4^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.25 l:i|2i 12.5 2.0 2.2 1.1 f.-^l 1.4 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716)873-4503 a\ ^ •^ \\ 6^ .^ ^^ ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historiques :\ Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Instituta hat anamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographicaliy uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad baiow. 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Les details de cet exemplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci*des80us. □ Coloured pages/ Pagea Pagea dv coulaur Pagea damaged/ Pagea endommagiaa Thi t0 1 □ Pages roatored and/or laminated/ Pagea restauries at/ou pellicuiies H^JS discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dAcolories. tachaties ou piquies □ Pagea detached/ Pagea ditachies r~L/w»owthrough/ I— d^ Tranaparance rn Quality of print varies/ Qusliti inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du metirlel supplimentaira Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Th< poi of flinl Ori b«« the sio oth firs sio or D Pagea wholly or partially obacurad by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to enaure the best possible imege/ Lee fiegee totalement ou partiellement obscurcies per un feuillet d'errata. une pelure. etc., ont iti filmies k nouveeu de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. Th« sha TIW whi Ma diff ent beg righ req( mei This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2SX aox y 12X 16X aox a4x 28X 32X Th« copy flim«d h«r« has b««n rvproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of : L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grica k la g^fiArositi da: Archives of Ontario Toronto Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaalbia conaldaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha filming contract spacifieationa. Original eopias in printad papar covars ara fiimad baginning with tha front eovar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or lllustratad impraa> sion, or tha bacic eovar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara fiimad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad imprao* aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad impraaaion. Archivts of Ontario Toronto Laa imagas suivantaa ont 4tA raproduitaa »ye la piua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira film4, at •!% eonformiti avac las conditions du contrat da fllmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la eouvartura an papiar aat imprimis sont filmis an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la damiAra paga qui eomporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou dliiuatration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la eaa. Tous las sutras axamplairaa originaux sont filmis an commandant par la prami4r« paga qui eomporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou d'illustration at 9n tarminant par la damMra paga qui eomporta una talla amprainta. Tha laat racordad frama on aaeh microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^(maaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Un daa symbolaa suivants spparaitra sur la damlAra imaga da ehaqua microficha. salon la eaa: la symbols -^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la aymboia V signifia "FIN". Mapa. plataa. charts, ate., may ba fiimad at diffarant raduction ratloa. Thoao too larga to bo antiraly ineludad in ono axpoaura ara fiimad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comsf . laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framas aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama i£'ii&..rata tho method: Laa cartaa. pianchas. tableaux, ate., pauvant Atra filmte i daa taux da rMuction diffirants. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour 4tra raproduit mn un saul ciichA. il oat film* * partir da I'angio sup4riaur gauche, do gauche k droite. at da haut an baa. on prenant la nombre dimagaa nicassaire. Las diagrammes suivants iitustrant la mithoda. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 REPORT ON Technical Education BY BERNARD McEVOY ISSUED BY ORDER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDLCA'IION FOR ONTARIO TORONTO GEORGE N. MORANG & COMPANY, Limited 1900 REF-A-OE In the following pages an endeavour is made to set down in order some of the essential facts with regard to Technical Education, taking Toronto as a typical centre of population and work. In seeking to draw some lessons from the very numerous and extensiv institutions in the United States which are devoted to Technical teachin^^, it was impossible to do more than select a few examples from a field which is surprising both for its extent and for the activity of its operations in educating those who are to deal, in future, with the material resources of that country. The information given is the result of observations made, at the instance of the Education Department for Ontario, in November, 1899. OOITTEHSTTS List of Principal Toronto trades in p-oups 5-6 Necessary Courses of Instruction- Scientific, theoretical 6 " applied 6 Artistic 6 Commercial 7 Household 7 General Observations- Age of pupils 7 Fees or entrance exams 8 The teaching of theory 8 The technical school museum 8 The principal makes the school 9^ Technical Institutions in the U.S.— 9- Springfield Industrial Institute 10 Rhode Island School of Design 10 Philadelphia School of Industrial Art 10 Spring Garden Institute, Philadelphia 14 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia 18 " School of Elementary Mathematics 18 Drawing School 18 " Night School of Naval Architecture 19 Master Builders' Mechanical Trade School 20 Drexel Institute, Philadelphia 21 The Pratt Institute, Brooklyn 27 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 28 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 29 Stevens' Institute of Technology 30 Cooper Union, New York 30 Rochester Mechanics' Institute 33 Index 35= Report on Technical Education By BERNARD McEVOY 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9^ 10 10 10 14 18 18 18 19 20 21 27 28 29 30 30 33 35. (1.) — The great diversity of the trades carried on in Toronto is a feature with regard to the problem of technical education that demands some attention. The first thing in attempting to evolve a general plan for teaching workers such things as will help them in their daily tasks would seem to be to ascertain the sort of work they are likely to be engaged in. Speaking broadly, technical schools are for the purpose of giving instruction in : — a. The principles of science and art applicable to industrie.s. h. The application of special branches of science or ai't to specific in- dustries and employments. c. The use of typical tools, and such simple machines as embody the foundation principles of machinery m general. d. The principles and methods of commercial distribution, and such transactions as are connected therewith. e. The household branches of cooking, needlework and domestic man- agement. (2.) — The principal branches of industry which we have to consider in Toronto are as follows : Group 1. — Building : — Brick-making, stone-cutting, brick -setting, carpen- try, iron girder and pillar making, hoisting, forging, plastering, modelling, stone- carving, wood-carving, painting, decorating, glazing. Group 2. — Metal-working: — Moulding, iron and brass founding, sheet metal working, wire-working, tin-plate working, bridge making, boiler making, plumb- ing, forging, japanning, grinding, polishing, enamelling, silver and silver-plate working, goldsmith's and jewellery work, gilding, electro-plating, engraving, enamelling (gold and silver), chasing. Group 3. — Machine Construction : — Pattern-making, die sinking and tool making, electrical engineering, ship building, agricultural machine making, carriage and waggon making, planing, fitting, turning, bicycle making, engine and machine building, engine driving. Group 4. — Earth Trades : — Mining, agriculture, horticulture, road-making. Group 5. — Printing : — Type-setting, pressing, lithography and engraving, type-founding, book-binding. C}Rrtance. titative it has ' and a is also e fee is Carpet IS out. Our industries nuffer from the want of the skill and experience in all branches of the different trades which the apprenticeship system supplied, for which state of things the division of l»bt)ur, due partly to the perfection of machinery, and partly to better economical organization, and the spread of trade unionism, are about equally to blame. The remedy beint; the provision of organized instruction in the elements of all the trades, in the hope that this will fill the place left vacant by the apprenticeship system that is gone, and shall be by its philanthropic and educational character secure