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CU.'VKinHT lfll.1 By tiEORUK MrALKKK. M. I). WORrEOTKK, MAHH, PRESS OF THE TRANSCKIPT PUBLISHING CO. UxBRiDQE, Mass. Ittl3 TO I[KR H'llo UN TflK SKroN'l) DAY (PK .riNK K IIITKKN itlNDKKI) AM) «KVKNTV-K(irii KXrirAN(lKI) TIIK NAMK IIKI.KN KKANCES KKNDAI.I, K()R MKS, o '.(IK McAI.Kt.R. FOREWORD " Now, half afraid To scan the train that startled memory brings, Thought backward glances, and an inward voice Asks for the harvest of my summer time." "Though fairer forms around us throng, Their smiles to others all belong. And want that charm which dwells alone Round those the fond heart calls its own." In the subtle economy of Nature a handful of leaves upon a tree are of but little importance or value, but when multiplied in numbers during the fullness of Summertime they not only clothe the trees in a garb of beauty, but they are also essential and indispens- able; the biting frosts of Autumn soon end their tran- sient day, clothe them in dullest brown, and angry winds hurl them unappreciated and unmourned to earth and oblivion. But no ! — an artist hand gathers a vagrant few of their number, more fortunate than their fellows, and weaves them into a beautiful and enduring garland, each leaf contributing an added attraction and importance not inherent in itself. Even so are the thought and hope of their author in assembling the Gathered Waiflets. I TOEQUATO TASSO. An Address deliveeed before the Lady Fullehton Beadiso Circle, Worcester, Mass., Febrdabt 6, 1894. IT is with the utmost diffidence that I appear before the audience that I see before me on this occasion. The theme, for its proper treatment, and this dis- tinguished assembly deserve the best efforts of orators familiar with the subject and who could blend the graceful imagery of the poet and the felicity of expres- sion of the novelist. These, it is needless for me to assure you, I cannot command. I might have noted down many things in the life of our poet, and made copious extracts from his masterpiece of Epic grandeur that wouhl interest and please you, but knowing that the extemporaneous is preferred, even if inferior, to the written, I venture to adopt tlie former even at the risk of failing to meet your expectations. With poetry in the abstract we need not now concern ourselves, for I am going to assume that my hearers have left behind them, with their childhood, the idea that all jingling words that fall pleasantly upon the ear, no matter how perfect the metre and melodious tlie rythm, is poetry. No, poetry is some- thmg above and beyond; something that may not be measured alone by metre and rythm. Poetry may be likened to the tempest that stirs to depths profound, to the lightning's flash and thunder's crash, to the 12 Gathered Waiflets. aurora that precedes the rising sun, to the summer shower, as if nature was weeping tears of joy, to the rainbow that beautifies the heavens and typifies hope, to the sympathetic friend who brings balm in the hoar of affliction and sorrow, to the devout one whose holy life is a continual prayer that lifts up and ennobles; and again, when it touches the heart with all the varied sentiments from the heights of joy to the depths of dejection and sorrow as in a fond mother's love, it seems as if it touched our dull human nature and lifted us up to higher things as if by the band of Divinity itself. Poetry is all this and more, and yet to no one has it ever been given to touch every chord with a master's hand. And so we have classification and gradation. Shakespeare may be called the poet of action; Shelley, the poet of liberty; Keats, the poet of beauty; Scott, the poet of chivalry; Wordsworth, the poet of nature ; Milton, the poet of introspection and involved description; Byron, the poet of impassioned and elo- quent energy; Moore, the poet of the heart and senti- ment ; and so we might extend the list. But to return to our poet Tasso. High upon the top-most cliffs of fame, "among the few immortal names not bom to die," are deeply chiselled the names o^ the world's greatest poets, and few there are whose works entitle them to higher place or more loved remembrance 'ban him whom we summon here to-night from out of the tomb of ages — the determined student, the gifted genius, the ohivalrco knight, the brilliant poet, the reigning court and nation's favorite, and later the poor, infirm, persecuted and abandoned Tasso. Torqnato Tasso was bom in 1544 of illustrious TOBQUATO TaSSO. 13 and highly gifted parents in the higher walks of life, and he died in early manhood, in 1595. At the early age of eight years he was famous for his religious fervor and precocity of intellect. He re- ceived his early education from the renowned teachers of youth, the Jesuits. He grew up in a refined and highly learned literary and critical atmosphere. He was an early and voluminous writer as attested by his Einaldo (which was given to the world when he was but eighteen years old), Aminta, Torrismondo, La Sette Qiomate del Hondo Creato, Genisalemme Con- quistata, Gerusalemme Liberata, and other poems. From early life he was accustomed to the society of scholars and the inteUectually great, and in early man- hood he became the idol of the most brilliant and exclusive court in Europe. His " Jerusalem Delivered "was completed during his