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REPORTS OF TENANT FARIERS' DELEGATES AND OTHER INFORMATIONS ox I / AND OTHKR PARTS OV THE V DOiMINION OF CANADA AS A FIELD FOR THE SETTLEAIENT OF AGRICUL- TURALISTS AND OTHERS.,, Published bi/ AidhoYitij of the Department of AgrkuUuu ofthejihvernment of Canada, 18S1 T DOMINION OF CANADA. The Territoiy comprised in the Dominion of Canada Canada • contains about 3,500,000 square miles, extending from the general de«- Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and at its southern point ril2"°V/ <"': reachinc the 44th parallel of latitude. It possesses thou- 2? ' ''"'"'''*' sands of square miles of the finest forests on the continent : widely-spread coal tields ; extensive and prorluctiva fish- eries; rivers and Inkes among the largest and most remarkable in the world, and the millions of acres of / prairie lands in the newly opened-up North- West terri- tories are reported as being among the most ff rtile on the continent of America. Canada is divided into seven provinces, as below : — Square Miles. 1. Quebec containing 193,355 2. Ontario »... « 107,780 o. JN ova Scotia '• 21731 i4. New Brunswick " 27322 5. Prince Edward's Island ./. ; « 2J34 (6. British Columbia « 213 560 17. Manitoba and the North- West Ter- ' "tory « 2,750,000 The several provinces have local legislatures, and the Government. mru^ ^ Dominion or Federal Parliament is at Ottawa. iThe Government is conducted on the same principle as that of Great Britain, viz., the responsibility of the Ministers to Parliament. The Governor-General of the Dominion is appointed by the Queen, and the Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces by the Governor-General in Council. . Each province is divided into counties and townships. Local govern- liavinj their own local boards and councils for regulating '"®"^- local taxation for roads, schools, and other municipal purposes. *^ Religious liberty [>revail8. 6?S1 ~ 4 Education, ropulntion. Militin. Tnulc. The educational syitem is under the control of the various provinces. Free schools are provided, and facilities are attorded to successful pupils for obtaining the highest education. . The population at the census of 1881 i« given in the unrevised statement as 4,352,080 against 3,686,590 in 1871, and having an increase in the decade ' of 665,484. The militia consisia of two forces, the active and reserve, the strength of the former being fixed by law at 40,(mX> (service in Avhich is voluntary), and the latter at 600,000, all male British subjects between the ages of 18 and 60, not exempted or disqualified by law, being liable to be called upon to serve in cases of emergency. The active Militia is clothed, armed with breech loaders, and equipped, ready to take the field at short notice. The force is commanded byr a General Officer of the English Army. Infantry schools are established at Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Quebec, Fredericton, and Halifax, at which Officers can obtain certificates. There is also a Military Cfjlege for the education of cadets, with a four years' cfrbrse of study, at Kingston. The following figures show the imports and exports for the fiscal year ending 30th June 1880, and also the value of the exports to, and imports from, the United Kingdom during the same period. Cllmatp. Value of imports $80,480,747 Value of exports 87,9n,4.ys An examination of these figures, compared with those of the United States, shows that the imports of Canada from Great Britain, in proportion to the population, represent 38s. per head as against 7s. per head in the United States. In a country like the Dominion of Canada, extending northward from the 44 '^' of latitude, the climate is natur- ally variable, but, speaking generally, the summers are hotter than in England, and the winters colder. However, if the climate of a country is to be measured by its pro- ductions, then Canads, in the quality of her timber, grains, fruits, plants, and animals, must be accorded a front rank. The extremes of cold, though of short duration, and the winter covering of snow, have given Canada the reputation of having an extremely severe climate, and attention has not been sufficiently directed to the circumstance that by the warmth of the summer months the range of produc- tion is extended, in grain, from oats and barley to wheat and maize; in fruits, from apples to peaches, grapes, 5 in vegetables, the egg plant from and melons, noctarines, and apricots; turnips, carrot?, and cabbages, to tomatoes. ! Snow and ice are no drawback to the Canadian winter. To Canada they mean not only protection to her cultivated acres, almost as valuable as a covering of manure, but the conversion of whole acres, during several months in the year, to a surface upon which every man may make his own road, equal to a turnpike, in any direction, over swamp or Reld, lake or river, and on which millions of tons, are anniially transported at the minimum cost, whereby employment is afforded for man and horse when cultivation is arrested by Irost. Intensity of winter cold has little effect upon the agri- culture of a country except the beneficial one of pul- verising the soil where exposed. Hl^h spring and summer temperatures, with abundance of rain, secure the certain ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. The diflerenoe between the mean annual temperature of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada for the same latitude is very great, that for the latter being much higher, aud thus wheat is raised with profit in lat. 60* N., lonp. 122« 31' W. In Manitoba in lat. 49** 30' N., long. 97» 30 W:, wheat is sown ia May, and reaped the latter end of August, after an interval of 120 days. The great prairie region of Canada has a mean summer temperature of 65", with abundance of rain ; the vrlnters cold and dry ; climate and soil similar to that part of Russia where large cities are found. It is frea from pulmo- nary ooraj)laints and fevers of every type, and the country generally.is healthy. The snow fall in the west and south-west parts of the territories is comparatively light, and cattle may remain in the open air all winter subsisting on the prairie grasses, which they obtain by scraping away the snow where ' necessary. There are nearly 7,000 miles of railwny in operation in the Means of oom- Tominion, extending from the western portions of Ontario «i"ni«ation. to Halifax, in Nova ocotia, and St. John in New Brunswick, while its rivers and lakes form a highway during the summer months irom the interior of the ocean. It may be mentioned that Canada possesses the most perfect system of inland navigation in the world. At the present time vessels of 600 tons go from Chicago to Mon- treal by way of Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and the River St. Lawrence, a distance of 1,261 miles. The locks on the Welland Canal (connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario), and those on the St. Lawrence River, are, however, in course of enlargement to 270 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a depth of 13 feet; and when this great work is completed, steamers of 1,500 tons burthen will be — G — able to carry produce direct from "VVestoin Canada, and the Wentern States of America, to Montreal and Quebec, which will effect a further reduction in the costs of traneit of cereals and other products. The distance from Chicago to Montreal (where ocean- going steamers of 5,000 tons can be moored ulonpide the guays) by the Canadian route, is 150 miles less tuan from hicago to New York, vid Buffalo and the Eri?> Canal, and there are 16 more locks and 80 J feet more lockage by the latter route than by the former. It \», therefore, expected that, upon the completion of the enlarged canals, within two years, much of the grain from Western Canada, as well as from the Western States of America, will find its way to Europe, vid Montreal, as, in addition, to its other advan- tages, the distance from Montreal to Liverpool is about 30(3 miles less than from New York. Postal ami Canada possesses excellent postal a rangements, a ]>ost nira1[ge'inont8 o^oe being found in almost every village, and every place of any importance is connected with the electric telegraph. Cianses of The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to omigrnni*. Canada are as follows : 1: Tenant farmers in the United Kingdom, who have sufficient capit<>l to enable them to settle on farms, may be advised to go with safety, and with the cer- tainty of doing well. The same remark may apply U to any persons who, although not agriculturists, would be able to adapt themselves to agricultural pursuits, and who have siifficient means to enable them to take up farms. 2. Produce farmers, and persons with capital seeking investment. 3. Male and female larm labourers, female rlomestic servants (to whom assisted passages are granted), and mechanics. The clashes which should be warned against emigration are females above the grade of servant.^, clerks, shopmen, and persons having no particular trade or calling, and unaccustomed to manual labour. To these Canada offers but little encouragement. Assisted passages are offered by the Government ot Canada to Agricultui'lsts^ m«chanics and their iamilies, and to domestic servants. The present rate from Loudon, Liverpool, Glasgow, Derry and Queenstown to Quebec, is £5 per adult for the former, children under twelve, gomg at half rates, and for the latter £4 each. There is a Government agent with astaff of assistants at Quebec, who will meet each ship and be prepared to give any informa- tion and advice that may be required. The best time to arrive in North America is early in May, when the inland navigation is open, and outdooi- operations are commencing. The emigrant will then be Time toemi grate. Canada, and and Quebec, osts of traneit [where ocean- ulongside the ess than from rit) Canal, and ockage by the fore, expected canala, within Canada, as well tind its way to other advan- pool is about ments, a post d every place trie telegraph. emigrate to )m, who have ttle on farms. with the C€r- •k may apply agriculturists, agricultural ms to enable pital seeking lale domestic are granted), kst emigration ks, shopmen, calling, and :!/'anada offers jvemment ot heir iamilies, from Loudon, \o Quebec, is twelve, gomg , There is a t Quebec, who any informa- ca is early in and outdoor will then be triiDHlt. — 7 — able to take advantage of the spring and summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. The voyage to Quebec occuDiea, on an average, about ten 'f'""' <'f daya by steamer, and the journey to the NorthWest four daya longer. It ia now proposed to offer a few remarks on each of the different provinces of which the Dominion of Canada is composed. MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. The country now known as Manitoba and the North- Manit')i.a aiuf West Territoriea was granted by chatter to the Hudson's w" j^ tJ^I?;,.^ Bay Company, in 1670, during the reign of Charles IJ, as a iiiw. *«»-ruo- hunting and trading ground, and was held by thorn an«l the North West Company (these two corporations amal- gamated in 1821), until 1870, when their rights were trans- ferred to the Dominion. These facts form an intelligible reason why this part of the country has only recently become known as an agricultural region, for the distur- bance of the lauds would naturally have led to the inter- ruption of the staple trade of the company which controlled it for BO many years, Manitoba, a province which has been made out of tho K'ttcnt of North-West Territories, is situated in the very heart of the t^rNOT^h ""^ continent of America. It contains many millions of acres West Terrlto- ofland. '' ' Roughly speaking, the North-West Territories belonging to Canada cover about 2,500,000 square miles and contain about 200,000,000 acres of fertile land which are now wait- ing settlement. The following statistics were prepared by Mr. Malcolm McLeod, son of the late Chief Trader, John McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and will give some idea of the extent of this part of Canada, and the different areas into which it may be classified. rios. Wheat Arka. Sq. Miles. 1. General boundaries : from Lac Seul (say long. I 92° W.,lat. 50° N.) to the foot of Rocky Mountains in lat. 60° N. ; thence along base of Rocky Moun- tains to the south bend of Mouse river ; thence to the Lake of the Woods, lat. 49^ N. ; thence along Rainy river, and thence to Lao Seul. This area, embracing Manitoba, unbroken by mountains or rocks to any material extent, with streams and small lakes which but fertilize, may be etated at . 320,000 8 — 2. Beyoud it, norlhwarcU, are alio areas of rich vegetablo mould (htimiis), on warm Silurian and Devonian bases, and with marly clays of the ut- most fertility .lOjOOO VE(;KTAni.K, (lliASS, AND TlMUKIl AllKA. i{. Hudson's Pay basin (portion Silurian, so far aH known and fairly predicable) east side (east of meridian 80^ W.) 1(K),000 square miles. West side (W. of meridian 80' W.) 300,000 square miles 4. Winni|)eg basin, east side, from English river to Nelson river Bearer river (middle and lower parts). 0. Methy lake and river and Clenr Water river, and Athabaska river, from Clear Water river, to Arthabaska lake,'oa3t side 7. West of MoKenzie river (Devonian, with coal measures) to wheat line as above stated, and from Fort Chipewyan, Lake Athabaska, to Fort Resolu- tion on Great Slave lake, sa^, from lat. 58^ to 01° N. 8. East side of Mackenzie river to Fort Good Hope, or say lat. 68^ N 9. West of the Mackenzie river from lat. 61" N., nortwardf, to America (late Russian) boundary, along 141^ W. and American Pacific shore strip, viz., all north of lat. 60' N., except area No..') aforesaid 10. Rocky Mountain eastern slope, beyond wheat line 11. Outlying areas, amongst others the exten- sive but undefined ones between the Hudson's Bay Silurian and northern rivers of the St. Lawrence valley ; say from Lake Mistassimi to Lake Nepigon 12. Add also, the by some called " American desert" of our latitudes; say, between lats. 49" and 50" N., wheie maize thrives and buttaloes fat- ten—a favourite Indian hunting ground 400,000 80,000 .')0,000 30,00(> 10,000 100,000 160,000 30,000 100,000 40,000 Total area 1,370,000 The barley area of the above may bo stated at two thirds. 13. The rest of our north-west and Rupert's Land territory, including the immense "barren grounds" of our Laurentian system, and the Labrador Rocks of eastern Rupert's Land, and the great wilds and islands of the Arctic, estimai ed at another million square miles 1,000,000 Total 2,370,000 rich I and i« ut KA. .'i(),OOU 10 fAr Mfcof r tide 1 400,000 river 80,000 r)0,00() •iver, ir, to 30,000 coal from •olu- 1°N. 10,000 3ood 100,000 dary, .viz.. Bsaid 100,000 yond 30,000 xten- sBay ■ence )igon 100,000 ricnn s. 49= sfat- 40,000 .1,370,000 ?d at Land nds" ocks and 11 ion .1,000,000 .2,370,000 — — Any male or female who is the head of a family, or any rrcd vranu or person who has attained the age of 18 yean, can obtain a i«nit, Cliicago, and St. |Faul to Winnipeg, or by what is called the Lake routo, i*. e.-, by railway to Jamia ox Colling- wood on Lake Huron, thence by steamer to Buluth on Lake Superior, and by rail from Duluth to Winnipeg. The journey by the former route is quicker by about a day, but the latter is move econoiiilcal. By either of th ese routes 11 issar;^' By this their farms in labour and the many mc:^ «ii 'ho isommenoed imed abore do his family from The fare from class mlways) years are con- it years oil are one year one five and twelve re years free. ;9 to Winnipeg ) saloon rate is is estimated at owing, harvest- dU&ts per acre, m 11. per acre prairie district enough for the r for building tvns and settle- le Atlantic aud uotion, and is lars. 260 miles »e increased to IS will be open, toba and west- ice, thus effect- uid the North- for Europe of ing route from >rk. This rail- ds, which will )utGs by which om Quebec, or ail route," vi^ ;, or by what is niaoi Colling- to JDuluth on Vinaipeg. The out a day, but f these routes the bottler will be met by the agents of American land and railway companies, who will endeavour to persuade aettle- i:;;:ient m the United States as preferable to Canada ; but the settler is advised to p**o?Aed direct to his intended destination, and decide upon his location after personal inspection. In 1882 a iln3 of railway will be completed from Thunder Bay (Tiako Superior) to Winnipeg and west- ward. It will pass entirely through Canadian Territory, and its benefit) both to new and old settlers will be very great. Tt may be added that most of the rivers and lakes in Mani- toba and the North- West are navigable, and that steamers now ply during the season on the river Saskatchewan bet- ween Winnipeg and Edmonton, a distance by water of about 1,200 miles, with pasoengeis and freight, calling at Prince Albert, Carlton, liattleford, and other places on the way. Steamers also run regularly jetween Winnipeg, St. Vincent, and other places on the Red River. There is also steam communication on the river Assiniboine between Fort Elhce and Winnipeg. Manitoba is sHuated in the middle of the coatiuent. Climate- nearly equidistant from the pole and the equator, and the Atlantic and Pfuiific oceans. The climate gives condi- tions of decided heat in summer and decided cold in win- ter. The snow goes away, and ploughing begins in April, which is about the same time as in the older provinces of Canada and the Northern United States on the Atlantic seaboard, and the North-western States of Minnesota and Wisconsin. The crops are harvested in August. The long I sunrry days of summor bring vegetation of all sorts to rapid ' .naturity. The days are wwm and the nights cool. At'tumn begins about the 2Uth of September and lasts I till tht» end of November, when the regular frosts set in. The winter proper comprises the months of December, January, February and March. Spring comes early in April. The summer months are part of May, June, July, August, and part of September. In winter the thermometer sinks I to 30 and sometimes 40 degrees below zero, but this degree [of cold in the dry atmosphere of the north*west does not Eproduce any unpleasant sensations. The weather is not felt |tr wind. The imony is universal, on ihis point. Snow does i fall on the prairies to an average greater lepth than 18 .aches, andbufialoes and horses graze out of ioors all winter. They scratch the snow oft the prairie, id grow fat upon the grass they find beneath it. Horned Battle also graze out of doors part of the winter, but in 3me itawOs of the weather they require to be brought in. instances tie, however, stated in which homed cattle have razed o'jtalltbt> winter. Soil. 1f> Th« following table represents the mean temperature of Winnipeg, Toronto, and Battleford, for each month of the year ending July 1879 : Months. Toronto. Winnipeg Battleford. August September October ... November December January...,, February... March April May , June July GG 58 45 36 25 22 22 2S 40 rA Gl 67 .38 .18 .84 .06 .78 .80 .74 93 .72 .74 .85 .49 67.34 52.18 35.84 30.66 11.97 —5.10 —12.32 14.14 39.10 53.13 63.20 68.19 67.79 47.10 34.52 28.66 6.48 0.45 —10.25 16.80 46.70 53.35 60.45 63.95 It will be noticed that, from Toronto west ward, the temjperature rises during the summer months, t. id as the average yield of wheat per acre in Manitoba and the Korth West 18 equally as large (if not larger both in volume and m weight) as in the United States, it would seem that! in conjunction with the fertility of the soil, this temperature is very favourable to cereal crops. The fall of snow is also less m the western portion of the Dominion: in the first I iJoL*^®^^®^^' ^^^^^* was 28 J inches, and in the second nalt 29^ inches, but the snow is no drawback to the growth of the crops, which are sown in April and May, and hav- vested m August and September. The soil is a deep-alluvial deposit of unsurpassed rich- ness. It is mostly prairie, and covered with grass. It pro- duces bountiful crops of cereals, grasses, roots, and vege- tables. So rich is the soil that wheat has been cropped oft the same place for forty years without manure, and with- out showing signs of exhaustion. The following extracts from the reports of the English and Scotch farmers selected by the farmers in their respec- tive districts who went out to Canada in 1879, to report upon the country, are interesting and reliable on this subject : Mr. Bi«OAP, The Grange, Dalbeattie. " As a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer Mani- toba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less, the soil is temperature of li month of the 67.79 47.10 34.52 28. 6G 6.48 0.45 —10.25 ]0.ath which is a thin l-^yer of sand, Jlying on a stilf clay. The lanrt is quite dry, and is well watered by a fine stream which flows through it." "The land between Hapid City and which lies to the southward, 25 miles the Assiniboinc, distant, is a nice loam with clay subsoil on top of gravel. I was very highly impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it being, without exception, the richest I have ever seen, and I have little doubt, it will conttnuft for many years to pro- duce excellent crops, of gmin without any manure, and with vety little expense in cultivation."' Mr. John Logan, Earlston, Berwick, says: — " All the land round the district (Assiniboine) is very good, being four feet deep of black loam, as wo saw from a sand pit." Mr. .John Sxow, Midlothian. " Along the lied River and about Winnipeg the soil Ia very strong black vegetable mould, and I have no doubt most of it would cany paying crops of wheat for 30 years, but it is very flat, and I must say that I like the country better west of Winnipeg, and the furthest point we reached, 150 miles west of Winnipeg, best of all. You have hero the Little Saskatchewan River, with fine sloping ground [ on each side ; the soil and what it produced wa«< good, as ' you will see from the samples of each I noAv show you. ,1 also show you samples from oth^r parts, and, as I will (show you further on, the Americans themselves admit [that we have ground bettor tadnpted for growing wheat and raising cattle than they have." " We saw that a black vegetable mould covered the 6ur- Iface from IS inches to two, three, or four feet deep." — 14 — Mr. Boberi Pbat, Sillotb, Cumberland. "Soil.— Contrary to my expectations, inatead of findinij a wet swamp, as 1 pjotured to my own mind, I found a deep, black, loamy aoil, varying in depth from 2X feet to 6i Jeet, and m gome places, where it has been cut throuah on the Dank* of some rivers, it has been found to oEe depth of 10 to 12 feet, and is specially adapted for the growing of wheat, bemg preferred by the millets to almost any other on account of it being so dry and thin skinned It has been known to grow wheat for many years in suo- cession without manure. If the report was correct, the soil I have sent down to you has grown wheat for 30 years and the last crop yielded 35 bushels per acre." ' Mr. John- Maxwell, Carlisle. " The soil throughout the country is a rich bkck loam, 6 inches to 6 feet deep, almost entirely free from stones and varying in quality in different districts, on a subsoil of . strong or tiiable clay or sand." Average crop. The average wheat yield in Manitoba and the North- west would appear to range from 20 to 30 bushels per acre ^nd the weight from 60 lbs. to 66 lbs. per bushel Barley and oats, yield good averages, as also potatoes and other root crops. The following figures, taken from the reports of the delegates of the iinglish and Scotch tenant farmers, mav also be found interesting on this point :— • Mr. Jambs Bigoar, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says :— " We heard very different statements of the yield of wheat, varying from 25 to 40 bushels. McLean, a farmer near Portage, had 1,230 bushels of fife wheat oflf 40 acres Another man, a native of Ross shire, who was ploughing his own land, told us he had cropped it for 17 years in snccessioii, hU last crop yielding 35 bushels per acre. Mr Kyan,M.P., a good authority, said the average of wheat might safely be taken at 25 to 30 bushels, and of oats 60 bushels........ Next day we drove over Messrs. Riddle's larm ; their wheat has averaged fully 30 bushels per acre.' ' Mr. George Cowax, Glecluce, Wigtown, says :— " Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at Burnside, about 9 miles trom Portage la Prairie He favoured me with his average for the seasons of 1«77 and 1878, and his estimate for the present year. Wheat ciop, 1877, 41 bushels ; 1878. 36 bushels ; this year (1879) he expects it io be close Sh 40 bushels ; average weight 60 to 62 lbs. ; but he has — 15 ~ [grown it as high as 64 lbs. per bushel. OaU last year (1878) he had a yield of 88 bushels from two bushels of seed sown on one acre: this year (1879) his estimate is from 75 to 80 bushels per acre. Mr. M. also grows excellent I root crops, his swede turnips averaging 30 to 35 tons ; and I potatoes, without any oare in cultivation, sometimes even not being moulded up, yield between 300 and 400 bushels of 60 lbs. Onions when cultivated are also vtsry prolific, yielding as much as 300 bushels per acre. Mangold also grows very heavy crops, but I did not see any on the ground." " We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth, ind walked over a field which, I was informed, had been continuously under crop 54 years 1 was told it irould average 28 or 30 oushels per acre." Mr. R. W. Gordon, Annan. '' Wheat may be safely estimated to yield, with reason- nble cultivation, 30 bushels of 60 lbs., and oats 60 bushels i>f321bs.^ Mr. Looax, Earlston. S[>saking of the yield about High Bluff, says :— " The md here has grown wheat for 40 years in succession, fielding from 25 up to 40 bushels per acre. There are not aany oats sown here, but tlie general produce is 70 bushels »er acre. 1" We arrived at Portage on Saturday afternoon He |ld us he had grown good crops at an average of 32 bshels per acre of 60 lbs. weight." Mr. Snow, Fountain Hall, Midlothian. I" I consider I keep safely within the mark when I say It, taking a good piece of land, it will produce 40 bushels B first year, and an average of 30 bushels f r 30 years, thout manure." \ — 16 Mr. John* Maxaveli,, CarliEle. " I gave an ektimato of tliecost of wheat crop iuPakoto. The eame sj'Ptem may be adopted in the Canadian Noth- Weet to advantcge, as the average yield, bo far as can bo learned on present information, will be 8 to 10 bushels per acre higher than the yield in Dakota, United States Terri- toiy, and every extra bushel produced tends to reduce the first cost per bushel to the producer." All the other delegates confirm these figures. In Manitoba a homestead exemption law was passed in 1872, which exempts from seizure for debt 1 60 acres of land, house, stables, barns, furniture, tools, farm imple- ments in use, one cow, two oxen, one horse, four sheep, two pigs, and thirty days' provender for same. Price of labour Farm labourers can obtain from 30Z. to 40?. a year and board. Female domestic servants, 20*. to 24*. per month with board. Mechanics earn from Hs. to 12*. per day. Very much higher wages are sometimes given. Eailway navvies in 1881 earned from Is. to Ss. per week. ^'^^<^^^- The following are the prices of horses, cattle, farming implements, and commodities generally : — Hoinestpad exemption law. Horses, per pair, about 60/. ; oxen, per yoke, 261 to 30?. > cows, 61. to 71. each. Waggons, 10/. to 18/. each. Ox cart? 3/. to 4/. Breaking plough and harrow from 6/. to SI- Common ploughs about 3/. 12*. Keapers, 20/. to 30/ Mowers, 14/. to 20/. Spades, 4s. 6ps, and fruits grow in great abundancf : hemp, tobacco and sugar beet are also prolitabJe crops ; raaixe and tomatoes ripen well, and peaches and grapes oome to perfection in tho open air. The province liossespes excellent means ol communica- ^ron"«o^<•n!u- tion, both by raiijvays and by water through the lakes, and "'i'"^<*'*>'f"'- the Kiver St. Lawrence, with all parts of the Dominion and to the Atlantic ports. The public schools are all free and non-sectarian. All Eiic-itfion. resident chilnlren between the ages of and 21 are allowed to attend them. There are several large cities and towns in this pro- cuips and I vince, among others Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, Ixjnrlon, t)wiiw. I Kingston, itc. In mineral wealth it has great resources, proflucing iron, aiiiorals. Icopper, lead, silver, marble, petroleum, ^alt, Ac. Its |immense forests of pine timber are well known. Its principal manufactures are cloth, linen, clolliing, Man ifaot-n-ea leather, furniture, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware. '"»<'«''i'«t'<. paper, soap, cotton, and woollen iroods, steam engines, and locomotives, wooden ware of all descriptions, agricultural implements, &o. Cattle, sheep, and pigs, dairy and agri- Wtural produce are exported largely from this Province, md \\he trade is increasmg rapidly. The rates of wages for farm labourers are from 40*. to [jp«. per month, with board and loging ; for common laibourers irom about 3». to 4». 2(i. a day, without boird Vnd lodging, and for female domestic servants from 14«. to fis. per month, all found. GKx)d cooks get rather more. Provisions are much cheaper than in England or in the fnited States. Beef, veal and mutton are from 3d. to 6rf, ler lb. 5 pork, 4d. to 5i. ; bacon, 6d. to Hd. ; bread (best), Ud. to 5d. per 4 lb. loaf ; butter (fresh), 1«. i saU, ditto. Id. Sd. per lb. ; potatoes, 1*. 9d. to 2«. per bushel ; tea, '2a. : gar (brown), 4d. to 4^4. per lb. ; milk, 3d. per quart ; Bor. ]», 2d. to Iff. Qd, per gallon ; and tobacco, U. to 2*. — 1« — QUBBHO. i^neliof*. I'ritwjii l,»ui(ls lnw. Holl. Miiu's iiiiii fli*l.«>ri«"<. ;i Upon «ight of tbe great ooloniiation roads, eT«rT mi^» colonist and emi|trant b^ing Ih y«ais of age may obtain,* heo grant of 100 acres. Th« conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling nousthave b«en erected on the land, and ISacirs Ire under cultivation. Letters Fatint Hie tlun ponted. down lands can also be jmrchased at 30 cents to 60 cfjits an acio. The [»oviT)ce baa a homestead law exempting from seix- uje, under certain conditions, the pioperty of emigrants. The foil if* ot very good quality, and its piH>ductions are sinnlar to those of other parts of C'-anada. Gold, lead, silver, iron, copper, platinum, &c., Ac, are found, — but niininji; in this province is only yet in its infancy, i^horphete niiiunp is becominfi an important industry ; its value ns a fertilizer is recognized in Lngland and Kinnce, and hxvjie qunntitieH are being exported. The Usheiips are abundant, and in ISTO, the vield was of tho value of *2.()07.G77. The principal cities are Qi;ebcc and Montreal, and there are many large towns. WHKrv. piifi.s, The retnailcs made in the case of the province of '"Ontario "»»""'«><•'"'••'• will apply to Quebec also. This is atTcrded by raihvaya and by the River St. Law- rence. 'I'his provintMi contnins the two great ports of ship- ment, — Montreal and Quebec, both of which have extensive wharfage accommodations, and oc»»an go'ng vessels of 4,000 toas can be n-oortd alongside tlie quays. Cllic muiilcail'in. NEW BRUNSWICK. Ki'po trniiils. Now Jlnins- wl«'k. Holl and pro- duction. Manufactures A grant of 1(X) acres may be obtained by any person upon the following conditions :— On payment of $20 cash to aid in construction of roads and hedges, or labour of the value of |10 per year for three years. A house to be built within two years. Ten acres to be cleared and cultivated in three years. Proof of residence on the land. Tbe soil is fertile, and produces all the fruits generally found in England. Wheat averages about 20, barley 29, oata 34, buckwheat 33, rye 20, Indian corn 41, potatoes 226, turnips 456 bushels to the acre. The potatoes and fruits command good {)rioes in the English market. .