from the assaults of the wicked trade unions. ♦• Now, without going very deeply into the discussion which these statements invite, I ask my audience to note that they fail to touch the real root of the matter. In the first place the apprenticeship system (so far as it is really gone) did not pass away a moment before its time. We need waste no sympathy over it, nor fling away any regrets after it. Master and man alike are better off without it, and in the second place we have done, and have so far shown a dispi^sition to do, next to nothing to fill its place. "This is not quite the right way to put it, because it is not so much its place that we have to fill as the work to do which it failed to accomplish, or which at any rate it could not have accomplished under the changed conditions which have come over the industries, themselves, or as the increasing demands which advancing standards imply are made, upon the workman. ' ' The need of the hour in America, if our industries are to prosper, is organized and thorough instruction — not in the elements of all trades, but in the trades themselves, carried as far as it is possible to carry it, and in art as applied to the trades. " I am sorry to say that in most of the discussion which the subject has hitherto received, neither of these seem to have beec accorded anything like the prominence which they deserve. In a vague and general kind of way, it is true, the feeling has often been expressed that our industries were deficient in design, and more or less earnest efforts have been made to supply this deficiency by the establishment of schools of design, in which very good work has often been done no doubt, but it has been for the most part either of so general, not to say elementary a character, and with its efforts so diffused over the whole field of art study, that its industrial purpose is hardly apparent, or it has been so purely technical, so much occupied with teaching the mere methods of the designer, as to deserve no recognition as art instruction at all. "On the other hand, such efforts as have been made to furnish instruction in craftman- ship pure and simple have curiously enough, been dominated by a determination which has been reiterated so often, and in so many quarters, that there can be no doubt of the deep- seatedness of the error for which it undoubtedly stands, that the trades themselves shall not be taught, only smatterings and beginnings, only rudiments and fundamontals, only the use of simple and primitive tools, and the application of the most general principles and processes. " The need of the hour is for trade schools that shall carry their pupils far in the trades themselves, that shall instruct them in doing as well as it can be done, the work which the trades represent. The industries do not need beginners who mo willing to learn, and have been started in the way of learning, but masters of their craft, trained as only modern scientific methods can train them in a knowledge of approved methods and the reasons for their approval — men trained to a high degree of skill under the eye and the example of those who have gone farthest in these crafts already, and saturated with the influence of the best productions of the ages which are gone. "It is all nonsense to say, as I have heard it said lately, that trade schools are not practicable, and have not succeeded where they have been fairly tried. Europe depends upon them today for leadership in their skilled industries, as we depend upon the sun for light and upon the earth for food. "Go with me into almost any district with which a special industry is identified, and I will take you to the trade school in which that industry is thoroughly and practically taught. Look at the schools for wood-carving in the Tyrel, for watch-making in Switzerland, for furniture and cabinet work, and jewelry, and mosaic, and pottery, in Paris, for the silk industry at Lyons, for other classes of textile manufacture in Germany, and so on through a list which I need not extend. " Such schools are not elementary institutions for familiarizing the pupils with the tools used in these industries, they are true conservatories of the crafts which they represent, and bear to them the same relation that our schools of law and medicine and engineering do to these professions. It is for similar schools that the industries are starving in America to-day." In the utilization of the museum as an instructive auxiliary, the Phila- delphia School of Industrial Art is pre-eminent. The institution owes its origin to the increased interest in art and manufactures awakened by the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. Pending the incorporation of the institution, the sum of $25,000, was subscribed with which to make purchases at the Exhibition, and in u several instances the institution was the recipient of valuable gifts from individual exhibitors. The British Government presented it with the major part of the magnificent collection of the products and manufacture of British India, shown at the Exhibition. Around the nucleus thus formed the museum has grown by purchase, gift and bequest to its present proportions, numbering upwards of ten thousand object? It is open free to the public, and is visited by 400,000 persons annually. The average salary of instructors is $100 per month. The Spring Garden Institute, Pliilcdelpliia— This institution is somewhat on the same lines as the preceding, but it is of smaller dimensions, does not touch textile manufactures, and concerns itself chiefly with art-teaching, mechanical engineering and applied electricity. It has night classes in mechanical drawing, freehand drawing from object, cast and life, designing, architectural drawing, mechanical handiwork, applied electricity; and day classes in freehand drawing from object, cast and life, designing, oil and water-colour painting, china painting, mechanical drawing, mechanical handiwork, applied electricity. This school has an endowment fund of $158,000. The story of its evolution is exceedingly interesting and instructive. In 1850 was formed the " Young Man's Institute" in Philadelphia, the sum of SoO.OOO being raised among generous citizens " to encourage and foster among the young men of our labouring population the spirit of self -improvement by the establishment of libraries, reading-rooms, lectures, etc." It was the intention of the contributors to give assistance in the foundation of local institutes which should be distinct organizations and us far as possible, self-reliant and self-sustaining. The efforts of the Young Man's Institute were confined to these purposes, and it has remained a corporation with no lands or buildings, but with the record of having afforded effective aid to the cause of public education. One of the first institutions helped by it was the Spring Garden Free Reading Room, which had life in it, and the managers of which were anxious to develop it into a teaching organization for young men. These managers pro- cui'ed the gift of a building lot and $3,000 in subscriptions, and borrowed $5,000 from the Young Man's Institute. This was in 1851. The work of the institute was carried on with varying degrees of success, but by 1876 it had somewhat fallen into decay. A revival came to it through the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, which has been before alluded to in this Report as a fountain of much energy in the cause of technical education, and from this time onward its course has been increasingly successful, several " windfalls " in the way of bequests and generous donations having smoothed the path of the managers and enabled them to lay by the endowment fund which has already been mentioned. Among those who took an active part in its revivification were the managers of the adjacent Baldwin locomotive works, who not only gave $15,000 towards the endowment fund, but subscribe $1,000 annually towards the expenses. The school is governed by a Board, of which Mr. Addison B. Burk, Editor of the Philadelphia Ledger, is the chairman, and receives no subsidy either from the city or the State. It has in its classes about 550 pupils, its piemisoa are particularly well adapted to the work done, and are worthy of inspection by any building committee or architect desirous of erecting a building for a similar institution. It possesses a fine steam electric plant and well equipped mechanical workshops both for wood and iron. The instruction given at the Spring Garden Institute may be placed under three heads — art, ir ihanical handiwork, and applied electricity. Its tendency is sti da an fo] se< ad ve K ai di el P' tl d 18 from major British nuseum ibering visited it is of itself 15 is towards what may be called direct technical teaching, and it lays considerable stress on workshop practice. Thus the mechanical