thirtieth year. He lived a devout life in an in- tensely religious age, when high ideals and knighUy chivalry and moral rectitude were at their best, and when they won their highest and most enduring laurels. Like many another of the world's great intel- lectual giants reverses overtook him in his later life, mental disturbances dimmed his brilliant intellect, and' for seven long years he was deprived of his personal liberty. He was a loyal son of the church, and h , Jerusalem Delivered" so abounds in Catholic doctrine, teaching and practice that the bigotry and intolerance to which the so-called Beformation gave birth and continued life— save in exceptional cases among the greater scholars and the more thoughtful, tolerant and appre- ciative—have ever exerted a withering and all too sue- 14 Oatbered Waiflets cessful effort to push aside and obscure this wonder- ful work and to deprive the world of its vast wealth of intellectual, poetical, ethical and literary treasures. Tasso essayed a task hitherto not attempted, and since his time not equalled by any other writer. Unnumbered authors have won laurels and the plaudits of their readers by the skillful management of a s igle hero or heroine in their work, and when Shakespeare succeeds in managing two characters— Othello and lago — so well and so evenly balancing their contribut- ing parts that scholars and critics are unable to decide which is the hero of the play, the world bows down before this great achievement of his mighty genius; but Tasso essayed and triumphantly completed a mightier and vastly more difficult task. He planned and made his "Jerusalem Delivered" an allegory of human life and human action — of man con.posed of soul and body, of the good and the base— the crusades the battlefield of life, and the assault and conquest of Jerusalem, the toils and triumphs of man over the trials, temptations and vicissitudes of life. The transcendent genius of Tasso enabled him to originate and give prominent place in his great master- piece to different characters clearly showing forth in their contribution to the action of his great epic — each in his or her own sphere and way— a special charac- teristic or trait of human nature — some distinctive virtue, vice or passion— and this he does with such consummate ability that the most learned scholars, critics and reviewers in all lands agree that all of his characters have equal place and equal prominence throughout, that no character dominates over another and that in this regard the "Jerusalem Delivered" of TOBQUATO TaBSO. 15 Tasso has never been equalled. He makes every act and deed of his leading characters embody and typify some prominent attribute of human nature — to men- tion but a few of the many — Godfrey, kingly, digni- fied, just and noble — highest type of manhood guided by reason and reflection; Argantes, ireful, powerful, bold and noisome — type of arrogance, brute strength and anger not governed by reason or judgment ; Bald- win, thoughtful and meditative — type of the methodi- cal man who acts only after reason has been invoked and approves ; Binaldo, fiery and passionate — type of impetuous and unreflecting manhood that acts with- out weighing consequences; Armida, beautiful, allur- ing and deceitful — type of perpetual youth and the allurements, vanities and frailties of life; Clorinda, earnest, grave, devoted — type of womanly women ever strong and ready to pursue where conviction leads; Sophronio, zealous, modest, retiring, steadft-.it — type of purity and holy love. It has been claimed as a high honor for the great Homer that he was the father of the simile, but be this as it may it is certain that no other poet ever made greater use of tliis figure of rl oric, nor more appropriately, gracefully and forcefuL. tl.an did Tasso in his greatest work in which it is used upwards of six hundred times. It was long since proclaimed, and for many generations it has been very generally conceded by historians, artists and scholars, that Dante gave to the world more subjects for the chisel of the sculptor and the brush of the artist than any other author who ever lived, if not more than all authors com' mad, and that Tasso has done for authors equal sen.ce in the world 16 Oathkued Waiflbts. of books and literature. Certain it is that some of the most startling, popular and successful works of many authors, from his time to the present, are but copies of isolated portions of his greatest poem modernized and amplified but not improved. The mightly Shakespeare — the generous pilferer from others, and whose conduct in this regard would, in this more plain speaking age of the world, accord him place with the rankest of plagiarists —fashioned his Borneo and Juliet upon Tasso's Olindo and Sophronio. This has always been known by the lead- ing lights in the literary world, but lest it may be doubted in this superficial age when so much incense and red fire are burned before the shrine of Anglo- Saxonism while industriously striving to belittle the great achievements of other European nations, I crave your permission and forbearance to parenthetically and briefly introduce the unquestioned evidence of a great luminary in the world of letters, the famed Dr. Johnson, a great friend and admirer of England's greatest poet and plaj-wright; and his evidence further proves the general illiteracy and ignorance of the English people down to modem times. " The English nation, in the time of Shakespeare, was yet struggling to emerge from barbarity. . The philology of Italy had been translated hither in the reign of Henry the Eighth. . . . The pnbUc was gross and dark; and to be able to read and write was an ac- complishment still valued for its rarity. . . . Our author's plots are generally borrowed from novels; and it is reasonable to suppose that he chose the most popular. . . . And Fairfax's translation of Tasso's 'Jerusalem Delivered' was then in England upon the TOBQVATO TaSSO. 