^ i ■ Ship building ia one of the staple industries of the i>ro- vinoe, but its manufactories generally are increasing rapidly and there are manufaetones of woollenliid cotton eentfl to 60 tiny person — ll> — coods, \>oot(i and ihoet, leather, etfrrtAgei, wooden ware, paper, Boap, hardware, Ao., Ao. : NOVA SOOTIA. The quantity of land for diapoaal m thia provinae l« iallels. Plpning •tong t^h^ nfvthem coast of I^ke Superior, I saw some magni- floent scenery, chiefly in Thunder Bay and id tlie Port Williwn .1i«tJ lot fhe iMtmentioned place is at pr«.«ent the Eastern terminuA n\ ih«* Canadian Paolflo Railway, a road which !• heing rapidly built, and which will in due time open up tho illimitable rosource* of tho N'oith\V««t territory. fhi« «>•«, in fact, l» necesHiiry to th« colonlantion of thn NorthWoit. Until it is built, indeed, an.l until there is a Canadian f.mol at the Sault Ste. Marie, the produce of the NorthWest cnnnoi bo forwarded to Europe without pnwing through United-States' toiritory. unless, indeed the HudHon's Bay route can be made practienble. The Province of Manitobu, ho fur as 1 anwit, in uh a rule, flat, \rantiii« in trees, and, con»equently, soinewhnt dreary-lookin/,' ; but in many \>nru the land is of strilsmg richness. 1 was up there in time to Hee th.* luiter psrt of the hnr% nsting, and I was certainly struck with the excellent crops of wheat anH orts which were grown witli the crudest cultivation, Onth» flay nfter iuy arrival, September 3rd, I saw a new stringbinder at work in a cop of wheat in the Kildonan settlement, near Winnipoa • It was a very iuoe even crop, and would average, say, 25 bushels per acre ot p > tin, whose quality was very good ; the wheat was the " Scotch Fife " VA.-.oiy, not a heavy headed kind, but it was a nice even crop, the straw rather short and weak, but clear and bright, and the grain was plump, wellfed. bnght, and tit for the mill at once. This crop was sown on the 22nd of May, on first prairie sod— that is, on prairie land just then ploughed up lor the Hist time— and as such sod is very tough iit first, it may be imagined that the surface of the field was rough, and that tlie seed had been impeifectly covered ; yet the seed was sown an-l the crop dead ripe within a perlo.1 of 15 weeks. It i^, however, no uncommon jJimg lor wheat to be twice in the bag within 90 days-that is, sown, harvested, and thrashed within that period. I saw also a crop of oats which was sown at intf rvals, as the land was ploughed, from the 7th to the 17th of June; the oats were the black tartarian variety, and though not npe when 1 saw it, 1 should say the crop would reach 45 bushels Mr acre. It was a strong, wellheaded crop, and the oats promised to b^a good sample, rhia crop, too, was on first prairie sod, on a farm belongrnir to Mr. Kois, of Wifcnipeg, but some ten or twelve miles away from the city Land inoroases rapidly in value near to the city. For this selfsame farm Mr. Ross paid 367 dollars ; now he wants 3,000 dollars for it. It is 240 aorea in extent, and the owner has put up a sihall house and a building or two on It, beside-* breaking up about half of the land. Ihe soil of Manitoba is a purely vegetable loam, black, as ink, and full of organic matter, m sodie places many feel thick, and resting on the alluvial drift of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It i^ of course eltremSy noh m the chief elements of plant-food, and cannot easily bo exhausted ; the farmers know this, so they teke all they can out of ft in the shortMt poqfiible time, and return nothing whatever to it in the form of liiailtire B> turning up an inch or two of fresh soil now and again, the fertility of Ae surface is renewed, and the same exhaustive system of growing wheat mlaot, that for several of the first y^ars, at all ©rent., maniring the^ p^erenta^the fwmeirs w«» in the habit of getting theiMitter aad BMore out of the w^y by Weighing it out on the* oe o? the frozen WttS m w in IB winter, io be cawied away somewhere, when springtime and the floods came, and the ice broke up ; now they leave it to rot in heaps outside the stables, and find it an easiei- task to remove the stable rather than the manure, when the latter becomes unpleasantly plentiful. In course of time it is probable that the manure will need to be put io its legitimate use of improving an exhausted soil, or maintaining the fertility of a rich one. At a still later period the operation jfsubsoiline Will bring up new earth from below, and there does net appe; r to be any probability that the better soils of the province will ever become sterile providing that the farmejrr make use of the means they will a"ways have at hand for keeping them up to the mark. At present, however, these rich Wheat soils do not need iiiproving; they are rich enough for years to Come, and in dome, cases too rich for the welfare of the crop : much of the straw, therefore, is valueless, and really a cumber to the farmer. In the State of Minnesota 1 sawlaige quantities of it burnt to get rid of it. The good prairie BoLi are known by the dwarf wild rose and the wolf- willow glowing on them while still in a state of nature ; at all events, the land is at once denoted good where these plants are found, though it is probablo that there is good land on which they are not found. But there 18 a deal of inferior soil in the Province in places ; this is chiefly alkaline soil, on which nothing that is profitable will grow in its present condition ; in many places, too, the water is alkaline. Yet there is plenty of good water to be got in most places by boring lor it, and in some instances a clear pure spring has been struck a very few feet below the surface. It must not be supposed that the soil of ^Tanitoba is fit only for wheat and oats. The wild grasses, it is true, are very coarse in character, and there are many weeds and worthless plants among them, yet cattle flourish on the immense plains of prairie grass. The " prairie meadows " are generally damp lands, situated near the swampa. " hiver lots " often stretch four miles back, and are 6, 9, or 12 chains wide, as the case may be ; 6 chams at that length enclose 200 acres. The Province is not adapted io grow maize ; it is too far north for that, but it will grow garden vegetables very well, and turnips and potatoes, beans and peas, in the fields with complete success, while snch "tame" grasses as amotfay and the rye grasses, and also red and white clover, grow satisfactorily on land that is At all decently cultivated. Outside the city of Winnipeg I saw a large market-garden run by a Yorkshireman named Longbottom, in which very large crops of onions, potatoes, carrots, peas, beans, tomatoes, celery, and a hundred other things, were grown in a rough and ready sort of way, but very profitably : there is a good market in Winnipeg for all kinds of garden stutJ, and the earliest sorts command very high prices, so that our Yorkshire friend, as I was told on the best authority, is reaping a rich reward of his skill and industry. i was much surprised to find among the Manitoban farmers one of my old Cirencester pupils. He had bought a farm of some 400 acres a few miles west of Winnipeg, paying, as was thought, the extravagant price of 20 dollars (£4) an acre. He declared, however, to me that he had the best farm in the locality, which may be taken as evidence of his being satisfied with it J and he was growing crops of turnips, potatoes, oats, &c., which vrere already a theme of conversation in the Provmce ; this was done by — 25 -- better cultivation than the land of Manitoba is used to, and it is clear that the soil will produce almost any kind of crop in a very satisfactory way, providing it is properly attended to. An yet, how can we expect the rank and file of farmers to cultivate the soil carefully in a country which has such a superb abundance of magnificent land still unoccupied ? In time, no doubt, better farming will prevail, and I hope my old pupil will set an example which will be worth extensive imitation ; but at present land is too cheap and plentiful to admit of microscopic cultivation as we have it in England and Scotland. The chief drawbacks in Manitoba, in the estimation of an Englishman, are these : Bad roads, bad water in many parts, the almost utter absence of trees except on the river's banks, the fiatness of the country, and the long and severe winter (And these remarks apply with even greater force to large tracts of country I have seen in the north-western portion of the United States.) No doubt the roads in time wil be improved, though road- metal is very scarce ; good water will be obtained in most parts of the country by boring for it ; this, indeed, id already being done ; trees will be planted to break the monotony of the scene, and, so far as the winters are concerned, I am assured by tiiose whoso testimony is worthy of all trust, that though the mercury may go to 30' below zero, yet the cold is not intolerable, but rather pleasant and bracing, because the air is dry. The flat, low-lying land in the vicinity of Winnipeg has hitherto been much flooded in spring time, but an extensive and well-executed system of large open drains, which is now being carried out at the cost of the Government, will greatly diminish the evil, if not entirely remove it. Theie are other districts needing similar treatment, and, as the land is of excellent quality, they will receive attention in due time. In the city of Winnipeg every household and personal requisite can be bought at not unreasonable rates ; and, above all, agricultural tools and machinery of a character superior to the general ru1i of such things in England are everywhere abundant. It is, in fact, one of the sights most suggestive of reflection, to notice at the railway staiions here and there, and at the dealers' stores, abundant supplies of labour-saving implements and machinery, which are cheaper, handier, and better made than many English goods. The cost of living is not very high ; beef, by the side, in winter is about 7 cents a lb., beefsteaks in summer 15 cents, mutton in winter about 12 cents, and butter about 25 cents the year round. Eggs in winter are 35 cents a dozen. The great features of Manitoba are : Land of excellent quality, very low in price, and in great abundance, and a climate which brings to perfection in a short time, all kinds of cultivated crops. The value of land is 1 dollar (4b.) to 10 dollars (£2) an acre, away in the country, while near the city, in some cases, it is still higher. Out in the North-West Territory, however, i the finest land can be bought at a dollar or less per acre, and actual \ settlers can obtain free grants of 1 60 acres for each adult, with a pre-emption I right to 160 more on payment of a nominal sum to Government. I cannot, (however, recommend English farmers of middle age to go there to settle, I because they are entirely unsuited to pioneer life, and would have much i to unlearn before they could learn the ways of the country; butyoun? I men with small capital and strong hearte and willing hands, even though Uhey have been reared amidst the comforts of an English home, are sure ii: ; — 20 — to prosper in the new tepritoiy, providing they are steady and industriom. Being young, they are not too olosely weHded to certain habits of life, and they would the more easily habituate themselves to (he new condition*, which they would encounter in the new country. But whoerer may go to Manitoba from the Old Country, will do well to have a good look round before buying land, and, if possible, to pass a few weeks on a farm here and there, with a view of watching the processes on which husbandry is conducted in the North- West? and a man with a small capital and no encumbrances would do well to hire himself out to a farmer for a year or two before locatmg himself on land of his own. Land may be rented in Manitoba, and probably it would be a wise thing for an English farmer to. rent a farm tor a year or two, until he has learnt the country pnd the i country s ways, and he will then .3 the better able to select the rightj sort of land for himself. Land may be rented as follows: the landlord provides the land and half the seed 5 the tenant the labour, implements, horaes, and hal the seed ; the landlord receives one-third, and the tenant" keeps two thuds of the produce for his share of the business. Mr. Macken- zie, ot Burnside, one of the largest and most prosperous farmers in Canada., lets ofl some of his land in the Portage la Prairie on these terms. ONTARIO. Ofthe southern part of this Province I cannot speak in terms other than of warm praise. Generally speaking, this favoured portion of the- Province has a rolling, and, in some parts, almost a hilly surface ; in certain localities, as that of Hamilton, for instance, the surface is much broken and almost precipitous here and ther?, but as a rule the great; bulk of the land in this part of the Province, with the exception of rocky or swampy districts, is easily cultivable when it is cleared of timber and' the roots are pulled ou^ Thirty or forty years ago, Ontario must have been, a very heavily-wooded district, and the labour of clearing the hundreds and thousands of beautiful farms must have been prodigious : in the dis- trict to which these remarks more specially refer, the work of clearinir ie for the most part done, but there are still many extensive tracts of timber- laud here and there, and most of the farms have a smaller or greater proportion of uncleared land on them. ThU land is kept to grow wood for lencing and for fuel. mt a This portion of Ontario may be regarded as the garden of the Dominion —literally as well as figuratively the garden-for it is there that apples,, pears, grapes, peachu s, melons, and the like, grow in the greatest profusion, and with the least trouble on the pnrt of the fai mer. Every farm has its orchard, and it is purely the farmer's fault- if the orchard is not an exoei- lent one, for the cl mate and the soil are clearly all that can be desired, and the trees will do their share of the work provided the right sorts are planted. It IS usual to plant out peach and apple-trees alternately and *H.~^" .\"*"®w; orchard, and the apple-trees are at a distance apart which will be right when they are full-grown 5 this is done because the peach-trees come to maturiiy first, and have done bearing before tLe apple-trees require aU the room ; the pe^oh-traee are thenout downand the apple-trees oscupy aU the room. These trees' are pUmteXl in rowsat — «?- ridit anglM. so that there ia a clear pawage between them whichever way we look, and the land can be freely cultivated among them ) it ia,iu fikot, usoid to take crops of wheat, or oats, or maize, from the land during the time the trees are young, and we often see fine oropr oi golden grain overtopped by noble young trees laden with fruit. A farmer may not. of course, look to fruit alone to grow rich on, but he often nets a nice roll of dolhtrs out of it, and, to say the least, it is conducive to happiness to be well supplied with fruit, while to live in a climate and on a soil tlialt will produce it abundantly is always desirable. There are many kinds of soil in this part of the Province, most of which are fertile and easy to cultivate. The most common soils are loama of one kind or another, comprising all the varieties included in the terms ' sac dy ' and ' clay ' loams ; then there are light soils of various kinds, clays, and marsh soils, most of them /Lore or less impregnated with organic matter. Many of these soils — I speak now of iarms that have been long under cultivation— were at first well adapted to the growth of wheat, but it appears that in many places wheat has been grown so repeatedly on the land, that it will no longer produce the crops of it that were formerly easy to obtain. The fact is, this one crop has been grown 80 very often that the land has become deficient in the elements necessai*y to it; the same land will, however, grow very good crops of other kinds —roots, clover, barley, peas, oats, and the like, while in some parts profitable crops of Indian com are grown ; the latter, however, ia also an exhausting crop, even more completely so than wheat, but not so quickly and can only be grown to profit on a rich soil and a hot climate. The difierence between the two crops is this : wheat exhausts a soil of certain i elements, leaving the rest comparatively untouched ; but maize is a generally exhausting crop^ less dependent on special elements, but I leeding, as it were, on all alike : and so it follows that it can be grown for a longer time before the land snows signs of exhaustion, which at last is so thorough that fertility is restored with great difficulty. There is^ [however, a great deal of good wheat-land in Ontario, and much more of it [to be cleared. The partially-exhausted land, too, will coaie round again, land will grow wheat profitably as before, but it is only |,>ood faimiug that [will bring this about. The farmers of Ontario declare that they would [hardly have known what to do with their land if it were not for cheese- utking, and particularly for the new cattle and beef tra ie wiih England. Wheat, wheat, nothing but wheat as a paying crop, was simply exhaust- bug the land, returning nothing to it ; cattle-raising paid poorly, because 10 demand was limited ; and cheeaemaking could only be profitably led on in the districts suitable to it. But the demand arising in the )ld Country for beef, and the improved means of transportation over the Ilea, have provided a new and profitable opening towards which the lergies of the farmers are being directed. The raisiug of stock suitable the English market is now a leading and profitable branch in this part ' the Dominion, and it is encouraging to the cultivation of root and ten crops, of clover, timothy, and other foraae crops, of green corn» I.) for soiling. The growth and consumption of these crops, indeed, ia > very practice that was needed to restore fertility to soils which bad »n iiyured by over>oropping with wheat. But numbers of the Ontaria aeem to be so wedded to wheat-raising, that rather than go — 28 — extensively into stock-raising and fattening, and the ffrowth of TarioiM rotation crops, more after the English and Scotch modfls, they pX^ Inl ^^ n ^"^ 1° Manitoba and the North-West, a territoAr which h par e:tcek,w^i,^,hetit country, and which must scon becomT. perhaDs the greatest granary in the world. They are the more incited in tSk direction because they can sell their Ontario farms at 40 triOO dol ars an acre, and can buy virgin soil in the North-West at 1 to 10 dollars By II exchange of this nature they can easily establish their chUdren 12 separate forms, a thing but few of them could hope to do ^n Onterio where land is comparatively high. They have also the spirit if resS-' These various influences are causing numbers of farmers to migrate in the direction of besetting sun, and the Americans themsekes weJe never more crazed about the West than are the CanadLns o?to day aK their Manitoba and NorthWest Territory. They treat their land a,^ SeT/lftloot'rr ^-^J--ch-dof apples i^VafcitW^fe s'ud' ann e wi »n 1 /l ^ rn«^. about from one place to another, plucking an appje here and therp, having a nip at it, and throwing it down onlv to repeat the process at every tree they come to thinkin^ln this waVTo find armtif Sr; w' {^^--hard. . So il is with the Sdlan andTmeri^cJn Jarmer of ihe A\ est. llis farm is a mere machine, out of which he ceta all the work he can in the least possible time, and' he quitrit for another ^8 Ins fancy suggests. It is of second or third-rate im?Srtance to h"m S nStt'SS/fi"?^ °^ '>f ^^"«^*'T ^'^''''^' ataless^cost 5han tSt of manr£!5S i['S*''°P'"i°l.'5.^"^*^^ affection with which an English- man regards his farm, and the home of his childhood, is & factor at rrSent Tn 1ime^"r" 'V^^ '""^^^ ^'^% °^°"^ ^"^^^^^ across the AtlaS.' .Jj^J^ *^" .''"" ^^''^"Se m Canada, and in England the old ties are rapidly weakenmg It s well, or, rather, would be^well, if Englishland lentlment t?;^*fnfi^ ' f'*"Se of feeling, this looseninrof theffi Wo?kl flentiment, this infiltration of new ideas, which are surelv anrl nnf Bin»ri» ThX frl/'r^'i *•"' I'r/ ^(^'-^^-^-^^^^^^^^^^^ wnole wrrld a possible market for the products of any single portion of It, and, along with education, is making the people everywhere cXil a^n ? rene^nf f V^ ^'1^^ '^« ^'^ ^^° trLlfthese tWngs are d^ As a dairying country some portions of both Western and Eastftm ont'tir i "th^'f i'""''' ''J" °^^^^^^^"' of 'thrcourtry ^^tt™ smaUer It^eam, i f„ . ^^^earn^, and springs, and running br«»» 1" be.t oheew-that i., it hw Hed k^»w l!!!'" "*""'' !*««'«»• *!>• time i, Beoe,.a.y to'tSertoSSnJ .( S^lSi ' fe^™? "«™* « «U,a. the^, that .be tS. .he^eSSSS iilSSSn^l^tSS&'^'.SfiSS — 31 kboagh it ia of course varm enough, *ed bus nevdv been oold, it has not the required age. and so is unripe. Hence he prefers that one-half of the ujilk he makes ebeete from fihotild be twelve hours old, and this being ripe enough in itself, ripens the fresh morning's milk .when the two are ' mixed together, In summer the ripening of the evening's milk is enough for the purpose, but in the colder weather of autumn it is not, no the mor* njng's and evening's milk are warmed up together to a temperature of 90* or 80,ing the curd warm, and exposing it to the air. But even in the Cheddar system it is well-known tbat autumn cheese doen not mature like that of summer, and this Mr. Ballantyne declares is owing to the evening's milk of autunm not having a chance to ripen like that of summer. I was pleased to find that Frofessor Arnold, an able exponent of the Cheddar system, has done much good in Canada in teaching dairjmen how to manage floating-curds— that i», by exposing them longer in the vat, and by developing more acidity to check- JXJa to the taint which is common to floating-curds. The milk is genernlly delivered once a day to the O/madian tactories, and the farmers, under iwin of having their milk tej cled, nre required to take proper care of the evening's milk, and to deliver it in good condition at the factory. This done, the transit is supposed to do the milk goo<] rather than harm. JngersoU is at once the oldest and most famous of the districts of Onta- rio in which cheese factories have been established ; I was, consequently, interested in looking through a f«»w of the factories near the town, in seeing the neighbourhood, and in attending the cheese market. My visit was mado the occasion for calling a meeting of the farmers, factory-mett cheese-buyers, and others who happened to be in the town at the time. To Mr. Hately, a considerable exporter of Oaradian cheese to England, I am indebted for the pleasure, interest, and information which this meet- ing afforded me. A most interesting discussion was the result of it, the subject being chiefly da'ry farming. It transpired that some farmers receive as much as 47 dollars per cow for milk sent to the factories during the season, and the farmers were hopeful as to the future prospects <^ cheese making in that part of the Dominion, though it is tiue that the industry, in common with all others, had recently passed through very trying times. The dairy cattle, ia some parts of Ontario, will compare not unfavoura- bly with those of many parts of England. Shorthorn grades prevail, and it may be i^aid tbat, wherever a better class of cattle are found^ the improve- ment is due, as a rule to the shorthont elemeoit. In the magnificent herd of in s i — 32 — pedigree shorthorna at Bow Park, I found a collection of «n{r«..i. i • n 18 clear that the clunate and soil of Canada »« wnil =,, f j .'^®* -^ the purity and vigour of these animli?and Vere ifv^rincicaUoTt W they have not deteriorated 'n anv resnpr «^ hJt tl^ * inaication that hoxio in the Far West Xre a^o^oTs&^aiil^'al.TlK^^^^ °-*^ a he d that is well worth crossing the Atlantic ?oTee I snen MhS' T"^'"'^ Bow Park, enjoying the company of mTworthrfrieffi Mi^n„v'*'y^^^ should have liked to spend as many weeks "even mnntl^ ^ become familiar with the many beautirurshorthorns I Taw & Z"^^' ^ tiTor's bank on iho west i> h«h on the Bon- pllflii '» <> ' "k'E'.e. The away in a senile bul, ><>melLyl,yi,r°loZ^^ resembles, as it were a bna« ta1o<« JTi'u - .m. . ihus the farm the 80)1 u a sti-ong sandy loam, and on the wl«t ^v,uhi^ % ^*1^ ^*'""* a gravelly subsoU. 'i he lower i>Lt of th« ff,m ^5 l^^®* ^""'' ''^*^'"S «"» red clovi, lucerne, and the like • t>.l mS i?^^'°''^?"^>*'''°P** «*'mangels, you would'like tr^rupon it and the uolfi,^^' T*" *^«Pj«^ ^^.'^i^ «'01> maize. It is thought by manv in th«ni,??5 Partgrows a large burden of gwt.0. jd W4jr;;fi/asra ureitarp!?/o;t{ 33 — But fancy Uiis magnificent farm, which erstwhile was forest and glade, now growing magnificent crops of grass, and grain, and'roots, and suppor- ting some of the finest the world has in it of the ubiquitous Teeswater bovines. This transition from Red Indian, and black bear, and moose deer, to Anglo-Saxon and Kirklevington Duchesses, toDuchessps of Barrington, and Oxford, and vVoodhill, to Royal Charmers, Countesses, Lady Fawsleys Polly Gwynnes, Koses of Sharon, Waterloo, Wild Eyes, and the lik , to Princes, Dukes, Earls, and Barons of the same ilk, and all these glories of shorthorn fame supplemented by waving fields of grain, of irammoth mangel wurtzels, and of thickly-carpeted clovers, is as remarkable as any thing we meet with in this great young country of the west. The situation of the farm, and the views of the district which we obtain to great advan- tage from many points on the river's high bank ou the west, ar*» beyond compare the finest I have seen in Can&da, or, ibr the matter of that, in the United States; and when we turn from these beauties of locality to witness the grand shorthorn cows, and heifers, and yearlings grazing lus- tily on the newly-seeded clovers, or on the primeval turf which for ages has formed a beautiful glade m the forest, we have the surroundings com- plete which go to make up a scene in which the soul of any Old Country farmer would take great delight. The Bow Park Farm was purchased, a dozen years ago, from various persons who had settled upon it, by the Hon. George Brown, whose melan- choly death a few months ago, by the bullet of a drunken assassin, filled the whole of the Canaciiart agricultural world with indignation and dismay It was converted first of all into an ordinary dairy farm, in the days when Canada was coming to the front as a cheese-producing country ; and a cheese factory, which is still standing, though put to other uses, was built for the convenience of the farm and of the neighbourhood around. Gra- dually, however, the dairy stock were improved j and as the soil deve- loped animals in a superior manner, the idea arose to form it into a breed- ing establishment for stock of the best kind, an i there is now upon it one of the largest and most valuable shorthorn herds in the world. There are in all nearly two hundred females and forty to fifty males, in many of whose veins runs the bluest ot blue blood, while there is not a single animal among them who has nol. unexceptionable pretensions to patrician paren- tage. In lots of twenty to forty we find the ftmales pasturing in various parts of the farm : *^d it is a sight worth travelling far to see which we get in wanderiD ' ' ♦'trough the herds, each individual of which with pedigree anJ liii', . .t once by my friend Mr. Clay, to whom the chief management o ^rm is entrusted by the Association to whom this great undertakii., -, 3. Going first among •. ^uUs, we came to the lord of the harem, the veritable king of the herd, an animal of surpassing merit, and a fortune in himself. This grand old su-e, the 4th Duke of Clarence, who was bred by Colonel Gunter, of Wetherby Grange, is, to the best of my recollection, the most nearly faultless bull I have seen in this or any other country. He is a huge mountain of flesh and bone and muscle, and at first sight one would think that no two of his four legs could support the burden ; but when we notice the giand development of muscle, and the grace and ease with which he moves, we think so no longer. His brisk-t is wide and deep, down to his kneei ; his shoulder, from the point of it to the brisket 3 -i.l -I If hm i M k la :U t)Otvyeen the luiecM, iiu'amrlng 4 ft. 9 in., is the (leopest I h;ivo aeen, and yet it is not in llio loast coarse or lumpy : hia top ia level, wide, and long, niOHsmiiij; n It. S in. from point of Hhouldprs to the equure of the tail, liiid tlio loastinK-beof is there in fine diHplny. II© is well flprung in the ril)», with ftreut cheat-room : equally well let down in the flanks, forming ppri'oet uudmliues ; the tail i» set on as a tail ought to he, hut not always is ; tiie neolc is woudcrfully massive and muscular ; the head has the true shorthorn chaiaotor, and is withal very kindly in expression, denoting the good teniptn- which the cwner is known to possess, and which ig no mean fuctoi- in tlio |)roccs,H of physical tlevelopnient. With a constitution unsurpassed, lUU fluo six .veajs oM hull is a most impressive sire, auner* seding in almost 2| and among tho breeders' names are Bates and Colling, Hunter and Thompson. Here ia blue bloo« ^now- Among educational inatituUons the Guelph Agricultural College occu- pies an honourable position. The College wm unfortunately not inteSk,n jyhen I was tW and the President and ProfcBsor of AgSturf wire both away at the Hamilton show, so that I saw the College and farm under unfavourable conditions. The Professor of Chemistry did aU Slay in his power, however, to give me facilities for seeing the education" m?ch? »«^y of the College as well aa the farm buildings, the farm, SheXk The following day 1 had the pleasure of meetinc Mr. lilills the Pr«B?H?«* and Mr. Brown, the Professor of Agriculture, at HamS' It is 3?^^.** tory; to know that the (Jpltege is being more\ppSS-an"^ year by year by those for whose benefit it w^ established Inc?e2ed accommodation is now being provided, and there is a pJospect of the College evea oocommg self sustaining in time. Already it is a flourfshine though quite a young instituUon, and its influence ia being fennSfe wricultme of the Province. The students receive an agricultural *^u^ tion, m which science is happily blended with practiSrand thcOT^ts borne out by demonstration. The farm consist of »ome uSOacJes on wWch a ranety of experimental and practical crop, are grown^d sevVal Sd s of pure-Wed English sheep and cattle are kept, which, i^thefr tuni 5^^^^ have an important eflect on the country's future ' mon tbat I have been. At first sight it would seem to be heavier than i« some of the other nx>vince8, yet it is not really so. It is atsIsSd o^tS bas« of valuation of property, and in this sense diflFers bursuXlv ^ the other Provinces. Land, and real property geneSrieS out S SSirio'Jhan «r\''""' ^* Ji^'^treaTa-fd qUcc, iJ mo^Ta"SaWe in Ontano than elsewhere, yet the total taxation, includine schoS-rates fcj'H^ '**" ^"^ ^^ond2i> to 30 cents an acre, Uile it frIqueX falls below those sums. Some districts have public property which nearlv »m StS "Swt P"^"' °*^".*-^ *¥ ^ "««d«^' wd others Lrthe moJJhLnTv Si!