pupils work eight hours per day as they would in a factory, and are therefore able to acquire a considerable amount of efficiency in craftsmanship. The courses of instruction in both the day and evening classes are arranged for three years. With regard to the Art Course I will only observe that it seemed to me very intelligently graduated and effective. The school has the advantage of a very complete equipment of casts, etc., and is under the care of a very able Principal, in the person of Prof. W. A. Porter, a graduate of the South Kensington Museum. The other courses which demand mention in this report are those of architectural drawing, in which I observed several women students, mechanical drawing, very successfully conducted by Mr. Wm. H. Miller, and the course in electricity. The Architectural Course aims to be practical in so teaching principles that pupils may be able to understand such drawings as they will be likely to use in their trades or be required to make, and that they may also learn to be skilled draughtsmen, and develop whatever talent they possess for original design. The Mechanical Drawing Course is as follows : — First Year. — (1) Definitions of all geometrical terms likely to occur in mechanics. (2) Construction problems in plane geometry, viz ; all prob- lems likely to be of practical use in laying out work. (3) Orthographic Projection — first lines only, then surfaces, then solids, giving three tilts, with development of surfaces and making paper models of same. (4) Drawing of simple mechanical forms from sketches which only show two views, and requiring pupils to develop third view for themselves. (5) Making original sketches from some detail of machinery, and making working drawing of same. Drawing of helix and screws. (6) (For examination First Year). A complete drawing of some detail of machinery from original sketches. This drawing is figured, lettered and coloured in the sections. Second Year. — Designing of cams. Gearing — cycloidal and involute through bevel wheels. Motion Curves. Valve motion and the travel scale. Drawing of machinery from original sketches. Third Year. — All drawing from original sketches, and reviewing earlier work where necessary to individual pupil. General and detail drawings complete. There is absolutely no copying of other drawings. 16 Practical Electricity : — The evening course of lectures in practical electricity is as follows : ELEMENTARY CLASS. Thursday Evenings, at 8 p.m. Each lecture is thoroughly illustrated, experimentally, graphically and f)ictorially and is supplemented by a night of individual work in the electrical aboratory with a complete set of students' electrical instruments. LECTURES. I Phenomena and Properties of Electrostatics. II. Electrostatics (concluded). III. Phenomena and Properties of Magnetism. IV. Magnetism (concluded). V. The Elements of Voltaic Electricity. VI. Voltaic Electricity (concluded). VII. Properties of the Electric Current. VIII. Magnitude of the Properties as a Means of Current Measurement. IX. The Property of Electrical Resistance. X. Laws Governing the Electric Circuit. XL Practical Applications of Laws of Electric Circuits. XII. Electromagnetism (Electric-Magnetism). XIII. Galvanometers, their Construction and Use. XIV. Measurement of Current Strength (Ampere-meters). XV. Electrical Work and Power. XVI. Measurement of Electrical Pressure (Voltmeters). XVII. Measurement of Electrical Resistance (Ohmmeters). XVIII. Electrodynamics and Measurement of Electrical Power (Wattmeters). XIX. Phenomena and Elements of Electromagnetic Induction. XX. Dynamo Electric Machines (their Principles, Construction and Operation). XXI. Dynamos (concluded). XXII. Electric Motors and Power Transmission. XXIII. Modern Applications of Electricity. XXIV. Alternating Current Induction Phenomena. Second Year, Night Class. — This course includes a more detailed study of the subjects practically considered in First Year work, and the applications of the principles thus 7 y and ctrical rs). ation). ically thus 17 mastered to commercial electrical apparatus and systems of lij^hting and power transmission. The laboratory work includes the operation and testing of dynamos, motors, arc lamps, etc., with particular attention to the development of faults in apparatus, and their remedies. The instructor's text-book is supplemented by Morrow & Reid's " Arithmetic of Electricity and Magnetism." Third Year, Night Class. — The work of this class is entirely of an experimental character. A number of specially prepared exercises in electrical measurements and testing have been organized, with a view of giving the student a clearer knowledge of the subject, this being possible by reason of his two years' previous experience with the subject. The class works together as a whole, each set of students on a different exercise, however, the order oeing rotated from test to test, night after night. Text-books previously used by the student are further supplemented by Ayrton's " Practical Electricity." Students are eligible to this class who have taken the regular two-year Institute course in electricity. In the Electrical Department there is a chief instructor who receives a salary of $1,800, and two assistants who receive $1,000 per annum each. The fees payable at this Institute are as follows : ART DEPARTMENT. Night Classes. — Two nights per week from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Term begins October 2nd and ends April 7th. Mechanical Drawing $5.00 per term. Freehand Drawing " " Designing " " Architectural Drawing. " " Life Class " Geometry and Perspective Free. Pupils are admitted to the Life and Designing Classes only after receiving certificates in freehand drawing. Day Classes. — Five days per week, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Term begins September 18th and ends June 15th. Freehand and mechanical drawing, painting, etc., two terms, twenty weeks each, $20 per term. No deduction in fees is made for pupils who take a less number of lessons than the number to which they are entitled. MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT, Night Classes. — Two nights per week, from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Term begins October 2nd, and ends April 7th. Shop work (wood or metal), $5 per term. Day Classes. — Six days per week, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., except Saturday, 8 a.m. to 12 noon. Term begins October 2nd. Three terms, 12 weeks each, $20 per term, first year; $25 per term, second and third years. A summer term of 12 weeks, not included in the regular course, begins June 18th. 18 ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT. Night Classes.— Two nights per week, from 8 to 9.30 p.m. Term begins October 2nd. Primary class, SlO ; advanced class, 2nd year,S15 ; advanced class, 3rd vear one night per week, 810. Pupils are admitted to the advanced class who have received certificates in the primary class, or who can pass a satisfactory examina- tion. Day Classes. — 1 wo periods per week, $6 per term. The Franklin Institute. Philadelphia- Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute which has been called a "democra- tic learned society " is known throughout the scientific world, to which it has rendered, and still renders, important service. It is mentioned in this report on account of the following schools which are conducted under its auspices, viz : — (1.) School of Elementary Mathematics. — The purpose of this school is to place within reach of the many ambitious young men engaged in industrial pursuits, who wish to improve their opportunities of studying technical subjects in their limited leisure, a means of overcoming the one great obstacle to their advancement, viz.: an insuflicient knowledge of mathematics. Course of Instruction. — Winter term, September 18th, to January 6th. Spring term, January 8th, to April 20th. The duration of a term is fifteen weeks of four class hours each. Classes are in session Monday and Friday evenings, from 7.15 to 9.15 o'clock. Tuition fee $5 per term. The course is divided as follows : Class A. — Algebra : Fundamental rules, algebraic theorems, fractions, factor- ing, simple equations. Class B. — Algebra : Involution and evolution, theory of exponents, radicals, quadratic equations, proportion and progressions. Plane Geometry : Book I. Class C. — Plane Geometry : Books II., III. and IV. Plane Trigonometry : Measurement of angles, trigonometric ratios, algebraic signs, angles with given trigonometric ratios, trigono- metric ratios of two angles. Class D. — Plane Geometry : Book V. Plane Trigonometry. Logarithms : Use of mathematical tables, relation between sides and angles of a triangle, solution of triangles. While, at the outset, the instruction is of an elementary character, it is necessary for the student