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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 '^i'M s^i^f^ :^-rV^-^'^- ■■■C'; 'fVf '(i ^¥ ,-^?^'-. ■t'-ym *■ \ ■*', i >>H,\* m ,(;»- '^1 .<« '^ fjC", .-;M^ a'*,.. '^ 'm ;*e\ i CONDITION OF UPPER CANADA. It appearod, for a f^rciit Iciigtli of tiiuc, matter of oxtronic astonish- ment,, that the Frciicli nation should have perched themselves among the northern snows of the American continent, and defended so long ami obstinately their dcmiinion in those regions. But although the French nation possessed a far better geographical knowledge of the territory in ((uestion, yet it was not so much the possession of Canada, as the control of the St. Lawrence, that indiu'cd them to make so formidable a struggle to retain their dominion in the western hemi- Bphere. Tiie French government freely spent its treasure in maintain- ing the colonies, while the English settlers toiled laboriously upon the barren sea-board, looking upon the interior, th(> " glorious west," as oidy a refuge ibr agues, rattlesnakes, and Indians: the French ex- plored the richiu'ss (tf the land, discovered that the St. Lawrence |)ro- ceeded from a luxuriant country to the south-west, superior in climate and Hoil to the English sea-coast, and imagining, from its magnitude, 296 CONDITION OF rPl'EK CANADA. that it must oxtend to near the Pacific, they sent au expedition of dis- covery to follow the route by Lake Superior. The French government studied the geograi)hy of tlie country ; they saw the inexhaustible fisheries of Newfoundland, and the mighty Gulf of St. Lawrence below ; they saw the timber and tlie furs of the north-western interior above ; and that garden of the world, the south-west, compared to which all the country north-west of tlie Alleganies is barren, unprofitable land — they saw that they could mock the power of England— that they could overawe her colonies, while they connnanded one channel and one out- let. In fine, tliey knew well the vast importance to a great naval power of holding Canada, and controlling the St. Lawrence; they saw that nature had traced on a gigantic scale the rugged outlint. s of a vast and powerful empire ; they looked on the majestic river, flowing from large internal seas, receiving into their respective bosoms nume- rous otiier noble rivers, issuing from the interior of a rich country, exquisite in beiuuy, and almost uni)aralleled in extent and available powers; they traced tiie meanderings of tliis huge stream, and found it swee[)ing its course tin-ough 2000 miles, intersecting a country whose salubrious climate, prolific soil, vast mineral riches, and great agricul- tural capabilities, were inviting the skill, enterprise, industry, and capital of the agriculturist, mariner, miner, merchant, and labourer, and where industry could not fail to meet with sure and great reward. But althougii these advantages were so evident and obvious to the French, it was long even after tlie concpiest of Canada before th(! people of Great IJritain were fully conscious of the jewel they pos- sessed. Of Lower Canada tliey knew iiotliiug beycmd the banks of the St. Lawrence: of Upper Canada they were totally ignorant , the wiiole country was associated in lli(;ir minds with ice and snow, timber and furs, and as the battle-groinid of liostilo tribes of savage Lidiiuis. Not so, however, the iidiabitants of the I'niti'd States, — tliey knew that, in the same latitude, they possessed lands of unb»/Mii(U'd fertility iiiid great value, and they accordingly seized witli nvidity the ofhT made tliem by the governor of Canada, to occupy and settle its fertile doniiiin. The first correct information ol' tiie beautiful country lying between the majestic Ottawa and the three inland seas. Lakes Ontiirio, Erie, and Huron, wiis coiivcvcmI to the Hritisli people liy those clear, (piick- sighted, and galiiuit Hritish ollicers wiio were in Cauiida, and who served during the American war; they saw along the Niagara frontier fine farms, good (u-chards, excellent soil, healthy and agreeable climate and lovely scenery, and they gave an impetus to eiiugration, by diffusing ihis information in their ivspcclive circles. |hi( tlie narst successful f tiol -\m\ CONDITIOX OF UPPKll CANADA. 297 «>tt'orts for the settlement of the countrv luav be iiistlv ascribed to the «Miter])rise and exertions of tiie Canada Company, whieJi, notwithstand- ing both the ignorance and prejudice that existed in the United Kingdom, purcliased large tracts of excellent land in Upper Canada, and was incorporated by royal charter and act of parliament in 1826.* The I'anadas, united, form a territory of 3G(),()()() scptare miles. In Lower Canada there is under cultivation about 2,o()0,0()() acres of land ; «»ccupied but not cultivated, about .5,.'3()(),()()0 ; not granted, and waste, 18,100,000; of lands siu'veyed in Upper Canada there are now 318 townships, or 20,988,000 acres, of which nearly 2,000,000 are in culti- vation, and three-fourths located. The soil, although of almost every variety, is mostly fit for agricultural purposes, being rich and deep with the spoils of the forest, accunuxlatiiig for centuries. In its physical iispect it is agreeably diversified, for wliilst in the lower province, skirting the St. Lawrence, nature is witnessed on a scale of grandeur and .