17 Bununit of popularity. ... He obtained his ideas from accidental quotations or by oral communication, and as he used what he had, would have used more had he obtained them. ... In the story of Borneo and Juliet he is observed to have followed the English translation where it deviates from the Italian." The foregoing extrrcts are taken from Dr. John- son's preface to many of the editions of Shakespeare's complete works. The ear marks of Tasso's transcendent genius are also easily discovered and recognized in Spenser's highly praised Fairiie Queene. It is a long step from Shakespeare's time to the present, but plagiarism and adaptations from Tasso still continue. It is but a few short years ago that Haggard's "She" created a furore in the reading world, and this is but a prose rendering of Tasso's Armida. But in the limited time at our disposal I must not extend the list. The work of no other poet so abounds in a wealth of proverbial poetical gems of thought, and no poet has ever been so generally and frequently honored by having them adopted by authors, orators, publicists and others from the time of Tasso to the present day to give more elegant expression, adornment, appositeness, point and force to their ideas and best efforts, and the literary world has been greatly enriched thereby. The "Jerusalem Delivered" is not for the dille- tanti— the flippant and hasty readers. Close applica- tion and deep study must be bestowed upon a work so comprehensive and so profound before its scope, its unity of purpose, its triumphant fulfillment, its lasting 18 Qathirzo Waiflxtb. beauty, and enduring superiority will be fully revealed. But I mu8t not pre. ume upon your indulgence and overtax your patience by Hupplying further biographi- cal data or by attempting a general review of our poet's greatest work. I do wish, however, to detain you somewhat with a consideration of the age in which he lived, the diffi- culty of obtaining an education, his environments, as well as the works which his transcendent genius left as a priceless heritage to more favored generations. This I am anxious to do particularly for one of many reasons. I know I have the honor of addressing many who are engaged in the praiseworthy occupation of teaching youth, and what I particularly desire to emphasize is the consideration of the attain- ments of our poet without what are now deemed the indispensable adjuncts of the schoolroom. You will recall the date of the invention of printing by movable types, and that books for use in the schoolroom, as we now have them, were to him unknown. I crave your indulgence if I ask right here, parenthetically, if school books were blotted out of existence to-day and teaching be confined to the oral only as in bygone times what progress would be made in the school- room t And with all the aids now at the command of teachers, I ask where are the rivals or equals of the early scholars T You need not be told that Tasso was not the bright, particular star and solitary exception. You know that the stylus of St. Augustine had traced on parchment and given to the world, centuries be- fore, his Civitate Dei, that the incomparable Summa Tbeologia of the Angel of Schools shone athwart the world like a ray of Divine effulgence three centuries ToiiguATo TAiwa 19 before TaMo'i birth, th«t time had buried lixteei, centuriee between the birth of bit gifte-l countryman. Virgil, and hii natal day, and Dante precevithheld the rite." He tells her her history at length and concludes — " Last mom a sleep, the simile of death, Ere yet the stars had faded from the sky, Sank in my soul, and by our holy faith Again thy Genius, in my sleep passed by ; And haughtier was his look, more fierce his cry, Traitor, he said, the hour to dis-unite Clorinda from the bonds of earth draws nigh ; Mine shall she yet become in thy despite ; Be thine the woe; he fi ,nied and heavenward took his flight" With tears he again entreats her to desist, and she, remembering a like dream, or vii.ion, wavered. But, in another moment, arousing hersei' to action, she joins Argantes, and they betake '.hemselvee to the camp of the Christiana and fire the roUing fort. Bursting forth, the flames arouse the camp, and all are in arms and hot pursuit of the fleeing ones, who hasten back to the walled i-ity, Argantes behind to protect the maid. All reach the gates at the same instant, which open to let in the daring pair, but in the confusion and haste Clorinda is shut out with the enemy. Her self-possession and daring desert her not, f ToHQUATO TaSBO. 