« °l*^^ ^^T""^ '" order to wipe oft sums of money wWch were I meet witii an instance in which taxation may be reearded as reaUv W fS'^'^V. ^*V^*. ^"^ beexpedient for new-comers tfSleTnSnf into these matters before purchasing farms. mquiiy mto In the matter of assessing land for taxation, the farmers annninf a commission to value it, and it is revalued each ye^ if thSt exKnt If any dispute arise the land is looked over again, and the disoutS iSv ^ff SbJf"^^ ^ the judge. PractiolSly th^ farieiSTold tS^ taxation m their own hands, for no direct imperial taxation is levied ;30 QUEBEC. I have to regret that my time diil not admit of my taking more than a .^lance at the Eastern Townships of this Province, because I am persuaded there is much excellent land in them, and a good openmg for Enghsh farmers. They are situate between the cities of Montreal tnd Quebec, and near some of the cities of the United States, in all of -which are good markets for farm produce. The land, moreover, is much lower lu price than in the better i)ortion9 of Ontario, and farms for «he most part cleared and fenced, in a fair state of cultivation, and possessing good houses and buildings, may be bought at the rate of £4 or £') an acre. Tlie district is rolling and the soil loamy ; it is also well sui)plied with water, a valuable feature in dairy-farming and stock-raisir:::. The climate is healthy, for it is here that Mr. Cochrane has raised hin e.xtxliiiit shorthorns, and Avliere he is now beginning 'o raise higb-class llcreroids in the place of them. The agriculture ofQuebec, generally speaking, is susceptible of improve- ment, and the same mav be said of its cattle, sheep, horse's, un-l pigs. In many parts the farmers'plough the * lands ' too narrow, a.s if tiie sou \yere very wet. If such be the case, it were better to underdrain it. 1 noticed that grasses and clovers grew best in the numerous furroww. The fences of Quebec, as a rule, are qu^te equal to those of any other riovmce, and probably superior, because, being straight rail fences, they are not such a harbour for w©e^«*.^*it« of Belle Isle the climate of the iSffo\te?JV*r."^Il^.''*'"^^'°P^°^^^ and there are some who inclme to the belief that in this event the St. ^awrence would be navigable he Sl^^'tw' ll'"^'' '"'"'i' ^'^^^ «* ^" I'kely to follow the closing of the straits, why-.the sooner they are closed the better. I'rince Edward Island is covered with a soil that is easv to cultivatfl Bound and healthy, capable of giving excellent cropV^rSs min^d fandirr ^r^'i '°'^ ^^"^'^•V °°' f*'l *o respond trtheskil'offhe' h?s t thTsoil?/ lth?'r''°"^r^^' *S" ^^^'^°? ^PP^^''^ *° be well adapted, imrSLmiV^^*' T?^^' '^^^ ^°"^<^' growing a thick-set, tender, and nutritious herbage. For cattle, too, it is suitable, though Derhans lUs so than for sheep. For horses the island has been femous Icf a lonV t^^^^^^ and American buyers pick up most of those there are for sale. T^ is not iSS; S tho' *Y '^^^I '^T ^°^ ^1 i^ ^"' thehorses of the blZ seLefhTArSiirr.''^T''^5^\^''°^^^^^ ^^^ «®«^' ^^ ^^ct, to be in a sense the Arabia of Canada. The sheep, as a rule, are fairly good, butonen shZ^ZTnw 'i.-*'" cattle, gener«llynpeaking.'are iiferfof ImLS" Jthe OlS? AT K ^'e/^S exported to England, and the day I saUed from Quebec, Mr. Senator Carvell was shipping some 1200 of them most S Tor murhTink'IsLnd^r ^"^V ^H^ f ntiman! to whom I am 'inTebted cost 1 58 a w3?n ?^ ^"^"^at»o°. iiitorms me that sheep from the island L^yeT^oo^t^^l^!j^-^u\'J'^^'- ^nd attendance, by the time they reach i^Inf ^„ni i- ^®/ Y?'*'*' ^^^^^ '^ insurance, which varies from 2 to lOper cent., according to the season of the year. "*" ^ lo iuper has onT«°] .^n^^® regarded as a good thing for the island that Mr. Carvell nflon£ tn P * ''^'^f '""^^'^ ^*y^ '"^^^^ it will be au inducement to the KeciI?l?«dTftH°^^^'"P.r"'^«- '^'^ ^'^^"^t^'y for which the S«?d IS specially adapted. The cattle at present are not good enous^h for the — 41 — Bnalish mwket, »nd they are not worth taking over. The Proidncial Go- veSSenThM e'stablUhed a stock-farm near Charlotte town for the disBe- mSSon of better blood through the flocks and herds of the island : but 80 far the farmers have not availed themselves as they ought to do of this ^eat advantage. The new trade with England will, V^«J«f ' '» ^^^ P~^J: Slity cause them to put their shoulders to the wheel and to bring their cattle up to the level of the sheep. Beef and mutton are ve^J o^eap at present on the island ; stall-fed beef in spring can »>« ^ougl't at 35 cents a lb., live weight, and grass-fed beef in October was worth only SJ, while dresLed beef by the side could be bought at 4 to 5 cents per lb. : lamb ^d muttpn by the quarter, and of very mce quality, was ^^^^^ «°ij '"^ ^J markets at 5 cents per'lb. Lambs were worth from 68. to lOs. each, and ewes, 10s. to 18s. ; while fat wethers and ewes were bought a* ISs Jo ^. Bveinorting a few thousands yearly to England the prices of sheep mil inoreaSe on the island. Ihe farmers complain that t W recejre but 17 cents per lb. for their wool; but so long as they shear unwashed sheep they must submit to low prices. , , , u ix ^„*„ 4i,«« »««■+ The island grows very good wheat, and probably better oats than most other parts of the Dominion. Of the former, the crops are from 18 t« 30 bushels, and of the latter, 25 to 70 bushels per acre. Barley, too, as may bf expected, makes a very nice crop. Wheat at the time of my visit waj worth^4s. pe^ bushel of 60 lb., oats Is. 9d. per bushel of 34 1^., and barley 23. 6d. to 3s. per bushel of 4S lb. Winter wheat is regarded M a precawous crop, being liable to be thrown out of the loose soil by the thaws^f^^f «• The^same thing holds good in Manitoba, and in Ontario I fo"»»d that the farmers consider there'is danger on the one hand, with wmte^^^^^ is too far advanced when Avinter sets in, of havmg it «"^other«^„^y * *J° heavy fall of snow lying too long, especially on d^P^Jmd ; and on the other, of having it throw itself out of the ground by the heaving of the frosts and thaws^of Spring. In this event the dead plants =^ay afterwards be raked oflf the land^like so much hay. . There is «deed, on these l^se soUs, room for the exercise of judgment m the Bowmg of the grain. Many farmers consider it a good thing to drill it in north and fouth as a protj^- tion against the prevalent west winds, while others t^ the e^«"f?«'»*S; leavi^ a row of old cornstalks standing at intervals o^^ f^'^Jf *' ,^" this is^done to prevent the wind blowing «»«. "^^^ «« ^? j/j^f ifthere exposing it to the withering frost, for snow is indeed a protection if there is not too much of it and the hind is dry. ^♦.♦^.a „i,;«i, nnt The island is noted for its large crops of excellent Potatoes, which not uncommonly foot up to 250 bushels an acre of fine handsome tubere. At the time of my visit^they were worth only 15 to 20 cents a bushd, the t«^ of 15 cents a bishel imposed by the Americans onCanadiaji potatoes havm^^ almost kiUed a once Iwge export trade of potatoes to the States. Swe^B make a fine crop, not uncommonly reaching 750 bushels per acre of sound and solid bulbs. , . , • • ..^ „«,i immATMiAlT The island possesses one advantage which « ,"^^q"* »°tiSS Cd^ valuable; I re¥er now to its thick beds of '"^""^l"^^' ,°^ *TS^ '- which ar^ found m all the bays and rivermouths. The deposit, wh^h^ commonly many feet thick, consists of the organic remains of countleM generation, of oysten Inu^sels, clams, and other bivalves of the oce^, and of crustaceoua animals generally. The shells are generally more or less m- I? Hi, f ; £1' * * 1.1 fit — 42 -^ &ui^^^^^^^^^^^^ fouuci to almost inexhaustibll imd it !« S^^i 1 il^^' ^r* ""PP^^ °^'^ «««id to be It is also found to BO^HUUt on the eaTc'^^^^^^^^^ Brunswick. A good dressing of it restores ferUl^tvi^f^^A''?*'* """^ ^^"^ the poorest soils : clover grows ofterk «,,;;« w.r f «t^'^^'«fi manner to indigenously ; by its aid Wy croo- of^h rn nf "2''"^' f °^' '^ '* ^^'^^ and, indeed, it may beregirdedrrmluS^ P^/"*^"' "^-^ ''^^^'^ to any kind of cro?. NoMs it s<2»n eXuBted S^ applicable year by year throu^ng off afilnxof feJtifiS matter Th?- • ' "', '^ .^^''^y' 18 obtained, as a rule, below low water niRri; T«i -i* • .' «»?i."I»r deposit is a solid mass of ice/ HoLTre Sut t^^n^'crfK"" •''°*^'" "''*" ^^^^ ^^^ter reached, and a powerful and ?n^rnio„^T^ *^® '''^ """^ *he mud is f«tjhVPthemurn"tmp?tinrtrsle'^^^^^^^^ T? *^ and laid in heaps until it is wanted "'^'K'^s , it is then taken to shore ti J^TulTereTr^^pS^^^^^^^^ ^» *^« -'-^ -t the present whick can be boughtVt" VoLrr"? dol^^^^^^ or less imUed, island IS very light : it amounts to •> t« s ^Itfr °' taxation on the or from 15 to^/ceiltlVT"(Sl1;a;s va^ra^^^^^^^ ^^"' ^«^°'^-S *« --^"e, tho'stfthTor;^tTnc^^^^ •-, -.f footing similar to excellent harbours rrounTihe island fw^f «','*'lr?'.' ^^"- ""^ "^«»y other mills, not to mention the lobster klf^l« °K^r^'°« ^*»"^« ^^^ considerable wealth to the Prmfnop t} ''* ^^'^'^^ ^^^ a source of that too many farmer, have been t^mnfii^^^^ ^P^^*^' complaints theneglecto?ther"rmsrthrbe^.^Sn?.v"ll ^T""^"^ ^ to the ground ; and that the land il somel mes bl *^^^^ really come of neglecting it. I wm assureinn ti. l^t^ ^°^" ^^^«» ^^^^^ Wrs who hare ininded tUrCsinessrha^e bLn^^^^^^^^^^ '^"'5^*^ *^* a moderate supply of commomense ir tl «;J^l„r ^^1'^^^' and have used pay and become iidepenrnT^ J tfs true th..f.^*''- ^'"^^ ""^^^ ^^''^^^^S smaller sum in Prince Edwid'sIsLdth«5?^L*SfM^ °« ^" at the same time there ar^J^rnVrouTevidSces JJ?!** ^-^ m England, b«t ment among the people '"'""°"« evidences of happiness and content- home??oTenial7ottYrt^astt1nTis°^^^^^^^^ ^?^^^''- -"^^ «-t impression^hat, with ca tilled sheep rauZl"d S?/' "•'^"'/"l^ ^*^« «« market, better times are iaBUireZth^Thl^^lf^^^ many of whom I shall XaT r^^meXr tS w^ ??^ '''°?^ ishinders ordinary kindness. For azriculturlnt^,? 'f? ^®^.^'°^» °^ ™ore than menf at good iXof paJ^ ^manl^^^^ ^T " P^^"*^ <'f ^"Ploy- annum, plus b^i» receive 140 such wages are plid to men S ?&rf iff"' '*°^°' ^^ ^'^ ''^^^^ Wr and his faiSily to doTl^th^^^o^^kX^r^tSn'Thr^^^^^^^^^ '^^ 43 — NEW BRUNSWICK. Apart from its wealth in timber and minerals, the latter as yet only JQBt b«Kinning to be developed, the Province o^N«^^B»-"7^;fp" .^!" adapteS to the pursuits of agriculture. In several portions of "»« Pf<>J"°ce theJe are soils which have certain very remarkable features ^nd proper- ties: and in many other portions I found soils that are ea»y to cultivate Shen Snce cleared of tim&er, deep in staple, and rich m the ';.<;Cumulated fertility of many centuries. Many of the upland soils ';'?i'd«"«P »» Jje b^utiful valley of the St. John River have every indica tmn of being well adapted to stoJk raising, particularly of ovme stock. I hey are ftj" *f « most part sandy or gravelly loams, sometimes appi-oaching to stitfness, but generally friable, varyiig, no doubt, in depth and quality, but hardly S^whSre g<^ for nothing. It is probable, in fact, that, with the excep- Sn of Prince Edward's Island, New Brunswick has a larger proportion of cultivable soils than any ot the older Provmces of the Dominion. So far. however, the settled parts of the Province are chiefly along, or _ purposes as those tnat are— ii we maiso exception Md 'iite?vale' lands. But these unsetUed portions are for the most pwt still covered with a dense growth of tinaber, and I should hardly fancy that English farmers are either fitted for or would like the task ot '^The"5oJk of clearing these lands is. indeed, herculean, but it is generjOly supposed that the timber wUl pay for it. The hind may be oleared at a cost of 12 to 20 dollars an acre, and it is said that a Canadian backwoods- maa will cut down an acre of heavy timber in three or four days. Let us take the new settlement of New Denmark as an instance of what may be done. Seven years ago the locality was covered with » den«e fOTest and the Danes who emigrated to it were very poor ; now ^^^^J^^^^l^'^^ are cleared, and are producing abundant crops of gram an^ yegetables, some of which are of a superior character and the land supports a happy and prosperous colony, wWh in time wUl be a wealthy o»^e- " ».P°* f,^ mucfi to say that the condition of these people is far better than it would have been In the land of their birth. Take again the Scotch settlenient of Sipan,ontheMiramichi: here we have also a ^avpuraWle illustration o whit tiirift and industry will do. The settlement i. ^'''''^yJ^^hSnl there are a few Irish among them, some of whom have pr<»P«»®^- .*^^® Irish farmer we met had become wealthy, 'and, 'said a ^^'^"^^[f;'" f >>; to me, ' we call him Barney RothchUd itself ! It is at once Pleafan. and instructive to see these new settlements, for they are only what will be found all over the Irovinee in course of time. . , . • u*. U wJuld seeS probable that a number of English ^^^IfJ^'^Ym" J^f^] do the same, starting with free grant, of land ^^«">«Vw wrH^lnv clearing it as far as circumstances would admit of. They wou M in any case meet with encouragement from the Government and people ot the Province, and with industry their reward Avould be sure. Genemlly speaking, the sheep of New Brunswick are toleraby good, producing very nice mutton, an(f it does not appear that any special effort Pi i ".(5 — 44 — eliTnTeSSf.i'n^hlr n^^^ ^'- cattle generally are reguired. It appears to ml that J^SK*\i'°P''°''®??«"' »'^® urgently polled Norfolk^ffi wo^d briL^h«„■f^?l'^°^"^P°^^'^^^ «r however, many cattle lliht «I: f u^^'^i?' *'}^^ desired change. I saw. enough for alK&Ju'r^^^^^^^^^^^ tha\are g^df Here, then, the ' blue noses 'W«o«J^ ^ .- ®'P'"'* °'" any other trade, in their own country! It ?s c leJr tt^t fhT'^i -^ '"* cattle-breeding set them produce exceUent cattle and ifL fitV^® ""^'"^^^ *°^ *he soil are fit to fault, not the country" Onto^^^^^ Provinces in cattle/ancl tWs wiU iiv« hS? -''% ^^'"''^ J"^ *°i^ "^^ *^« o^^er cannot easily be taken .way ^ ^®'' '" '^^ "^'^ *''*^«' » ^«»d which l^'l^Xll^r^r:'^^^^^^ r^'P ,- ^le features Scotia and New Brunswtck%roce!eLte5f^^^^^^^^ ^ Both Nova are a peculiarity of New Brnn«»;„ii • *t ,f *^e formt. . nile t)ie 1 -^tter The 4ke landYof both pSes :ie foitn'^K^^^'^'^'^^''^^^ "^^^^t. John' Bay of Fundy. Those I wwlHw < r *'°''^?"n« <»» t^e inlets of the KentviUe and Amherst • in^I?„ n ^""^H *''• ^" *^® neighbourhood of Sackville. As the n^; sS^Sll twT^ I saw them at Dorchester and which they have beeiTomSeVti^ "* ,^^^*^ '^ ^'^"^ '^« ««*' ^«>n» grass is cut from saline swamSwM.iff ^*'c^'"f»«'^ ,f,t«i fn loyalty to the Old Country and pride in their own are le&dmg features m the political faith of the people; hospitality to strangers, and readmess lo impart information and render services, are equally loatures in then Mi f. ill — 48 — of lU oiliKM, i. prominent in th.iroo™«r..liMi It 1. „„.".';' '""■"'^ ^":°/, of birth, but that of Lbour .ndXlSV-p« Jn. m ° t'^n r"."" th.t holds a oremoit plao. in the e.timalton of Keonr ' """ tha\>Tnat|^a'Str^aXartt^^^ •ource of w«ilth to them, and Ihev fr. l..'inV!lf.™^ *"'* """Pwted lh» bast of it in tbo futur. «S )., »i.l * ^'°« '."""aelves out to make .toolc, but how long "twfll™i;L^n?u°"''^ ",'"» '«"» di-oaae. of «tion of the GoverntienT Urinlrnt r4„?»S T'"'' °" !■■« inrr.^?h--jfei:£SSS^'^^^^ then exolud™; infift i^clnutedT^m^ "'"• """ in.p.ctorofin,pon.d ^SdlSp^rt^roS^."'"'' " "" '"^•' G-emTent with^an incrJlTt!^^'; i^t on.l";o';faVt."wli^"^." T. d'"' '."■l' di!ib?lSu''ho?'e""v^^ preTbl'-atLir" ?r™' "' "^ "' S- - pound condeDsinff PnirinAo o«.i . , "^^'^* ''^"ii steel-built shins, com- ■m a'tS^'^J^In fs j^VSLtb" '"r r" ?»'^^««- thr^r'eTgbf L^ expenditare of coal aoda »-"*■■* °.">^^^ and will b" bSlSti, S anv'nXw° °' "">ich .hip? are'^bei^ ^foifStraiSSB"=^^^ the Uo^*x?i^^\rSn^,^h'Se^'■;^Si:'/^--i^^^^^ — 49 — aupears to rae ibat Canada, as a country, has many advantages, and a future in all probability very important. She is a rising country : this cannot be denied ; and she cannot remain in her preflent stage of uevelop' laent. I think, then, thut inuny of our tuiddloHgud iCugii^U furtuers are unfitted by their habits oflife and of labour to battle with the worlc which would fall to their lot in Canada. But there are n'anyothora who are fitted for it, j)iuticularly those who have led laborious and active lives ; and our young farmers would Hoon fall into Canadian habits. Men with lar>?e fami- lies who are not afraid of work would, as a rule, do avi^U in Canada. The younger men would not Ion/; be at a lo^^s in pioneer life in Manitoba, but it is scarcely the place (or a man who has been long aooustoinen to Eng'ish methods of farming; that in, they wouM have to xmleavu tlieir old methods and learn new ones, but it is only fair to add that the l.in^nt. in Ontario, or New Brunswick, or Prince Edward Islani. 'i hey are ii"t suited to th« cruder life of the Far West, A man with a capital of XIOJH would do well in one or other of the Maritime Provinces, or in the Easti^ru Townships ol Quebec ; oao with ,£20tK) would do well in Ontario. A min wii.'i little or no capital should either go to the lied Kiver district or tik^ a fvee grant of land in one of the lower Provinces. But any raan should iook rounii him for some time, an'l get into some kind of eisployjnent buloro he buys a fiU'm or takes up a free grant. Loo'/.'ng at the increasisig competition which British farmers have to meet, and at the heavy raK^", iix^'s, rent.s, bills, and wages they have to pay, 1 have no doubt many of them would ?d at ^^^^^ ^"^ ^^«' gthename Of the original IndL viJiToIr,^^^^^^^^ ^^tspl^f:::;^^, it' lettl ZiT, ^Ket" V^°^?- «^^^^« Mffio^^D^e^^^^^^^^^^^ finiahed place of worship rZ^^&ln IT^^! " .t "'^'t «qul«itely candlerticks, the gold and crimson d^^^^^ ^^f"*"^'' *^? ^^tar, thJ aai fill the beholder with awe M^d adSiin ' '"'P*'" description, — 53 I started for London, Canada West, by the evening train, but saw {nothing of the country till next morning. When daylight came the morning was very wet. The country was beautiful. I found several fellow- passengers by the Sardinian were in the train. We were all glad to meet, but they dropped out one after another, and we were lost to each other probably for ever. We drove through a country farmed by English, Scotch, and Irish. There are good crops, good cattle, good houses. The field** are rich with golden-coloured grain. The orchards loaded with fruit. 1 Everything to the passing visitor has the appearance of plenty. Now wo pass fields of clover. Arrived at Port Hopej we passed more clover fields. Swamps intervene, then light crops. By-and-by beautiful crops burst upon the view. Everywhere the fields are fenced with zigzag rails, which appears to me to occupy too much land j but the British Canadians adopt them universally. We eome to Toronto. We proceed and pass through Guelph. On the run we notice brick buildings going up to replace wooden houses, generally a fair sign of a prosperous farmer ; but sometimes I was told emulation induces a man to build a fine house while his land is mortgaged. We pass Breslau, which seems by the map to be not far from the Banks and Braes o' Bonnie Doon ; then through Berlin, Hamburgh, Stratford, St. Mary's, at which last place I changed for London, and saw the last of my last Sardinian. I arrived at London and took train for Newbury, for the purpose of paying a short visit to a Kintyre settlement. I was driven over a clayey road from Newbury to Crinan by the light of the moon, and as yet saw nothing of the country- My quarters at Crinan were with the Rev. John Milloy, a native of Clachaig, Kintyre. In common with the whole settle- ment, I was roused about two o'clock in the morning by a thunderstorm. In the midst of it all I fell asleep, and awoke to find myself surrounded by glorious sunlight, and everything smiling. I partly visited in the neighbourhood the farms of Messrs. John McMurchy, from Leanagbhoich ; Archibald McEachran, from Auohna- drain : James Stalker, from Achnacloich, Muasdale ; Duncan Stalker, from the same place : Dougald McMillan, brather-in-law to Mr. John Oilchrist, Ballivain ; Messrs. Duncan Campbell, from Ballochroy : Fmlay McNab, from Cour ; Donald McCallum, from Carradale ^ Peter McMillan, from Achnafad, and many others, all natives of Kintyre, and all evidently doing well. I then called on Mr. Neil Walker, from Achnaglaic, near Tarbert (who had no notice of my approach), and who gave me a hearty welcome. I took the liberty of putting inquiries to him, as to his success since he left Tarbert in the year 1874. His farm I found to consist of 100 acres, one-third or 33^ acres being under wood for fuel, oae-third under wheat and hay, in proportions of about 18 acres of the former, and say 15 j of the latter ; the remaining third contained 3 acres barley, 2 acres Indian corn, Hi acres oats, and the balance summer fallow. The summer fallow land is ploughed in autumn ; it lies exposed to frost all winter, and to the sun till 1st September, when it is sown with fril wheat. He explained that when the land is first ploughed, it is so tough that one wouH suppose nothing could grow on it, but by being exposed to the frost in wmter, and to the sun in summer, it moulders away until it is like the soU of a molehill. The soil in this part is black mould above and ilay below, whioh, after exposure, is good producing wheat land. If tilie clay is under drained, it is good for most crops, even for apples. A S I, jf I' \ , P -.1' t - .-t - din^ wlSte sISb^L's T^lll fri^.'^ ^^ ,^0"«^t I^B present hol- ha^galso the 8trawof the way^^^^^^ ntl^ "f? ^> ^"'^^^^ of oats to th??m|eriKcr?^ w""' ^ ^"^^^^^ ^^ f^l of wheat last year and had 234 bushelT^Sh S' ^^ «ow€d 30 bushela and much below the average fleW?i,J!^ \^/ considered very ©oor from 12 of seed. His pSs are mucte' ^"'^"^ t^^rashed 250?iheS tion he follows is to vloushUnS^iX^ ^'^^ ^^™® ^ »* borne. TheiSff lastyear,inthefan,Ssovoat^^^^^^^ ^^"^* (mthout trTsg: fallowit: after fall<;w,sowrheat again but'^^f.f- ^^^^^^ts, suSmer gnn produces on the 'fallow. Turnfps and m«S«* '°« *x" *^« ™a°«re the He had 10 milk cows, 7 two-year oTds^ 4 !« t^^^^ ^^*^^^ ^re not gromi! laml»8, 5 pigs and 3 horses. H^and his twS Jn«T£'' ?? «^^«« ^^20 The folW.ng were the receipts a' S^^^TdZr^t^*^^^^^^^^^ . •.•.......,. , Produce of cows sold... Two three-year-old stote ^^®at Wool. Jambs Vina ^'SS Expenditure — • •'•'• ..«•..•.. • ••"••• . ( •*...• .. ............ $160.00 56.00 233.00 47.12 60.50 50.00 $606.62 Int»esto„«3,S00 ,,g„^ Labour.....'.'.' 20.00 Clothing.... 191.00 Smith-work. 100.00 5.00 Profit, £20 2s. 5d., or. 506.00 $100.92 f\ II and the labour is dLThntaL^fi'^Tt^' S'..''^ .''''e' "otpaytoSt' returns of various cere.ls'^.Sr L J^ ^sj**: "'" ^^^E^ Pease. 170 bushels. 180 « 310 350 « 330 « 80 bushels. 600 bushels. 350 <« 220 « 210 « 165 n 220 bushels. 100 « 1 105 « 70 it 'c7 u — 55 — He wished to impress on uael that the land still requires glaet imprbvd- ments to be made on it, and that if it were farmed on the same system that is adopted at home, it would produce double what it now does. With regard to the yield of the cews Mr. Walker stated that— in May last, 2019 lb. of milk were sold, which made 182 lb. of cheese, which, minus expenses of factory, realised 16 . 56 dollars of £3 6s. 2d. In the month of June 2996 lb. of milk were sold to the factory, making 276 lb. of cheese, realising 17.60 dollars, or £3 10s. 5d. He stated that in July there was a drawback owing to the hot weather. In August and September, although there was less milk, it took less milk to make a pound of cheese. October is the best money making month in the year. He can average 20 dollars per month for six months out of the ten cows, and can sell 40 dollars worth of butter ; that is, the cows produce 100 dollars or £32, or an average of £3 4s. per cow per annum. Next day I drove to Glencoe. Maple-trees abound along the route. I passed Battle Hill, the scene of a fight between the Americans and the British during the Avar of 1812. Before coming to Glencoe I was shown a farm, the owner of which had turned his attention to feeding cattle for the home market. Passed the residence of a lady, a native of Tangy (irlen. At Glencoe, which a few years ago was a small hamlet, but which now is a little town, having good shops and doing a good business, I saw for the first time the sunflower, a large yellow flower that always faces the sun. On the train from Glencoe to London I met Dr. McAlpine, a native of Lochgilphead. He wished me to visit Kilmartin, in the neighbourhood of London, and to call for his brother, a farmer there, but I could noh do so. He corroborated Mr. Walker's account of the Canadian method of farming. On the train I fell in with a Dutchman, Mr. Jacob Utter. He has a store, and owns several farms. He stated that Ayrshire cattle were rather tender for a Canadian winter, but that a cross between an Ayrshire cow and the Durham bull was the best breed they possessed ; that a good cow would produce milk to make 3 lb. of cheese per day; that nine cowa averaged 23 dollars each, or £4,12s., for six months. He mentioned that the general return for wheat throughout the county was 25 bushels per acre ; oats, 50 bushels ; barley, 35 bushels, and potatoes, 250 bushels. He gave the following rates of wages as applicable to the district : Man- servant, 20 dollars or £4 per month, with board and lodging ; or for 12 months, 150 dollars, that is £30; maid-servant, 5 dollars or £1 per month. The following were the retail prices of various articles, given by him and converted into British money : Steak, 4id., other beef 2id. to ' -- " 3^d. to 5|d. ; cents for 4 lb. sugar, cents, or 12.^ 4^d. per lb. ; Rio coffee, Is. O^d. to Is. 5d. per lb. tobacco, Is. O^d. to2s. 6d. J bread, 21b., loaf 6id. ; pork, 2|d. to 6d. ; ham, 6d. Having arrived at Sarnia, I made the acquaintance of Captain L. M. Morrison, of Corunna (Moore County), on the St. Clair River. His farm consists of 200 acres. I did not visit it until my return from Manitoba, but I will here state his experience. His returns were : Fall wheat, 25 bushels per acre ; oats, 30 to 50 bushels. Of potatoes he just planted BuflBcient for home consumption. Plants them from beginning of April to beginning of May ; digs them about ] st September. The following 5- V f ~ 56 — the rotation he followa : Sow* whAut ihi^ foii „i bu.hel wheat and i bu^hergrrBSBeeda rf^i .^^^ ""'^^ grass seed 1^ timothvandlofclover oftPnfSAlt per acre (mixture being J of acropbf hay] nexiTe^r a^afn Jno^^e NexfylaJ dressing), t^ts theUdfirtwo years Inna-fn^;^ ^jT ^^""'•e or top-' he had land in pasture for four veafsbufthJflf'®' ^® "lontioned that it, having been tvventy-sS^ ySrs fn ««oPpt?f ' '* !':^' '"'' ^"* ^J»en he got is broke? from lea, he puts^oats ?n it (2 I n h-i"'"'^^" ^'^P' '^^^^ » 6®^ f iU). In some caLes, KetheTaid Is dirty hf Z"' '"^ ^^*^ '^^^^ first year, but re-ploughs it several times d,^rft„fi,°®* "''' ^^'^P i'' *he for fall wheat by 1st September Mam, r«j^. the season, and crops it land is not undor-draLerbuI* surface dranL"^ T/^^ ^*." ^^^^*- ^he clay with a vegetable mould on ton C?at finS * i' u °''',"*' ^'^ » «*^ong Land that a crSp of oats canuotT; ra sId off L^^ 'n* ^ -"^ ^f ^^«*'- would raise oat^ if manured TTi« t.fS here will raise wheat. It seed to I of an acre. Crnips so own brhTrn'thT' ""'^"^^^^'.^^ Ib.of good crop. Putting turnips into old iln7t?i " ^®*^ promise to be a drUls are not raised : 3v run thi S.-^^ ^''^ ^""""^ *^ ^""'j hut the about 13 inches apaCnAXm^or^^^^^ the levef surface fror^Te''i£''^lTL1,r^^^^ «, P- a^ir Lian corn is put in is that it is liaWe tospr ng fros't It's nu? t?°^ ^""^"« «°^" ^^ ^^^rlier cipallv. Indian corn^is cut whilst soft Ind S A ""^^^""^S the land prin- benefit of the latter for mik cows as thi^«W '^T S'^*"' to have the hay. The grain is not sdd, arproducers in rlLT ^'"'' IT ''^"^^ *han with the United States. '^^P.^o^ucers m Canada are unable to compete Price of wheat, 1 dollar per bn<»hpl nf fin lu i. , bushels of 48 lb. ;' oats, 34 to^38 S Lr buVel'^V^'^^ilf' ^^ f?*« P«' cT*,%rciL"r ^ ^°°^ ^^"^°^^^ ^^^' 'o^' "-1 -eight; usual weight The proportion for dresed beef tssl'^r ^c^t ^ ^^^ ^ ISOolb! beef. The price of milk cows anv nil ^.f^^ -^J'"' P^^' ^^ ^h. of live £5 to £7 J but he had been^'ked £& fo- rti;il ^^ k°k^^/?."*''«' *^»t i« hut usually ,ets the^a^u^rhffi^^^^^ 5t — is £1 to £2. Draught-horses sell at 100 to 150 dollars, or £20 to £30 «ach, being from 15 i to 16 hands high ; avorai^o weight of a horse is 1250 lb. He has two maies weighing 30()0 lb., and 17 hands high which he values at 400 dollars, or £80 for the two. Pigs are either Suffolk or Berkshire. Coming in in spring, and killed next February, they generally weigh 2501b.; price 6 to 7 cents per lb. Wool sells at 3U cents, or Is. 3jd. per lb. I^mbs at ^ " " o dollars or 128. each. Man servant, boarded, gets 15 dollars, or £3 per month. Lad servant, " 8 " or £l 128. " Maidservant, " 5 " or £1 " Man servant for two months 20 dollars " Man employed per day during harvest, 1 dollar per day. Taxes on 200 acre farm, 27 dollars, or £li. 8s. Isai^od from Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron, on board the steamship Onte) c), Cajptain Robertson, bound for Duluth, a town in Minnesota at the head of Lake Superior, and had for fellow passengers several Canadian farmers. The following is the rotation followed by Mr. Eckford, near Dunkeld Station, County Bruce, Onlario. He breaks up the field sows it with pease ; when pease are removed next year, he ploughs and sows it with wheat in the fall, about 15th September. Next year again the wheat crop comes ofif at the end of July ; lie then ploughs it, and in the witter takes out his manure and puts it heaps on the field. As soon as the land is dry in spring, he spreads and ploughs it in. About Ist June he drills it up and sows turnips, twenty-two to twenty-four inches apart, and thins them at from twelve to fourteen inches. Ilis first ploughing is as deep as the team can oflFord— -about 8 inches. The soil ' ■ f lav. We left Duluth by rail for Winnipeg. from what could be seen that evenmg on the railway cuttings, the soil was black vegetable mould. I could see that a great level tract, inter- spersed with swamps, formed the general feature of the coimtry. Night having come on and rain, we arrived, at St Boniface, opposite Winnipeg, under most inauspicious circumstances. The streets of Winnipeg came into view by light of the windows, but they were mud. It was with a feeling of relief that we got landed at our hotel. The land- lord, who was a Canadian Highlander, received us kindly, and, after some trouble to himself, owing tp the lateness of the hour, and the absence of waiters and others, got us as substantial a supper as the circumstances could aflTord. The house, however, was fully occupied. I got a shake- down, and spent the first night in the Prairie City pretty comfortably. After breakfast an English fellow passenger and I went to St. Boniface in search of our luggage which was to be examined. We grudged the 50 cents each that were paid on the preceding night, and wore determined to walk rather than be fleeced again. The morning Avas dry, but the wooden pavements were as slippery as glass with the greasy mud. We reached the Red River, and crossed in the ferry-boat, which was of great beam and capacity, and could take not a few buggies, waggons, etc., with their horses and occupants, over each time. I forget the fare paid. We reached the opposite side, and then saw the steep bank which we descended on the previous night, which we now ascended with great mil m HIP * 'i: 'r ti — 58 — difficultyv We soon thereafter got our lusrea-'e Dassed hv iha r.