, druid, n. ,i. f. (-an, [/.), a 
 
 try, conlirni ; a. 2. sure,! starling. 
 
 certain, particular, iden-!du;ds, v. 2. /. (-an, [j.), re- 
 
 tical. I ^vard, prize. 
 
 dearLh-bhrathair, n. 5. ?/^,,diial, //. 1. //^, lock of hair; 
 
 brother, l)rotber-gennan ;j duty, hcretUlary right; 
 
 j^rQ-jK — Nouns C()riipoiu}'(-\ hereditary dispositiiui. 
 
 cd with adjectives are ^/^ (Uian, ii. 1. //?.,poeni, canto; 
 
 fleeted in their men De] oration. 
 
 dension ; the a<ijeetire dubh, a. 1 , 1'lack, <lark, sad ; 
 
 siilfers no infle''ti<ni.. 
 dearg-chruth, n. ^^ rn. (-an 
 n.) ruddy countenance 
 
 r. //•. darken, stain, l)lot, 
 blacken. 
 lubh-L>horin,'/.l , <lark blue. 
 
 dearsa, n. 6. ?»., ray ; ray.s.|duin, r. tr. sliut, close. _ 
 deiir, «. 1. m., adrop, atear.;duine,/^ G.ni.{plnrAhiOim}, 
 
 dhiii, S plnr. prep, pron 
 
 diarii, of them (§47.) 
 Dia, 11, m. irrej. (page 25) 
 
 God. 
 diochuimhn, n. 2. /, forge t- 
 
 fulness, oblivion. 
 I)i-satlmirne, n. 6. m., xSat- 
 
 urday. 
 dleasdanas, ??.. 1. ??^., duty. 
 dliKhiuich, a. 1., lawful, 
 
 a man. 
 
 dim, n.l.ni., a heap, a hill, 
 /// n-hirh spirits (fairies, 
 l)r()\vnies, ^'c.) dwelt in 
 efi'Vixd /('(ppiness and 
 i))prriine/d,<\\nl\, fortress, 
 fortiiied lull or Ikjusc. 
 
 diithehasach, a. 1., of one's 
 countrv, native, heredi- 
 tarv. 
 
 rightful, dutiful. ! 
 
 do-dheanta, a. ;^., impossible I each, n. 1. m., a horse. 
 
 dol, infinite ofrach, n. 0. ///.,eagal, //. 1. ?/'., hvir. 
 going, act of going (§71)lear, n. (>./., the east. 
 
 f, 
 
 &' 
 
w^y. "' .^ 
 
 If;.'-. . 
 
 vS'''.-" 
 
 %i:-- 
 
 ■i'..' ;' :■ , '■ 
 
 i-'-?;,; ■ , '.. 
 
 
 i-:«'.«' 
 
 ^r: 
 
 '''■<■ 
 
 :|; 
 
 
 
 
 ■A ■ ; ■ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1] 
 
 r -i 
 
 104 
 
 ear 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 feu 
 
 faoin, a. £, vain, weak, 
 foolibh,mcan, unavailing. 
 
 far, adu., where, used ajirm. 
 (^ relatively. 
 
 fa til, n. G. 711., cause, reason ; 
 opportunity ; ambuscade. 
 
 feadh, ado. (inost frequently 
 am feadh) whilst, during; 
 n. 6. VI., extent, length. 
 
 fearn'>n, n. 1. vi., land, 
 country, field, farm. 
 
 fear-gleidhidh, 7i. m., a 
 keeper ; Note. — When 
 two nouns unite in one, 
 hut are separated by a 
 hi/phen, the Jirst noun is 
 declined in its jyroper 
 declension <|* the second is 
 declined as an a. 2. 
 
 fear-siubhail, n. m. a travel- 
 ler. 
 
 feasgar, n. 1. m. (-ean, g.)^ 
 evening, afternoon. 
 
 Feinn, n. 2. m., the Finga- 
 lians^ a hody of heroes 
 following Finrjal the arch- 
 patriarch of Scotland ; 
 Ossian teas the last of the 
 Feinn. 
 
 feoil, n. 3. /"., flesh, 
 falbh, i'. /;iA, go, walk, de-ifeuch, v. tr., show: try; 
 
 earrann, 7^. 1./. (-aL, ??.), a 
 share, portion, j)art, sec- 
 tion. 
 
 dibhinn, a. 2., joyous, hap- 
 . py, glad. 
 
 (jigh, V. iry., call, cry, 
 clamour. 
 
 (jirich, V. int. (fut. eiridh), 
 rise. 
 
 (iisd, V. int., hear, listen. 
 
 E6bhann, n. 1. in., Ewen, 
 Evan. 
 
 E6rpa, n. 6. f, Europe. 
 
 ]'4)hraim, n.S.m., E])hraim 
 
 eun, n. 1. m., a bird, fowl. 
 
 eunlaith, n. 6. /., birds, fowls. 
 
 fa, prep. ; fa chomhair, 
 coinp. prep), before, op- 
 posite. 
 
 fada, a. 2., long, of time or 
 distance ; adv. long, for 
 a long time. 
 
 fag, V. tr., leave, (|uit. 
 
 faic, V. irreg. tr.,iHio, behold, 
 look. 
 
 faidh, 71. 6. rn. (-ean), pro- 
 phet. 
 
 faigh, V. irreg. tr., get, find, 
 obtain. 
 
 part, perish. 
 
 faobh, n. 1. m., spoil. 
 
 faobhar, n. 1. m., (-ean, (7.), 
 edge of a cutting instru- 
 ment. 
 
 look, observe. 
 
 feud, V. def, can, may; 'a 
 math dh' fheudadh, per- 
 haps, mayhap 
 
 feum, V. def., must ; be in 
 
 ,>•',(- 
 
fia 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 105 
 
 ''eak, 
 
 [ling. 
 
 Irm, 
 
 ison ; 
 ;adc. 
 \enthj 
 [ring; 
 hgth. 
 land, 
 
 need of; n. S. m., need, 
 use. 
 fiadh, n. 1. m., deer. 
 
 gairm, v. tr. (.f inf., call, in- 
 yile ; n. 2. /'. (-an, g.), a 
 call. 
 
 iiadhiucb, a. 2., wild, iin- gaol, n. 1. m., lovo ; object 
 
 tamed ; savage ; Loister 
 
 oils, 
 fiamli-gliair, }f. m. (fiamli 
 
 n. 3 m.) a smile, 
 filidli,?^ 2. 1)1. (-an,^.) a poet. 
 fios, n. 3. m., knowledge, 
 
 information ; a dh' f liios, 
 
 coinp. i^rep., to, towards, 
 firinneach, «. 1., true, faith- 
 ful, just, righteous, 
 fitheach, 7i. 1. m., a raven. 
 f6ghluim, V. tr., learn ; n.l. 
 
 m., instruction, 
 fois, n. 2. f., leisure, rest. 
 foluich, V. tr., hide, conceal. 
 Fraing, n. 2. f., France, 
 freagair, v. tr. (fat. freag- 
 
 raidh), answer, reply, 
 frith, n. 2. f., a forest, of 
 
 deer; profit, gain, ad van 
 
 tage. 
 fuil, 71. 3. /., blood, 
 fuirich, v. intr., stay, wait. 
 
 gach, a. indef., each, every. 
 
 of love, 
 gaoib, n. 1.& 2. /, (-an n.) 
 
 wind. 
 Igarbli, a. 1., tbiek ; rough; 
 
 buisteroius, stormy ; harsh, 
 gasda, a. 2., excellent, hand- 
 some, beautiful, 
 gath-greine, n. m., (gath, n. 
 
 3. rn.), a sunbeam, 
 gath-soluis, ri. m., a ray of 
 
 light, 
 geal, a. 1., white, 
 gealach, )i. 1./., the moon. 
 Gealmhin, ri. 6. /.,Galvina, 
 
 a u'oiiUD/'s name. 
 geamhradh, n. 1. rn. (-can. 
 
 (J.) winter, 
 gean, n. 3. rn., good humour, 
 
 cheerfulness; favour, love; 
 
 mood or frame of mind, 
 gille, n. 6. m. (-an), boy, 
 
 youth ; man-servant, 
 gin, V. tr., beget. 
 giidain, v. tr., carry; sup- 
 
 ])ort ; endure, permit, 
 gadaiche, ii, 6. m., (-an) alglan, a. 1., clean, pure, in- 
 
 thief. I nocent, sineciv. 
 
 Gael=:Gaidheal, ??. 1. »?., a gleaiin, n. 1. cj* 2. rn., valley, 
 
 Gael, Scotsman, High- 
 lander, 
 gaisgeach, n. 1. m.., hero, 
 "warrior, champion. 
 
 glen. 
 
 IciLsadli, n. 1. m., (-ean^^.), 
 tuning, act ol tuning or 
 
 arranging. 
 
,■ J' , 
 
 M^--" 
 
 
 ■ r ' * 
 
 • V * ■ ; 
 
 106 gli GAELIC CLASS-nooK. loa 
 
 i.'^'^. 
 
 
 ; 'li.; 
 
 - . H I I 
 
 
 glic, a. 2., wise, prudent, 
 gliocas, 71. 1. ??i. t^. /., wis- 
 dom, prudence, 
 gloin, n. 2./.,glass=gloine, 
 
 n. 6./. 
 gl6irich, v. tr. praise, glorify, 
 gl6muin, n. 2./., twilight, 
 
 dawn ; a woria. 
 gniomh, n. 3. m. (-ran, g.), 
 
 deed, act, action, 
 gntiis, n, 2./. (-an, (jr.) face, 
 
 countenance, 
 gold, V. tr. steal, 
 gorm, a. 1., blue, azure; 
 
 green, as grass. 
 grad, a. \.y sudden, quick; 
 
 adv. suddenly, 
 gradh, n. 1. 7».,love, charity, 
 grian, n. 2. /., the sun. 
 gruaidh, n. 2. ^ 4. /., cheek, 
 
 countenance, 
 gruaim, n. 2. /., gloom, sul- 
 
 lenness. 
 Gruamal, n. 1. m. Gruamal. 
 gualann, n. 1. /., a shoulder, 
 guidh, V. tr. ^ int., pray, 
 
 beseech, 
 guil, V. int. weep, bewail, 
 
 cry. 
 gum a fada, be it long, be 
 
 it far. 
 gwn^prep. without, 
 gur, conj. that ; v. see page 
 
 76. 
 guth, n. 3. m.y (-an & 
 
 -annan, n.) voice, word. 
 
 iasg, n. 1. m. (-an, ??.), fish, 
 
 a iish. 
 iar, n. 6. /., west; adv. west, 
 
 westerly, 
 iarr, v. ask, request ; iniin, 
 
 iarraidh. 
 lochdrach, a. 1., lower, 
 
 lowest, 
 ioghnadh, n. 1. m. (-ean, 
 
 g.)^ wonder, astonish- 
 ment, surprise, 
 iolair, w. 2./., (-an, ,7.), eagle, 
 iomadh, a. 2., many, much, 
 
 divers, 
 iomairt, n. 2. m. (-an, g.) 
 
 employing, exercising ; 
 
 contest ; confusion ; row- 
 ing, 
 ionad, n. 1. m, (-an, w.), 
 
 place ; room, 
 ionmhas, n. 1. m. <J" /., 
 
 treasure, wealth, 
 iuthaidh, n. 2. m. (-an, g.), 
 
 arrow. 
 
 ladurna, a. 1., bold, impu- 
 dent, shameless. 
 
 lag, a. l.,weak, feeble, faint. 
 
 lan-sgiath, large, full shield. 
 
 laoch, 11. l.m.,hero, warrior. 
 
 le, prep, by, with. 
 
 leabhar, see page 16. 
 
 leagh,i'. int. <^tr., melt, cause 
 to melt, become liquid. 
 
 leannan, n, 1. m. cj/., spouse; 
 lover. 
 
lea 
 
 VOCAliULAttY. 
 
 11101 
 
 107 
 
 lear, n. 6. ?>?., the sea. 
 
 leasachadh, n. 1. ?«., im- 
 provement. 
 
 leig, V. /r., let, permit, allow, 
 
 l(!;ir, adv; gu leir, altogether. 
 
 leth-dhiiil, n. 2. /., half ex- 
 pectation, hope. 
 
 leum, n. 1.& 3. m. (-an, n.) 
 leap; leaping. 
 
 leug, w* 1. /, (-an, w.) jewel. 
 
 l^ur, V. def. tr.j see, behold. 
 
 liath-cheo, n, 3. 7n., grey 
 mist. 
 
 linn, w. 2.m, (-tean, r/.), age, 
 race. 
 
 lion, a. 2., as many as; v. tr.^ 
 fill, replenish. 
 
 lionmhor, a. 2., numerous, 
 plentiful. 
 
 Ibchran, n. 1. w., a light, 
 lamp 
 
 long, n. 2. /., a ship. 
 
 luaidh, n. 2. /. (-an, f/.), a 
 beloved object. 
 
 luathaich, v. tr. ^ int., has- 
 ten, speed. 
 
 luath, a. "1., swift, fleet, 
 quick. 
 
 luingeas, n. 1. ??i., ships, 
 navy. 
 
 liith'r=luthmhor, a 1., 
 strong ; able ; nimble, 
 agile. 
 
 ma, conj., if. 
 
 mac, n. 1. w., a son. 
 
 niach, adv. ; a mach, out, 
 without. 
 
 mall, «. 1., slow, modest. 
 
 mult, a. 2., mild, gentle, 
 calm, modest. 
 
 mar, j;rf?/>., like to. 
 
 mar ri, /v/vi^;. with, together 
 with. 
 
 maraiche, n. 6. m. (-an) 
 mariner. 
 
 maraon, adv.f together. 
 
 marbh, a. 1., dead, lifeless. 
 
 marc-^shluagh,7z. 1. ??i., horse- 
 men. 
 
 math, a, 1., good; skilful. 
 
 meal, t\ (r., possess, enjoy. 
 
 meamnadh, n. 1 . w. , courage, 
 magnanimity, pride. 
 
 measg, or am measg, coinp. 
 jyrep. among. 
 
 meirg, n. 2./., rust. 
 
 meirleach, ii. 1. m., a thief. 
 
 mhain ; a mhain, adv. only. 
 
 mi-chiatach, a. 1., unseem- 
 ly, improper. 
 
 mile, 71. 6. m. (plur. 
 miltean), thousand. 
 
 milis, a. 2. (1. comp. milse) 
 sweet. 
 
 mill, V. tr. spoil, injure ; 
 destroy. 
 
 misneachd=misneach, n. 1. 
 /., courage, fortitude. 
 
 mi-thaitneach, a. 1., dis- 
 agreeable. 
 
 moille, n. 6. /., delay, hind- 
 rance. 
 
r 
 
 
 
 Tip' 
 
 ■•fa 
 
 •'.-■^i 
 
 * 
 
 ♦ , - . TH 
 
 ;-";-^ 
 
 .1. 5^ 
 
 
 
 ^r i. 
 
 
 ,.<•• »i 
 
 
 .'•- •»■ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 f ::, 
 
 
 (^1^4 
 
 ff ,. 
 
 -^t^ ■ 
 
 "w 
 
 vV}./: 
 
 ■ M - • 
 
 ii'-'VV 
 
 ■ . ; • 
 
 ,P' .:• 
 
 
 *-^ ■ 
 
 
 *•' V? 
 
 I .^ 'i •• ■ 
 
 . . v.^ 
 
 '•^7. 
 
 .*> 
 
 . j, ii. 
 
 
 * t't 
 
 
 '.1 j'..: 
 
 ^!»'v, 'J' 
 
 
 '* '■ 
 
 
 ,'' 
 
 •f i'' 
 
 ^^■' '' ' /. 
 
 t.£.-.r 
 
 »^*-\' ''Iff 
 
 ''1'\ 
 
 •;'./ f 
 
 'i^'!' 
 
 , ^ 
 
 ..ii*"j'. 
 
 '( 
 
 ,- rH; 
 
 108 
 
 mol 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK 
 
 osa 
 
 mol, V. tr.y praise, extol; 
 
 recommend, 
 moiiadh, n. 1. m. (-eaii, .(/.), 
 
 mountain, lieathy plain, 
 mor, a. 1., great, large. 
 Mora, n. 6., Mora, the name 
 
 of a 2)lace. 
 m6rachd, n. G. /., greatness, 
 
 majesty, 
 mbr-ghradli, grea love, 
 mil, ^?re^?. about, around. 
 
 concerning. 
 
 muinntir, n. 2. ^ 4. /., peo- 
 ple, inhabitants. 
 
 mu'm 2)rep. Sf rel.-=i\\\\\ am, 
 about whom or which, 
 cencerning whom or 
 which. 
 
 nach, rcl. vron. who not, 
 &c. (§'i:i^) ; wlv. and con j. 
 that not, not ; interr. part 
 
 namhaid, n. 5. m. (pliir. 
 naimhdean), an enemy. 
 
 nar, n. 1./., shame, disgrace. 
 
 n^anih, ??. 1. cj* 2. /><., heaven, 
 the skies. 
 
 neamhaidh, a. 2., heavenly, 
 divine. 
 
 neartmhor, a. 1., strong, 
 powerful. 
 
 neo-thoileach, a. 1., unwil- 
 ling, disinclined. 
 
 neul, n. 1. 7/?., cloud ; blem- 
 ish ; swoon. 
 
 ni, n. 6. m. (plur. nithean 
 
 &s.-t.nithe), thing, afiair, 
 circumstance. 
 
 nighinn, 7i. G. f. (-an), 
 daughter, maiden. 
 
 nis, adv.=zii nis, adv., now. 
 
 no, coifj. or; nor; other- 
 wise. 
 
 nochd, V. fr. shew, disclose, 
 reveal ; present, offer. 
 
 'nuair=:an uair, adv. when. 
 
 nuas ; a nuas, adv., down, 
 downwards. 
 
 6g, a 1., young; n.X.m., 
 (-an, n.), a youth, young 
 man. 
 
 oganach, n. 1. m., a young 
 man, youth. 
 
 oidhche,?^. 6./., (-an), night. 
 
 6ige, n. G. /., youth. 
 
 oigealachd, n. 6. /., youth, 
 youthfulness. 
 
 oigh, n. 2. /., (-an, rj.) vir- 
 gin, maiden. 
 
 6irdheirc, a. 2., famous, il- 
 lustrious, noble, honour- 
 able. 
 
 Oisein, n. 6. ??^., Ossian. 
 
 61, ?\ tr., drink ; n. 1. m., 
 drinking, drink. 
 
 5r, n. 1. m. , gold ; 6r-bhiiidh, 
 a. 2., golden, yellow. 
 
 oran, n. 1. m., (-an, n.), a 
 song. 
 
 osag, n. \.f., (-an, n,), blast, 
 breeze. 
 
 0f 
 
 I 
 
 .■••*^ 'li 
 
 I • -■ 
 
pal 
 
 VOCxVBULARY. 
 
 sao 
 
 100 
 
 pailliun, ??. 1. m, (-an, 7i.), 
 tent, tabernacle, pavilion. 
 
 peanas, n. 1. m. (an, n.), 
 punishment, penance. 
 
 pill, V. tr. tj* int., turn, re- 
 turn, come or go back. 
 
 pr\s, n. 2. y!, (-an, g.), pr>.e, 
 value, worth ; esteem. 
 
 pronntachd, n. 6. f., mut- 
 tering, singing, humming. 
 
 rach, V. irrcg. mt., go, pro- 
 ceed. 
 
 ri\dh, 71. 6. m.j a saying, 
 word, adage. 
 
 rami, w. 1. m., part, portion, 
 verse, distich; poem, song 
 
 reed, rocd of a hag-pipe 
 on ichichfhe fingers play y 
 chanter; music. 
 
 ribhinn, n. 2. /., (-an, g.) 
 my mph, beautiful female. 
 
 righ, n. G. in. (plur. rigli- 
 rean,) king. 
 
 riochd, n. S. m. (-an, n.), 
 likeness, form, appear- 
 ance ; state, condition. 
 
 rloghachd, n. 6. f. (-an) 
 kingdom. 
 
 rionnag, n. \. f. (-an, ti.) a 
 star. 
 
 rinn, v. past ind. of dean 
 (§71), did, made. 
 
 robh, see pages 49 & 50. 
 raoir ; an raoir, adv., last Roimheach, n. 1. ??i., a 
 
 night. 
 
 raon, n. l.y!,(-tean, g.) field, 
 plain. 
 
 rathad, n. 1. m., (-can, g.), 
 way, road; airrathad, on 
 the way, walking abroad. 
 
 rathail, a. 2., prosi)erous. 
 
 reidh, a. 2., plain, level ; 
 smooth, p(jlishcd ; re- 
 conciled, safe. 
 
 r6ith, n. 2. m., a plain. 
 
 reudan, n. 1. m. (-an, n.), 
 moth. 
 
 reul, n. l.y!, a star. 
 
 reult, n. S.f. (-an, /i.), a star. 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Ronan, n. 1. w., Ronan. 
 
 ruaig, n. 2. f. (-an, </.), pur- 
 suit, flight, defeat ; cuir 
 fo ruaig, i)ut to flight. 
 
 ruith, ?;. Int., run, flow. 
 
 run, n. 1. wi., (plur. riintan 
 & ruintean^, secret ; dis- 
 
 ■ position ; love, object 
 beloved ; intention. 
 
 san='san=:anns an, in the. 
 
 sanas, n. 1. m. (-an, ??.), 
 
 whisper, warning ; hint, 
 
 secret. 
 
 ri, prpp. to, towards; for;saoghal, n. 1. ?w., (-an,??.) 
 
 in. 
 
 'voi'ld, ago, life. 
 
 y 
 
 ribheid, n, 2./, (-an, 17.), saoibhir,^/. 2.,rich, ,vealthy. i'l 
 
 A 
 
' ^ ''i .. . .. 
 
 
 Mk 
 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
 :■ T' .4., . 
 
 
 
 
 ...I 
 
 
 fi .1' .»■.. 
 
 ^■^' 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 s ( -.•' 
 
 .n 
 
 ;?'■,!« . • 
 
 ^K if.''- '■ ' 
 
 ■• ', » -5: 
 
 »;^^i 
 
 
 '■-■'1 li."! 
 
 i-&: 
 
 110 
 
 eao 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 sol 
 
 saoil, V. tr. ^ int.^ think 
 suppose, imagine. 
 
 flaorsa, n. 6. y!, liberty, free- 
 dom* 
 
 Saul, '?! 1. w., Saul, King 
 of Israel. 
 
 scorr, n. 3. m. (-an, n.) as- 
 perity, fury of the weath- 
 er. 
 
 seachad, adv, by, along, 
 forward. 
 
 sealg, 71. \f.y (-an, w.), hunt 
 hunting, chase ; v. tr. 
 hunt. 
 
 sealgair, n. 2. m. (-an, n.) 
 hunter. 
 
 seall, V. int. J look. 
 
 scan, a. 2., old, aged, an- 
 cient, writte7i aeann ij 
 placed before its noim. 
 
 seas, V. tr. (J- int.j stand ; 
 maintain. 
 
 s6imh, a. 2., mild, tranquil, 
 placid, gentle. 
 
 seinn, v. tr. & inl. sing, 
 chant ; n. % f.y singing, 
 
 Sebnaid, n. 6. /!, Janet, 
 Jessie. 
 
 seraph, n. 1. wi., seraph. 
 
 sgaoil, V. tr., stretch out, 
 extend, scatter, disperse. 
 
 sgeul, 71. 1. m. (-an, n.\ nar- 
 rative, story. 
 
 sgiath, n. \. f. (-an, 7i.), 
 wing, pinion ; protection ; 
 shield, buckler. 
 
 sgHh, Ui 2. ,wearicd, fatigued j 
 wearing, fatiguing* 
 
 sguir, V. tr. ^ int., cease, 
 desist, stop. 
 
 s\an, 71. 2. f. (-tan, w.), storm. 
 
 sinnsear, w. 1. m. (-can, (/.), 
 fathers, ancestors. 
 
 s\os, adv. down, downwards. 
 
 Slanuighear, 7i. 1. m., heal- 
 er, the Saviour. 
 
 sleamhuinn, a. 2., slippery, 
 smooth. 
 
 sliabh, 71. 1. wi., (-tean, ^.), 
 mountain, large heath. 
 
 sliochd, 71. 3. m., (-an, 71.), 
 offspring, descendants, 
 posterity. 
 
 sluagh, 71. 1. m., people, 
 host, multitude, army. 
 
 smuain, w. 2. f (-tean, n.), 
 thought. 
 
 smuainich, v. int., think, 
 reflect, consider. 
 
 smiir, 71. 1. m., dross, frag- 
 ments ; dross, rubbish. 
 
 snathad, 7i. \. f. (-an, /*.), 
 needle. 
 
 snuagh, 7i. \. m., (-an, n.), 
 hue, colour, complexion; 
 beauty. 
 
 socrach, a. 1., easy, quiet, 
 pleasant. 
 
 s61asach, a. 1, comfortable, 
 pleasurable, yielding con- 
 solation. 
 
 solus, n. 1. m., light. 
 