to possess a fair working knowledge of arithmetic. Familiarity with the four fundamental rules, fractions and decimals, is sufficient preparation. (2.) The Drawing School is divided into the following classes : Junior MecJianical Class. — In which drawing tools and their proper man- ipulation, lines, surfaces, and single solids with plane surfaces are treated. Intermediate Mechanical Class. — In which solids with curved surfaces, the intersections of solids and the development of their surfaces are treated. t d! b fi a 1 T e i I I' < 19 Senior Mechanical Class. — In which the methods, technicalities, and style of draughting and designing engineering work are treated. Architectural Class. — In which designs, plans, elevations and details of buildings and of interior and ornamental work are treated. Free-hand Class. — In which free-hand drawing with pencil, pen and crayon from the flat and from cast is treated. The full course comprises four terms, at the end of which certificates are awarded to such students as have shown sufficient attention, industry, and progress. The tuition fee is $5.00 per term of fifteen weeks. The class-rooms are open on Tuesday and Thursday evenings at 7 p.m. Instruction commences at 7.15 and ends at 9.15. School tickets admit to the Institute lectures on Friday evenings. The winter term begins September 19th, and ends January 4th. The spring terra begins January 9th, and ends April 19th. (3.) The Night School of Naval Architecture: Course of Instruction : The course of instruction in Naval architecture embraces : Theoretical naval architecture ; ship construction and design. THEORETICAL NAVAL ARCHITECTURE is treated as follows : — (1) The several rules for the determination of plane areas with proofs and methods of combinations of same. (2) Application of the rules to finding volumes to the different water lines.etc. (3) Displacement sheet and use of planimeter. (4) Curves of displacement. Tons per inch. Areas of midship section and their co-efficients. (5) The centres of gravity of plane areas and their properties. (6) The centre of buoyancy, vertically and longitudinally, for change In draft and loci. (7) The transverse and longitudinal metacentres and their loci, with trim, centres of effort, and pressure. (8) Tonnage, freeboard and surplus buoyancy. (9) The different methods of approximating to the surface of a vessel. (10) Statical and dynamical stability and curves for same for particular vessels and under peculiar conditions. (11) Mechanical methods for determining stability at various angles o£ in- clination, including the use of integrator. (12) Curves of buoyancy, loads, shearing force and bending moments of different classes of vessels floating in still water. (13) The inclining experiment. (14) Matrial, stress and strain, tests of. (15) Riveted joints, comparing strength of different arrangements. (16) Investigation of the formula 05 so ( I7j KeHistance. difroicnt thoorics of, at surl'aco and duopl v submerj^ed ; law of coiiipiiriHons and diagram of sliip from that of nioilel ; tank experiments. (18) Waves, species of, made by a ship in niotion. (19) Propulsion, the different ways IHP is expended, curves of IHP, slip and thrust. (20) Speed trials and their analysis. (21) Stress on upper edge of sheer strake when vessel is inclined, and on the structure of the hull for different conditions of lading. (22) Particular calculations, such as recjuired for launching diagrams, sizes of rudder-head, tillers, davits, estimating weights and costs. SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN is treated as follows : — (1) The practical work in drawing room, which consists in tracing detail drawings, etc., so that the student shall become familiar with technical terms and the use of the different drawing instruments, then deriving and plotting the several curves as enumerated in theoretical naval architecture, and com- paring the scantlings of a given steel steamer with the different insurance societies' rules. (2) Preparing a " sheer draft," using the different " fairing up " processes. (3) The " work in mould loft," making moulds, scrive board and models. (4) The different methods of preparation and assembly of the various parts of a ship in proper order, preparing slip, laying blocks and ordering materials. (5) Different methods of bending and setting frames, reserve frames, floors and beams, laying and fitting different kinds of keels and keelsons. (6) The stem, stern, frame and rudder forgings. (7) Examining the different kinds of double bottoms, bulkheads, stringers, ties, pillaring, engine seats, tunnels and tools, deck plating, bunkers and uptakes, hatches, erections (such as deck houses, bridges, etc.,) wood decks, ceiling, paint- ing and cementing. (8) Description of the building of different and particular kinds of vessels, both for mercantile and naval marine, such as floating docks and derricks, caissons, bulk oil steamers, launches, torpedo boats, cruisers of different types, armourclads, etc. (y) Masting and rigging, steering gear, anchors and cables, pumping, flooding, draining and ventilating arrangements, electric lighting, voice tubes and telegraphs, boats, rafts and life-saving appliances and numerous other details of equipment. It is in contemplation to extend the scope of the school to include instruc- tion in MARINE ENOINEERING, as soon OS circumstances will warrant. The Master Builders' Mechanical Trade School, Philadelphia— I inspected this institution, which is a fair sample of the Trade School, i.e. that in which the teaching of theory is reduced to the minimum, and the principal attention devoted to craftsmanship. But the school is at present in a law II slip on state of quieHcence, the Governor of the State of PeiuiHylvannia having vetoed the grant of $3,500 per annum, hitherto given, and which enabled it to meet the deficit arising from the insufficiency of the fees paid by pupiln to pay the expenses of the school. Instruction is given in tlio following trades : — Car- pentry, bricklaying, plastering, stone-cutting, blacksmithing, painting and plumbing. The classes are held in the evening, and the entire course is planned for nine months' duration. The inntruction is said to be " both manual and scientiHc." A trade is taught in all its branches by skilled mechanics, and the reason why one method is right and another which seems to produce the same result, is wrong, is carefully explained. Progress at a Trade School is necessarily rapid. It is constantly sought to ascertain not only what the pupil knows, but in what he is deficient. Such a system can rarely be pursued in a workshop, where each employee is necessarily employed upon the work he can do best. The classes are intended for young men between sixteen and twenty- one years old, and the charge for the entire course of nine mouths in each trade is $27, which is payable when the name is entered for admission. No additional charge is made for tools or material. I saw a small house which had been erected by pupils of the school as part of their lessons. It was about a quarter " life-size," and exhibited good workmanship. Specimens of iron-work and ))lumb- ing done by the pupils were also on view. The former were replicas for the most part of the examples of blacksmithing contributed by the Moscow Technical School to the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876, copies of which I saw with recurring evidence of their instructivenoss in various schools. The classes are held from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. The Drexel Institute, Philadelphia— The Drexel Institute, is u most complete organization for industrial education, and it beai-s evidences of thoughtful planning throughout its spacious accommodation. It is said to have been modelled to some extent on the Pratt Institute, of Brooklyn. N.Y., and as the latter is some years its senior, being founded in 1887, while the Drexel began in 1891, it is probable that the experience already obtained at the Pratt Institute was utilized. Both institu- tions are the result of princely gifts on the part of citizens. The Pratt Institute has an endowment fund of $3,500,000, while the donations of the late Anthony Drexel to the institute that bears his name, amounted to $3,000,000. The Drexel Institute was built and developed under the supervision of its present President, James McAllister, L.L.D., who formerly occupied the position of Superintendent of Education in Philadelphia. To his administrative ability, the institution no doubt owes much of its success. Its chief object is " the extension and improvement of industrial education as a means of opening better and wider avenues of employment to young men and women. In accordance with the founders desire, however, the plan of organization has been made com- prehensive, providing