^cf^^, cents for two articles, or 150 for four. We smarted under tWshnf^fwi when the roads became passable. At present thorweSVhiVnfl J] impassable, I was. therefore, somewhat JtoZTeJtjatll badtrtfnl m losing the steamer and I eing detained at Winnipeg, but bore unthfl best way I could Meanwhile, I was introduced b^y \r Gerr I S Mr Bathgate Man Street, Winnipeg, who informed me^that coal had been discovered on the Spuris Kive,', and is in course ofbebg worked and some of It brought down to Winnipeg. He said that a rail4y h Hkelv to be constructed between AVinnipeg and the Souris Hiv«r n ;,n J w Lo? had been found on the Pembina MSuntain! Furthe;^f at |rea quaS^^^^^^^^^^ of coal, of the very best quality, had been discovered on the Saskatchew^^^ So?'l w^^^^' '^"'^^^ meantime, this was very far distant He X only coal but other minerals were reported to have been found Mr Ba hgate ook me to an office ia Winnipeg where I procured a specii^n Th« 5Sf ^'°'" .*\\«'''^"« ^}^^^> ^vhich I have in my possession SovJ The fo lowing IS the experience of Mr. McCorquodale, HeadingleyT He left Craignish, in 1853, for Canada. Had many hardshins when he came to Canada. B.nght IGO acres at I dollar per acre had to cllarll aU of wood The land was in the township of Greenock, bkck of K^ncidine Lake Huron. He got on very well there. Two of his sons and Self' three years ago, came to Manitoba to see the country. It pleLed h?m so well that he did not return to Canada. His sons rSurneS temporarilv He himse f spent six weeks travelling through the country, lookfnX a bv «h.l!.P]^'^- S° ^^'^ "°^ !^^'Pi° ^ ^'"^ «" ^^*t *i"ie- He took tW? fZm by share from the proprietor, Mr. Cunninghame. Mr. McCorauodale's yearhXkl^dT.V'^"^"'?? t?^ ^^ ^^^^ '^^ profits. Duri^gThets? year he looked out for u suitaMe place elsewhere, and purchased one of ^lce°Thfr« k^'^VS*^ T t^'^ ^°^ ^^ «°"' '^ *^« S of the prS^ VJ^h ?^® *^* ^°,^^ dwelhnfe-house on each fa- m. The farms are narSv- To.tiM P^'^y P^^°*"^' r^y ^^'^ ^' «°J°g there next Sh I C through these farms on a future day. They were next to the MennoSte Settlement, on the way from Pembina Mountain. Other four sons bought — 69 — each 320 acres at the back of Hock Lake, about 60 mile« farther west. He considered that Manitoba was very far before that part of Canada he came from, but the roads, he said, were very far behind. This was certainly a great inconvenience to newcomers. 'Anyone commg here,' said he, 'tak- ing up a house, has nothing to complain of, comparatively ; but if one has not got a house, he must prepare to go over the country and pitch his tent, and that is not always agreeable.' ^ The following is a statement by Cohn, his son, of the capabilities of the land presently farmed by his father : ' Wheat (2 bushels sown per acre) produced 35 bushels. The wheat is sown in spring. Fall wheat is not generally sown in Manitoba, but a test has been made, and it has succeeded. Reaping commences m August. The land is ploughed right up that same fall, when wheat is sown agam in spring in succession for years. Weight, C4 lb., never less than 60 lb. per ' Oats average 75 bushels per acre, but it is not unusal to take 100 bushels oflF. Sow 2^ to 3 bushels per acre. Oats weigh 34 lb. ' Barley does well. Sow 2 bushels per acre, returns 60 bushels. ' Potatoes— 3 bushels planted produced 87 bushels ; 400 bushels have- been raised per acre, but not on his father's farm. ' Turnips well. , ., , ' Indian-corn does not ripen. Farmers cut it green and it makes an exceUent feed. v ^ ' Cabbages, carrots, lettuces, parsnips, cucumbers, melons, squashes, etc.,, ' Have nut yet grown apples. Old settlers have grown them. 'Prices— Wheat, 65 to 105 cents; oats, 42 to 75 cents ; barley^ 60 to 65 cents ; potatoes, 50 to 125 cents. The two prices are fall and spring rates- All round is a grazing country. If a man cuts as much grass as will teed his cattle, it is then suitable for grazing. , , ^ ^ . ^, , , , •■tfhe hot weather begins in June, about the 1st. June is the wet month f. more rain falls in it than in all the other months. July is hot, with occasional thunder-showers. August, warm and dry. September, do. October, cool but dry. ..,,„,, • i November, winter sets in about 10th. It sets in with frost and occasional falls of snow, but not mnch snow. , , „ ., , , • oo December, snow falls about 20th. The greatest depth on the level is 22 inches. January, snow faUs. February, do. . ,,,,.,,,. i. xi. March, begins to get a little warm ; about 15th begins to thaw. April, snow being off at latter end of March, begin to plough and sow- Weather pleasant for workuig. , , ^ , ^ May, usually fine weather, and devoted to sowing puposes. The months of March, April and May are springs ; October is the lall. Labour.—Farm servants 16 dollstrs per month, £4. Maid servants 6 " " £1 4s. Day labourers, U " to H dollar per day. Taxes.— "So taxes till this year, except the school-tax. A*'! I Hi m fjiifi'' — 60 — oI«y ioam, tblt ground U S M»„S?;„? T «™1, md the .oil blaok Gram 13 sold without any trouble to merchants MiIch-oow3 average 35 dollars nr -ei ^'T '^"'*"«'S; country easily. Cofv! are a Ss betL Jr^nL''''" ^^Pr°4 ^^ ^^^^ in the Teaiu of horses cost Lm 250dSars to S» '>-^^' ^ "^ *" ?"'^*"' ^""• £60 Team of oxen, Ho'olts to llol'ltt"^^^^^^^ ' m' ^^^'? *^ quodale says a cow will makw lOfi !»« ^p 1, i ^ f-?/® *^o. Mrs. McCor- up to the end of SeptemW Prko V/o o?""'/" ^^^ ,T^°°' ^^^^ ^^^X winter the price is So'ct?!' fc mU' L^eV^ ^"f f *" ^^- ^^ 'or%^^>iranrit7a;KS^^^^ garters t. one mUebCrand^^^^^^^^ be dramed into the As8iniboin« Ami Q,ir p^ ^®"Sth. These swamps might The Iiidiau ponv JeanZ ?" tf i^ 1 '^^^ ^^'^^''' without much difficulty. swamp andrei^'ilrp'ra^ifS^ e'.LT^ZfT^ ^^^^^ *^^°"f»^ *^« without being in the least fatd' „'"« f >^'® a° won't eat. The mosquitoes need no comment ; they are very troublesome. The butlalognat is very bad for horses and cattle in June and July. There is also the sand-fly, which is not very bad, but is found where there is high grass and scrub. May is a very nice month. June, very wet. July, very hot ; hotter than Ontario— up to 100' in t'lo shade. August, showery and cool. September, fine weather. October, verv fine month. November, fine month ; clear and frosty. Beoember, snow — 1 foot average ; freezes very hard. January, very cold ; thermometer froze up last winter. February, cold month. March, not so cold ; snow begins to melt. April, fine month. The soil is black vegetable mould and clay bottom. The water is spring water. I^be water is -good in the Boyne settlement. He says the heat, even when the thermometer is at 80", is not felt so inuclt as in Ontario, as there is sJways a fretOoi breeze. Although very cold in winter, be says that cold is more endurable than iii Ontario, therd bein^ less changeable weather in Manitoba. He spoke of |the Indians dyin^ La the spring of the yeftr from consumption, but attributed this to their being careless as to keeping tketr feet dry. ; I — 62 — llo has seven oowa and throo teams of horseg. I took samples of oata rnd wheat. He has one crab-apple tree bearing fruit, of which he is verv proud. Mr. Johnstone added : «In Ontario all I could do was to make a livmg ; hero I have made money. ' I should hive mentioned that we passed the Toplars before oominK to the Boyne settlement. We passed Tobacco Creek settlement, which lav- east ot us. ' "J We started on the morrow for Nelsonville, but wore overtaken bv Mr.Inman.ofthoBoynt, who owns 800 acres of land there. Mr. Inman •poke of a bmo flower that always indicated, by its presence, cood Avaior He mentioned that he paid 10 dollars for 160 acres, and cot 1 GO acres for pre-emption pnco. He bought scrip tor the balance. He has 60 acres in crop. Wheat will average 30 bushels per acre, 60 lb Oats " " 40 " * « ' 3J u Barley '' « 30 " " 43 « Potatoes " " 250 " " go " He stated that he does not make butter, but rears cattle. The price of '^rli'Jn'^ji; fT ^".'^n •' oats, 65 cents ; barley, 60 cents ; potatoes J5 cents in the fall and 50 in the spring ; butter, 20 cents. Yoiinc cattio can be bought in the fall for from 7 dollars (£1 8s.) to 10 dollars (£2) pe? head. Hay can bo made hero, deducting expense, tear, and wear for 1 do lar (or 43.) per ton. Two tons of hay, with some stiw, wiUwS i yearhng n-ol lA three-yoar-old steer is worth from 35 dollars (£7) to 50 dollars (£10). Hence he considers it is more profitable to rear cattio i«r°h °f r w- "'•• '^^^''^ V^'^ ^^'^y ^« E""' ^' •' ' Wheat wis worth 1 do kr per bushel in Winnipeg last season ; the year before, 60 cents only • 40 bushels can be taken m a sledge in winter over the ice, by a t.^am ot' oxen to Winnipeg, sucty miles distant. It take five days to make the round ' A man and his team is worth 2 dollars 50 cents per dav ^0 Expenses on road not less than ['^ 3 qq $20 50 Price of 40 bushels, at $1 *7nlv\ Off expenses .' * ...-•.ZZZr.ii^i^o ?0 40 bushels realise 419~50 ' Actual price of wheat 48 cents, or 2s. per bushel.' ' o„^ ?if ^*^* *5*- * ^^"^ ^'^ ^^® "^^"^ brought' in 12 sheep from Ontario and they are doing very well, as he has lost none yet. Prairie doefSe fc^r"-n^' 'i'*P- 7''^''''' good, and there is giod timber n^afhfi fwtJfSf w ^^T^ru'^Mf^ ^"-^ CN.B.-Tht blackbirds whofeS ?2^T^«. i.n^t?f '' i^ ^.°"»'^ foet of solid prey clay ; then black soapstone. The water is generally found between the clay and aoapstone. ' If not successful,' added Mr. ^■elson, • try another place.' Wheat produces 20 to 30 bushels per acre. Weight per bushel, (U to GG lb. Oafa •' 40 to 00 " " *' •* ->^ «' 40 to 50 '• " " •' Oats Barley Potatoes 60 200 Mr. Nelson came to Manitoba 187.7. He had planted cucumbers, pota- toes, cabbages— very weakly plants— on tho 28th June, and they all came good. Beets, turnips, and mangsl wurzcl do well. Mr. Nelson corroborated previous statements as to the weather, remark- ing that the thermometer showed 110" in the shade in July, but that one could stand the heat better in Manitoba than in Ontario. He thought that the cool nights helped it. There are only two or three nights in the year, he said, that they don't use blankets. He remarked that tho thermometer fr»ze last winter, but that the cold was endurable when there was no wind. He is a miller by trade, having grist mills which grind whe:<,t, etc., at 15 cents per bushel. NelsonviKe is a thriving little place, and the inhabitants are kindly. It is destined to be a place of considerable traty ig on the east side of Hock Lake The Lev. Mr. Edwards, whom I motstated that there wasplentv of land all through the country that could bs got from men lioldinrfl.A^i„« i ^ Crown patents. Tobacco Creek is constdere 1 th« tl if h^ the land ou country. Tho soil is loose blacrv"egeTab le rtVld^^CbStom" 'it water IS vervr ^ood there ; wells can be had from eigh?lot"o.u; feet deep. Wood is rather scutce, boin" from rIy in " ^7 ^" .pO^jX '« ilollars per 1,00 > ; nails, :, dollars per 100 lb. ; doors, 2.^ dollars; sashes, 1 dollar per pair; single harness, 20 dollars ; double, 35 >lui8h-green of the grass, and the very sickly hue of the thin vegetation, lljere is no alkali where timber grows. The wolf-willow, a sort of scrub, gn ws on good land. Moles or gofers show hills which, if of black clay or loam, Avithout grey or white clay or gravel, indicate good land. When light clay or gravel is turned up, the land is not desirable. The best time to look at land is in July, August or September, when the gia.^s shows it. If one goes in March he is in danger of his animals being starved. If he goes ir» June the roads are impassable, and he is liable to be stuck up. A farmer going can travel better and cheaper by purchasing his horse and buggy and afterwards selling or keeping them. Aiter selecting lis land he has to eecure it at a land office. Then he has to purchase material for a house and to build it ; then to break up his land. He has then to go back for his family. One Avay or another, he will be pat to immense inconvenience and considerable expense before he can settle down. 1 returned to Ontario vid Sarnia, by the steamer Quebec, Capt. Ander- son, and visited Captain Morrison's farms in Ccrunna, being afterwards driven by him over the township. On his farm the red olov«r grew natu- laliy. His apples were the golden russet, the pear apple, the snow apple, tho strawberry apple, Ehode Island greening, northern spy, Newton pipfiln, etc. The wheat-straw was put up in stacks for winter feeding. The cattle came round it and helped themselves. A young bull came to us tossing his head. Ah, said the captain, he is missing his salt. All the cattle get an ailowance of salt. He had splendid timothy hay stored up in his barn. M& showed me a stump extractor: His farm evinced that he was un eneraetic and successful cultivator of the soil. A sailor till four years ago, he 19 by J10 means the worst farmer on the Kt. Clfiir. His lands are well fenced, his iields are leyel'ed, and he is nc\v underdraining the soil. The ijra^B used on his land is from the river. It is allowed to be less tinged with alkali tlian any water in Canada. Since his return from Prince Arthur's iikndftig on Luke ISupeiioi', he started underground draining. The weather at Corrnma, said Captain itorrison, is a bluster of sppw in March, which soon dieappeai-s. In April tho Jrost gets out cf the grdtin«U and he ploughs about the lOth. May is fine weather; puts in balance of seeds, and on to 20th .>une, and then there is rain. July is the com hw- vest fas' f*ll wheat: August, the general harvest. Seplember,flowf«H wWt Ociober, fine month. November, broken Scoteh w^athen December^ frost stops the plough. January, winter ; snow 1 foot. February, «now j edlA. He told me that there were several farms in his neighbourhood ftwltele. He Jtlso told me of a farm belonging to his father that he would wish sold. It is in the township of Finch, Stormont, Ontario, I mefi at Sarnia several parties acquainted with people at home. On returning to the township of Aldborough I made further incpjiries as to returns. Mr. Stalker's returs of wheat averaged 20 bushels pen aore oats, 60; potatoes, 20 returns per bushel ; barley, 160 bushels from 12 bushels ; but this was not good, the season being very unfevourablo. During my absence they had a very wet harvest. He was wintering 16 three-year-old steers feeding with chopped stuff, peas and oats. Peas not doing so well with the bug ; he uses Dr. Tachfe's antidote. They put all the mannre they can spare on the wheat land, sow it with wheat and -6V — timothy and clover seed (5 lb. timothy and 5 lb. clover to each acre). Thtt average price of a three-year old steer is 40 dollars, or £6. Visited Hector Mcpherson, lona, from Rhanahoaran ; Duncan McLean, West Aldborough. lie thrashed 600 bushels of wheat from 21 acres, sown with 1 J bushel seed per acre ; 40 to 60 bushels oats from 2 bushels sowing ', 20 bushels barley per acre. Has 116 acres; 90 under culUvation. Taxes. 25 dollars. His rotation is wheat sown in fall, and clover among the braird in spring. Cuts it in July. Sometimes has a second cut of clover for seed. Next year ho lets the clover grow up and ploughs it under, and then gives fair crop of Avheat again. The townships here are ten miles long by ten miles broad. Mr. Dvke, in this township, sowed 12 acres wheat, and thrashed 277 bushels. Baised 50 to 60 bushels Indian corn per acre. Grazing is Arom 2 to 3 acres per cow. Good hay, 2 tons per a<»'e ; light crop, 1^ ton per acre. Turnips do not grow well in hard clay. I saw mimy other Kintyre people ^— Mr. Ramsay, Mr. Stewart, and visited a cheese manufactory owned by James McLean. I went to Lome or Bbmarck, where I met with Mr. A. Kerv, iVom Kil- moiy, livchgilohead. Left in 1818. Was in the woods all his life. His wheat averages 20 bushels per acre, weight ovec 60 ]%>.]; barley, 90 bushels per acre, weight 48 lb. H6 stated that 12 acres graaed five cows fov him all summer. A good eow should make 33 dollars ont of cheese ; has oows that exceod that. Leicestev sheep require great case ; South D rns ar« best. I met wHh a Gernoan gentleman, J. G. Sohleihaitf, who gave me infor- mation as to shingles, flooring, ete. : The former, 2 dollars 25 eenta, per 1,000; the latter, 4 inches to d inches, 18 to 20 dollars per 1,000 feet. 1,000 shingles eover 100 square foet. Brieks worth about d dollan per 1,000) drain-tiles, 2^ inches, 9 dollars per 1,000; 3 isebee, il doQara; 4 inchets 12 dollars; length, t2 inches, iiand can be bou^t fiere from 20 to 30 dollars per acre. I visited 8t. Tliomas ; took rail for Dunkeld, Oouniy £raee, ^oftario. Saw spleadid land on the line from London City to Harzisburnh. Bassed ^ »,„ij««i,. up, train stopped suddenly, get up, get up, will ye ? * What's up ? Only poking the cattle.' • Get «i^, t^^„ u^, gc», uj/, »Tiri yx, i Get HP ! • Drovers were on the line poking the cattle with sticks to make them rise up. After the poking the train goes on again. By-and-by a frantic rush is made to the windows, and thereafter to the bell-rope to stop the train, and we learn that five of the cattle had leaped out I By- and-by, after a drive of many hours throngh a poor country, enlivened by many incidents, such as a Scotch ter.ier racing us, and barking furiously, night comes on, and we ultimately alight at Toronto. — 69 — Next day I went to Hamilton to attend the exhibition, but Canadiaa exhibitions arc not like exhibitiona in this country. The cattle werenot forward, and although the exhibition was partly open, it had not been Kaiy opened by%[is Excellency the Governor General, aod would not be for a couple of days. .. , , ... n. • ' The land in the neighbourhood of Hamilton needs no description. It is, axjoordinff to the people of that quarter, the garden of Canada. But the «6stof &nada is a girden. The orchards in this region are extraordinary. Clover cut first in June is now (September) outagam for seed. Iioa» eksUy fancy what a beautiful country this must appear in spnng, whea Se apples and peaches are in blossom. It is literaUy a paradise. The SuStW; d?str?ctisadeep red. I left Hamilton for a trip to Niagara. S^e wU becomes of alightercolour.butthe fine vegetable mould wmams. The fields show what splendid crops were produced. More orchards, xnote reclaimed bush-briok and stone houses. It was a relief to see a alone ^se. IndianKJorn extensively grown. Magnificent orchards. "^^ less to describe the land ; it was one panoramic view of sylvan and TBral *^We%as8ed the Jordan. 1 came out at St. Catherines, and drove to Clifton, and visited the Falls of Niagara. The land m this neighbourhood **TSe%ri?s*'andthe banks of the river are subjects for scientists, and «vould require a very lengthy description. They are valuable geotogicjfly, and every stranger fehould visit them. Having returned to Hamijtai, I went to the Exhibition, which was to be officially opened next day. Among the exhibits were turnips of various species, cabbagos, savoys, parsnips, beet, squashes, cayenne pods, pumpkins, ^angelsjpotatoes, a ?S? cSlleotion ol wheats (spring and winter) irom the Government experimental farm, Ontario. The Toronto cordbinder Thrashers (37 cwt.) 2S engine (50 cwt.). Prairie Queen ploughs. No cattle forward except a SntLgent of Hereford and Ayrshires, and a shorthorn steer and one cow. I could not lose another day, in case it might «»"f® «»« ^^Jo\^» week ultimately, and therefore, to my great regret, left before the ""iZn^ZZ' Ott:'; and i^turned by the Grand Trunk to Montreal The quality of the land along this route, on the whole as good, though I fomid that fall wheat, equal in quantity to that f the^^est, waB not raised in it. I called' on my townman, ^^"^P'P^^^c^clu^ of ^e Veterinary College, and was very kindly received by him and by Jus bK)ther, Dr. McEachran, who drove me far into the country, and showed me all objects of interest around Montreal. I was also kindly entertamed bv Mr. Drysdale, Mr. McNish, and Mr. Alex. Milloy. On the Monday, I sffifoTthe Eastern Townships, going over the Victoria Bridge, which '^ Beforr'going to the Earstem Townships 1 sliould remark that in the bush in Cinada the best land is generally found where deciduous trees most abound. The pine grows on sandy ridges and swamps ', on sandy ridges it is of regular growth, on swampy lanvl it occurs here and there. AsTgenoral i-ule, deciduous trees, such as maple, beech, oak, etc., indi- *\he°drive"lirough the French country was delightfuL It is a beautifttl •lit * ''I "'I i't. t f fir m . I •i I .1 rtr. ^ti^'^l^^ ^" the season, which sold at 8 doLri per 1(S Wal'sSin Ae maple trees and the apparatus. Visited Mr. Kobert l?renc?s farm ^V-^."^to the thorough-bred business, and doing weU. Visited the meadows, which produce three tons of hay per acre wh?^hii1f^-'tJ f ,r'^-T""^«^ g'''^« field belonging^to^l^f-rkclrer which also yielded three tons of hay per acre. aicirer, «i,^'l- *' i*^"*??*?? ^"^ *^''*'^® ^ ^^^ Hon. Mr. Cochrane's farm Was Atei'^'^"^'^.?"'"^^ stock-amongst these the 10th Dudiess Sf t^^ll *"?? f ^'■^? ofher progeny, viz., 2 cows and a heifer ,• 10 to 1 2 cSves ^S. Inw^''?? of Oxford and Marquis of Hillhurst. Saw a tho«,ugh5,wd ^ifn2^T"?''^'^''r? *' *^® Dominion Exhibition, Montreal, Vndwhi^h obtained first prize. Shown also a two-year-old imported Ayrsh?re b^ll a SS,!^ T^^} '■ ^ '° *^^ ^"'^^ of Oxford, a very famoufKam The to MrXhtlLtiVo%'o"o 'i:-^^''^ °'^' "°/ ^«r ^cendants haveTeali'seS ^.JToV^ ^ £30,300, being unprecedented in bovine historv. Was aJso shown other cows, all of excellent quality, kept for fee dins th« thorough-bred calves. Mr. Cochrane does not paWer thTcuS but me'Sd mvi??^^'^ n^^'r- "« '''''^''' ^frleZ2l accomp^nti SLa i^ li very kindly. Saw a splendid turnip field on his farn?. Hh ^Sle of\rnr1,?.-^^''\°'^'f of cultivation, and show what tursoil s capable of producing when farmed soientificaUy. His land was of less intrinsic value originally than other lands in the neigbouring townsh ps but to the observer it would appear now to be vastly%uperior to any in tiie district. Of course his success is inducing others tJ fouSw his examole There are no collections of field stones studded in heaps over his fidS^al may be seen everywhere iuthe Province of Quebec, and alsi n t e SvS I il N' W ir, » 41 !|| •— 12 — ships about Owen Soui^d, Ontario, and elsewhere. They are put into substantial stone fences. There is a plant in the district called the wild sumach, which causes the hands and face to swell if touched. The wild ivy also affpcts some people even if they come within the wind of it. It is found in Quebee Ontario, and Manitoba, and also in the States. I visited at Sherbrooke the Paton Woollen Mills, having received a note ol introduction to Mr. Paton from the Hon. Mr. Pope, Minister of Agricul- ture. These mills are very large. The washing and cleaning machine a»8po»e8 of 4,000 lb. of Canadian wool per 10 hours, or from 2,000 to 4j000 lb. of fine wooL Saw the dyeing vats, the burr-picking machine, 20 sets of carding machines, 24 spinning mules, each having 336 spindles ; UoloomB producing last week 711 pieces of cloth, each 25 yards lone- the hydraulic preis, the patterns, and the machine shop. The work emploTs from 600 to 660 hands. It is the largest in the Dominion, and the machinery is of the latest and most approved invention- Visited the annual exhibition or fair. The best cattl e are now sent off to Britain, and consequently the faur exhibits suffer. I next went to Biohmond, end visited the College of Agriculture, bein'- very kindly received by Principal lowing. He informed me that wheat with him averaged from 20 to 26 bushels per acre j barley, 30 busheis. Oats is generally a sure crop — 35 bushels to the acre. He grounded his students well in arithmetic, algebra, Euclid, and land surveying. ' On the 2nd of October I went to see the Quarantine Depot at Point Levi, which contained many excellent cattle newly arrived from Encland I thereafter started for St. John, New Brunswick. In the journey I passed over a great extent of French country, beautiful landscapes, seeinff various glimpses of thfe bays and havens on the St. Lawrence, and once more beholdmg ocean's shipping. The most prominent feature in the Lower Canada towns and villages is the churches, which are of immense size generally, and the contract between these huge piles itnd the small dwelhngs IS very marked. In the course of time we entered New Brans, wick. *,»uuo The province is divided into eight counties and fifty-nme parishes The Bay of Chaleur forms its north-western boundary, at the head of which lies Campbellton. Very little farmmg is done there. It is famous for salmom- nsliing, though that industry was not very successful last year. The salmon go up the rivers Eestigouche and Matapedia. There is a salmon-breeding establishment which turns out three fourths of a million of young lish yearly. The young fish, when fit for removing, are taken to other nvers along the Bay of Chaleurs. The salmon is caught by stakenets on the sea-coast, and on the river {by fly. Salmon is very extensively exported. A fisherman with a 300 fathom stake net averages 1 500 dollara value of fish during the season. ' The specified distance between each stand of nets is 200 fathoms but this 18 not always rigorously enforced. Pishing begins 24th May, and ends with the last week of July. There is a good system of shools in New Brunswick. Education free. Personal property is taxed, t?nd every man from twenty-one to sixty nava 1 dollar poll-tax. -> j tr-j- t3 — The river St. John is navigable for trading vessels of considerable bnrden, and small steamers, for about fifty miles of its course. Small craft can get up 150 miles. Among the 'fish are salmon and sturgeon. The banks are fertilised by the ovei-iiowings of tho river, leaving allavial deposits which manure and enrich the grass. I ultimately arrived at St. John, which I made my head-quarters in Kevr Brunswick. I thereafter returned to Sussex Valley. The soil along the rail- way from St. John to Rothesay is vegetable mould on a sandy and gravelly subsoil. The rail skirts aion^ the estuary- of St. John River, which is wooded and has precipitous, bold clifls. The scenery is very beautiful. Rothesay to Quinspansia is hilly. There are good farms along the line. The soil from Quinspansia to Nawigewa is reddish. Dyke land, excellent for hay, oooura along the River St. John. From Nawigewa to Hampton there is beautiful green pasture, and much dyke land. Width of river here approaches West loch Tarbert. The country is beautiful and has a rich appearance, Soil, as turned over by the plough, is becoming, as we travel along, of a lighter red, ^ Passed Norton Station. Th^tiver-banka present splendid graaing. Passed Apohagui ; then some Indian wigwams covered with birch-bark. Arrived at Sussex, and called, 4th October, on Mr, George A. Dobson. He showed me exceedingly good mangel-wurzel. He staw id that his wheat produced 25 bushels to the acre (spring wheat) ; oats, 45. Takes five crops in succession off his hay-ground. Potatoes he planted 4 barrels, and dug 104 barrels. The prolifics were the kind, but they rot more than the others. The red safes have a red streak when cut, are latisb, but very good. Ha» silver dollars, a white potato. Had two oxen (Durhams) ; would weigh when fat, live weight 3,800 lb. He fed and sold off 33 head of fat cattle last season. His statement of the weather was thr, '■ snow falls in December to a depth of two feet, and lasts till March. January and Febrr.ary are the coldest months ; hardly any rain in winter months. In March snow begins to decrease. April ia rain jr. Half of May to half of June is occupied in sowing and planting. May is mild; June, very hot ; July, fcot, little rain, thunder generally ; August, hot, also thunder ; September, dry, with occasional showers. Visited John Graham, from Girvan, at the cheese factory He conducted the first factory in the province ; makes from 25 to 26 tons per season. He mentioned that he knew of many farms for sale. Land has not been 80 cheap these thirty years, he said, as at present. lie smved 7 bushels of wheat, and thrashed 103, being 29 bushels ;jer acre fully. Last year be had 33^ bushels from 1^ bushel smvn, the extent of ground consisting of hardly an acre. Weevil used to be bad, but is not so now. Oats average 45 bushels, and are sown 1st Juue, thrashed 2nd September. Potatoes : Considers New Brunswick the best country he ever saw for potatoes— has generally 20 to 26 returns. Labour is from 60 to 70 dollars per six months — thatie, £12 to £14; 14^ 16, and 10 dollars per month for haying. Girls, 5 to 6 dollars per month. Milk, 2 to 3 cents ; butter, 18 to 20 cents ; beef and mutton, 6 to 6 cents. On 550 dollars ad valorem a tax of 1 dollar 80 cents is payable, and 1 dollar 25 cents for school. They have to. give three days' statute-labour on th« roads, or pay 50 cents per day. Ministers are supported by voluntary contribution. Mi 'J? ;;i 'I till m — 74 — berries, pending themTnto St Jo^^^^^ L „7««*'*^^''; """°'«' »"^ «*^»^^- goosebwries. Mr. Hugh McJIonikare' brU h*''*''^' ^i"^"' fV^-w^t^^ «<* Aorough-breds^andhL fenced in Lri-!^^^^ horses-from thirty to forty farms lllofexceU^nt^L^^^^^^^^ gravel mixed till down to ten or twehX^ whire wa?er Is Jot ^^ "''^ boo The latter are generX twenty mle! b^*k &7o?rt^P ? ?"*^ °'^- can be purchased at from £r> to £6 -yearlings " to iS * ^T^ °°'^* olds. 20 dollars The Permissive Aci i^nK n" Kiig4 Coun'tV ^'' ^'"* aad oat? seeded do,™ i^^Sta^o gCnTof ?hf nTe^.'Iu ' "' '"' ''™' ""« ' •ata aDd seeding down. Tike h,:?rn„ fw f Pf^^^tlJig year ; next year, .mnber Of year? :lrZlinf» SL^Jf gfou'^d *"° '~" ' ''-"'™ «" » wo^dl1?^ge'5fbX5r°SSiti'^>-°'',' l''\'' ""*" «»' "'."heat Has 22 mUk cows. ^ annum , 60 to 70 dollars fop six months. « Lawrence. ■a'tStiihtrben «™°""" «> «" -.^tuSe^d^'&o'urorr/otc'ontSnir^aS'Xbrjr'^ situated on the Bay of fSSJ^;^'"? "T «<»<1 indeed. It is fish around tte St°of tSe^^r^vYnTe *'ns'Lt, ofXT '£1"^ '*"*• '^'' ® '«»«*^ of ^ Sape Breton, attaoheTtJ U, iS m '^1,^^ ' L*L"S\^^'^ ^^r''^ "»"^- tion in 1871 was 387,000. W CaSol7c« «5h ^pS^ J*?***/ ^^« Pop«l«- equaUv divided, being about 103 000 each nfhF^^'^^^^^ "* ^^t about 181,000. Therl are fourteeTroMn?fn- ^ m *^«"ominations number Cape Breton. Nova SooSa is an unSt^i .^ ^°''* ^*»' » *°d 'o"*" i" pllSns, and mountain r^X The"r1dies run 2n J' ,r'^* °« "^ ^"'-^ throv^g streams to the north and sSt^^^ the entire countiy, unrightleadhmds on ihe c«Mt?and gom JS^L"*^*^!,* *«;°> »»*« « bofl pfains. Between the North MounS2nS /if «i;*^"**e «»to reniant iigbytoCapeBlomidon,and^o&]£'u«uStn^^^^ of Fundv, from Counties, ia a beautiful vaUey, wMoh it S^f ♦i- r*?"? '^'^ ^^^^ , The soil throughout the proWnce 17 vaS ♦?« f«f J*''* ^i.* ^^^ ^>»*- along the southern shores. The best sofu* on' fl ® "^^f "or being found ties along the Bay of Fundy conti^ much^°?k?*, "J"^*^?^ 'lT>e coun- WM enclosed from the riveJs by iSe eSv FrS l«'?'*~*?'^V"' ^*"^ **"»* earthen dykes. It is exceedingly feS htv^h colonists, by means of duced splendid hay crops fTthel^Tuo'ye^^' ""''^^^^ '"*""''^' P"*' The winter sets in about the 1st of T>oXarv,Kl- i. •ne to two feet, deep. Janu^v the fT^f^^®'' .7^®" *"°^ ^*"« from 20>to24^ beloi zer^o. SmJ^^etr i?veJ%fJeti: "T'% ^^'^"^'t'^^ bluatery weather, rain and snow. *^''* •^'"^'^ '^ ^^'nt^^r llfe^^lXSI^^d^t^lTg^^r^^^ -<* t^fi^t week of May. IstofSunl. In^theCtwefkTf J^finT^^^^^^^ to th^e Harvest commences about the 20th Aucust InU «n of August, hay la cut. 8princ wheat is cut in September ^'^^'^^^ *^°"«^' September. toJl*^f:S%"retedrrU°3sStn1h1'l'^ appearance of well-to-do farSJ and rich dvL^«/^""*'',°^ ^"' > ^^^ mth.disaot/raer.StofflmiKn^S'"'^ composed offlmors 300 x ■aS'^b^^rSe nire'^^Sp^js "-arj^si^ -"" if"^- I cent nAr IVi ftfiwiit T,.,^ i,„ J ""Lff^y miiK. lue proiits allow about Mr. Betton, Paradise, sajs that wheat averages 23 bushols ; oats, 25 (I r?,: hmhoUi barley, 2.1 bushels per acre. Fotatoos ure not good wilh hUa ; th»v avevfttto I'OO buihels per aoro. Mangel wurzol, 600 buihoU. TUv, 3 tons per aero. The best land in the county for hay h the dyke-land. UU fftrttt U 101 acres. Uo gooi in for rjiising oxen. Iteisos three oalve. a year. ScUe a yoke each year : price, S dollars nor 100 lb. The nair weigh together l.iOO lb. dead weight ; live weight r ould >^« ".