 ! I 
 
son 
 
 son, n, f). m., sake, cause; 
 good,protit; air so)i,cornp. 
 prep, for, because of, on 
 account of. 
 
 sonas, n. 1. m., (-an, n.), 
 prosperity ; happiness, 
 felicity. 
 
 somi, n. I. m.f hero. 
 
 speur, 71. 1. m.f (-an, ?/.), 
 the sky, firmament. 
 
 spiorad, 7i. 1. m. (-an, n.), 
 spirit. 
 
 srith, n. 6. f.y strife, con- 
 tention, exertion. 
 
 stad, V. tr.f stop, cease to 
 go forward ; hinder. 
 
 stiiiir, n. 2.m., (-an,<7.) rud- 
 der, rule ; v. tr., direct, 
 steer, guide, superintend. 
 
 stoirm, n. 1. & 2. / (-ean,w.) 
 a storm. 
 
 stuadh, n. 1. /, (-an, n.) 
 wave, billow ; summit 
 of a hill; pillar. 
 
 suaimhneas, n. 1. m., (-an, 
 7i.), rest, quietness, en- 
 joyment. 
 
 suain, n. 2. f, sleep. 
 
 suas, ac^^;. up, upward. 
 
 suil, n. 3. & 5./ (-ean, w.), 
 eye. 
 
 VOCABULARY. tig 111 
 
 taic, ;?. 2. /., prop ; strength. 
 
 vigour. 
 
 taifeid, n. 1. f. (-an, r/.), a 
 bow-string. 
 
 taisg, V. tr., deposit, lay up, 
 lioard. 
 
 taitneach, a. 1., pleasant. 
 
 tamh, n. 1. m., rest ; dwel- 
 ling ; (f/en. t^imh) 
 
 talamh, n. irreg. vi., earth ; 
 land, soil. 
 
 talmhaidh, a. 2., earthly, 
 worldly. 
 
 taobh, n. 1. m. (-an, n.)y 
 side ; way, direction ; a 
 thaobh, camp. prep., with 
 respect to, concerning ; 
 adv.y aside ; conj. inas- 
 much as. 
 
 tarruing. v. tr., draw, pull. 
 
 teangaidh, n. 2. / (-an, g.), 
 tongue. 
 
 teich, V. mt., flee. 
 
 teirinn, v. tr., descend. 
 
 thall, adv., yonder, on the 
 other side. 
 
 theid, V. fat. of rack, will 
 
 go- 
 thoir, V. irreg., give. 
 
 thug, V. pant of thoir. 
 
 tigh, n. 2. m., house (pro- 
 
 nounce as if t were follow- 
 tachair, v. int , happei.. ed by a broad vowel.) 
 
 come to pass, meet with, 
 taghta, past prtc. of 
 tagh, V. tr, choose elect. 
 
 tigh-daorsa, ii. rn., house of 
 
 bondage, 
 tighearn, n. G. m. (an), lord. 
 
 ) 
 
 ^^ 
 I 
 
112 
 
 til 
 
 GAELIC CLASy-nOOK. 
 
 11171 h 
 
 ) • 
 
 ■r 
 
 '. r 
 
 
 \.'''r 
 
 'A 
 
 
 . -t 
 
 It'" >- 
 
 Mr'': 
 
 ■•■'., 
 
 4'.- ^ J , I'" ",<•:;' 
 
 I'M '* 
 
 'i- Mil"': VA 
 
 
 -■..S.i?: 
 
 
 
 
 tilpj, ?;. ^r., cast, throw, 
 till, r. int., return, 
 tiinuliioll, )i. 1. m., circuit, 
 
 compass ;/'n'^>. gon. [icn., 
 
 about, round ; adc. 
 
 arouu' I. 
 tioniidaidh, v. fi\, turn, 
 tlr, n. 2. m. (^jy!,(-ean, n.), 
 
 laud, country, ru<^ion. 
 tiugh, a. 2., thick ; dense, 
 tliith, a. 1., mild, kind, 
 
 gentle ; smooth, delicate, 
 toilichte, v. past prtc. of 
 toilich, V. tr. please, satisfy, 
 toirm, n. 2. f., noise, sound. 
 t5m, n. 1. 7)1. y (-an, n.), a 
 
 round hill, a rising plot 
 
 of ground, 
 toill, V. tr., deserve, 
 tog, V. t)\, lift, raise, build, 
 tomhais, v. tr., measure, 
 
 compute. 
 t5rr, n. 3. m. (-an, n.), hill, 
 
 lofty hill, mound, 
 traigh, n. irreg.f.y sea-shore, 
 
 beach, 
 tr^th, n. 3. /«. (-an, ??,), time, 
 
 season. 
 trMg, V. tr.y leave, quit, 
 
 desert, 
 treun, a. 1., brave, valiant, 
 treubh, n. 1. / (-an, n.), 
 
 tribe, family, 
 triall,?;. int, go, depart,set ou t, 
 triath, n. 6. m., lord, king, 
 
 chief. 
 
 trie, a. 2., frequent ; adv.f 
 
 lri'(|ucntly, often, 
 tnimh, /^rq^- tlirough. 
 trom, a. 1., heavy; griev- 
 ous. 
 |truaill, n. 2./., sheath; v. 
 
 tr., pollute, detile. 
 tuar, 71. 1. 7n. (-an, w.) colour, 
 
 hue ; hardship, 
 tuarasdal, n. 1. w*. (-an, w.), 
 
 wtiges, reward, fee. 
 tuath, a. 2., north, northern, 
 tuillidh, n. 6. m., more, 
 
 addition ; adv.y more, any 
 
 more. 
 tuinidh,w.6.??j., abode, place 
 
 of residence, residence, 
 tuit, V. int., fall; happen, 
 tiir, n. 1. in., tower. 
 
 uaighe, see page 22. (-an, 7i.) 
 uair, 71. 4. /. (-ean, 7i.), hour, 
 
 time ; air an uair, im- 
 mediately, 
 uasal, (7. 1. (1. comp. uaisle,) 
 
 noble, g(3ntle, well-born, 
 
 genteel. 
 Liine, 71. G. /., time, season, 
 uinneag, 7i. 1, /. (-an, ii.), a 
 
 window, 
 uile, a. 2., all, whole. 
 Uilleam, n. 1./., William, 
 uiseag, n. l.f. (-an, n.), lark, 
 
 sky-lark, 
 umhal, a, 1., submissive, 
 
 obedient, hum bio. 
 
■ftr-' 
 
 hv 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 def 
 
 113 
 
 1:^ 
 
 i 
 
 tir, a. 1., fresh, new, vigor- 
 ous. 
 
 iirramach, r<. 1., noble, hon- 
 orable, reverend. 
 
 *^^ 
 
 urrahm, n. 0. m. (-can), 
 autlio' ; ability ; is uraiun 
 dhomh, I am able, I can. 
 
 ENGLISH-GAELIC VOCABULARY. 
 
 action, w., gniomh. 
 Alexander, n. Alastair (pa<:(e 
 
 23.) 
 all, a , na h-nile. 
 alphabet, n., ail)ideil, ii, G./. 
 anecdote, ii., sgeul. 
 arm, n., gairdean, n. 1. m. 
 
 (-an, 11.) 
 arrive, v., ruig (§71). 
 
 become, v, thig do ; it be- 
 comes me, is ion dhomh. 
 
 bed, n, leapa, n 4f, (-icheaTi, 
 n) mod frequent! 11 mr it- 
 ten leabaidh in nom. sinj. 
 
 believe, v, creid 
 
 bell, n, clag, n 1 m 
 
 black, a, dubh, a 1 
 
 blood, n, fail, n 3f 
 
 blue, a, gorm 
 
 boat, n, bata 
 
 book, n, loabhar 
 
 boot, 71, brog, n 2 f, (-an, w) 
 
 bring, v, thoir (§71) 
 
 bury, V, amhlalc, v re</ tr 
 
 but, conj, ach ;=howcver, 
 gidheadh 
 
 call, v;"=: visit, taghail, o int 
 
 certain, rt;=sur(;, cinntoach, 
 
 a 1, doarbhta 
 chair, 7i, cathair, 7i 4f, (p^uv 
 
 cathraichcan) 
 charitable, a, suircoil, a 2 
 charm, n, soun, n 3 m (-an, 
 
 n), taladh, n 1 in (-ean,^) 
 chief, a, S(Nuruiclite, a 2 
 child, n, loanabh, n 1 m 
 cloth, n, aodach, n\m (-ean, 
 
 college, w, oil-thigh 
 companion, w, companach 
 costly rt, luachmhor, a 1 
 counsellor, w, coinhairlicho, 
 
 n G m 
 cover, V, comhdaich, v tr 
 crooked, a, cam, a 1 
 country, a, duthcail, a 2 
 cut, y;, gearr, v tr 
 
 dark, a, df^rcli 
 
 dead; the dead, ?i,na mairbh 
 
 dear ; in price, doar, a 1 : 
 
 in love, gradhach, a 1 
 death, n, has 
 deer, ?^, fiadli 
 derect, n, failinn, n Q f 
 
 (-can) 
 
ki 
 
 V^ 
 
 lU 
 
 dol 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 imp 
 
 "; .1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ;.,f:'v,' 
 
 ■< 
 
 
 r}ik 
 
 -,i*.- 
 ■,*<< 
 
 ■h 
 
 :• M 
 
 
 
 
 M-- 
 
 
 , ■ i.n' 
 
 
 , I); 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 delight, V ; I delight in, is folk, w, munntir 
 
 gasda leam, is toigh Icaiii 
 desimblo, a ion-nihianna- 
 
 ichto, a 2 
 discord, n, aimhreit, n 2j 
 
 (-an, g.) 
 disturb, v, cuir troinih 
 
 chuilo 
 down, ado slos 
 duly, adv gu riaghailteach 
 
 early, adi^ truth 
 
 error, n, mearachd, n Q f 
 
 (-an) 
 esteem ; I esteem, is m6r 
 
 leam 
 Evan, w, E6bhann 
 even, adv, eadlion 
 exercise, n cleachdadh, n 1 
 
 m (-ean, <)) 
 exhaust, v, saruich, v tr 
 
 friend, n, caraid 
 friendship, n, cairdeas, n\m 
 full, «, Ian, a 1 
 
 generous, a, fialaidh, a 2 
 gentleman, n, duine uasal 
 getting drunk, a' dol air a* 
 
 mhisg 
 go, V, rach 
 gold, w, 6r 
 good, a mjith 
 grave, n uaigh 
 
 hair-brush, n, sguab-fuilt 
 Halifax, ;i, Halifaos, w 6 m 
 handsome, «, ^illidh 
 harness, n, fasair, w 4 wi 
 heavy, «, trom 
 hear, v, cluinn 
 heart, w, cridhe 
 
 extinguish, v, cuir as, v hen, w, coarc, n 2 f 
 
 face, w, aghaidh 
 fair, a, sMmh 
 faithful, rt, dUcas, a 1 
 family, w, teaghlach, w 1 7?i, 
 
 (-ean, ^7) 
 fatigue, n, sg\os, w 6 m 
 favour, w, fabhar, » 1 m 
 fear, w, eagal 
 few, rt, beagan, n \ m 
 field, 71, blar 
 fine, a, breagh 
 fire, w, teine (page 24) 
 
 hero, w, gaisgeach 
 
 hold, V, sin 
 
 home, Wjdachaidh ; at home, 
 
 aig tigh 
 honey, n, mil 
 hope, », d6chas 
 horn, n, adharc, n ^ f 
 horse, w, each 
 house, n, tigh 
 
 impossible, «, do-dheanta 
 importance, n; of import- 
 
 ance= 
 important, cudthromach,« 1 
 
 '^^1 
 
ink 
 
 VOCABUIiARY. 
 
 rcb 
 
 115 
 
 ink, w, dubh nl m Ineedle, n, snathad 
 
 inkstand, w, dubhadan, n nettlo, n, deanntag, n 1 /, 
 
 ' 
 
 1 m 
 
 James, n Seumas, n I m 
 John, 91, Iain, n Q m 
 July, 71, luchar n I m 
 June, », t Og-mhlos, n 3 m 
 
 kind, cf, caoimhneil, a 2 
 
 lamp, n, 16chran 
 
 large, a, m6r 
 
 learning, «, e61as, n I m 
 
 leg, w, luirg, w 2 m (-an ff) 
 
 ktter, ?i, litir, w ^ /, (-an, ^) 
 
 lie, V, laidh, v hit 
 
 life, w, beatha, w G/, (-nnan) 
 
 living, a, be6, a 2; », beo, 
 
 n 6 m 
 like, rt, coltach « 1 
 little, a, beag a 1 
 lord, 7», tighearn 
 love, w, gradh 
 
 Malcolm, n, Galium, n\m 
 man, w, duine 
 May, w, C^itein, w 2 »j 
 may, v, faod 
 
 niind,w,inntinn,n6 /^(-ean) 
 mouse, n, luch 
 monotony, «, aon-fhuaim- 
 
 neachd 
 music, /i, ce61 
 
 near, i:>rcj), ftigus, fagus do 
 
 (-an, n) 
 news, n, naighcaclid, n 6 f 
 nigh, prepy fagus ; at?/;, cha 
 
 nih^)r nach 
 night, n, oidhche 
 now and then, «</y, andrasta 
 
 'u3 a r\s 
 
 o'clock, n, uair, uairean 
 oh ! interj, 
 old, a, scan, seanu 
 once, adv, aon uair 
 
 pants, ?i, triubhas, w 1 w, 
 
 (-an, n) 
 paper, w, paipicr, n 2wi, 
 
 parlor, w, proinn-lann, n 1 »i, 
 
 (-an, )t) 
 poor, a, lochd, a 2 
 pow» r, w, cumhachd, w 6 m 
 
 (-an) 
 poverty, w, aire, n 2/ 
 prince, n, prionnsa, n 6 m, 
 
 (-an) 
 probably, a^Zt', coslach 
 professor, w, foghlumaiche, 
 
 w 6 ?/i 
 prosperous, «, rathail 
 psalm, n, salm w 1 / 
 
 ready, a, deiseal, a 1 
 reasonably, athj, gu reusanta 
 rebuke, w,cronachadh,?jl m 
 
■J,. ■.!! '.I'l..' a J -i-J 
 
 IIG 
 
 roc 
 
 GAELIC CLASS BOOK. 
 
 you 
 
 •<.' 
 
 ■1 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 I ♦(, I -I I 
 
 
 \^ y 
 
 .^ >. Wit*,: 
 r ,'1" .,, 
 
 ■- :f:if 
 ■^'•■■, . ,,' 
 
 roccivo, '', ^'abli 
 rcni(.';)il)r;inc(i, n, ciiimhno 
 reply, i\ froagair, v int 
 rescntincnt, n, ini-ruii n\m 
 
 (see run) 
 rest, w, luid 
 riglit, «, coart, a 2 
 righteous, f/, iiriuiieacli 
 ring, r, buail 
 round, rt, cruinn, a 1 
 
 say, r, ahair 
 
 scissfjrs, n, beanmlan n 1 m 
 
 (-an, ?i) 
 Bce, /', faic, seall 
 sick, (t, tinn, a 2 
 silent. ((, ciidn, a 2 
 sleighing, w, slaodadh, n 1 tn 
 small, (t, heag 
 snow, n, sneachd, n 3 m 
 son, n, mac 
 soul, n, annni 
 si)oeeh n cainnt 
 strong a laidir, a 1 
 student, n, sgoilear, n \ m 
 store, n, hiith, w 3 m 
 success, n, soirblisas, n 1 m 
 
 take, r, gal)h 
 
 talent, n. call, n 2 f (-tean, 
 
 n) 
 tall, <^, ard 
 taste, n, bias, « 1 m ) /:, 
 
 blais 
 there, adv, 'an sin 
 
 thong, «, iail, ?i 2/, (-an, n) 
 thorn, H, cluaran, n 1 m 
 
 (-an, 7i) 
 time, ^i, nine 
 tomb, n, uaigh 
 town, ;i, baile, ??, G wi (bailt- 
 
 ean) 
 to-day, fclr an diugli 
 true, a, lirinneach 
 turn /; tionndaidh 
 
 nnhappy, ((., mi-sliona, « 2 
 undertaking, ?i, gnothuch, 
 
 71 1 771 
 
 unsi)ai'ing, '(,nach caomhaiu 
 usual, (I, abhaiseach 
 
 valiant, a, treun 
 very, a<h', gl(^, ro 
 voice, 71, guth 
 
 waggon, 71, feun, w 3 ?)i 
 walking, 7i, siubhal, n I 7n 
 watch, r, dean fairo 
 well, in licAiUh, slan, a 1 
 wicked, a, olc 
 window, 71, iiinnoag 
 William, n, Uilleani 
 work, 71, ol)air (page 20) 
 v.'rito^ r, sgriobh, v t>' 
 
 year, 7i, bliadhna 
 
 young, a, og 
 
 youth, 71, oige, oigcalachd 
 
..UJTirjF.VIATION!^. 
 
 UT 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 a. adject iv(! 
 
 adr. ;i(lv('i1) 
 
 ln'tir. l)L't\V(". 11 
 
 vomp. coiiipoutid, r-oinpjsito 
 
 ciimpiir. 01)111] Kimtivu 
 
 CDUJ. coiijiinctioii 
 
 C(int'i\ ooiitractioii 
 
 dat, dative 
 
 ff, r/cn. gcintivo 
 
 '////. /////■//. iniiiiitivo 
 
 int. iiitransitivc! 
 
 hitevj. iiitcTJi'ction 
 
 mvv/. iriTo-ular 
 
 m. iiiasci'.liiK! 
 
 n, iiuuiiiiat ive, nouu 
 
 pl.d. placcn] 
 
 j)lm\ pluitil 
 
 2)rep, i)roi)osition 
 
 2>rtc. partici])lo 
 
 R, reg. rc\L,'iilar 
 
 s.-t. sometinif's 
 
 ir. transit! vo 
 
 ?'. Yorl) 
 
 Voc. A'ocal Hilary 
 
 = equivalent to 
 
 t marks cipital letters winch ^luntlil Ix; acccntod 
 

 ,.- 
 
 
 
 
 118 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 
 f^'.JTi. ' ' 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 
 Dedication 
 
 
 ... Page 
 
 2 
 
 
 Peeface 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 3 
 
 i/''-^ , :■' 
 
 Orthography. 
 
 
 Wi 
 
 Letters P 
 
 age 5 Pronunciation 
 
 . 6 
 
 Vowels 
 
 ... 5 Spelling 
 
 . 8 
 
 
 Consonants 
 
 .. 6 
 
 
 
 If. ■ 
 
 
 Etymology. 
 
 
 
 Accidents Page 10 
 
 Relative 
 
 43 
 
 Article 
 
 .. 10 
 
 Interrogative 
 
 44 
 
 
 I^OUN 
 
 .. 11 
 
 Verb 
 
 45 
 
 ^ .''-if ■ 
 
 Declension 
 
 .. 11 
 
 Accidents 
 
 45 
 
 ■ ' 1., ■ *' 
 
 General Rules 
 
 .. 12 
 
 Formation tenses 
 
 
 
 Gender 
 
 .. 12 
 
 Active Voice 
 
 46 
 
 First Declension . 
 
 .. 13 
 
 Bi, to bo 
 
 48 
 
 , v- ■' 
 
 Vowel changes 
 
 .. U 
 
 Glac, catch 
 
 54 
 
 
 Definite Declensior 
 
 L 16 
 
 Changes of ag 
 
 57 
 
 ,} 
 
 Second " 
 
 .. 18 
 
 Consuetudinal tenses 57 
 
 
 Third 
 
 .. 20 
 
 Formation tenses 
 
 
 
 Fourth " 
 
 .. 21 
 
 Passive Voice ... 
 
 58 
 
 
 Fifth 
 
 .. 22 
 
 Glac, Passive Voice 
 
 69 
 
 Sixth 
 
 .. 23 
 
 Bris, Active " ... 
 
 61 
 
 ",» 
 
 Irregular Nouns . 
 
 .. 24 
 
 " Passive " ... 
 
 63 
 
 ■ f--- 
 
 Distinction of Sex. 
 
 .. 27 
 
 Alp, Acti\^ " ... 
 
 65 
 
 
 Adjective 
 
 .. 28 
 
 Fuin " "... 
 
 65 
 
 
 Declension 
 
 .. 28 
 
 Irregular Infinitives 
 
 67 
 
 
 Comparison 
 
 .. 31 
 
 Irregular Verbs 
 
 74 
 
 Irregular Comparisc 
 
 )n 32 
 
 Defective " ... 
 
 75 
 
 *". " ■ 
 
 Numeral Adjectives 
 
 J 34 
 
 Composite " ... 
 
 77 
 
 
 Demonstrative" . 
 
 .. 37 
 
 Impersonal " 
 
 78 
 
 Indefinite " . 
 
 .. 38 
 
 x\dverb 
 
 79 
 
 K-* .;-. 
 
 Distributive " . 
 
 .. 38 
 
 Preposition 
 
 79 
 
 
 Pronoun 
 
 .. 39 
 
 Conjunction 
 
 80 
 
 - ((■ 'J^ 
 
 Personal 
 
 .. 39 
 
 Interjection 
 
 80 
 
 
 Possessive 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
<?^f"-:- -i;,- <-"'s"""V 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 45 
 
 , 46 
 . 48 
 . 54 
 . 57 
 J 57 
 
 Article 
 !Noun 
 Adjective 
 Pronoun 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Syntax. 
 
 82 Verb 
 
 82 
 84 
 86 
 
 Adverb 
 
 Preposition 
 
 Conjunctive 
 
 119 
 
 87 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 
 Exercises in Reading. 
 
 A Chlann nan Gael — • 
 McLachlan^s edition 
 of Ossian ... 91 
 
 Do 'n Uiseiff — Evan 
 
 M'Coll ... 92 
 
 Do 'n Ghrein — Ossian 93 
 Sgeul Chomail — Ossian 95 
 
 Exercises in Translation 
 Gaelic-English Vocabulary 
 English-Gaelic Vocabulary 
 Abbreviations 
 
 ... 97 
 ... 98 
 ...113 
 ...117 
 
ft ,:.r- ... 
 {■('•^M ",1" 
 
 ''■-V i'/s - 
 
 ji' ■■,,■*. 
 
 
 ■vT^f 
 
 
 
 Si- 
 
 '-«. 
 
 
 '71 ^ 
 
 .'■> 
 
 :■**• 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 iPage 3 line 9 for the reari its. 
 3 line 24: for it ?'ea(^Z its. 
 6 last line for orras read forms. 
 
 14 line 13 for snathad read snath. 
 
 32 line 14 for an clarsach read a' chlarsach. 
 
 34 lines 1 and 2 for an clarsach 7'ead a' chlarsach.] 
 
 38 line 20 for airde read airde. 
 
 40 line 7 for do reac? de. 
 
 42 line 6 jf^r tuaradal rert(i tuarasdal. 
 
 53 line 20 for bhata I'ead bhata. 
 
 67 line 3 from foot^br pairt 7'ead pairtich. 
 
 91 line 3 from footybr as read a 's. 
 
 93 last line /or dana read dhii a. 
 
 95 title for Comail read Chomail. 
 The accent has been omitted in several words in 
 the '* Exercise in Reading," because of their being 
 printed, with some corrections., from the works of other 
 editors. 
 
 Note. — Construe o na (page 92 line 1) thus : o an 
 a, from (the) whom. 
 
 (( 
 
 
 it 
 
 <i 
 
 
 t( 
 
 n 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 f ■/..*■■;' 
 
 '■h-'hi 
 
 f 
 
 
jach.1 
 
 :ds in 
 being 
 other 
 
 o an 
 
 i>. 
 
 0r 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 29 
 
 ed in the singular in the masculine like nouns of the 
 rii*st Declension, and in the feminine like nouns of the 
 Second. 
 
 Deas, dheas, ready , right. 
 
 K&A. G. D. V. 
 
 Q,. { Masc. Deas dlicis deas dheia 
 
 ^"^o \ Fern. Dheas deise dheis dheas 
 
 Plur. Masc.^Fem. Deasa deasa deasa deasa 
 
 §33. Irregular Adjectives of the First Declension : 
 Odhar, pale ; bodhar, bhodhar, deaf. Thus declined : 
 Sing. K&A. G. D. V. 
 
 Mase. bodhar bhuidhiu hodhar bhuidhir 
 
 Fern. bhodhar buidhir })huidliir bhodhar 
 
 Plur. M.^F. bodhar bodhar bodhar bodhar 
 
 Exercise Xl. 
 
 Learn §83, R. 16 and 17. 
 c6ir, 1. honesty virtuous. gnionih, 3. m. an act (-aran, 
 crl'^u, 1. liitle. n.) 
 
 breac, 1. speckled. gu-n d'thainig (c), that (he) 
 
 fial, 1. liberal, generous. came. 
 