-iublimity, the upi)er province is generally level, presenting only rolling, undulating lands, gentle slopes, rich valleys, and fertile plains. The climate of Canada, especially Upper Canada, may be said, brieiiy, to be colder in winter, wanner in summer, and always possessing a brighter, clearer, and drier atmosphere than Great Britain, and having far more settled weather ; ne\ertheless, it is neither so much warmer in summer, nor so nmcii colder in winter, as to prove disagreeable ; it is neither scorched by the sultry sunnners of the south, nor blasted by tlie biting winters of the nortii. The winter is enlivened by the exhila- r.iting elasticity of its bright atmospliere, and the cheerful acconipani- nuMit of tiu' merry sleigh ; and the sunnner solstice is generally iittempered by agreeable breezes fnmi the lakes and rivers. There is * Hv tlic cxpoiiditiiro, zi'iil. jii(lf,nii('iit, and in'i'scvcniiici' ot tliix I'oiiiiiaiiy. and by dissiMiiiniitinjj: a correct description of tlie country, liii'y introdnccd a good sound Mritisli einij^r.ition, that lias alike ailded to its wtahii, si'tllenicnt, devclope- incnt (d' its resources, and stidiility. During tiic piTiod id' years this useful coiu- |)auy has lieen directing,' its hdiours to tiu' settlement 1 298 CONDITION OF UPPKR CANADA. at least a difference of a month or six weeks' duration of winter between Quebec and the western extremity of Lake Ontario, the cli- mate of which latter district is so balmy and genial, that cotton and indigo have been planted on a small scale with success, tobacco suc- cessfully cultivated, and the midberry, for the pur{)ose of making silk, thrives well. The climate of Upper Canada ought (it would be sup- posed) to be milder than it is, occupying as it does the same parallel of latitute as the south of France ; but it is conjectured that the fol- lowing causes '•etard its change. The prevailing wind blowing over the large and extensive accuumlations of ice near the pole, and tra- versing regions never thawed ; the multitude of lakes and rivers with which the whole continent of North America abounds, from the polar regions southward, which during winter have a thick coat of ice, and act as auxiliaries to the polar ice ; from the absence of ridges of moun- tains running east and west, and acting as a barrier, — in the eastern part of Asia a vast tract of country, extending from the north in an unbroken and elevated surface, is subject to the same evils from frosty noi'thern winds ; the still vast and thick forests, and immense morasses which abound in them, further augment the tendency to cold ; and, lastly, the absence of artificial heat arising from a dense population, their forges, fires, factories, dwelling-houses, all of which affect the circumambient air to a considerable extent. Altliough it is very pro- blematical whether a change of the climate to a great extent would either be serviceable or desirable, yet it appears that Canada has already relaxed some of its former rigours, and is in a state of continued mitigation. Since a portion of its forests have been cleared, its hwamp.'i drained, its villages and towns and settlements been established, the Indians inforni us that tiie frosts liav(» been less severe and frequent — that the snows fiiU in smaller ((uantity, and dissolve sooner — and that the inland navigation is tar less obstrueted witli ice than formerly. Fourteen centuries ago the greater part of CJermany was co\ered with a dense forest, the abode of tlie rein-deer and elk, now only to be seen in Lapland and Siberia ; and the Rliiiu^ and the Danube were frozen sufficiently solid to benr the passage of large armies, with their heavy cavalry -, all tliis has yic'lded to the destruction of the forest, the draining of the moritsses, and the cultivation of the soil. With regard to the effect of climate on agricidture, it may be said, that ploughing for s[)ring crops genendly commences tlie first week in April, and terminates in June, altliougli instances are not infrequent of plougiiing and sowing at the latter end of March ; and such was the mildness of the season in December. IMaO, that a great deal of Ian I / / CONDITIOX OK I I'PI'.U CANADA. 299 was ploughed in tluit montli. Agricultural operations may be con- sidered suspended tVom St. Andrew's Day (Nov. JJOth) to St. Patrick's Day, (March 17th) the foil-wheat is generally sown by the 10th of October, although there is a case on record in the township of Ancaster, on a farm belonging to F. Suter, Esq., of wheat sown on the oth of November, and producing a beautiful sample of seed-wheat in the fol- lowing year. Indian corn, of which great crops are raised, is sown at the budding of the oak-leaf, the nrst week in June. The very choicest varieties and best descriptions of fruit have been imported from Eng- land, and have succeeded to admiration. Tliose who remember the summer and autumn we have just passed through, almost without sunshine, clear sky, dry atmosphere, or genial warmth, will be curious to contrast the late unpropitious season with that of Upper Canada. Dr. Craigie, of Ancaster, a very scientific gentleman, fonuerly of Scotland, and now residing in that part of Upper Canada, west of Lake Ontario, keeps a regular meteorological register, and, from the accuracy of his instruments, and their being vmexposed to the effects of direct radiation, the comparison may be strictly depended upon, and must prove highly interesting. The period of observation was 9 A.M. and 9 P.M. For August, the mean range of the thermometer was : Morning 65. 