^On ih. I'nrm labourers get la dollars (X3) per month for ordinary v,orl«. Dr.o dollar per day for havine. and 1 of a dollar for harveatin; , u^nan - -Is, 4 dol ars nor monUi. Manv of the girls go to the States. The county ot Annapolis will produce 150.000 barrels of apples, at 1 dollarl\^» cents ner barrel j and judging fW)« the number of voters in the county, and that the half »f *»*•«» jre fantters who, as a rule, sell two oxen each annually, there may bo 3/K9 oxeki exported yearly for the English aud Scotch markeU fjwm Annapolis oounty alone. , , - i j . I dJove into the country, up one road and aown luotner, fUid wwi oharmed with the farms and general appoaranoe of prosperity. Notwitfc- etanding all this, 1 was informed not only in Nova Scotia, but also In fftnr Brunswick, and in the Qu«beo and Ontario Provinoos, that many farms are heavily mortgaged, which means that heavy interest is payable fbr money advanced to their owners, n.nd that their owners are only too anxious ta sell oft their farms so as to be able to clear their debts ; so that there is a gnawing worm at the root of every tree, however promising it may ho externally. The farms consist of mountain land, upland and interval lard. Bridgetown, fourteen miles from Annapolis, is at the head of the navi- cation of the river, and is the largest town in Annapolis County. I saw o vessel here of from 159 to 200 tons burden, that would draw probably from eight to ten feet when loaded. . j • The crv everywhere I went in Nova Scotia vas. • AV e want gfiod agri- culturists. Bridgetown would afford employment to many artbans •, a grist-mill is much wanted, so is a woollen-mill, and a steam saw-mllL Having left Bridgetown and its beautiful Iruits, I proceeded to Kent- ville, which is environed by hills. I here experienced the greatest hospi- tality from afoUowoountryman, Mr. Innes, manager of the Annapohs and Windsor Kailway, not only in driving me over the country, but in explain- ing the nature of the district, and afterwards outortaining and lodging me. We call on Mr. Leander Rand, township of Canning, near Kentville, whose wheat averages 22 bushels per aero ; oats. 45 to 50 bushels | Indian com, 40 bushek shelled ; potatoes, 225 bushels. Manure is spread broadcast. Hay gives 2\ tons per acre fully ; turnips, 1,000 bushels per aere. There is any amount of sugar maple in the district, but it is not tnmed to account. Mr. Rand has fourteen or tifteeii aores in a solid block —' big follows, as big as a barrel.' lie has thirty-three head of cattle, and his farm is one of 200 acres. The grazing is at the ratio of six cows to eight acres. Labonr is 50 coots per day for a lad; for an ordmanr workman, I dollar per day ; and 120 dollars per annum for a man m the house ; lor a married man, 140 dollars with a house, and keep himself j moid-servant, 4 dollars per month. Average number of trees in an orchard of two aores is 1 10. Ho has f'ot 220 barrels off forty-two trees, and sold lOf barrels at 2 dollars. Thrashing is done by steam thrasher j give every twelfth bushel in return. He usually ploughs seven inches deep ; most |)eopleon]y plough five inches. Butter is from 18 to 20 cts ; cheese, 12 otJ. -T7- A milk oow should nrodiico in milk oO dollari, or X*'« ; one oow ha had produced 3G0.i lb. of milk ill a vvook, but the uvorttKo of IiI.h other oowii WM 180^ lb. working liorHCH about Hfldou liuu(i« iiigli nro unrtii 100 dolkrn ; working oxon, SO to 100 dollarH por i)air. < 'lydosdalo hopio/i two too heavy for that distriot, and trotting horaott too light. The uuttlo they want 010 polled AnguH ; und the liornoH, the Norman brood. ' i Mr. Jnneu eutinmlod tho fruit productloa of Annapulin, King'*, and Ilamta Counties at 2r>0,000 barrolH of upplea. Wo call on Mr. .1. W. Margieson. Ill« wheat ovorngOH i>7 bu.sljel.H per aoro : oatH, 'M ; barloy, none ; average ot potatoes, 1200 buHhels. llo liun two fonna— one of 210 acres, and one of 212 uon^a. 'I ho latter has 40 aoros of »alt niaruh, whiuh in the very bent for fattening tmttle. Dykeluud is worth in the market £.'12 an acre, or KU) dollars ; upland is worth 10 dollars an aore. Average price of hay ia 10 doUurH per ton, but ho i» Helling it at IC dollarn per ton ; upland hay in a dollar (>haa])er, vix., 9 dollari on an average. MarHhinudi^ splendid for manure. When ordi- nary graaa-land is manured by ii, it produces easily 2 tons per acre, but on dyke-land 3 tons. Mr. MargioBon Htatoa that tho 2>reHent time is tho worst that they ever had. Mr. InnoH continued Iu» drive wilh mo through "ortnvuUis, a beautiful country, ond wo then returned to Kentville. Xoxt day I proceeded to Windsor, and tho superintendent of tho railway plant being on the train, ho gave mo valuable information, not only as to the ( onHtiuctien of tho dvkcrt and sluiocfl, but also information auto other iudustrlos. Wo passed Cornwallis Kiver, King's i'ort, Fort William, Avon iiivcr, and (j rand Pr^, tho scene of Longfellow's poem of ' Evoogelino. ' Ocand l?r6 (or tho groat field) consisrs of about .1,000 acres of dyke- land and ia held in common by a utunbor of |)roprietors. After tiie cropa have been out, cattle uie turnud on to the after feed, or pasturage ; and a ivoportlonate number of cattle, according to the extent of tiieir other landa^ ia decided i^pou by tho proprietors for OHch farmer. \Ye now saw Uansnort, on the other side of Iho Avon, and Armatrong'a ahip-buildlng yard. Tho river hero is throe quarters of a mile bromi. At Av acres. liis crop of wheat this year was exceptionally poor ; it would only average 17 bushels per acre. His oats would average, 35 bushels per aoro ; barley, only sowed half a bushel ; potatoes, 200 bushels. He has 2.5 head of cattle ; generally fattens two every year, lie ha3 4.'> acres of dyke-land, and 17 or 18 under t Or in I; I I st^ - t8 — •crop. He keepa 15 oowi. lie sells milk at Windaor, '2^ cents a lb., and gets at faotory 1 cent; butter averages 20 cents. Dr. Black aaid that retail price of lamb was 10 cents; roast b«nf, 12.^ cents : steak, 15 cents, at V^indsor. The milchcows are a mixture of Hereford, Durham, andDevons. A good cow would CvMt from 34 to 40 dollars, and would average ten quarts per day for six months. Mr. Maxner corroborated all about dyke and upland. Dr. Black drove me to the place whore for many year» the late Jadge Haliburton, who wrote ' Sam Slick,' resided. Not far from his house a Jarge gypsum quarry is being worked. I was very kindly entertained by Dr. Black, and aiterwardshaviug accidentally met Dr. Frauer, Windsor, he also was exceedingly kind to me. We witnessed the tidal wave colled tire * boro ' coming up the river. All creatures leave the way when it approaches. The cattle Itnow the sound of its roaring. From Windsor I returned to Horton Landing, Grand Pre, and called on Mv. i'atersou, who also received me very kindly. He likewise drove me over the country. He owns 100 acres, 30 being upland, 70 dyke-land. Ilia wheat, he stated, averages 20 Lushels per acre ; oats, 40 ; barley, none, but 40 used to be the average. Potatoes, he nad 8 acres, wluoh produced :i,000 bushels, which he was shipping •, this gives 250 busEeln per acre. He stated that he never suooeeded with turnips on his la&d ; they worked too much to leaf and stem with him. They, however, do very well with a neighbour who, on the ofclier hand, could not raise mang|fils, v^hilst on his land he can raise J,000 bnshols per aere without trouble. Of sugar beet, he stated that he raised 200 bushels last year; bat citeir beet was more difficult to cultivate than either mangels «r tanups. Indian com did &ir — 25 to 80 bushels per acre. In that provlnee they manure the ground for potatoes, arpreadisg it on ; also manuie the tnmip ground, and sow it in drdls. He kept 10 e«W8 lost summer, and rai»ed the calves. This summer only kept 6 eows. filled up the vacancy with oaen. He is .und«r the impression that ft hi m the Hon. Mr. Pope, Minister of Marine, Ottawa. I received maoh inform- ation from the former as to the geology of Nova JScotia, and f^mn the latter an invitation to visit Prince Edward Island. I was very eorrv that t could not do 80, as I have reason to know that the Island would have riohljT repaid the vi^t. In common with Nova Scotia that Island haa a mud in the beds of rivers, which is a great fertiliser. It consists of oystor shells, animal remains, and dibris of soil washed down by the rivers. This, when applied to the land, enriches it so much that it cannot be surpassed in the dominion. — TO — At the Montreal Exbibition, Prince Eiiward Island took the fit»t prix* for white o«t8, the first for blnck ohIh, the second for epring wheat, and the Hm, Montagu, Waverley, Oldban. i:jherbrooko, Isaac's Harbour, Wine 11 ArUour> Tangier, Uiont, whic') are really beautiful structm'es. From them one has a splendid view of the river. The ordinary buildings in the town are good, but the streets are anything but well kept, and there seems to be very little trade in the place except in lumber. I visited the Chaudiere Falls, close to the town. They are very fine. Here I was greptly struck with the utilitarian spirit of the Oanadianf:-. the waters being turned from ♦hei.r r xcraX course over the falls to work mills for cutting timber. 1 w "-t ii-tc ono of the lumber mills close by worked solely by the river, and was almost deafened by the eternal ' whirr ' of the saws. I was told that in this mill, during the three months it works, they cut upwards of iO,OiU,000 fest of lumber. Both here and at Montreal 1 saw the true Canadian horse— small, slight, wiry, and full of pluck — not adapted, apparently, for heavy work, yet astonishing the beholder by what it can do. ONTARIO. V' V The next city I shall mention is Toronto, the capital of Ontario, the richest province o[ Canada. The city is situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, and is beautifully laid out ; many of the streets are lined with trees, and tho lovely avenues remind one of a park. Here I received much kindness from Mr. Donaldson, the Government agent, who piloted me about and pointed out the various objects of interest — the university, model-schools, park, &c., &c., and we had a sail on the lake. Mr. Donaldson is one of the.oldest inhabitants of the place, and remembers when, about forty-two years ago, there were but eight houses in it. An old-country visitor looking round him, finds it tax his imagination to believe this. — 87 — Toronto is the iountain-head of the Canadian educational system, which, so far as I can judge, seems perfect. 1st, There is the I'^^.c hchool, m which every child is entitled to recMve a free education ; next comes the Hiffh School, the charge for which is about XI a quarter for eaon pupi . There is a Public School and High School in each district : the High School course is a very comprehensive one. The master s t«nw« <>* oeSoe in these schools depends on his success as a teacher, and as there is a wonderful amount of riralry between tham the pupils are sure of having every attention ; indeed a g- atleman who was for many years a most fuoce^ful master, told me that the post is one of the most arduous that can well be imagined. After these schools comes the Collegiate Institute, and, lastly, the University itsalf, the fees for wfc oh amount to about £10 per annum, '''he pupils in each school are examined twice a year by public examiners, and those who show sufficient proficiency are raised to the next school above that in which they pass. I think the whole system, both as regards cheapness and thoroughness, will favourably comparo with any in this county. ^ -^ -l. The province of Ontario is a magnificent farmmg country : it was here I first began to learn what a dangerous competitor inagncrltural produce Great Britain and Ireland have in Canada. With a soU equal to any m the world, and practically unlimited in extent ; the very best «{r^^»» »/ °«^*j« and sheep that can be purchased for money increasing dai^yj'" ^JJ^J^J ' labour-saving machinery of the very finest description, and farms extensiye enough to wlrrant its use ; cheap food ; a country which can, and will m time, supply every want of its people ; tod above all, » Pf«P^,^^« f®"? to have e?ased the word ' impossible ' from their vocabulary. >t does ^ot require the aift of prophecy to say how the competition will end. One thing is ab80?ately certain-the small farmers of Ireland, ^e." «"PP;°;"°f they had no rent to pay, must succumb. The soil ot Oo^rio of course varies, but as a rule, ifa good deal run down for Avant of P«>P«f .^'fj^f ' for taken as a whole, the Ontario farmers are not models I ^^uld advwe my countrymen to copy. Among other faults, they entirel> »e#ect the rotation of crops ; and iany seem to think manure ""!^e^««««7- ^f^^^' they are rapidly improving in their methods, and I have met many excellent facers who do jSstice to the soil they cultivate, and are, as a Th^irmr^ffr^^Ji^LVeS^^^^ is intense ; the cold in winter, though not as great as t^f ° ^he North West, is, i am told, more trying, ow ng to the f ^P»f JV^^/^, f ?*ifj degree of dampness that exists, lam inchned to believ e that the mdis^ criminate cutting away of the forest has injured the climate ^ndrende^^^^ it more uncertain than it would otherwise be. The dry summers that w^^^^^ times occur are, I think, attributable to this cause. But that it « healthy in the extreme is beyond question : both the people »«d ^e «attl« ^^^^^^ living proofs of it. When one sees the purest shorthorn cattle bea^^^^^^ Canadian winter with shelter and food much ^^^^"O'^J'" *^,^„^°f ^^^^^^ necessary for them in this country, yet m as good J condition as cau^^ desired, one must conclude that the climate is a good one. ^fe heavy vfeld of all descriptions of crop proves thst it is one suited for the apicid^ S Melons pleaches, grape?, &c, ripening m the open air tell what the summer can do. . I ! t , I -. 88 — OATTLB. SHEEP, HORSES, PIGS, «fco. I did not visit any of the exteniive herdn of pure-br«d cattle that Canada can boatt of, being satisfied that they esU tod. Imayjuataay that having flnt imported their stock from this aide, they are now able to sell us ammais for enormous figures. One that I have seen myself was bought as a mne-monthK)ld calf by Mr. Talbot Crosby, from Mr. Cochrane, of Compton (B. Towuships), for, if I mistake not. £850. I thought it more to my purpose to see what class of cattle the ordinary larmer waaable to rear, and great was my astonishment to find on farms of 150 or 200 aoreu of land (the ordinary size of a Canadian farm), short- horns of the very best families, which they cross with the native cow, producing very good aniuials indeed, ei ther for the butcher or the dairy : and sheep that would raise envy in ho breasts of some of our flock- masters in this country ; the South Downs surprised me much, as I wae inclined to think the cold climate would not suit them, and expected they would be small and puny, but such was not the case. Up to the present, the Cotswold seems to be most in favour. The pigs, too, are excellent. I saw some Suffolk and Berkshire pigs in Ontario that would do credit to any breeder in this countiy. . I may mention, in passing, ^vmg seen a beautiful pLorthorn cow, « Isabella,' the property of a Mr. Kussell, of Markham ; she was a perfect animal of her kind. I shall here say a vaw words on the prospect of the cattle trade with this country. I believ e it to be only in its infancy, and that five years lience Canada will be able to send fs one hundred pounds of beef for every one she sends at present, and of almost, if not ouite, as good a quality as our home-fed beef. My reasons lor this opinion are as follows : —-Until a very lew years pgo, the Canadians had none bu t native cattle which, when crossed with a good breed, produce very fair animals, but are themselves inferior except for the pail ; and as they only required tnese for dairy purposes or work-oxen, the calves, as a rule, were destroyed as soon as dropped. Now, not only are there several extensive herds of pure-bred cattle in the country, but it is no uncommaii r.hing to find ordinary farmers with a couple of pure-bred bulls and good-sized herds of excellent 'grades' (crosses between the native cow and shorthorn or polled Angus bulls, tins last-named breed being admirably suited to the country). The calves are all reared, and as dairy farming has not paid so well the last few years, and the cattle trade with England has been tried and is iound remune- rative, many men have turned exclusively to rearing and feeding cattle lor the English market. At present the Canadians are, and will be for some time to come, behind us as feeders; but they are fast finding out the increased value which oil-cakes, and other contracted ioods give, not only to their beef, but to the manure. Up to the present, by far the larger number ot Canadian cattle sent to us are • distillery fed. ' A man makes a contract with a distillery company for the 'swill ;*' and this, with hay, is alJ he gives his beasts. They thrive well and make good beef. When a tarmer ties u)) his cattle he considers them wonh about two dollars per cwt. (of lUC lb.) He can buy them for this sum, and is fuilv satisfied It ne gets hve dollars per cwt. for th^m when finished, it appeals to me tnat a little more time and a little more knowledge will make the cattle U — s^ — irade a great suooess —for Canada. But what about these oountrie* ? I may hmn remark, that our railway companies might do worse than take a lesion fram their Canadian brethren on the treatment of cattle while in thair •care. There is quite as great a difference between the cattle-waggona in the two oonntries as between the passenger-can. In-Canada, cattle are taken oi( at once to their destination, and not kept for hours here or there on €he road, as in this country. I saw some vory good Clydesdate sires in Canada ; crossed with the Canadian mare they make a good animal, but heavy horses are not required, indeed, would be undesirable there— at least for the farm. The Canadian horse is quite strong enough for the ordinary work, and is a marvel of aotiyity and endurance. I heard some complaints in Manitola of the mortklity among horses imported there, but after sitting behind the same pair for six dsyti, doing forty miles per day on an arerage, and seeing the treatment they often of necessity undergo in that country, I was only astonished that the death-rate was so low ; horses in this country would not last two days if they received similar treatment. I have run short of oats, and as a consequence my poor cattle had to go for twenty -four hours with nothing to eat but soft prairie grass, as I was not always able to get even hay. Their gentleness, too, is wonderful. 1 had a striking example of this, having had to drive a pair of horses over sixty miles with their shoulders literally cut away : doing so nearly sickened me, but there was no help for it, and yet the noble brutes never even winced. I hare got into d^culties and out of them again, without hurt to either horse or trap, that in this countiy would have meant the utterdestruction of both. They seem to take every ^hing in a most matter-of-fact manner ; if down they will lie quiet until freed, and yet are full of pluck. CROPS AND FRUIT. Conflidering the cultivation they get, crops of all kinds in Ontario were very good. I shall give what I was told was the average yield of some of the principal crops, but I would say that it is absolutely absurd to talk of the average yield of any crop either in Ontario or the North West,one man being able to raise thirty bushels of wheat and fifty of barley to the acre, while his neighbour under similar conditions, but with less skill, can only raise sixteen of the one and thirty-five of the other. ' Average yields, ' under these circumstances, are no criterion of what the soil can do ; it is my belief that most of the arable land in Canada, if properly worked, will produce crops as heavy as any land in the world— of course allowing for climatic influences. Here are the yields as I got them : Spring wheat, 14 to 19 bushels per acre ; fall ditto, 24 ; barley about 40 ; oats about 45 ; peas, 25 to 30 ; potatoes, 300 to 400 ; turnips, 600 to 800 ; mangels about 1000. It must be remembered that these crops are raised on land, for the most part, indifferently farmed ; crop after crop of wheat being taken from it for years in succession with the least possible quantity of manure — ^indeed, in some cases none. The Canadians are utterly innocent of the use of artificial manures. But contact with old-country farmers, and the strong common-sense of the Canadian, will soon improve his farming ; and 1 think I am safe in saying that, with improved agriculture, an increased yield of at least one-third would result. I saw a field of carrots, • 1 I' i: l::i' H' ,S-i 15 — 90 - mangeli, and turnipi grown by a Mr. Keunio of Scarboroiigli an yiran 80U ; they were better tlum any I have ever leen in Uiis country. Mr. icennie, who is an exceedingly intelligent man, showed me, witli honeit ^^l?*'n5"^® of hu ploughed land, ^^o douht U.o friable soil he Imd lo deal with did not present the difficulUea to ihe plough that our heavier Mid more stony land «Joes ; but if Ur. Rennie tbrow« down the gauntlet to the ploughmen ef th:^ country, 1 would advitie none but the very host to take it up. '' Timothr ia the ' tame • grass, as they call it, usually sown for paature or nay : they also use « orchard grass, ' answering to our cook's foot, which IB a good pasture grass. Timothy yields from two to thfree tons per a«re at one cutting ; and when the season Admits of it there is usually a seeood cutting of about equal weight. In Canada the acre is a statute acre. Some oj tbe farmers have tried ' lucerne ' as a soiling crop with great suco«ib ; on fair land it may be cut three times in the year, and yields f.oiu two to three Uns each cutting. Clovers do well , but the best crop is maize, wfciich, 8 cut when about ten inches high, nnd gives a wonddrful return They Have tried Italian rye-gr ass, but it has been a complete failure. laken altogether, Canada is not such a fruit counUy as I had itnacined. in yuebeo little or none is mown ; the same may be said of Manitoba ami. tne Northwest. Ontario, however, is exceptionally adaple«8 agrtablj surpriied to find thai dmnkenness is not common in Canada ; indeed, I was straek by tbe abflenoe of apirituoui liquorg at the dinner-table m the hctela, and waa amoaed when told by a waiter that any doubt about the nationality of a guest Tanishes the moment he orders wwe or be«r^hat being a rare sign of his hailing from the Old Oountry. Jh^ rates of ihterest ehargsd fer money in Canada ate very high ; it is quite easy lo get from 8 to 10 per oent, with the rery best secuniy. ROADS. The roads are not so good as in England. Road-rates are paid by labour, and, judging by the work done, the system is a bad one. FREE LAND. There is still some free-grant land in Ontario, in the Muskoka district, pnncipaUy bush. The land, I beUeve, is good, but 1 did w;t visit it. A0RIOULTURAL OOLLEOE. I cannot oondudo my remarks on Ontario without mentioning the Agri- 2rJS^.^''*^*Se at Guelph. Guelph itself is a fair-sized town in the county *:®™5^' ^" *^* «encre of a well-cultivated district. The land is pretty gocU, but not so rich as some other portions of the province. There are several extensive breeders of both shorthorns and Herofords in the neighbourhood J indeed, all the cattle in the district were particularly ^. The Millcge is about a mile from the town, and is supported by the f^ovmoe of Ontario. The farm Connected with it contains about 600 acres. I inspected the system of Instruction, which is very complete, including not only ordinary agriculture and stock raising, but a practical knowledge ot chenustrv and veterinary science, two very valuable branches to the tMmer, and very little known. The ordinary education of the student is "?;• J*?!®^'^^* for I see an BngUsh and mathematical course laid down, which. If taken advantage of, will give the future farmer something more than his bullocks to think and talk of. Nor is horticulture forgotten, and I saw for myself that the student had, in the extensive gardens con- nected with the college, ample opportunity of making himself acquainted with that art which will enable him hereafter to beautify his homestead and supply his table with vegetable luxuries. Among the live-stock, six breeds of cattle are represented, ».«., Short- Aoms, Herefords, Devons, Aberdeen polls, GaUoways, and Ayrshires, Of sheep they have Cotewolds, Leicesters, South Downs, and Oxford Downs, mere ve also some very good Berkshire pigs. The fields, which, ae nearly as possible, contain 20 acres each, are fenced with straight board fences, and are extremely clean. — 93 — Turn where you will, eTid«no6 of careful nuuuigemeBt and sound judg- ment meet youj butonewoukl'-:.^«otnothingelMaft«r haying conrert^ witb ProfeMor Brown, win has the praetieal working of the fknn. Profes- 8<^ JP^own is making some experience in cattle feeding and breeding and witH TariouB crops, which I am sure Avill result in much good. From l£r. Mills, the able prewdent, I received great kindness. Not only did he, in conjunction with Professor Brown, show me through the various depart- ments of the college, &c., but afterwards drove me to several interestinij; places in the neighbourhood. MANITOBA. On my way to Winnipeg I stopped a day at Chicago— a wonderful city, but one which, all the same, I should prefer to live out of. It bears about as much maik of the fearful fire which left it a heap of ashes a few years Bmce, as London does of the * Great Fire ' ; and its magnificent stone buudmgs preclude the possibility of a rej etition of such a disaster. I visited the stock-yards, and found half the cattle and pig pens empty. I was informed it was a very small market. There were about 50,000 pigs and some 10,000 head of cattle. I went through one of the large slaughter- ing-houses (Fowler's;, and saw the whole process of bacon-curing It was marvellous, but very disgusting. They kill, on an average, 8000 pigs a day :n this establishment. The corn-elevators in Chicago are worth seeing^ I was surprised aud delighted at the rapidity with which they either load or unload a com vessel. Somo of them hold as much as 50a000 bushels, and one, I believe, is capable of containing 1,000,OOQ. I stopped for a few hours at Minneapolis, celebrated for its wonderful mills, i went through one of them— the largest, they say, in the world— and was amazed at the perfect cleanliness of the whole place. There were numbers of ladies walking about, looking about at tiie various operations, and their Wack dresses were as free Irom dust as they would be in a drawing-room. ' While passing through Minnesota I saw one of the many ruses the Americans practise to prevent emigrants going into Manitoba, in which they see such a powerful competitor. I mention it here, as it may prevent many persons being deceived. I left my own oarriage and went into o^e full of emigrants, for the purpose of questioning them as to their desti- nation, prospects, &c. Atone of the stations I remarked two Yankees, apparently farmers, chatting together in the telegraph-office. A little before the train startel they got on board, but evidently wished to be thought strangers to each other. After a short time, one qt them entei^ed . into conversation with a Scotch emigrant, and discoursed ^oquentlyon the horrors of Manitoba— said it was a swamp, that he liad g , and then both praised Minneimt;^ and Dakota in the most extra'^ninmt terms, pointing out the very country we were passing through (splendid land some of it appeared to be) as a — 94 — gpecimen of what they oould ^t for next to nothing if they ohoaa to settle in the neighbourhood* in which they aaid they had just titken up land— curiously enough, one in Minnesota, the other in Dakota. I don't know how it ended, but I hare little doubt they induced some of their hearers to remain in the States. The men were afterwards pointed out to me as 'touters.' I may say that great inducements were tiered me by a land agent if I would consent to remain in Minnesota and get some of my friends to come out andjoin me there. To anyone intending to goto Manitoba or the iNorth-West I would decidedly say, do nat be kept back by any of the numerous American agents you will meet, no matter what apparent advantages they may oflFer you. Undoubtedly the land in North- em Minnesota and Dakota is nearly as good as that in Manitoba ; but most of the good land— indeed, all of it within convenient distance of the rail- way—is in the hands of the railway company, and is dearer than land in Canada. Another thing the settler must bear in mind is that the average yield of Minnesota is but 18 bushels per acre, while that of Manitoba is 25. A short time after leaving the station of St. Vincent we were whirled across that imaginary line which separates the United States from Canada, and I was at last in that Iftod which had been haunting me day and night for months pasir-Manitoba. Must I confess it, my feelings were at m-st anything but jubilant. At Winnipeg, however, the bustle and business- like air that pervaded the whole place, late as the hour was, nine at ni^t, reassured me somewhat, and this feeling >vas strengthened on reaching the ' Queen's ' hotel, where I was shown into a most comfortable bedroom, as nicely fUmished as one cottfd wish. Next morning— Sunday— I explored the city, and was utterly astonished at what I saw. Some eight or nine years ago Winnipeg was a wretched village mth a couple of hundred inhabitants; now it is a thriving go^Oiead little city of 12,000 or 13,009 inhabitants, the floating population alone being estimated at 1000. I went into the Presbyterian place of worship and found assembled 1200 or 1300 fashionably-dressed persons ; in fact, but for the organ, which I consider a decided improvement, it would not have been hanl to believe I was in the church of^some Presbyterian divine in the good town 6f Belfast. Two very fine rivers joiu at the city of Winnipeg— the Assiniboine and the Rod River, which are na^gable for hundreds of miles. To give some idea of the importance of Winnipeg, I may say that it supports three banks and some eight or ten very good hotels ; has a very nice club and aix or eight churches, which bre generally well filled. There is a very fine va 4B^» On Monday I called on Mr. Hespeler, the Qovemment agent at Wiuni- 8 eg, who procured me horses, &c., with which to commence my journey orth-West. I take this opportunity of thanking both him and Mr. Reed, the intellinnt head of the Land Department at Winnipeg, and also Mr. Disbrowe, for their kindness in giving me information and facilitating my movements in the country, and I believe I am safe in saying that any settler calling upon those gentlemen will receive courteous attention at their hands end valuable and reliable information. Mr. Hespeler intro- duced me to a member of Parliament from Ontario, who wished to see 95 — mcLe^ L.gh on the 6th orAugust. when I saw it. fte told me t Kt ?f ^h« bep^emtH.r fro8ts-a light fict Bometimes comes for a nkS or tJ^^ eariv in beHember-clid not cut it off, it would yield a fair return To ffi SS^'i":;ii*"' '°T ?""" ^y''''^ *'» *^« count^ .eeiS Jneed'dl^ninu Sf^-,^"^*'^J'u'^'"'^ acquaintance with the mosquito, or Sther^Jth a whole Ifctuily of them. I had met single members of tS tribThaforT nnW L^rlSn"?!'