 Gyjyron. he, him. is y. is, are. Mor, 1. large, 
 
 balbh, 1. >dumh. great. 
 
 1. Cuir teine air. Tha an duine sin bodhar agus 
 balbh. Ceann mna buidhir. Innis do m' athair gn-n 
 d' thainig e air Diardaoin le mnaoi choir. Duine m6r 
 le mnaoi chrin.. Gamhainn breac. Is fial a' bhean 
 agus riim i gmomh mor. Cuir dimeas* air an duine 
 eucorach.* 
 
 2. A little harp and a great poet. A virtuous deed 
 is (Is) tcomineudable.* Honour (Place honour on) 
 
 *See page 9. |VVhen a word within brackets begins with 
 a capital, it must jje placed first in the sentence. After U 
 place the adjective of the predicate. 
 
 
 
 !«' 
 
30 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK 
 
 •<<; 
 
 m 
 
 
 if,- 
 
 0. 
 
 D. 
 
 V. 
 
 * 1 
 
 chci^rr 
 
 cuarr 
 
 ch(jarr 
 
 
 cl'iiTT 
 
 eh(*arr 
 
 cli^arr 
 
 i 
 
 ^ „ V T T 
 
 cc'urra 
 
 c(jarra 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 tho generous man. Tell my grandfather that he camo 
 with a speckled cow. Tlie servant is deaf and duml'. 
 Th(} riglit hand. God is liberal ui h/'.i ('na) acts to tli'> 
 sons ot' nieij. 
 
 THE SFX'OND DECLENSION. 
 
 §34. Adjectives of tlic Second Declension are in- 
 declinable except as imlicated by tlie General Rules iu 
 §31. 
 
 C^arr, ch(kirr, wrong. 
 
 Sing. N.(^A. 
 
 Masc. Ct%rr 
 
 Fern, Ch(jarr 
 
 Plur. M.i^'F. Cearra 
 
 Exercise XII. 
 
 Learn ^85, R 35. 
 
 Note.— All words used in this and the subsequent 
 Exercises which have not been given before or in tho 
 headings, will be found iu the Voca])ularies at the end 
 of the book. 
 
 bu wasy were, tha agani, / hare ; tha agad, 
 
 thou had ; tha.....aig, he has, Fhuair mi, / received. 
 
 1. Bu cheart an radh. B' f hada an oidhche. Tha 
 6glach math again. Ehuair mi leabhar beag le sgeul 
 ciatach air duine airidh. Thug e caor mhor gheal do 
 dh-Alastair agus clarsaeli (ir do n' fhilidh. Bruach 
 shleapjluunu. Ingliarach tiugh. Duin an dorus 
 iochdraeh. CJiair e (lie put) ceann na h- iuchaire [or 
 h-iuchracli) tixjiuih an uiuneig, 
 
 ^ 2. He tma (Bu) a strong man. Thou liast a kind 
 Y/iie and a generous son. Ho has a speckled cow with 
 
 a emoked horn. A good man has (Tha aig duino 
 
 ) honour. Place the blue book on the round table. 
 
 • !«> 
 
 4: 
 
I 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 31 
 
 aft 
 
 The pants loore made (Rinneadh) of good cloth. Givo 
 me thy little hand, my son. book, my silent 
 companion ! my kind ami unsparing counsolior. 
 
 COMPAKTSON OF ADJF.CTIYES. 
 
 §35. Adjectives of quality are inflected for Degree. 
 
 There are three degrees called Degrees of Com- 
 parison : — Positive, Comparative and Superlative. 
 
 There are three forms of the Comparative, known 
 as the First, Second and Third Comparatives. 
 
 §3G. 1. The First Comparative. In tlie First De- 
 clension, tlie First Comi)arative is like tlie genitive 
 singular feminine; mall, slow, moille; i)an,A//r,baine. 
 
 In the Second Declension adjectives whose last 
 
 vowel is broad add a to tlie nominitivB singular mas- 
 culine, .ind adjectives whose last vowel is small add e 
 to the same, for the First Comparative; as, bochd, poory 
 bochda ; reith, 2}1ain, reithe. 
 
 2. The Second Comparative is formed by adding id 
 to the First Comparative ; but if the First end in c, e 
 is dropped before id ; as bochda, poorer, bochaid ; 
 bi\ine, fairer, bainid. 
 
 3. 'The 'Third. Comparative is formed by adding ad 
 to the First Comparative ; but if the latter end in a, 
 d alone is added ; as boidliclie, 7)i<jrc beau/i/id, boidli- 
 cliead ; dona, loorse, donad. 
 
 §37. Use of tlie Com parat ires. 1. Tlie First Com- 
 parative is used when two things are compared ; as, 
 is ise 's boidliche na 1 1 'na, she is prettier tJiait Winifred. 
 Tliis Comparative is jilsc) iVetiuently used as a noun 
 ieminine of tlu; Sixth Deeleiisum. 
 
 2. The Second Comparative is used when two con- 
 ditions of the same thing arc compared ; cha Ijhoidhchid 
 i sud, sh?. '> ffntfr tlie prf-tf'f'r far that : <-]r,\ bu mhisd 
 
 , \ 
 
'^ 
 
 •*i| ''I 
 
 ^-t 
 
 r 
 
 32 
 
 GVELIC CI.ASS-DOOK. 
 
 ,„i ., /,.,.. mnr tl,r. v'orsn for If; is IJ'jtirnl im na ri.m 
 e air iiio sh.).., T mufhn h.thr of wl,d he <h.<Uor me. 
 
 3 ^J'Ik- TliinI (loniparaiivo is a iiouii icimiiuiio ot 
 the Second I ).-a"nsiou. It is us.-l to express eoiu- 
 paris;.!) alU-r th. verl.s r.rh ;uh1 r«,r, an.l the prepos, 
 tious .^;/. and ^^V. Tha mliin a' do] art daoii-ead, >mat 
 Ishecomii.fj dmrer (lit. nu'al is going into dearness). 
 
 EXERCISK XIII. 
 
 Loarn §83, 11. 24 and 25. 
 
 1 Xi 's oli,.,> ua eunlaith nan spour. Ts tusa i^ 
 firinni.-iLO n^rndse. Blia (• ni h' urmniaIclK3 ma 
 Lhraithrean. Tha an tdasg a' (hd andaoimul _ iha 
 iad ni 's mils'- ua a' mini. Is luaithe lad na i(dairean. 
 Tha e ni 's siu',' na Se^Snaid. Idia an elarsaeh nis ann 
 an deisoad Tha e dol an laigcad gaeh la. 
 
 •> .Tolin is more handsonie than Jiiincs. I ani 
 more irddeous than tlion. Silk is heeoniing dear. 1 
 am older than Alexander. The waggon is now m rcadi« 
 BOSS, rave moaswil'trr horse and stronger harness. 
 Ludovick is more liljcral than Mrdcolm. 
 
 §38. IRREGULAll COMPAEISOX. 
 
 Potiitlce. 
 
 r.(>ag, little, 
 Coir, /))'()per, 
 Cnmhang, n<n'/'"it', 
 Dogh, prohaldc, 
 Dorcli. dtirl:, 
 ■.Uiulifh, ((ijnci(U, 
 
 Piigh, nalnrdl, 
 Fuiasda, fi.^t/, 
 Kais;4'. Fagus, />ear 
 
 1 Coiiip. 
 
 Iiigha, higo 
 
 eora 
 
 euinge 
 
 diVdia 
 
 dorcha, dniicho. 
 
 (hnlghc 
 
 dorra 
 
 dueha 
 
 i'usa 
 
 laisge. 
 
 
 . .1 
 
 '•V 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 .^. 
 
ETYMOLOGliV. 
 
 33 
 
 Grnvr, (iimrid, f^hort, 
 ("Jour, s//nrj», 
 Ion, propi'r, Jll, 
 Tonmhuinn, ih slr<><tjile, 
 
 .Miitli, ]\Iaitli, (foud, 
 
 Olc b(.i(h 
 Teth, /k>/, 
 
 pjiorra. 
 
 • ri'il'C, g'.'lt'UV, 
 
 ioun. 
 
 ioiiiLsa, ann:;a. 
 
 trcasa. 
 
 IV'iirr, footlia. 
 
 lilt). 
 
 iniosa, duua.* 
 
 tt'otlia. 
 
 ) 
 
 ^g 
 
 3 Corn}). 
 
 ih'dvvtm. 
 i'eotlias. 
 iii(jid, Tiieiid. 
 olcas, luiosad. 
 
 Toi-h, toigheacli, j^^^^^^^^^;^^^^ jtodia, docha. 
 
 Note.— Tho Second and third Comparatives, wliCL 
 such exist, arc formed regularly in the above Adjectives 
 from the First, except the following 
 
 1 Comp. - Oontp. 
 
 Geire, geuraid, 
 
 Fearr, feaird, 
 
 Feotha, f(.'.uthaid, 
 
 J\I6. moid, 
 
 Tyloisa, niisd, ^ 
 
 Tucha or docha, (hichaid. 
 
 §39. T\m supcrJafivn (hKjrec is mertdy the First 
 ConiMurativc preciMU'd hy a's and not followed by na; 
 as, am fear a's triiime dhiuhh, the hea/'iest one of them ; 
 mar an tor a's gloine, <(S the finest (jold ; sagart an .De 
 
 "ill 
 
 a's i'o aii'dr, j)rlr4 nf llie nnxl J'/'j/> (ron ; so a cnaor 
 a's fearr 'nam measg, tin's it; flo- best shrcp wnoiuj them, 
 
 ExEiicisL WW 
 
 a, U'liirJ), '.rJio, ilt'tt, i, ■'ilte, Icr, if, 
 
 dha, tu r,r fur I'uii, is f'air Icaiii, I prefer. 
 
 is iravr luul:, tluni prrf:rrsi, U irurr lei^, //^' prefers. 
 
 Ihis ali'o a positive domf, bad. 
 
:]\ 
 
 CAEi.iC (jr-A.s.s-r.o<»K. 
 
 9^; I. ' 
 
 ■» t 
 
 1. Is (loii.'i nil ^nAoiiili a rinn •'. TV llH^-nrr dha an 
 cliirsach na .'in fliiodhnill. Ls flioarr loam rio<;Tiachd 
 iia 's wioihliii'c na i ,siii. 'I'lia <■ iia 's Miiilli*; anus an 
 tiL;ii an (liu,L^li na air rallinl. 'I'lia (,'aiJi'an na 's In.i^ha 
 na I''.«M)liaiin. Ls v. so ciiid a 's Liairbliu do 'n (dirauil)li. 
 Is iraiT gliucas na an t-or. 
 
 2. Tlwra i>^ vothiihj* swcctor than lionoy to tlio 
 taste. T/njre /> Nf)fh///(/''' sweeter than friendsln'p to 
 the soul. Love is stronger than fear, and more desir- 
 ahle than gold. The night is hcc(n)iui(f (hirl'er (going 
 into darkness). ('S ann) it is becoming smaller. 
 
 N UM Kl^VL AD JL:CTI VK8. 
 
 §40. Numeral adji^ctives are such as denote an 
 exact number of the thing spoken of; as, seachd 
 laithean. 
 
 Oirdlnal numbers are such as denote hoio many ; 
 ordinal, such as denote wliat place in order. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 Lst. an ceud, ??i. a' choud, 
 /. an t-aona, m. S^'f, 
 
 2nd. an dara. 
 
 'h'd. an treas, triamh. 
 
 •1th, an ccathrandi. 
 
 HLh. an coigi^ainh. 
 
 (itii. an soathandi. 
 
 7fli. an scaelidandi. 
 
 8th. an t-ochdandi. 
 
 Oth. an naoidhcamh. 
 lOlh. an deich(\nnh. 
 1 1th. an t-aona dcug. 
 llJth. an dara deui 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 1. Aon 
 
 2. da 
 
 3. trl 
 
 4. ceithir 
 
 5. coig, ciiig 
 0. so, >l\i 
 
 7. sea el id 
 
 8. ochd 
 9 naoidh 
 
 10. doicii 
 
 1 1. aon dcULT 
 
 12. da dhi-ug 
 
 13. tri doug. 
 
 'g- 
 
 *■ Cha-n 'ell ni ann. 
 
 .>4i 
 
J 
 
 3 
 
 I! 
 
 KTVMOLOGV. 
 
 35 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 !20. ficliciid. 
 
 21. noil Diiir riiichond. 
 
 22. dli thai' fhichoail. 
 30. doich thar fhichend. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 20th. am Uchcadiindj. 
 2] st. ail t-aoiia tliar fliiclioad 
 30th. an dciciht-amh thai* 
 ihichend 
 
 31. aondcugthar ihichead 32nd. an dara deug thar 
 
 40. da Ihichead. ihichead 
 
 41. aon thar da i'hicli<md 40th. an da fhicheadamli. 
 
 50. dt'ich thar da ihichead 4r)th. an coigeainli thai' da 
 
 51. aon deny thar da I'liichead 
 
 fhichead. SOtli. an deicheanih thai dk 
 
 GO. trl lichead fhichead. 
 
 Gl. aon thar tr^ fichead. GOth. an tri iicheadamh. 
 70. deich tliar tri iichead G3rd. an treas thar trl 
 75. coig deug thar tri iichead lichead. 
 
 80. ceitliir lichead. 70th. an deicheanih thar trl 
 
 84. ceithir thar ceithir lichead. 
 
 iichead. 79th. an naoidhcamh dcng 
 
 90. deich tharcoithir liolicad thar trl fichead. 
 
 97. soachd deug thar ceithir 80tli. an ceitliir iicheadamh 
 
 iichead 90th. an (kdcheamh thar 
 
 100. c6ig lichead, rend. ceitliir lichead 
 
 97th. an .seachdamh deug 
 thar ceithir fichead 
 100th. an ceudamh. 
 101st. an t-aona thar an 
 
 ceiid 
 1,000th. am mileamh. 
 
 127. c6ud 'us seachd thar 
 
 fhichead. 
 1,000. mile. 
 10,000. deich mile. 
 1,000,000. mile mile, miiil- 
 
 lioim. 
 
 ■V. 
 
 1870. oclid ceud deug 'us tri fichead 'us sia deug. 
 
 Notes ox the Numeral Adjectives. 
 
 1, AVlicn tlie Cardinals are n:>ed absolutely the 
 |»artic]e a is prefixed ; thus, a ceithir; and then aoiiy 
 d() and uclhi arc aiipiralod ; thus, a h-aon, a dha, a 
 h-ochd. 
 
 
36 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-COOlv. 
 
 . 1 
 
 ■■»»u 
 
 2. PVom ami to dojch tlio innnoml i^roccdos it;^ 
 noun, in (JanlinulH and OnlinalM. Fichcud, dii fhicheud, 
 trl lichoiid, (fcc, coud, niUo, niuillion, and their Ordinals 
 nlso procedo tlio noun. In tho otlier numerals tlio 
 noun conu's after tlie unit ; a.s, aon uair deu«<, (eleven 
 hours), rJeccn o('J<tck; an daraduine deug thar I'hichead, 
 the Ihirtij-second man. 
 
 3. Fichead, ceud, ni\le, muillion take a noun in the 
 nominative sin^adar. Da takes a noun in the dativn 
 fiingular aspirate ; and if another adjective be expressed 
 the adjective is put in the nominative singular feminine. 
 If tlie noun after da is governed in the genitive or 
 dative, the singular is used and the other adjective 
 n^jjnies with its noun. Under all circumstances da 
 a.si)irates its noun. 
 
 4. A Cardinal with the noun uair, time forms 
 a multiplicative expression ; as, aon uair, once, tri 
 uairean thrice, tlirea tiiihes, iichead uair, tioenty times. 
 
 5. The Cardiuids aon, fichead, ci^iid, muillion, 
 when used absolutely are nouns masculine. All the 
 others, when so used, are nouns feminine. 
 
 6. The Dldrlhntlve numerals. Leth, half ; trian, 
 third; ceithreamh, quarter. The others are formed 
 by joining cuid, a part, to the Ordinals ;* as, an 
 deichcandi cuid, the twelth part, one4wetth. 
 
 7. The Gulledive numcrah. The Collective nume- 
 rals are nouns feminine which govern the genitive 
 plural indefinite of nouns which accompany thenii. 
 They are applied to persons only ; as, dithis mhac ; an 
 triiiir bhard. They take an adjective plural and the 
 article singular. They are : 
 
 2. diihia, [ijen. deise) 4. ceathrar, 
 
 3. triiiir, 
 
 5. coigear, coignear.* 
 
KtyMOLOGV. 
 
 31 
 
 Is 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 C. Ht'tiiiiir, siaiiar, 8. ochdar, oclulnar, 
 
 7. scaclidar, scachdnar, 9i naoinoar, iiaonar, 
 
 10. dcichnar, dcichar. 
 
 Exercise XV. 
 mi, pron. T, mc agam (sec §47.) 
 
 clia-ii 'eil is not, arc not, so, this 
 
 1. Tha mi nis ccithir bliadhna tliar fliiclicad. 
 Blia iiaonar mhac agam agiis nis clia-n 'eil agam acli an 
 ccatlirar bhoaga so. Thainig e air an c6igeamli \k thar 
 f hichead. Do dha mhnaoi oig. Anns an da chuaich 
 bhig. Pris an da eich. 13' 6 aireamh armailtean a' 
 mharc shluaigh tichead milo do dhoich miltibh. Is 
 lad so deich miltean Ephraim. Is i an c6igeamh b5 
 a's f lu;aiT dliiu iiile. 
 
 2. The twenty-second book. The hundredth wag- 
 gon. You have not/iuig (ni 's am bith) more handsome 
 than that. This is my fifteenth exercise. There are 
 thirty days in June. Tlie fourth of July. The 17th 
 letter of the alphabet. Announce (give out) the hun- 
 dred and twentieth psalm. The chief among (am 
 measg) ten thousand. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 §11. Demonstrative Adjectives are those which 
 point out the thing spoken of; an la so, this day. 
 
 A Demonstrative Adjective when used with a noun 
 revpiires the article ; as, an la so ; and if is is implied 
 the adjective precedes the article j as, so an la, this is 
 the da)/. IJut when joined with a pronoun the article 
 is not used ; as, oso, this one ; so e, this is he. 
 
 Demonstrative Adjectives are indeclinable. They 
 are, so, this, these ; sin, that^ those there ; sud, ud, siod, 
 that, those j/onder. 
 
 * When two forms are given either may be used aa the 
 speaker pleases. 
 
 - 'S 
 
 
 
 "p 
 
 t 
 
 i ■*, • 
 '. <;. • 
 
 '■•If 
 
 1 1 
 
 1^- 
 
 \ 
 
fi;j( 
 
 38 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 §42. Indefinite Adjcctivos ire tuljectivesof quantity 
 \vliich do not denote an exact number or quanMty ; as, 
 air bith, 'sam bith, «/?//, -ever ; eigin, some ; cuid, some; 
 ^iridh, certain. 
 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 §43. Distributive Adjectives denote that the things 
 spoken of are taken separately ; as, gach, each, every ; 
 uile, each, every ; eile, other ; Ic cheilc, both. 
 
 
 4 ^•■ 
 
 %>c 
 
 Exercise XVI. 
 
 a h-uile fear, every man. riut, (see §47, Hi). 
 
 ch:4 robh, icas not, icere not. to 6. f. a ivoman, a female^ 
 
 1. Tha an c'^ beag ud amis an tigh ud thall. 
 Thainig a h-uile lear cVa ionnsuidh (to him). Gach 
 ni a chunnaic mi. ('ha robh a h-uile duine cho 
 rathail riut*. Clod (what) air bith a rinneadh, rinneadh 
 (5 le Dia. Sud iad. So an duine. An duine so. 
 Kinneadh an leabhar so an Albuinn (dat.) Nuaidh. 
 Thainig tt^ eile an raoir. Tha an duine ud na 's airde 
 na Uilleam. Is 6 an duine so a's airde. 
 
 2. This little town. He came from (o) yonder 
 house. These twenty-four years were not m'^re pros- 
 perous. Give mo that large book oi songs. ^very 
 house in the town. Death was in every family. Each 
 man has a work and a power to do it (a dheanamh). 
 Whatever ho was, lio was a ('n a) good friend. Every 
 nian wuo m)t as (cho) true as lie (li.s). 
 
 * riut, as thou. 
 
 'W' 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 39 
 
 THE rRONOUN. 
 
 §44. A pronoun is ;i word which stands for a noun. 
 
 There arc four classes of pronouns : Personal, Rela- 
 tive, Possessive and Intcrrocjafive. 
 
 Personal Pronouns are of two kinds : Substantive 
 and Preijositional. 
 
 §45. A Personal Substantive Pronoun is a word 
 which merely stands for a noun in the nominative or 
 accusative case. There are three Pronouns of this 
 class : First, Second and Third. 
 
 The First and Secoiid are inflected for number 
 only ; the Third, for number and gender. 
 
 First Pers. Sub, Pronoun, Sing. Mi, Mhi, /, me, 
 
 Plur. Sinn, we, us. 
 Sing. Tu, thu, thou, thee, 
 Plur. Sibh, ye, you. 
 e%./i, f^» 'in,he, him. 
 
 Second " 
 Third " 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 (t 
 
 inn \^y'^^hhe,him,\ 
 *'* (i,/. she, her, j 
 Phir. lad, they, them. 
 
 There is also an emphatic form in use : 
 
 Sin*^. Plur. 
 
 First Mise, mhiso sinno. 
 
 Second Tusa, thusa sibhse. 
 
 Third J'lsau, m, ise, / iadsan. 
 
 XoTE. — Final a or c is frequently dropped in the 
 emphatic furu), exce[)t in tlie First l*lural. 
 
 2. The adjective feill, StJf, may also be joined to 
 either form of these Pronouns for the purposes of 
 emi)hasis ; as, mi fein wyself; miso fein, my own self. 
 
 3. Tlie nominative of the Third Pronoun singular 
 is sometimes written se, m. si, f., and the plural siad, 
 m. & f. 
 
 ■ ■ .* 
 
 'V .* ■ 
 ' *;■■ 
 
 . '- y» 
 
 ■■■4- 
 
 v. 
 
 
 Ki- 
 
 
 
 .t' ' ' - 
 
 •if ».,, 
 
 
 

 40 
 
 GAELIC CLASS BOOK. 
 
 '^ 
 
 1 
 
 '-*■; 
 
 J 
 
 ,.ir. 
 
 1 
 
 '.f;> 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 ■* 
 
 P'S'- 
 
 
 "', 
 
 
 
 
 iit.lv 
 
 4. In addrossing superiors in age and rank the 
 plural of the sc^cond person is used in this and the 
 prepositional prunouiiy. 
 
 Exercise XYIT. 
 Learn §80, 11. 45. and §88, E. 54. 
 am feasd, adv. eirr, forever, .tog, v. life, rawe 
 cho, adv. so, as. dh', contr. for do.(SeG Voc.) 
 
 'us, or 's co?ttr. for agus. ro, adv. very, much, too. 
 
 1. Tha mi na's socraiche na bha mi. Cha robh 
 mi cho bronach 's cho dall. Tog iad am feasd. Bha an 
 talamh uile dh' aon teangaidh agus a dh' aon chainnt. 
 Thainig sinne air Di-sathuirne, agus sibhse air Di-luain. 
 Thug se e seachad. Bha iad rathail. Ghabh thusa a* 
 bhuaidh. Cha-n 6 an duiiie ud e. Thainig thusa ro 
 thrath. 
 
 1. I am sick. He was not sick. You your-self ar© 
 very kind. They came on Wednesday. You were 
 not prosperous in that undertaking. He came very 
 early. Raise him to honour (§87, K. 49, note). Give 
 nie the little child. 
 
 §46. A Personal Prepositional Pronntm is]['a con- 
 traction of the Personal Substantive Pronoun with a 
 preposition. 
 
 §47. We give the following list of Prepositional 
 Pronouns as those which occur most frequently. 
 
 Aig in the pos-^-esston (f, sing. 1. agam, in my p^os- 
 session, mine, 2. p^id, 3. aige, m. aiQQ f. phir. l,againn, 
 
 2. agaibh, 3. ;>ca. 
 
 Air, on, concerning, sing. 1. orm, on me, concerning 
 me, 2. ort, 3. air, m. oirre, /. plur. 1. 6irnn. 2. oirbh, 
 
 3. orra. 
 
 Ann, in,, sing. 1. annam in me, 2. annad, 3. ann, m, 
 innte, /. ^>/?/>'. 1. annainn, 2. annaibh, 3. annta. 
 
 ■M>'3 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 41 
 
 i' 
 
 le 
 
 10 
 
 As, out of, sing 1. asam, 2. asad, 3. as, m. aiste,/. 
 X>lur. 1. asaiuii, 2. asaibh, 3. asta. 
 
 De, of, (iff, sing. 1. diam, dhiam, 2. diat, dhiat, 3. de, 
 dhe, m. di, dhi, /. plar. 1 . dinn, dliinn, 2. dibli, dhibh 
 3. dill, dhiii. 
 