liberal means of culture for the masses by means of evening classes, free lectures and concerts, the library and the museum. The building in which the organization is housed is exceedingly complete and symmetrical. It has a great central court sixty-five feet square, the entire height of the building, around which are the class-rooms in three stories and opening off broad galleries. It has an auditorium capable of seating 1,500 f)erson8 and containing one of the finest organs in the country, while the ecture-hall opening off the central court has chairs for 300 students, and is equipped with every appliance necessary for scientific experiments. Among its accessories is a large gymnasium with bath-rooms. In the basement are the very extensive, steam mechanical and electrical plants that almost give the 22 visitor the impression that he is in the premises of a lar^e manufactory. In the s'iores of class rooms from 1,200 to 1,300 students are instructed. The building and its equipment coat a million dollars. The average amount paid by the students for the day courses is S50 to S80 per session of six months, while for the evening courses about $5 per session is paid. Staff instructors receive $2,800 per annum, assistants from S600 to 1,200. There are free scholarships for deserving students, and the institute is open to both sexes on equal terms. Systematic courses are organized for the benefit of the evening students, and certificates are granted to those who finish these courses and pass the required examinations. The Institute also carries on a large and important work through the means of the free public lectures and concerts which are given during the winter months. These lectures aim to furnish opportunities for general culture to the public at large. During last year the attendance at the lectures and concerts was more than 36.000. DEPARTMENTS. The Institute is organized in the following Departments : — I. — DEPARTMENT OF FINE AND APPLIED ART School of Illustration. School of Drawing, Painting and Modelling, Course in Design and Decoration. Three years. Course in Architectural Drawing. Two years. II. — DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC ARTS. Three years' systematic course in mathematics, mechanical drawing, free- hand drawing, science, English language and literature, history, civics, shop-work in wood and iron, applied electricity. III. — DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Course in Electrical Engineering. Two years. Course in Machine Construction. Two years. Course in Mechanical Drawing. Two years. Special Courses in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistiy. IV. — DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND FINANCE. General Course in Commerce and Finance. Two years. Commercial Course for Teachers. One year. Office Courses in Bookkeeping, Stenography, Secretary Work. One year each. V. — DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND ARTS. Junior Course in Domestic Science and Arts. Two years. Advanced Elective Courses in Domestic Science and Arts. Special Courses in Household Economy and Cookery. Normal Course in Domestic Science. Two years. 23 Normal Course in Domestic Arts. Two years. Courses in Dressmaking. Courses in Millinery. VI. — NORMAL DEPARTMENT FOR THE TRAINING OF SPECIAL TEACHERS. Manual Training, Commercial Instruction, Domestic Science (Cookery and Household Economics), Domestic Art (Sewing, Dressmaking and Millinery). VII. — DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING. Special Courses for young men and young women. VIII. — DEPARTMENT OF EVENING CLASSES. Courses in all the Departments of the Institute. IX. — FREE EVENING CLASSES IN CHORAL MUSIC. X. — DEPARTMENT OF FREE PUBLIC LECTURES AND CONCERTS. Courses of Lectures in Art, Science and Technology. Organ Recitals and Concerts during the winter months. XI. — LIBRARY DEPARTMENT. The Library contains twenty-four thousand volumes. Open free to the public daily, except Sunday. School for the Training of Librarians, in connection with the Library. XII. — MUSEUM DEPARTMENT. The Museum, containing valuable and important collections of textiles, wood-carvings, metal work, ceramics, casts, paintings, drawings, prints, etc., is open free to the public daily, except Sunday. While some of the courses are specially designed for either young men or young women and are quite distinct in their arrangement and management, all the general courses are open to both sexes, on the same terms and conditions. The academi*^ year is divided into two terms, beginning in September and February, respectively. The evening classes begin October 1st and close March Slst. The Department of Evening Classes is most interesting and instructive, and the sight of the spacious, well-lighted and particularly clean class rooms, filled with earnest and intelligent students is an inspiration. All the resources in the Institute in the way of teaching, laboratories and appliances of every kind are brought to bear upon the Evening Classes. The session is for six months, beginning October 1st and continuing until April Ist. Some of the Courses are as follows : — ART COURSE. I. Free-hand drawing — Monday and Wednesday. Fee $3. II. Drawing from the Antique — Tuesday and Thursday. Fee $3. III. Clay Modelling, Elementary and Life Classes —Monday and Wednesday. Fee S3. 24 IV. Life Class— for men— Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. For women- Monday and Wednesday from 7 to 10 p.m. Fee $6. ARCHITECTURAL COURSES. I. Course in Architectural Drawing — Tuesday and Thursday. The full course occupies two sessions (years). Fees First Year $4. Second Year S5. II. Course in Architectural Design — Tuesday and Thursdaj'. Fee $5. III. Course in building construction — two years. First Year Class. — Wednesday evening, at 7.30. Lectures on the strength of building materials, investigation and calculation of the strength of tension members, compression members, beams, plate-girders, foundations, etc. Graphic analysis of the stresses in the ordinary forms of roof -trusses. Calculation of the weights of materials and of the usual loads upon floors, roofs, etc. Second Year Class. — Saturday afternoon, 2 to 5. Lectures on the design of structural parts and the best and most economical forms of construction. Ad- vanced calculation. Design and detail of complete construction. Specifications. Drawing and Testing Class. — Monday evening, at 7.30. For both the fiist year and the second year class. Drawing of details of foundations, columns, roof-trusses, joints in wood and steel construction, timber work, riveted steel woi'k, pin-connected work, and all kinds of structural detail. Testing of strength of stone, brick and cement ; also tension, compression, and transverse tests of steel and timber, and of the various combinations used in building construction. Eqidpment. — The Institute is equipped with all appliances for making these tests in the latest and most approved manner, including a 200,000 pound Olsen Automatic and Autographic machine and a Standard Cement Tester. Certificate. — In order to obtain a graduate certificate, a student must com- plete the full course of two years and must prepare, as a thesis, the design and detail of a satisfactory piece of construction. Requirements for Admission. — For admission to the first year class, a knowledge of elementary mathematics (algebra and plane geometry) and mech- anical drawing is required ; to the second year class, a knowledge of the subjects embraced in the first year class. Fees. — Elementary Class, $5 ; advanced class, $6. IV. Course in house construction — two years. First Yenr. — The drawing of plans and elevations and various woodworking details. Second Year. — Continuation of the work in detail drawing and the study of specifications. Lectures on plumbing, heating, and lighting are given in connection with the work on specifications. Examinations are held in the middle and at the end of each session. Fees. — First year, $4 ; second year, $5. 25 In — full SCIENCE COURSES. MATHEMATICS. I. Beginners course in Algebra and Geometry. — Tuesday and Thursday. Fee, $3. A knowledge of arithmetic is required for admission to this class. II. Advanced Algebra and Geometry.