*^*''"/^ have preferred fheu- room to their a^yCt ^TnA f *'*«' 0° «y '• T at 5.30 a.m., and had to nSe a^Lur of mne nn.es lo avoid an im^^ssable part of the track. Nowthat th«%,^ aTiSi/t^Lfe^V^^*^^ 'T municipal divisionsTerowlTl be some^^^^^ at roaU making. I was not sorry to leave the beaten track and W« f« stnke out a course for myself through the pS^t^aa^novfl^Jn^ umntem.ung as I expected ; there wm not much heavy tiiS but i^.S ^nough of one sort or another to brighten up^hi T^J^^lAl^d deal ot »t was arge enough for buildmg purposes. From Woli I>oiS?Jn f^^^^'^T'^i^"" ^"'^ -ee«ed p^er^ect^on^d^ a^d wSaWe 8^^^^^ i?«LTi*'?^ '" *^^ extreme-evidence the magnificent cropsTwffl nSrt*' ^ ''" «'"n^?: surprised by the numbeFand variety of the birds tT^l .t*'^'*,'' ^*^»««Wing our blackbird, is becoming quite a nuisance there ai^ such numbers of them. However, they can easily be shot S If ij^e^^ry. A farmer to whom I spoke of the^sCk S? Wind ISd They«re bad enough, but there's plenty for us all ; in soite of th^ T s'i^lV r r ' '^^'y^^* **»«^^^» ^^^^ ^re.' Abiut ffi^h Bluff I Si Jhli^ ^"'^""'. encaWT^f, they looked very pioturSque, but less w iir«!^.'' •''"^•'*" ^^ ?•»•• P*"^*' ou8ness. Pprtage-la-Prairie, which a lew years agTwa/part hnS »»'«j»fh|tod waste, is now a thriving littie town wSiTc3 J 6f mJIS i^*^«""e J*" 7r®^ extensive farms. I was received by him ^^h ?u-^ ^'"?''?*' ^'- MoKenzie showed me two fields of wheat ^ne of ^bich be had taken ten crops in succession, eff theTtherTtwo ^e crop. I I r' , i'4 ^1 1:1 |j| ll rfl iJl -96- I saw were th« eleventh 4nd third, end the eleventh was ever so mnol» better than the third, the dar being longer and the grain larger, while the straw was less luxuriant. He showed me two short horn bulls just up from Ontario ; they were fair animals. Mr, MoKenzie considers that cattle 4» even better in Manitoba than Ontario, in spite of the more severe winter — sev*"^ as re^rds degrees of frost only j otherwise it is a lest trying winter, and cattle have not to be housed longer than in the lower Pro- vince. He is a good authority, having been an Ontario fkrmer himself. On this farm I saw some excellent roots, beet and mangel, and a magnificent crop of potatoes. About twenty or twenty-five miles Xorth-West of Por tage, there is a belt o* poor land some twenty miles wide. As soon as thai is crossed you get into beautiful dry rich rolling praarie, practically unli- mited in extent. On my return journey I made another detour and waa much pleased with the country. The great numbers of cattle I passed itt wonderfully good condition shows plainly they can be kept without difll- culty during the winter. These cattle were large, coarse, thick-skinned brutes, that a grazier in this country would despair of making anything of, yet here they were quite fat, and this after passing throu^ the severest winter the Manitobats remember. So mjch for the prairie grass : the introduction of good blood will give it worthier subjects to feed. I saw many magnificent work-oxen among them, and the cows, as a rule, appeared to be good milkers. These <-xen are very useful for draught, their great strength making them particularly so in a country intersected with ' slews ' and broken land. For * breaking ' the ikrairie they are invaluable, the sod being very tough, making it hard wo- k for horses; besides, ;.he ox requires no food but grass, and the horse cannot live without a liberal supply of oat*. lam told that oxen trained in Manitoba, are much better and taster than those brought from the United States ; the latter are usually slow and very stubborn. I was amused on one occasion by the remark of an ox-drivelr. lie bad a pair of truly obstinate brutes to deal with, aud was using both^ his whip and some very unparliamentary language without seeming to afiect either their hides or hearts much.* I said to him, ' You seem to have rather a hard time of it, my Irieod, since you find cursing, and ths whip no good. Why not try a blessing and a little gentle persuasion ? ' ' No use,' said he ; ' I tried those in the beginning. 1 have been driving oxen for the last five years, and though you would scarce believe it, i waa a religious man when I began, but 1 have at last come to the conclu- sion that one can't serve God and drive oxen ; it is impossible.' The best authorities, however, tell me it is not impossible: that abuse seems to stupify the animal, but that gentleness with a judicious use of the whip wiuniAkd them dc good work. I reached Winnipeg late at night, the last, ten miles having been got over amid the glories of the most magnificent thurderstorm I ever witnessed — the lightning was vivid beyond imagina- tion. The thunder was not very loud or frequent, but the noise ot the rain was quite sufficient to make up for this. There are usually a number of these thunder-storms during the sununer, but very rarely b an| damage done by them. Next day I left Winnipeg, prepared for camfHng out— ^d a most enjoyable way of living it is— and started in a south- westerly direction. 1 met my first mishap cr(»sing the ferry just outsktfr Winnipeg; oiy horses fell 'all of a heap' ou the ferry-boat, but lajF -97 — zn^^^z 7&t teeVf SMw"s rrjr'- y- "••••«••• was covered with li^ht timber N««?\rr ^^ fif»trat«, and much of it appearance of nome^elds of whe^r^t ? 'w^ '^"^'^ ^^ '^^ P'<^^^ or to have suffered from so iTbliX 1^11^ /h- '^^""^^ to have tailed, luxuriant crop. On inouirinff tlv« ^« ' *i® ^"'' ^®*^ ^^^^s covered by a effect of a haiUto?m."^?K ^ «S^' '^^ owner told me it was thS generally occur in July, and ire o^t?o' J?."'*'''??', ^° ^«°*?«; they down m a belt perhaps a mUewid^ £r^}^ ^r'^'*^' ^'""ing the crops the district visited, ft h well Ihev' are n^n? !. ^"^'^'8**^' ^'S^t through however, do not make much of it ^^s thav « J!F ^''^.^"®,"'- "^^ ^^'^^^^^ to pay them. TJie return is genemflv « !L ?^ V'T-'" '*^"^*y« enough left Leaving Morris behind I Sd t Soulh nn "'''^^' '"'^^'^^ °^ twenty-five. to the 'Lowe Farm.' The Ksia f^vf h »'»'n^Q«e marsii on my way in this neighbourhood iS two J^rmsZt^^^^^ '^^? l9,OoAcreI It 18 admirably suited for stoSaiain^ a? f ^""-^"T^' ^^^^ too wet ; There is some difficultv about f hi ^vl/°' "^ J''®'"1 '^ abundance of hav. overcome. They ar7f^rfurte'trugirto"& ^^^^ cuttings run near them, which vvlll drain nf».? ? ®^ ^'V^® Govenimant will then be fit for any purpose I had fn«^u '""? ^'^oroughly, and it many miles of flat treeless Srle mnXZ\^^'' ^'^'^^ "■ *^"^« through a fair experience in th?arro7extS^n . rnvS^'^' '""'^. l"^""'^ '^^^'^ time I reached Nelsonville, the fand a^Jl^^wS '-^ 'he rolling dry, and rich. Here I met a norUi of Trlten /"'""^^ '' ^'^ ^''^' much pleased with the country • he Sad ?aJin J'\n"'*''' ''''»° ^^®®"»«^ drive was through the Pern bSronnV,?[r ,^ "^ 320 acres. My n^xt the land, which^s rich Z"eryeS^^^^^ P'««^^^^ ^^ith were not a dozen settlers in the wS.i;r.f ^'* n*® y®**"'^ a^'o there there are few, if any. quarter ^^^^ '."?^' ^°'" "''i' "^'l^^-* '••^'nd Valley, which' is a r^a^ be'arfrspot TXt^; ^" "'' '^•° ^^^^■»'^'°'* Messrs. Armstrong and AtcWsonvIoSi ^ i."'° ^°"°S l-i^hmen, scarcity of wivesf they told me f i couldinr' ^7 Smmhiinrr w.. .he young ladies, I woLldi4kem?fortuneFl^^^^ a ^^^^S'^of ^ii'JiWe very disagreeable opportSnityVffud^ng wW w^^^^ ^T '"« ^ IS. I was, however, none the worsA Sf « It u®*,''*®'' "^ '^^aaitoba having to'let my clothes dry onTe? I ehJuld no??^t ^^f ^""S' «<"■ ^r ment in this country. ^emarkS^ nn %!,„ * ^'^® *° ^'"^^ "*« ^-^Pen- tPooh! I am here & yeaTan3Vav«^L^'T^ to a settler, he kid. ^---- tooddealoftheSittfn'treT/cf^^^^^^^^^^ Wagooddealoni^^^;^^^^^ /if D^ Codrin/rfc J °-^ ^-^«^ .Mountain SiiyfthI pro%?tyTf Dr^odrand'^M^^^^^^ ^ °^"^ visile"d Mountain occupies lgoSa.Ulen^^{'^ii^ ^s\'e^S^^IoJlr''^..lT'^ ^^'^ and is m the middle of a rich diatriVf fi,f^«„ ot Uie other towns, About ten miles eaLf <^f MiuSn Cit?^«^ ^^ oongratulatod; which stretches forty miles toward? FmArin^ 'pJ® ^ennonite Reserve, of magniEcent land : tl^lv wf v^rv Sf * ^?*< ^ ^f ""P^? ^*^« « tract contract labourers, are S,hTett^rLTihL^'^.^^^^''''''^''S, and, as Rovince. But they I?e nSt overXn l^er fn J^^^^^ ^""^ °^*»^'.« ^^ ^^^ wg. Their crops were verv ZS^ ^?' t j^" *^?'^ persons or in farm- grSw very finXx for sle? ^& ..^S°7*^ '^*^^^' cultivation. They lair quality. ^' ^^®"^ *'**"® *^*° ^re very numerous And ° below zero, and that winter is a delightful paijt of the year. iS umbers of people from Ontario said the climate of Manitoba compatcd favourably with that of Ontario. There are, however, slight deviations which are intensely disagreeable. In the summer there are sometimes extremely Ligh winds and hail-storms, and in the winter storms of wind and snow — ' blizzards,' as they are called. In spring and early autumn frosts sometimes occur, which do no good to the crops ; but all these things hpply to the Western States of America just as much as they do to Manitoba. Indians camp out in their wretched canvas-covered tents during the most severe winters, and white men, when hunting, have often to do the same, and think nothing of it. A curious fact is that Europeans, for the first two winters, bear the cold better than the Cana- dians themselves. Snow does not fall to any extent till the beginning of the year^and seldom exceeds an average of eighteen or twenty inches in depth. When the thaw comes it is unaccompanied by that abominable glushinesQ we have at home y the snow evaporates leavm,^ tho ground dry. — 99 — The dews are to heavy that oni* t«««fi^ • • '*•*,*■' °«ver occurs here, rain in the night. ThTsl^L? trraS foS°' ii^*'* ^^ beenlfXf summer, June, July and AiMu.i -n!f l.S « ^P""?» April and Mar • offleptelnberto il. ^" ddleTf ^oTe^ff l/^t'*^^^ SOIL. The soil varies much, a* it !■ »a*i..„i * but as a rule it is a rich, black vfJiSL^ '""^PJ"'^ ^«' «> J^r^e a tract • rich beyond imasination~a„d VL5nu S^^ T^'°^ ^^'•y «J^« «'^- flurfaoe soil varies a good deal in *iZ« T'^ "^'^y; Th© depth of the twelve inches, in othL as iy feeT f .r-"r* "^T *»»•" *«« oJ analysis has proved the soil to be th! L J T °?'"T** that chemical for the growth of wheat, and certain vni^l??''^'^^*'^ ^ ^" **»« ^orld I IS very easily worked becomingr^/nTas n^wSrir " ^*"'' [^'« °»t- all descriptions of soil to be had here fVn?Jf>f' u^""^*^®^' ^^^f® are lightest sandy loam. ' '^^^ t^® heaviest clay to the PRODITOTS. 4^p^^^(^^^^^^^^^ -'^ then oats. «tenfc. Oats seem to ripen too ftst^d wMi?'-.^"' 1!."°' S"^" *<> «»y of bushels to the acre, is £ot ud to 1 1 « mliT ® '' ^^®'^ * «''«'»1^ n«mbef are an excellent crop bo"h JSCat^J Z?titt3'^' VI'^^^C ^^^*o'^ meet some of a poor enough description vi? Tot,^. '^^/^^^^S^ I did Among the grasses timothy and cockSt'ni!, ' «'°'^ ^o perfection, a good return; lucerne aL Hun^S^^^r.r "'^*'^''' ' clover yields regards the average yield I muS s^f ^f ?i i^^^ thrive wonderfully, a. is absurd to striki an averaS A^„f , i'! '^J^"'^ «! of Ontario, that ij average for wheat, but I hSve se^ Lrtv five tn ?k '^"^' " ^''^^^ « '»»« tons 18 considered an ordinary croo nfn„f?/° *^®.,?°'*ej »ix to eight ordinarily ro-agh cultivaLn. ^(^Tou?se^cll.?I ^''^ the most extra- fuctor, but I have no hesitation in saving thil^nl '" "^ 1*''^ important his business can secure in ManifnhX^^ • *."y ™an who understands grow there than he can in tht ^untrv 3'1-^Jf '"^^ °t^°/ ^"'P ^hat^^" expense. The natural grass i^wnnJiZif '"'**'. ^^^'^^'^ *he labour and food for cattle and sheep Sheen tS T'l't'^'^ ""'^ '^ «^^^"«»t popular every day. Curiowly. thSSnLf ^^\^'"^ ?®'"® and more partsof the grass. lam doSfninPM? u®®™'' ^ Tt>reier the coarser strawberriw, ripberrSL cur^^^^^^^ ever being a fruit oou"^. abundantly In a w^ildSjTdi'L^^^^^^^ ^\r"' «»d g.?w' thoy might bear-it seemeci a 8tru^^.^« ^f.K fu^'® */*?' ,*^<^ lool«0'' *» if feutpeaoiea, grape, 4o.,tu? r„'tT;irS.fX l^-SSi^^t.fZf — 100 — mofra in taxj quantity, and of the very fineit dcscHpUoa, in the open air« Tbmt I UM I thought finer than any I had ee«n in Ontario. Garden Tegetablee of all deacriptions abound, and I was delighted by the blaze of ooMur the flower-gardens in front of the Mennonitfs' houses presented. CULTIVATION. June and July, and, in a wet vear, part of August, is the time for breaking the praiiie ; the sap is well up m the grass, Ac, which is easily killed by the summer heat wnen turned up. and the ground is wet, making easy ploughing. The sod is merely pared, the more fightly the better ; the furrow turned is about fifteen inches wide. In the autumn or spring the ftirrows aro backset, the plough turning about three inches of sou. In the spring the seed is sown, olten without further ploughing, and harrowed in ; as often as not, i oiling is neglected. Wheat is «own from the 15th of April to the 15th ot May, the earlier the better ; oats till the end of May, and barley till the end of June. I have seen barley doing well that was sown on the 10th ofJuly. Ths quantity of seed to each per acre is about the same, viz : two bushels. Harvest begins in the middle of August • potatoes, turnips, &c., can be sown till the 20th of June, and fall ploughing! the great secret of succet s, can I e carried well into November. The hay harvest, in July, is a simple affair. Prairie hay costs about a dollar a a is ton by the time it is in the stack ; a crop can be raised on the turnedup sod, but except ap a aakeshift the first year, it ought not to be done, the yield is sure to' be poor. The farming implements are all of the very best description, made with a view to the saving of labour. A man with a breaking plough and a good team can break or backset one and a halt to two acres per day, and with a gang plough and four horses about double that quantity. With a self-binding reaping machine attended by two stookers, from twelve to fifteen acres can be cut, bound, and Btooked in a day. I have seen these machines do wonderfully clean work. Manure is of no value, and is either burned or carted to the nearest river (the Mennonites make fuel of it). It will be yenrs before the land requires it,2or indeed would bear it. I do not say that our high-class English and Scotch. farming is at all necessary for success, but I am persuaded, and it is proved, that care and skill are amply rewarded ; no farmer need fear fanurein Manitoba. I have, among my notes, a list of fourteen men all getting on well, who told me that until they came to Manitoba they never liTedoutof town. MARKETS. Up to the present, and for some years to come, there is a ready market in the eountry for all kinds ol produce, owing to the influx of settlers. She prices to be had for every thing would almoet pay in this country : ^eat| in out-of-the way places, 1 ^ to 2 dollars per bushel, and I have been •hliTged as high as 1 dollar a bushel for oats— the general price is about 79 cents ; potatoes as high as 40 cents, and every thijg else in proportion. Tim(rthy hay sells readily for 15 dollars per ton. Two shillings a bushel for #heat on the farm would pay the grower. Long before the country is- — 101 — plewureof heSin« that ^e r^n^: ^^ '*'"'''* ^"""^ Canada I had the mentawitha nVXr of EnaH.J^r»?-T^^ »»<»• SiSi jn»e hne will be about 2800 milei lonawiW ««»?♦!? ^*'^" *«»» y««t. three veam at furthest betwSn SoS 1000 mllil^/^^'^PiP?"* "»**• ''»*^« this with twoor three branch iSiet whk^h -SS2 I °J'^ '^'" ^'^ «on»pl«ted j up and bring within mMkeihlA ^7.7 •' VJ*,** ""**®'^ contract, i^ on«» A no matter how rSy^etUeiilJfnt.*'' Uyerpool a tract of coiSSJ much Ie.8 cultivate CtKexSt '^•^^ present year, the Qo^erament «antiS^ aT.U****!*^*' ^'' '» MiV of «• the Winnipei and HuSon*. i?«, n charter to a oompai^renUtW Hudson's S:?Aute7thraJelS^undTT^' 7^ ''^"^ *^ »iK»^ "P *S opened within six ywrs [tli guSS^AJ^i??^* *^^ "^'^^^y *« ^' 5Kl«on principle as the SeJSSa steaS.eS^^«:?i k*^!,"'*.'^*"; "»^« «n *he same for three months of thf vea^Th/- Il'^l*'* *n ^f V» "^v/gate Hudson's Sy of the North West nSrer^LTve^^^^^^ bring the great wheat fielS score of markets for their produo??Le^«?fi^!T^''* "' ■*» *^* <» «»• satisfied. I think I am safe iJ^Sfn^ fStfu -fiT*"*^® ^7?"^ '«««» to »» from the Saskatchewan Sn the fiJeVn^ i^riilT^i^'^'^^J*''^ ''^^^ ter if not less, with profit to the I'C ^d bv thJ J«- • ^^^ '*'**'• system (our warehousinc nlan ,Zt^^7^ r °^ '**? American storage cim to a buyer in SerooS wbn« S I* ^^'iT'' J"*g^* ^^^^^^ »«" W. nearest his hLesSaH^twl 1 mean tC i^biv T /f*^^»^ •*»'^ feel himself safe in buviaJ it Th^-lt „1 i * !'«'^?^in Liverpool would for storing the cor" .ThLit^s Seen V^^^^^^^^ T"^ '^^^ given A docket showing the crade an^SnSKi Ip^'^^^ and the owner ia negociable anywhere. ^ """^^^"^ ®^ ^"*^^^''' ^^'«^ docket is CATTLE, SHEEP AND HOB8BS hotrtekU^islS^I^^^^^^^^ tTr? Zfitk'eTa* "^\^ n?»-*^ dance, and cattle kee^ thrcoSorw.U on ?t ^ I t^J'" ^'^ ^° ""^T cattle or sheep^in the county buf Z Si.iw *'^ »»ot many well-bred it would be entirely obviated by sdnnS nCtVi?^^^ "^^^i *f ' Horses cannot live on the praiSL S?^ SfuPel are e JtSSii ^ ^^ **^^- of ^m magnificent bruteLtan&^ t^£Sl?i ''•'' *^* «'^'' ^^"^ ^"® altogether hardier and more^iipted t* the country m its present state (till more timothy and^te SgSSwn) 3' ,1 , ft f M { :\H K^- C^^^^l J 1 ;^^| — 102 — tliMi th« kone, but ihtj arc muoh dear«r. Ox«n, how«ver, aro the tauinstaj of the farmer in oultivating his farm, in fact, in breaking the {>ratrie he could soaroelv do without them— they are powerful brutea, and 6r oxen, are wonderfully active} they coat nothing for keep, and alio hare tha advantage of being cheaper than vithor horses or mules. An ox oo«ta about £14. a horse about £25, and a mule about £35. Good miloh ooira can be had for about £8 ; sheep, 12b. to 18s. eaoh. I forgot to say that the pig seems to be at home here, as everywhere else. I saw some f>rise Berkshires, eighty miles from Winnipeg, that had been brought rom Ontario, and seemed happy in their new quarters. The ordinary diseaaes to which stock are liable in Ireland are unknown In any part of Canada, nor is there any, that I heard of, peculiar to the country. TREE OULTURB is comparatively easy. The soil muat be dry, and in a state of thorough cultivation. Make the pits one halt deeper and wider than the roota require, and plant one inch higher than the old mark on the stem, at a diatanoe of about seven feet apart in every direction. In making plantation, if possible let a convex surface be preiented to the prevailing wfaid, as this will greatly aid the growth. Keep the ground free from weeds and long grass among the trees, and, as the plantation rises, cut just enough to prevent the trtees interfering with one another's growth. Spring, from I'st of April to Ist of June, is the time for planting. Two men ought to set about 200 trees a day. When the ground is ready for them, let the plantation be fenced in and protected from prairie hres, the natural enemy of forests in the North-West. It will be said, Where are trees to be had ? There are millions of young plants in any of the belts of Umber growing along the river-banks. Many species grow from cuttings^ in particular the cotton-wood tree. In planting cuttings, sink them deep leavmgjjutoneor twobuds above the ground. Other kinds grow very rapidly from seed, particularly the solt maple, which I have seen 18 inofaes high nine months after the seed was sown ; and plants but ten years old were from 8 to 10 feet high, and quite bushy. These are beautiftU and useful trees. The seed is to be had in abundance. It ripens in June, and should be sown at once, as if it dries it fails to grow, rorhaps I have been too particular in giving these details, but I oonsi- dor tree cultivation of the utmost importance. Nothing can speak more strongly for the luxuriance of the natural grasses, and consequently for the nohnesa of the soil, than the fact that these great treeless prairies da not suffer from drought, and are so wonderfully productive. It is well known that the destruction of forest over large tracts of country is usually productive of barrenness of the soil from two causes ; Ist, moisture is not attracted } 2nd, any moisture there may be is evaporated from want of protection. Tree-planting also has a material effect upon the temperature, and breaks the force of the winds, etc. While I do not say that the North* West requires increased dampness, nor would it be an improve- ment im such a cold oounttTr, the value of the shelter afforded by planta- tion, putting all other considerations aside, cannot be calculated. If the Oovenunent would ag«in put the tree-culture regulations in force, and - 108 — hAve gome simple initrnotioni drawn up aul drculftte,! tl«r J, and force the p«^.i»»u«. *- u. r,.. * c'r^^uiaieu ten«Ht the country. i':;r^ir±:"-="'""^-^ PENOINO ' BUILDINQ i^b^t'^and'thlf of ^ U^-:! rnfrt..^ ""'*^T' ^^ f^-"'^*''^ -« building of log-house.. haveToomforfiffi ^"i" ""^ unaerstanJ. the feet insfde, wfth a Z'd loft 0^^^ win 1???"k ^" J."P -'**'.°"^ ^ ^ ^y 22 with brick^clay, anS nitly wTt^w^h'ed-fo^^^^^^^ ThrA"'/"' '" warm and comfortable. 4tterola.8 hou««. «,« ^15 f '• ^"®»®*»"t« »«*« dear in Manitoba, on aooount of Te gStv nf f}r^r""''t?' ** ^"'"'^®'' '" clay can be had almo.t Zwhfre. and I beLv^ )^i.t'' ^."^^^^'i;' Oriole monly used. The wooden houles in ?Vnn!n«ra,^KJ^' "^"^ ??P° ^® °°"»- ky handsome brick struotureT ^^'""'P«« "« being rapidly replaced WATER, often there is none but brackish water to be had in f wSnil^-®; • f ^ FUEL. 1. black, hird pent, and give, an intense heat. Yl^ere il alik .„ .^' J« LABOUR. There are plenty of men to be had, but waces are hiali a «„« •„ from 8s. 4d. to 1&. 6d. per day d^ng ihe%ZTAmt^'^ T'l^S to £50 a year with board xs the iwual hire of a min bv the^«*; w« ^^^ seryanti are scarce, and command almost as hig^w^^s m tC mar^?T" vaUngcan be done by contract, and for men of3lUl tWa U bv n^ m.^"^*" bad plan. CultlvaUng by contract costa— for nfinthfmf " J^^. °® means a «>d threshing-abou*t /25.. th^LryT^^Xi'M^XTV^^^^ nonite. do this kind ot work cheape/TOdbVtter than the riu^S® ^*'V 1'^ mi Ml — 104 — PROVISIONa, MAOHINBIiY, &o. Winnipeg is by no moans a ohetp place to live in. "t present at least • tea, coffee, sugar, and meat are fully a third dearer tlun in Ontario. How' over, this will not be for long, anr" even now makes very little diffferenoa to the settler. FMining implements are much dearer in "Winnipeg than in Ontario. A»d I beiidTe, in spite of what is laid to the contrary, that it would pay tho setiler to liring the heavier articles of hjs out fit with him from Ontaro. I wai, however, glad to hear that lately several houses Lave opened on the 'readjr cash' system, and are selling much cheaper than the credit houses, as is but natural. But what pleased me most in the matter was that the iarmers are r^.-^arly all taking advantage of them, which speaks well for the country. ' *- «• DRAINAGE AND ROADS. These two may well go together, for until the country is properly dramed there can be no roads and the present tracks over the preirio have neither r.gbt nor title to the name. During fine weather they are uncommonly pleasant for travelling on, as the beaten soil becomes as hard as metai, but a single shower changes the aspect terribly, and the traveller hnds himself floundering in a uass of black, sticky mud. This isa charac- terifltic of Manitoba only ; the North-Wept Is much higher and drier, and requires httlefif any drainage, feo that the tracks are always in fair condition. Manitoba, on the other hand, is rather low and wet, but there is very little ?U nin J cannot be easily drained, and the Government are spending 11 iv °?!^^* * y^^ *>^ drainage works ; they are making deep cutthiM Ail through tne country, so the farmer can easily mana;?6 the rest by Burface drainage j this must soon have a wonderful -ffect. ""Vithin the last twelve months the province o. Manitoba has been divided into municipal divisicns, and each division is bound to see after the proper maintenarce of its roads and other public works. SCHOOLS AND TAXES. The taxes in Manitoba are so light that they are not worth mentioning : they do not amount to mere than a few pence an acre. Schools here, as m Ontario, are supported by taxation ; of course they are r.ot yet very numerous, but they are quite adequate lor the requirements of the country, and will, I am sure, be kept so. PURCHASE AND DIVISION OF LAND. The country is divided, into belts, 5, 15, 20, and 50 mile^ on ench side of the railway and these belts are again divid«»d into townships of 6 squave miles each ; these sections again are divided into ouaiter sections ot 160 acres each. Two sections in each township are set apart for school pur- poses, and two belong to the Hudson's Bay Company. The sections nre umformly numbered from the acuth-easterfy to the north-westeilj an^e. I'f-W — 195 — E»U™y,.nd th»ev,i numbered L""™!'""''"".'''^ tho CWdian i.»oifi„ "-^ ,-.*»,« lo ^v/a. -J m u, JOS. ; in C settJer%:^ho^ireiJhSXffiiffEU^^^^^^ *^« railway prTcerE^h of ase, is entitled to J60 ac?L f?L nv^Si Z * T'^ ^Z*' eighteen years hia nine entered for iut the nea^^^^^^^ He must have for thredyearg.andcultLvataitfn^ti ??^®'*"*^"»"«t r«"de on it means, ul is aKS two^^ontha X^S^l!.*^*'5*' ^'"°'^°8 ^"^ his years, after havinc Ws nai^ in!L;«^ l^ " counted part of the three land. 'lie caS aY^^e abseTt from^h^^^ ^^^^^ «» to thj yev. A second quarter section crnh« r>?^f !^,*'i? months out of each has to be paid. No fuS cavrnpn* ;. ^^/W!?^ ^°'' ^'^'c'^ » ^ee of £2 when four^tenths of the prir/?eVuir^!f 1^^ '^l^l"^ ^^ *^^ ^^^'^ ^^h rate of one-tenth each yeLT/Bifrarflomn^^^^ payments at tl^ cent interest is charge! on th; prermTtionT^oneV ^"'"^'''- ^'^ ^^ the^ufro^t:ro^.s?ii^ have been selected by them. ^ ^ '^"'''■' *° *^° ^«°^* that may INSEOT PES TS AND PRAIRIE FIRES. andSSnd^rafwtniryTvar^^^^^^ alon^r their Ime of marcL Thef W T«ii^*'««'f '°" '^""P'^' disappears withTn the last sixty years/an7tKtfw II'' °"^ir^^^^ five times seen the last of them One t^^n^Z « / li^ are conhdent that they have ing-room through fh'e window an??!^,!'^ T/k^^ *^*^' *"*^^«^ ^« ^^^aw- cuJtivation theeysarrSoved i^^^^^^^^^^ >« '*• % ^vill see them no m°orrSfo8QuS IdhlVl-^ ^^ ^"^^^ *^« «°"«try especially to the new-om?r dS/^^« 1 ' cause great annoyance, th£ great eneniy of S ^sts ^^cffcr™'"^.^"^"*^' 5 but drainage throughout the cLStry. 80 thSu^/lik«lvir^^ *° ^ ^^^^ «^t«»^ some] they are not found in AiMl^ ^ *^-*^ I"" ^®<^o"® ^ess trouble- coua(;y. pL>irfir JTe beco^^^^^^^ of the however, numbers of them s?S o*.^,f ^ ^*'^ ?f,^"®"t t^*» formerly ; damage but it is L^vthe^a,llLf^''^'\>?^ *^^"S considerable CONCLUSION. i- r^Uv'do T^^"^^' "^-^'^'^"^ ^king myself while in Canada w;re • 1^ , Why do the Canadians come to Ireland? If it be for theslke of — IOC — scenery they are unwise, for, to uie nn expression of their own, their soenerj ' whips ours all to bits. ' If it be for the solco of compariion, that they may think more of their own country on their return, I can under- stand •'* '*'■"' ^*''i-" ->- *»-- T-:.u <•-„ 1 1 1. 1 ..I „ . peace 18, why that number is not quadrupled, and why men ot a class to whom success would not be a probability, but a certainty, i. «., men who under- stand their business, and have a little capital, do not go out there. I could, if space permitted, give instance after instance of men who left Ireland paupers and are now well otl', many of them rich ; but is there need that I should do so ? Whore is the Iriali family who lias not some relative on the other side of the Atlantic, and that has not over again received that extremely pleasing proof of prosperity— a bank draft—from him ? But these drafts, I am sorry to say, are oftoner the fruit of work done for others than for themselves, for I was struck by the fact that the Irish seldom quit the lui'go towns in which they have to work really hard for their wages, while they leave these ri-h lands to bo occupied by English, iScotch, and German farmers, who quickly become independent and happy. This should not be so. If I am asked who ought lo go to Manitoba anclthe North-West, 1 unhesitatingly say, any man who lor any reason intends to •migruto to any place, and is not afraid of hard work and some discomfort for a few years, and whoso family can ge» on for a time without the aid of female servants. I'^uch a mah will, if he Las pluck, succeed in time, though he went without a penny, but if he has £100 or £20^) in his pocket, ho may expect to enjoy a prosperous and happy home in the immediate future. Anyone who cannot ' rough it,* or dislikes having his face blotched now and then by mosquito-bites, any « ne'er-do weel, ' or drunkard, had better stay at home, or, for the benefit of humanity, drown himself on tho way out, as he has no chance of succeeding. I would have no one going to Manitoba too sanguine or expecting too much— this is a great mistake, and very fruitful of dissappointment. There are serious drawbacks to be encountered, many hardships and inconve- niences to be endured, but none that a little pluck will not overcome, and none that will not be amply recompensed for by the comfort and inde- pendence to be gained by beai'ing them for a short season. There is an intensely cold winter, a hot summer, bad roais, mosquitoes, and blaok fiies; grasshoppers occasionally, hail-storms in summer sometimes, a prairie lire in autumn, and perhaps a i- light frost in spring ; but, as a man said to me, when I enlarged on these disadvantages, ♦ I don't care a cent for them ! I can live, aad live well, in spite of them all. ' And it is true j the rich soil, that with a little labour pours forth its abundance, is to be had for nothing. The climate is good for man, beast, and crops. This, the appearance of all three puts beyond question. The people are law-abiding and kind, the prices to be had for everything at present are very good, and it can be at most only a few years till the oount«y is in direct commu- nication with the home markets. Then indeed the settler will have just cause to congratuUte himself on having chosen it as his home, fofi as well as bringing him greater profit, it will bring him close to, I had almost said within call of, his friends in the old country — much closer than he would be iu any other colony in the world. that — lOT — religious but moit tolerant people ^anaaa. ihe Canadmna are a tk^^Wa'ilfJb^a^^/ate^^^ ^;orth..^^e.t, .« land is higher, drier, and juTt m ?Sf» • 2nd*oSi«ff-f ^°?®''>^ ^^'^> ** '^« direction. Anyone, Aowover. ^o hw a tmH «X. T "P^JP^*?/ "P in •'^•ry get plenty of land\here forVrom fl^ to^te? din Jt"5 ^"^ Manitoba, cai large tracts held by speoulatoTwho bouSS ft w' *'■*"' *°'*u- ^1*®^^ •'^ try was first opened, who arrS manv r^Sl J?i- "^ ^T-^f ^^®" *^^ «<»"«• on the purohMe-money, a,xd SrHheXe'^TI ?n^'« '. ""^^ ?V°'«'"«'<^ But no matter where he ultimSy settleHhS ,•-*« '*" .*^ * ^*i' P~«*- I would strongly urge on ev" y emimn^^^ Titl,/^^® ^'T ^^ advice There are many inteFestedSes^ffminhni^v "1° "'*5''''*« '^*«*"y- which, perhaps, would pwvra dLappoiS^^ ThJLT^'' * P"'i.^^ eren the climate, are very varied, and ScaSlinnl,/^^ ^""oundmgs, sary in the selection of a location rmSshoSld^? noaain®'*^"''^"?^**- eight months in the country, and go S nl^l /^ J?**'"% "P^""^ «'*«^ fied. If he reaches Winn^^egCA|riL^£^^l\*^&^^^^ ?%'^ f*^^; employment at good wages, Snd Xit work for «nm^?„ ^ ^"i P^*"*^' °^ or so in each of the distfict's K dXrmiZ J visT i^Z^fm ^."'^"•^^ see the country in perhaps its worst s^lte (butln my opinfe S th« i*' ^^ifdSiru^^^e^r^iVnVt^^^ brS „• °?„S!i" ?°"« °^j'? *^« N^rth-Wel? dete^ikined ?o woSf Tl be disappomted. Among the large number of settlers with whom I sooki W S'^f'" "'V'?'"7> "f " "'"«'' "»<' ouUiratod, and the farmer wiil ~JSS.