 Do, to, sing, 1. domli, dhomh, 2. duit, dhut, 3. da, 
 dha, m. di, dhi, /. plur. 1. diiinn, dhuiiin, 2. duibh, 
 dhuibh, 3. dhoibh (dhaibh). 
 
 Eadar, between, plur. 1. eadarainn, 2. eadaraibh, 3. 
 eatarra. 
 
 Fo, under, sing. 1. fotham, 2. fothad, 3. fotha, m. 
 ibx^a, f. plur. 1. fothainn, 2. fothaibh, 3. fopa. 
 
 Gu, to, in the direct ion of, sing. 1. h-ugam, 2. 
 li-iigad, 3. h-uige, m. li-uice, /. j;/<*r. 1. h-ugainn, 2. 
 li-ugaibh, 3. hiica. 
 
 Lc, with, sing. 1. loam, 2. leat, 3. leis, m. leatha, /• 
 plur. 1. leinn, linn, 2. loibh, libh, 3. Ie6, leotha. 
 
 Mil, about, sing. 1. umam, 2. umad, 3. iiimc, m* 
 iiimpe, /. jjZwr. 1. umainn, 2. umaibh, 3. umpa. 
 
 or hho, from, sing. 1. nam, 2. uat, uait, 3uaithe, 
 m. uaipe, /. plur. 1. uainn, 2. uaibh, 3. uapa, uatha. 
 
 Ki, to, si'ig. 1. rium, 2. riiit, 3. ris, 7n. rithe, /, 
 plur. I. rinn, ruinn, 2. ribh, ruibh, 3. riii, riutha. 
 
 Kiomh, before, sing. I. romham, 2. romhad, 3. 
 roinihe, m. roinipe, f. pdur. 1. ronihainn, 2. roinliaibh, 
 3. ronipa. 
 
 Thar, across, orer, sing, ]. tliaram, 2. harad, 3 
 tliairis air, m. thaiiis oirre, /. [jhir. 1. tharuinn, 2. 
 tharaibli, 3. tharta. 
 
 Troinih, through, sing, troniham, 2. troiuliad 3. 
 troimhe, m. troimpe, /. plur. tromliainn, 2. tromhaibh, 
 3. tronipa. 
 
 ■.,- w' 
 
 '.. ■■ i 
 
 _^- 
 
 -^ 
 
 'V ;■.■■('! 
 
 W 
 
 J. 
 
 
 ' i'. 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
If ' 
 
 43 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 i, fc 
 
 4- J 
 
 ^^5^ 
 
 EXERCLSE XVIII. 
 
 Note. — For phrases compounded of /v and a pro- 
 positional pronoun witli a noun or adjective, see section 
 
 on Ctniipositc vtrbs. 
 
 1. Cha-n 'eil agam ach ficliead. Is beag leam an 
 tuaradal agus is ni6r leani an dragh. Is toigh leam 
 thusa agus do bhrathair. Is fada leam an rathad. 
 Is beinu leam an t-6ran. Is cruaidh leam an Cc\s. 
 Tlioir dha an t-airgiod. Thug ^ leis an t-each. So 
 an 16chran agamsa. Innis sud . orra. Tha cridhe 
 annad, Bu bheag sud eadarainn, 
 
 1. He tuok-away (thug) the ink witli him. He 
 esteems that man. I am acquainted with William. 
 I delight in music and I hate discord. It becom(3a 
 him tu say so (sin a radh). I think that heavy. I 
 love learning for (air son) the mind and friendship 
 for the heart. I do not care for that. 
 
 
 
 ^?a* 
 
 i' 
 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUIs^S. 
 
 §48. The Possessive Pronouns are adjectives corres- 
 ponding to the personal substantive pronouns. They 
 are three and are inflected for number only. 
 First Post^essive ProJionn, mo, /ay, sing. : ar, ^,»/z^/*. our, 
 {Second " " do, thy, siny. ; bhur, jv/ii^r. 
 
 your. 
 Third '' ** a, his, her, its ; an, am, j;/?^?'. 
 
 their. 
 
 NoTF. — 1. The enclitics of emphasis are not con- 
 nected with the possessive pronouns, but still are used 
 with them and suffixed to the ncains they qualify. 
 These enclitics are : -sa for the First and Second 
 singular, -se for the Third singular, when feminine 
 -San when masculine ; -ne for the First plural, -SQ for 
 the Svnmd, and -san for the Tliird, 
 
ETYMOLOGY, 
 
 43 
 
 2. Moy do and a when masculine throw the nouns 
 they qualify into the aspirate form. 
 
 3. The Flrd and S('C(fnd .sin.i^nlar elide their hnal o 
 before a vowel and after a [)reposition endino- in a vowel, 
 thus: m', d'; and the. Th/'nl .siu<^adar when used instead 
 of a masculine noun, is elided altogether hefoix) a vowel 
 and its place is occupied by an apostrophe ('). 
 
 4. Ann mo, in my, cinn do, in thy, are contracted 
 into 'am and 'ad, 
 
 5. Ar and hhur take n- before a vowel ; and a 
 feminine takes h-. 
 
 Exercise XIX. 
 
 1. Is mise fear-gleidhidh mo bhrathar. Is m6 mo 
 pheanas. Is ^ ar dearbh-bhrathair 6 agus ar fe6il. 
 Th6id mi sios do 'n uaigh a chum mo mhic ri brou. 
 Mar so (thus) rinn 'athair caoidh air a shon. Is mise 
 do bhanoglach. Thainig i air a h-ais. Thug bhur 
 Bia fois duibh, agus thug e dhuibh an tir so. Tha 
 an tuarasdal aca. 
 
 2. The value of my sheep md my cows. He took- 
 away your horse with him. Thy death-bed. The 
 thongs of his boots. Her face was as fair as (§88, II. 
 54.) morning. His eyes were full (§83, II 22.) of 
 love. Their hands are full of blood. 
 
 EELATIYE PROXOU^N^S. 
 
 §49. A Rehttii-e Pronoun is a Pronoun which con- 
 nects two clauses in a sentence. 
 
 There are three liclative Pronouns : 
 
 The Afmiudlce, a, an, am, wlio, whom., which, that. 
 
 The Negative, nach, n-lio (lot^ whom nut, wltich not^ 
 that not. 
 
 The OoUectice, na, the things which^ the persons who^ 
 all that, wh'd. 
 
 H' 
 
44 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 §50. Tho noun to wliich tlio pronoim refers is called 
 its Co-relative- When the Co-i'('l;itivo is ext(^n(l(!(I, a 
 ff'jnn of refcri'iicr is iutnuluer'd iiumcdiatoly biit'ore tlio 
 Ivclative ; as An Ti a ta beannaiohtc, aj^nis a mliaiii 
 ciiinlidach, Jligii nan rigli a.i,'iis TiglKnirn nan tighearna, 
 ncaclt iiaeli faca diiino 'sani Litli. 
 
 'i 
 
 THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOU:?iS. 
 
 §51. An Intitrrogativa Prnitoun is a pronoun which 
 asks a question. 
 
 There are tliree Interrogative Pronouns : 
 Co? who .^ v'liicli ? A()plied to living beings. 
 Ciod? irhdfl wliat kiiid of? 
 Cia? wliU'Ji? Applied to inaniniatxi objects. 
 
 ISToTio I. —An interrogative pronoun asks a question 
 witliout the assistancje of the verb Is t(} he, but when 
 it implies the Jlelative, the verb to he is used. 
 
 2. Interrogative jironouns precede tl.ie nouns to 
 whieh they refer and tiie prepositions which govern 
 tlieni ; as co an duino ? cu as an triath ] eo th* aim ach 
 triath a' chiiil niliuir 1 
 
 3. Co is sometimes used in the genitive case ; as, a 
 broinn co an d' thainig an ei'di 1 (Job 38, 21 
 
 ■^n 
 
 n 
 
 59). 
 
 4. If the sul)ject of inquiry be in view or its gen- 
 der and number known, the Personal ])ronoun is used, 
 as, CO e an guth ? (Oigli-nam-mor-shuil, 122). 
 
 5. The iuterroLfatives are also useil in iiidirect 
 siuestions. 
 
 f 
 
 l^XRRCISE AA. 
 
 1. Co e? Cind e su.l ? Co iail? Co i am 
 
 boirionnaeh uasal ud ] ('o ('• am fear so 1, Is euina 
 
 learn co t)ia ann. Co dhiubli tliainig 1 Is uithne 
 dliondi CO rinn e. 
 
 'o 
 
 Tha lios agani ciod e rinn e 
 
 M 
 
 ►i^*f 
 
ETV>[OLOCJY, 
 
 4.1 
 
 ± Who is tliat youtli] Whn.^c ? (Co Ini Icisl) 
 Whoso })Ouk is this?' Wliicli of llicm (li'l it ^ ^^ho 
 is thai lull .'.■vnth'iiian? What j.riiKv is thai ^ Who 
 caiiiol AViu) is the jxx't that gavf you tl at \ oliu ? 
 
 THE \VA\\\ 
 
 §52. A Yi'-rh is a word wliich iis^>orts. 
 
 Verbs arc of tliree kinds ; Transit'tv>', Infymmflve 
 and Cojuiht. 
 
 A Transitive Verb duuutes action which passes 
 over to an object. 
 
 An InfransitU'6 Vvrh denotes action ^vhich docs 
 not i>ass over to an ohject. 
 
 A Co[)nJ<i Verb is a verb wliicli re([uires a noun, 
 adjective or adverb to be joined witli it s) as to make 
 a coniph^tc assertion. Verbs of hr'nxj, hccuuiiny, jh'l- 
 iug^ groir.big arc copula. 
 
 §.53. Coi/jnir'u'on is the exhibition in reguhir order 
 of the several inllections of the verb. 
 
 Verbs arc inllected by voice, luond, frusr, niimhrr 
 and person. 
 
 There arc two voices : the Act!rr and the Possivc. 
 
 §51. There are live moods: Itnperafirt', Infinitive, 
 Indicative, rofcntiul, Oni(Jiti»ual and Snhjnnctivv, 
 
 The Lnperatire M>n^,J asserts in the form of a com- 
 mand or exliort-ition. 
 
 'X\w l!,l!hiti>:e IlL^od merely ]iames the action denot- 
 ed by the vorl>. 
 
 The Ijid'rafire M"-d asserts wi'li certainty. 
 
 The Potential Mood indicates desire or liberty to 
 perform an action. 
 
4 
 
 OAFJ.lt' 1 LASS -HOOK. 
 
 TYw C'»Kh'f/(i/i/(I .!\f'>'i,J o\\)Yi'i^^A>H ;\ ronditioiial action 
 or stntc, ui»on whicii anotlxr ai iion or state (Icpcnds. 
 
 The Si.hj.iiirf irr .][" J 1 v| »U' -cli) s til*' ii< lioH t'X- 
 [iivsscd )>\ it as ( i>ntiii,t;c!it. 
 
 §•")."). 'I'lu-i't- ar-" Cuiir tdiM's : P/wr///, Pr//', Si'i'ninl 
 Vii.-^t :u\k\ Viitii'i'' . 
 
 The I'nsi'rl Ti:ii!^<: ^>xpr action as Ix-ing done 
 
 in tlic jiii'scni liui''. 
 
 Til,' /V^s•/ T'.iif<t' (i\\ J acf-ion as Itcijig done in 
 
 ilio |»as! time. 
 
 'Die S.'f"/i>/ Pdsf 7V//>Y' cxiH'osscs an action as being 
 done in sonic time j)revious to tli'^ immediat(i past. 
 
 'J he F/////ri' Ti'iist' expresses an action as to be done 
 in I'ntnre time, 
 
 FOIfArATlOX (IF Till-: TEN-SES.— A(^TivE Voice. 
 
 §50. There are two prlmdrn jinrt.^ in the Active 
 Voice iVoni winch idl tlu^ other tenses are forined, 
 namely tin; '2ii(l prr,^. siny. pre-^cnt Imperative, and .^j 
 
 the i>rt'SL,it Participh'. fj 
 
 1. In ih^' Iitdicatlvt' Mood. 
 
 The Prrs'/';/f T''i/.<" is foiMti<d iVoin tlie T*reseiit of >5 
 
 v' 
 
 IJk' vc.rli ///, t<» ]h.'., and the pi-cs.-ni [.articipii' ; as, Tha, ■': 
 
 )iii ir rat 
 
 lln / Sf/,'/ or 7 
 
 '//ji sn >////!/. 
 
 NoTi;.- A ol 
 
 is ehilt'd aftei' a \o\vel. 
 
 Tlic /V/x/ is toivmcd from the '2\\A sinu'nlai' liiipera- 
 liv(^ by a-;p!i';.i ion ; as, llliiiail lei, I -fr/zr//. ilntil'thi'. 
 veil) be'.:;iiis wiUi a vowil, this teie-e is loiaiicd by ]>vr- 
 nxiii^;' dii' (!i r '/" the old si-n <•!' tin- I'n'tei'itc) ; il'the 
 verb !.)!';^ins \vith _/' jtnre, /" is aspirateil and m'//' is yw 
 Ir-ed ; as d'.i' or mi, I gilded ; dh' t'liaighnich e, he eit- 
 
 (imV' 
 
 d. 
 
 I'j, lljo, si;(ii i;l the present [)art icii>Ie, ^j 
 
1 
 
 Tlio Vufurr. Tcufic is loniu'd l-y !i(Miii.^ -kill <>r -an 
 \,^ tlio2n(Uin<,-. IiniH-nitivi' ; as, l;iigliiucliiah lai, / n-Ul 
 enquire; bii.it'as mi, /'/"'// /-.-■''''//i-. 
 
 ;?, hi i'/r Pi'ti'iiii'il M'>'>'/, 
 
 Tlio Ffid Tv.n^^c is formed from the_ 2n(l sill|^^ 
 Impoii^tivij 1.V as[)irat\uu iinJ by adding -inn i<T tliu 
 ist l.eix.n sinmdar, and -adh fur tlic oth.r i.rrson.s 
 ^iii<r • 1st plural is likt; tlu" -sanu; m the ImvxTativu ; 
 uiid tilt' 2ml and :kd plur. an; Hku the siune m tlic 
 
 un( 
 singular. 
 
 3. Ill ill'' Ci>n<i'h'(iih'il M'""f. 
 The Pn\^oiU and /V.s-^ Y^^y/.sv.v arc like ilie .same in 
 the Indicative with the particle ma prt'Uxed. 
 
 The Scroifd r<(sf tiaisu is like the Fast Totcntial 
 asi)irati()n hein- removed, and the narticlo na-n pi'^' 
 iixed (mudilied into lu'-iii before Jahia/,^.) 
 
 The Future tense is like the Future Indicative in 
 as and the ])artiele ma prcfixfcl. 
 
 4. Ill Ihe Suhjcdive Mmxl 
 
 Tlw. Pir.inif tense i.'* formed from the Present 
 Subjunctive of th»^ verb Bi and the present Participle, 
 
 The PiH tense, is formed from the l^ist Indicative 
 by pretixin- gu-n do, c^,utracted into gU-n d' )^efore a 
 vowel or silent fit ov tJt. 
 
 The S^covii P'lsf tense is formed from the Second 
 Past (Jonditional by changing mt-u int.) gll-n and 
 
 I/II-/II iidu gii-m. 
 
 The Fufure. tenr.c is fonucd fmni Uk^ 2imI. sing, 
 'h!)]M.Taiive ]'y prctixiiiu gu-ll "i' gU 111. 
 0. ii' fU'' l"lii"^e Mo'i'f- 
 
 'fhe /'/-.v.-. ./^ Tc.o^e is funned by builixuig ■ adll tu 
 th^' 2ud ^iiig. Imperative. 
 
48 
 
 CiAKLlC CLAbS-liOOiv, 
 
 I,. 
 
 C. Pfirticii'lcs, 
 
 A Pcrti'riji/c is a word tliat parttikcs of the nature 
 i)f a verb ami an iidjcjctivo. 
 
 li.o Present Participlo i" fonncd \)y prefixing ag 
 and adding -adh to tiu; :^nd .sin,L;. [inperative. 
 
 Tlic Past rarticii)le is iV)rmed by addinj:^ to tlie 2nd 
 sing. Imperative, -te if its last vowel be small, and -ta 
 if tliat vowel be broad. 
 
 I 
 
 ».K 
 
 §57. Copula Verb— Bi, to be— Affirmatively. 
 
 Imperative Mood* 
 Present Tense. 
 
 SfNGULAIl, PLURAL. 
 
 1. IVitlieam, Li't nui J>c, 1. Eitheaniaid, let irs he, 
 
 2. r.i,^'/"bi thus i,l)0,be tliou 2. lUtbibh, he yCy he j/o/r, 
 
 3. Jjitlieadli e (i), let him 3. r>itheadh iad, lot them 
 
 (her) lie. be» 
 
 In'finitive Mood. 
 
 Present Tense, Gn bhi or a bhi, to he^ to he ahoui 
 to he, IJitli, G. m. lieing, 
 
 Indioatj ve Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. Past Tense. 
 
 SINCULAK. 
 
 1. Ta or tlia mi, I din, 
 
 2. Tha tlm, ilmn art, 
 
 3. Tha u, he is, 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 1. Tlia sinii, )r>' ar>'^ 
 
 2. Tlia .sibh, ]inn are^ 
 
 3. Tha i,id, //.'.y a,r-:. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 1. llhii mi, / was 
 
 2. IJha thu, thou wast 
 
 3. l>ha e, lie was 
 
 PLLRAL. 
 
 1. lUia si I in, //''' were 
 
 2. l)ha sibh, //<>// Jrerr. 
 
 3. Uha iad, thet/ were 
 
 I 
 
 **< 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 v:n^ioif-uc.Y. 
 
 41» 
 
 [iturc 
 211(1 
 
 a-ta 
 
 he. 
 
 i 
 
 "Shrj. 1. r.itliiflli mi, [ s^f'dl <>r will lie 
 
 L\ IJithi'lli tu, ///'/// .^JHilt or win lie 
 
 .'}. Ilitltidh •', A" fltdll or will litt 
 
 Phir. I. JJitbitih siini, we flmll or will he. 
 
 2. Ditliidli sibli, ynii i^kull or will br. 
 
 0. Ditliulh i.td; flu'ij "■IkiU or will he 
 
 PoTf.nttat. Moon. 
 
 Pad Tt'n>*c.. 
 
 8lNG. 1. liliHluiiM, / cjHfId or would )>e 
 
 2. JJliitli-eadh tu, ihoa t'oaldyf or wonhUi (ni 
 
 3. ]>hitlioailli /', he could or fiJioidd ha 
 Plur. 1. Jiliitlicamaid, we coid-d, <^r.., he 
 
 2. l^liitheadh sibh, yon could, <)•(•., fte 
 
 3. IJhitlioadh iad, fhrij cnuJd, tjv;., he. 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 SINGULAR. .SIN(iUIvAn. 
 
 !, ;M;i tlia mi, // / hr 1. IVfa l»li:i mi, //' T "rye 
 
 1'. iMa ilia llm, if III off h" 2. ^la 1)ha lliii, if fluiKWert 
 3. jMa tha «'•, if lir he 
 
 3. ?>Ia Mui r, ?/ ^f were 
 
 I'LUHAL 
 
 riXRAL 
 
 1. ^la tlia .^iini, if wr he 1. Ma Idia siiiii, // uie wnro 
 
 "1. Ma tha sildi, if yoHf h 
 
 <) 
 
 i\I;i Mia sil>li, if \joH were 
 
 3. Ma tha ii^l, //' ///f'^ />^' 3. Ma bha iad, // M«"// leerc. 
 
 Pad IJiipothetind Tv.nse. 
 
 Sixii, 1. Na-n robh mi if I icerc 
 
 :!. Na-ii robh tliti, if llinii wert 
 
 N 
 
 M 
 
 11 Vohll (', / 
 
 fh 
 
 I' Wri'r 
 
 I'LiJR, L Na-n i'ol)h ainn, if we were 
 
 2. Xa-n rol^h sibh, if you wp.re 
 
 3. Xa-n robh iad, if Ihey were 
 3 
 
 ir 
 
50 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ■i- :• 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 ¥: 
 
 * . 
 •'1. !■: 
 
 
 SiNO. 
 
 i. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 a 
 
 ?LUIl. 
 
 K 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 ». 
 
 Si NO. 
 
 t 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 ?r. 
 
 JPlur. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 ^ING. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 a 
 
 Pluu. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 a 
 
 SiNO. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Pluu. 
 
 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 GAPrrrc cl.\ss-booii: 
 
 ^ijciyyid Pa<it I/f/pof/frtliaf. 
 
 Na-n> bHhinn, if I Imvl fx'nn. 
 ^I^a-m l)it!K>c'ulI> ti!>, if thou haild bcmi 
 Na-m ]Htl?o;iflh ('•, if he had h>en 
 Na-m h?t,hrair;ni(>, if wc had been 
 2. Na IK l^'fclseadlt sibh, if ifou had fjeor 
 >I^a-ii^ Hth^fuTlv iad, i/ /A/:y /^r^ifi ^^^tv^, 
 
 ]\fa l)l>ffch'{>s n :<i, //* / tfJmU or mil be 
 jNfa bhitlRiws ti>^ ifiJii>H»h(dt or wilt he 
 Ma bJniCbwis- (6, //'/^^ fiiut'l. or it/ill Ifc 
 Ma blpHhea;^ sfim, tf nm shalf, tj'c, ^6^ 
 Ma li-bitlvuaa sil)b, if you shall ^ tf<^, /;c 
 Ma bbitbx'a.'* iail, if they aimlly ^c, Im 
 
 8u J« U N CT F V K Mo t>l>. 
 
 Pre.i^nt Tcnxe. 
 
 (t\x T>hoiI im, //^f^^ / am 
 Gu blyt'.jl t^biT, tlnd thou art 
 (rii IjJxiil ♦'', ihat he is 
 (fU l)beil siniJ, ////«/ /re r/>v7 
 (tu blioil .sib!i, Z/^d/ //r/7r <<;vT 
 (ill bhcil iad, ///,'<•/ tliey ore 
 
 PaM Tense. 
 
 Gti-n robb n>i, that I tms 
 (Jn-n robb tbn, tlmt thou, wnd 
 Gu-n robb t's ///r// he u'as 
 ( rii-n robb siiin, thtd we lucre 
 Gii n robb sil)b, that you were 
 (Jii-n robli i;i(l, ffiid Uiry tri're 
 
 Srcoud Past Toisfi. 
 
 (iu-ii) l)ithiiu>, that / had, hen 
 (j»u in bftbivulb in, that tlnai liadsl U'cn 
 a Gum bitliwidh c, that he had been 
 
 I 
 
 'i • 
 
mTMOl.OGY. 
 
 51 
 
 ho 
 
 )a 
 he 
 
 t'Cii 
 
 riAin. 1. riii-iii <>itii<».i!nai<l, ih<d vr/? h<id f>orn 
 
 2- (Jwm Uiihi'irxlU wl»^Ji, flttf ynu ?Kf,i I'm 
 ti. (»irm MiIh'.uUi iiul, /Av/ ////;// f:<uJ />i'rn 
 
 Ftifurc T-cunc, 
 SixG, 1, Ow-m h\ i.ii, Halt I f<Jia/f or will he 
 
 2. <Jii-iii h\ tliu, fJhif iliiiu sh<dt or wl/t he 
 
 3. (iu-iu ]»i o, ffi^/f. hi! did!/. VJM*., 'he 
 Vixn, 1. <Iu-Ji} I'i sin!'., f/i^(f "re ftj^a/l, tyc, he 
 
 3. ikx-in l)i iav], ///'// iJicy shall, i^'c, />c 
 
 PaUTICU'LES. 
 
 I^ULSEXT, liitli, n. ^ lu. hciihji. .St>G0NO pA.ST, ail' bitli, 
 
 mocliitj heeii. 
 
 ExKiwjasE XXL 
 
 'na, *iiiu', 'iia, 'nar, 'niir, 'nan or ^uun, f //« w?/, w 
 /////, //i /«/.s' or //^r Sf'c.) arc used as particles of i-eferuiicc 
 il)oforo nouns tlt^^iotin^ couditUm, fvwle <w professitm^ 
 and iW'c •2vn(Joi'(3(l into JCngMsh hy iXm iiKleiinite aa'ticle 
 <i ; as, ti»a csaii 'iia sliaor, he is a carjjcuivr, 
 
 1. Tlia i^jbliann 'na ^liille coir. l)lia an duinc a 
 fhnair l>as 'na fliilidli taf^Iita. lUia bainis ciidlu-ii 
 agaiuH., Tlia in^nean J';i<Ja orl. 'J'Imiri /• (ho said,) 
 |.,Mi-n robJi in{,s(^ ovviri'. I -iwoua \i."<.\\i\ il;ii IjIm.H 6 tailiclilc, 
 .Na-iii l^thiiin an sud bliitlicadli esaii ilmh nuu'an coudmu 
 Ma ilia tlui 'iia<l cliaraid dhojuli. 
 