— Monday and Wednesday. Fee, f3. III. Pkine Trigonometry. — Wednesday. Fee, 13. IV. Analytical Geometry. — Thuraday. Fee, $3. V. Calculus. — Tuesday. Fee, $3. MECHANICAL DRAWING. Orthographic projection; intersections; developments and their applications to machine construction, etc. Monday and Wednesday ; Tuesday and Thurs- day. Fee, $3. CHEMISTRY. I. General Chemistry. — Lectures and laboratory work. Tuesday and Wednesday. Fee, $5. II. Elements of Qualitative Analysis. — Laboratory work. Tuesday and Wednesday. Fee, $5. III. Elements of Qnantitative Analysis. — Laboratory work. Tuesday and Wednesday. Fee, $5. IV. Advanced Quantitative Analysis. — Laboratory work. Tuesday and Wednesday. Fee, $5. V. Technical Analysis. — Tuesday and Wednesday. Fee, $5. This course is designed for advanced students who desire to fit themselves for dealing with the practical problems of engineering chemistry. The course embraces the following subjects : — Fuel. — Proximate analysis of coal ; moisture, volatile matter, coke, ash and sulphur. Specific gravity and calorific value. Gas. — Determinations of carbon di-oxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydro- gen and nitrogen, employing the Elliot, Fisher-Orsat, and Hempel forms of ap- paratus. Water. — Total solid matter, temporary and permanent hardness, chlorides sulphates, nitrates, also silica, iron, oxide, alumina, lime, magnesia potash, and soda. Lid}ricating Oil. — Specific gravity, viscosity, cold test, flashing point, loss in weight on exposure to elevated temperatures, tendency to oxidize and gum, percentage of mineral and of fatty oil, free fatty acid, free mineral acid, suspended matters, rosin oil. A deposit of $3, as security against breakage, is required of students in the chemistry classes. This is returntd at the close of the session, less the cost of the apparatus destroyed. 26 PHYSICS. I. Lahoratwy Course. — Tuesday and Thursday. Fee, S5. II. Special Course fm' Advanced Students. — Lectures and laboratory work. Tuesday and Thursday. Fee, $5. A deposit of S3, as security against breakage of apparatus, is required of students in physics. This is returned at the close of the session, less the cost of the apparatus injured. APPLIED ELECTRICITY. Evening classes in Applied Electricity, are provided for those unable to avail themselves of the day classes. The instruction and training are of the most prctical character. In the Second Course, such scientific and technical work is taken up as can be accomplished with the amount of mathematical knowledge required for admission. There are two courses, as follows : — First Course, — A course of one year, embracing the simple theory of the electric circuit and its commercial application in lighting and power distribu- tion, etc., with laboratory work in testing. Class-room work, Thursday, laboratory work, Tuesday or Friday. Fee, $5. This course is intended for men who have not the time to devote to the study of physics and mathematics, and is designed to prepare them for operat- ing electric plants. An examination in arithmetic and the simpler algebraic forms must be passed for admission to this course. Second Course. — A systematic course of two years, embracing lectures on the theory and practical application of continuous and alternating currents. The electrical measurements and tests used in general engineering work are made in the laboratories. First Year Class, Tuesday and Thursday ; Second Year Class, Tuesday and Friday. Fee, S6. Students not having a knowledge of plane trigonometry, must attend the class in that subject during the first year, as a parb of the preparation for the second year's work. The Second Course is intended for those who have had some scientific training and are engaged in, or desirous of preparing themselves for the higher grade*? of electrical work. The practical work of the students is carried on in the electrical labora- tories which are equipped with an extensive plant of engines, dynamos, testing apparatus, etc. For admission, applicants must have knowledge of laboratory physics, elementary algebra, and plane geometry. Students entering either the First or the Second Course, are required to make a deposit of $5, as security against injury to apparatus. This is re- turned at tiie close of the session, less the cost of the apparatus injured or destroyed. Extensive as are the machinery, plant, and workshops of the Drexel Institute, machinery which is as ma-ssive and impressive as that of many a large manufactory, plant that includes most complete electrical installations, and workshops that are full of aclive young workmen, so that the ring of the anvil, the impact of the chipping hammer, and the sound of plane and saw are heard, it is evident that the aim of the place is to teach craftsmanship, only so far as it 27 illustrates and emphasizes the lessons of the class-i-ooni. It seems to the observer that the product of that part of the Institute which has been described in the previous pages, is a body of young men who are fitted to take prominent positions in the mechanical, building and commercial world, a world which will not only have at command the latest discoveries of science, but will be beautified by the gracious ministry of art. The Pratt Institute, Brooklyn— This institution has been called by a technical specialist " the most pre- tentious unde 'taking in the line of industrial education." Its object is "to promote manual and industrial education as well as cultivation in literature, science and art, to inculcate habits of industry and thrift, and to foster all that makes for right living and good citizenship." The work of the Institute is carried on along the following lines, viz : educational, normal, technical, and special. Its equipment is of the best. Larger than the Drexel, it is housed in a building that is neither so artistically beautiful nor so symmetrically arranged as the latter institution. It has day and evening classes, the charges for tuition being very moderate. The income from tuition fees does not pay one-third of the expenses of running the school. Its endowment of $3,500,000 has already been mentioned, and it is able to offer advantages in its lines of work that no other institution on this continent has yet surpassed. It has furnished numerous instructors for schools all over the United States. It is an excellent example of what can be done through private benefactions, the management of the trust having been very judiciously administered by the children of the founder. It has the large number of about 2,500 students, and makes a specialty of domestic art and science. For the purposes of this report the latter branch, and also its department of evening classes are of salient interest. From the very comprehensive list in the catalogue, the following courses are selected : Sewing. — Two lessons a week ; four grades of three months each. First Grade. . . .Hand sewitif^, mending. Study of materials and colour. Second Grade . . Machine sewing, draughting, fitting, making undergarments. Third (7rade.. .Draughting, cutting, fitting, making unlined dresses. Fourth Grade . . Advanced machine and hand sewing, draughting and making children's dresses. Dressmaking. — Two lessons a week ; five grades of three months each. First Grade. . . .Draughting skirts and waists. Exercises with practice material in fitting and designing, and in making dress trimmings and finishings. Study of colour, form, line and texture. Second Grade. .Draughting and making walking skirt. Cutting, fitting, and making lined waist. Study of the contour and poise of the body. Third Grade. . . Matching stripes and plaids, draughting and making princesse gown. Prac- tice in designing ; stu(^y of artistic principles. Four^/t G^ode. .Draughting, cutting, and making jacket. Draughting child's dress and coat. Study of woollen textiles. Fifth Grade. .. ,Dr&ugliting &nd vasiking evening gown, practice in designing gowns for home and evening wear. Dratoing, water colour, elementary design. .Practice in the use of the pencil and of water colour. Appearance of objects, bows, gowns, and drapery. Outline and proportion of the human form. Study of historic costume ; de- signing of gowns. 28 Millinery. — Two lessons a week ; four grades of three months each. Fimt Grade Facing and tinUhing hat brims ; making bows ; trimming hats ; study of form, line, colour, and texture. Second Grade . . Designing, draughting, and making frames. Making and trimming covered hats and bonnets. Third and Fourth Grades. . Winter Season. — Making velvet hats and bonnets, toques and evening bonnets. Spring Season. — Making wire frames and straw hats, lace and shirred hats and bonnets, children's hats. Drawing, water colour, elementary design .Practice in the use of the pencil and of water colour. Appearance of objects, drapery, bows, hats. Outline and proportion of the head. Study of historic costume, designing of hats. Courses in Domestic Science. — Special courses are offered for students who can give but a few hours a week to the work. These may be taken sep- arately or in the following groups ; Group I. — One Year ; three hours a week —Bacteriology ; dietetics ; emergencies, home nursing and hygiene ; invalid cookery ; house sanitation ; public hygiene. Group II. — One Year; four hours a week — Bacteriology, dietetics, plain cookery, fancy cookery, invalid cookery. Group III. — One Year; one hour a iwefc— (a) Evolution of the house : architecture, inter- ior decoration, furnishing. (6) House sanitation : situation of the house, surroundings, cellar, removal of wastes, plumbing and care, substitutes for water carriage, water supply, ventilation, heating, lighting, sanitary furnishing and general care of the house. (c) Household economy : the arrangement of work and furnishings. The care, in detail, of every part of the house. House cleaning. Household accounts. Mistress and maid. Household amenities. ( £ 1 C a c Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Mass.