*wT« S.!*^ °'*i'^''°"' "?<> other. hecW not ta™?„S^U ^TL'J^i^l f ?" °''"i'' " "V^'oi »»<» nwre .kill U necesjary. i. (S3.^°. iSl^? f '""!?• '■•r™''' '» ?»' <« w«« ond live oomfortiblr S 5 . • **°^ ]"i"^ O" "■« interest of thet money, andhayinir chUdren ph^ru^eT'o™l?J'ter' '^^ - PJ«""' bSt an'SofS Fjaoe to uye m. One could live there more comfortably on £200 ner Anmun tib« m this country for double that sum, and get a hfghw rate SfintTrS exoi^tZul^gSS: '' ''""• ^"^^^«' *^« IducatuLrSilnS^e's'^r Before closing this rather long account of Canada, I shall make one ■r 'II — 108 — other remark. I oontider the Canadian Government not only unfair to themselves but to the eountry in not bringing their country more prtmii- nently before the British public as a field for sttlement. Everything being fajf ly stated —advantages and drawbacks— there can be no doubt that tiie former outnumber the latter— and I cannot help thinking that if fair samples of the various Canadian productions were sent over for exhibition at our agricultural shows, they would such " a round unvarnish'd tale deliver " of the capabilities of the country, that many would be tempted to seek a home there. A PAPER CONTRIBUTED By MR. JAMES RIDDELL, Of Miami, ilanitoha, fomm-ly ofUmidalce, Jcdbwqh, Scollan,', who » temforanly staying al the latter address. r.l'.5f J'i?';°t°*?°;^'' '!'"'" II'S'' Commissioner of tlio Dominion of have mii: * "'^ °^ corroborating generally ,he stateuTuts 2ey l^rI«fT^'?.°^^®°^lt."''''^^^^^^y*°''"«<^eedin Manitoba and the North West Territory are those who intend farming, as the countV t fhnniV purely agricultural. They would have greatez^Lavantages Su of n^c to ^e rfo wr^VTv,^ ''^ '"« ^ "'°'^^ themselves when neces?a?v. oK whi^fJi^r °^*J®'°.'''x?''*'P'°'^^ *^® g'-o^^-n with little trouble ;sti^r whea farmed accordmg to the rules of good husbandry, it fully repays all IhJl^Tl T^ '^'- S^'*" ^}^' cultivation. It follow, as a certl?aty\hat aanfji I'M^T'V''/" */"^^' ^^P'^^l^ «f ^^'"■ki»g the laud ot Western eanada to the best advantage to himself and to the country, aoflnn R "^^ • ^""^ '®{'^®'"^ *.° ^"^« depends on their proposed liueof ^Tr^^^ ^ri'^.l''' '^'^ fP.'^"« "" difficulty arises throughthe absence of good roads, but this want is now being removed by rlilway extenston westward, and by the province being diWded into ii.niSui?5 Xch have the power to assess landholders for the construction of roads and 8dfc^^^^"'''"!?',.°^T^""l^"' «" »3'-^^ *«re farmJangLYrome to Jh^^fZV^'''^ ^""^ ^f Judiciously expended will, within a fewVars. make jubstantial roads. To enter on unimproved land and begin woJk iSmedia- tely for the purpose of cropping the foUowing year, spring Sith lTnZi^,^°'^ '''/"''^' *"^ ^?,'"*''^ «° ^f t^« season is dry J duriWb^ winter they arc v- course excellent. But any season would'be su UaWo I .?•: — 110 t' for tho arrival of young men who are in no hurry to begin farming Ibr themielves, and wish to gain information from those who have been some time in the country. Those with families and who possets capital should allow tho summer to be pretty well advanced before going to Manitoba. There are lines of tteauiships to Canada, sailing from London, Bristol, Liverpool, Glasgow, Londonderry, and Cork, and I can speak as to the comforts and attention to be obtoined on board the Liverpool and Glasgow steamers. Through tickets can be had to Winnipeg, the entire trip taking fifteen days. Pasaengors by rail in Canada are allowed a certain amount of baggage, rbont 300 lb. weight : all above that weight is charged extra. It is well to take out i>eisoni»l clothing, such as twoods (which will be found to be most proHtablo wear), flannels, blankets, cutlery, or any light house-hold articles. Turniture and heavier goods can be bought in Winnipeg at rea- sonable prices. A few pairs of boots, not too heavy, without iioo, would be found useful. It is only in summer that boots are worn, as moccasins, a kind of shoo made of dressed moose and buiialo hide, are used during winter. On arrival at any of the ports, there are in waiting a stafl'of customs ofB- rials who do their duty agreeably, and all made-up clothing for personal use, and settlers' ellects, are passed free of duty. When once your bag- gage is in the hands of the railway officials, you are relieved from fur- ther care of it, as a *check' system is in use, which has been found to work satisfactoiily. Every parcel ia numbered, a check with a duplicate number is given to the owner, and on presenting this at the end of your journey your baggage is handed to you. Now that the railway system is extended to Winnipeg, that city is perhaps the best centre for settlers to make for. On arrival, ample accom- modation can easily bo found at moderate charges. Settlers should be on their guard against persons who have land to sell, and on no account should they make a purchase until the land has been viewed, as many have been disappointed under the circumstances. The selection of a location depends on the inclination of the settler, as well as the amount of money at his disposal. It is necessary to find out tho prices of land in the different districts, which can be obtained on application at the Government Land Offices at Winnipeg, and elsewhere, or from the Land Kegulations issued by the Department of the Interior. Tho Canadian Government have made provision for the sale of land extending 110 miles on each side of the proposed Canadian Faoific Baii- way, through Macitoba and the North- West Territories ; and until final survey they have assumed a line running in a westerly direction from near Winnipeg. This district is divided into belts. The first belt of 5 miles on each side of the line is called A, and is sold at 5 dollars per icre ; a belt of 15 miles (B) on each side adjoining belt A, at 4 doUarr j a belt of '20 miles adjoining belt B, at 3 dollars per acre, and so on uual the 110 miles are disposed ot^ the price decreasing the further the land lies from the lailway. The above regulations apply to about one half of the area taken in, which is to reimburse the cost of constructing the railway, the other half being open for homesteads (free>grant lands; and pre-emptions (sold at half the price of railway lands) of 160 acres each, excepting school and Hudson's Bay Company's lands,, for which 4 square miles are retained out — Ill — a<«oinj4 ra^lHuy land X r«^^ "f pre-empUon to buy a pieco of the 60 miles away, for the reason^haf ,^if Vk T^ f .valuable aa'soiae bOor not so ea^y to woVk ThoTe who A^^^^ loa^^y it ia Pacific iJlway Say be fortunate ,n^^^^^^ ^'^"^ '^« ^^""^^'^^^ of the Colonisiticn RailuAv Kni! u- ^u^ ^^ ^^ '"*^"" ^'^^y 'each of some to the main line ^ "^'' ''*"°'' ^^*' ^^'°S ™a<^« to "ct aa feeders whole countr/is divkled info tow hF.f-n'' '' m*""'^ de.ermired. The i» divided Inti equroro • onJ m?i^^ whf f "" ""'"' •'1"^''^.' .^^^^ *>^ '^^^^^ equaresof lC0acre8 Arnnn?!.,.!^ ' "hich are again divided into four feet wide. A 1 survey 'sta 't ZT.Tr ?"'%" '?^'^ '' '"^'^ ^^^^out 100 boundary line/ ^ "'^ '"^ runibered fiom the International «.d^:;S:l:l2SS^^jlS!.^^::;;f 7- ^^;;-« is ^-^^3' stron. Cay, ^'ood crops can be .'ro n I is nni?i: » "^ " >^' " '^'^ .■'*^""^' ^'i'' ^tamjer Its rose-bSsh and bS iraVs-uni Jlil^^ ?'""''? *? '^^ ^^'«**' "i^^^ -wberethe8oilislrom'>to4fpp?rto?^ ? ''° r°*^ "''"J'' ^^^^^ I^"'* decayed vegetable naL; ritfn deep and is neither more ncr less than h.s been . g,4TboolMo°.'L°cr^„T„»^'''» '" """">■■ '"'" '»"»8'™»t neoeesary to allude to the mode of startin" on ^"LZltT'lf,^? * jjcjgiiuour, or, as is olten done, tent out tor the aummc^r Th5o o„,.„« rroS'aC'^'J-'^'^Y^ P-P-'"fithe p?2re for t?e ollowS crop, ahe erection of house and other buijdincs can be Wf f/ii fi,^ ? n ,iiii — 112 — Twoy«keofoxeii« $200-60 One waggon 80e« Two ploughs and baiTOw AS-OO Chains, axes, shovels, etc 3000 Stoves, beds, etc CO-00 House and stables 200-00 Mowing-machine 8000 Cow.. 35-00 Provisions for one year, say 150-Oi) $923-00 = £193 Of course many men start on a stualler scale than this, with one yoke, of oxen, one plough and without a mowing-machine. If land is purchased from the Government or private parties the price paid will re(iuire to be added to the above. Wdd lands can be bought from private parties at from 2 to 5 dollars per acre, according to location. Those with larger capital would do well to buy some improved farm with 50 cr 100 acres ready for crop, with dwelling-house and stabling, lu this way a return is got at once for the outlay, and at the same t'lue it saves many of the hardships one must naturally meet with in settling on a bare prairie, These improved farms can often be bought for less than the cost of improvements. On an improved land the following is the mode of preparing for crop : The grass must be allowed tb grow for some time, say till the middle of May, then plough about two inches deep, and ploughing can be continued till about the beginning of July. This is allowed to lie until the end of September, when it is turned back with an inch or two of extra soil. In this state it is ready for seeding with wheat or other crops. Care should be taken not to plough too deep either the first or second time — a mistake farmers from the Ola Country invariably make, and thereby cause an excessive growth of straw. Linseed is grown with great success on the first plougliing in Juce, the seed being of much importance in stoclc-rear- ing. The Isnd being dry, as soon as t^e snow melts and the Irost is a few inches out of the ground the following spring, wheat should be sown ; barley and oats in succession. Broadcast machines, eight or nine leet wide, with light cultivators attached, are chiefly in use, and have been found to make a great saving in seed. The quantities sown with this seeder are : Wheat, 1 bushel and 1 peck per acre; oats, 2 bushels; and barley, 1>^ bushels. Vegetation is rapid, and haivest is generally begun about the middle of August. The reapers in use are all self-binding or self-delivering. They are lighter than the English make, but are capable of doing a deal of heavy work. Wheat requires to be bound almost as soon as cut, the straw being dry and brittle ; but oats are usually allowed io lie a day before lifting. The Canadian system of lifting and binding is a decided impro- vement on the English or Scotch style : one man makes the b»nd, lifts and binds his own sheaf. On a good average crop of wheat (say 25 bushels per acre), four men can lift and bind to a self delivering machine, cutting 10 to 12 acres per day. After June or July almost no rain falls, conse- quently grain stacks are not thatched, but are thrashed as soon as plough- ing is stopped by frost. Travelling machines, with horses or steam-power, — 118 ~ oremigl^lKoX'uit?^^^^^^^^^^ --.^r« 'o "- number and the con.tructioS S" L W^^^^^^^^ the time there is a surplSi. Sav cJ,SJ ,n?ll?' ""^'^^i " ^<'«^ i ^"t by adnut of it. being sent^JSLtZSrd XX'^ terH?^*^ *^ per bushel would amply repay the «ow«r in t? ^ •? ^" ^^•f* *^ ^-^ cont» prices in London or uLgowC iSkan w^^^ ,*,"?' »^ P^^-^^t margin for freight and othw expenlw! '' ''°"''^ ^'^^^^ * ^^^ge I will liere statu tlie cost of raiHin 2-95 Thmshingi^:'?:!^.^:'.^.'^^^-^^^ Averageofcropsforl879.80,28bush.peracrcat75c. IhStl] ^6 3 $12-95=£2 lF~3 d(SafspLS"°""" P^'' '^"«^«^^- 3d, leaving a margin of nearly 13 This give" "^ ^^' '^'f "■' '"' '""•"S* ' donai- e cents. 'oo Cost of production per quarter *3'82 = 158. 9d, ^ Total cost per quarter. 25s. 9d. i f] — 114 — ,f these rctes are coneot-and I ha- -e^ it is evident Meisrs. Read and Pell Im^e been o'V'nj ^^ in menta. American v-beat at the P'^*'*"^/'™ ^ro W profit^Hl^^^ Glasgow, ^vhich showB a large margm for the g^^^s Proht^m ^^^^^^ ^^ Ab soon as the Canadian ^^^^'^^.J^^tTi^el^^^ will be reduced, open, there cannot be a doubt that the cost oj "» ^ .^^ j.^^j e^penw. *^CattlereariDg is likely e^.ave ?h^^^^^^^^ Hoemu to u» to require aomo report of Mr. John ckv^ynin^^^ "-a Uttention to the separate the Appemlix. ^'*^>'J"»'°'' "I'^n tins subject, which will b,. found in pa^vi^'S^^jt^zs !!;s;':;ri' '''° '^^" ^-^"^' -^ ^'^^ ^'«^-»^ eighteen years or7«e on cond fnn nf m"" ^®"'"'^! "'' ^° '^^J' P^'-^"" over of entry For thn .!L^ ^°"^'*'°" of three years' sottlemont from timb up a frio g ant the fll'trm'dollar?"*'' .^ *!'" registration and Taking person enterinffor ^lueiil^r^?^^^ H^^ *^"^ is issued. A section ( 1 60 aorfl^iPvoni?^'*^ °"'*-^' «>»<> enter the adjoining quarter session therS and on^fnrfinf' " P^'^-^^^PJ Pn n.i^ht, and onterlnto iot' obtain a Sent fmli.n.^li"^^ the conditions of his homestead, my rate of 1 dollar IZ- trFffT^^T fu^''^ on payment for the same at thJ belts?, the priJo set Sth Tt^tVJ"^ ^'f''°''V'^^^'' *»"' '^ ^^'^^in such 2 dollars 50 c^enL ^er icro (10s 1 ^^8"^^^'°"^' *''« "'^-»'""'» P"ce being thfr'a!hWelfs^?;ldd?Hnr.""^^^" t' "'« ^"^'^« ^^ f°'«'^t tree, outside upthepr^^tK^i^/rv^fla^^^^^ c^n Lo b« nnS,n / • ''i"^' '*"'^®. '" ^^''^'•'^l «« ^hat of Manitoba. I^nds Thill • P'^^'^/^^sed m these provinces at reasonable rates ^'iSc IndBrSrCnirJ-"''''"^* settlement in Nova sjjjfa, New B runs- *vii.K, ana iintish Columbia on very reasonable terms. I* CANADA AS A FIELD FOR SETTLEMENT. Please read the following' Extracts IVora ]|epobt8 of Tenant Farmers, who visited Canada in 1879, at the invitation of the Canadian Government : — Mr. JAMES BIGGAR, Delegate from theJStewartry of Kircudbright, " I think it may be well to explain the footing on which the Delegates Jrom other districts and myself recently visited Canada. You are no doubt aware that of late aijents of the various Land and Kjiilway Com- panies m the United States have been making extraordinary efforts to mduce settlers to purchase and take up the large extont of unoccupied lands which they possess. Canada has lately discovered that she possesses m her North-West an immense extent offertile country fit for settlement, and consequently invites a share of emigration, more especially from this country— partly to settlo these new lands and partly to take the places of those farmers in Ontario and other older settled Provinces who are moving to the North-West. So many i'eoplk have bekn decicivkd uy over- DRAWN AND IIIOHLY OOI,OURKD I'ICTUUES Ol<' TUB WeSTEUN St.VTKS, I'UKUSHKD IIY LAND COMPANIKS. EAIIAVAY COMPANIES, SPECULATOUS, AND OTHERS, THAT MUCH SUSPICION AND DISTRUST OF TIIESS A«;ENTS (UjNKUALr,Y HAS AlUSKN. The Canadian Governrrent therefore decided on asking the farmers of this country to send delegates from amongst themselves whose reports would be received at home with more confidence than the statements, however true, of their agents who were strangers." 11 i ''I " From Montreal to Ottawa we went by] steamer on the Ottawa river, the scenery of which is very fine. The farms along this river vary from 100 to 150 acres, two-thirds cleared, and depend for their markets very much on the lumber trade, the greatest industry in tins district. On the steamer we met a good many farmers who had come from Scotland 25 f — 120 — to 35 years ago, poor meu, but who now owned farms of 80 to 150 acrea. They spoko of their success with pride and satisfaction, and were eviden- tly comfortable and independent." " A. very interesting collection of Manitoba products was shown in a separate building, and was much admired. Sections of the soil, three to four feet deep, ^vere shown, and specimens of its productions, including grain, hav, vegetables, and turnips, which were very good. " As A FIELD FOR WUEAT-RAlSINf! I WOULD MUCH I'KKFKU MANITOBA TO Daucta. The first cost of land is less ; the soil is deeper and will stand more cropping ; the sample of Avheat is better, and the produce 5 to 10 bushels per acre more, all of which is profit ; and as soon as the new railway is opened the cost of deliverinji it at the sea-board will be the same or less." " With regard to the competition of this Western wheat in our maikets, wheat sold at 70 cents in Manitoba leaves a good profit to the grower, and will cost, delivered in Endand, about 4s. 6d. per bushel, a price which does not pay the Enslish farmers. It is evident, however, that this western grain is affecting the Eastern States of America quite as much as this country. The average crop af the United States is surprisingly low, tJie return "for a good many States heins as low as 12 to 14 bushels per acre ; this evidently does not pay the grower, and many are therefore giving up wheat, and going in more for other branches of farming. Much ot the wheat-producins; land in the east being thus, for a time at least, exhausted, supplies will have to come from the virgin soils of the west, and as these are rapidly undergoing the same process, the farmers of the United States will, before very many years, be veiy much on a level with the farmers ot this country. The virgin soils of Canada are, however, much more exten- sive, ani will probably l>e able to send us wheat when the United States have ceased to bo an exporting country." "Mr. Cowan from Wiutcwnshiie. who visited the district west of the Tortage, as far as Rapid Citv, describes tliat country in his report. Mr. M'Kenzio, wlia came from Ontario eleven years ago, gave Mr. Cowan some useful information. He owns al.out 18,()lO acres of lan.l, ^elected very judiciouslv in various parts of the Irovinoe. One of his sons is on a iarni of 170U acres of the beautiful plain, and has 300 acres under crop. He has also a £ra>:ing farm, GO miles north-west of the Pntage, on which Jie says SOOacie. would yield enoudi hay to winter 2000 cattle, lie lives on a farm of 2400 acre., 9 liiih^s west of Portasze-Ia-Prairie, some ofwhichhehasaulti- vated for nine consecutive years, llis wheat yieidkd 4! ausiiKi.s per acre — 121 — IN 1877,26 nuanELS last year, and he exi-ect.s 40 uushels from this yeir's S tSi° A "'m f'Zn^l?^^'' ^^,° ^^ ''** ^2 LB,.. PER BUSHEL. He SOWS wheat 9rSh M* ' ^^Tl **? ^-"' ?^^'''' and reaps in August. Oats may be sown tSl 20th May, and barley aa late as 10th June. Oats yield 75 to SO busS n«r oT'i^i* nf "?• ' \r^?' 40 to45 bushels, 50 to h lbs He dH s intbSSJ iwSffrAf p« l^»d IS a good black loani, 18 inches deep, on^a subsoil of 3 or 4 feet of oamy clay, and grows excellent crops of rwts of all kinds. Potatoes, with very rude cultivation, grow 7 to 10 tons peVa^re tri ^V/n^,?' ^A'^'"^ i\^P^°'i' ^■•■^"^°"t manure, "swedes frequentfy wS f ffi f ^''' ?°! exhibited last year weighed 36 lbs. Good water is found at 16 feet, and stock do well. Mr. M'Kenzie has a stock of very useful well-bred cattle, the best in the Province. We have aireadv noticed MmS- toba, and mav now confine our remarks to the older provinces. Of these Ontario and the Eastern Townships of Quebec impressed us ^ery favou rably, A Great deal of Western Ontario would compare very favourablv with some parts of England. The land is good and faSirmanagenhSe s a nice proportion of timber, and the farmers' houses L Tmany cases exceedingly neat and comfortable. They have, in fact, an air of refiLment ajd prosperity beyond wha we expected in acomparatively new country. We believe it would be hard to find in any country of similar size so many m en who have done as well as Ontario farmers. IVfanv who went out 30 to 4U years ago with nothing, now own farms and stock worth £20U0 to £3000." Mr. GEORGE COWAN. Delegate from Wigtownshire. "As Mr. Mackenzie is quite a representative man in tlie North-West I propose new to give you a brief history of his hitherto very successful career as a tiller of the soil. "^ Originally from Scotland, Mr. Mackenzie settled early in life in the Jownship of Guelph, Province of Ontario, where he remained for a period ofa quarter of a ceritury, and )>eing hightly skilled as an agriculturist, and particularly with respect to the rearing and management of stock, he was very successful in his farming pursuits, and eventually becar-) the owner ol a considerable portion of land. Mr. Mackenzie would probably have PrtnAd Ills Hnv« in nannain r>n4-.«;^ l..i _l i. _i -^ -.•' ., years ago, for nna nnA it. 1 fl. mnt.l flr OI world during, I may say, the last decade of years, and it is a matter of wonder that the fertility of its soil, and its capabilities as a whcat^growing country, should so lone have remained unknown, seeirg that is has been in possession of the Hudson Bay Company for "P^^a^'^ls o* -^^ y^f ?; .^* present this great country, which is supposed to be cipable of sustaining a population of upwards of 80,000,000 of people, is, comparatively speak- ing, almost unoccupied, altho-igh emigration from the older Provinces of the Dominion, as well as as from the Amkricax States and our own COUNTRY, is yearly increasing, and now that the country is being openect up by the formation of the Canada-Pacific I.^ailway to the Rocky Moun tains, and thence through British Columbia to the Pacifac Ocean, as well as by other railways, there can be no doubt that the tide of emigration westwards will continue to go on in an increasing ratio year by year, ana that in a very few years it will have a considerable population. punpS Jf/ short visit (and I was only able whilst there to travel over about uLO miles of its prairie lands, and my remarks, it must be borne in mmd, are only strictly applicable to what I saw) I was very highly impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it being without exception the richest 1 Jiave ever seen, and I have little doubt it will continue for many years to pro- duce excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very little expense in cultivation ; and I would say to any one blessed with heaitn and strength, who is possessed of moderate means, and Avho is oi sober and industrious habits, that in Manitoba or tlie North- West he would have no difficulty in realising a competency in a very short time, ami in many cases, in a few years a fortune. For example, 100 acres ot land is now being offered by the Canadian (iovernment free on the condition ot sew- lement, and 160 acres more at a price that would not amount to one year s rental of very moderate land in this country." Mr. B. "W. GORDON, Delegate from Annandale. " I now come to the important question— Is Canada the Pja<;0 *;o emigrate to ? and, if so, which of her Provinces is tlie most desirable ? Hie first question 1 will answer in ^.he affirmative, (1) because of its boundless extent of cheap and at the same time fertile lands ; (2) because ot its proximity to our own country, and therefore to the best market m the world ; (3) because of tlie similarity of it« people to ourselves y and (4^ because of its loyal allegiance to the Entisli Flag '■ — 123 — Mr. "W. ELLIOT, Delegate from Galashiels. " With regard to farmers emigrating to tlie Province of Ontario, or the Eastern Townships, Pi-ovince of Quebec, I have not tlie slightest hesitatioa in recommending them to do so ; as I am satisfied, from what I saw, that men with moderate capital could do better than iliey can at laome ; and that for several reasons." Mr. JOHN LOGAN, Delegate from Berwickshire. " Manitoba is a very healthy country, and has a very fertile soil. It is generally very dry in summer, and in winter the cold is no greater, and the snow seldom so deep, as in Ontario. Plenty of wood can be got at Win- nipeg, and also at Rapid Citj', for building purposes. There are two saw mills being erected at present. The wood is sent down the Saskatchewan River from the White Mud River and White Lake, where plenty of timber is to be had. Coal has also been found on the Saskatchewan River in beds 2^ feet thick, and on the Pembina River 7 feet tJiick. In fact it abounds everywhere, so that there will be no lack of fuel. There is also a grist mill erecting at Rapid City. Tliere was a great talk some time ago about the grasshoppers doing great damage to the wheat crop, but none liave been seen for three or four years, ana they don't expect to he annoyed again for years to come. In this I report only what was told me. *' Manitoba is very different from Ontario ; there are no trees to hinder the plough, only prairie grass, and this must be ploughed down in June and July with a furrow 2 inches deep and 12 or 14 inches wide. It is found that the soil is rotted better in these months from the heat being so great. It is again plouglied over in the autumn or spring, and once yearly after, no manure being required. In fact, all the straw, which in Britain \vould be converted into manure, is burned. The taxes are light, and the Cana- dian Government reserve two sections in each township for educational purposes. Each section contains 640 acres and there are thirty-six sections in each township. My opinion is tlir.t this is the country for British far- mers," Mr. JOHN SNOW, Delegate from Midlothian. " Mr. Snow, who was also received with applause, reported as follows (referring now and again to a map of the Dominion which hung on the wall :— The Delegates pushed through for Ottawa, where they had an inter- view with the Minister of Agriculture for Canada, the Hon. J. H. Pope. Nothing could be kinder than the reception they met with, and I give you liis words as nearly asl can recollect them — Gentlemen — We have invited you to this country to see it for yourselves : we have no intention of say- ing to you we shall send you here, there, or anywhere ; it is for you to say where you wish to go and tliere you shall be sent, and when you return tell your friends and neighbours exactly what you have seen. Tell them what is good about the country. I trust you will find nothing bad ; but should you do so tell them that also." — 124 — '• Alone the Red River and about Winnipeg the soil is very strong black vegetable mould, and I have no doubt most of it would carry paying crops of wheat for thirty years ; but it is very flat, and 1 must say that I lije the country better west of Winnipeg, and the furthest pomt we reached, IM miles west of Winnipeg, best of all. You have here the Little Saskatche- wan River, with fine sloping ground on each side ; the soil and what it produced was good, as you will see from the samples of each I now show you. I also show you samples from other parts ; and the difference 1 saw betwixt the prairies in the States and Manitoba was, that m the farst they seemed to be about a dead level, in the other you had a variety. You could get strong, level land, or gently rolling lighter land— land adapted for wheat-growing, land adapted for cattle-raising ; and, as i will show YOU FURTHEll OX, AMERICANS THEMSELVES ADMIT THAT WE HAVE GKOUND BETTER ADAPTED FOR GROWINO WHEAT AND RAISING CATTLE THAN THEY HAVE. " We saw that a black vegetable mould covered the surtace trom i» inches to two, three, or four feet deep ; and its fertility, no doubt, arose irom vegetable decav and from the fires which every year sweep over those lands, depositing fine ashes. What was produced w.^ had to take from the evidence we could collect from the people, and from the staclcs and stubble in the fields ; and I consider I keep safely within the mark when I say that, taking a good piece of land, it will produce, alter bemg broken properlv, 40 bushels the first year, and an average of 30 bushels for 30 years without manure. The land is also very easily broken, it is generally selected without trees', and is turned flat over in June and ju y with a breaking plough to the depth of two inches. In the fall it is ag^n ploughed the same way, but taking another couple ot inches, it is men town with wheat in April, and in August they reap a heavy crop of wheat. Afterwards the land is very easily ploughed, a man with four mules oi horses in a Sulky plough, taking two furrow*, beipg expected to plougli four or five acres per day. " «' I conclude by showing you what our American cousins think of this country. The first quotation is from the Philadelphia Press ; — "* The greatest wheat-growing region in the world is now being Ol'ENED TO settlement. ThE LARGEST AND MOST I'RODUCTIVB PORTION LIES WITHIN THE British Province of Manitoba in North America, it is sum- cientlv prolific, when fairly cultivated, to make England independent oi the United States for breadstuffs, and to create a powerful rivalry else- where. The extent of this enormous and rich British territory is compara- tively unknown to the United States. It is estimated at 2,984,000 square miles, whilst the whole of the United States south of the international V>ouudarv contains 2,933.000. In the north-western Pi"ainea of Canada, Avheat ol'ten prodnces 40 to 50 bushels an acre, while in South Minnesota 20 bushels is the average crop, in Wisconsin only If, in Pennsylvania and Ohio. 15. Within five years it is calculated that 4,000,000 acres of this fertile prairie land will be under wheat cultivation. This means an addi- tion to the wheat products of the world of 100,000,000 bushels, being the amount exported last year from America. It is evident that our superi- •ority as a grain-growing country is likely to be seriously threatened by — 125 — the rich prairio lands of this North- Western British America, as it will make the mother tiountry entirely independent of foreign flupply. , , " The second is from a speech hy the Hon. J. W. Taylor, United States Consul at Winnipeg, on Thursday, Oct. 2nd, 1879 s "— ,^ ,. " After some remarks concerning the cotton and com (Indian) growing sections of America, he goes on to say, 'There remained the Northern Zone especially adapted to wheat growing and cattle raising, ihat included Canada, Wisconsin, Michigan, and partly Minnesota, but three fourths of the great wheat-producing belt of the Continent lay north ot the boundary line of the United States. Thbre thb futihie buead supply OP America, and the old world, too, would be raised. The beef raised IN THIS northern DISTRICT WAS FOUND SUPERIOR TO THAT PRODUCED FARTHER In a pamphlet by W, E. Close, recommending Iowa to settlers, I find the following :— ^ .. , . , , r u x " ' I have reports from several of my farms stating the yield ot wheat this vear has fallen very little short of 30 bushels to the acre. Still, owing to its occasionally suffering from blight, it is not as certain a crop as in Manitoba.' " . , . , 1 1 j lu *. *u •' Mr. Close, who had land^ to sell in Iowa, might have added that the buffalo goes from the plains of the North-Western States and Territories into those of Manitoba and the Canadian North-West to winter on account of the more luxurious herbage, the lighter fall of snow, and the fact that, owing to the equable temperature which prevents the crusting ot the snow, a result which follows alternate thaws and frosts, and renders it more difficult, and often impossible for cattle to reach the grass beneath. " These facts should be borne in mind by intending emigrants to North America, who are now being pUed with all kinds of objections to the climate of the Dominion by interested agents of the various land ana railway companies of Minnesota, Nebraska, Dakota, Iowa, Texas, ice. BEING Mr. William Riddell (ex-President of the Scottish Chamber of Agri- culture), Hundalee, in response to a call from the chair, said—" 1 have received many queries from England, Scotland, and even Ireland, vegard- ing the position and prospects of farmers in the Province of Manitoba, and it will give me pleasure to communicate to this meeting \vliat infor- mation I have been able to glean upon this interesting subject. Relerence has been made to my sons, Andrew and Tames, now m^the Canadian North-West. In the first place 1 may slate that they have been located m Manitoba since the spring of 1877. Having purchased a quantity of land in the summer of 1876, with a view to settling upon it, they commenced in May, 1877, to plough a bit of the