 2. Jf li^j is kind, lie is also ^viU'rous. If 1 M'cre 
 tlicre. I i'car that ho is nn}ia))]>y. Ho is a fri(^iid to 
 5)10. He is doar to all. lit- shall bo a Ikto in his ilay. 
 Wo should Ivj ihoro, Ilo said ih.ilJohn was right. 
 
 §58. Copula Verb— Bi, to be.— Negatively. 
 
 Imperative Mood, 
 Isa. bitlieam, &c., a^ aliirniativolj, wiiJi iin. 
 
 :v 
 
 .'V 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 4-' 
 

 7 
 
 •i.' 
 
 
 3J 
 
 '» 
 . Wl 
 
 ■!■ .Ii 
 
 
 i.ifi 
 
 aAEfJc CLASS- rrooK:, 
 
 iNDicATivr Mood. 
 
 Presenty Chan 'cil mi, (^'c. T'rY.s/, Cha roLh mi, »S;ci 
 Ftitid'c, clui blii mi, c^x. 
 
 PoTfcjNTfAL Moui>. 
 
 pi'-sti Cha hhitliiim, c^'c. 
 
 Conditional ^loorv. 
 Fresettf, Mur '(jil mi, (^c. Post, ^Inr rohh mi, &;o, 
 
 Secomi 2'^^-^) Murbitliinn, <^c. Ptifure, Mur bi mi, &c. 
 
 Sltbjunctive Mooix 
 
 Present, Nacli 'eil mi, &c. P(t»(, Nach pobh mi, <fce. 
 SfscojicfjKistf Niicl> bi'thinu,&c, Fuhtre; Nach bi mi, &a 
 
 §59. Caimla Verb— Bi, to be.— Interrogatively. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present, Am bhcil mi ? i^c. Past, An rcibh mi ? &e» 
 Future, Am bi mi ? &c. 
 
 Potential Mood. 
 
 Pd6/, Am bithinn 1 &c. 
 
 §60. Copula Verb, Bi, to ba— Negative-IntMV 
 rogatively. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Prc^eifty Nacit 'oil mi ? (^'c. Pad, Nanh i-obli mi ? i^'c 
 Future, Nat>h bi mi? &e. 
 
 Potential Mood. 
 Past, Naeh bithinn 1 &c» 
 
 iGl. Copula Verb— -Bi, to be— Impersonally. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present, Affir^ Tlxathas or thathar. 
 " Ni^f. Cha-n 'oileas or 'cilear. 
 " InfeT. Am bheih'usoj* bUeilearl 
 
 .. ,; 
 
 .li^r 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 it;c5i 
 
 (fee. 
 &c. 
 
 (fee. 
 I, (fee. 
 
 (fee. 
 
 A<s/, -4,/7/>. Bhathas, bhathar or bliatar. 
 •* Neg. Cha robhar or robhas. 
 " Inter. An robliar or robhas % 
 Future, Ajjirni. Bitear or bithoar. 
 
 " Ncff. Cha bhitoar or ])hithear. 
 
 " Intei: Am l)itear or bithear 1 
 
 EXERCISK XXII. 
 
 Learn §85, R. 31 and 33. 
 
 Exs. Am bheil an Icabhar agad ? Cha-n 'oil. 
 Have you the book ? I have not. 
 
 Ciod c tha agad*] Clia-n 'eil dad. 
 What have you ? I have nothiiuj. 
 Cia mend cloinne tha agad ] Triiiir. 
 How many children have you ? Three. 
 Cha-n 'eil da Dhia ann. Chan 'eil ann .ach a h-aon. 
 There are not two Gods. There is only one. 
 
 Note. — Ged, though, although, in a negation takes 
 the inteirugative form of the verb after it ; in an 
 aifirmation it takes the place of cha. C ait, where ? 
 
 1. Ged robh 6 air a' bhata. Ged naeli 'eil nis ann 
 ach a h-aon, bha a tri ann aon iiair. Mur robh mi 
 cinnteach, cha bhitheadh an danachd so agam. Cha 
 bhi deich daoine thar fhichead ann (there, lit. in it). 
 Am bheil ni air bith do-dheanta do 'n Tighearn? C' 
 ait an robh thu] Cha n 'eil cuimhne air na nithibh a 
 bha ann roinihe (heretofore) ; clta mho a hhios (neither 
 shall) cuimliuc air n;i nithibh a ta ri te.achd (to come.) 
 Bi glic, a mliic. Mur 'eil ni agad gu dioladli {f'> pay). 
 Mur hkiodh oiiir tcachd (if he had not come), bliithe- 
 aniaid {<yr bhiomaid) marl)li le cianalas. 
 
 '1. Altliougli I was llici'e sh(! was not. Tf he were 
 
 '^. 
 
 ♦ Prononnce as if written th' agud ; and so wherever two 
 vowel sounds couiu together one is generally elided ; as, co 
 an duing ud ? 
 
 ■V.' 
 
 < 
 
 
 it; 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 r. 
 
 . >. ' "I 
 
 > 
 
 
 
V, » 
 
 jj -^ .(! 
 
 •I' . • ! 
 
 ? . ... 
 
 
 "vr-i 
 
 1 
 
 . f 
 
 k 
 
 54 GAELIC CLASa-BOOK. 
 
 on tho boat. ' \If now there be hut (Mur nch) on", 
 
 and it tlioiv, w>u'i'. tlii*o(.>, two are ffnie (air talbh), No- 
 tliiii;^ is impossibl'i tu iliM ]v>ril. Tho liel I was all 
 groirii (air las) ."-v/' (siias) with tliijrns. It (o) was not 
 grown over with nettles. If he be not at homo, he is 
 at tho store. Have you my black book? I have (Tha). 
 Is he a gooti man 1 I am not certain. 
 
 §62. Regular Verb— Glac, catch. 
 
 Imperative Mood, 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Sing. 1. Glacam, let tne catch 
 
 2. Glac, catch thou 
 
 3. Glacadh 6, let him catch 
 Plur. 1. Glacamaid, lot its catch 
 
 2. Glacaibh, catch ye or you 
 
 3. Glacadh iad, let them catch 
 Neg. Na glacam (1.), * Id me not catch. 
 
 IxpiNiTiVE Mood. 
 Presijnt, Glacadh, /^ 1. m, catchuiy^ act of catchintj. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 SiNO. Tha (2.) 'glacadh, I am catch I u(i, I catch. 
 
 Pluii. I'ha a' glacadh, wo are catchin'^y wc catch. 
 
 Nf'g. Cha-n 'oil 'glacadh, / am not catching, I do 
 
 not catch. 
 
 Inter. Am bheil 'glacadh? Am I catching? do Icatch^ 
 
 Neg. -Inter. Nach 'oil 'glacadh ] do I not catch ? 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 SrxG. & Plur. Ghlao , I caught. 
 
 Neg. Ciia da ghlac , I did nut catch. 
 
 Intf'r. An do g! .lac I did I catch ? 
 
 Neg.-Infer. Nach <lo ghlac 1 did I not catch 7 
 
 * Tho figures witliia l^rackot? refer to the notes §6k3. 
 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 55 
 
 Second Past Tense. 
 
 SiNO. Bha 'glacadh , / wa.'i cafch Incf. 
 
 Plur. liha a' glacadh, ice rcere cafchinr/. 
 
 Npxf. Cha rohh 'glacadh, I n^is not catrJilng. 
 
 Jntar. An rohh 'glacadh '] wa>i I catcliinrf ? 
 
 Neg.-I)iter. Nach robh 'glacadh? loas I not 
 
 catching? 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Sing. & Pi.ur. Glacaidh , I shall or icill catch. 
 
 Neg. Cha ghlac , / shall or will not catch. 
 
 Inter. An glac ? shall I catch ? 
 
 Neg.-Intcr. Nach glac 1 shall I not catch ? 
 
 Potential Mood. 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Sing. 1. Ghlacainn, / conhl or would catch. 
 
 2 & 3. Ghlacadh , 
 
 Pluu. 1. Ghlacauiaid, we conhl or would catcli. 
 
 2 & 3. Ghlacadh , 
 
 Neg. Cha ghlacainn, / conhl or would not catch. 
 Inter. An glacainn ? ivouhl or could I catch ? 
 Ncg.-Infcr. Nach glacainn? would ov could I not catch? 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Sing. ^li\ tha 'glacadh, // / am catching, if I cafch. 
 
 Plur. Ma tha a' glacadh, if we are catching, if vm 
 
 catch. 
 Neg. Mur 'eil 'glacadli, if I am not catching. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Sing. & Pi-ua. Ma ghlac , if I cangid. 
 
 2seg. Mur glihu; , if I did not catch. 
 
 Second Past Tense. 
 
 Sing. 1. Na-n glacainn, if I caught, or had caught, 
 2 S^ 3. Na-n glacadh ' 
 
 
 u. 
 
 M. H 
 
 ^.1 
 
 it 
 'I 
 
•>r: 
 
 -.1 ' ■ 
 
 ■ '■* 
 
 .|^' 
 
 K) ' 
 
 ,-*•, . 
 
 •4k: 
 
 56 GAKLIC CLx\Sa-BOOK. 
 
 Pluk. 1. Na-ii f(lacaniai(l, if we cmujlit^ or had canyhf, 
 
 2 Sc 3. Na-n glacadh 
 
 Ncg. ^Im ^dilaeainn. If f had not caurjhf. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Sing, t^ PfiUR. Ma glilacas if I ahall or will cafch. 
 
 Nr.ij. M ur glac // / shall or will not catch. 
 
 SuHJUNCTivK Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Sing. Gu Idieil ^^^hcadh, that I am catching, that 
 
 I catch. 
 Plur. Gu T)lieil a' glacadli, that we are catchinr/y 
 
 that ICC catch. 
 
 Nc(j. Nacli 'oil 'glacadh, that I am 7iot catchiin/. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Sing. Sc Pfx'r. Gn-n do gldac , that I ccuighf. 
 
 Ncij. Xacli do gldac , that I did not catch. 
 
 Second Past Tense, 
 Sing. 1. (Ju-ii glaoaiim, tlnd I coidd or would catch. 
 
 2 & 3. Gu-uglacadh 
 
 Pluu. 1. (Ju-n glacaiiiaid, tiiat wti could or would catch, 
 
 2 t^ 3, ( I u-n glacadh 
 
 Neg. Nach glacaiiin, that I could or would not ccdch. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Sing, tt Pluu. Gii-n glac that I shall or will catch. 
 
 Nc'j. Nacli glac tliat I shall or will not 
 
 cafe//. 
 
 Particitlks. 
 
 Prc.<>f'nt. A' glacadh, catch inrj, in t/ie act of catching. 
 
 Past. Glacta, cauyhf. 
 
 ^.econ<l Past, air gidacadh, having caught. 
 
 §63. Notes on the Conjugation. 
 
 1. To save space only 8uch parts as are really iieces- 
 .sary for the guidance of the vstudctit are given. In 
 
 1 
 
nTYMOLOCY. 
 
 57 
 
 y. 
 
 
 at 
 '/A 
 
 imidtird conjnf:fation tlio first ixTson sini^nilar nlono is 
 set down ; all tlie otlier persons mny ])o Ibrniod by 
 placing tli(Mi('galiv<' particlr (»r parliclrs Ixlorr the other 
 persons of the verb, clianned, -wImmi cliaiigo is necessary, 
 after the manner ot tlie part given. 
 
 A series of dots ( ) has been introduced wlicn 
 
 tbere is no personal terniinatic-n, to indicate tlu' ])ositiou 
 
 of the noun or pronoun; tlius, Prc:<. luil. Tlia 
 
 'glacadh ; Id t^imj. tlia nii 'glacadh, / fv//r// ; 2u.(l. tha 
 thu 'glacadh, tliuu adrhrsi ; Jn/. tlia an duine 'glacadh, 
 tlie man c< itches. In these cases the English of tho 
 first person has been given. 
 
 2. Changes of ag, the sign of the Present Partici- 
 plo. It is written : 
 
 1.) ag before ii vowel ; as, ag ol, (h'liikln(f. 
 
 2.) 'g between two vowels*; as, tha lui 'g 61, 1 drinJi. 
 
 3.) a before a consonant ; as, a' bualadh, drildiuj. 
 
 4.) * between a vowel and a cons(jnant ; as, tha mi 
 'glacadh. 
 
 5.) ga before the possessive pronouns nx), tjo, and 
 hhnr ; as, Tha e ga mo thre6rachadh, Jie hadi'tJi me ; 
 th.i c ga ni' iarraidh, lie is seekliig me ; tha mi ga d' 
 ionndran, / miss yon. 
 
 3, Tho C<>}is}(ctu(liiuil Teii.s'Ps. The Fiiliirr teuFsr h\ 
 usimI to express an lialtitual action, with a iircscnt 
 signilication ; as, brisidh Jui ]ti;)b gai.li .-^(.ai'lidan, I 
 'Ui^nidlij breal: ii pijn'. a ircd:. More iivtiuently presi'ut 
 liabit is ('Xi)ressed by the coin)>(>;;it(! verb, is aliliaist 
 dhondi, // is 7)11/ wont. The Pad ti'iit<e, Potential 
 niood and the t^i'coinl Post Conditional and Sub- 
 junctive, are used to ex}iress habitual action of past 
 
 * Ami before the Possessive Pronouns a, an, ar and 'nr : 
 as, tha mi 'g a glacadh — 'g a bimaladli, / am catcJ.iiKj her — 
 striLiiuj him. 
 
58 
 
 t'.AKI.lC il.ASS-BO<»K. 
 
 
 
 tinio ; ;\A, (^'lilai i o irarh la, / //.sw/ /// fh'ffu if ovri/ 
 (hi;/; iniir liitlm. M<>1 do 'n (M;.,']ais, if I ir-'n' nnf 
 (irr/fs/oNii,/. in I/.) /n ,'iiiirrii. The I'asl ( 'itii--iii'! ndiniil 
 toiisc is also cxju'rsscil hv llw I'ast U.'ti.-'c ol' /n '///// -''/n/ 
 (Uioiiih, vi/., ))' altliaist dliMnih. / '■/■■/>■ //•m///, 
 
 4. The ^'-mril Pnsf 'J'i:it.<>\ ('Miidiiiotial and Sulv 
 junclivt', has a future' >i,:j:ni;ir<iliMii as well as its jtnst 
 iii.'aiiiiVL; ; thus, n.iai i,daeaiiin, .-i,uiiiJit.'S if I Jcid ruu(/ht 
 and //' ./ .^Jioiiid fttfrjf, 
 
 'Jdio sij^'ii (if tin- Si'''"i/'J Pff.-^f Piuiif!i>ii' is sonu'- 
 tiines wi'ittcii 1)y ;j:raimuarians, A/r, Imt it seldom 
 (K'ciii's in that I'liin in cunvcrsation or in jH'int. So 
 \vo have; writuii it air, ijccause our do'si^qi is t(j 
 introdm-o i\\v. student to Scottish Gaelic as it is now 
 spokt'U and written. 
 
 §01. Formation of the tenses in the Passive Voice. 
 
 1. /// iJie Imperative Mood. 
 
 The P)'f.<r-/f. Tfitse is I'orined ])y adding -ar to the 
 pdfit [xivlieiiHi' Acfire. 
 
 2. In the Infinitive Mood. 
 See Note §(18. 
 
 8. hi the Indicative Mood. 
 
 TIh' /'/■'■s'////' Ti ii>:r is lii'l'lind iVolil Mm- />/'' .-liltf 
 / !/d/>''d /' 'T ol'thi \(l'll /.'/.'IMd \\\r jhl'l ,i;l rt ii-i j>l'. 
 
 Till' ri(<f hi'^'r is I'.a'iicd liV audiii;_;- -adll to Hie. 
 i-i'U'iiiid iii'i'.-<'i!i -iiKjii'.ir I m :>i yil ' !'■' A''fiie. 
 
 '!'Ii<' .S'ivv.'< / /'•/../ '/''/.. is !on!i:'d iV.'in 1lie /'.,'.n/ 
 ieii^u' of (ill' \y\-V Hi and (le- /"/>■/ i-: rl icin'r. 
 
 Tin- Put'irr fr,/s,,' 'i< ''m!!!,, d l.y a'lding -ar <o the. 
 ^n.d III' !',•<. ^'iiKj. Ii.";iri%!fir- A'difi'. 
 
 4. //i ///(' Potentiiil Mood. 
 The P.r>7 /r ;/N." is formed hy aspirating the i>n--t 
 p'l/iicij)!'- ;iiid adding' -adli 1 > it. 
 
ttVMOUjGV. 
 5. In the Cou'Iillonal >1/onf/. 
 
 ,.J!;;,T;ns.- 
 
 the ])aiticU" ma; ^'xcfi.t, ,.,.,, , i^, nrcfix- 
 
 ing na-n to tlic iV-^/ rnfmtlol nnaspinted. 
 G. 7n //<^ Suhj'nu'li>-c Mood. 
 Tl.c P".«.„/ 7V„.. Is r..n,,nl IVuiu tlicrrcsont Sul,- 
 i„,u.tiv (if til.' v.-rli /,•; and tlir /«/■-' /•.(,■/-'•,/,/.•. 
 ^ The /Vs/r-,-.- >.s n,v,.o.l l,v luvlixmt; gU-H do to 
 
 §05. Regular Vcrb-Glac catcli-Passive Voice, 
 
 Impkuativf, Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 n -t, f'^ ,,. Tot mo ho c\\Wj\\i- 
 
 l^rcscnf 1 ense> 
 
 ,.,,;;:;';; i;;;,:t;i';::;5S!:,^.u:,';:S:;.'- 
 
 /'a. -7 'i'nsi\ 
 
 r, -,. /'IT 11. / If'.S- I'll III I/I I , 
 
 Vr,/. ( nil -lll.ir.i.ii: ' • 
 
 ) J, \u 'Ur-^Au i "■"■' I '-'"y'''-- ,,, 
 
r,() 
 
 fiAF.hlC CLAS,^ tUml 
 
 Pi 
 
 Sccmii! Past 7V'//N('. 
 
 SlNT.. v'v J*I,ri{. ['li;i .^lacl.i, //"/'/ In ('II fiDi'iht. 
 
 A'>J, (.'ha nilil) ,:;l;ulii, / //"'/ ifif /.-,</' rumjiif-. 
 
 liitfr. An roldi ;^d:u,'la ? //'/(/ I Jn'cn t'ninjjii f 
 
 Ncfj.'liifrr. Xarli rol>]i.....4^1a(jt;i? /'-/'/ / not been 
 ('(lit (J hi ? 
 
 Futurr 7'cnsc. 
 
 ►Sing. Sc Vi.vii, (Jlacar , / .s7^/// or /'•/// />r raiKjhf. 
 
 Ni'[i. Clia glilacar , / f^ltull ur //•/// ni>t (,r 
 
 cnjiijlit. 
 
 tiih'i'. An glacar ? .^I'kII t fn' ('(I'njhf? 
 
 N>'[i.-l)itrr, Na</li ^ilacar ] shnll [ imt h". c'liKjhi'i 
 
 PoTKXTIAI. M(.tOI). 
 
 iSlNC, k I'll'R. CIhla(;tatlli I xhonhJ^ uiuihl ov CDiihi 
 
 III' r a 11 f flit. 
 Ncg. riia ghlactadii , I fdloiihWfr.^ ind he. 
 
 '•tii(i///f, 
 Inter. An .^lactadh I ]\'<>//l'/, (y«'., / /"; 
 
 I'dllijllt / 
 
 N>''j.I-ii(i'r. Nach Lrlartadli \ W'niilil, tj'c'., I nnt 
 
 hi ca/if/Iif ^ 
 
 ('OXl)iriONAI, MoDD. 
 
 P )'''.:<('.>) t yV/iS''. 
 
 8'N(t. il' Vlvu. M,! ilia i^'lac-ta, //' / If rxinjhf, o\ if 
 
 [ (UV C'liirjlif. 
 
 Neij. Mur 'cil '.^lacia, //* f hr rmnjhl. 
 
 Pasf Tense. 
 
 BiN'G. vV I'l.uji. Ma Lrlilat'adli //' / viWi' ra'i'/Jif, (»r if 
 
 / irn.-! ci I //■/// 1. 
 AV;/. .Mar i1m <;lila("iilii If I irrrr iiitl einnjlj 
 
 Second Pa!<( 7 
 
 cnse 
 
 blNG. A.: Vluk. >.'a-n ,L;la(:ladli /"/ J /(((<[ l>r( h ednijiiL 
 
 i 
 
 N>q. Mm -iactadll 'f lll-i'l i>r,f A. 
 
 ■tl) '.''.UC. 
 
 'lit. 
 
if 
 
 l.tVMof.DCY. 
 
 01 
 
 S.Ni,. ,V, l-Lui. M., :.-l.la.^u- .;/• I •■/'■'" ">■ "■■■" '"' 
 
 A-,,-. Muv-l,u'!u'.'. .'..'.'>■ f--!i-" or .HI ..nt hn 
 
 SuH.irNcT'vr. MixH}. 
 ]^rr.<>']if Tcusr. 
 
 SiN<;.^:r..ru. r;.,l,lH.il ^arU,fhnt Imnnn,,hf 
 
 iWv. Na<',h 'til !-;la('l!V, /Aa^ /(/'/^ "^^ rowj/if.. 
 
 PdKt Ten^e. 
 SiNO. & ri.nt. Cln-u.lo Khla..ah ,//»'/ / 'ra.cnyht. 
 
 Ar,J. >-:,rl, .1.. -lllacadh ,//"/' /""•^' «"'' 
 
 .SVro/n/ Pci'^f Tense. 
 8,N0. >tri.t-u. (!u-ngla.:la,lh , 0,.f I /,-' '"'•«■ 
 
 A' ;,. Xa.-lL gla,aaa\,'.'.'."^.'. ''"'' ' /'■"' ""' '-'" """■'''''• 
 ,Y.;/.Na.'l,,,krav., '.'.'! ',"'/../ / ./.-f' m' -//^ »""- 
 
 <'tn/i//'t. 
 
 m. Cn,;>"jnii.» of', l-r/. >nih n Labial initial 
 'w>\ <i small' final vowel' 
 
 Regular Ver])^Bri3, break-AclAve Voice^ 
 
 I.MPKKATIVK M0<JD. 
 rrcscttt '/('US'". 
 SiN... 1. r.ri .am, I'. Tai., :'. I'.n-a.lli ■ , 
 ,.,,,;. 1. I'aa-a.nal.l ;,'. I'aa'la,, •<. la.-.ai. l.l. 
 
 of 
 
 
c: 
 
 f/AEI-lC CLASo-DOOK* 
 
 ♦ N 
 
 Tntinitivf, Mood. 
 
 Vrr.^riif^ r.ri.-t'adli. i>. 1, ;//. {-C'DI _^/, ), hi'iixhhirj^ art 
 I.NDIC VTlNi: MoOJ). 
 
 ^resent i cusc. 
 
 7\Frii;M. Till 'bri.sciKlIi, I ((in hnalciiKj, Ihrmlx. 
 
 Nki>. Chii-ii 't il 'hriscailji, I aiii not hrctililnj, 
 
 1nti;|{. Am lilu.'il 'itri.-cadli i Am I (ircKL-iini ? 
 
 Xeg.-Intmu. Xacli 'cil 'l.)ii.sc ulli ? Do I not hrcah- ? 
 
 J'ast Tcnfic. Future Tense, 
 
 /Vri'iitM. r.liris Ih-isidli 
 
 Xixi. CIki (1(» Miris <,'lia Miris 
 
 Imi;|{. All <1() lilni,; ? Am l>ris t 
 
 -XiXt.-l:s'n.i{. ^•'a('ll (li»l)ljri.s ? y.MAi l»i.s ] 
 
 roTllNTIAI. Mool). 
 
 I\isi Tense 
 
 Affiiim. S. i. IMiiisiiHi, 2. t^: W. Miriscadh 
 
 1*. ]. Iilinscamaid, L'. i^: .'^. l.'Iirisradli 
 
 Xkg, Clia Idirisiiiii. 
 Intkk. Am luisiiiu ? 
 .Ni:(i.-lNTF:i{. Nach l>risimr? 
 
 (,'o\i)rTj<»x,si, Mo()r>, 
 
 I^rescnl Teusi . 
 
 Affihm, Ma tlia 'l)ii-(Mi]]\ 
 
 ^VAu Mur '<il 'Idiscadli ^lur (lo liliri.s. 
 
 Piisl 7'r)isr,. 
 da liliris 
 
 SecoiKt J'dst Tci 
 
 ise. 
 
 Fufuvc Tense. 
 
 AiFuni. Na-ii! In'isinii. 
 
 N 
 
 It: 
 
 M 
 
 111 I'M-lllIi 
 
 ^la Ithrisca.' 
 Mm- I iris... 
 
 
 Srrjjr.NCTiVF Moud. 
 