81 and the now ilipa in among the Ohristiang and en- deavors to etoape in the darkness. Tanored, whose keen eyes are not deceived, follows in hot pursuit, and engages her in deadly conflict, not recogniaing her sex. No other pen has ever given to the world such detailed description of prowess, skill and endurance in personal encounter. Finally, after lengthy combat, which was main- tained with equal vigor and prowess, and victory hovered alternately ever each — "In her fair bosom deep his sword he drives; 'Tis done, life's purple fountain bathes its blade." And thus she speaks : "Friend, thou hast won : I pardon thee, and 0, Forgive thou me. I fear not for this clay. But for my dark soul, pray for it, and bestow The sacred right that laves all sins away. Not distant, gushing from the rocks, a rill Clashed on his ear; to this with eager pace He speeds — his hollow casque the waters fill And back he hurries .o the deed of grace ; His hands as aspens tremble, while they raise The locked aventayle of the unknown knight ; God for thy mercy ! 'tis her angel face ! Aghast and thunderstruck, he loathes the light; Ah, knowledge best unknown! ah, too distracting sight" Mustering all his power in such trying ordeal, he administers the sacrament of baptism and hears her last words : "Heaven gleams; in blissful peace behold thy friend depart!" The battle is renewed in the morning when ■12 OaTURRRD WAirLRTH. Arganteit, the furioui and hithortn invincible, charf^en upon Tancred to avenge the fate of Clorinda, but the ■word of the Christian knight prevails, and Argantei bites the earth. The Christians trinmpb and the wall* of Jerusalem fall before the conquering cmsaders. Nearly every character in the "Jerusalem Deliv- ered" has an individuality as clearKsut and well defined as that of Taneretl and Clorinda, the action and move- ment of the epic is well balanced and harmonious, the plot is of absorbing interest, the whole forming a work at once the charm and delight of students and scholars, and of which, one high in ability to judge, has pro- claimed that "Not a single Canto in the work, not a line in a Canto, nor a word in a line can be omitted without marring the l>eanty and symmetry of the whole." MONEY AND BANKING. I AN AODBBIW DELIVERED BEFORE THE BT. JOU N 's TEMPERANCE AND LITERA;.y OUILO, WORCESTER, MA»»., FRIDAY BVENINU, FEBRUARY 25, 181)8. 1FIND myBclf in an cmbarraxHing predicament to-night, and tlie only explanation I can ofTer is the zeal of your spiritual director in your behalf and my inability to say "No" when I should. As you all well know, I am no financier or banker in the broad acceptance of the terms, and yet I am to talk to you on money and banking. To adequately treat the subject wliich has been assigned to me requires ability which I cannot com- mand, and it would consume more time than is at our disposal. However, a business life extending over a generation of years has familiarized me with some of the rudiments of both, which it may not be unprofitable to spend a few moments to consider. In the hurry and bustle of our every-day life we find it very easy to adapt ourselves to the high civiliza- tion surrounding us, so prone is man to reconcile him- self to his enviroument; and it is so easy to assume thut things have always been as they now are that we seldom take the trouble to go back and investigate their beginnings. The genesis >f money and banking is as impor- tant and interesting, and their origin, growth and development are as tnu/ an evolution, as any other 84 OaTIIERXD VVMFLETg. science. In primitive timei manv '.' ttures and com- merce, ns we now know them, were unlcnown. Produc- tion was limited to supplying tlie very scanty individual wants of those far-off times, and too often these were obtained by the robber band of might from the less combative and peaceful producer. Man's wants grew and became more imperative with the growth of civili- zation and the ascendaii'^y of principles over might, when it was learned that these varied wants could be best supplied by the sub-division and specialization of labor, the greatest step ever taken apart from Christianity in the work of upbuilding and elevating humanity. It required no great profundity for the farmer to perceive that it was more advantageous for him to devote all his ability and energy to tilling the soil and caring for bis sheep and cattle than to attempt to do this and at the same time be a very indifferent artisan in a dozen other callings, which under other conditions ne would be compelled to nractice to indifferently supply his wants. He soon became aware that he could procure clothes to wear, boots for his feet and tools to till the soil, of better quality and at less ex- pense in exchange for the pioducts of his farm from people who made a specialty of their production, than if he made ♦hem himself — while the artisans ex- clusively engaged in their production, and who could fashion more perfect implements at much leas expense than could the farmer, were only too glad to exchange the products of their ingenuity and skill for the neces- saries of life, and bo barter was established. To make these various exchanges much time was lost and much inconvenience resulted. After the lapse MoNBY AND RANKINn. 85 of time thii wm in a mesiure r(ini«di«.t times and in 30 Gatiikrei) Waiflkts. different couutries, but all may be classed under tlie generic term, money. In some countries products of the soil, such as com, tea and tobacco, were aiue