9., Evening 6o. 8. ; barometer, M. 29. 112., E. 29. 167. — Septf.mukk, thermometer, M. 57. 266., E. 56. 833. ; barometer, M. 29. 013., E. 29, 017. — Octobeb, thermo- meter, M. 53. oo., E. 54. 16.; barometer, M. 29. 185., E. 29. 205. The great waters of this mighty continent next command our atten- tion. Of the gigantic St. Lawrence, and its majestic estuary, we have already spoken ; but that, grand, commanding, and important as it is, is not the only one that demands our notice, axd excites our admira- tion. The Ottawa, or Grand River, which mingles its waters witii the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, traverses i\n immense extent of fertile territory; vast quantities of lumber are annually Hoatcd on its surface for exportation, its settlement is rapidly progressing, and a survey has been made to ascertain the practicability of connecting it by navigation with Lake Huron. The towhship of Torliolton, by the Chaudiere Lake, has been settled by naval gentlemen and others, and, in addition to the inu'ivalled combination of scenery of hill and vale, lake and river, l)eautifiil cascades and gtntle streams, tiie extent of cleared and culti- vated land, reclaimed from the surrounding forest, and the neat habita- tions placed in the centre of their improvements, clearly denote that they have surmomited all the difficulties which beset the man who, as a settler, encounters the forest of Canada, and that they have arrivid 3(K) CONDITION OF UPIM'U CANADA, lit tlmt Stage wliere thoy may realize all those pleasures, and tiiat genuine independence, which flow from living on their own propertie:>, for which they pay no rent, no taxes, and at the same time have those properties secured to them and theirs by the best of earthly guarantees, the faith of the British constitution. From the vast extent of the lumber-trade, carried on on this noble I'iver, Fitzroy Harbour, on the Chaudiere Lake has riipidly improved, containing many mills, stores, taverns, and lumses, with all the appear- ance of still increasing business and prosperity. On journeying upwards from the chats, through that portion of the river called the Lake of the (^hats, the progress of settlement is equally striking and cheering ; new settlements forming, old ones extending and improving. The lake itself, a lovely sheet of water, clear, gracefully retiring in little bays, sprinkled Avith woody islets, and crowned with beautiful banks, furnish some delightful situations for settlement, and many w ealthy and enterprising gentlemen have taken up their abodes in this picturesque situation. Above the lake, especially on the margin of the different tributary streams which fall in on the south or Upper Canada side of the Ottawa, many settlers have occupied the imsurveyed lands, and formed thriving and prosperous settlements. On the Bouchere and Madawaska rivers, and on the lakes luid rivers lying between the Bou- chere and Zelumet, many families have h)cat('d and formed settlements ; and upAvards of one hundred miles from its mouth, on the Gattineau River, which falls in on the Lower Canada side of the Ottowa, there are many farmers, having lands in tiie highest state of cultivation. The connection of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, by means of the Uideau canal, has not only thrown open a vast extent of interior ctamtry, con- taining every element of national wealth, but has also afforded a safe, easy, expeditious connnunication betA\ ecu Kingston and Montreal, of vast moment in the transit of goods and passengers from Great Britsiin. The Bay of Quinte is another object e(pially beautiful, interesting, and inqxn-tant. It runs parallel with Lake Ontario eighty miles, and is separated from it by the Prince Edward District. Ft is bounded on each side by a rich, fertile, well-settled country, proverbial for the great exuberance of its crops of Avlieat and other grain. There are numerous towns, of great importance in population and trade, viz. Bath, Frede- ricksburg, Adolphustown, Napanee Village, Shannon Villa, the Mouth of the Trent, Belleville, the Carrying Place, Sophiasburg, Ilallowell, with many intermediate settlements worthy of notice. Many important rivers and streams fall into this interesting bay, possessing countless hydraulic powers, with a country on either si(h' abounding with mineral f M CONDITION OF UPPF.U CANADA. yoi I the great minerous 1, Frode- i(. Mouth Irtllowell, iinpoi'trtut countless th juinoral productions, lying