 I'K-.'lnl '/' 
 
 I 
 
 ll<l 1 ^.llS^. 
 
 \i I ii!\|. y»\\ Mnil 'Iiiiscadli. Cu II '^1 liliris 
 
 IS'lg, JSach'il 'bii.^L'udh. Xacli do idiri^ 
 
 -* » 
 
F;rYM'»i-tK'.Y. 
 
 03 
 
 Sf^nnnd Pnst Tfiisc. 
 AvFliiM. (lu-m l>ri->inn. 
 
 r.\uri'iri,Ks 
 
 Futitre. Tense. 
 
 (In-ni bvis 
 
 \;ich l'ri>'- 
 
 y »(/.,•/, JU'islo 
 
 Present, a' Lrisoadli 
 
 §G7. Regular Verb -Bris, break-Passive Yoke. 
 
 Tresent, Affium. lUisU-ar , Xno. Xa brisiour 
 
 1ndi(.:ativh Mood. 
 
 . rr , Pa.<t Tense. 
 
 Present lense. / »• i ^ 
 
 Affirm. iha...i)ii-'i''-' ^ , ^^ ■ ^^ 
 
 n'o. (-■l.vn '..il...l.n.st... ClK.a,. .l.v.s,.a. 1... 
 
 N,risT.u. NachV,il...bnst,.1 N..l> .lo l,liri....ah... I 
 
 Futurf^ Tense. 
 
 Affirm. IWis^'av 
 
 Xku. rba bliiisear 
 
 Intkr. Am l»ris»'ar '? 
 
 Tsku.-Intkr. N;icb l.ii-var 'i 
 
 roTKNTlAI. M'>")i). 
 
 J^tLSt T(llSi'. 
 
 Aff'.u^i. r.'iri^ti ;ulli 
 
 ^vx). Clia l)br)>l.";'Mb 
 
 IsT.Mi. Am ■n-isiea-lh I 
 
 >;i:o.-lNTi:ii. N-'b lu'ish'adii < 
 
 Present 1 ense. 
 . , AT . tlv, briste Ma bbiiscadh 
 
-I , 
 
 •4 •>' . 
 
 04 G\PA.IC i.'LArt.S-nOOK. 
 
 Scroml Past Tonar.. Future Tf.mf:. 
 
 Affiiim. Nam hristoadh Ma bhiisear 
 
 ^[\v,. Mur bri.<t< .j<lh Miir hri.M'ar 
 
 ^M;;i.jL'N(JTiVE Mood. 
 
 Present 7V;<.sv. Punt Tense. 
 
 ArrntM. (lu Mu-il . ...l»rist<'. (iii-ii do bhriscadh 
 
 Kkcj. Xacli Nil l)i'i.st(3. Nacli do Ijlirisoadh 
 
 Second Past Tcnae. Future Teniae. 
 
 Affikm. (Jii-iii bi'istoadh CJii-ni briscar 
 
 ^ivx\, Xacli l)ri«teadli Xacli brisear 
 
 §08 Note OH ihc Infinitive Passive. 
 
 The Iiithiitlt'c Pafixlne has sovt-ral f'orin.s, but tlieso 
 may bo rediicid to two classL's ; viz. tbo Inliintive of 
 Turposu or Iiitoiit, and tlio Inlinitive of Simple 
 Futurity. The. foi'iner is siguifiod by a number of 
 |>ve])08itious and couibinations, aw : 
 
 ri blii air a s^^'riobbadh, /o Jut written. 
 air son s;^'ri()l)haidb, to t>e irrlttcii. 
 *^\\ blii air a s^riobliadb, to he written. 
 ^ni blii sgriobhta, to he written. 
 
 Tlic Infinitive of Sinqde Futurity lias only one 
 (nnu, coniposcd of tlie Infinitive of tlu; verb Jii an»l 
 tii(^ /'(/.s7 Par/irip/n Adirt' ; as, a blii S!{ri<d>bta, tn Im) 
 irritten, a bbi gluita, to f>e Cdiijld, a blii l»ri.st«', tit t>e 
 bruli'eu. 
 
 >" 
 
 ^JK 
 
 ISK XXIII. 
 
 1. Clia ,uhl;!.o mi e an diu^di. fllac a' lucli sin, 
 Cha do bhris e a' i»lira. IJliiis a' cbl.ich an uinneajj;. 
 iMur do bliris so (i"t Lrun I'liios is tu is eoii-each. C 
 
 o 
 
 bl 
 
 M'ls a e 
 
 Idi 
 
 us.irii < C'ba do bill is mia' e. Nacli do 
 
 ghlac iad an gaduiciie ] Cba do ghlae, ni mo a gblaeas. 
 Is'acli glacainn «' / Cha ghlaca«lli. Naeh brisinii an 
 ijloin le auu buille '\ Cia t'hada a bhriaeus sibh lUQ 
 
>: 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 G5 
 
 clii'iilho 1«; ])ii!»tliraibh? IVisidh mi s^oa nn tur so. 
 Ihisidh do hIioIiis a mndi mar ii' mlcKluiiin. llrisihli 
 siias l)linr luaranii trcaldiaidli. 
 
 2. lie broki) the M'iiidow. He did not catoh tho 
 nioiiso. IC it were not Invikcn. Who ])roke tlie ink- 
 stand 1 II" h(! v.nw^ht (2iid Past,) him W(juld ho bivak 
 his logs and arms? \h\ will catch tho, ])oor man. Tln^y 
 watcho<l to catch* him in his spooch. 'J'hoy wcmld 
 catch tho deer if I wore with thorn. It' William were 
 thorc they would not break the costly lamps with so 
 little rebuke. 
 
 §69. CoiiJiiifKHon of a Verb with — 
 
 A Vowel Initial. F pure InitialU 
 
 Regular — Alp, enymft Fuin, bake — Verbs. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Imphrativk I\rooD. 
 Present Teme. 
 
 Affium. Alpam Fuinoam. 
 
 Neg. 2^a h-ali)ani Na I'uincam. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 Present, Alpadh, it. 1. m. (can, g.) Fuincadh, n. 1. m.X 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Affirm, T'na. . .'[( al[)adh. Thi 'fuincadh. X 
 
 Nwi. Chan V'il...'g alpadli? Cha-u 'oil... 'fuincadh. J 
 Inter. Am l)hcil...'g a]i)a(lh? Am l)iieil...'l'uineadh'?J 
 N^eg.-Intek. X:ich'cil.,.'galpadh? X;ich'cil...'iuincadh?^: 
 
 *Tho Inlinitive of purpose in the active voice is express- 
 ed by chum, and the Second Past or Future Subjunctive ; 
 sec note to §85, II. 42. 
 
 II y\n initial consonant is said to be pure when it is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, t More fre(juently Fuine, n. 6. /'. 
 
 ?■■ 
 
 h 
 
60 
 
 GAELIC CLxVSS-BOOK. 
 
 ■". ,4 . 
 
 
 . .li' ■■ 
 I' ■:■ 
 
 } '■- 
 
 ••K 
 
 ■ 1" I 
 
 ,» ... •,, 
 
 Pas/ Tenstf. 
 
 Affirm. Dli' al |) Ph' f huin 
 
 Neg. Child' alp Cha cV fhiiinu 
 
 Inter. And' al^) ? An d' fhiiinn ? 
 
 Neg. -Inter. Nach d' alp ? Nach d' I'huinu ? 
 
 Future Tense, 
 
 Affirm. Alpaidh Fuinidh 
 
 Neg. Ciia-n alp Cha-n fhuinn 
 
 Inter. An alp ? An fhuinn 1 
 
 ^eg.-Inter. Nacli alp 1 Nach fhuinn 1 
 
 Potential Mood. 
 Past Tense, 
 
 Affirm. T)h' alpainn. I)h' fhuininn. 
 
 Nm. Cha-n alpainn. Cha-n fhuininn. 
 
 Inter. An alpainn ? An fhuininn ? 
 
 Neg. -Inter. Xach alpainn ? Nach f huiniiml 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Affirm. Ma tha 'g alpadli. Ma tha Tuine 
 
 Nkg. Mur 'eil 'galpadh. Mur 'eil 'fuino. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Affirm. Ma dh' alp 
 
 'Neq. Mur d' alp 
 
 Second Past Tense. 
 
 Affirm. Xa-n alpainn. Xa-m fuininn. 
 
 Neg. Mur alpainn. Milr fuininn. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Affirm. Ma dh' alpas IMa dh' fhuincas. 
 
 Neg. Mur alp , o/- Mur fuin 
 
 Mur h-alp 
 
 Ma dli' fhuin, 
 Mur d' fhuin. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■i X 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 67 
 
 SURTUNCTIVE MoOD. 
 
 PreseiU Teme. 
 
 Affirm. Ou bhcil 'g alp:u!!i. Gii blicil 'fuine. 
 
 Neg. Mur 'eil 'g alpudh. Mur 'oil 'fuine. 
 
 Past Teniae. 
 
 Affirm. Gn-n cV ulp Ga-ii cV fhuin 
 
 Neq. Kach d' alp Nacli d' fhuin 
 
 Second Past Tense. 
 
 Affirm. Gu-n nlpainn. Gu-m fuinimi. 
 
 Neq. Kach alpaiiin. Nach fuiuinn. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 A FFIRM. G u-n alp G u-m f uiii 
 
 Neg. Nach alp Nach fuiii 
 
 PARnCIPLES, 
 
 Present. Ag alpadh. A' liiiiie or a' fuineadh. 
 
 Past. Alpta. Fuinto. 
 
 i:iecund Past. Air alpadh Air fuine or fuineadh. 
 
 jloxK. — Fi'om the analogy of the Active Voice the 
 student will be able to construct the Passive Voice of 
 these Verbs for himself. 
 
 §70. Verbs with Irregular In Unit ires, 
 
 1. Verbs ending in aich reject i before adding adh; 
 as, beannaieh, fdf^ss, beannachadh, n. 1. m. a biemiing. 
 
 2. Verbs in icll preceded hi/ a consonant, generally 
 change ich into each Ijefore adh ; as, aidich, cmifess, 
 aideachadli. 1. m. a eon/cssitm. ISome verbs, however, 
 rt-'jt-'ct the two correspondents ami insert a before rh ; 
 us, pairt, share, i)^rtachadh, 1. m. asharlmj dirisloiL 
 
 3. Some wvha reject the vowels which constitute 
 their final syllal)les, before adh ; as 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 > ■ 
 

 . '1 " 
 
 v 
 
 
 1; 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
 
 '■■^ 
 
 
 f* 
 
 
 
 4i 
 
 talk 
 
 .1/--V 
 
 WW- 
 
 •>4SJ' 
 
 #Ht 
 
 i I 
 
 1,. 
 
 G8 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 Infinittm. 
 
 amladh, 
 
 cagnadh. 
 
 aiiagladh. 
 
 bruidloadh. 
 
 caochladh. 
 
 c6bhradh. 
 
 cosnadh. 
 
 caomhnadh. 
 
 diobnulh, dlobairt. 
 
 diogladb. 
 
 diibladh. 
 
 f6gi'iidb. 
 
 f^ghiiadh. 
 
 Ibsgladh. 
 
 fiiasgludh.J 
 
 fiiagradh. 
 
 iiinsoadh. 
 
 iobradh. 
 
 iomradli. 
 
 liiisruadli. 
 
 inosgladh. 
 
 seachnadh. 
 
 toarnadh. 
 
 tuiniadb. 
 
 tionnsgaiii, ) i • j • f tiuiinsgnadh. 
 
 •1 > begin, devise, < .. ", i, 
 tionnsgaii, J ( tionnsgladli. 
 
 togair, incline, togradh. 
 
 tiuiirgin, distir-^i, tuairgneadh.* 
 
 Lnperathe. 
 
 
 A mail, 
 
 binder. 
 
 Cagiiinn, 
 
 cliew. 
 
 anagail. 
 
 ju'etect, 
 
 bruidil, 
 
 poke, 
 
 coachail, 
 
 cliange, 
 
 cobbair, 
 
 assist, 
 
 coisinn, 
 
 earn. 
 
 caoniliain, 
 
 spare, 
 
 diobair, 
 
 forsake. 
 
 diogail. 
 
 tickle. 
 
 d 11 bail. 
 
 double, 
 
 i'6gair. 
 
 exile, 
 
 fogbain, 
 
 sudice, 
 
 fosgaii, 
 
 opc^n. 
 
 fuasgail. 
 
 untie. 
 
 fuagair, 
 
 proclaim, 
 
 inais. 
 
 tell. 
 
 iobair, 
 
 sac ri lice. 
 
 ioniair. 
 
 row, 
 
 liiisir, 
 
 teein. 
 
 niosgjiil. 
 
 awake, 
 
 seachainn, 
 
 avoid. 
 
 teirinn. 
 
 descend, 
 
 team inn. 
 
 save, 
 
 'O* 
 
 4. ^fanv otlier Inlinitives are formed too irregular- 
 
 * Tlie imperative of these verbs (except in 2nd pers. 
 sing.), and the parts formed from it, are contraeted like their 
 infinitive; as, togradii e, i; tograniaid, tograibh, togradh 
 ind; thograinn, thogradh tu, e, iad ; thogramaid, &c. — This 
 list and note arc from Munro. 
 
 «* 
 
 ■ ' if 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 r.*' 
 
 
 xr- 
 
 ell* 
 bis 
 
 ly to ho roflnrotl to rnlo, so avo f,MVO an ali»liaWtiral list 
 of those of most freqiunit occurrenco. 
 
 LIST' OF IIMIEGULAK INFlNITlVluS. 
 
 Ln Iterative. 
 Ahair, 
 Acain, 
 Affair, 
 Aithris, 
 Xireamh, 
 Aisig, 
 Anihairc, 
 
 say, 
 
 coir.piain, 
 
 claim, 
 
 relate, 
 
 nuuibor, 
 
 restore, 
 
 look, 
 
 Amais, eirmis, ti«(l, hit, 
 
 At, 
 Ikgair, 
 
 P>ean, 
 
 ]5eir, 
 
 Bene, 
 
 P>\<1, Wy, 
 
 ]llaiR, 
 
 J^lcith, 
 
 lUeojjjhain, 
 
 liruich, II 
 
 r.ruclul, 
 
 liiiin, 
 
 Jiiiail, 
 
 Hiiain, ivap, 
 
 r.uaiiaich, 7?. ^ain, 
 
 r>uaehaillicii, herd. 
 
 swell, 
 threaten, 
 
 touch, 
 
 hear, 
 
 roar, 
 
 chirp, 
 
 taste, 
 
 fjrind, 
 
 milk, 
 
 hoil, 
 
 hehih, 
 
 ihial with, 
 
 strike. 
 
 liiiir, 
 
 Bui rich, 
 
 (Jaill, 
 
 Caidil, 
 
 Caith, 
 
 Caisd, 
 
 Can, 
 
 l)ellov/, 
 
 l08l>, 
 
 sle.ep, 
 wear, 
 listen. 
 
 liijlniin-e. 
 radii*, raite, rudUainu 
 acain 
 ao'airt 
 aithris 
 uireamli 
 aiseag 
 am hare 
 amas, eirmeas 
 at 
 
 hagairt 
 i heantainn, heantail, 
 ( heanailt 
 
 heirsinn, beircilt, hrcith 
 heucaich, heucail 
 hidil, higil 
 hlasad 
 hleith 
 hleoghan 
 l)ruich 
 hriichdail 
 huntuinn 
 huahulh 
 huain 
 huaiuichd 
 Imachailloaclul 
 hiiirieh 
 hiirach * 
 call 
 cadal 
 
 eaitheandi 
 caisdeaclu\ 
 cantainn 
 
 ■SI 
 
 ■ , ■■1 1 
 
 S!'! 
 
'0 
 
 OAiaiC CT-\S»-HO<)K. 
 
 I)iipP)'(lf>f'C. 
 
 (.'M.'^,L,':iir, 
 
 <'.■(••;, ill 
 
 v;\iriiii.sii 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 aiiK'iif, 
 
 sh 
 
 < -araicli, !ii<'ii<.l, 
 
 ('i.'angail, tic, 
 
 (/(•il, conceal, 
 
 ClllM, gi'ow, 
 
 {'k'achtl, R aecuriUnw, 
 
 ("laist, hearken, 
 
 (-■leasaieli, .sport, 
 
 ('ol)hair, help, 
 
 C'oini}u'a<l, look, 
 
 Coimhid, . (thserve, 
 
 < V»isieh, walk, 
 
 Coisinn, earn, 
 
 Cosd, cosg, exjiend, 
 Cru^jjair, liandle awkwardl 
 
 (J reach, It rol), 
 
 (/roid, ]>elievc, 
 
 Ciini, keep, 
 
 ('luinn, h(!ar, 
 
 Cuir, ])ut, place, 
 
 J)<'an, R d(t, 
 Deoidiail, 
 hini, n 
 
 snek, 
 I Mnl, A' pay, 
 
 ninlijiaii'. Vomit,, 
 
 ]tr(i<( «:i. 
 
 laiiin, R injin-e, 
 
 Kin, 
 
 J)o(l 
 
 I) 
 I) 
 i) 
 
 oiri 
 
 riii<j;l) 
 iiin. 
 
 3) 
 
 )urai 
 
 Karl), 
 Eirieh 
 
 Ei«d. 
 
 h» 
 
 Spill, 
 
 ])enetrat(^ 
 
 '<llUi, 
 
 iwake, 
 
 (^'sire, 
 
 tiast, 
 
 rise, 
 
 hear. 
 
 Inlhiitirc. 
 cnsgairt 
 <'ai)i<lit 
 
 caranih, earadh 
 Ci-^anf_^ai 
 
 ceiltinn, ceiltoadh, cleith. 
 cinntinn 
 eleaeliduini^. 
 claisiinn, elai^sdeaelid 
 ck'asaehd 
 cohhair, ('«d»hradli 
 coinjhead 
 coinihead 
 coiseaehd 
 cosiiudh 
 cosd, cosg 
 y,eiagairt 
 c reach 
 ere id si nil 
 cuinail 
 
 clninntinn, cluinnleil 
 cur 
 
 deaiianili, 
 (h'o'.dial 
 
 (iloi 
 
 dioMiaii't. 
 
 dioii 
 
 docl 
 
 d(>rtadl 
 
 diu^hadli 
 
 (iiina<i)i 
 
 dllsi'adh 
 
 lanii 
 
 ill 
 
 d 
 (^"ira( 
 
 eiii 
 
 i 
 
 hd; 
 
 l)S,ldl 
 
 t'irigh 
 tii sdeaehd 
 
 iinii 
 
 \4 
 
r.T\'MOLOf.V. 
 
 Tl 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 y ad hair, teini»oT, 
 
 yaic, K<'^N 
 
 Fai<,di, rocriv'-'; 
 
 Fal'bli, t^o, 
 
 Falaii'-b, 1»i'b', 
 
 I,'ll)iiftV'\ 
 
 Fail, 
 
 wailj 
 
 Fjih, Kro^v, 
 
 Fi'ith, wait, 
 
 Ft'ucli, hyuk, 
 
 Foj^air, ])ani8li, 
 
 F()<,'li-'.in, Hullico, 
 
 Figh, 11 weave, 
 
 F»)ir, assist, 
 
 Frca<,'air, answer, 
 
 Fos<^'ail, ojicn, 
 Fiiai«'h, 
 
 sew, 
 
 on,;^' 
 
 Fuili.tj;,fuilin<^, «" r, 
 
 Fniricli, rttay, 
 
 Gal)h, takf, 
 
 <;air, livn^'l), 
 
 (Jairiii, /»'. <'ivll, 
 
 (b'all, Ji. promise, 
 
 Uenrain, eoinplaii^ 
 
 (Hill, /^ yi»"ltl, 
 
 <Jt.'um, l"Nv, 
 
 <;in, L'i«»n, Ikl^n^I. j-i-.h] 
 
 ';1,(«h1)i, rrv ;vl n!<l, 
 
 (Jiuis, 5i»"V!', 
 
 <„li'L as, 
 
 
 lui.iUu, 
 
 fiitlliairt 
 fa.i^'ail 
 J':iieiuu 
 fai'^hiiin, fai;4lK'il, faotainn 
 
 U)A\ 
 
 ialach 
 
 ( tantainiK t;niiail, {'anaill, 
 
 'I i.iiiat;h(l,-aiim 
 
 las 
 
 fcilbeaiiili 
 
 iVii('h;unn 
 
 itv^lmadh, r«>i;]niaeii<laiiii\ 
 
 li^d\e 
 
 l^)irinn 
 
 frrai^airi 
 
 i'.,si;la«lh 
 
 fnai.Ljla-al, rnn;.^hai. 
 
 {■nlan:4 
 
 luiriia^h 
 
 <^al)l>ail 
 
 gairoucluliiifl; 
 
 {^ainii 
 
 ^'caUuiun 
 
 gearaii 
 
 «,'«'illtiim, j^i'illrarlid.tiiin 
 
 ;j;/>uiiiraicii, m'Miinnairh 
 ( -intinn, j^i.>n1ui\»\« 
 '^' '"' I <4i(>ninlini»ni 
 
 Ll.ii'dhiiicli, ach 
 
 .„lUM'^ld 
 
 "( .11 -mil 
 
 :'o';:dl 
 
 ■'lotu-ail 
 
G.\ 
 
 V.UC CLA;vS-BOr)\v. 
 
 /llll>' l"fil'''- 
 
 r.nil, 
 
 ];itli, If. 
 lar, 
 
 Iiiili'h, 
 l(iiiirai"n>. 
 Joinain, 
 loinair, 
 
 iuiulri;-^, 
 
 loiiiulraiu, 
 
 l.aMiair, 
 
 Lai*lh, 
 
 Lean, 
 
 L'UUl, 
 
 T.iiiltliair, 
 
 T.ouiair, 
 
 MiV-;air, 
 
 >! lir, 
 
 Maivairli, 
 
 .Meal, 
 
 ^[ras, /i. 
 
 Minn, 
 
 Xai^-, 
 
 t Oiili.-, 
 
 • •aii'llu' 
 
 iiiii 
 
 iarraidh 
 
 ii.i<'A<'lul 
 
 iinlieli 
 
 ioHii'a'n^ 
 
 ioHiau 
 
 ioiiiaiit' 
 
 ionnlail 
 
 f inn<lri;^niin, unuinmi> 
 "I iiindrcuehiluiun. 
 
 innstatlh 
 i(.iin<lrain, ioiiiulrau 
 
 lablpiii't 
 laidh'! 
 (Muv, leiLd*'"as 
 
 l\'ll, Hii-mW »l'i\vn,l<'a;^ail 
 
 ^ (Irantaiuu, IranaiU , leaiunh 
 
 i*'H"\v, y iiiiiii, leantail 
 
 ( l>'uni. l/'umraiuli, Iniin trb 
 
 pray, 
 
 A\ i-ep, 
 
 ^n<:il•^•^^ 
 ask, 
 
 li.k, 
 
 mention, 
 
 dvivc, 
 vield, 
 
 ^va^h, 
 
 enter, 
 
 tell, 
 ivdss, 
 speak 
 li(! down, 
 
 Imp, 
 
 drlivcV, 
 
 dill, shear, 
 
 crawl, 
 
 last, 
 
 rid'', 
 
 ejij"y, 
 
 (■stin\at'', 
 
 1 M i 1 1 '.:• ' , 
 
 hiiul, j"in, 
 
 wash, 
 
 Viinnt . 
 
 diiid-;, 
 
 I aieh 
 liuhhairb 
 IdUiairt 
 mai^airt 
 
 iiiair.^inn, uiair^arhd 
 111 irrahd 
 jiicalluinn 
 meas 
 niiin 
 iias^adh 
 ni-;h.' 
 oirli- 
 -.1 
 
 *(' « 
 
'fc,lt»OLOGt 
 
 7^ 
 
 YiW, Ji 
 liaiJ, 
 
 :i:uiik, 
 
 Siiltair, 
 
 tSfali, 
 
 81'inH, 
 
 S-al, 
 
 Sj^aiii, 
 
 Si^ar, R. 
 
 S-aU.,K. 
 
 So-.,ilt,, 
 
 Htii-ios, 
 
 S-uir, 
 
 Siaii, 
 
 ^^i^l])hail, 
 iSuiiit, /»*- 
 Sniiiiili, 
 vSiiiiiiiili, 
 Sranii, 
 Stivaj), R 
 Suidh, 
 TaVtliair, 
 1\i('hvais, 
 railiairj 
 'I'a^air, 
 Ta-liail, 
 'lais-, II 
 Talaidli, 
 
 I .iniiiii'J, 
 
 rt'turn, 
 l^)au4,, 
 
 it lar, 
 
 niii, 
 
 ■^ram]>l^o 
 
 tliijik, 
 
 stand, 
 
 s(!rcair!, 
 
 -call aloud, 
 
 scpiU'aU', 
 
 lop, 
 
 >plil, 
 
 ^If.stroy, 
 
 <lrsist, 
 
 ,sliri("k, yell, 
 
 strain, liltcr, 
 
 tia.v'.'i, 
 
 snitr, 
 
 s\vini, 
 
 snin, 
 
 rsnotc, 
 
 <'linil>. 
 