— This institution is a college of engineering, and it defines engineering as " the utilization of the forces of nature in the service and for the benefit of man, as illustrated in the construction and use of machinery, the erection and maintenance of structures, and the discovery, decomposition and recomposition of the component parts of material things, and other functions ordinarily included under the still somewhat general terms mechanical, civil, chemical and electrical engineering." The Worcester Institute was one of the first in the United States field. It was the offspring of private beneficence, and while its scope is not so compre- hensive as those of some other institutions, it holds a rank second to none in its special area of endeavour. It was the first institution in the United States to establish workshops as an adjunct to the training of the mechanical engineer. But it holds that mere manual skill is not an essential element in the make-up of the engineer, belonging, rather, to the artisan and the artist. Its courses are planned so as to supply in as large a measure as possible the benefits of a liberal education. In some of these so-called liberal branches, the students progress much farther than in the average college, for these subjects are considered to be at the very foundation of professional as well as of liberal training. They are common to all coui*ses, and comprise mathematics, modern languages and English, political science and economics, physics and elementary mechanics, chemistry and drawing. 29 Applicanta for admission are supposed to have taken a full High-School Course. The entrance examination is in the following subjects : English Grammar and Composition, Algebra, Plane Geometry, Solid Geo- metry, English with French or German. The entrance examination is intended to satisfy the faculty that each candidate gives reasonable promise of success in the studies of the Institute. The fees for tuition are $160 per year. It is stated in the catalogue that the entire expenses for tuition, board, and incidentals need not exceed $400 a year. Scholarships are given to a limited number of students, and forty scholar- ships to residents of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Institute is enpowered by the Legislature to confer degrees. The Institute has extensive class and lecture-rooms, workshops and grounds. It is a very complete organi- zation with definite aims scrupulously fulfilled. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston— The immense area and scope of this institution forbid more than limited mention in this report. I spent the whole of one day in seeing part of it. I could, profitably, have spent a week. It has a Faculty, comprising President and fifty-four Professors, and it employs a grand total of 136 instructors. The fundamental elements in the curriculum of the school are mathematics, chemistry and physics. Instruction in technical methods is subordinated to the acquisition of principles. The Institute offers thirteen distinct courses, each of four years' duration, as follows : I. Civil Engineering. II. Mechanical Engineering. III. Mining Engineering and Metallurgy. IV. Architecture. V. Chemistry. VI. Electrical Engineering. VII. Biology. VIII. Physics. IX. General Studies. X. Chemical Engineering. XI. Sanitary Engineering. XII. Geology. XIII. Naval Architecture. The tuition fee for regular students is $200 per year, payable in advance. There are forty free estate scholarships in consideration of aid received from the Commonwealth in addition to a number founded by private individuals. The Institute grants degrees. 30 Under the auspices of the Lmvdl Instifuff whicli is also conducted by the management of this institution, a number of courses — twelve lectures each— of free scientific lectures in advanced subjects is fjiven each year by competent professors. Candidates for attending these courses must have attained the age of eighteen years, and must satisfy the instructors as to their previous preparatory education. Connected with the Institute is also the Lotvell School of Practical Design, the instruction in which is free. To teach drawing is not among the objects of this school. A considerable degree of skill in free hand drawing from nature and in the use of the brush is positively required for entrance. The course of study is as follows : Students are taught the art of making patterns for prints, ginghams, delaines, silks, laces, paper-hangings, carpets, oil-cloths, etc. The course is of three years' duration, and embraces : 1. Technical manipulations; 2. Copying and variations of designs; 3. Original designs or composition of patterns ; 4. The making of workin,'if draw- ings, and finishing of designs. Instruction is given personally to each student over his work. Students supply their own instruments and materials, the cost of which is about S5 per year. The hours of instruction are from 9 a.m. until 12, and from 1 to 3.30 p.m. The buildings of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are probably more extensive than any in the world devoted to technical education, and the comprehensiveness of the various laboratories and workshops is such as to afford the best opportunities of practical study in the sciences undertaken. As examples, the metallurgical department has facilities for the reduction of ore in considerable quantities, while in the testing and hydraulic departments the appliances and miichinery are on the most liberal scale. The Institute is largely assisted by the State of Massachusetts. After successive subsidies of land, in April, 1868, an additional Act allotted to the Institute one-third of the interest received by the State from the United States Land Grant to Support Colleges of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, under the condition that instruction in military tactics should be provided, and that the Governor, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Secretary of the State Board of Education should be each a member ex-ofjicio of the government of the Institute. Stevens' Institute of Teehnologry, Hoboken, N.Y.— This extensive institution is a school of engineering and mechanics in which instruction of college grade is given in the various branches of science. It was founded in 1867 under the provisions of the will of the late E. A. Stevens, who bequeathed a block of land, $150,000 as a building fund and $500,000 as an en- dowment fund. The present president, Henry Morton, Ph. D., Sc. 13., L.L.D.,ha8 also contributed to it about $67,000 and Mrs. Stevens, $30,000. Students in the State of New Jersey pay $150 per year. Students coming across the river each day from New York pay $75 extra. The courses are of four years' duration and comprise a very systematic and complete education in mechanical engineering. The workshop equipment is in every way considerable, and the laboratories are extensive and well provided with apparatus . Cooper Union, N.Y.— The Cooper Union for the advancement of Science and Art is an important organization which presents many lessons to the observer in search of knowledge 31 of technical education. It has an endowment fund consisting of benefactions of the hite Peter Cooper (who founded the institution 40 years ajjo), wliich brings in an income of about $60,000 per annum and the classes and lectures are free. The operations of Cooper Union are carried on in a building which with its fur- niture and apparatus are valued at more than a million dollars, and it gives in- struction to upwards of 3,000 students. The arrangements for the free night school of science are as follows : The term begins on the 1st of October and ends about the middle of April. The classes are in session every evening, except Saturday, from 7.30 to 9.30. The instruction in this department is for both men and women. Applicants must be at least fifteen years of age. Application for admission must be made between June 16th and December 31st. The regular course of study embraces the following subjects: Class E. — First year : Algebra, geometry, natural philosophy and elemen- tary chemistry. Class D. — Second year: Algebra, geometry, elementaiy chemistrj' and geo- logy- Clcias G. — Third year : Trigonometry, descriptive geometry, analytical geo- metry, mechanics and electrical measurments. Class B. — Fourth year : Analytical geometry, differential and integral cal- culus and mechanical drawing. Class A. — Fifth year : Applied mechanics, advanced physics and analytical chemistry. Applicants for the first year class are required to pass an examination in algebra through simple equations, and through the first book of geometry. Students who complete the full course receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. The subjects of the first two years may be passed upon examination, but it is required of a j^raduate that he shall have attended each and all of the classes of the last three years. Applicants may select any single subject in the course for which they are prepared, and omit all others, if they desire. There is a special course in qualitative and quantitative chemistry, extend- ing through three terms. The instruction is free, but there is a charge of $10 for chemicals used, and a deposit of $5 must be made to cover the cost of pos- sible breakage. The following is the programme of studies : CLASS B. Monday, 7.30 Mech. Drawing. 