dormant only for want of capital to improve them, and which alone is required for a full development of the numerous resources of this splendid district. The great rivers which intersect this portion of the country are the Napanee, the Salmon, the Moira, the Crow Rivers, and the Trent. On looking at the map of Upper Canada, it will be perceived what a chain ox" waters run in a continuous link between Lake Huron down to the Bay of Quinte, by way of Lake Simcoe and the long, meandering, and beautiful river Trent. It was an object of the deepest solicitude with General Lord Seaton (when Sir John Colborne, and Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada) to ascertain the expense of effecting this internal navigation, so important in every point of view to the present and future national and social interests of Canada. The grand essential to the onward progress of Upper Canada, and the full developement of her abundant resources, consists in having the "face" of the country as well as the "borders'* well stocked with the busy multitude ; and then it may be presaged that the strength of the land, now crowned with noble forests, and rich in every variety of soil for the purposes of agriculture, will -eplenish the markets of the old and new world. As the frontier becomes drained, resort must be had to the interior ; and as the lands which lie on the immediate shores of lakes Ontario and Erie, and the banks of the mighty St. Lawrence, are unable to supply the increasing demands of foreign markets, the back settlements will be looked to with greater interest. There is to be found inexhaustible wealth ; the country covered with one vast almost interminable forest, yielding the best timber in the Western World ; the soil adapted to the cultivation of grain ; and the settlers, who are thinly scattered about the country, are an industrious, hardy race of people ; so that it is of immense moment that the channels, which nature lias so liberally furnished to facilitate their exertions, and transport the teeming fruits of a virgin soil, should first be rendered available, as well to assist their infant beginnings as to reinforce their numbers. The front of this splendid district presents the natural outlet for the rich abundance of the back country ; and it will serve as a port of exit to the heart of the province, by means of the natural channel of the Trent, and the formation of other artificial ones where required. The wealth of Great Britain is seen accunmlating in her interior agricultural and manufacturing districts, until it is poured into the great metropolis and the sea-port towns. The case will l)e much the same with Canada, as soon as its amazing resources are devcluiJcd by British emigration, capital, and labour. The Home District, so justly renowned for its agricultural ricltes, is not celebrated VOL. I. NO, 3. Y 302 COMMTION OI' UPPKR C AXADA. for any rivor of magnitude, but it abounds with small streams, employed for sawing lumber and manufacturing flour; as the Rouge, the Credit, the Humber, the Etobicoke, the Nottawasaga, &c. &c. In the Gore and Niagara districts, the Grand river runs through a rich and beau- tiful country; taking its rise at the back of the Canada Company's land, beyond the township of Woolwich, and falling into Lake Erie above the outlet of the Welland canal, It sends off several branches ; on one of which, the Speed, the flourishing island of Guelph is situated. The large and rapidly-increasing town of Brantford, named after the chief of the Six-nation Indians, Joseph Brant, is built on this river, now made navigable from Lake Erie to within a short distance of Brant- ford, passing through the centre of the conceded and flourishing settle- ments purchased from the Indians, and settled principally by persons from Ireland and Scotland. Tlie township of Cayuga, first brought into market in 1832, assumes now the appearance of a well-settled district, the clear- ings are extensive, the habitations of the settlers good, the site of a large town has been fixed, numerous village lots sold, a solid and excellent bridge thrown over the river, a church and school-house been erected, and there is every prospect of continued advancement in pros- perity. The river Thames, abounding^ in beautiful scenery, traverses the London and Western districts, passing through a rich and fertile country, and falling into Lake St. Clair, forty miles below Chatham, to which it is navigable, and where steam-boats touch. On this fine stream the town of London is built, and the splendid settlement of Woodstock is immediately contiguous to it. Many fine creeks empty themselves into Lake Erie, on the Canadian side, on wliich numerous mills liave been erected for the accommodaticju of the many settlers in that flourishing district. Tlie great and little Bear Creek, and the rivers Bayfield, Aux Sables, and Maitland are in this section of country. From want of a geological survey of the province, the extent of its hidden wealth is not ascertained ; but from the researches and state- ments of Mifjor Bonnycastle and others, and from mmierous specimens of the rocks