prairie. They sowed wheat, barley and oats, the seed of which they carried with them from this country. The produce of said crop (1877)-very unlike the crops in this country- yielded well : they also planted potatoes and other vegetables with suc- cess, and are now pursuing a mixed course of husbandry, having a little of everything-wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, turnips, &c., sheep, cattle, horses, and of course, pigs. Havmg a« I have already sw^^jbeen^PP^^f" to by numerous parties to furnish information derived from my sons — 126 •experience and prospects in Manitoba, I put a number of question with the vie\v in the first instance of getting intormation for myself, and in the second place in order to be able to give a correct and satisfactory reply to the parties desiring ^information regarding Manitoba. The following are the answers to my questions : — We have never regretted coming here. Land can be purshased at from 1 to 10 dollars per acre, and its transfer is so simple that in a few minutes, and at almost no cost, any ■quantity can bo transferred— (applause). Prairie land is easily broken up, and is turned over m June or July with as light a furrow as possible, turned biuk with an inch of fresh mould before winter, but some- times left till spring, when every description of cereals can be sown. Every description of crop succeeds well here, wheat yielding from 30 to 40 bushels, barley 4r>, and oats 55 per acre. Turnips, caiiots, and cabbages grow as heavy crops as the best in Scottland— (applause). Land is rising in value rapidly, and labour can be had at from 15 to 20 dollars a month, with rations. Timber is much needed, but when buildings and fences are well up, less will be required. In some localities it is very scarce, in other districts plentiful, and consists of oak, ash, elm, poplar, and birch. Grain crops mi^st all be fenced ; but a law comes into operation next year (1880) to have all cattle pastures also fenced. A large herd of cattle could be kept, and if sheltered by woods and windbreaks, they might stand out nearly the whole season. Grass would scarcely give the finishing touch to feeding cattle but a little crushed grain in addition would do it nicely. Winnipeg market is available for buying and selling, but the local demand at present is very good. Railway communication with, the outer world is increasing daily, and this will be the means of levelling both up and down. That is to say, it will equalise prices. Bullocks seem to the best adapted for labouring the land, especially in the brea- king up, being more easily maintained than horses, and less capital is required to put them on. The climate is very healthy ; we heard of no disease prev.'vTent in the country. The only taxis for educational purposes. Churches are supported by missions from Ontario and by voluntary contri- butions. Not such a thing as State «id. The classes most rkquiked heeb ARE FARMERS WITH CAPITAL, FARM AND RAILWAY LABODRERS AND DOMESTIC SERVANTS. At first we did not know how we were likely to succeed ; but NOW WE ARE IN A POSITION, FROM OUR BXPEBIBNCB AND OBSERVATION, TO ADVISE ANY PLUCKY, INDUSTRIOUS MAN, WITH FROM £500 TO £1,000, TO COMB OUT HERE. The best time for farmers to come is in September or Octo' If tiiese months are not convenient, the end of March or April ; the for^ time would enable a settler to select hia location, purchase stock, and ge. ready to make an early start for next year's crop. A farmer's outfit should consist of trained yoke oxen, which may be bought at 125 dollars a pair ■and upwards ; cows 35 dollars and upwards. Steel ploughs are the best and cost from 25 to 30 dollars. Like all new countries, everything is very primitive compared with Scotland. We have many discomforts and incon- veniences, with hard work in seed, hay and harvest time ; but notwith- standing all this, we have a very large amount of compensation. The land is our own ; we can farm as we like, sell what suits us best— either the land or its produce— hunt or sport without hindrance, neither law nor contract preventing. (Applause.) All this sweetens labour very much, however. All who may think of coming here ought to make up their minds 'i I> TO 'i — 127 — to roujjh it for a time ; f>ut with capital, patience, pluck and perseverance no man need be afraid of makinc a good thing of^it. (Applause.). With no rents and almost no taxes, we nave the prospect of doing muoli better here tiian in the old country. These are the answers to questions which I put to my sons from time to t^me during the last eighteen months. You will observe, therefore, that they have not been got up for this occasion. (Hear, hear.) Now £ don't mean to talk politics: but I cannot help thinking from what we have heard stated by the delegates who have just returned from Canada on a tour of inspection, that there are several grave and important (|uestions which miglit engage the attention of land* lords and farmers in this country with a view of effecting a change for the better in regard to the relationship subsisting between them. (Hear, ]iear.) For example the cultivator of Canadian land has the advantage of us in this country, being almost universally the owner, and is therefore in a position to make the most of everything the land produces. (Hear, h«aro Even the land can be sold and transferred as cheaply and easily as its produce, or nearly so. Well, owners of land in this country must be very blind if they cannot see what an advantage it would be to them if they could dispose of their land as easily as the Canadians, more especially when any pressure for money arises. (Hear, hear.) Another lesson land- lords might learn is that when they let their land, farmers ought to be in a position to make the most of their farms. (Applause.) This can only be done by placing them as nearly as possible in the position of owners, that is, with lew or no restrictions as to cropping, full liberty to dispose of produce, no game reservations, compensation for unexhausted improve- ments on the one han 1, payment for dilapidations on the other hand, no lease, twelve months notice on either side to quit, &c. (Applause.) Farmers may also learn much from what has been said— tirst, that there are millions of acres of land in Canada of the finest quality, and within a few day's journey from this country, and which can be purchased for less per acre than the yearly rent of land here— in a healthy climate and under the same government as our own — (applause) — and where at least all the necesaries and many of the luxuries and comforts of this life are fully insured. Those of us who may be disposed or compelled to stay in this country ought to set al)Out earnestly and unitedly to get themselves unfettered, and that, I venture to say, can only be done by sending men to ParliaTTient whose interests are indentical with our own." (Applause.) Mr. GEORGE HUTCHINSON, Delegate from the Penrith Farmers Club. *' Judging of the Canadian climate from what I saw of it during the two months i was there, I may safely say that it was uelightful alter being used to tlie wet weather and damp atmosphere of England. From information I received from those who had resided in the country some years, tlie winter is colder than in England, but the cold is accompanied bv a much drier and brighter atmosphere, which causes a less disagreeable feeling of cold than a warmer temperature accompanied by dampness." — 128 — " The Bummors are warmer hero than in Enplaud, in proof of which, in ■cm© of the more favoured district*, such as Niagara and other parts ol South Ontario, grapw come to perfection in the open air. I also saw Bomo equftllv Mfino near to Ottawa, 180 miles further north. When wo were returning from viewing the Falls of Niagara, at the station wo saw 1.57 baskets of fine ripo grapes which had been grown in the district ; with such facts as these let it not be said that Canada is a wilderness ol ice and snow." "Near to the Tortage-la-Prairie, about 00 miles west of Winnipeg, I saw a fie'd which had grown 30 crops of wheat in succession without an - manure, the last crop having yielded 35 bushels per acre ; the owner wan ploughing thistieU for the thirty-lirst time, and still did not consider it necessary to plough more than live inches deep, altliough he had quite two feet of soil to work upon." "During a visit of only two months to such an immense country as Canada, you cannot expect anyone to acquire a perfect insight into the prosperity of the people. As far as I observed things appear to be going on pretty smoothly with the farmers there. One farmer who when a boy had worked at some of the farms in tliis neighbourhood, and went to Canada 27 years ago, now owns a well cleared farm of 200 acres, wortli at this time £1500. This is not a solitary case; there are hundreds ok LWRMEUS IX Can- ADA WHO CO.MMKNOKD WITH NOTHING AND NOW OWN OOOD FARMS OK THEIR OWN. Above all an emigrant should have good health, and none should go who have not made up their minds to work ; the idle iia(.i better stop way."' Mr. ROBERT PEAT, Delegate from Sillotli. " Son,.— Contrary to my expectations instead of finding a wet swatnp, as I pictured in my own mind, Ifound a deep l.lack lo.au.y .soil, varying in depth from 2.^ leet to 3^ feet ; and in some places where it has been cut through on the banks of some rivers, it lias been found to the depth of 10 to 12 feet, and is especially adapted for the growing of wheat, being preferred by the millers to almost any other on account of its being so dry and thin skinned. It has been known to grow wheat for many years in succession, without manure. If the report was correct the soil I have sent down to you has grown wheat for 20 years, and the last crop yielded 35 bushels per acre. When first put into the box it was as black as my coat: he was ploughing it again when I saw him, for the next spring crop, and giving no manure, with a pair of very poor horses, but said he could easily plough two acres per day. No doubt that a good many o. vou, Uke inyfelf, will ask the question-but how long will it last-tha« is k question that is left for the future, but there is one thing certain, that no manure is required at p-resent. One of fny friends wlio was along witli that — 129 — me for tome time, twelUng across » fi.ld of 180 aorM, oame to a pU^ whore the wheat had gone do^m, and on makinK enquiries, he was totd it «^a8 where .omo lew of hi. catUe had got a little .t«w,' Some peotile atti Imte the nchneHg of the *oil to the dropping, im birds and a£mL. and the constant accumulation of ashes from the prairie fires. Durin-r my tour, I met a gentleman who had travelled all over the world, and he said lie had seen no land mare fertile than that at High BlufF. I hare tra- Jfii^^-nTl ?'.H ^'T'.^^ ^'''•" .i^ortogela-Prairie to the Pembina Moun- tains, and so little difference is there in the soil, that any one l)ut a mmute observer w;oul,l fail to make much distinction, ewept near Morriawheretheie IS a good .leal more soil. My fiienda who went further T-rfl* !"«. ''i^^f''*"^ u*"''^*' ^ "•« Saskatchewan Valley, on their return reported tiie land much of the Hame nature, but thought it w^uld not stand cropping so well as some to which I have alluded— II i>om that of the well-being of the whole empire. He then spoke at length on the importance of Canada as a field tor the settlement of agricultimsts and ethers similarly employed, and the rapidity with which the country is being opened and cultivated. Plenty of men would do well if they could hold a plough and follow the gallant example of their countrymen who had done glory to the old land in forming another great British nation. The settlers in the agricultural regions of Western Canada are likely to live longer and be happier than was the lot of the great majority of mankind." u dor pro ) « — 187 — EARL OP DUPFERIN. '• Wherever I have gone, I have found numberless persons who came (o Canada without anything, and have since risen to competence and wealth. 1 have noct no one who did not gladly acknowledge himself better oft' than on his first arrival ; and amongst thousands of persons with whom I have been brought m contact, no matter what their race or nationalitv none seemed ever to regret that they had come here." THE DUKE OF MANCHESTER, "I spoke to several inhabitants of Muskoka Free Grant District, tmd they seemed successful. They certainly had to work hard at first : but in a tew years— your or /?»«- they were independent. A farmer with a few hundred poundt can buy a farm in good working order in the older districts. Capitahsts can get at least 8 per cent, for their money." PROFESSOR GOLDWIN SMITH, M.A. "I hove found C9nada a very happy and pleasant country to li 5n t thmk I can bo deceived in saying the farmers of Canac don prosperous race live in. Canada are "1 wkei drea and (Ju» publ mtfa The signa hunt hush Of ii deve tion. open lodei the r ( Iti Staie Tbac may: of ni Horn >roat ipi 8«yer stran thel< far bI inriU to off ohan{ indue Uaio in ad Bepu THK PRESS ON CANADA- (The Titnu,) " Those who have tried Canadian winters, tell us no more than the trutb when they say that the YariationA of the English climate are more to b« dreaded than the equable lowness of temperature in the Dominion. " Speaking of the Marquis of Lome's proposed tour through Manitoba and the North^West Territory during the present summer, The TUnea (JiMe 21, 1881), says :— " His travels will be watched with interest, by the public which scarcely as yet, understands the magnificeuoe of its estate m the regions of Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan The country through which he will pasB is already beginning to show signs of the destiny in prospect for it. Where there were formerly only hunters and trappers, he will perceive a line, though as yet very thin, of husbandmen reaping an ample reward from the virdn soil Of its (Canadian Pacific Railway) value politically, and as a means of developing the potential wealth of the Dominion, there can be no ques- tion. Settlers cannot help but follow in its course. Land such as it will open up, the vegetable accretion of thousands of years, is better than lodes of gold or silver ; it is a corn mine which will outlast and outbid ell the mines of Nevada and California." (.Extract from Leading Article in " Times," London, Oct. 24, 1879.) It is unquestionable that the facility for acquiring land in the United States has been the main reason why our agriculturists have gone thither. The same reason will continue to be potential in the cases of an> w ha may now think of improving their condition by a change of country and of nationality. Liberal though the provisions of the United States" Homestead A( are, yet they involve on. the part of our countrymen who profit bythem a renunciation of their birthright as citizens of the Britisli Empire. This is a sacrifice even more keenly felt by most of them than severance from the place of their birth, and beginning life anew in a strange land. This consideration has induced many emigrants to prefer the long voyage to New Zealand or one of the Australian Coloniee to tho far shorter trip across the Atlantic. The Dominion of Canada has always invited immigrants but till recently that splendid country had nothiag to oflTer which could rival the prairie State of the Far West. All this is ohanged, however, and the emigrant can now find in Canada as great inducements to settle there as in Minnesota, or any other State in the Ukm can offer. The Canadians, if more scrupulous, are less energetic in advertising their country than the citizens of ib» North American Bepublic. Conterminous with Minnesota Is the Province of Manitoba. — 140 — The area of Manitoba is but small in compariton with that of aoma western States ; yet it is twice as large as Maasaohusetta, and it can support niany millions of people, and furnish a large surplus of grain for •xportation. Yet Manitoba is but a single provinoe in a territory which 18 open and ready lor settlement— a territory covering 880,000 square B3il«8, exceedmg in extent France and Germany combined, and equal i» S'^ .^*y„**\ *,"y corresponding tract on the globe. In the Canadian North-west there is a Homestead Act under which the settler is treated still inore generously than in the United SUtes. He pays but $10 for his title to the 160 acres which are granted to him on condition that hi resides there three years, and he can obtain another piece of equal area on paying $1 an acre. At the period of obtaining the land absolutely he must be a British subject by birth or naturalization ; this provision is one which give the immigrants from the old country no concern. We do not Advocate any measure of wholesale emigration, because we entertain the confident expectation that brighter days are in store for the sufferine agricultunsta in this country. The present crisis will pass away as other tiiHes of trial have done, and will leave behind it some profitable, if better and trying, lesson*. Yet our fe'lowcountrymen, who are discontented Avith their lot— who have a practical knowledge of farming— who possess a httle capital, and who a^e resolved to emigrate— will do well to inquire ^vhether thfl prairie lands of Canada are not superior in some respects to those 01 the United-States. " Since this was written the Province has been enlarged, and is now several times larger than when first constituted. (London Globe, 26th November 1879.) " We should think that British farmers who may have made up their minds to leave the old country, cannot reasonably hesitate when the choice 13 between Canada and such a State as Texas. Things may not be so bad m the latter as some people allege ; but there is no comparison between it and Canada m respect of order and civilisation. In Canada, even so for off as Manitoba, society is settled and law abiding; and the a^lvantages of being under British rule and institutions ouj?ht to be anpre- ciated by British subjects.' ' <= ti {Daily News.) " It is astonishing io see the imorance of the Englishmen generally respecting the ti-ue character and resources of this splendid colony. In strong anns and each of the farms is a mine of wealth, and it Only needs clear heads to develop it." (Morning Adver titer.) " It certainly is pleasing to reflect that thousands of families have lound independence, if not comparative wealth, in our Canadian posses- sions, who, ha4 they remained at home, might still find difficulty mjiro- curing the means of living. A large and atill augmenting class of fetrmers mvt here attained to competence and ease." — 141 — (DtOlg TtUgroph, I« DKtmher, I8;«,) (Niweaaile Daily ChronicU, 4th Sept., 1879.) andpoUtic.l,hi''cSSradte^^ prejudice duappeara. There are few men «o «^^ku « • ° •'**^«* «^^*' tial opinion on the aubjectaa the JJon DAv,n?^v ® ''^ giving an impar.. with the United^tatei Government and hV./l-^l^""-. ""^ connection national questions, i^nde^^^hrrfu^hinK on"f ^^^ ^''^''' °" "»*^'- States to whom Encland a d Am«ri!r°'i^*.,''^**'^ f °"'^ thus that Mr. WeKue. iithe"voW* Tmlf^S^'p ^'"'1'^,^"^""- «' '* territory !-.« North otUkeg Frit ami /n^rir'^i ff««^/e«of the Dominion east of lake Huron, soufho? the 45t"n>Sl^ ^^^^ ^\''7 «'• 1 «v-,rence, the present Dominion Province orunra^' Z^^^^^^^^ the wool of wluch «pec*erSu g,^af«orr^ '""^"^.^'^ '«PP'/ ^^^ not prosper, or, we should ratK exist "\'»"j"'^f,''*"r'"ff/nt«re8t. can- the linest barley, which the Sewing 'interest oVtl^^^^^^ «'°"'* have if it ever expects to rival oreat irSL •* Umted-States must of over $11,000,000 of malt »roduc1« ^Vj**'".'" **• l^'^sent annual export cattle wi^h q^SlSesVeda^isi^^^^^^^^ ff^'J'^ ""««t of of stock in other sections .L?l/ff if- Z""''® ^'■^'^ the deterioration almost encirclement ofTe' grelt Let eteSv'^fit" iV T'''^ ''' *" ►Such a country is one of the «reAU«t aW«! ifi ^- ,^* '^ ^-^ S''^^ "*««• O'^e Sd/ast Nm Letter, Gth June, 1S99.) Bu^ethl; Sa'tSlfng t^ptl' TEi^laid* .^^^"'^ .^u^*"*^'* «» of the 'Dominiou. \^Sbin iCfaTt SfS v.lT • '"^u^^^ chicg. »d bring a«™Li,ic'e.rtf.rjr iSt'.'^^St — 142 — West £0,000,000 w^s expended on the Pacific Railway, and in opening up that territory. The Government had taken the North West, and intro- duced order there ; they had established repreientative institutions in Manitoba ; they would shortly extend such institutions farther to the westward { they bad introduced. Sir A. Gtlt says, the best municipal >;^item in the world ; and they are giving the peo^Oo free education for their children. With respect to emigration, in tiftoeu years, out of j,( 00,0C0 who had left England and Ireland, only 250,000 had settled in C»n>ida, the remainder having gone to the United States. Now, this is a niintaUe. People who choose to emigrate from the United Kingdom wouki be better provided for in Canada or somo other British colony, and they would still be subjects of the British Crown, enjoying the fullest measure of e elf-governmeDt, with the assurance of British help to protect them in the exercise of their rights. (North BritUh Agriculturist^ June 8, 1881.) jNcnEASK OK PoPDi*ATiov i\ MANITOBA. — A correspondent, writing from W^innipeg on 8th May Jast, says: —People are coming into this country in great numbers, not only from Ontario, but from the Western States ; they do not all come by way of Winnineg, but are crossing the boundary line at all point H, and are flocking to the lino of the railroad. The railroad lino is definitely located io cross the Assiniboine river at Giand Valley, about eighty miles this side of Ellice ; and the first boat, which left about a week ago, took a very large number, of emigrants, who before the boat reached the shore jumped into the water, one on top of the other, in their haste to lay out their claims where they thought the new town would spring tip. SueJh a scene hsA not been seen since St. Paul was first started. The wdy property is going up in this city (Winnipeg) is perfectly wonderful. The Canadian Pacific Baifway are doing their work well, and are giving great saticfaction by the energetic manner in which, tkey. are pushing, their vail- way fiorward. {NorikWilUH€rall,2%ihM(ty,\9»\.) Bnioratiok to^ Ca>'ada. — Our nearest and largest colony is evidently making rapid strides in the deyeloptnent of her resources, and is attr^jt- ing a large emigration of the class required to bring her vast exten? of fertile but uninhabited lands into cultivation, viss., farmers with capital, aJEMl it is certain that mechanics and labourers will follow in the right pro- portions. The credit of the colony is good, the public debt is not hi^, trflrd« is improving, and the construction of the great Pacific fiailway will give her an impetus such as she has not kaown before. Many people are deterred by the erroneous impressions that prevail about the climate. Thoae.who ought to know say that while the winter is cold it is certainly TK^t disagreeable, and that it is not prejtxUoial to agricultural ope;'ations. One thing is beyond doubt, that Minnesota, Dakota, and Iowa had afar more severe winter last year than Manitoba has experienced, and in the latter province there have been no serious fioods) such as have unfortuna- tely occurred in the Western States, and which have caused much distress ana suffering among the settlers. — 143 — (Sroiimsulli Beacon, Uth Umj, 1881.) «oon fo bo opene7urbra Larrinwnv^'''* ''* North- We.t Terntorv, -o Miany from tho United State and it U pv. I/iifw** '*'* y***"' 'Qcludin^ moro will lind their wav & t'^H vear i i-^l '?^''"'*^^""""> '^ "^^ «rai;^ration must take i-lacc it Vl ouM m«l o t ^^'^«'"'>' Pr«ferable that, if the settler remains a UitS suhiect am^ wl «LT *"*?"" ^°'°"''«*' "'^"^ to those offered by any for^n S'-y- ^'J vantages are equal (^x/rac/yror» the UUc: oj - Cariboo " U the Field, ^rd Aprif, 1881.) n>ou^Sr„«;fa!'k:s:ili,^^^^^ ?^^«-<^-' .V- .i„ .«• ' The traveller riding abS" L m,!;rceDUb^ r^^^^^^^ cious of the fact. 'rLrefoTe Sn b?fin i. iT^ although ho is uncon«. table, mth a steep delcl^^^t ;,f"ore m^etl fn ?. oi «n "'* f^"" ^^ * ^'P^* astonjshed. This 1b how I find mvaVlf «n «i JT^°^^^"'>«""»^•^ FortElIice,ontheonDLifPH^.l^fffA • '^'* ^*"^« of the AMiniooine. on the ext;.me edVe^r ,e table^IndTe';^no?^ charmiofily .ituatJS tAvo mile, wide, and consigta of ««rfin«K 1 ?^'"§ ^^^ valley, which ia bottom land, laid out bJ nlt^,ra si ? ^^''^J J^^ marvellously fertile dred and fifty mile?ii 7bee Ih ? tl Winn nl"^'1 ^^!^' " " onl>- a ho^ mboine, win.ling through tc"Ltn.^u^^^^^ th« watern of the Assi- miles to their junctir,;hhtKdRivi^ Sffn'^'^'' "?'' '^"^" ^^''^''^ of the fort, and watching mvrSnaJtni^^ "". * ^*^ ** ^^^ entrance beneath, I fancy I can s^ a bJSy Sty^on the ba'Sk'ofTr '" ''^ ^"'^ millB are grinding the wheat whlrh rnm« f.i i ^ ^^^'^^ "^•'" » »team by road, rail,and%iverT Sther. are J^wfJ^^ r'*' »?'tl^ and aouth the head waters of tL AsrinilSSe Th^ V^! '"""n ^'^ ^'^^^ streams. Above the cSy 1^^^^^^* «^rA 1^^^^"*.' *"** ^"^^^ other /,'ardens: while on the Hne^able-!a^ on !«!k" -5 ""^f^^^? and blooming beautiiul natural terrwo^are thi^^uJ^f ?S "de of th« river, and on thS need a very great strSoh of fhllJ^^ °/ *^® ?'*'^™'- ^'^'^^^ does thi. spot, but dw^XThereaL^tBont&^^^ ""^^ 5°' *^ «" *i»i« ver? as the sito of a cHyrHcrTwe hav^^i fr«^'''"^^^ destined by naturi description, waii; ng for a population • ?nd JL? '*'""*'^' ^f*"* ^'^/^^d any of the great No'ih.W^L ^W^»VitT^ ' and yet we are only on the bordcrJ lily : wood is r°;; a^nL7 the X^^^^^^ ^^''^-°^'' ^"*"'^^ '^^ than in Manitoba, .^^fhe river ^^'{-^^^'"^tV l^^ ^'^P'' " *>«"«' Winnipeg ; 7i)llice al.o seems thTStuTaIoutIe?j!r?i*'f^*"" ^"'"« "^^ loot of the .nounL;^^^ ^ ^h SHjUeSr ^SS ^S^^^^ ^ 144 — Kllice, MidiVom i]i«nc« to Winniptg. The South Saskatchewan oouotry it IMrhaps the finoat paaloral region in Amarica. On Bow and Bally rivaM. Ktock wmtor ont, •ad ara fat in the apring. CANADU5 Fruit.— During the aeanon 1880-1881, upwards of one hundred and fifty thousand barrels of applea were shippedf to the port of liyerpool. EnglwDd. At the fruit show in Boston, U. S., m 1873, the largegt ever held, Canada took the first priie for outdoor hardy grapes and pluius, aad six medals for peaches, pean, Ac, in competition with each and all of the ftitatea of the American Union. at' Association ec«!upie8 the entire north side of thePomological Buildinp, and is oomposea of 100 plates of apples, 200 plates of plums, 200 plates ol pears, yu piatea ot crab-apples, 25 varieties of peaclieH, inS pliUeu of grapes, and a variety otnuts. Canada not only carried off silver medals for plums, l)ui also » number of prizes for anples and pears." Roots and vkoktabi.bs i\ Canada.— The following certificate has been jiven by Messrs. Sutton and Son, Seedsmen, of Keading, in refoionoe to the Canadian roots and vegetables exhibited on tlioii- staud at the Smith- field Club Cattle Show, London, in December, 1«H0: '"Keadinj?, 21stDec., I8S0 " We were honourad by too Canadian Government forwarding foi' exhi- bition on our stand at the Smithfield Club Cattle Show, 1880, a coUecUon of roots, ic, grown in Manitoba and Ontario, of the following weiglita when harvested. «qua«h :}l>31bs. Long JRed Mangel 73 " Ix)ng Yellow Mangel C5 " Yellow Globe Mangel 00 lbs. Field Pumpkin 37 '* Citron 30 " " These enormoua specimens proved object# of great interest to the Britiah fcrmert, and we believe the weighu lar exceed any on record." ''(Signed) Sutton A S*x»." CATTLE TRADE OP CAITABA. The total number of live cattle exported from Canada to Great Britaiu 7r* "'".^''' ^'''"»' '»»« ^^hole 000. In the north.;?08tern pm ries oSS^^ i^T^f^y °°»»"i°» 2.933,. 50 bu.helB an acre while In Iwi a^^'^^ ''^^^'J'' <''^**» 40 to crop, in mscoS^X "^""S^^l^'^^^^^ *»•« •'^^"•^e year, it i« caloulatecl t^t 4. x£ 000 ac/«: ^ ^ "° '^- ^^'*'''" «^« beuiidorwheatcuItivutSn 'iwll;i ^ ,S^ P^airio land will of the world of 400 000 000 h ITTt *"' /^•''^'^'°" '" ^''^ "''^-at nroduot, from AmerSr It U evkbnt t^.^^ '^ being the amount oxpmted K«t year iB likely to bo seriiusi; ^rrea e trbv^^^^^^^^ ^''""t?; western British AmerVa a, i^J irAV^i^^^ North- independent of foreign supply ^ ^^°'' ^"""^'^ <""^'''*'y -ec^U^^Trerair-r^^^^ « «»» of ttJ lots in coDMction S^.mi!£. "^ *»!». '"kKlinMy be required lor woS. numbered »eoUon. within tbe sSb!??!,??. '''■*;?"'PS""'- Th« odd- December next, shall be disDoi^H &^P*i? "l «oI«ding the SUt day of tenths of the purSsemonen^fht?^^ rate of $3,50 per acre ; four- per cent, per annSmTtHe ^pk iln six '^^^^^ ^'"?* '^^ '^*« of «i^ and after the said date with intVItt]^ «qual instalments annually from portions of the puXe i^SneTas may f^m^'ttf r?-"*'""°"^ ^^ '"^^ to be paid with each instalment ^ ^'"^ *® time remain unpaid, the-sIS^Thlt1?y:j^0pe^.^1,%^'f?^^^^^^^ or within thecorresnS^^StT; PT®'^P,*'°''«^^'*^'othe said Belt but shall be paTdTnCt^at^^^^^^^^ ''^^^^ Ra»way penod as the claimant n.ay ^^^^^^I^tSCt^:^.;^ 4* P^rSiTlKf Vir,S^^^^ *?J ^\r ^^?^«"^' -'"'^» 24 miles of of Which he hr^i^k not?/e n ?S n^^ ^^,*J^^ ^'""*«'' «^' Rail^^ays, and line of railway, sffil brSt u-mf ?^.'''*^ ?*'^"i* ^^ ^^^"« » projected The pre-emptions shall b«.niV«f*i,' *° ^''^''? *"^ '^^'^S' »« follows :-- — 150 — C. fn all Town»hi^)3 open for sale and settlement, within Manitoba of ISorth-Weat TerritoneB, outside of the said Canadian I'acifio Railway Belt, the even numbered sections, except in the cases provided for in clause two of these Ke;.'ulati()us, shall lie hp,lJert«king, the od« Mle and the prMese of ooloSiu^^^^^^ '" '^"""^ ?»/ o'S-'el the Pasturage Lands. foryitag''Soat/rnl«5;!;r?o''L'''l«r'? W™«<>- '« .a„d. — 152 — Minister of the Inlerior, and sold to the hi^hpst bidder— the premium for such leases io be paid in cash at the time of tJie sale. 18. 8uch leases shall be for a period of twenty one years, and in accordance othemiso with the provisions of section eight of tlio Amend- ment to the Dominion I^nds Act j'assed at the last Session of Parliament, hereinbefore mentioned. 19. In all cases, the arta. included in a lease shall be in proportion to the quantity of live stock kept thereon, at the rate of ten acres of land to one head of stock ; and the failure in any case of the lessee to place the requisite stock upon tl)e land within three years from the granting of the lease, or in subaequently maintaining the proper ratio of stock to the area of the leasehold, shall justify the Governor in Council in cancelling such lease, or in diminishing proportionally the area contained therein. 20. On placing the required proportion of stock within the limits of the leasehold, the lessee shall have the privilege of purchasing, and receiving a patent for, a quantity of land covered by such lease, on which to construct the buildings necessary in connection therewith, not to exceed five per cent of the area of the leasehold, which latter shall in no single case exceed 100,000 acres. 21. The rental for a leasehold shall in all cases bo at the rate of $10 per annum fer each thousand acres included therein, and the price of the land which may be purchased for the cattle station referred to in the next preceding paragraph, shall be $1.2j per acre, payable in cash. Paynj^nts for Lands. 22. Payments for public lands and also for pre-emptions may be ir cash, or in scrip, or in police or military bouuty warrants, at the option of the purchaser. 23. The above provisions ehall not apply to lands valuable for town plots, or to coal or other mineral lands, or to stone or marble quarries, or to lands having water power thereon ; and further shall not, of course, affect Sections 11 and 20 in each Township, which are Hudson's Bay Company lands. J. S. DENNIS, Bepuiij Miniaier of the Interior. Lindsay Russell, Surveyor- General. I >' ' ii i