 AL 
 
 wind, 
 
 in<'t't. 
 
 ]>l«'ad, 
 
 \i.-it, 
 
 lay up, 
 
 oavi'ss, tanns 
 
 ntlrr, 
 
 dl tNN. 
 
 du', laii. 
 
 ^nlllinn 
 ?iln.ci:aTiiW<di 
 
 riiP.aKi'. 
 
 rni'j;,--iru, t v: i,i,'V'?. villi 
 
 r>iith 
 
 saltaitt 
 
 saoils.il in 
 
 pcalltuinR. 
 
 soa^anili 
 
 st'inn 
 
 F.i,'aiartai(d! 
 
 s;^-ara«'lidainK: 
 
 ;<^olt<ldii 
 
 S'Tiof? 
 
 f4anail 
 sioladlt 
 
 siuldl.!] 
 
 suiulaii 
 
 ^n.'md! 
 
 ■..,uio'.ii?'i 
 
 ,<vannail 
 
 sJ'.p'ap, sl-i^-iip^ur. 
 
 sllidh ' 
 
 ta,l)iiaiil 
 
 tarliras 
 
 tarliaii'l. 
 
 taiiairt. 
 
 t;i,L^lial 
 
 ta>;;j;aitlli 
 
 lid.i'lli 
 
 lauV'-^''-'*^'^' 
 tari'uin-^' 
 
 tr.isd 
 
n 
 
 o;ai:t.ic ( LA^^-i^x^r. 
 
 'I 
 I, 
 
 Tc;iini<t;iitlh, ) y^ 
 
 riuiiU'lii'lii I 
 T<'Mii:rl,ti 'ivai.l,j./;iti\f!:, 
 
 Xt'iri'', wear oirt, 
 
 *'urn. 
 
 IVani. li. 
 
 ToiaiKii"^', 
 
 TrialK 
 
 Tiurlin,:;, 
 Tuir, U 
 Tuit. 
 
 tliVi»\V„ 
 
 lift, 
 iiu'liii'\ 
 
 fnrsaki',. 
 \unrch, 
 
 ianu'iit, 
 
 fall, 
 
 unil'Mrstancf, 
 
 Iiijtnltiif:- 
 V'awiii-L^iu 
 
 '^(Mun.lailh, ticiaula.U.. 
 
 '.•■a!!al, tiopal 
 J)r'ir<;snui, Uareadulainii 
 
 ta^'liinn,t43aGlul,tiglu!aclvcS 
 
 til>:t-il 
 
 to.uail 
 
 ^(i^airt, U)gratlh 
 
 iniiiiui.s 
 
 trialL 
 
 tuiriin.LT, 
 iiirsadi), 
 tuitoaiu 
 tuigeil 
 
 pl. IKUKC^rLAR VERr^'. 
 
 'Ilirff an' U'H IrYc-iiIar Vt r1>> : I. Al>air, s<i>i\ )yrn',\; 
 1'. I'M'ir, ^^' f. '■,/"'/'".'/ /'•"■' ^'•■" •*'• < 'li.iun, A'^</-,- i J^'aK., 
 f"/-'. nnih ; fv. V'Air.'.^rr: (i. Fai-li. .'/'V ; 7. l:arli, y'^ ^\- 
 Un\^,rr'0-h; 1>. TI'A-, '•"/'-■ ; I'V Tli'.ir, f//'-' . ( M" tli.-^c 
 7:r ^iv> till' Iu.Ur;it:v^' u:a>l r'-ttutial MhmIs v^itli 'he 
 ranicipl^-s, from wliicli thr otiwr parts may lu- fortn.-il. 
 fn this taM*' th«- stutlrui inu4. siii.j»ly tlv r;t.vtiek'rf 
 Ml Mh' Ncu'atJvf ai;<l liUt iH'o'_Mt re t'nvnw. 
 
 A' tjm: V()[«'i: 1m>i< aiivk N?<m»|). 
 Past Tcnsr. Futur" 'Imyr.^ 
 
 AtVu'i,:. Xc'j.C)' liiiiV. Aiiirn'. A'-y. yj' ////<■/'. 
 
 L 'nni'>h:viit:t (luhhairt tlicir 
 
 aliair. 
 
 * Vv'\y air n\v:m< to f^cize ; :is, ru;,' ('• oriu, hr .^ciird w.f- 
 XThubliuirl iwA aubliuirt iuc :tL^o wnttyutluiirt aivl auiit. 
 
'i.T^ M''l II (TV. 
 
 7 *';.»■/ 'J't'ii^r. 
 
 i-'ulllli 7^ //>'<*. 
 
 Affir/n. 
 
 i.V''7. ..V //-,/<•/' 
 
 Alt' rill.. 
 
 A'''>f. cV Infer, 
 
 2 liu^ 
 
 • 1' ni'.!; 
 
 iii'iritlli 
 
 hvW} 
 
 3. ("hiiRa>>, 
 
 '-.u ihr 
 
 < I'uiiinidL 
 
 •] liiiii.- 
 
 1. Kiiiii 
 
 <r ritiu 
 
 )i« 
 
 'l';!;i 
 
 T). Clniniiaic 
 
 WV'U^ 
 
 ri,i 
 
 r.ilr.' 
 
 C). Fliu.iir 
 
 iV n.'Mair 
 
 -li-i])l: 
 
 t'ii-li.- 
 
 7. ClKiidli 
 
 <'l-';i''l!:M'!h 
 
 • ii'-iil 
 
 •;.;.!. 
 
 S. liriiiii'j. mi 
 
 ^^ .V r 'ill' / 
 
 r'i;_-i:n; 
 
 IMi^'. 
 
 9. 'I'liaiiiij^' 
 
 ri' t!. \'! !■• 
 
 . ! 1 . '^ 
 
 tiy. 
 
 iO. TliU.u' 
 
 '\'\''\ni: 
 
 lili'ir 
 
 ^;ir. 
 
 1. Tliviihiin 
 1*. lilu'iriini 
 
 A'^ '/. .V /.' !'::■ 
 
 A' ''/. (/ J'^^ /. Ajj'rn.. 
 
 alHiiuii. C). (jliciltliinu I'aiiiliinu.'^ 
 
 'bfiiiiiii.^ 7. KciclKuiiit r.u'liiiiui. 
 
 3. Chluinninii ..'luiiiniim." H. l*ti:iiguai luii^nin. 
 
 4. I)h(.'.;ir;iiim il'-aiiuinn. 1^ Thi-inn ti,L,'iiiK. 
 
 f). Ciiithiiu). jai'.iim.' 10. lUi-irinii tuirinii,tiiv;aiiiiL 
 
 rAUTK'lPl.r.S. 
 
 (>. A' faotaiiiL 
 7. AMmI 
 f\ A' niiLTsim' 
 \K A' t'M.h*'. 
 "10. A I'iit 
 
 c). ]''ai(jte. 
 
 1. A;^' radh 
 
 2. A' "l.n ith 
 
 :\. A' rliiiiiinini) 
 4. A' (li-anaiub 
 [t. A' lUiciiiJi 
 
 4. I)..'.'.!. la 
 T\w S.MMinl Pas\ ranii'ii>'K' Ml' th<.* ^..tlit'rs— fDTiiKM} 
 '*.y juariiiii air lu l^iv ili-,.')' Intiii.itivcs givt.';i in s^TO— ;>: 
 lit'd iiistt-ail ..,'' till' ra:>t rarlicipiL. 
 
 §7l>. IMa-KCTlVK VKKBS 
 1. Is mi, /.//.'., '/ '••^- /• __^ 
 
<t> 
 
 i..\r:T,f<; class-ik/ok 
 
 Affikm. Is \l\y 
 
 yii'M. (ha ( "Iia l>u 
 
 Xntkii. 1. Am lai? Ai»- ^ Am bu '■ 
 
 2vi';i;.-J.Fii:!;. Xaciv ^»;u li hb; ? 
 
 ( MXhll InN.VI, M(>(»1^ 
 
 Pr>'xe,d Tet.sr. .^ >',,}„! Pihf Tymc... 
 
 AFFiitM. Ma 's Nam l-u 
 
 NiMi. Mm- Mill' I m 
 
 fe'uitrr N( TTVK M«.)or>. 
 
 Affikm. (iur 
 
 Neg. Xacli. 
 
 J*«tyl Teller 
 
 Uu-iii \)\l 
 
 ^rach hu' 
 
 I'AftTK'lI'JJ'i 
 
 Presrnf, A' mis ((;(»ntr;ic-tod into *.s ) 
 
 XoTi-js. — 1. Mi is rts]iiint*-(l (lulii) after l-it and clur. 
 Cha Iji'L'cjmcrf rlta-ii and ]>u Ix^comc /•' }>ft"oitj ij vowel 
 yoiind. 
 
 2, ITit^ Past Iiidicativo serves as the Past Potential 
 of /.s' ; as, bu tiua^'h i\o eltor, yuiu staie woidd be mis- 
 erable. 
 
 .'>. The iVcsfiit T*arti('i]>ir nf /s, foji.-wod by an in- 
 finitive (iT livM'iit l'arti'ii>li', is tiahslated l-y a Prv.si'iit: 
 i'artieii'ie , a 
 
 , <i.-, 
 
 1' 
 M(»(,]i 
 
 ul 
 
 1 s mi '_f «iniin s a niUadiiinn 
 
 liadi 
 
 
 'b.iial; 
 
 \ mi ']i lonan 
 
 JiisiiiL,^ i;arly in the morning, 
 1 lieanl tlie pnitthn; 
 
 Aw oladli tti (teoc-h 's tu d' ruitl>. 
 (/ould VdU drinlv a dr.tuj^^lit running. 
 
 -. Faod (oi teud) iivifj, fonii-i its Pa.st an<I Futuio 
 
F,TYM()[/)(JV. 
 
 77 
 
 Iii(li('i\tiv(», T'onditioiml and Sn^jinictivc and Vast 
 rcjtcntial iv,i,Mdarly. It lias also llic smni' tenses in tho 
 Passive Vdicc, Avhicli an.' ahv;iy>, used imprrsonally 
 (see §71). 
 
 •'». Feum (<"'r liiiiii'), hiii.<f, has llio same ])arts as 
 faoil. 
 
 4. Orsa (or arsa), saliJ, q/oifh, is used in tlie Tast 
 Indiciitivo alone, thus : 
 
 Sing. 1. Orsa niise ]^i,lij. 1, Orsa sinnc 
 
 2. Orsa thusa 2. Orsa sihhse 
 
 '^. Orsa (' :\. Orsa iadsan 
 
 r». 'I'lie I'olluwin^j; liavf oidy the Imperative Mood, 
 Second IN'rsun .Singular and Plurah 
 
 Si NO. Pluh. 
 
 Fe.ueli Id, hhold Fmehaibh 
 
 Siutliail pvovccd, sfi}/ awny Siutha<laibh 
 
 Tiugainn come ahnxj, Tiu^'ainnibh 
 
 Truthad come JiitJtar, Trothadaibh 
 
 0. Some Vci'b.^; liav(^ Ix'conie oli.solete, leaving 
 noihing but tb.cir intinitived; us, claistcachxl, claistinn, 
 tLearhiijj from elaist. 
 
 §7:1 OOMToSm-: VKKTmS. 
 Is, in all its jiarts, uiiitcs willi a noun or adjective 
 rind a prepositional pronoun to l^mi a Comiiosite 
 Verb. 
 
 Ciiir, cum, gabh, bi, leig, thoir, an<l some others, 
 
 also lorm idiojtiatic phrases with nouns and prepo 
 .sitions. 
 
 The followin;^' are exiunples of eompositc verbs: 
 
 Is jt.bhaisi, dhoTuh or Icam, I am \V(;nt, accustitmed. 
 
 Is a,'^' l.'am, I doubt. 
 
 Js aithiu' dlionih, I am acqu anted \\itli. 
 
 is beo dliomh, I live. 
 
I. 
 
 i 
 
 78 9 km AC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 Is (;6ir dliomh, I ought. 
 
 Is coma loam, 1 do not care, I do not like. 
 
 Is ciiiiuhiic Irain, I roineinber. 
 
 Is dioiii It'aiii, 1 am williiij,'. 
 
 Is duilii.'li Icam, I regret. 
 
 Is ii-M'v loam, I i»rc'tV'r. 
 
 Is iV-arr dlmmli, I had hetter. 
 
 Is Ix'ai,' i»rm, 1 dislike. 
 
 Is lu^'ha (»rm, I have greater dislike for. 
 
 Id mo agani, I prefer, have greatiu* esteem 
 
 for. 
 
 Is ne6mieh learn, I think (it) stmngo, I 
 
 wonder. 
 
 Is beag learn, I think (it) small. 
 
 la m6r learn, 1 think great. 
 
 Id toigh learn, 1 love. 
 
 Is t'ada learn, I think long. 
 
 Is Ijeinn leani, I think melodious. 
 
 Is cruaidh learn, 1 think hanL 
 
 ( luir as, extinguish. 
 
 Cuir an aghaidh, oppose. 
 
 Cuir air chois, institute. 
 
 ( hiir doehas, hope, trust* 
 
 Cuir an ('('ill, declaro. 
 
 ( 'iim air d'ai.s, hold back. 
 
 Cum agad, hold, hold fast. 
 
 (rabh suas, us<jend. 
 
 (iabh ort, j)retend. 
 
 Leig dhiat,. ilesist. 
 
 I.eig le, let alone. 
 
 Thoir air, persuade, compel. 
 
 Thoir feiiaj, yield, deliver. 
 
 J74. IMPEKSOXAL VERBS. 
 
 The Tassive Voice is often used in Gaelic without 
 
 a .Nominative, f. «., imperaonally. This form adds 
 
 .V 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 70 
 
 nniiiiiition to iiarraiivo, tlic Future I'lissivo ln'ing used 
 for till! Ili.sli.rical rrcscut ol' ."Mu r l;inuui<k'i's. 
 
 ;iu 
 
 TIIK Al)Vi:iJlJ. 
 
 §7'), An A(lvt'rl) is u word \vlii(;li modifit's tlic 
 lucaniii^' ot a vi'rl», adjcMtive or ai oilier adverb or ad- 
 ver])ial pliraso. 
 
 §7G. Adverbs are of two clas.ses : Simple and 
 Com poll ml. 
 
 A Simj)le Ailccrh i« au adverb of one word ; as, 
 ainmic, aeldom; bhos, on thisttUle; cia, liuic ; eioiiiius, 
 afle>' what manner. 
 
 A Onnpouml Advcrh is an adverb consisting of two 
 words ; as, gii bronacb, tion'owfnllij ; gu b-olc, badly ; 
 am foasd,/cr ever. 
 
 A compound adverb may l)o formed from any 
 adjective by preiixing the prej)osition gu (equivalent to 
 the I<'ngli.sh postfix -///); as, gu dona, hadlij ; gu peacach, 
 s'nifnllij. 
 
 An adverbial phrase is a phrasci liaving an adverbial 
 signification and consisting of nior»^ than two words; 
 us, a h-uilc iiair, cccnj time; cho luath agus, t/6* won us. 
 
 <♦> 
 
 TIIK riiErnsniox. 
 
 §77. A I'repitsition is a word placed before a noun 
 or pronoun to .show its relation to some other word or 
 phrase in a sentence. 
 
 § 78. Prepositions are of two classes : Simple and 
 Co/iipoiui'l. 
 
 A Simple Prei»osition is a preposition consisting of 
 one word. 
 
 •J'. 
 
 ';!.<lL 
 
n 
 
 i^M 
 
 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i. ■ 
 
 ' *• 
 
 80 
 
 GAELIC CLASS-BOOK. 
 
 LIST OF SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS 
 
 A, as, nnf, out of. Gun, wifhc ,'f. 
 
 Aig, at, in flic ffosst'^ioif of.J^e, leit^, frith, hi/. 
 Air, on, ?tpo», co/ircn/iii'j. ^I.ir, Ii/>'e to. 
 
 Ann, unns, in, into. 
 VihiiYT, off, froni. 
 (Jar, (hiring, whilst. 
 
 Do, to, towards. 
 Eadar, between. 
 Fo, nnJer, tteneatJi. 
 Feadh, among, thruur/h, 
 
 whilst. 
 Gu, <<us, to, for. 
 
 For tlie Syntax of the Preposition see §87. 
 
 Mil, about, around, 
 
 O, from. 
 
 Os, ahove. 
 
 Ill, Ris, to, against. 
 
 Kuimh, l)eforc. 
 
 Seach, in. comparison to. 
 
 Tar, thar, across, oner. 
 
 Troi, troinih, 
 
 Tre, trid, 
 
 > through, bj/. 
 
 THE CONJUNCTIOX. 
 
 §79. A Conjunction is a word used merely to con- 
 nect the parts of a sentence. 
 
 Conjnnctiijns an; also Simple (as, cho, as, .s'o ; gu, 
 gur. That ;) and Compainnl (as air an aobhar sin, there- 
 fore ; a(^li coina co dhiii, uei-ertheless, votwithstanding.y 
 
 Sonic Conjunctions are used in pairs and are said 
 
 to he (Mi-relative ; as cho v\,so as ; an noo, 
 
 whether or ; araon agus, both and. 
 
 THE INTERJECTION. 
 
 §80. An Interjection is a word or phrase of ex- 
 clanintion denoting some strong emotion, hut not enter- 
 ing InU tlie grammatical coiistructi(m of the sentence; 
 da, hdoidh ! hatto ! seall ! faic ! feuch ! Jjehold ! to ! 
 thugad ! hook it ! ho \\) ! Jinzm ! 
 
 
 ;;' 
 
KTYMOT,0GY. 
 
 81 
 
 ^fany phmsos arc used as Inkrjuctions ; tlius, mo 
 naire 's mo lea^^'hudh ! i.) fy ! (kulail a dh-i'hoaraibh an 
 t-sao^lial ! O dear ! 
 
 i:xi:!u;i«i: XXIV. 
 
 Noclid rigli iVraidh do dhuiiK! i^dic morad) I a 
 rloghachd, agus meud a cliundiac.hd agus a bheartjiis : 
 Acli an aite amharo airtrin agus air a slionas talndiaidli 
 lo h-ioghnadli, timl)liairt an dniiic glic ris, " Is iad na 
 nitho sin a ta 'g ar deanandi neo-tlioileach air an 
 t-saoghal so fhagail, agus 'g ar dalladh a thaohli ar 
 dleasdanais do ar i)ia agus ar iSlanuighuar. Ma's duino 
 glic thu air do shon iein, tarruing do chridhe napa gu 
 grad, agus guidh air J)ia gu'n stiiiradh e thu gu 
 ionmhas a thapgadh suas 'san ionad sin far nach 
 cladhaich am meirleacli, agus uacli truaill an reudan a 
 chaoidh. 
 
 'Nuair a bha 6ganach ^raidh a' gul agus ri br6n air 
 son a mhathar, a f huair bas beagan i-oimh sin thubhairt 
 companach a bha aige ris gu'm bu cli6ir dha misneachd 
 a ghlacadh, do bJirigh gu'n robh m6r-ghradli aig d'a 
 mhkthair, agus gu'n roljh e iimhal di anns gacli ni a 
 chuir 1 fa achomliair. '* Smuainich mi fein sin," orsa 
 an t-6ganach, " lliada's bu bh<'6 i ; ach a nis, 'nuair tha 
 i marbli tha iomadh ni a' teachd 'nam chuimhne anus 
 an do ghiulain mi mi fi'in gu mi-cliiatacli d'a taobh ; 
 agus tha so i^a m' f hugail bronach air an uair, do bhrigh 
 nach urr.unu domli nis a leasacliadh. 
 
 Impersnnal UfiC af the /^/sv/rti Voire. — 'X'uair 
 chunnacas a' tighinn iad. Chualas e 'g radii. Dh' 
 
 aithnich i aogas a K^annaiu, 'us clilisg a-cridhe 'na c6m. 
 Gun ndioill(',j,gun taiiih l)uail('ar a dh' fhios na traigho, 
 agus I'aigh'jar an hioch 's a dhauinu ni' a ihimchioU. 
 
 J" 
 
 I 
 
" ■■ ,1 
 
 A I 
 
 /' 
 
 
 82 fJAELK: CLAHS-UOOK. 
 
 SYNTAX, (Rialtachadh.) 
 
 §81. TIIK AimCLK. 
 
 Hulk 1. TIk? Article stuiids iminetUatcly before its 
 noun ; a.s, an dim, iini pr<*ius. 
 
 RuLK 2. Wlion an ailjcc ivc proceeds tlio noun, the 
 anido stands bciorc tlio lulji.'ctive ; as, a' clieud la. 
 
 Hl'lI': 3. Tlio article agaves with its noun in gender* 
 case, nmii])cr and i\>rm ; as, am preas, nan oirean. 
 
 IIULE 4. A noun which {governs ani>ther noun in 
 the <:jenitive case does not take the article ; as, iuchair 
 an doruis, the hey of the door. 
 
 KuLE 5. The article is prefixed to words used in a 
 collective sense, names of virtues, vices, metals, and 
 kingdoms or states. 
 
 KuLE C. A simple appellative to a proper name 
 does not take the article, but a compound one does. 
 
 i^oTE. — A simple appellative added to the full 
 name takes the article. 
 
 §82. THE NOUN. 
 
 Rule 8. — Nouns rcferrini,' to the same thin<? are in 
 the same case; as, JJan-rigli Victoria, (^Hioen Victoria. 
 
 Note. — An adjective qualifying nouns in apposition 
 is placed between thcin, and wlien there are two or 
 more adjt'ctives the last noun takes the article ; as, 
 J''.6bhann glasgobh, jmic Ecdii the blacl'smith; Kobhann 
 cridhcil. l»l;it!i, an ceannaiche, Dierrtj, warm-hcdrted 
 Ecan, the vierchaiit. 
 
 ]J,ULE 9. — A titled proper name,a ncnm in ai)position 
 having the article or a j)ossessive pronoun, and a noun 
 in opj)osition to a dative, are put in the nunilnolive 
 
 

 m 
 
 SVXTAX. 
 
 83 
 
 nhsohiff ; as, iiinc Joseij)!! saor, the mn of Joseph, the 
 carpr.nter ; do )nhaOiiil)h liliarMillai iii (;il(i:i(la(;li, fo the 
 .sousnf liur::illal the (Jilcadltt ; ri Siirai a bhean, to 
 tSarai his irifr.. 
 
 Rule 10. — The ]iarticlc a is always i)refixed to the 
 Vocative case.* Wlien two nouns an; in apposition in 
 the vocative case, oacli takes d ; fr;il)h coniliairle, a 
 Icanabh, a nihic, he Uflrised, O chi/d, son. 
 
 Note. — Except when th«) possessive }n'onoim is 
 expressed ; as, a gliaoil, mo riin ! he/<a'cd, ?//// dc.'^ire ! 
 
 Rule 11.— One noun p>vcrus another signifying a 
 different thing in the genitive case. 
 
 Note. — The genitive ioHows the noun that governs 
 it. As, sohis hjchrain, the Jigld of a lump ; sohis an 
 Ki, the lUjht of day, daylojltt. 
 
 Rule 12.^-A noun which itself goV(!rns the genitive 
 is put in the noniinativ<! though governed by another 
 noun ; as, nieas eraohhan a' gharaidh, /Ae fruit <f the 
 trees of the yarden. 
 
 NuTK. — Each part of a suecession of proper names 
 is put in the genitive ; as, Joseph mac ileli, mhic 
 Mhatait, ndtic Lebhi, &c., Jompli the son of I Mi, the 
 son of Matthnt, the son of Leri, tJT'., Eu. iii, 23 ; mac 
 Joseiph an t-sjioir, the son <f Jostph, the earpc)der\^ 
 (son or servant). 
 
 Rule 13. — An adjective or article may come between 
 the noun and its genitive ; as, mac ban Alastair, Alex- 
 ander's fair-haired son. 
 
 Rule 14. — Instead of the genitive case, the prepo- 
 sitions aig, do and le, are used with the dative to denote 
 
 * When the vocative enters into the eonstruction of a 
 phrase, the particle a is not expressed ; as, run nan sonn. 
 
 
 .! 
 
♦•» 
 
 84 
 
 GAKMC cr.ASR-nooK. 
 
 possossion ; as, man Ic Tain, onr of JohiiK kous, a son of 
 JuJid; Icabliiir ai.i; Scnras, (^('nrijv'x liijo/,: 
 
 Rule 15. — Ai'ftT iiDuiis of (|uaiiti(y tlio ])ivp()siii.-)n 
 do -with tlif dativi' may hv usimI instead (•!' the ,<j;<'Mitiv('; 
 and must bo ust-d wlicn the g()V''rn(.'d noun ha.s an 
 adj(3ctivi3 or governs thf genitive ; as, mtSran dc l)liainn, 
 a [iretit dral of milk ; «lat dc yliioda chuol, a yard of 
 narrow silk. 
 