lying beiween lakes Ontario and Huron, it would appear that the whole section of Canada (including the space bounded by the south bank of the Severn river, Lake Simcoe, Yonge Street, Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, lakes Erie and Huron) appears to come under that geological division in wliich minerals of utility may be expected. Among these, coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, antimony, mi- neral oil, sulphur, pipe-clay, potter's-clay, porcelain-clay, limestone, gypsum, and sand-stone will be the most prominent. The whole counti is oiu' continued display of that section of rocks which pass so am an( thh san intc mat wati the forni Brar nortl have look but are fjj are sj this then fount feroul niino] wJjolt by III sJate, knowl tables Ji l)ie(| leaviiJ burnii Icave.^ wavy sliieldl ■C>*i^*S t 4 COXDITION or ri'l'KU CANADA. 303 )loyed >edit, Gore beau- 9 land, ! above es; on .tuated. 'ter the s river, ■ Brant- r settle- jnsfrom ) market he clear- site of a lolid and )use been t in pros- traverses ind fertile atham, to this fine lement of eks empty numerous settlers in i, and the }f country, tent of its and state- ? specimens iild appear ided by the treet, Lake irs to come ity may be timony, mi- limestone, The whole hich pass so rapidly from the older secondary to the newer primitive or transition family, and, from the fossils usually found, may, w ithout any great vio- lation of geognostical principles, be termed of the transition age, em- bracing the carboniferous formation of the American writers, including argillite, in which will be found clay-slate, wacke-slate, roofing slate, and glazed-slate, and in which will be discovered anthracite or mineral coal, and marine animal relics, and traces of reeds and ferns in abun- dance, well and distinctly preserved. Next in the quartoze rocks of this family, this region contains grey wacke-slate, a fine cleavable rock, and "mill-stone" grit and grey rubble. These are good quarry stones, and one of their distinguishing marks is sometimes a red colour. With this family is the calcareous or lime-stone division ; also the calcareous sand-stone, an excellent coarse building-material, and when passing into coarse horn-stone, as at Fort Erie, a most excellent and durable material for piers, wharves, canals, or any building much exposed to water or weatlier. The rock abounds in organic remains, furnishing tlie most beautiful specimens of the madrapores, corallines, iJcc. of a former state of the world, and is quarried from the Tliames, near Brantford, to Fort Erie, and perhaps in all the unexplored country north-east of the Thames. Superb specimens of madrapora truncata have been found near Brantford, and those curious fossil remains, which look so exactly like honeycombs, found on the shores of Lake Erie, but which are really the work of marine animals of an unknown age, are from this rock. The newer grey wacke and the old red sand-stone are so closely allied to these families of rocks, as not to be traceable in this part of Upper Canada as separate and distinct formations. But then they indicate another order of things ; for wherever they are found, they embrace the saliferous or salt formation, and the carboni- ferous or really vegetable coal formation — two of the most useful minerals to man. From appearances, it seems very clear that the whole of I'pper Canada, west of Toronto and Lake Simcoe, and bounded by Huron and Erie, is the country of salt and coal. The bitianinous slate, accompanying the coal and indicating its neighbourhood, may be known by its dark colour, almost black, by its easily dividing into thin tables, by its emitting the peculiar odour of bitumen when rubbed with a piece of sharp iron, and when placed on a hot stove or the fire, by its leaving a brown powder and trace where it is scratched, and by its burning more or less easily, as also by its being full of impressions of leaves of succulent plants, which are like a shield in shape, and have wavy lines, divided into three distinct parts within the borders of the shield. These fossils have been called trilobites hv some writei-s ; but .'JO 4 coNDiTiox OF urriai canaua. J they do not resemble those marine insect-remains found at Cobourg, in the dark limestone, any further than in outline, and are really the fos- sils of the coal shale. The greatest deposit of this shale is in the tovnshipof Colhngwood, in Xottawassaga Bay, M'here it covers the country, and ex^.