8.30 " Tuesday, 7.30 Calculus, " 8.30 '• Wednesday, 7.30 " 8.30 Anal. Geometry. Thursday, 7.30 Mech, Drawing. " 8.30 Calculus. Friday, 7.30 Anal. Geometry. 8.30 *' 32 CLASS C. Monday, 7.30 Descrip. Oeometry. •' 8.;W Trigonometry. Tuesday, 7.30 Dusorip. Geometry. " 8.30 Trij,'onoiiietry. Wednesday, 7.30 Anal. Geometry. " 8.30 Trig, or Mechanics. Thursday, 7.30 Anal, Geometry. " 8.30 Klfc. Measurements. Friday, 7.JJ0 Descrip. Geometry. •• 8.30 CLASS I). Monday, 7.30, Sec. 1, Sec. 3 rinometry. Sec. 4 PhyHca. " 8.30 Alfiel.ra. Tuesday, 7.30, Sec. 2, Sec. 6 Geometry. Sec. 1, Sec. 6 Physics. 8.30 Algel>ra. Wednesday, 7.30, Sec. 4, Sec. 6 Geometry Sec. 3 Pliysics. •• 8.30, (Lecture) " Thursday, 7.30, Sec. 2, Sec. 3 Geometry. Sec. 5 Physics. " 8.30, (Lecture) Chemistry. Friday, 7.30 Algebra. •• 8..30, Sec. 1, Sec. 4, Sec. 5. Sec. 6. . .Geometry. Sec. 2 Physics. CLASS E. Monday, 7.30 Algebra, 8.30 Chemi.stry. Tuesday, 7.30 Geometry. 8.30 Chemistry. Wednesday, 7.30 Alaebra. 8.30 Thursday, 7.30 Geometry. 8.30 Algebra. Friday, 7.30 8.30 Geometry. LECTURES. The following subjects are presented in the form of lectures to the scientific students: Elementary chemistry, natural philosophy, geology and electrical measurements. The programme for each week from October 1st to March 1st, is as follows : Monday, 8..S0 ... Chemistry (1st year). Tuesday, 8.30 •' ♦' Wednesday, 8.30 Nat. Philosophy. Thursday, 8.30 Electrical Measurements. 8.30 ChemUtry (2nd year). Friday, 8.30 Geology, January till March. 88 There is also a free ni^'ht scliool of Art, which is carri " ilty of variety of interesting and instructive su) jects. •- " ■; —fi, — • — '••i', .. ...v,.. .n v,t.iriefl onalonj^ tlie ordinary lines. Cooper Union also makes a specialty of free puMic lectures r of interesting and instructive suljects. on a great Rochester Mechanics' Institute- Gives instruction to upwards of 600 pupils in " Industrial and Fine Arts," in " Domestic Science " and in " Manual 'I'rauuug." It has a three years course for day pupils, known as the " Mechanic Arts Course," including instruction in English, mathematics, physics, freehand and mechanical drawing and manual training in wood and iron. A grannnar school training or its eiiuivalent is recjuired for entrance to this course. The managers say in their cn-cular that the aim of tliis course outside of the educational features is " to prepare the pupil for practical work, that is to Ht him to be of practical value to his employer from the start, and enable him to solve all ordinary pioblems that may come up in any manufacturing or business establishment. Although not designed especially for a college or technical preparatory course it would be of great help to students desiring such preparation, and includes all necessary preparatory work with the exception of French or German." The following are the clay courses: — Mcchmic Arfu Course. — Three years, five days a week. Instruction in English, mathematics, physics, freehand drawing, mechanical drawing, manual training in wood, including joinery, wood-turning, pattern-making and moulding, manual training in iron, including forging, vice work, machine work and construction. Mechunicdl Course. — Three years, live days a week. Instruction in free- hand drawing, mathematics, mechanical drawing. Design Course. — Three years, five days a week. Instruction in freehand drawing, mechanical drawing, designing and clay modeling. Manual Traiainy Course. — Three years, live days a week. Instruction in freehand and mechanical drawing, mathematics, joinery, wood-turning, pattern- making and moulding, construction. forging, bench work in iron, machine work and Arl Course. — Three years, iive days a week. Instruction in freehand drawing, composition, painting in oil and water colours and history of art. Normal Course. — Three years, five days a week. Including instruction in freehand drawing, three years ; mechanical drawing, one year ; designing, one year ; composition, three years ; teachers class, one year ; painting in oil and water colours, two years ; clay modeling, one year ; history of art, history of education. The fee for any of the day courses is S75 per year. The day classes are divided into two terms of four months each. EVENING CLASSES. The diploma of the Institute is given to pupils who successfully complete any of the following evening courses : Mechanical Course. — Five years, two evenings a week. Instruction in freehand drawing, matliematics and mechanical drawing, machine design. S4 Ut'K'l» i'mirxr. — Kivu yours, two cveinnj;.H ii wook, In-stnictioii in free- hand drawing, nieclmnical drawinjj, designing ami clay modeling. Airhitcctuml Ctnirsf. — Five ycwirs, two evenings a week. Instruction in freehand drawing, niatheniaticH, de.signing and architectural drawing. Mniiiud Ti'iiuiiofj Coiirsi'. — Five years, two evenings a week. Instruction in freehand and mechanical drawing, niathenjotics, joinery, wooil-turning, pattern-making and moulding, forging, bench work in iron, machine work and construction. If pupils will devote three or four evenings a week, the above courses may be completed in three years. CERTIFICATES. A certificate of the Institute is given to pupils who complete and pass examinations in any of the following classes : Mechanical, architectural, free- hand, design, and pen and ink drawing, life drawing, oil and water colour paint- ing, lettering, history of art, teachers' class, clay maleling, mathematics, electri- city, and manual training. The practice sheets are examined and recorded by the teachers and returned to the pupils. Certificate sheets, when completed, are passed in, examined, initialed, stamped and recorded. When the set is completed, and the examinations are passed satisfactorily, a certificate is given to the student, together with his set of drawings. The student is then qualified to enter the next higher class. One sheet of drawing may be selected from each set of works and kept as school property. These classes are held each year during one term of seven months — two les.sons per week. Fees about $15 per year. The cla.s8es in domestic science are modelled after tho.se of the Drexel Institute. sn I3SrnDE3C TAUE. Age of iiupiln 7 Aimlyais, technicHl 25 Applied electricity Iti, 26 Artistic couraeH propoHed (i Art departmentH ... .10, 12, 15, 17, 23, M Architectural courses .... 15, 19, 24, 29, 'M Building construction 20, 24 Burk, Addison, B 14 Certificates 19, 24, 29, IV3, 34 Chemistry, Drexel 25 Chemistry 11,31. 32 Clothmaker's courses 11, 12 Commercial cournes proposed 7 Consultative council of instruct'<««ti 9 Cooper Union 30 Cotton, chemistry, silk and dyenas; ... 11 Courses of instruction proposed . influence of 9 I'XUK, Household courses proposed 7 House construction 21, 24 Industrial art, textile school 11 Industrial art courses 15 Lowell Institute 30 MacAlisler on principalship 9 Massachuaetts' Inst., tech 29 Mathematics, elementary Oiurse 18 Mechanical drawing course. . 15, 18, 25, 33 Miller on industrial education 13 Millinery 28 Museum 8, 13, 21 Naval architecture 19 Principal, importance of 9 Physics, Drexel 26 Programme of classes. Cooper Union. . . 31 Pratt Institute 27 Proposed courses of instruction .... 6, 7 Rhode Island School of Design 10 Rochester Mechanics' Institute Salaries of Instructors, 14, 17, 22 Scientific, theoretical courses Scientific, applied courses 6 Sewing course 27 Science classes, Cooper Union 31, 32 Ship construction 20 Sketch class 12 Springfield Institute 10 Spring Garden Institute 14 Textile courses 11 Time table of studies 31, 32 Theory teaching 8 Toronto trades, grouped 5, 6 Trade school, Philadelphia 20 Weaving courses 11, 12 Worcester Polytechnic 23 Workshops 15, 17, 22. 26, 30 '« Young Man's Institute " 14