 §83. THIC ADJKCTIVK. 
 
 Rule 16. — An Adjective is generally pla('e(l after 
 the noun it (|ualilieH ; as, ni eoguis ghlan agus inntinn 
 llioilielite, duine sona, n (jood ronsi'lrnrc au<l a conlcnlal 
 raiml rnahs [lit. will make) (i Ixippy iikui. 
 
 XoTE. — This nd(! does not apply when the adjee- 
 tivr is in the predicate and the noun elsewhere; as, tha 
 e Math an diugh, fo-if((/f /,v ii''fr7n ; is sona an duine e, 
 fir, in a liMppy {lit. hap|)y is the man lie ;) tha an duine 
 lid s(tna, Hint won ifi hoppi/. 
 
 Rule 17. — An adjective agrees with its noun in 
 gender, number and case; as, oglach (^ir, '/ l.iml ijmith ; 
 danachd mhor, (jrrnt t'onfifli'iu'c. 
 
 Rule 18. — An adjective referring to two or more 
 nouns of ditferent genders, agrees with the noun j)lace(l 
 next it ; as, each a<ais lar bhan, a irliito h 
 
 inrsc, (U}( 
 
 la 
 
 xoliitr 7)1 
 
 (trc. 
 
 li 
 
 ir amis ea( 
 
 h) 
 
 )an. 
 
 Rule 19. — When a no!in forms its nominative 
 
 ]">lural like its genitive singular the objective,' attached 
 
 to it, is aspirated in the plural ; as, biiird cheolnihora, 
 miisiral ii,)tA(<. 
 
 Note. — An adjective beginning with d preceded 
 
 by a n* 
 
 black <l"f/> 
 
 Rule 20. 
 
 oun ending in /i is always [)laiii ; as, com cluhna 
 
 h 
 
 du])h 
 
 CO 
 
 Uect 
 
 iv(^ noun 
 
 tak 
 
 es an adjectivt 
 
 singular with its genitive and dative, but an adjective 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
9mmm^m^^ 
 
 SYN'l \X. 
 
 So 
 
 tl n 
 
 f 
 
 lOll 
 
 IVC 
 
 ) 
 
 8 an 
 
 dof 
 
 after 
 itiim 
 
 en 
 
 ted 
 
 I'li 
 
 »H', 
 
 S, tllil 
 
 iiic <S 
 (liiiiic 
 
 >un in 
 
 it)ii 
 
 fh, 
 
 •laced 
 
 (UK 
 
 illative 
 taelicil 
 il 
 
 uihora 
 
 dul)l 
 
 led 
 
 ui, 
 
 Ijeetiv' 
 Ijectiv 
 
 i 
 
 ])lural \\\\\\ its iiuiuinativi' and aeeusalivi' ; as, einiiea'li 
 iiaoiidia, '( //"/// ,rifin)i • ii,i rlditiii* ''i,'-,^*', "/' /•'' lilth'. 
 
 clilhll'(li. 
 
 Rule 21. — An adji'f1i\f plicid lidurc its noiri 
 .siillers no inllrxion in its lii niiiial i'>n. 
 
 An adjeelivc jilatnd lirlun' \\- iiomi asjiirali-s that 
 noun ; as, si-auii mhiiinhlir, i>I'l i»n^,ir ■ diocli diminc, 
 
 (/ 
 
 b,(d 
 
 11) (I II, 
 
 ^<»TK.— 1. The adjcetivrs nidst coiiini. lul V |ihlc<M| hc- 
 
 fore, their nouns are : diMu'h. ^/o-/,/, diorh, '>,id, srann, 
 (ddy^ la^% v'i'iili. 
 
 2. iMany inonosvllaliic adjtc|i\rs .'nc j)rf(ix(d to 
 nouns, vi'ihs or other adjiTtivcs and I'onii wiMi these 
 one coiniioiind Avonl , ;is, ard-shuLfirt, " hl'jh jn'irst ; 
 oi^ffar {=:o;^'d'iiear) " ijiniuij nnm : hanahhai'd, '/ /-m- /<.>■-•; 
 .so tlie j)relixes -alh, iiijiiiii : alh thoi^^ rilmlld ; lith, 
 iunifliiun^ ; hith-dlieananili, i-iii>.<l'iiil r'oi-hin'i : «V<'. 
 
 Rulfi 22. -Aiiji'i-t 1 ves ol' jih itlij ;4o\ I'l'ii 1 hf ;.;(liit ive, 
 
 and adjectives of ti-,i,,f ar<' lollou-.-d hy '/ and the 
 dative , a-i, jioc Ian ]ihoir, n !"i<l full nj ,--''''d ; ;4aiiii de 
 'n airijiod. sriirt''' dJ nunn ij. 
 
 Rule 23. Tiic ri'I|,.\viii'^' classes o|' adjectives 
 re(juire a prejiosition alter iheni ; 
 
 1.) Si;^niifyinL; 'iiJVcllnKs nt tif mind : niiaiuiacli, 
 d('iL:heil, iai-rt-ach, cairdeil, .nul --Kch like, ivijuiie n 
 
 II 
 
 n or '/" ; as, niiannach air aireioii, di si runs nj ni'im//. 
 
 L'.) Si«^'nil'yin;^f ///V///7 I ir (//'-•///•"/// .- I'iniiaii, Iniann- 
 achail, ciiraniach, eoladi, olc, iVc., re<|uii'e -"V, 'in/nvdo. 
 
 .'{. ) Sij^riiii\ iii._r I H,-, in ss ..1 ■! hi il'i iii\<< ■ anihuil, 
 eoslach, nii-<'ho^lach, ionaiin, iVc., re(juire /•/ ; a:s, cosla(di 
 ris an leahhar so, ///-c lii'm I nil'. 
 
 •1.) SiL,rnityin:4' jinu'lnitlij or <li.<tiufr : tad. lau'e.s, 
 dliJtii, tVc., rcijuire dc </r o ; as, tad o 'n ea^dais, /'W 
 fi'iiiii fhi' I'liiirrh. 
 
 Inrtial l>entalsare not H?^j»M-ated hy M-anii. 
 
r •» 
 
 I. a!, I H f I.A--*; Ml " >l\. 
 
 Rlllt^ 24. Tin' r.i|!j|i;nM<ivt' (|rL;rci' uiili llic Vt'vli 
 
 iy riMjuirc, ii'i :iiti I' til'' lii-l mI.j. rt cuiiiiiarrd ; a.s, i.s 
 >iii" tl.ii-a till liii^i . //"" '/■' '■.'■/• I th'iii I. 
 
 Ruh3 25, IT'' ' ""iiiiMtvlivi' (It'-ivr willi aiiv liflpr 
 vciT til, 111 ■■■< ivduiifM nn's* iictoi-r it. ami II" all' r the 
 first I'lpjt ft ('"iiiiiurcil. it' flu- i'i,|iijtaris<»ii lia\t' I'fja.ril to 
 I iiiH' pri'.scnt, 
 
 '\\\v ( 'Miii]iaiMtiv(' (1. '41V.' With any 'tli'i' ■.•<'i'li than 
 /> r<'(|uir<'s //'' /"" l-'i'l'i'iv it, aii'l ii<t .it'tiT llir tir,-t olijcct 
 ciiriiji'i!. i|, i! til'' runipai is.iii liivf rcuMVil tn liiiii' past ; 
 as, clia 11 thai.' mi iMadi i ijc in'.-- (liijlicijc air niTain na 
 I sal;, I ili> ii"f 8'' (lit. I Will li'il H'c) iiyni i,//nr nmyr. 
 (!'•.•<( fi 'IIS of hniinin' i/i'ih If , Ml a I iljiaiii na lai 
 ^liaiiihiiir'' na lain, II ilii>iiii ir is rii-h'T (h'ln .Inlm. 
 
 IIhIh 20. Tin Sii[Mi'lati\ r (l('L;ri'c is rnHdWij hy '!>' 
 v.iicn si'lcct i'Ui is stati''l ; as. i< •• Iain a 's sine ijc 'a 
 (lithis, ,lifli;i is tlh ,'hh r of tin fii-ii : is i M«ti' a 'h 
 l"Tlli''lit' (lhin}>li, S'l'i'ih -">• //''' jii'i If'i'st 'If' III, 'III. 
 
 .\i»i,:. Til'' Sii|('i l.i' ! \(' i> usnl in (larlir ulidi 
 
 ■srlrctii'll tV"i:i t \S" '>lli\ is i!!i|ilii'il, a.^ \V''ll a> whru 
 
 liMiii a uM'tati'i' iiunilii:!'. 
 
 s<^l. Till-: I'K'oNolX. 
 
 Rule 27. Pcisoiial, jiivjiii^it ir.nal ainl jiossossivr 
 laMii'iiiiis ai^'i't'c \vitli tln'ir en i'<'lali\i's in i^cmiIi'P, nuni- 
 lirr aii'l pcrsiiu ; a.s, dji' tli ill>)i Mairi 'iis tliii'^ i an 
 IcaiiaMi Itatlia, M'lr;/ "'> nl 'iir,ni uini sin' /""/>• ///'■ rhlhl 
 vlth 1 1 II'. 
 
 ( ''illcctivi nMMii- rt'ijiiirc a jiniii'iiiii in tin; jilmal ; 
 a.^, IS ai'U slua^h a t i ami a;4ii:i aon tcaiiga ai:ii. 
 
 *nii )»;ij;(' .■>2, ill 's ;\ii<l iii !>' aro (rrroneoiisly '■! ) used for 
 \\'\ '-; ami n;i !»' (cinih-. i'nr na Imi). W'c do not think it, is an 
 «'iror llji' almost all writers use tlu'sc lornis, hut it is l)o.st to 
 abide by one mode of spelling; and pronunci.itlon. 
 
- YS- I \ V 
 
 Kulo 28. — A I'MiiMiiii -.t.iii'liir.: [' ] ,1 rl.iiisr IS in 
 tlic lliU'l ii'i'-Mii siiitjulai' iii:i-iii!iii,.. 
 
 Rule 2i), A I'liiiiiii-.- ib'Uii .l'ip.tiii_' • 11' ilf re- 
 quires a iii.isiiiliiic [Hi'iiiiii;, : aipl i iir--'ii!;ii ■ M'Un 
 (.li'imt iii'j; ;i lc;!i:'.lf t ik(- .i !'• niiiiiii. i'l'mi'iiiu : :i<. 'stlt.'a.s 
 am iM'irii'iiii.icli i ; i< ,.liii;ii; ;( rui !i. 
 
 Ruin 1^0. .\ ii'iiiii ;iii,l i;,> ;.r' ii"'i;i in iv !•■ ilic 
 
 11i»Iii;li il l\' ■ In 1 lie >,ii!ir \- ; ;i ; ,|-., (.■ iT i|u i ! ] |, • d t 'il ] Ml 
 
 >':-. ill! \'M:i: 
 
 Rule 31. Tiic\ii'i: j)l 11 1 .! Iiri 1'. Its ii":;ii:i itiVi , 
 as, triiiiii'j Mi( Lenid. M'n-h,,.! I, 'is <■..,,>., 
 
 'I lir K'llalivi' aii'i I nil ri''»L;at I V'' I '!i'ii"iiii ■ ['rf-ttlc 
 their \-erl)s ; as, an duiiie a I'liuair » , ///-' ///'/// "•/<!/ /•'- 
 Clin i{ it , CO rinn e ? /'•//" dtii it I 
 
 Rule 32. rii'' vei-li a'j:ri'es with it-, >uliie('t ill 
 lUliiilier aiei ]tej'SMii; as, ;.;lae tliusa, 'V^/r// thou, Mmail 
 au dnine an t eaeli, t}tv nniit .^tnnh- t/ir l(ur.-<r. 
 
 X()Ti;.---Tlie iiMiiiiiiat ive IS not, expl'es.'jed after a 
 |iersnnal ti rniinatinn ul a \<'rl) ; a-, l'<.''^,u;lailili nn d(ir>au 
 (ijH'U //I' tl/r ,/,>, rs ; el' ellllilia! ic, 1"' is:4lai I ili.>e uada'saii- 
 
 Rule 33. A ()iieNtiMn i.-, answrreil iiy tli^' Vfrh ami 
 Icnsf w liieli a-ks i! ; as. an al|/ mi sm / ( 'lia n a![« ; an 
 t^d 111! i til' id. 
 
 Xfii;. — !. Tlie nuiidnali'.e i.^ n.»l expressed in tlic 
 answer exiejiL : 
 
 I.) I'ur em[il)a;ds ; as, an al^aii mi sud ris ^ (_'ha n 
 a bail' timsa. 
 
 '2.) afti r is, as, An •'■ an ihiiiie sn ri ( di i n ". 
 
 < '(>nse(|nently a t|;!e tinn ;t.l;ed in tin 1' ilential 
 ludcd in llie lir-^t jiers.ai is aiiswei^-d in t li^' t'lii'd I'eisnn; 
 as, am Lilldnn t'ad air an ratliad I Khitheadli. 
 
 Rule 34. — Wlien two (.r DKMv \erl)s lire joim-il l>y 
 
,>,-; !',< >t 'Iv. 
 
 " •' ^ . 11,,. i.iv'li'-i^' •"""■'' 
 
 / 
 
 /i.\ 
 
 
 Nui; 
 
 ti' 
 
 .11 ; as 
 
 /■■ 
 
 If' ' 1 • 
 
 1.. I "IV 
 
 ri. /•■'/ //'■'''• 
 
 W\ ■■\iL'<'l' !'■ 
 
 
 
 
 //i,' r/''/'"','/ 
 
 ^^.,l 
 
 Rule 38. v.i- "t .;:,(;.... ^.u.h- in --- 
 
 ;nul til 
 
 l,iivi 
 
 
 
 nv- 
 
u;\- 
 I ii'' 
 
 ( >■. - 
 
 u'j;us 
 .. t\uv 
 
 III iSI ll'J, 
 
 ill.: tli<' 
 II il I'l iii> ■ 
 
 SVNTW. 
 
 S'J 
 
 I ^>, 
 
 .IH 
 
 
 Rule 41. A v< ill 111. IV 1>>' /(.vi'i'iicd in the iiilinitivc 
 iivxnl Ii\' a iiMiin. an Mlii-i'tiv' i>v niol'i' v '•< fS : ;is. 
 I't-'iinti'lli --iini jM-j;!.li!. .'•• //* ;•■■' _/■.'•/' ; till ;ni ! 'li' c'li 
 
 t'.lihil. / "'/' ir»'l'' '/.'_/ /.' ■/", 
 
 Rule 42. -A\'Ii''U llr ol,p;! ,,]' ;1.' i!il,iiii!\- [nv- 
 rccils if, tiir llltir i> .i-j'MiM'l aii'i l.- jav(r.l(il \.\ d ; 
 as, cliiiiM liiMU a L^liiMiiiii, /■- /''/.' ' //•/'. 
 
 Nori:, 1. /y/aii'l \.'i'li- "t ,■! .'',,ii rfnairr a lni'a'i' 
 llir inlinilivc ; as, ciia;''.'! »'■ a ^lll Vi'l iiii'M'-lhl. /'■ h'ls 
 
 (/. 'lie fii ,''l/,'i' If If ll l,\ 
 
 U. The Inliiiitivi' III' i.iir/">.<'' in tin Ailisr \'i'!><' is 
 Mi'i'i''ili-il I'V '■/,,<>,> I'V 1/1/ , i-. rliiMii I'-i- :i r'iilli. /" r'i;i 
 (I fiir. ; oi'tlii' iniiiiilivi' "i" jmi'jMr.r iiii\ '•'• fXpr''->'<l 
 by rJiHiii, \\\\'\ ilif Srniii.l \\{y.\ SnKjnn'tivr it" tlh- 
 )ii'ini'ij».il vciit lit' in a jM-t t* n^'- ; .mil liy flnnn aiul 
 iiic Fntniv .Sulijimrt i\ r v.lp-n tli-' I'liiiripal vril» is in 
 ])n'Sfnt oi' rnlurr t inir. 
 
 Rule 43. —Tin' inlinitivi- aipl }»if.Mnt paili''ii>lf 
 >'..>vt I'll tlifir itl.|i-ct plariil .tin 1 tlnin in tip' j^aiitivi'. 
 
 'I'lic inli!nti\(* aihl pivsiMit part naplf L;-..vrrn iImmi' 
 .;liiccl itlircii ImIimv ihcni 111 llir ic,ai>ali\f ; a,^, |.as'^M<lh 
 :in iiHJairli. /.< /''/.////' '/.///, .• a' Ihi><mi11i aiain, ■<r'>th- 
 
 Rule 44. \\ i;.ii 111" ..hj'.t ..f u. in!in'.li\i' i-' .i 
 iinni'aiii. a |mi,- ^. ■,;>i\ '■ [H'.fiiain i- ii->i'i'. .in 1 i-; nii'l'a^'t! 
 .;:! . I'.nuli-.li l.v a j-a -a,al !'i'a!"ii:i ■ a.-, lliir^ani' 
 ' \]-\\ 1 iiin;.',. In '! rnir- ".• . 
 
 ^i»;. T!!!'. Ah\ I i;i;. 
 
 Rule 45. I'll'' >iin|'l'' .I'iv.il... . lia. In, 'jl«'. ni, 
 ni'ii'. n.ir. in. |itc.f.|.' ;..ii I a^ji'iMif t lii' w 'I'is wuiiai 1 h''y 
 ia'Miil'v ; i>, j \\> ■:hlai!. / ' /■// >-i''n\ 
 
 .N'ii 1,. I. ( 'ha - l.l-ni i.-pii iti's a .li'n::il. 
 
 11 ( 'lia iM'tinirrs -// hrt'crc a vnufl ami f a.^ani'itf ; 
 Mill iii i»M('iir(.'s // lii't"!.' a \'')\"/«'l -/// li't'M'f a La'-'al. 
 
1)(1 
 
 GAKJ.IC (.I.ASS-llnoK 
 
 ilinl -It lu'lnr*' ;i Iiii)4M;il ; .'is. clia jj l"ln>L;h;iiii sin, fh'if 
 
 ■iriH lift h, .-.n I'lii-ii lit ; iii in I^i'i- :iii, / //■/// //"/ t,/-, ■!/:, 
 M. 'ill is r\jiii's.-:;'il iMlitiT til" iii'st (Mi!y I'l' (u'd or 
 
 111"!'!' ,lil jrrf i\ I'S wllicll it lIKMlilic-, ; IillI if lIl.'V lltl 
 
 (•(.;i|i|iil li_v a ('(iiiiuiji't lull, '_[[[ IS i'\j»i'.'.<,s((l uitliracli 
 ailji'cliv. ; a-, liU liaLi^lii, mii', /,•///'////, l» in rnlinUij ; <^\\ 
 
 Jhiclpl ;|r|i ■.;l| ! 1 < iH' if, k • ll , jinnrllj I'llt !,• illi yt I IJ . 
 
 Rule 4H. A rMiiijMiiiii.l iiihril. nf ail ailvt'i'liial 
 j'lii' isf is |i|,i''< il • i; ill !■ lict wfcii t lie ^ll^j.•(•t and o'ljfct, 
 (»!' al'I'M- ill"' iilijtct (.( llir Mill i! ludililifs ; as, i'iiiii u 
 UMi iiiatii f, /(' ///'/ /■/ /•/(f/it/t/ ; liiiii yr (' ^11 iliijia, In' id'il 
 it I'liidij. 
 
 §S7. Tlir riiKl'oslTh.LV. 
 
 Rule 47. -Til" -imp!'- prf[)itsitiMiis a, ai^;-. air, aim, 
 »!(', <1m, Id. I'riilli, l;ii. '^iiii. li'. mar, iini. n, ri, roimli, tar, 
 Irdiiiiii, 'j^M\rMi till- (litivc cast' ; as, Ic tuirlouiii, iritli <t 
 t''ij' : air tir, mi liiml ; tiv t licasairli, fh rmiijli n hrrr. 
 
 N(>Ti-;.--l. Anns is uscil lirl'tiiv a r('lati\t' pninoini 
 or Ih'' art it'll' ; as, annsan la, in thr <l<ni : aiins'cudaiiui, 
 ill h is jiii-r ^ .iHil the paitirlc >()i {n)ii I h'|'( ifn liluals) is 
 ins( rtrd atti'r ami hcl'ir.' an indi'tinitr ii..nn tor llif sako 
 di iM|iiii'ny ; as, aim an l^ddiar. /// n l>i il:. 
 
 'J. A-, 'j.\\>, his and lis arc u>cd liclurc the article 
 and relative and pnssi -^sixa; iiT'inniins ; a>, Icis an rinii 
 
 /, 
 
 i; (.'. //// ii'tih-li h> III 
 
 h 
 
 -/. ;/. 
 
 Rule 48. I'll'.!!, i:ii'. cInDiKnid and r'V'MVcrn the 
 ;.;'iiilivc case ; a-. I'e ii i h .lidhelic, 'l.iriiri ijie itiijlit. 
 
 Rule 49. • l)e, ih>, t'n, n-u, iMJndi. Ire, trniinh, 
 as]iir lie a nuiiii wilhui wrhin! t he art iclc ; inai' and 
 |.:un i.-^i'iiales a iiniin wilhuul the artiile ; as, d.) iki 
 
 I 111 liii, /" f >!'■ '/"</■<. 
 
 Sni't: 1. 1 11' and dii t; 
 
 1, ' ' 
 :i;e (lU- 
 
 lud". 
 
 H'c a vi twa 
 
 1 <.r /' 
 
 Iiiiati 
 
 d,. dh nil, ('/■ I'uili r 
 
 li. iVir suiiictiincs asj»iral<.'s its noun; ab. air tlialanih, 
 '/' '•(irfli. 
 
mmmt 
 
 MYNTA\. 
 
 91 
 
 ) 1.1' 
 
 ^u 
 
 Mil 
 111! O 
 
 Rule 50. - < ^^, ('.ular ;ui(l scacli ^'ovcru lln.' arcusa- 
 
 tivc ; ilS, railiir illll Ik'hI '.- ail ,i<'»^llll (Ix'tWrrU the cup 
 
 ami tli)> li|t.) 
 
 Mai' .iml '4U.S -ovcni tin aonisalivi' <»( iptuns (Iftiiiitt*; 
 aSj mar ail IcaMiai' s.i, h'/,; ////^ /mm//. 
 
 Rule 51. - ( '«)iu|'i)iiiiil jii'c|»iisiliMii.s ;4;.ivrrii IIkj 
 |.;oiiitivf cast' ; as, air .si»u a" ^.'hii'iihni' li, f'"r Ihr hnsiih'ss. 
 
 Moii:— 'I'lic ^Tiiitivc miilir tlii,^ i'ul«' i.s Lr'ivnif.l liy 
 the iKMiii coutaiiud in [\\<' tdirpMinKl iiU'pdsitiiMi. 
 
 Rule 52. --'I li'" .siiii[il'' i)iv|ii)NiiiMii,s ail' }.;.'!icrally 
 ro|iL'aliMl Iji'liin- each iii'Uii thry <;i'Vt'rn ; lail tin com- 
 i)ouud liivito.sitioii.s an- iiut n;,.iiiTally sv) rt iicatod ; as, 
 cleaii ceavtai do 'u Ijliuclid a^^us il(.> 'ii 'Ulkaclnlaii. 'jirt 
 juatict to ih'' jidor (Uiil the ci'ijlian. 
 
 §.S8. TlIK CONJ UNCTIOX. 
 
 Rule 53. — CVjiijuticliuiis I'oimt-'ct luHiiis ami 
 jiruiiuiin.s ill \\iv same case. 
 
 Conjunctions connect verbs in the same voice, 
 inooil, tense, numhi r and iierson, when thtj actions 
 denoted are the sime ; a-, d'-allih tir a}ju.> nina, tin' 
 Liicfiiri' of n ih'Iii '(n>! (I ivinnnii; tha iiioiMn ail I'.n i^airni 
 ach hea'jan air an la'jhadh, hn/iu luw <:• tiled hni I'eirnrc 
 
 ('//•'Xr;/. 
 
 Rule 54. dn eonijiai'ix'U ri i- tlio (d-nl alive of dio; 
 us, cli<" .u'eai v:-a!i t-snc.icli<l, '^'.• /'•////' 'r.v { iltrj ,^/i""\ 
 
 (tf.herwise a<^M!s is the rn relali\c ot" .•!»o; a;-, hi eho 
 math aj-'.us an doius l"h,i^_^dadli, '" .^'o <jni>d as to oj>e/i i/,$ 
 
 « <••»•■♦ 
 
 EXERCISES IN READING. 
 
 AldU.ANN NAN CAld..: 
 
 (s dearhlita nach eil an diii^h Cinneaeh as aiide cliii 
 iia sil)h t'ein aj4 aile.iciiadh an dond»ain. 'Thoill sil)lu 
 mar n hhur sinn>ear. an hi lidh nirdheirc .-"'am hiiils'^ea.u