-nds to the Manitoulin islands, at the New Indian set- tlement there, called Manitoa-a-Waiuiing, being very abundant. It is also found in digging wells at Whitby and Hamilton, and some speci- mens ma_\ be picked up at Toronto on the l)each, after a storm, wherein the fossil im})ressions o leaves are brightly gilt with iron pyrites. On the shores of i 1 iron, near Penetanguishiiie, and extending far along the north sJKjre of the Lake, the primary, or older transition rocks, appear ; but from the report of the exjiloring party that went out with that able geologist, Ca])tain Baddeley, it would seem that any thing in the rttcks of this now metalliferous granitic family will not be available. There is no doubt but there is great abundance of the two kinds of coal, mineral or anthracite, fit for the founder, the smith, the steam-boat, and close stoves ; and the vegetable coal for general fuel. Lead, salt, and iron h.we been discovered ; and it is suppoNcd tiiat zinc is to be found in abundance. In the sand rock of the Niagara ridge, in the township of Clinton, Mr. Lee lias discovered a most valuable lead mine, which he has obtained an act of jjarliament to work, and the shares of which he purposes disposing of in England. Rich lead ore has been found in the township of Fifzroy, and copper ore in some of the townsliips on the St. Lawrence. Alum slate (scliistus alumimis) has been met with in great abuntlance in tlie tt)wnshi[) of Gloucester. Very fine marble lias been discovered at Kitzroy Ilarliour, when diiririnelipse any on the American continent. Salt springs have been found in various parts of tlie province, partieularlv in the Midland, CJore, London, and Niagara districts. Ipper Canada is divided into districts— these districts into counties — these counties into towiiships. The principal principal towns and villages in the (^^ Dela Port i yrc( Go(I( West Ami pOJXI nohle jierioi alone same cent.; in IS: Oakvi sentci (IKMIls letter.' New liar n i urg, 1" tie fos- in the ers the ian set- . It is e speci- wherein ': es. ding far •ansition \at went that any U not be ' the two mith, the oral fuel. that zinc ara ridge, t valuable ;, and the load ore 11 some of aUnninus) lUmcoster. I'll digging (h'ltth of ho sui'faee roy, varie- ture to be limndance iino(iue, a i(> vioinity •oy nuirl)h? ("ah'donia, they liave alt springs rly in the counties — higes in the !• CONDITION OK Li'l'KK OAN.'iUA. {=>{):> eastern district, are Alexandria, Cornwall, Lancaster, Martin Mou- linette, St. Andrews, Willianiston : in the Ottawa district, Caledonia, L'Original, Vankleck Hill; in the Bathurst district, Carloton Place, Perth ; in the Johnstown district, Brockville, Gananotpio, Koniptville, Maitland, Merrickville, Prescott; in the Midland and Victoria, (now two districts,) Bath, Belleville, Fredericksburgh, Xapanee, Kingston, and Shannonville ; in the Prince Edward district, Bhjomfield, Adolphus- town, Consecon, Deniorestville, Ilillier, Picton, Wellington ; in the Colborne district, Peterborough, Grafton, Brighton ; in the Newcastle district, Cobourg, Darlingt»)n, Fenelon Falls, Murray, Port Hope, Trenti)ort ; in the Home district, Barnc, Beavertown, Bond Head, Churcliville, Coldwater, Cooksville, Credit, Keswick, Lloydtown, New- market, Penetanguishine, Richmond Hill, Streetsville, Thornhill, Toronto, York Mills; in the Gore and Wellington districts, (now two districts,) Ancaster, Brantford, Dundas, Norval, Fergus, Gait, Hamil- ton, Guolph, Nelson, Oakville, Paris, Preston, Berlin, St. George, Trafalgar, Waterloo, Wellington Square; in the Niagara district, Boamsvillo, Chippaway, Drunnnondville, Dunvillo, Fort Erie, Grimsby, Marshvillo, Niagara, Port Colborne, Port Dalhousie, Port Ilobinson, Queenstown, St. Catherine's, St. John's, Smithvillo, Stoney Creek, Seneca, Tlioroid, York ; in the London and Tal])ot districts, (now two districts) Adelaide, Aldborougli, Aylnior, Bayliam, Beachvillo, Biuford, Delaware, Ekfrid, Emhro, London. Otervillo, Ligorsolt, Port Burwell, Port Dover, Port Staidoy. Port Talbot, Princeton, St. Thomas. Simcoe, Tyrcdimell, N'icnna, Vittoria, Wdodstock ; in tlie Huntu district, Godoricli, Stratt'ord-upon-Avon, M'(iillivray, ^M'Killop; and in the Western district, Cloarville, Erieus, Howard, ^laidstono, Port Sarnia, Amlierstburg, and Sandwich. Many (»f tiiose towns contain a large population, tine iionses, Hourisliing estal)lislinionts. literary institutions, noble chtu'clies, excellent schools, and splendid oditices. During a period of thirteen years from IH'J.'J to iSiU), the increase of ))o])ulation alone was 2()().()()(), vi/. from loO.OOO to .'5.")( ).()()() !! and dm-ing that same period, landed property increased in value from l.jO to .")()() per cent.!! The population of Toronto in IMOI was '.VM\\ in 1H17, StifJ; in ISL'T, IH17; in ls;',H, 12,')7l!: Brockville. ingston. Cohonrg, Oiikville, Hamilton, Ib'adford. (Juelpli. \V, and the system of letter than uized road ir manner; been com- leral roads ijr t(mn of the Desjar- iver, maea- irising and iiy safe and iM-ent hikes, u'ir shores : ^ have been the purjiose id resources di\, a Cana- ire t<» \vhi<'h the C'anitda l>c(H»li', iiiti'V- 10 the (ici'iin, iccoiiu' 11 iiiiviil iiiiitiim' iiiitidn ill Europe. Her iiiliabitants must see, and indeed all British Canadians do now see, and well understand, tliat iiotliiii^' eaii (•uiiicide more happily than their feel- ings, their interest, and their duty, under the iireseiit arrangement. They require precisely that ])roteetion which tlie naval su|)eriority of Britain enables her to give, and, in return for it, they, and the other North American colonies, can con- tribute incalculably to maintain that naval superiority by their timber, their harbours, their fisheries, and their trade, which even now supplies employment to nearly two thousand British ships. If, liesidcs her possessions upon the skirts of America, valuable for their harbours, their fisheries, and their coal, it is desirable for Great Britain to have a territory on that continent of such extent and fertility, that she may reckon upon drawing from it, for ages to come, the timber, the hemp, the gram, that she may have to seek from abroad ; a country in which millions of her subjects, flourishing happily under her la\\s, may furnish employ- ment for her manufacturers, her shipowners, and her seamen ; in which the super- abiindiiiit p()])ulatioii of these kingdoms may find a desirable home, and in which British capital may be usefully and profitably employed; then no man, who will examine and consider, can hesitate for a moment to declare that Canada is pre- cisely tiuit country." The eastern district of Ifpper Canada is greatly settknl by Iligh- hmders, wlio came with tlie hite estiniabh' and venerated Bishop .M'Doneil from Seothmd, in the year 1803, and who procured for tliem lf)(),()()() acres of land. They are in comfortable and independent <'ireumstanees. Many of the commuti'd pensioners, who were lured to eonunutc^ their pensions iuid settle in Cnnada, bringing with them broken constitutions, and improvulent habits, were located in the Biitluirst and Johnstown districts; and although they had to struggle with incredible ditHenlties, their progeny nre now rising up around them comfortable, prosperous, luippy, and independent. Perth, the district town of Jhitlmrst, first settled in 181. "J, now i-ontaining more than one tlioiisMnd inhabitants, exhibits the same enterpri.se, advance in Viiliie as other phices, and has c( rtaiidy some of the best liouses in I pper Canada. The Newcastle district, the scene of tiii' J Ion. Mr. Ilobiiisoii's snccessful exertions, was settled niiiiiily by the Irishmen whom he brought with him in is^o; at that time, tiie jiicturescpie town of I't'lcrliorougli, bnilt un the ri\('r Otanaliec, confiiiiied lint one hill, now a liandsomi' district-towu with live chiirciies, many superior liabilaiioiis. more than KM) dwellitig-hoiises, and containing a po|)ula- tioii of between 1 and 2, (KM) iiilialiitants ; and an increase in the value of pro[>erty as great as any other jiart of the province, suac Toronto and Hamilton. 'I'lie township of Wilmot. settled a few years since by (iierman settlers, is now a lloiirisliinu, valuable township; and the townships round Laki' Simcoe. and those of .Adelaide, I'lympton, a'ld Warwick, settled in is,;!', bv Sir .lohn Coli»orne. now Lord Seaton. 1 t .'{08 CONDITION OF LITEU CANADA. exhibit sucli an increase in the value of property as would justify the raising of a large loan for tlie purpose of currying on a systematic colonization. Many of tlie labourers wlio Morked on the Rideau and Welland Ci'nals, became freeholders from their earnings; and the town- ships of Mono, Albion, Brock, Adjala, and Amaranth, are principally peopled by labourers who have saved a sufficiency from their wages to become purcliasers and -settlers of land. Independently of the groat agricultural and mineral resources of tliis vast region, and the conunercial advantages to be derived from its chain of waters, and tlie facility with which its produce, timber, flour, ashes, furs, peltries, &c., can be conveyed to market ; another inex- haustible source of wealth is opened to public enterprise, in the fisheries of its lakes and rivers. At the outlet of Lake Huron there are several extensive fisheries, where trout, white-fish, pike, and many other kinds of fisli, are taken in prodigious (piantities ; the magnitude of tlie fisheries, and their inesHm.ible value both in the inner waters and on the coast, have never been sutticiently considered in connexion with the wealth and strength of the country. In this view alone many great national and maritime cpiestions are involved. Let one take up a map, and compare the situatii>n of Europi' and Asia on the one part, and America on the other, and the observer will be forcibly struck with a minute resemblance in the position of land and water at the foot of the Black Sea, and at the outlet of Lake Huron. Let Upper Canada be compared with Asia Minor; Lake Huron, with the Black Sea; the St. Clair River, with the ancient Bosphorus ; and Lak(< St. Clair, with llie Sea of Marmora —and the resemblance is most striking and complete. The trade of fake Ontario will soon be as important as that of the Mediterranean, and Lake Huron as that of the Black Sea. It is pleasing also to notice the increased attention of late years to literary jjursuit!-'. and general knowledge in Canada. Quebec and Montreal can boast of admirable institutions, with libraries, ma|)s, nmsenms, &c., devoted to science, natural history, &c. : nor has Cpper Canada been deficient, — mechanics' institutions, reading rooms, and public lectnn s, have l)e(>n established at Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Hamilton, ami Woodstock; besides the various district schools, the legislaturi' has provided for grannnar schools throughout the country, nor have then' b( en nanfing private individuals of nnmificence, patriotism, and sj)irit. lo promote gcidd IJritisli education, by generous (h)nations and untiring zeal. In the beautif'id village of Ancaster, on an elevated spot of gi'ouud, between three and four hundred W'rt ;d)n\(' Lake Ontario. ;i lurgc brick school has been erecieil, on ii site T C0N^)IT10^ OF LPl'KK CANADA. 309 iiy the ematic au and i towu- icipally ages to irces of roui its r, flour, ?r iuex- fisheries ! several er kinds of the and on ion with my great p a map, part, and L'k with a le foot of r Canada K'k Sea ; St. Chiir, king and )ortant as ack Sea. years to ebec and ;>s, maps, as U\)per (oms, and Niagara, lools, tlie ' ( o\intry, miticence, • generous leaster, on idrcd feet on a site given by H. P. Sinnuons, Esq. of Barbadoes, who made an investment of property in that vieinity, and wliose laudable designs, in establishing an admirable school, were brought to maturity, by the indefatigable (>xertions of Dr. Craigie, a Scotch gentleman settled in that place. It is now in full operation, to the great advantage of the population of tlie surrounding neighbourhood. Upper Canada College has been of incredible advantage to the province ; even in its infancy, it has fur- nislied some brilliant specimens of combined learning and genius, lipper Canada has produced some great, nay, illustrious men, amongst them may surely be mentioned that gentleman, who is alike an orna- ment to the bench, society, and his country, the Hon. John Beverley Robinson, Chief Justice of Upper Canada, and his brethren on the bench, L. P. Sherwood, J. B. Macauley, A. M'Lean, and J. Jones, are honoured by the whole comnmnity for their talent, impartiality, and urbanity. Few individuals have done more to promote the welfare of their country, than the Hon. Sir A. N. M'Nab, Kt., Speaker of the House of Assembly : his magnificent mansion proudly overlooking the Bur- lington liay, and the noble town of Hamilton, will be lasting records of his perseverance and patriotism. 'f No coinitry is better supplied witli newspapers than Upper Canada. In the Eastern District, the " Cornwall Observer," published at Cornwiill. In the Ottawa District, the " Bytown Gazette," pub- lished at Hytown. In the Bathurst District, the '' Perth and Bathurst Courier," pnl)lislied at Perth. In th(> Johnstown District, the " Brock- ville Statesiiiaii, and BroekvUle Recorder," ])ublished at Brocikville ; and the " Prescott Sentinel," at Prescott. In the Midland District, tlie '• Kingston Chronicle and CJazett(s" the " Britlsii Whig," and the *• U|)per Canada Herald," at Kingston; and the "Belleville Intel- ligencer," at Mellcville. In the Newcastle District, the " Cobourg Star." at Cobourg; the " P(n-t Hope Gazette," at Port Hope; the " IJackwiiodsnian," at Peterljorough. In the Home District, the " Patriot," the '* Palladiinn," tli(> " Hritlsh Colonist," the " Connnercial llerahl," liie " (^hristian (Juaniian," and tlie " Examiner," at Toronto. In the N" \ra District, the " Niagara Chronicle," and " Niagara Re[)orter," at Niagara; and the "St. Catherine's .lournal,'' at St. Catherine's. In ilie (Jore District, tiic "Hamilton (Jazctte," and " Hamilton .lonrnal," al Hamilton ; the " ()ak\ill(' Observer,' at Oak- villc ; the " Rrandford Sentinel," at Rrantf'ord ; and one at Gnelpli. In the London District, the '* Lttndon (Jazette," at Lnndon. And In I he Western Distru't, the " Sand\« icli Herald." at Sandwich. Resides i :mi ; II 310 MALTA, A VllEE I'OUT, ETC. these, the members of the church of England have a weekly religious paper, called " The Church," published at Cobourg, and edited by the Rev. Mr. Bethune ; and the Presbyterians have a monthly magazine, published at Niagara, and edited by the Rev. Mr. M'Gill. These are some of the results which have followed the partial settle- ment of Upper Canada ; and from a retrospective glance at them, it will be seen that, notwithstandiug the rage for speculation, westward, with all the new villages and cities that have been laid out through " the far west," during the last twenty years — where, in what place, through all that broad region, can there be shown an extent of country which has surpassed Upper Canada in the permanent increase of popu- lation, business, and settlement ? Traverse the province in all direc- tions, and, notwithstanding the political difficulties, internal and exter- nal, it has had to contend witli from its American settlers, where is there to be met with a population more eidightened, stable, and per- severing than the Canadian and British population ; business more sound, better conducted, or more prosperous ; civil, religious, and social institutions more firmly established ; wealth more certainly rewarding well-directed enterprise; wealth, consisting - ot merely in vacant lots of immense imaginary value, but in that species of I)roperty which must always be valuable from its constant applica- bility to the pursuits and comforts of an enterprising community, engaged chiefly in productive labour ! as he le, le- it rd, igh tce, try pu- ec- ter- B is per- lore and liuly ;rely 8 of lica- nity, If